text:
Police are Not the Problem, We Are

If we confess our sins, he is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness                                                                                I John 1:9
“We have met the enemy, and he is us”                                                                                Pogo (Comic Strip Character)

A good mental health principle is that of self-awareness. Recognizing thinking errors, and owning them, is the start of peace and recovery. The first step of the 12 Steps is one of humility- e.g. “I have a problem, and it is bigger than me”

America has a problem with racism, and it is not the province of one sector of society, it is an unfortunate outgrowth of sin and errors of our thinking, individually and collectively.

I also recognize that as a white male, I have a particular viewpoint that is not, cannot be, the full view of the problem of racism. I have not lived as an African-American, and I literally cannot imagine what that experience is like. So, I do not want to minimize the pain and rage that must be felt in these very troubling times. We are digging at scars that have been in America for centuries, and to predict or assume what the African-American experience is like would be hubris at its worst.

In the pain and rage of seeing years of injustice and racism, we sometimes react in ways that are not thoughtful. I understand that. We are human. We have seen a great deal of anger and rhetoric all over the media, and it is important that we have real, honest discussions about racism in America.

Racism has been woven into the fabric of American society since its inception. Racism is a sin that has plagued mankind kind since the dawn of time. The recent discussions, outrage and demonstrations are hopefully an awakening that has been brewing for decades. But that discussion must be engaged in with care, understanding and openness.

Police departments have been singled out for racist reactions. Indeed, there have been police officers who have failed in their duty, made mistakes, and some were even malevolent. These are, unfortunately, true statements. But we cannot believe that the racism problem largely lies with law enforcement. That would minimize the problem of racism. That would be a disservice to police officers everywhere who serve their community with honor, and protect that community, sometimes with the loss of their own lives.

I cannot fully appreciate what it is like for African-American parents who fear for their children on the streets of America every night. It would be cruel and foolish for me to say that I know what the experience of parenting must be like for African-Americans. There has been too much history of young African-American males being abused and even killed because of failures of law enforcement officers. I have just an inkling though of what it must be like for African-American parents who fear for their child, just because they are out on the streets.

I have a son who is a police officer.

We paint with too broad a brush in our reaction and rage. Police officers are people with families who worry about them every night too. Those families send them out with similar worries of their loved ones not returning home because of the actions of someone else- someone who may judge them without thinking.  We wouldn’t need police if we were a society without sin. But we are not.

So, the answer to start healing from the sin of racism is to confess it. Then we are in the beginning of healing and forgiveness.

Prayer: Father, forgive us for our sins, of racist thinking and actions. Give us your clarity as we seek your justice and healing, Amen.

One thought on “Police are Not the Problem, We Are

  1. 💙🙏🏼

    On Wed, Jun 10, 2020 at 9:23 AM Reflections of a Counselor wrote:

    > reflectionsofacounselor posted: “If we confess our sins, he is faithful > and righteous to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all > unrighteousness > ” >

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Find the Best Rehab Centers in Illinois

Substance Abuse Stats in Illinois

Substance abuse is a prevalent issue in the state of Illinois. More than 5,500 people die in the state each year as a direct or indirect result of substance abuse. It is a financial burden and a costly issue as well, costing the state an estimated $3.5 billion dollars annually.

The opioid crisis has affected Illinois in devastating ways. In the year 2017 alone, there were more than 2,200 deaths that involved opioids. This translates to a rate of over 17 deaths per 100,000 people, which is higher than the national rate of 14.6.

Choosing Between an Outpatient and Inpatient Rehab

When it comes time to seek treatment for a substance use disorder in Illinois, you will find that there are many options. Choosing between an inpatient and outpatient rehab program is a key decision that can have a major impact on your recovery.

Inpatient rehab in Illinois is the more involved option of the two. It involves living full-time in a treatment center for a substantial period of time. Outpatient care, on the other hand, is slightly more relaxed. Treatment typically occurs on weekends and evenings, and participants are able to continue to work, go to school, and carry on with their daily lives.

How Long Can Treatment at a Rehab Last?

If you do choose to attend inpatient rehab in Illinois, you will need to pick a length of time for your stay there. Commonly, rehab programs last for one, two, or three months. That said, many longer programs of 6 months or more exist for patients who need extended care.

Choosing a program length might seem like an easy task, but do not take it lightly. This decision could have a serious impact on your future. Whenever possible, it is best to choose a longer program to ensure that you will be fully prepared and recovered when treatment is over.

What to Expect at Rehab

Whereas many substance abuse issues arise out of being stuck in toxic environments, the goal of rehab is to immerse the individual in a lifestyle that is completely designed for recovery from addiction. Rehab removes triggers and stresses, and helps you focus on your wellbeing and sobriety.

Everyone has a different experience at rehab. In general, you can expect formal treatment methods such as medication and therapy to be paired with supportive lifestyle changes such as yoga and healthy eating. The means vary from patient to patient, but the goal of rehab is always the same: learn how to be sober.

When Would You Need to Go to Detox?

Detox is a place where people go when they still have drugs and/or alcohol in their body. The process of detoxing is abstaining from substances in order to let the body naturally remove them. Treatment cannot begin until it is ensured that the patient is in stable condition and has already gone through any withdrawal symptoms they are going to experience.

In detox, withdrawal is managed to make sure that you remain safe and comfortable. To achieve this, medical staff monitor you around-the-clock and administer any medication or treatment that is necessary.

How Long is Detox?

Detox time varies. If you are admitted to detox in Illinois, you can expect to spend at least three days there. Once you have stabilized and are ready to begin treatment, you can leave detox. This process does not usually last more than ten days.

The staff at your detox center are responsible for determining when you are ready to move on. They use medical analysis as well as behavioral monitoring to make this decision. It is best to begin treatment with a clear mind and a strong body, so time spent in detox is well worth it.

Three-Step Rehab Verification

In order for a drug rehab to be listed in our directory, it must pass our 3-step verification. We try to ensure that this data is accurate and updated. We strongly advise you to contact us at if you see any information that is invalid or no longer accurate.

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All of our rehab listings maintain accreditation from the Joint Commission (JCAHO) and the Commission On Accreditation Of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF).

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Each facility staffs an experienced team of licensed and trained professionals who are dedicated to treating substance abuse with a high level of care.

Memberships & Certifications

We aim to ensure that our rehab listings are members of such organizations as the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP) or have LegitScript certification.

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The App that Makes Meditation Fun

[intro]Making time to meditate can sometimes feel like ordering sautéed kale from the menu when you really want the blooming onion—it’s the healthy choice, but not much fun.[/intro]
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LIVE FISHING REPORT: Reliable Guide and Charters and Ron’s Mobile Fishing Tackle and Bait Shop Fishing Report Week ending June 26 2021

KITIMAT RIVER PHOTO OF THE WEEK: June 20 Roman Maskulka holding a beautiful Kitimat River Hatchery Chinook over the 80 cm Retention size for the Kitimat River.  Roman caught and released this beauty at the Lower Dike on a Flame/Chartreuse Spin n Glo.  Congratulations Roman.
We are attempting to demonstrate Stock abundance of large Hatchery Chinook returning to the KItimat River in an effort to possibly get an opening for retention of Hatchery Chinook of any size in the future.  Anglers are requested to help by emailing Chinook pictures to or texting them to 250 632 1275.  Please include your name and location of where you caught your Chinook.

Anglers are reminded to keep Chinook being released in the water as much as possible when releasing the over sized Chinook..

June 20 Ryan Yamada photo’d with his daughter, Amaya and a  77cm, male Chinook he caught at the Lower dyke with an orange yellow spin n glow with a pink hoochie.
What an awesome Dad/daughter moment on Fathers Day!  Well done!

June 22 Richard Moretti, Pro Guide for Reliable Guide and Charters on a personal drift with his good friend, Lisa provided this photo and comments, “Caught last night (wild ) but 78 cms! That is my good friend Lisa on her birthday won’t say her age, smarter than that…She was a true champion… Off to work this morning ☹Caught on blue magoo coho flats”
Congratulations Lisa.  Well done!

June 23 Colin Hamilton proudly holding holding a couple very impressive Kitimat River Chinook.I believe Colin and fishing partner, Greg Buck hooked 7 Chinook in the upper Kitimat River.  “Greg got an early Birthday Fish!  Happy Birthday Greg.  Congratulations Colin.  Well done!  Nice looking Fish!  Thank You for sharing with our Fishing Report.

June 25 Addison Bradley fishing with his father, Jodie Bradley and Grandfather, Kurt Anderson landed and retained this beautiful 76cm Chinook on a fly.  Well done Addison.  Congratulations and Thank You for sharing this awesome family moment with our Fishing Report. 3 Generations of Chinook Fly Anglers.  Very Impressive!

June 25 I had the pleasure of fishing with Dwanne Folk during an evening drift on Half Day Driftboat Special.  $300.00 for 2 Clients.
Our Special Rate will end on June 30th.  Will honor all Bookings made prior to June 30th.
Dwanne caught and retained this 76cm Chinook.  Congratulations Dwanne and Thank You for using our Guide Services.

The exceptional hot weather combined with the larger than normal snow pack is causing less than optimal fishing conditions on the Kitimat River.

Nevertheless, the Chinook anglers who persisted and who have the knowledge of fishing in these conditions continued to catch Chinook albeit the catch numbers were definitely not as good as they would be if the conditions were better.
When the river height rises due to snow melt, the river rises most of the night and drops during the day.  Smart money says, when the conditions are like this, fish during the late afternoon early evening when the river is at it’s lowest and cleanest.
Our website has a link to the Kitimat River water level website.

NEW ROAD INTO LOWER DIKE.  Avoids Construction area.  NO RESTRICTION IN TIME OR ACCESS.  You can drive in any time.

June 20 Medrick Robinson proudly photo’d with his lovely Mom, Rose and his Dad, Sammy Robinson on Fathers Day.  An Awesome Family moment!  Well done everyone and Thank You for sharing your photo and Family moment with our Fishing Report!

June 21 Stan caught this beauties in.Sue Channel.  Well done Stan!  Congratulations and Thank You for sharing your photo with our Fishing Report.

June 22 Jim Monk, Jimmy Swejda, Gage Swejda and Tenny Swejda proudly standing with their catch. Well done everyone.  Congratulations and Thank You for sharing your photo with our Fishing Report.

June 22 Brad Boyce provided this photo and comment. “We ran into the 1st tanker last night! Buddy’s 1st and oh boy was he excited!   Was 129 cm” Caught in Eagle Bay. Congratulations everyone!  Thank You for sharing your photo with our Fishing Report.

The Halibut, bottomfishing, prawning and crabbing in the Douglas Channel has been very good.  Chinook seems to be hot in certain areas and cold in other areas where they are normally caught this time of year.  Especially the Kitimat Harbour Chinook Fishery.  This area has been spotty at best which can be explained by the high Kitimat River water levels.  Typically when the Kitimat River is high, the Chinook do not mill around in the Harbour for any length of time.
Most boaters are catching their Halibut first and then going after the Chinook.
Either way, the exception weather is providing awesome conditions for boaters to be out on the Douglas Channel.


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Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts (AOE) - a popularly elected 88-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostages until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism and was subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program until Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Implementation Day in 2016. The US began gradually re-imposing sanctions on Iran after the US withdrawal from JCPOA in May 2018.Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Council of Guardians, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud, but the protests were quickly suppressed. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013 Iranians elected a centrist cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun ROHANI to the presidency. He is a longtime senior member in the regime, but has made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities, and in July 2015 Iran and the five permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) signed the JCPOA under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. Iran held elections in 2016 for the AOE and Majles, resulting in a conservative-controlled AOE and a Majles that many Iranians perceive as more supportive of the ROHANI administration than the previous, conservative-dominated body. ROHANI was reelected president in May 2017. Economic concerns once again led to nationwide protests in December 2017 and January 2018 but they were contained by Iran's security services. Additional widespread economic protests broke out in November 2019 in response to the raised price of subsidized gasoline.

Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

Geographic coordinates

32 00 N, 53 00 E

Map references

Middle East

total: 1,648,195 sq km
land: 1,531,595 sq km
water: 116,600 sq km
country comparison to the world: 19

Area - comparative

almost 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska

Land boundaries

total: 5,894 km
border countries (7): Afghanistan 921 km, Armenia 44 km, Azerbaijan 689 km, Iraq 1599 km, Pakistan 959 km, Turkey 534 km, Turkmenistan 1148 km

2,440 km- note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12nm
exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulf
contiguous zone: 24nm
continental shelf: natural prolongation

mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

mean elevation: 1,305 m
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,625 m

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur

Land use

agricultural land: 30.1% (2011 est.)
arable land: 10.8% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 1.2% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 18.1% (2011 est.)
forest: 6.8% (2011 est.)
other: 63.1% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

95,530 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much lower population density

Natural hazards

periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes

Environment - current issues

air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note

strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport

People and Society

83,024,745 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

noun: Iranian(s)
adjective: Iranian

Ethnic groups

Persian, Azeri, Kurd, Lur, Baloch, Arab, Turkmen and Turkic tribes

Persian Farsi (official), Azeri and other Turkic dialects, Kurdish, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Luri, Balochi, Arabic

Muslim (official) 99.4% (Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian) 0.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2011 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 24.23%(male 10,291,493 /female 9,823,838)
15-24 years: 14.05%(male 5,973,320 /female 5,689,501)
25-54 years: 48.86%(male 20,698,748 /female 19,863,223)
55-64 years: 7.39%(male 3,022,134 /female 3,113,443)
65 years and over: 5.48%(male 2,111,390 /female 2,437,655) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Descriptive text is not available for this image

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 40.2 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 33.1 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 7.1 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 14.2 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 30.8 years (2018 est.)
male: 30.5 years
female: 31 years
country comparison to the world: 114

Population growth rate

1.19% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92

Birth rate

17.4 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Death rate

5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 186

Net migration rate

-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108

Population distribution

population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much lower population density

urban population: 75.4% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 1.71% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

9.014 million TEHRAN (capital), 3.152 million Mashhad, 2.086 million Esfahan, 1.628 million Shiraz, 1.581 million Karaj, 1.596 million Tabriz (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

16 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135

Infant mortality rate

total: 15.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.4 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 98

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74.2 years (2018 est.)
male: 72.8 years
female: 75.6 years
country comparison to the world: 127

Total fertility rate

1.96 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124

Contraceptive prevalence rate

77.4% (2010/11)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 97.7% of population
rural: 92.1% of population
total: 96.2% of population
unimproved: urban: 2.3% of population
rural: 7.9% of population
total: 3.8% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

8.1% (2016)

Physicians density

1.14 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density

0.2 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 92.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 82.3% of population (2015 est.)
total: 90% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 7.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 17.7% of population (2015 est.)
total: 10% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

61,000 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57

HIV/AIDS - deaths

2,600 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea (2016)
vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

25.8% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 47

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

4.1% (2011)
country comparison to the world: 88

Education expenditures

4% of GDP (2018)
country comparison to the world: 103

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.5%
male: 90.4%
female: 80.8% (2016)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2015)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 28.4%
male: 24.2%
female: 43.7% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39

Country name

conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
conventional short form: Iran
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
local short form: Iran
former: Persia
etymology: name derives from the Avestan term "aryanam" meaning "Land of the Noble [Ones]"

Government type

theocratic republic

name: Tehran
geographic coordinates: 35 42 N, 51 25 E
time difference: UTC+3.5 (8.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins fourth Wednesday in March; ends fourth Friday in September

Administrative divisions

31 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Alborz, Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi (West Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Sharqi (East Azerbaijan), Bushehr, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Jonubi (South Khorasan), Khorasan-e Razavi (Razavi Khorasan), Khorasan-e Shomali (North Khorasan), Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Bowyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca. 550 B.C. (Achaemenid (Persian) Empire established); A.D. 1501 (Iran reunified under the Safavid Dynasty); 1794 (beginning of Qajar Dynasty); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the PAHLAVI Dynasty)

National holiday

Republic Day, 1 April (1979)

history: previous 1906; latest adopted 24 October 1979, effective 3 December 1979
amendments: proposed by the supreme leader – after consultation with the Exigency Council – and submitted as an edict to the "Council for Revision of the Constitution," a body consisting of various executive, legislative, judicial, and academic leaders and members; passage requires absolute majority vote in a referendum and approval of the supreme leader; articles including Iran’s political system, its religious basis, and its form of government cannot be amended; amended 1989 (2016)

Legal system

religious legal system based on secular and Islamic law

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Iran
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)
head of government: President Hasan Fereidun ROHANI (since 3 August 2013); First Vice President Eshagh JAHANGIRI (since 5 August 2013)
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the supreme leader has some control over appointments to several ministries
elections/appointments: supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 19 May 2017 (next to be held in 2021)
election results: Hasan Fereidun ROHANI reelected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun ROHANI (Moderation and Development Party) 58.8%, Ebrahim RAI'SI (Combat Clergy Association) 39.4% , Mostafa MIR-SALIM Islamic Coalition Party) 1.2%, Mostafa HASHEMITABA(Executives of Construction Party) 0.5%
note: 3 oversight bodies are also considered part of the executive branch of government

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; 285 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by 2-round vote, and 1 seat each for Zoroastrians, Jews, Assyrian and Chaldean Christians, Armenians in the north of the country and Armenians in the south; members serve 4-year terms); note - all candidates to the Majles must be approved by the Council of Guardians, a 12-member group of which 6 are appointed by the supreme leader and 6 are jurists nominated by the judiciary and elected by the Majles
elections: first round held on 26 February 2016 and second round for 68 remaining seats held on 29 April 2016; (next full Majles election to be held in 2020)
election results: percent of vote by coalition - List of Hope 37.2%, Principlists Grand Coalition 25.9%, People's Voice Coalition 4.5%, joint Hope/People's Voice 4.1%, joint People's Voice/Principlist 0.3%, religious minorities 1.7%, independent 26.4%; seats by coalition - List of Hope 108, Principlists Grand Coalition 75, People's Voice Coalition 13, joint Hope/People's Voice 12, joint People's Voice/Principlist 1, religious minorities 5, independent 76; composition - men 273, women 17, percent of women 5.9%

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the president and NA judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president appointed by the head of the High Judicial Council (HJC), a 5-member body to include the Supreme Court chief justice, the prosecutor general, and 3 clergy, in consultation with judges of the Supreme Court; president appointed for a single, renewable 5-year term; other judges appointed by the HJC; judge tenure NA
subordinate courts: Penal Courts I and II; Islamic Revolutionary Courts; Courts of Peace; Special Clerical Court (functions outside the judicial system and handles cases involving clerics); military courts

Political parties and leaders

Combatant Clergy Association
Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
Executives of Construction Party
Followers of the Guardianship of the Jurisprudent [Ali LARIJANI]
Front of Islamic Revolutionary Stability [Morteza AGHA-TEHRANI, general secretary]
Islamic Coalition Party
Islamic Iran Participation Front [associated with former President Mohammed KHATAMI]
Militant Clerics Society
Moderation and Development Party
National Trust Party
National Unity Party
Pervasive Coalition of Reformists [Ali SUFI, chairman] (includes Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front, National Trust Party, Union of Islamic Iran People Party, Moderation and Development Party)
Principlists Grand Coalition [Ali Reza ZAKANI] (includes Combatant Clergy Association and Islamic Coalition Party, Society of Devotees and Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution, Front of Islamic Revolution Stability)
Progress, Welfare, and Justice Front
Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran or PJP [Hosein GHORBANZADEH, general secretary]
Resistance Front of Islamic Iran [Yadollah HABIBI, general secretary]
Steadfastness Front
Union of Islamic Iran People's Party
Wayfarers of the Islamic Revolution

International organization participation

Diplomatic representation in the US

none; Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073

Diplomatic representation from the US

none; the US Interests Section is located in the Embassy of Switzerland, No. 39 Shahid Mousavi (Golestan 5th), Pasdaran Ave., Tehran, Iran; telephone [98] 21 2254 2178/2256 5273; FAX [98] 21 2258 0432

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom

National symbol(s)

lion; national colors: green, white, red

National anthem

name: "Soroud-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran" (National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran)
lyrics/music: multiple authors/Hassan RIAHI
note 1: adopted 1990; Iran has had six national anthems; the first, entitled Salam-e Shah (Royal Salute) was in use from 1873-1909; next came Salamati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Iran (Salute of the Sublime State of Persia, 1909-1933); it was followed by Sorud-e melli (The Imperial Anthem of Iran; 1933-1979), which chronicled the exploits of the Pahlavi Dynasty; Ey Iran (Oh Iran) functioned unofficially as the national anthem for a brief period between the ouster of the Shah in 1979 and the early days of the Islamic Republic in 1980; Payandeh Bada Iran (Long Live Iran) was used between 1980 and 1990 during the time of Ayatollah KHOMEINI

note 2: a recording of the current Iranian national anthem is unavailable since the US Navy Band does not record anthems for countries from which the US does not anticipate official visits; the US does not have diplomatic relations with Iran

Economy - overview

Iran's economy is marked by statist policies, inefficiencies, and reliance on oil and gas exports, but Iran also possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. The Iranian government directly owns and operates hundreds of state-owned enterprises and indirectly controls many companies affiliated with the country's security forces. Distortions - including corruption, price controls, subsidies, and a banking system holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans - weigh down the economy, undermining the potential for private-sector-led growth.Private sector activity includes small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services, in addition to medium-scale construction, cement production, mining, and metalworking. Significant informal market activity flourishes and corruption is widespread.The lifting of most nuclear-related sanctions under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in January 2016 sparked a restoration of Iran’s oil production and revenue that drove rapid GDP growth, but economic growth declined in 2017 as oil production plateaued. The economy continues to suffer from low levels of investment and declines in productivity since before the JCPOA, and from high levels of unemployment, especially among women and college-educated Iranian youth.In May 2017, the re-election of President Hasan RUHANI generated widespread public expectations that the economic benefits of the JCPOA would expand and reach all levels of society. RUHANI will need to implement structural reforms that strengthen the banking sector and improve Iran’s business climate to attract foreign investment and encourage the growth of the private sector. Sanctions that are not related to Iran’s nuclear program remain in effect, and these—plus fears over the possible re-imposition of nuclear-related sanctions—will continue to deter foreign investors from engaging with Iran.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.64 trillion (2017 est.)
$1.581 trillion (2016 est.)
$1.405 trillion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 18

GDP (official exchange rate)

$430.7 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

3.7% (2017 est.)
12.5% (2016 est.)
-1.6% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$20,100 (2017 est.)
$19,600 (2016 est.)
$17,700 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 89

Gross national saving

37.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
37.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
35.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 49.7% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 14% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.6% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 14.5% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 26% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -24.9% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 9.6% (2016 est.)
industry: 35.3% (2016 est.)
services: 55% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, sugarcane, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy products, wool; caviar

petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments

Industrial production growth rate

3% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103

Labor force

30.5 million (2017 est.)
note: shortage of skilled labor
country comparison to the world: 21

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 16.3%
industry: 35.1%
services: 48.6% (2013 est.)

Unemployment rate

11.8% (2017 est.)
12.4% (2016 est.)
note: data are Iranian Government numbers
country comparison to the world: 157

Population below poverty line

18.7% (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 29.6% (2005)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

44.5 (2006)
country comparison to the world: 43

revenues: 74.4 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 84.45 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110

Public debt

39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
47.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: includes publicly guaranteed debt
country comparison to the world: 132

Fiscal year

21 March - 20 March

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.6% (2017 est.)
9.1% (2016 est.)
note: official Iranian estimate
country comparison to the world: 202

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

18% (31 December 2017 est.)
18% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Stock of narrow money

$48.08 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$47.59 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54

Stock of broad money

$48.08 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$47.59 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54

Stock of domestic credit

$348.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$315.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33

Market value of publicly traded shares

$89.43 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$116.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$345.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Current account balance

$9.491 billion (2017 est.)
$16.28 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23

$101.4 billion (2017 est.)
$83.98 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37

Exports - partners

China 27.5%, India 15.1%, South Korea 11.4%, Turkey 11.1%, Italy 5.7%, Japan 5.3% (2017)

Exports - commodities

petroleum 60%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets, cement, ore

$76.39 billion (2017 est.)
$63.14 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44

Imports - commodities

industrial supplies, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services

Imports - partners

UAE 29.8%, China 12.7%, Turkey 4.4%, South Korea 4%, Germany 4% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$120.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$133.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Debt - external

$7.995 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$8.196 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$50.33 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$46.02 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$5.226 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$4.656 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76

Exchange rates

Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
32,769.7 (2017 est.)
30,914.9 (2016 est.)
30,914.9 (2015 est.)
29,011.5 (2014 est.)
25,912 (2013 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

272.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Electricity - consumption

236.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Electricity - exports

6.822 billion kWh (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Electricity - imports

4.221 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44

Electricity - installed generating capacity

77.6 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Electricity - from fossil fuels

84% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

15% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193

Crude oil - production

4.251 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6

Crude oil - exports

750,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144

Crude oil - proved reserves

157.2 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Refined petroleum products - production

1.764 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1.804 million bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12

Refined petroleum products - exports

397,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Refined petroleum products - imports

64,160 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72

Natural gas - production

214.5 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3

Natural gas - consumption

206.9 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Natural gas - exports

11.64 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Natural gas - imports

3.993 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40

Natural gas - proved reserves

33.72 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

638.3 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 31,182,812
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 116.5 million
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Telephone system

general assessment: opportunities for telecoms growth, but the disadvantage of lack of significant investment; one of the largest populations in the Middle East with a huge demand for services; mobile penetration is high with over 93% accessing 3G, and 4G LTE becoming available; Iranian-net, is currently expanding a fiber network to have 8 million customers by 2020 (2018)
domestic: 38 per 100 for fixed-line (2017 est.) and 140 per 100 (2019 est.) for mobile-cellular subscriptions; heavy investment by Iran's state-owned telecom company has greatly improved and expanded both the fixed-line and mobile cellular networks; a huge percentage of the cell phones in the market have been smuggled into the country (2018)
international: country code - 98; landing points for Kuwait-Iran, GBICS & MENA, FALCON, OMRAN/3PEG Cable System, POI and UAE-Iran submarine fiber-optic cable to the Middle East, Africa and India; Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2019)

Broadcast media

state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 19 nationwide channels including a news channel, about 34 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use is subjectively tolerated, authorities confiscate satellite dishes from time to time; IRIB operates 16 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2019)

Internet country code

Internet users

total: 67.6 million
percent of population: 82% (Dec 2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 10,057,769
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Military and Security

Military expenditures

2.67% of GDP (2018 est.)
3.11% of GDP (2017 est.)
2.97% of GDP (2016 est.)
2.76% of GDP (2015 est.)
2.28% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30

Military and security forces

Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah, IRGC): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (special operations), Cyber Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); Law Enforcement Forces (border and security troops, assigned to the armed forces in wartime) (2019)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for volunteers; 17 years of age for Law Enforcement Forces; 15 years of age for Basij Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); conscript military service obligation is 18-24 months; women exempt from military service (2019)

Maritime threats

the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-012-Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 7 August 2019, which states in part that "heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region;" at present, Iran has seized two foreign-flagged tankers in the Persian Gulf; the US and UK navies have established Operation Sentinel to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 15 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 228 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 15,003,958 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 107,184,869mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

EP (2016)

319 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 22

Airports - with paved runways

total: 140 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 42 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 29 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 36 (2017)
under 914 m: 7 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 179 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 135 (2013)
under 914 m: 32 (2013)

26 (2013)

7 km condensate, 973 km condensate/gas, 20794 km gas, 570 km liquid petroleum gas, 8625 km oil, 7937 km refined products (2013)

total: 8,484 km (2014)
standard gauge: 8,389.5 km1.435-m gauge (189.5 km electrified) (2014)
broad gauge: 94 km1.676-m gauge (2014)
country comparison to the world: 25

total: 223,485 km (2018)
paved: 195,485 km (2018)
unpaved: 28,000 km (2018)
country comparison to the world: 23

850 km(on Karun River; some navigation on Lake Urmia) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 69

Merchant marine

total: 720
by type: bulk carrier 31, container ship 25, general cargo 336, oil tanker 17, other 311 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 30

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Bandar-e Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Emam
container port(s) (TEUs): Bandar Abbas (2,607,000) (2017)

Terrorist groups - home based

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC): aim(s):  protect Iran’s Islamic Revolution; spread Shia influence; internal security, including border control, law enforcement, and suppressing domestic opposition; controls country’s missiles and rockets; influence Iran’s politics and economy
area of operation(s): headquartered in Tehran, throughout Iran (2019)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Qods Force (IRGC-QF): aim(s): protect Iran’s Islamic Revolution; spread Shia influence; conduct clandestine overseas operations, often supporting other terrorist organizations (including Sunni groups like the Taliban when their goals align) with significant funding, logistics, training, or weaponry to commit terror attacks, either directly or through proxies; recruit, train, and equip foreign Islamic revolutionary groups throughout the Middle East
area(s) of operations: headquartered in Tehran (2019)
Jaysh al Adl: note(s): formerly known as Jundallah

Terrorist groups - foreign based

al-Qa'ida (AQ): aim(s): unite the worldwide Muslim community, overthrow governments perceived as un-Islamic, and, ultimately, establish a pan-Islamic caliphate under a strict Salafi Muslim interpretation of sharia (2018)
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK): aim(s): advance Kurdish autonomy, political, and cultural rights in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, and Syria
area(s) of operation: operational in the northwest; majority of members inside Iran are Iranian Kurds, along with Kurds from Iraq, Syria, and Turkey (2018)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 2.5-3.0 (1 million registered, 1.5-2.0 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2017); 28,268 (Iraq) (2018)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Iran is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; organized groups sex traffic Iranian women and children in Iran and to the UAE and Europe; the transport of girls from and through Iran en route to the Gulf for sexual exploitation or forced marriages is on the rise; Iranian children are also forced to work as beggars, street vendors, and in domestic workshops; Afghan boys forced to work in construction or agriculture are vulnerable to sexual abuse by their employers; Pakistani and Afghan migrants being smuggled to Europe often are subjected to forced labor, including debt bondage
tier rating: Tier 3 – Iran does not comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not share information on its anti-trafficking efforts, but publically available information from NGOs, the media, and international organizations indicates that Iran is not taking adequate measures to address its trafficking problems, particularly protecting victims; Iranian law does not prohibit all forms of human trafficking; female victims find it extremely difficult to get justice because Iranian courts accord women’s testimony half the weight of men's, and female victims of sexual abuse, including trafficking, are likely to be prosecuted for adultery; the government did not identify or provide protection services to any victims and continued to punish victims for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked; the government made some effort to cooperate with neighboring governments and an international organization to combat human trafficking and other crimes (2015)

Illicit drugs

despite substantial interdiction efforts and considerable control measures along the border with Afghanistan, Iran remains one of the primary transshipment routes for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; suffers one of the highest opiate addiction rates in the world, and has an increasing problem with synthetic drugs; regularly enforces the death penalty for drug offences; lacks anti-money laundering laws; has reached out to neighboring countries to share counter-drug intelligence

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Small Guardian Angel Charm

Style 2214

Protect the one you love with the Small Guardian Angel Charm. Whether religious or spiritual, this little angel makes a divine gift. Both sides engravable.

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Messengers of God.

0.49 in x 0.55 in (12.47 mm x 14.02 mm)

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text:
For Carnaval, This Famed Rio Samba School Paid Tribute to the Brazilians Missing from History Books

Members of Mangueira perform during the samba school's champions parade at Sapucai Sambadrome on March 10, 2019. Photo by Buda Mendes/Getty Images

“Índios, negros e pobres.” With these words – emblazoned on a pink, white, and green version of the Brazilian flag – the Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Estação Primeira de Mangueira paid tribute to the communities that have been historically underrepresented within the country.

As Jair Bolsonaro, a far right president, makes his mark on the South American country, the fight for democracy has become vital for Brazil, and diverse groups have taken action toward social justice and equality. Carnaval was just another opportunity to draw attention to the people and rights that are under threat. This year, Mangueira picked História Para Ninar Gente Grande (or History for Lulling Adults) as its theme. But instead of presenting a fairy tale-esque bedtime story, the school aimed to awaken Brazilians to their true story while challenging the so-called official history that has been passed down. As Mangueira’s Leandro Vieria explains, the 2019 theme shows the “pages” that are missing from history books.

Members of Mangueira perform during the samba school’s champions parade at Sapucai Sambadrome on March 10, 2019 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Carnival is the biggest and most popular celebration in Brazil, running all over the country. Photo by Buda Mendes/Getty Images
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“It’s an alternative version of history,” he says, according to Mangueira’s official site. “Brazil’s history has turned into a soccer match, in which we have learned to support the winner. We forget, however, that we are the ones who have lost.”

The entire March 4 production focused heavily on these marginalized groups. One scene, for example, mocks the Portuguese, who first appear to be smaller (a comment on how their history is less relevant) and then are locked in place behind frames in unflattering poses, and gives Afro-Brazilians and Indigenous peoples, who in turn, look regal behind golden frames, a starring role. At one point, a young Black girl holds a sign that reads “presente.” At the end, the school presented what should be the country’s alternative flag.

Manu da Cuíca, who helped write lyrics to Mangueira, says the music matches this story. “We decided it shouldn’t sound like a moan nor like something euphoric,” she tells me. “It should sound like a claim. The claim for a real country, the country of the people’s heroes, not one of unframed barons. In times when our politicians don’t debate their projects, we invite Brazilians for a talk, an affective talk. As soon as people recognize the Brazilian people as the protagonists of their own accomplishments, they will relate to these heroes.”

Members of Mangueira Samba School perform during the parade at 2019 Brazilian Carnival at Sapucai Sambadrome on March 04, 2019 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Photo by Buda Mendes/Getty Images
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Mangueira honored the legacy of many heroes, who despite the anonymity in present day, played a fundamental role in defending the rights of Brazil’s underprivileged groups – people like Luiza Mahin, the female leader of the biggest slave rebellion in Brazil; Tereza de Benguela, a woman who ran one of Brazil’s most important quilombos; and Cunhambebe, Indigenous leader who organized to fight Portuguese colonizers.

“We celebrate the 500th anniversary of Brazil’s ‘discovery’ without realizing we are Brazilians for more than 12,000 years,” Vieira says. “But we insist we are a 500 year-old country, associating the Indigenous peoples with the past. Indigenous, black, mixed-race people haven’t gained a statue. Their names are not in the school exams. They are not [answers to] multiple choice questions.”

But while the school focused on the past, it also looked to current heroes, such as Marielle Franco, the Rio politician and activist who was murdered a year ago. Despite the growing pressure from Brazil’s society and the international community, the crime remains unsolved. Several schools and blocos paid homage to Franco this year.

On Ash Wednesday, Mangueira won Rio’s most important samba school championship, its 20th win. And while there was a lot of support for the school – including from its rivals – there was also a lot of criticism. Mangueira chose to confront the country’s ugly history and to elevate those who remain absent in history books, all of which offended conservatives, including Bolsonaro’s son, Carlos, who took to Twitter to express his displeasure. Bolsonaro, himself, was caught up in controversy after sharing a sexually explicit video, which many felt was meant to shame the LGBT community, that he used to demonize Carnaval.

Members of Mangueira perform during the samba school’s champions parade at Sapucai Sambadrome on March 10, 2019 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Photo by Buda Mendes/Getty Images
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“This is a message to Brazil, which has to understand the importance of Carnaval,” Vieira says. “This is also a message to President Bolsonaro, who needs to show this Carnaval to the world: the Carnaval of Art, the people’s Carnaval.”

Among the reasons Mangueira may have bothered conservatives is the fact that the theme came as a response to a far-right bill – known as the School Without Political Parties bill – that aims to forbid teachers from discussing gender, ideology, and politics in class. Some argue that discussing these things leads to the indoctrination of students.

But as Vieira challenges, the bill is dangerous because it hides our differences and seemingly wants to squash critical thinking. He says the law will lull people, which is where the name of the theme came from, and it’s another reason why Mangueira’s show was so important this year.

“The narrative presented by this samba dialogues with the lives of many members and supporters of Mangueira,” says Luan Gustavo, who has participated in Carnaval as a Mangueira passista for the past eight years. “All of these lives are constantly silenced by Brazil’s tough reality. But History for Lulling Adults talks to our reality. Carnaval has been under attack by politicians who act as religious fundamentalists. And the attacks have penetrated the flesh of those who live for, of, and by Rio’s Carnaval.”

Watch Mangueira’s full parade here.


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#RPGaDay, Day 13: Favourite RPG Podcast

cover170x170My current favourite gaming podcast is actually for a game I have yet to play, Numenera. Numenera: The Signal is a brilliant example of making a piece of media useful both in and out of game. Each roughly twenty minute episode focuses on some aspect of the Ninth World, the setting for Numenera. It includes rumours, encounter ideas, NPCs, and so on, and is definitely a boon to any GM running a Numenera campaign. But even better, the podcast is recorded as if it were a pirate radio signal just barely managing to get through on whatever receiving device you are next to. And it’s narrated by Vaux, an Informed Jack who Tells Tales, which gives the GM a shadowy NPC to populate their game world, and a piece of media they can play during sessions to heighten immersion.

Full disclosure, Numenera: The Signal is the brainchild of my friend and fellow gamer, Scott C. Bourgeois. But I’d think The Signal was a brilliant podcast even if it weren’t created by my friend! (Did I get that right, Scott, your hand-writing is awful.) But seriously, even if you don’t yet play Numenera, you should give the podcast a listen. I know it’s got me thinking of ways to use different media in my games.

Honourable mention go to Fear the Boot, which is the podcast I’ve listened to the longest. I could listen to those guys argue about games all day (and have).

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The Look

Even in the best light reading can be a strain. Our premium anti-glare lenses make for clear and comfortable reading for short reads or when tackling a novel. When reading is too good to put down, rest assured your look is flattered in a frame shape that’s gracefully elegant.

Our optical quality readers are styled in classic tortoise or black; three gold temple rivets add chic detailing, spring hinge temples add flexible comfort. Our premium grade frame materials retain looks + luster + hold up in everyday use.

Medium Fit
The Inspiration

Andrea is the style-conscious adventurer, rocking trend looks she finds Zen in the simplicity of elegance and elan.

The Lenses

Premium grade ophthalmic quality CR-39 lenses

Includes premium anti-glare coating to eliminate eyestrain and assures that your lenses will remain clear throughout your use

Ground to precise optical standards to provide you with the most exacting vision

Lightweight Case + Premium Microfiber Cleaning Cloth Included

quality reading glasses with the clear optics of premium CR-39 lenses- essential to eliminating eyestrain

sizing chart
  • A Frame Width : 134mm
  • B Lens Width : 50mm
  • C Lens Depth : 37mm
  • D Bridge : 18mm
  • E Temple Length : 135mm


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DICE ’15 Design Conference

Thu, Sep 24, 2015 2:00 PM - 6:00 PM PDT
Nevada Museum of Art
160 West Liberty Street
Reno, NV 89501

Design professionals, Reno’s creative community, and art and design students are invited to attend DICE 2015: PLAY, a multi-disciplinary design conference in northern Nevada examining the ways great design empowers individuals, inspires the masses, and enriches entire communities.

This year, DICE 2015 explores the ideas of “play”: how it informs and shapes concept, experience, and product in the world of design.

Everett Katigbak

Everett is a tinkerer, storyteller, and hacker of physical objects. He recently joined the team at early stage startup, Shyp, where he’s helping develop the brand strategy. Prior to Shyp, he was the Brand Creative Manager at Pinterest, an early Communication Designer at Facebook. He became the Environmental Design Manager at Facebook, and led the design their global campuses (most recently with Frank Gehry). At Facebook, he co-founded the FB AIR (artists in residency) program, and Most notably, he was the co-founder of the Facebook Analog Research Laboratory, a print studio led by a rogue band of pirates determined to challenge the status quo.

Kevin Conder

Kevin is a landscape architect and founding partner of the San Francisco based studio CMG. Kevin is dedicated to creating thriving landscapes, both as public spaces in our cities and as natural systems within the greater landscape. He is a leader of large and complicated projects such the redevelopment of San Francisco’s Treasure Island naval base, Hunters Point naval base, the redesign of San Francisco’s Market Street, and a 15 year partnership with Crissy Field, as well as highly crafted designs such as the SFMOMA Rooftop Sculpture Garden. His passion is improving the public realm for people and the environment in artful ways. Kevin has been awarded a Seed Fund Fellowship for his innovative work creating democratic space in San Francisco, and is a Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects.

Roman de Salvo

Roman de Salvo considers himself a sculptor, but to be more specific, a conceptual artist who works well with his hands. As a sculptor, conceptual and installation artist, he works with the ordinary and familiar in an infusion of surprise, intrigue, and visual poetry. He makes generic and vernacular objects into peculiar and often humorous sculptures. Employing materials normally associated with prosaic domestic construction and decoration, de Salvo fashions art and anti-art objects that continually question the meaning of things. Fireplaces made of combustible wood, electrified conduit power puzzles, home furnishings altered slightly and hilariously; all these describe a restless, curious intellect, fused with impeccable craft and technical skill.

September 24th, 2015

Nevada Museum of Art
160 W Liberty St
Reno, NV 89501

The link to buy tickets is here.


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General introduction

The Compensation Report describes the principles underlying the compensation policy and provides information about the steering process and the compensation awarded to the Board of Directors (BoD) and Executive Committee (EC) of dormakaba Holding AG. It meets the requirements of Articles 14 to 16 of the Ordinance Against Excessive Pay at Publicly Listed Companies of 20 November 2013 (VegüV), Article 663c of the Swiss Code of Obligations, the SIX Swiss Exchange’s Directive on Information relating to Corporate Governance, and economiesuisse’s Swiss Code of Best Practice for Corporate Governance.

Information policyIntroductory notes from the Compensation Committee

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Training & Education

12 min

Employee development is vital to maintaining and improving the skills of our workforce and the quality of our offering.

Why it matters

Today’s dynamic and globalized world requires new competencies. At the same time, many industries face serious skills shortages, especially in the areas of information technology and digitalization. Employee development is vital to maintaining and improving the skills of our workforce and the quality of our products. This is especially true for a technology-driven company like dormakaba. We want to offer careers instead of jobs and to prepare our employees for the fast-changing world. This improves their motivation, performance on the job and increases their long-term employability. We will continue to invest in the development of both our employees and business leaders.

Key activities

Training and education are key to our business success. We consider a skilled workforce integral to creating customer satisfaction and critical to driving employee engagement. Overall, by developing our employees we aim to provide the dormakaba workforce with the skills they require to safely and efficiently perform their tasks and support their career advancement, while reducing employee turnover. We offer various training and development programs for our employees. While we apply some of these programs on a consistent global basis – particularly leadership development, others are developed at the segment or country level to serve local needs.

Local training includes a range of vocational training and dual study programs, language and project management courses, as well as opportunities for job rotation. With our Learning Management System (LMS), we provide employees with worldwide access to a variety of eLearning modules, ranging from product, sales and safety to leadership topics. Within the LMS, we have continued to offer LinkedIn Learning, which has a library of more than 10,000 eLearning courses. Our LMS also allows us to roll out global learning initiatives such as information security training, compliance training and antitrust training.

To provide staff with the competencies they require to safely and efficiently perform their tasks and to support their career advancement, dormakaba focuses on three areas:

  1. Leadership development
  2. Individual development and career management
  3. Vocational and technical training

Leadership development

We see leadership as the ability to move oneself and others toward a common goal. Specifically, we want our leaders and managers to act according to our company values and to apply constructive leadership styles (e.g. working toward self-set goals, developing others, resolving conflicts constructively, cooperating) while acting as strong role models for our employees to follow. In line with our strategy and ambition, we want the best leaders in key positions. We are aware that this requires clarity and support for potential leadership candidates in their development.

We have therefore compiled a Leadership Toolbox, which is a unique set of methods and tools we want our leaders to understand and apply, e.g. constructive leadership behavior, best practice facilitation skills, and further core leadership skills and tools. This toolbox also serves as the basis for a globally consistent rollout of leadership training, e.g. our standard manager training Leading for Success and the senior manager training Leading Leaders. We have also established two management development programs – the Advanced Management Program (AMP) and Talent Development Program (TDP) – to develop future leaders of dormakaba. The AMP focuses on further strengthening the leadership and business expertise of already successful managers, while the TDP focuses on high-potential employees. Both programs are co-facilitated by our Executive Committee members and supported by faculty from external business schools.

Examples of our leadership programs in the financial year 2019/20 included:

Individual development and career management

Our combined performance and succession management process known as Perform & Grow provides a common framework to measure and manage performance and potential. The process also includes the documentation of individual development activities and related development measures and training. Further, it provides criteria to identify high potentials and creates the foundation for systematic succession management to ensure that each leadership position has viable successors.

Examples of our career management initiatives in the financial year 2019/20 included:

Vocational and technical training

In today’s rapidly changing world of work, the importance of lifelong learning is steadily increasing. For our business success, it is essential that our employees have the relevant skills for their work. The training we provide covers topics such as lean management, health and safety, and product offerings. Additionally, the increasing digitalization of our products and services also requires new competencies – for example, on big data analytics and artificial intelligence. To ensure that our employees have the relevant long-term skills, we continue to invest in their vocational development and in promoting their talents.

Examples of our vocational and technical training in the financial year 2019/20 included:

Our performance

We have made good progress on developing the skills of our workforce. For example, 78% of employees now have access to, and can participate in, our Learning Management System (LMS). Of these, 80% (9,797 employees) have completed at least one eLearning module, compared to 60% in the previous financial year. This positive development was also confirmed by dormakaba employees in the recent employee survey “dormakaba dialogue”. The two items on employee development have seen the most positive change compared to 2018, scoring 7 percentage points higher than before. The LMS is used for both global and local training, and the offering has been expanded. In the financial year 2019/20, 58 new eLearning modules have been added, and 131 classroom courses and 111 webinars have been offered on the platform. 45% of the new training courses provided are product-related, usually with a focus on sales or technical aspects.

Compliance-related training modules continue to have the highest participation in absolute terms, including those on the Code of Conduct, antitrust and information security. Combined, these had over 7,900 participants.

In addition, training support for global programs such as dormakaba dialogue and Perform & Grow are offered regularly to managers through the LMS. The system was also used to train IT employees on a new IT enterprise resource planning software and related processes. As planned, we also made great strides in establishing agile project management methods as an alternative to “waterfall” project management methods in dormakaba. These included certified training courses on SCRUM Master, SCRUM Product Owner, and scaled agile (SAFe) methods such as Leading SAFe 5.0 and SAFe for Teams. These methods will help us to develop faster and more customer-oriented products and services.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, on-site training shifted to webinars via the LMS. From April to June 2020, 151 additional webinar sessions were provided. These were mainly product related. We also offered courses directly related with managing new work environments during the pandemic, including the technical aspects of virtual conferencing tools, leading virtual teams, self-management, and working from home. These webinars and other supporting tools were made available in ten languages.

Extensive training has also been provided to the procurement organization, which was reorganized in the financial year 2019/20. The aim was to support change management and to provide proper knowledge transfer on processes, tools, and regulations – and included training on the supplier sustainability assessment process. Learning packages were geared to specific target groups, even of other related business functions, across all segments and consisted of 15 live webinars (227 sessions in total) or video recordings. More than 5,600 attendees have taken part in the webinars, with an average of 7 courses per person.

We continue to expand the scope of Group-wide reporting on training hours per employee toward our goal of full reporting scope in the mid-term. For the financial year 2019/20, the sites already reporting this figure covered 87% of our workforce based on full-time equivalent employees (versus 57% coverage in the financial year 2018/19). For these, the average number of training hours per employee was 17 hours per year, which was higher than the previously reported figure in financial year 2018/19 (12 hours) and corresponds to our expectations.

Our segments and Group HR regularly gather and evaluate participant feedback after training sessions in order to maintain and continually adapt the quality of our training and education programs. In addition, our training programs are regularly evaluated as part of the external audits for ISO 9001 certification. If a negative trend is identified through this audit process, management meets to review the root cause and determine any potentially required remediation, which may include increased communication and/or modifying the training program.

In the financial year 2020/21, we will roll out a new training module on the topic of anti-corruption. We will also continue to develop further tailored orientation training packages for new employees based on their job function or country. The next packages are planned for procurement teams and for employees based in the European Union.

We will also carry out technical improvements to the LMS to enable mobile functionality. Based on the lessons learned from the abovementioned procurement training model, we will support further Group functions to provide tailored online learning opportunities for their processes, tools, and procedures, to ensure proper knowledge transfer to their target audiences.

AS AMER will be implementing a multi-year project to develop a Sales Enablement Academy with an integrated and holistic approach to how to sell and work with our customers. Sponsors from sales, service, marketing and HR are working together to create the content. Additionally, an early-career Sales Trainee Program will be established for new college graduates to participate in the Academy as well. We will also adjust our compensation system to fit the new career path model. AS APAC will similarly develop a Vertical Learning Academy to enable the organization in achieving cross-selling and solution-selling in different vertical markets such as airports.

AS DACH will continue to work on the development and implementation of a cross-country standard onboarding process and the implementation of a workflow for individual training requests in the LMS as well as a function-skill matrix to support tracking of completed trainings.

As part of a new strategic workforce planning concept, a career path model in Switzerland will be implemented, based on job mapping and the allocation of new job families. In the midterm, staffing levels and staffing requirements can be analyzed step by step, future deviations can be identified and necessary measures such as requirement or training can be derived. Further, gender pay equity analyses will be carried out in line with new Swiss regulations.

Building a more resilient workforce

Interview with Nicole Claase, Deputy Vice President Learning & Development AS EMEA

You have recently launched a project to foster workforce resilience. What is your definition of workforce resilience and why have you chosen to focus on this?

Being resilient helps people to adapt and remain strong during times of significant stress. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from a difficult situation. It can be learned and nurtured through training and practice. Since a resilient workforce is essential for having a sustainable organization, it was very clear that supporting employees with training on managing stress and building resilience was extremely important.

What learning model have you used, and who has taken part?

The training is hosted virtually and includes best practices, self-reflection and sharing of ideas and concerns. Although the content part is important, great value lies in sharing and discussion amongst the participants.

The training focuses on understanding stress, understanding how each person responds to stress and then developing a personal stress management plan. Resilience is strongly interlinked with stress management and the training focuses on those elements which build resilience, such as working towards a purpose.

So far, the participants have been management teams in the AS EMEA segment, as well as customer service teams from the sales and service department in the Middle East and Africa region. The training is available to all employees.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a time of unprecedented uncertainty. What does this have to do with workforce resilience?

Workforce resilience is especially important during these times of uncertainty. Developing the ability to manage stress and to stay resilient will help to sustain a strong organization that can adapt in times of change and can maintain a positive and effective workforce.

EmploymentFreedom of Association and Collective Bargaining

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Overall Rating Reporter
Overall Score
Liaison James Norman
Submission Date Nov. 15, 2018
Executive Letter Download

STARS v2.1

Virginia Theological Seminary
IC-2: Operational Characteristics

Status Score Responsible Party
Complete Reporter James Norman
Dean's Staff
"---" indicates that no data was submitted for this field

Endowment size:
163,000,000 US/Canadian $

Total campus area:
88 Acres

Urban fringe of large city

IECC climate zone:
4 - Mixed

Gross floor area of building space:
358,748 Gross Square Feet

Floor area of laboratory space:
0 Square Feet

Floor area of healthcare space:
0 Square Feet

Floor area of other energy intensive space:
8,014 Square Feet

Additional documentation to support the submission :

Square footage includes all buildings on property which are heated, Air Conditioned. From Insurance Records. 2017

The information presented here is self-reported. While AASHE staff review portions of all STARS reports and institutions are welcome to seek additional forms of review, the data in STARS reports are not verified by AASHE. If you believe any of this information is erroneous or inconsistent with credit criteria, please review the process for inquiring about the information reported by an institution and complete the Data Inquiry Form.


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ETFinance Scam Broker Review

Broker’s rating: 1.6 out of 5.0 stars

Scam Type Overview

Updated ETFinance Review and Information for you to Make an Informed Decision in 2021

The latest ETFinance review suggests that the company operates illegally and without a proper financial regulatory license.

File a complaint against ETFinance by filling out the following form.

    * Required fields

    ReportScamOnline now considers ETFinance to be operating an online scam. We recommend that our readers not trade with this broker and if you have an open account with this company, we suggest you try to withdraw your funds as soon as possible.

    How to Report a Scam against ETFinance

    In order to file a complaint against ETFinance, leave your details by filling in the above form and you will be contacted to review your case and discuss the various options to provide a solution to recover your funds.

    Classic Scam Warning Signs to Look out for Online Trading Platforms

    online trading platform scam
    • ETFinance blocked your account or you cannot log back into your account
    • ETFinance froze your account
    • Money has been taken out from your account
    • ETFinance’s website has been taken down
    • ETFinance is not answering take your calls
    • You noticed that ETFinance took money out from your bank account without your permission
    • ETFinance is offering you a bonus
    • ETFinance is requesting that you deposit more money into your account after you lost a large sum of money
    Phishing scam
    Phishing Scams via Email, Social Media, Sms and Text
    • Communication is received out of the blue and you cannot confirm who or where it is from
    • Communication has a request for you to perform a task such as trying to obtain your personal information
    • Communication has spelling and grammatical errors
    • Communication contains a suspicious link or attachment that you are urged to click on
    • The communication creates a sense of urgency for you to act immediately and failure to act could result in the loss of sensitive information or an amazing special
    Phone scams
    Phone Scams
    • A suspicious call from someone that claims to be from the government and requests a monetary payment
    • A call from someone that claims to be from the IRS or tax authority demanding money for unpaid taxes
    • A request to settle a debt, taxes or other amount owing and to send money via courier, prepaid bank card or gift card.
    • A call that requests your personal information or banking, credit card or investment account information
    • A call from an unknown person that has an incredible offer and pressures you to act immediately to secure it
    Online Shopping Scams and Fake Websites
    • Websites that do not contain “https” in the hyperlink and do not include the padlock icon in the address bar indicating a secure connection
    • Websites and pages that create a sense of urgency
    • Websites with deals that seems too good to be true
    • Websites that do not use secure payment methods such as wire transfers, international funds transfers, money orders, pre-loaded gift cards and cryptocurrencies
    Online Classifieds
    • The classified ad cannot provide proof of the item for sale where the seller can only provide a generic photo taken online. Never trust photos alone and always insist on seeing and inspecting the item
    • The classified ad promotes products or services advertised at extremely low prices, often lower than comparable websites
    • The seller claims to be unavailable or overseas and insists on payment before delivery of the goods
    • The seller asks to be paid via international money orders, checks, direct bank wires or cryptocurrency and will not accept any other form of secure payment.

    Fund Recovery from ETFinance – Fill out the form

    Leave a Comment


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logo-network logo-network2 pixel-outer pixel

zotero logo

Zotero: Introduction (2:52 mins) by ZoteroVideo (YouTube)

Zotero is a widely used, open source referencing application and lots of support is available online.

Features include:

  • 300mb of free storage (an upgrade is available for a fee)
  • Excellent for capturing additional content such as web page snapshots
  • Create public groups where membership is open and users can join instantly, [enabling broad discussions?]
  • Create and join research groups and share your library and all associated items like notes and discussion threads
  • Collaborate and share your library with an unlimited number of people
  • Allows for the direct transfer of a Mendeley library via an RIS file using the import functionality

Zotero is used by many researchers at RMIT University. Here’s a short video of Dr Stephen Rowley speaking about aspects of Zotero that he finds useful:

Zotero (6:12 mins) by Tristan Badham (YouTube)

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Have a ball together / À vous de jouer ensemble

Bilingual website for anyone caring for young children: facts, tips and tools to promote and support physical activity for young children. (2018)

Physical activity plays a big role in physical development and health, but did you know there are many other benefits of physical activity on emotional, social, and cognitive levels too?

Physical activity is essential to healthy child development, and the early years are the best time to give kids an active start. But where do you begin?

Whether as a parent, guardian, or grandparent, or as a childcare provider, ECE/RECE, kindergarten teacher, recreation leader or other professional working with children, you can make a huge difference for the children in your life. Give them an early start in active play, and you set them on the path to a happy childhood, and a lifetime of healthy living!

This bilingual website will give you the information and tools you need to be able to promote and encourage physical activity for children 0-6.


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[Skip to content]

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If required, enter an Aria Label, which is read out by assistive technology such as a screen reader.

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