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Scientific articles

Scientific articles on the HELP Consortium project

Onchocerciasis drug development: from preclinical models to humans

by Ngwewondo A, Scandale I, Specht S. Parasitology Research 2021. doi: 10.1007/s00436-021-07307-4

Summary: Control programmes have made tremendous efforts in the management of onchocerciasis by mass drug administration and aerial larviciding; however, disease elimination is not yet achieved. In the new WHO roadmap, it is recognized that new macrofilaricidal drugs or drug regimens (that kill or permanently sterilize adult filarial worms) would significantly improve elimination timelines and accelerate the achievement of the program goal of disease elimination. In this review, the authors summarize recent advances in the late preclinical or early clinical stage in the search for a potent macrofilaricide, including drugs against the nematode and against its endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis.

Preclinical and clinical characteristics of the trichuricidal drug oxantel pamoate and clinical development plans: A review

by Palmeirim MS, Specht S, Scandale I, Gander-Meisterernst I, Chabicovsky M, Keiser J. Drugs 2021. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01505-1

Summary: Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura) infect about one-fifth of the world’s population, however, the currently used drugs are poorly efficacious against T. trichiura. Oxantel pamoate is a tetrahydropyrimidine derivative discovered in the 1970s which is safe and efficacious against Trichuris trichiura. Within the framework of the Helminth Drug Development Platform, the authors conducted a literature review to determine whether any existing data could be used to support clinical development of oxantel pamoate for T. trichiura.

Scientific articles by institution members of the HELP Consortium

Filarial nematode phenotypic screening cascade to identify compounds with anti-parasitic activity for drug discovery optimization

by Hawryluk N, Zhiru L, Carlow C, Gokool S, Townson S, Kreiss T, Chojnowski A, Prorok M, Siekierka J, Ehrens A, Koschel M, Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Martin C, Hoerauf A, Hernandez G, Canan S, Khetani V, Zeldis J, Specht S, Hübner MP, Scandale I. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.06.002

Summary: Filarial diseases, including lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, are considered among the most devastating of all tropical diseases, affecting over 86 million people worldwide. To control and more rapidly eliminate onchocerciasis requires treatments that target the adult stage of the parasite. Drug discovery efforts are challenged by the lack of preclinical animal models using the human-pathogenic filariae, requiring the use of surrogate parasites for Onchocerca volvulus for both ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Herein, we describe a platform utilizing phenotypic ex vivo assays consisting of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, microfilariae and adult filariae of the bovine filariae Onchocerca lienalis and Onchocerca gutturosa, respectively, as well as microfilariae and adult filariae of the feline filariae Brugia pahangi, the rodent filariae Litomosoides sigmodontis and the human-pathogenic filariae Brugia malayi to assess activity across various surrogate parasites. Utilization of those surrogate nematodes for phenotypic ex vivo assays in order to assess activity across various parasites led to the successful establishment of a screening cascade and identification of multiple compounds with potential macrofilaricidal activity and desirable physicochemical, MW = 200–400 and low lipophilicity, logP <4, and pharmacokinetic properties, rat and human liver S9 stability of ≥70% remaining at 60 min, and AUC exposures above 3 μM h. This platform demonstrated the successful establishment of a screening cascade which resulted in the discovery of potential novel macrofilaricidal compounds for futher drug discovery lead optimization efforts. This screening cascade identified two distinct chemical series wherein one compound produced a significant 68% reduction of adult Litomosoides sigmodontis in the mouse model. Successful demonstration of efficacy prompted lead optimization medicinal chemistry efforts for this novel series.

ILC2s Control Microfilaremia During Litomosoides sigmodontis Infection in Rag2 -/- Mice

by Reichwald JJ, Risch F, Neumann AL, Frohberger SJ, Scheunemann JF, Lenz B, Ehrens A, Strutz W, Schumak B, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Frontiers in Immunology 2022. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863663

Summary: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are inducers of type 2 immune responses, but their role during filarial infection remains unclear. In the present study, we used the Litomosoides sigmodontis rodent model of filariasis to analyze ILC2s during infection in susceptible BALB/c mice that develop a chronic infection with microfilaremia and semi-susceptible C57BL/6 mice that eliminate the filariae shortly after the molt into adult worms and thus do not develop microfilaremia. ILC2s (CD45+ Lineage TCRβ CD90.2+ Sca-1+ IL-33R+ GATA-3+) were analyzed in the pleural cavity, the site of L. sigmodontis infection, after the infective L3 larvae reached the pleural cavity (9 days post infection, dpi), after the molt into adult worms (30dpi) and during the peak of microfilaremia (70dpi). C57BL/6 mice had significantly increased ILC2 numbers compared to BALB/c mice at 30dpi, accompanied by substantially higher IL-5 and IL-13 levels, indicating a stronger type 2 immune response in C57BL/6 mice upon L. sigmodontis infection. At this time point the ILC2 numbers positively correlated with the worm burden in both mouse strains. ILC2s and GATA-3+ CD4+ T cells were the dominant source of IL-5 in L. sigmodontis-infected C57BL/6 mice with ILC2s showing a significantly higher IL-5 expression than CD4+ T cells. To investigate the importance of ILC2s during L. sigmodontis infection, ILC2s were depleted with anti-CD90.2 antibodies in T and B cell-deficient Rag2-/- C57BL/6 mice on 26-28dpi and the outcome of infection was compared to isotype controls. Rag2-/- mice were per se susceptible to L. sigmodontis infection with significantly higher worm burden than C57BL/6 mice and developed microfilaremia. Depletion of ILC2s did not result in an increased worm burden in Rag2-/- mice, but led to significantly higher microfilariae numbers compared to isotype controls. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ILC2s are essentially involved in the control of microfilaremia in Rag2-/- C57BL/6 mice.

Current perspective of new anti-Wolbachial and direct-acting macrofilaricidal drugs as treatment strategies for human filariasis

by Ehrens A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. GMS Infectious Diseases 2022. doi: 10.3205/id000079

Summary: Filarial diseases like lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis belong to the Neglected Tropical Diseases and remain a public health problem in endemic countries. Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis can lead to stigmatizing pathologies and present a socio-economic burden for affected people and their endemic countries. Current treatment recommendations by the WHO include mass drug administration with ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis and a combination of ivermectin, albendazole and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in areas that are not co-endemic for onchocerciasis or loiasis. Limitations of these treatment strategies are due to potential severe adverse events in onchocerciasis and loiasis patients following DEC or ivermectin treatment, respectively, the lack of a macrofilaricidal efficacy of those drugs and the risk of drug resistance development. Thus, to achieve the elimination of transmission of onchocerciasis and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030, the WHO defined in its roadmap that new alternative treatment strategies with macrofilaricidal compounds are required. Within a collaboration of the non-profit organizations Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and partners from academia and industry, several new promising macrofilaricidal drug candidates were identified, which will be discussed in this review.

Corallopyronin A: antimicrobial discovery to preclinical development

Krome AK, Becker T, Kehraus S, Schiefer A, Gütschow M, Chaverra-Muñoz L, Hüttel S, Jansen R, Stadler M, Ehrens A, Pogorevc D, Müller R, Hübner MP, Hesterkamp T, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Wagner KG, König GM. Natural Product Reports 2022. doi:

Summary: Worldwide, increasing morbidity and mortality due to antibiotic-resistant microbial infections has been observed. Therefore, better prevention and control of infectious diseases, as well as appropriate use of approved antibacterial drugs are crucial. There is also an urgent need for the continuous development and supply of novel antibiotics. Thus, identifying new antibiotics and their further development is once again a priority of natural product research. The antibiotic corallopyronin A was discovered in the 1980s in the culture broth of the Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides and serves, in the context of this review, as a show case for the development of a naturally occurring antibiotic compound. The review demonstrates how a hard to obtain, barely water soluble and unstable compound such as corallopyronin A can be developed making use of sophisticated production and formulation approaches. Corallopyronin A is a bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with a new target site and one of the few representatives of this class currently in preclinical development. Efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, e.g.Chlamydia trachomatisOrientia tsutsugamushiStaphylococcus aureus, and Wolbachia has been demonstrated. Due to its highly effective in vivo depletion of Wolbachia, which are essential endobacteria of most filarial nematode species, and its robust macrofilaricidal efficacy, corallopyronin A was selected as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of human filarial infections. This review highlights the discovery and production optimization approaches for corallopyronin A, as well as, recent preclinical efficacy results demonstrating a robust macrofilaricidal effect of the anti-Wolbachia candidate, and the solid formulation strategy which enhances the stability as well as the bioavailability of corallopyronin A.

A qPCR to quantify Wolbachia from few Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae as a surrogate for adult worm histology in clinical trials of antiwolbachial drugs

by Schlabe S, Korir P, Lämmer C, Landmann F, Dubben B, Koschel M, Albers A, Debrah LB, Debrah AY, Hübner MP, Pfarr K, Klarmann-Schulz U, Hoerauf A. Parasitology Research 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00436-021-07411-5

Summary: The filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus causes onchocerciasis (river blindness), a neglected tropical disease affecting 21 million people, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Targeting the endosymbiont Wolbachia with antibiotics leads to permanent sterilization and killing of adult worms. The gold standard to assess Wolbachia depletion is the histological examination of adult worms in nodules beginning at 6 months post-treatment. However, nodules can only be used once, limiting the time points to monitor Wolbachia depletion. A diagnostic to longitudinally monitor Wolbachia depletion from microfilariae (MF) at more frequent intervals < 6 months post-treatment would accelerate clinical trials of antiwolbachials. We developed a TaqMan qPCR amplifying the single-copy gene wOvftsZ to quantify Wolbachia from as few as one MF that had migrated from skin biopsies and compared quantification using circular and linearized plasmids or synthetic dsDNA (gBlock®). qPCR for MF from the rodent nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis was used to support the reproducibility and validate the principle. The qPCR using as few as 2 MF from O. volvulus and L. sigmodontis reproducibly quantified Wolbachia. Use of a linearized plasmid standard or synthesized dsDNA resulted in numbers of Wolbachia/MF congruent with biologically plausible estimates in O. volvulus and L. sigmodontis MF. The qPCR assay yielded a median of 48.8 (range 1.5–280.5) Wolbachia/O. volvulus MF. The qPCR is a sensitive tool for quantifying Wolbachia in a few MF from skin biopsies and allows for establishing the qPCR as a surrogate parameter for monitoring Wolbachia depletion in adult worms of new antiwolbachial candidates.

Efficacy and safety of co-administered ivermectin and albendazole in school-aged children and adults infected with Trichuris trichiura in Côte d’Ivoire, Laos, and Pemba Island, Tanzania: a double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, randomised controlled trial

by Hürlimann E, Keller L, Patel C, Welsche S, Hattendorf J, Ali SM, Ame SM, Sayasone S, Coulibaly JT, Keiser J. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00421-7

Summary: Preventive chemotherapy with albendazole or mebendazole remains one of the cornerstones of soil-transmitted helminth control. However, these drugs are less effective against Trichuris trichiura. Combined ivermectin–albendazole is a promising treatment alternative, yet robust evidence is lacking. We aimed to demonstrate superiority of co-administered ivermectin–albendazole over albendazole monotherapy in three distinct epidemiological settings.

Diagnostics to support elimination of lymphatic filariasis—Development of two target product profiles

by Won KY, Gass K, Biamonte M, Dagne DA, Ducker C, Hanna C, Hoerauf A, Lammie PJ, Njenga SM, Noordin R, Ramaiah KD, Ramzy R, Scholte RGC, Solomon AW, Souza AA, Tappero J, Toubali E, Weil GJ, Williams SA, King JD. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021; 15(11):e0009968. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009968.

Summary: High quality diagnostic tools are an essential component of lymphatic filariasis programs. Currently, diagnostic tools are used by national programs to establish baseline endemicity, monitor progress of program interventions, determine when interventions can be stopped, and surveillance. For years, lymphatic filariasis programs have relied on diagnostic tools that have been central to informing key program decisions but were not necessarily designed to undertake the roles for which they are used. Known limitations of existing diagnostic tools make it challenging to have confidence that program endpoints have been achieved. Target product profiles (TPP) provide product requirements to guide developers and manufacturers in their efforts to design tools fit for purpose. However, development of diagnostic tools used in public health programs requires consideration of aspects beyond those considered when developing diagnostic tools used for clinical diagnosis. The TPP process for two lymphatic filariasis use cases brought to the forefront the importance of linking use case, program platform and diagnostic performance characteristics when defining required criteria for diagnostic tools.

Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics

by Miethke M, Pieroni M, Weber T, Brönstrup M, Hammann P, Halby L, Arimondo PB, Glaser P, Aigle B, Bode HB, Moreira R, Li Y, Luzhetskyy A, Medema MH, Pernodet JL, Stadler M, Tormo JR, Genilloud O, Truman AW, Weissman KJ, Takano E, Sabatini S, Stegmann E, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Wohlleben W, Seemann M, Empting M, Hirsch AKH, Loretz B, Lehr CM, Titz A, Herrmann J, Jaeger T, Alt S, Hesterkamp T, Winterhalter M, Schiefer A, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Graz H, Graz M, Lindvall M, Ramurthy S, Karlén A, van Dongen M, Petkovic H, Keller A, Peyrane F, Donadio S, Fraisse L, Piddock LJV, Gilbert IH, Moser HE, Müller R. Nature Reviews Chemistry 2021: 1-24. doi: 10.1038/s41570-021-00313-1.

Summary: An ever-increasing demand for novel antimicrobials to treat life-threatening infections caused by the global spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens stands in stark contrast to the current level of investment in their development, particularly in the fields of natural-product-derived and synthetic small molecules. New agents displaying innovative chemistry and modes of action are desperately needed worldwide to tackle the public health menace posed by antimicrobial resistance. Here, our consortium presents a strategic blueprint to substantially improve our ability to discover and develop new antibiotics. We propose both short-term and long-term solutions to overcome the most urgent limitations in the various sectors of research and funding, aiming to bridge the gap between academic, industrial and political stakeholders, and to unite interdisciplinary expertise in order to efficiently fuel the translational pipeline for the benefit of future generations.

The burden of skin disease and eye disease due to onchocerciasis in countries formerly under the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control mandate for 1990, 2020, and 2030

by Vinkeles Melchers NVS, Stolk WA, van Loon W, Pedrique B, Bakker R, et al. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021; 15(7): e0009604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009604

Summary: Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin and vector control have been used in Central and East Africa to control onchocerciasis as a public health problem under the mandate of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). The authors assess the impact of MDA on onchocercal morbidity and calculate the burden of disease in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 1990 (pre-control), 2020, and 2030. From 1990 to 2030, the total population at risk is predicted to increase (from 79.8 to 236.1 million) while the number of people with skin or eye morbidity is predicted to decrease (from 17.5 million, with 2.5 million DALYs lost, to 4.2 million, with 0.7 million DALYs lost).

Development of emodepside as a possible adulticidal treatment for human onchocerciasis—The fruit of a successful industrial–academic collaboration

by Krücken J, Holden-Dye L, Keiser J, Prichard RK, Townson S, Makepeace BL, Hübner MP, Hahnel SR, Scandale I, Harder A, Kulke D. PLOS Pathogens 2021;17(7): e1009682. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009682

Summary: Current programmes to eliminate river blindness use ivermectin, which kills juvenile worms. Since no drug is available to kill adult worms, elimination programmes must be sustained over several decades. Emodepside, a veterinary dewormer that kills juvenile and adult worms, is considered an excellent candidate for the treatment of onchocerciasis and in 2014 Bayer and DNDi started a collaboration to develop it for use in humans. This collaboration has led to a deep understanding of the drug’s mode of action, Phase I clinical trials have demonstrated its safety and activity against adult forms of a closely related cattle parasite, and Phase II clinical trials are planned to confirm safety and efficacy in humans.

Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of emodepside, a potential novel treatment for onchocerciasis (river blindness), in healthy male subjects

by Gillon J-Y, Dennison J, van den Berg F, Delhomme S, Dequatre Cheeseman K, Peña Rossi C, Strub Wourgaft N, Specht S, Pedrique B,  Monnot F, Skrabs S, Rodriguez M-L,  Stass H. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2021. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14816

Summary: Emodepside is an anthelmintic agent, currently registered for veterinary use in combination with other drug substances. Emodepside may have the potential to treat parasitic infections in humans, including onchocerciasis. The authors investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of a liquid service formulation (LSF) and an immediate release tablet of emodepside in two placebo‐controlled, Phase I studies. No major safety concerns were identified, and tissue distribution was relatively rapid, which, along with a long terminal half‐life, is expected to be beneficial for the treatment of onchocerciasis. The rate and extent of absorption was significantly lower with the tablets compared to the LSF. Further clinical trials are on-going to develop a tablet formulation to overcome the limitations observed in this study.

Efficacy and safety of ascending doses of moxidectin against Strongyloides stercoralis infections in adults: a randomised, parallel-group, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2a trial

by Hofmann D, Sayasone S, Sengngam K, Chongvilay B, Hattendorf J, Keiser J. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30691-5

Summary: Strongyloidiasis, a parasitic worm infection caused by soil-transmitted helminths, remains a neglected public health problem with limited treatment options. Swiss TPH researchers conducted the first dose-finding study with moxidectin against strongyloidiasis. The drug could become a treatment alternative to the only treatment available so far and help fill the empty anthelminthic drug pipeline.

A systematic review and an individual patient data meta-analysis of ivermectin use in children weighing less than fifteen kilograms: Is it time to reconsider the current contraindication?

by Jittamala P, Monteiro W, Smit MR, Pedrique B, Specht S, Chaccour CJ, Dard C, Giudice PD, Khieu V, Maruani A, Failoc-Rojas VE, Sáez-de-Ocariz M, Soriano-Arandes A , Piquero-Casals J, Faisant A, Brenier-Pinchart M-P, Wimmersberger D, Coulibaly JT, Keiser J, Boralevi F, Sokana O , Marks M, Engelman D, Romani L, Steer AC, von Seidlein L, White NJ, Harriss E, Stepniewska K, Humphreys GS, Kennon K, Guerin PJ, Kobylinski KC. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021;15(3): e0009144. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009144

Summary: Oral ivermectin is a safe and efficacious drug for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases. It is not currently indicated in children weighing less than 15 kg due to insufficient safety data. The authors conducted a PRISMA-level systematic review and identified 97 potential sources. All lead investigators were contacted and individual-level patient data from 15 studies were provided, representing a database of 1,088 children weighing less than 15 kg treated with oral ivermectin. Mild and self-limiting adverse events were reported in 1.4% of children and there were no serious adverse events. This suggests that ivermectin is safe for use in children weighing less than 15 kg. Further data are needed to assess its safety at escalating doses in this population.

Establishment of an in vitro culture system to study the developmental biology of Onchocerca volvulus with implications for anti-Onchocerca drug discovery and screening

by Gandjui NVT, Njouendou AJ, Gemeg EN, Fombad FF, Ritter M, Kien CA, Chunda VC, Fru J, Esum ME, Hübner MP, Enyong PA, Hoerauf A, Wanji S. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021; 15(2):e0008513. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008513.

Summary: The present study describes an in vitro system in which O. volvulus L3 larvae can be maintained in culture leading to the development of adult stages. Thus, this in vitro system may provide a platform to investigate mating behaviour and early stage of nodulogenesis of O. volvulus adult worms that can be used as additional targets for macrofilaricidal drug screening.

Human filariasis-contributions of the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae animal model

by Risch F, Ritter M, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Parasitology Research 2021; 120(12):4125-4143. doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-07026-2.

Summary: Filariae are vector-borne parasitic nematodes that are endemic worldwide, in tropical and subtropical regions. Important human filariae spp. include Onchocerca volvulusWuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp., and Loa loa and Mansonella spp. causing onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (lymphedema and hydrocele), loiasis (eye worm), and mansonelliasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 1 billion individuals live in endemic regions where filarial diseases are a public health concern contributing to significant disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Thus, efforts to control and eliminate filarial diseases were already launched by the WHO in the 1970s, especially against lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, and are mainly based on mass drug administration (MDA) of microfilaricidal drugs (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole) to filarial endemic areas accompanied with vector control strategies with the goal to reduce the transmission. With the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it was decided to eliminate transmission of onchocerciasis and stop lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030. It was also requested that novel drugs and treatment strategies be developed. Mouse models provide an important platform for anti-filarial drug research in a preclinical setting. This review presents an overview about the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae filarial mouse models and their role in immunological research as well as preclinical studies about novel anti-filarial drugs and treatment strategies.

Evaluation of commercially available anthelminthics in laboratory models of human intestinal nematode infections

by Keiser J, Häberli C. ACS Infectious Diseases 2021. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00719

Summary: Drug repurposing from veterinary to human medicine has been the main strategy to develop the four recommended human anthelminthics for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. A systematic, head-to-head comparison of the anthelminthic activity profile of derivatives of these drugs and other anthelminthics developed in succession has not been conducted to date. We studied eight benzimidazoles, five macrocyclic lactones, tribendimidine, levamisole, and pyrantel pamoate in laboratory models of human intestinal nematode infections.  Laboratory models for soil-transmitted helminthiasis can assist characterizing potential drug candidates. Drugs should be evaluated against different species, and both the adult and larval stages as activities could differ considerably.

Corallopyronin A for short-course anti-wolbachial, macrofilaricidal treatment of filarial infections

by Schiefer A, Hübner MP, Krome A, Lämmer C, Ehrens A, Aden T, Koschel M, Neufeld H, Chaverra-Muñoz L, Jansen R, Kehraus S, König GM, Pogorevc D, Müller R, Stadler M, Hüttel S, Hesterkamp T, Wagner K, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2020; 14(12):e0008930. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008930.

Summary: Infections with filarial roundworms can cause the disfiguring human neglected tropical diseases onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Treatment of these diseases is limited, as there is no well-tolerated treatment available that kills the adult worms after a short-term regimen. Thus, mass drug administrations (MDA) are performed with drugs that temporarily clear the microfilariae, the filarial offspring, to inhibit the transmission of the disease. As these MDA treatments have to be given 1–2 times per year for many years, the goal to eliminate onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis is hampered. In the present study we investigated a novel preclinical candidate for the treatment of filariasis. Corallopyronin A (CorA) is a natural compound that clears the essential Wolbachia endobacteria of filariae. Using the Litomosoides sigmodontis rodent model of filariasis we demonstrated that 2 weeks of CorA treatment clears Wolbachia endosymbionts in vivo, leading to a maintained clearance of microfilariae by inhibition of filarial embryogenesis. Combination therapy of CorA with the MDA drug albendazole allowed lower CorA doses and shortened treatment to 7 days. More importantly, it also led to the death of the adult filariae. Portfolios (Target Product Profiles) of new drugs against filariae should show adult killing efficacy like CorA.

Oxfendazole mediates macrofilaricidal efficacy against the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis in vivo and inhibits Onchocerca spec. motility in vitro

by Hübner MP, Martin C, Specht S, Koschel M, Dubben B, Frohberger SJ, Ehrens A, Fendler M, Struever D, Mitre E, Vallarino-Lhermitte N, Gokool S, Lustigman S, Schneider M, Townson S, Hoerauf A, Scandale I. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2020;14(7): e0008427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008427

Summary: Current efforts to eliminate onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are hampered by the lack of short-course drugs that kill adult worms or regimens that are proven to be safe for both diseases. The authors investigated the efficacy of anthelmintic drug oxfendazole, used in veterinary medicine, in an animal model of filariasis. Oxfendazole caused complete clearance of adult worms but was not directly active against juvenile worms, suggesting that drug-induced serious adverse events due to microfilariae clearance are unlikely. Based on these results, the predicted human dose is within a range already been shown to be safe in phase 1 clinical trials. Oxfendazole is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of human filarial diseases.

Short-course quinazoline drug treatments are effective in the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia pahangi jird models

by Hübner MP, Gunderson E, Vogel I, Bulman CA, Lim KC, Koschel M, Ehrens A, Frohberger SJ, Fendler M, Tricoche N, Voronin D, Steven A, Chi V, Bakowski MA, Woods AK, Petrassi HM, McNamara CW, Beerntsen B, Chappell L, Sullivan W, Taylor MJ, Turner JD, Hoerauf A, Lustigman S, Sakanari JA. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 2020: 18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.12.001.

Summary: The quinazolines CBR417 and CBR490 were previously shown to be potent anti-wolbachials that deplete Wolbachia endosymbionts of filarial nematodes and present promising pre-clinical candidates for human filarial diseases such as onchocerciasis. In the present study we tested both candidates in two models of chronic filarial infection, namely the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia pahangi jird model and assessed their long-term effect on Wolbachia depletion, microfilariae counts and filarial embryogenesis 16−18 weeks after treatment initiation (wpt). Once per day (QD) oral treatment with CBR417 (50 mg/kg) for 4 days or twice per day (BID) with CBR490 (25 mg/kg) for 7 days during patent L. sigmodontis infection reduced the Wolbachia load by >99% and completely cleared peripheral microfilaremia from 10–14 wpt. Similarly, 7 days of QD treatments (40 mg/kg) with CBR417 or CBR490 cleared >99% of Wolbachia from B. pahangi and reduced peritoneal microfilariae counts by 93% in the case of CBR417 treatment. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated intensive damage to the B. pahangi ovaries following CBR417 treatment and in accordance filarial embryogenesis was inhibited in both models after CBR417 or CBR490 treatment. Suboptimal treatment regimens of CBR417 or CBR490 did not lead to a maintained reduction of the microfilariae and Wolbachia load. In conclusion, CBR417 or CBR490 are pre-clinical candidates for filarial diseases, which achieve long-term clearance of Wolbachia endosymbionts of filarial nematodes, inhibit filarial embryogenesis and clear microfilaremia with treatments as short as 7 days.

Designing antifilarial drug trials using clinical trial simulators

by Walker M, Hamley JID, Milton P, Monnot F, Pédrique B, Basanez M-G. Nature Communications 2020, 11: 2685. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16442-y

Summary: The treatments used in mass drug administration for Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are predominantly active against the microfilarial progeny of adult worms. New treatments are needed, and several therapies and regimens are currently in (pre-)clinical testing. Clinical trial simulators have not been widely applied to neglected tropical diseases, where their resource-saving payoffs could be highly beneficial. The authors use an individual-based onchocerciasis transmission model that projects trial outcomes of a hypothetical drug that kills adult worms. They identify key design decisions that influence the power of clinical trials and discuss how clinical trial simulators help to inform target product profiles.

Onchocerciasis elimination: What’s left to do?

by Specht S, Monnot F. Bulletin of the Netherlands Society for Tropical Medicine and International Health 2020: 13-14.

Summary: This review explains that years of experience show that current mass drug administration with ivermectin has severe shortcomings in onchocerciasis control. New approaches are needed, such as development of macrofilarial drugs, to supplement current mass drug administration in order to meet the sustainable development goals.

Solubility and stability enhanced oral formulations for the anti-infective corallopyronin A.

by Krome AK, Becker T, Kehraus S, Schiefer A, Steinebach C, Aden T, Frohberger SJ, López Mármol Á, Kapote D, Jansen R, Chaverra-Muñoz L, Hübner MP, Pfarr K, Hesterkamp T, Stadler M, Gütschow M, König GM, Hoerauf A, Wagner KG. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12(11):1105.

Summary: Novel-antibiotics are urgently needed to combat an increase in morbidity and mortality due to resistant bacteria. The preclinical candidate corallopyronin A (CorA) is a potent antibiotic against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative pathogens for which a solid oral formulation was needed for further preclinical testing of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The neat API CorA is poorly water-soluble and instable at room temperature, both crucial characteristics to be addressed and overcome for use as an oral antibiotic. Therefore, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was chosen as formulation principle. The results demonstrated that the ASD formulation principle is a suitable stability- and solubility-enhancing oral formulation strategy for the API CorA to be used in preclinical and clinical trials and as a potential market product.

Whipworm and roundworm infections

by Else KJ, Keiser J, Holland CV, Grencis RK, Sattelle DB, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Asaolu SO, Sowemimo OA, Cooper PJ. Nature Reviews Diseases Primers 2020, 6:44. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0171-3

Summary: Trichuriasis and ascariasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by the gastrointestinal dwelling nematodes Trichuris trichiura (a whipworm) and Ascaris lumbricoides (a roundworm), respectively. Both parasites are staggeringly prevalent, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, and are associated with substantial morbidity. Infection is initiated by ingestion of infective eggs, which hatch in the intestine. Thereafter, T. trichiura larvae moult within intestinal epithelial cells, with adult worms embedded in a partially intracellular niche in the large intestine, whereas A. lumbricoides larvae penetrate the gut mucosa and migrate through the liver and lungs before returning to the lumen of the small intestine, where adult worms dwell. Both species elicit type 2 anti-parasite immunity. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical presentation (gastrointestinal symptoms and inflammation) and the detection of eggs or parasite DNA in the faeces. Prevention and treatment strategies rely on periodic mass drug administration (generally with albendazole or mebendazole) to at-risk populations and improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene. The effectiveness of drug treatment is very high for A. lumbricoides infections, whereas cure rates for T. trichiura infections are low. Novel anthelminthic drugs are needed, together with vaccine development and tools for diagnosis and assessment of parasite control in the field.

The design and development of a multicentric protocol to investigate the impact of adjunctive doxycycline on the management of peripheral lymphoedema caused by lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis

by Horton J, Klarmann-Schulz U, Stephens M, Budge PJ, Coulibaly Y, Debrah A, Debrah LB, Krishnasastry S, Mwingira U, Ngenya A, Wanji S, Weerasooriya M, Yahathugoda C, Kroidl I, Deathe D, Majewski A, Sullivan S, Mackenzie C, Nutman TB, Shott JP, Weil G, Ottesen E, Hoerauf A. Parasites & Vectors 2020; 13(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04024-2.

Summary: This paper provides details of what challenges were faced during its development and discusses the issues and how they were resolved. In particular, the reasons for inclusion of new technology and the problems encountered with the supply of drugs for the studies are described in detail. By making these details available, it is hoped that the study protocol will help others interested in improving treatment for filarial lymphoedema in the design of future studies.

Implications of asymptomatic infection for the natural history of selected parasitic tropical diseases

by Alvar J, Alves F, Bucheton B, Burrows L, Büscher P, Carrillo E, Felger I, Hübner M, Moreno J, Pinazo M-J, Ribeiro I, Sosa-Estani S, Specht S, Tarral A, Strub-Wourgaft N, Bilbe G. Seminars in Immunopathology  2020, doi: 10.1007/s00281-020-00796-y

Summary: Progress has been made in the control or elimination of tropical diseases, but there is a risk of re-emergence if the factors fuelling transmission are not dealt with. While it is essential to understand the underlying factors for each disease, asymptomatic carriers (people infected with the parasite, but without symptoms) are a common element that may promote resurgence. The authors review the current evidence on whether to treat asymptomatic carriers given the differing context of each disease. Safer drugs with good risk/benefit profiles are needed in order to allow treatment of both symptomatic and non-symptomatic infected persons.

Macrofilaricidal benzimidazole-benzoxaborole hybrids as an approach to the treatment of river blindness: Part 1. Amide linked analogs

Akama T, Freund YR, Berry PW, Carter DS, Easom EE, Jarnagin K, Lunde CS, Plattner JJ, Rock F, Stefanakis R, Fischer C, Bulman CA, Lim KC, Suzuki BM, Tricoche N, Mansour A, DiCosty U, McCall S, Carson B, McCall JW, McKerrow J, Hübner MP, Specht S, Hoerauf A, Lustigman S, Sakanari JA, Jacobs RT. ACS Infectious Diseases 2020 Feb 14;6(2):173-179. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00396.

Summary: Flubendazole has been shown to kill adult filarial worms, providing promise that this molecule could be useful in the treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, however, it suffers from several limitations. The authors prepared a series of benzimidazole–benzoxaborole analogues in an attempt to overcome these. These exhibited good in vitro activity against Onchocerca volvulus, the nematode responsible for onchocerciasis. In vivo results suggested that these benzimidazole drugs require a long (>28 day) exposure to the drug to be effective. Although the authors were encouraged by the proof of concept, it was clear that the lead molecule from the series would not meet the target candidate profile. An additional series of hybrid molecules is being explored

In vivo efficacy of the boron-pleuromutilin AN11251 against Wolbachia of the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis

by Ehrens A, Lunde CS, Jacobs RT, Struever D, Koschel M, Frohberger SJ, Lenz F, Fendler M, Turner JD, Ward SA, Taylor MJ, Freund YR, Stefanakis R, Easom E, Li X, Plattner JJ, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2020; 14(1):e0007957. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007957.

Summary: Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are human filarial tropical diseases, which can cause blindness and severe dermatitis (onchocerciasis) or lymphedema and hydrocele (lymphatic filariasis). Current strategies to eliminate these diseases include the mass drug administration (MDA) of drugs that target the progeny of the filariae, the microfilariae, and temporarily inhibit filarial embryogenesis and, therefore, the transmission of the disease. However, MDA has several limitations that delay the goal of elimination including the lack of a drug with a short term regimen and a potent macrofilaricidal effect. As an alternative approach, the antibiotic doxycycline has been proven to be effective in depleting Wolbachia endosymbionts from adult filariae, which then leads to permanent sterilization and death of the adult worms. Due to contraindications for doxycycline and prolonged treatment regimen of at least 4 weeks, there is an urgent need for new anti-filarial drugs with an improved safety profile and shorter regimens. The current study demonstrates that the boron-pleuromutilin derivative AN11251 provides an excellent in vivo anti-Wolbachia depletion in the Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial mouse model that is superior to doxycycline and comparable to rifampicin, allowing for regimens as short as 10–14 days. Combination with doxycycline for 7 days had no significant beneficial effect on efficacy, achieving Wolbachia reductions of more than 97%. Therefore, AN11251 shows potent anti-Wolbachia activity in the Lsigmodontis mouse model and may also present an alternative pre-clinical candidate for filariasis treatment.


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The Lord used the Modular school at Ellel USA to totally change not only my life but the lives of my family .... Read More...

Seeds of the Kingdom

The Valley of the Shadow of Death

by Lynda Scott

Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff they comfort me.
Psalm 23:4, NIV

Sometimes we can go through dark times, even to the point where everything around us seems to have a shadow of darkness. We could be having struggles with our work or facing a future without work. There could be relationship breakdowns within our family or among our close friends, we face ill health or someone we love is facing sickness. We may even be facing the death, or grieving the death, of a loved one. Maybe with all the challenges we are facing we aren`t coping the way we want to be or the way we used to. Change may be abounding and keeping it up with it all can be overwhelming. We may even be living in a country dominated by war and our future and the future of our people is uncertain.

The best description of this is found in today’s scripture - “the valley of the shadow of death.” I had a very tangible experience of this the night I fell off a cliff and lay waiting for hours among some rocks to be rescued. Death was tangible, only seconds away. Psalm 23 were the words my friends read to me as I lay waiting for my rescue. I also have walked through this valley at other times in my life. When my daughter Jasmyn died of a cot death (SIDS) at 16 weeks of age was another such a time.

If this is where you are at today let me encourage you with two things. Firstly if you are in the valley of the shadow of death, KEEP GOING! You will come out the other side. It is not a place to stay. As you keep pressing forward you will see the light at the end of this dark valley and you will smile and laugh again. Trust your future into the Lord’s safe and wonderful hands.

Secondly read again and meditate on the promise in today’s verse `I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff they comfort me.` In the midst of this dark valley that you are going through Jesus is with you. He promised it and He really means it. Jesus is with you. So let Him comfort and help you. Don`t be too proud to accept help from family, friends, your church or even professional help. These people may even be a part of the help that Jesus is bringing to you to help you through.

No matter what valley I have been through I have always come through it, although it was dreadful at the time. And always, in hindsight, I have been able to look back at the valley I faced and have realised how I have grown and come closer to the Lord.

Prayer: Dear Jesus, I am walking through the valley of the shadow of death. It is really hard. I claim your promise that You are with me. I will not give up and I will keep on going. Provide for me the help that I need. Please let me see the light at the end of this dark valley and let me smile and laugh again. In Your Name, Amen.

Lynda Scott was first introduced to Ellel Ministries at a conference led by Peter and Fiona Horrobin in 1996 when she was miraculously healed following a devastating accident. Lynda has continued her association with Ellel Ministries over the years and has recently written her story “Lynda: From Accident & Trauma to Healing & Wholeness.” She lives in Australia with her husband Leigh and 3 children, who are all at school. She works in a local health clinic, as well as helping her husband with the administration of their beef cattle farm.

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Please feel free to use this devotional to send on to your friends or share with your church fellowship. Provided full acknowledgement is made to Seeds of the Kingdom as the source, you are also welcome to use it in a non-commercial way and reproduce it in magazines or other Christian websites. The copyright for any commercial use of the material remains with Ellel Ministries International.

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Hybrid Tea Roses
part 6

'Papa Meilland' Roses

Introduced - 1963

'Papa Meilland' produces pointed buds that unfurl into high-centered blooms, each measuring anything between 4 inches and 6 inches and composed of 35 petals.

The flowers of this rose variety have a rich color - velvety crimson. In addition, 'Papa Meilland' is amongst the most fragrant roses. The leaves have a dull medium green color and leathery texture. The plants grow up to a height of anything between 4 feet and 5 feet.

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'Paradise' Roses

Introduced - 1978

'Paradise' rose produces long and pointed buds that unfurl into silvery lavender flowers whose petals have ruby red edges. The flowers are double and have a beautiful formation. The petals curl back to fashion a bull's eye center.

Each flower of this hybrid tea rose measures 3 ½ inches to 4 i/1 inches in diameter and is composed of 25 to 30 petals. 'Paradise' rose has a fruity scent. The leaves are dark green and glossy.

The plants have an upright habit and are branched, growing up to a medium height. You may grow this rose in garden beds or borders, where they will continue to bloom incessantly.

The blooms of 'Paradise' rose are an excellent source of cut flowers. The plants are hardy, but susceptible to mildew.

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'Pascali' Roses

Introduced - 1963

It is interesting to note that several gardeners believe that 'Pascali' was the first ever white rose. Moreover, in 1991, this hybrid tea rose was voted as the most favourite rose of the world of any color.

It is true that 'Pascali' rose makes a remarkable addition to any mixed border comprising shrubs and flowers and, at the same time, it is an excellent source of cut flowers that last for a long time. The green-tinged buds of 'Pascali' are typical of the classical hybrid tea roses.

These buds unfurl into pure white flowers having a light scent. The plants continue to bloom more or less all through their growing season. Compared to any other hybrid tea rose, the ability of 'Pascali' to resist diseases as well as pests is outstanding.

However, similar to other roses in its class, this hybrid tea rose is also rather prone to black spot. Ideally, you should grow this rose in a location that is airy and receives full sun.

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'Peace' Roses

Introduced - 1945

The story regarding 'Peace' rose can be call a pure melodramatic. This hybrid tea rose was bred in France in the year prior to the World War II and escaped from the European nation in the form of unnamed cuttings in the very last American diplomatic bag that left France before the Nazis conquered it.

'Peace' has been accepted as a winner. An American nursery propagated this rose and released it in the market in 1945. Since this rose returned with peace to France, which was liberated at that time, it has been named 'Peace'. In a while, 'Peace' rose was a decorative item on all the tables of the United Nation's organizational meetings.

It is really incredible that this rose has been able to match the entire promotional hullabaloo. The flowers of 'Peace' are double, large and light yellow having rose-pink edges.

The plants are healthy, vigorous growers and hardy all through majority of hybrid tea roses. 'Peace' has, however, shown some vulnerability to black spot, especially when grown in the Southeast.

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'Perfect Moment' Roses

Introduced - 1989

'Perfect Moment' bears inimitable, showy yellow-based blooms whose edges are red and they are prominent in the rose bed. The flowers of this rose variety are high-centered and have a light fragrance.

Each flower measures about 4 inches to 4 ½ inches and is composed of 35 petals. The plants grow up to a height of 4 ½ feet and their foliage is dark green. Moreover, the foliage possesses the ability to strongly resist rose diseases.

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'Pink Peace' Roses

Introduced - 1959

Similar to its parent 'Peace', 'Pink Peace' rose also bears very double flowers, which when fully open measure about 6 inches in diameter and is composed of 50 to 60 petals each.

However, different from its parent, the color of 'Pink Peace' flowers vary from solid-coloured medium to dark pink and they are heavily fragrant. The shape of the flowers varies too – from cupped to rounded and decorative.

The plants grow up to a height of 4 ½ feet to 5 ½ feet, while the leaves are dull, medium green and have a leathery texture. The plants' ability to resist diseases is above average and they are winter hardy too.

'Polarstern' Roses

Introduced - 1982

'Polarstern' rose produces huge, creamy white buds that have a yellow tinge at their bases and they unfurl into high-centred, perfectly formed blooms, each measuring 3 inches to 4 inches and composed of 35 petals.

The leaves of this rose have a medium green hue and are swathed with a greyish wax-like coating that practically ensures that they are able to resist diseases. The plants are bushy and grow up to a height of 5 feet to 6 feet. In addition, the plants are excellently winter hardy.

'Portrait' Roses

Introduced - 1971

The flowers of 'Portrait' are double, fragrant and have a lovely blend of ivory shading while the color is light to dark pink near the edges.

Each flower of this hybrid tea rose measures 3 inches to 4 inches across, while the leaves are dark green and shiny and nearly cover the plants, which grow up to a height of anything between 5 feet and 6 feet.

The plants of this rose variety are extremely winter hardy. 'Portrait' is another instance of successful creation by an amateur rose breeder.

'Precious Platinum' Roses

Introduced - 1974

'Precious Platinum' rose bears clear average red blooms that last for a long time and, hence, are very effective for use as cut flowers. The plants repeat their blooms very rapidly.

Each flower of 'Precious Platinum' rose measures anything between 3 inches and 4 inches in diameter and is composed of as many as 35 to 40 petals having a light fragrance.

The plants are somewhat spreading and the canes produce reasonable thorns. The plants grow up to a height of 4 feet and they are also somewhat winter hardy.

The leaves of this rose are dark green, glossy and have a leathery texture. The ability of the plants to resist disease is above average.

'Princesse de Monaco' Roses

Introduced - 1981

'Princesse de Monaco' has been named such to honour Grace Kelly. It is known by this name throughout Europe. The petals of 'Princesse de Monaco' rose are cream hued, while the edges have shades of pink to cerise.

Each flower of this hybrid tea rose variety measures 4 inches to 6 inches across and is composed of about 35 petals. The flowers are high-centered and their distinctive characteristic is the symmetrical swirl of the petals.

The blooms are of exhibition quality. The flowers have a delicious fragrance, while the foliage is dark green, large and glossy. The plants are bushy and grow up to a height of 3 feet to 4 feet.

'Pristine' Roses

Introduced - 1978

The blooms of 'Pristine' are like gardenia having a light fragrance and delicate ivory hue with a flimsy pink flush. The buds of this rose are long and spiralled and they unfurl into high-centered, double flowers each measuring 4 inches to 6 inches across and composed of anything between 25 and 35 large petals.

Generally, the flowers are borne singly on stems, but they may also appear in clusters. 'Pristine' rose blooms in midseason and repeats sparingly. The leaves of this rose are also large, glossy and have an attractive hue - reddish green.

The delicately coloured flowers notwithstanding, the plants of 'Pristine' rose are exceptionally vigorous and require more space as well as very rigorous pruning compared to any other hybrid tea rose.

This rose is well suited for growing in a garden bed or border. If you wish to use the 'Pristine' rose as cut flowers, you need to harvest them when they are just about to open, as doing this will help to enhance the vase life of the flowers. The plants are not only tender but also exceptionally resistant to disease.

'Radiance' Roses

Introduced - 1908

Rose lovers who admire hybrid tea roses and are looking for hardier roses in this class, usually the older roses that have been inbred less are supposed to be the best selections. For instance, 'Radiance is ideal for this purpose and will fulfil your requirements.

This rose dates back to the beginning of the century and can be found thriving well in neglected or abandoned gardens, old cemetery planting and also in the Southeast.

Once, this rose has established its roots properly, it is capable of enduring poor as well as dry soils and despite the unfavourable conditions, it will come up with a generous crop of double, large, soft-pink hued flowers.

The appearance of 'Radiance' blooms is rather old-fashioned that makes this rose an excellent selection for people who are restoring old gardens. The plants are actually well-formed shrubs whose flowers have the fragrance of an old-fashioned damask rose.

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What Is a Bridge Home Loan?

You are planning to move from your existing house to a bigger house. You plan to sell your existing house to fund the purchase. However, there is a minor problem. To purchase your new house, you need the sales proceeds of your existing house. Now, closing a deal (acceptable to you) may take some time. How do… Continue Reading

Should You Opt for Medical Loans?

You have a medical emergency in a family and need funds to settle a hospital bill. You have tried other options but those have not materialized. You are planning to take a personal loan. A friend tells you about the concept of medical loan. You are told that the interest rate on a medical loan will… Continue Reading

Bajaj Finserv Flexi Loan — Our Review

A few days ago, I watched an interesting TV commercial for a personal loan product from Bajaj Finserv. The product is Bajaj Finserv Flexi Loan. Let’s find out more about the product. How Does the Bajaj Finserv Flexi Loan Work? Think of it as a credit line. You can withdraw/borrow or repay as many times as… Continue Reading

Axis Bank Gold Loan — A Review

Most Indians have a fondness for gold. And it is not just for ornamental purposes. Many use it for investment too. It is an asset they think they can always rely upon in case of any needs. Fair enough. In an earlier post on gold loans, I had discussed how you can use your gold to take… Continue Reading

A Home Loan at 3.99% p.a.?

I recently came across a news item that Tata Housing, a prominent realty company, has tied up with Indiabulls Home Finance to offer home loans at 3.99% p.a. The loan will offered by Indiabulls Housing Finance and the special interest rate of 3.99% p.a. applies for purchases in select projects from Tata Housing. As per the… Continue Reading

When Should You Consider Refinancing Your Loan?

Refinancing a loan simply means availing a loan from a new lender to pay off an existing one. You approach a new lender for loan refinancing/balance transfer. The new lender sanctions the loan and settles your loan outstanding with the existing lender. Subsequently, your obligation with the existing lender terminates and a new repayment obligation… Continue Reading

What Is the Real Cost of Your Loan?

You may be really excited to have negotiated a good interest rate for your loan with a bank. However, is the interest rate the only aspect in determining your cost of loan? What about the ancillary charges? Such charges also affect the cost of your loan, don’t they? Flat Interest Rate Loans vs Reducing Balance… Continue Reading


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Melbourne fabric shopping adventures

Paul and I went on an overseas trip to Melbourne in December. We had a whole week so I planned to visit a number of fabric stores. Because fabric is the best souvenir right?!

On day 1 we visited The Fabric Store and Clear It. In Wellington we live/work close to The Fabric Store in Wellington so I didn’t spend much time here as was very similar.

Clear It is almost next door to TFS stocks end of line clothing, shoes, fabric and findings etc from Australian designers. As it’s all ends of lines you really have to dig through to discover the gems. The fabric section of the store closes an hour prior to the rest of the store so allow yourself enough time.

These are the fabrics that we bought home. The ducks will be for jacket lining for both Paul and I. The ballerina fabric will be jacket lining for me. The hearts fabrics has been made into a skirt and the poison fabric turned in a Paxton sweatshirt for Paul. The other cottons will be for men’s shirts for Paul. Most of the fabrics cost between $3 – $5 per meter.  This was my favourite store for bargains during our trip. Most of the fabrics are ex designer rolls so you can find some really unique pieces.

The Cloth Shop Ivanhoe

We caught a Uber out to Ivanhoe to meet the lovely Blogless Anna. Paul found some awesome Pac-Man style t shirt fabric.

Darn Cheap Fabrics

Anna took us to Darn Cheap Fabrics. I loved all their trims and patches. They have lots of lovely fabrics. I bought some beautiful floral patches and some deep indigo cotton for a summer tunic dress.

I didn’t purchase anything at Tessuti (Paul was amazed) the fabric there is too expensive for my budget. I would have splurged I had seen an incredible fabric but nothing jumped out.

Tucked away in the first floor of an upstairs arcade is Luccello. It is a gorgeous store which is a visual delight. They stock quilting fabrics, cute findings, beautiful threads and bias bindings. I treated myself to a meter of liberty bias binding and a needle storage booklet both are items which I’ll cherish using.

Right next door as a lovely Kimono store and Button store pictures below

Seamstress cocktail bar

Even though it was a Thursday night in December some of the Melbourne sewing bloggers took the time to meet up with me for drinks. After our first plans fell through we moved to Seamstress Cocktail bar and I was glad they did! I loved Seamstresses. The bar is housed in a 120 year old textile factory rich with history. The cocktails were good too 🙂

The bar has kimonos hanging from the ceiling and spools full of cotton attached to the walls. Some of the tables are Singer treadle sewing machines.

I’ve heard that Eliza’s and Jimmy’s Buttons are also awesome places to visit.

I hope this list helps if you’re heading to Melbourne.

Thanks for reading !

6 Comments Add yours

  1. Trish Campbell says:

    Great blog Emma. I wish I had this information with me as I was in Melbourne two weeks ago. Instead I saw the David Hockney exhibition and bought the book, some fridge magnets and postcards. I love how you have transited your talent and expertise of art making into Sewing. To me fabrics are all individual works of art and constructing garments is just soft sculpture that we can wear everyday. I love what you are doing, Trish xxx

  2. Fabric is the best souvenir!!! I went to Tessuti once when I was in Sydney, and I couldn’t even imagine buying anything because of the prices. Someday maybe! Looks like you got some great stuff. Can’t wait to see what it becomes!

    Liked by 1 person

  3. macinic says:

    It was so lovely to meet you in Melbourne! And I agree, fabric (and notions and wool) are the very best souvenirs!

    Liked by 1 person

    1. It was lovely to meet you too! Im still in awe of your shoe making such a talented lady!

  4. WOW Emma, these shops looks amazing! ❤

    Liked by 1 person

    1. They were! I’m hoping my mum will visit clear it for me while she’s on holiday I love all my fabrics from there.

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Important Cultural PropertySword (Katana); the name "Go Yoshihiro" inscribed in gold inlay

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  • Sword
  • Length: 69.4cm Curvature: 2.0cm
  • Nanbokucho period/14th century
  • Kyoto National Museum
  • E甲181

This sword blade (J., katana) bears two inlaid gold inscriptions. On the obverse, it states that Honnami Kôtoku (1554-1619) had this blade shortened from what was originally a long sword (tachi) made by Gô Yoshihiro. The inscription on the reverse notes that it belongs to the feudal lord Honda Tadamasa (1575-1631) of Kuwana Province (present-day Mie Prefecture). This sword came to be called "Kuwana Gô" and has been treasured as a celebrated sword.
Yoshihiro's family name Go derived from the fact that he lived in Matsukura-go ("go" a unit of local administration, a township) of Etchû Province (present-day Toyama Prefecture). He was a master sword maker whose work reflects the influence of Sôshû Masamune (1264-1343).


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Monday, August 8, 2022
Naija music

Omah Lay – Understand

Omah Lay Understand 1
  • Artist – Omah Lay
  • Released – 2021
  • Title – Understand
  • Song – Omah Lay – Understand

Omah Lay – Understand Mp3 Download

Omah Lay comes through with this Amazing song which is titled Understand

Download your favorite song on our website and don’t forget to check around this site for other similar tracks,

but don’t forget to share your thoughts because it’s very important to us here, Anyways enjoy your experience with us

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en.infoglobe.cz » Most recent videogalleries » Others » Japan: Temples in Kyoto

Most recent videogalleries: Japan: Temples in Kyoto

Japan: Temples in Kyoto
heading (paragraph): Others
Published: 10.2.2017

Japan is famous for its shrines. There are over two thousand in the former capital Kyoto. Majority are Buddhist, some shinto, some are small shrines hidde in streets, and sometimes you walk in large compound. However, every each one of them is beautiful. Temple compounds have great atmosphere for entire Japanese philosophy is based on harmony with nature and inner peace.

In our video today, we show you what temples we visited.

Text and video: Matouš Vinš

Music: Sergey Cheremisinov

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Tourism Saint Dalmas le Selvage

Saint Dalmas le Selvage has the luck to be  situated in the National Park of the Mercantour. The town is therefore assured to have its magnificent preserved landscapes. Saint Dalmas le Selvage, you will practice a variety of mountain activities: snowshoeing, hiking Nordic skiing, ice climbing, mountaineering or hiking mountain biking, interpretive trail , discover the Nature, Fishing. Over 50 km of trails.Near Col de la Bonnette 1h15 from Ubaye.
Alpine skiing at Isola 2000 or Auron, lake in the summer in St Etienne de Tinee The biggest charm of the town lies in its intimist atmosphere, its air intoxicating, the torrent song in against bottom and the odor of the fires of wood.

Sight Saint Dalmas le Selvage

  • Forests of larches and of spruces
  • Rich mountain pastures in flora
  • Romanesque Church

Tour to explore Alpes-Maritimes

  • Thème : Sites and museums
  • Départ : Saint-vallier-de-thiey
  • Durée : 5 jours

With its seaside resorts (Nice, Cannes, Menton ...), the Alpes-Maritimes receive each year many tourists. The department is also famous for its mountains.

Day 1 : Grasse Day 2 : Marineland Day 3 : Nice Day 4 : Monaco

A weekend to discover Nice

  • Thème : Sciences and discovery
  • Départ : Nice
  • Durée : 2 jours

During a weekend, you will visit the city of Nice. This seaside city located in the southeast of France has many tourist places to discover.

Day 1 : Nice Day 2 : Nice

The mercantour of the valley of Haute Tinée

  • Thème : Walks
  • Départ : Saint-dalmas-le-selvage
  • Durée : 1 jour

Gone hiking "fauna-flora" guided by a guide of mountain, Paul Bovis; to see in the bend of a road a chamois or a hind with a young zest of botany! 45€/Nobody.

Saint-étienne-de-tinée and other villages in the mercantour park

  • Thème : Walks
  • Départ : Saint-etienne-de-tinee
  • Durée : 7 jours

Mercantour's geographical situation, at the borders of the mediterranean sea and the alps and its mineral components contribute to create an extremely contrasted landscapes.

visit-of-the-village saint-dalmas-le-selvage jausiers-a-hardy-migrant-tradition entraunes-gateway-to-the-national-park
Voir plus de circuits
ternelia-le-rabuons saint-etienne-de-tinee

Ternélia Le Rabuons

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text:
Argentine Antarctica

Coordinates: 75°00′S 49°30′W / 75.000°S 49.500°W / -75.000; -49.500

Argentine Antarctica (Spanish: Antártida Argentina or Sector Antártico Argentino)[4] is an area of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory. It consists of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole, delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel.[5] This region overlaps the British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentina's Antarctic claim is based on its continued presence in the region since 1904, and the area's proximity to the South American continent. Argentina's claim to this area is subject to the Antarctic Treaty.[6][7] Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands. The provincial authorities are based in Ushuaia. Despite the claim to this Antarctic area, Argentinean authority extends no further than the nation's bases.[8] The Argentine exploration of the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica, in 1902, where he spent two seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Otto Nordenskiöld. Shortly afterward, in 1904, the Orcadas permanent base was already fully operational. Years later other bases would be created, some permanent and others seasonal. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.

Argentine Antarctica
Antártida Argentina
Argentine Antarctica map since 1950. Orcadas base from 1904.
Argentine Antarctica map since 1950. Orcadas base from 1904.
Official seal of Argentine Antarctica
Location in Antarctica
Location in Antarctica
Country Argentina
Province Tierra del Fuego
First expedition1901–1904
Founded byJosé María Sobral
 • GovernorGustavo Melella
 • Total1,461,597 km2 (564,326 sq mi)
 • Land965,597 km2 (372,819 sq mi)
 (2010 Census)[1][2]
 • Total469
 • Density0.00032/km2 (0.00083/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC-3
Argentine Postal Code
Area codes0054 + 02901
Esperanza and Marambio Stations: 0054 + 02964
First baseOrcadas Base (1904)[3]
Number of bases13 bases (6 permanents and 7 seasonals)
64 others (huts, refuges, camps)

Argentine activities in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) and Dirección Nacional del Antártico (DNA).

The estimated area is 1,461,597 km2 (564,326 sq mi), of which 965,597 km2 (372,819 sq mi) is land. The ice in the glacier shell has a thickness of 2 km on average. Temperatures range from 0 °C in summer and -60 °C in winter although in certain points it may drop to approximately -82 °C.

Time zone UTC-3 is used as in the South American continent.

Argentina has six permanent Antarctic Stations and seven Summer Stations.

According to the last Argentine national census, in October 2010, Argentine Antarctica has 230 inhabitants (including 9 families and 16 children) at six permanent bases: 75 at Marambio, 66 at Esperanza, 33 at Carlini, 20 at San Martín, 19 at Belgrano II and 17 at Orcadas.[9] As an official Argentine district within Tierra del Fuego Province, residents take part in general elections.[10]

First expeditionsEdit

In 1815, Guillermo Brown, an Irish-born Argentine Marine Commodore serving in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, launched a campaign to harass the Spanish fleet in the Pacific Ocean. When rounding Cape Horn aboard the Hercules and Trinidad, strong winds pushed them to parallel 65 S. Some Argentine sources say that Brown had sighted Antarctic land on the expedition, saying that it is the reason why Argentine cartography often calls the northernmost part of the Antarctic Peninsula Tierra de la Trinidad.[11][12]

On 10 June 1829 the government of the province of Buenos Aires issued a decree creating the Political-Military Command of the Malvinas Islands (see Louis Vernet) including the islands adjacent to Cape Horn, which plays in Argentina and that included the Antarctic islands.

Otto Nordenskjöld (right) with José María Sobral (left) in Snow Hill Island, circa 1903.

The Argentine government decided to join the International Antarctic Expedition on,10 October 1900. This Argentine government received support, and in exchange, offered the services of the Argentine Navy to deliver scientific data and zoological collections. On the way through Buenos Aires, Lieutenant Jose Maria Sobral boarded the ship Antarctic on 21 December 1901. As no news of the expedition reached the Argentine government, it then fulfilled its commitment to support the expedition by renovating the corvette ARA Uruguay, which then set out on search on 8 October 1903, under the command of Lieutenant Julián Irizar, finding and rescuing members of the expedition who had been sheltering following the collapse of the Antarctic.

The expedition built a hut on Snow Hill Island in 1902. The Argentine Navy took possession of the hut in 1954 and named it Refugio Suecia. Currently, it is an Argentine historical monument and historical site as appointed by the Antarctic Treaty.[13][14] The 1902 expedition built another hut in Hope Bay, which is also an Antarctic monument under the control of Esperanza Station.[15][16]

Permanent occupationEdit

DNA-IAA emblem
Omond House, Laurie Island, circa 1903.
The Orcadas Base in 1996

On 2 January 1904, Argentina acquired the weather station installed by Scotsman William Speirs Bruce, in Laurie Island in the South Orkneys, where there had been a crew of six men making scientific observations. In it was a meteorological observatory, where he also worked, a post office was installed. Civil (employee of the Argentine company official post and telegraph) Hugo Alberto Acuna accounted the hoisting for the first time in an official way the flag of Argentina on the Argentine Antarctic Sector, on 22 February 1904. Such an observatory became the Orcadas Base the oldest existing today across the Antarctic territory permanent human settlement.[17]

The Argentine corvette ARA Uruguay returned to Antarctica in 1905 (sailed from the port of Buenos Aires on 10 December 1904) to relieve staffing of the South Orkney and refer to Deception Island and Wiencke Island in search of Jean-Baptiste Charcot, whose French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905) was believed to be lost. Thanks to the Argentine collaboration with his expedition, Charcot named an insular group as Argentine Islands. One of these islands was named as Galindez Island in honor of the captain of the Corvette, Ismael Galíndez, and another was named Uruguay Island, in homage to the Argentine Corvette.[18]

The Argentine Government decided to add two meteorological observatories, in the South Georgia Island and Wandel Island, who already had on the islands Laurie and Observatorio (near Isla de los Estados). Expeditions to Wandel Island failed in two attempts. In June 1905 the transport ARA Guardia Nacional under the command of the Lieutenant Alfredo P. Lamas carried forward the task of raising the Observatory in Grytviken in Cumberland Bay, renamed in Spanish Bahía Guardia Nacional.[19][20][21]

On 30 March 1927, the first radiotelegraph station in Antarctica was inaugurated in the South Orkney Islands. On 15 December 1927, the General Directorate of Post and Telegraph from Argentina informed the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union about their Antarctic claims and other islands of the South Atlantic.

In 1939, Argentina created temporarily (to attend a Norwegian invitation) the National Commission of the Antarctic by Decree number 35821, but by the Decree number 61852 of 30 April 1940 became a permanent body in order to intensify research in the area. Explorations, scientific tasks, were gathering ground and marking.

In October 1941, the Instituto Geográfico Militar published maps showing the extent of the future Argentine claim between the 25° W and 75 ° W. In January 1942 the Argentine Government, according to the theory of polar sectors, said their Antarctic rights between the Meridian 25° and 68°24' West (of Punta Dúngeness).

On 8 November 1942 Argentina laid claim to Antarctic land when an expedition under the command of the captain Alberto J. Oddera placed a cylinder containing a report and a flag on Deception Island. In January 1943 the British ship HMS Carnarvon Castle crew destroyed the evidence of the Argentine inauguration and planted the British flag. On 5 March of the same year the Argentine vessel ARA 1° de Mayo removed the British flag.

In 1946, the National Antarctic Commission set new limits for Argentine Antarctica between the Meridian 25° and 74° West (of the far east of the South Sandwich Islands). Chile and Argentina signed on 4 March 1948 a mutual agreement protecting and defending legal rights of the territorial Antarctic, mutually recognizing their claims.

On 7 April 1948, Decree No. 9905 settled the administrative unit of the Argentine Antarctic Sector of the maritime Governor of the National Territory of Tierra del Fuego. By her Decree No. 17040 of 9 June the "Antarctic and Malvinas Division" was created under authority of the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[22]

Caterpillar tractor from the first Argentine expedition that reached the South Pole in 1965.

The first continental Argentine base in Antarctica, the Almirante Brown Naval detachment was opened in the year 1951. The following year opened the Esperanza Naval detachment (now Esperanza Station). While building this last base at hope Bay, occurred the first shooting war in Antarctica on 1 February 1952, when a team of coast Argentine, after a warning, fired over the heads of a burst of machine gun and forced to re-embark a civil team of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey unloading materials of the ship John Biscoe intending to restore the British base "D" burned down in 1948.[23][24]

On 17 January 1953, at Deception Island, the Refugio Teniente Lasala (a hut and a tent) was opened by the staff of the Argentine ship ARA Chiriguano, becoming a Sergeant and a corporal of the Argentina Navy. On 15 February, in the incident of Deception Island, 32 Royal Marines of the British frigate HMS Snipe armed with Sten submachine guns, rifles, and tear gas captured two Argentine sailors. The Argentine refuge and a nearby uninhabited Chilean hut were destroyed and Argentine sailors were delivered to a vessel of that country on 18 February to South Georgia.[25] A British detachment stayed three months on the island while the frigate patrolled the waters until April.

On 4 May 1955, the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits against Argentina and Chile respectively, the International Court of Justice in The Hague so this declared the invalidity of claims of the sovereignty of the two countries on the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas. On 15 July 1955, the Chilean Government rejected the jurisdiction of the Court in that case, and on 1 August, the Argentine Government did the same, by what the demands on 16 March 1956 they were archived.[26]

On 1 December 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed by Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States, entering into force on 23 June 1961.

In the 1960s the State of Argentina, with its fleet, pioneered ecological tourist cruises to Antarctica. At the same time, the Argentine State-owned Aerolíneas Argentinas inaugurated passenger flights between Ushuaia and Sydney making scale in Marambio Base. Between the mid-1960s and the first half of the 1970s, Argentina launched rockets from its Antarctic bases. These rockets were designed and built entirely in Argentina and possessed meteorological instrumentation and radiation sensors.

Operación 90 was the first Argentine ground expedition to the South Pole, conducted in 1965, by ten soldiers of the Argentine Army under then-Colonel Jorge Edgard Leal. The operation was named for the target 90 degree South latitude point (the geographic South Pole).[27]

Esperanza Base in 2012.

On 8 April 1970, the Governor of Tierra del Fuego issued the Decree N ° 149 creating 4 departments, among them the Argentine Antarctic Sector Department.

In 1977, the Esperanza Base was elected as the place of filing of Argentine families that traveled at the end of that year to overwinter at the base. The first director of the Argentine Antarctic Institute, general Hernán Pujato, was the forerunner of the installation of the Fortín Sargento Cabral when on 13 August 1954 he proposed the Argentine Government create a farmhouse out cape Spring to populate it with family groups. The idea had aimed to strengthen Argentine rights in that part of Antarctica. After finishing the construction of the houses, the Fortín Sargento Cabral was inaugurated on 17 February 1978. Having then 5 houses for families who wintered there that year.

The first human born in Antarctica was the Argentine Emilio Palma at Esperanza Station in 1978, within the territory claimed by Argentina. His baptism in the Catholic chapel on 7 January 1978 was the first on the continent.

On 18 December 2012, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory (which included a portion of Argentine Antarctica) would be named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of the Queen. Argentina "strongly rejected" Britain's right to rename the area.[28]

In 2013 the Argentine Defense Ministry announced that Petrel Base will become a permanent base by 2015. The base will have an airport and logistics for transfer of passengers and cargo.[29][30]

Watercraft in Hope Bay, Antarctica.

The geographic structure of Argentine Antarctica continues some features of Patagonia, located to the north of it. The highest peaks are located at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula, which has islands and archipelagos nearby. The land is under an ice sheet.

The climate of the region ranges from a subpolar climate in the north to a polar climate in the south.[31] The region has an extremely cold climate with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) with frost and snowfall occurring throughout the year.[32] In general, there are two different climatic zones found within the region: a glacial climate in the interior and an oceanic one in the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands.[32] The glacial climate found in the interior is dominated by continental ice sheets and glaciers while in the Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent islands, the climate is characterized by very strong winds, particularly in winter.[32] In particular, the Antarctic Peninsula experiences strong cold winds and blizzards.[33] In the interior of the continent, the climate is colder and drier due to the higher latitude, altitude, and strong continental influences.[33] Mean annual temperatures range from between −10 to −20 °C (14 to −4 °F) in the Antarctic Peninsula to −30 to −50 °C (−22 to −58 °F) in the interior.[33] Temperatures are always low in the region; during the polar night in winter, temperatures drop down to −42 °C (−44 °F).[32] In the warmest month, mean temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).[32] Coastal areas have mean temperatures in the warmest month at around freezing.[33] Precipitation mainly falls as snow.[32] Due to the ice sheets and glaciers covering most of the region and the severity of the climate, the flora is sparse and limited only to coastal areas.[32]

Average Temperatures in selected locations in °C (°F)
    Jan         Feb         Mar         Apr         May         Jun         Jul         Aug        Sept        Oct         Nov         Dec       Annual
Orcadas Base[34] 1.4 (34.5) 1.4 (34.5) 0.4 (32.7) −1.8 (28.8) −4.6 (23.7) −7.9 (17.8) −9.3 (15.3) −7.8 (18.0) −5.4 (22.3) −2.8 (27.0) −0.7 (30.7) 0.6 (33.1) −3.0 (26.6)
Esperanza Base[34] 1.4 (34.5) 0.7 (33.3) −2.3 (27.9) −6.1 (21.0) −8.2 (17.2) −10.4 (13.3) −10.5 (13.1) −9.0 (15.8) −6.5 (20.3) −4.3 (24.3) −1.1 (30.0) 0.8 (33.4) −4.6 (23.7)
Marambio Base[34] −0.8 (30.6) −2.0 (28.4) −6.1 (21.0) −10.8 (12.6) −12.8 (9.0) −14.7 (5.5) −14.7 (5.5) −13.1 (8.4) −10.1 (13.8) −7.6 (18.3) −3.6 (25.5) −1.2 (29.8) −8.1 (17.4)
San Martín Base[34] 2.0 (35.6) 0.9 (33.6) −1.2 (29.8) −3.3 (26.1) −5.3 (22.5) −9.3 (15.3) −11.6 (11.1) −11.5 (11.3) −8.9 (16.0) −5.9 (21.4) −2.0 (28.4) 0.8 (33.4) −4.6 (23.7)
Belgrano II Base[34] −2.4 (27.7) −7.0 (19.4) −12.0 (10.4) −16.7 (1.9) −18.1 (−0.6) −19.1 (−2.4) −20.4 (−4.7) −20.2 (−4.4) −18.4 (−1.1) −14.8 (5.4) −8.0 (17.6) −3.0 (26.6) −13.3 (8.1)
Average Precipitation in selected locations in mm (in)
    Jan         Feb         Mar         Apr         May         Jun         Jul         Aug        Sept        Oct         Nov         Dec       Annual
Orcadas Base[35] 136.9 (5.39) 143.2 (5.64) 169.4 (6.67) 121.2 (4.77) 108.0 (4.25) 81.5 (3.21) 77.5 (3.05) 94.5 (3.72) 85.6 (3.37) 89.1 (3.51) 91.9 (3.62) 109.7 (4.32) 1,308.5 (51.52)
Esperanza Base[35] 38.0 (1.50) 49.9 (1.96) 72.8 (2.87) 49.0 (1.93) 47.7 (1.88) 39.3 (1.55) 40.3 (1.59) 47.4 (1.87) 49.6 (1.95) 50.4 (1.98) 51.0 (2.01) 39.4 (1.55) 574.8 (22.63)
Marambio Base[35] 44.4 (1.75) 55.1 (2.17) 51.5 (2.03) 26.1 (1.03) 24.6 (0.97) 13.9 (0.55) 17.8 (0.70) 17.6 (0.69) 30.7 (1.21) 18.1 (0.71) 28.0 (1.10) 35.0 (1.38) 362.8 (14.28)
San Martín Base[35] 13.8 (0.54) 46.5 (1.83) 48.3 (1.90) 33.1 (1.30) 34.4 (1.35) 28.0 (1.10) 39.4 (1.55) 36.4 (1.43) 40.9 (1.61) 32.2 (1.27) 30.4 (1.20) 27.0 (1.06) 410.4 (16.16)
Belgrano II Base[35] 26.2 (1.03) 27.4 (1.08) 32.5 (1.28) 16.8 (0.66) 22.5 (0.89) 25.0 (0.98) 27.8 (1.09) 26.9 (1.06) 39.0 (1.54) 20.2 (0.80) 18.2 (0.72) 17.0 (0.67) 299.5 (11.79)

The flag of Tierra del Fuego

The flag of Tierra del Fuego, which includes Argentine Antarctica, was adopted in 1999 as the result of a competition.[36] It is a diagonal bicolor of sky blue and orange with a white albatross dividing the flag diagonally and the Southern Cross in the blue upper half. The orange represents the fire in the province's name, Tierra del Fuego, meaning "Land of Fire". The blue represents the sky and reflects the color of the national flag.[37]

Argentine basesEdit

Argentine bases on Antarctica (permanent bases in red).
The icebreaker Almirante Irizar, the principal supply line for Argentine bases in Antarctica since 1978.

Esperanza and Marambio are the largest Argentine bases, together holding 70 buildings, with a combined occupancy rate ranging from roughly 110 in winter to 250 in summer. Orcadas Base, on the South Orkney Islands was the world's first Antarctic base, operating continuously since 1903. The southernmost Argentine permanent base is Belgrano II, at latitude around 77 degrees south. The southernmost summer base is Sobral, at 1,450 km (901 mi) from Belgrano II.

The bases are supplied by ship as well as by C-130 Hercules and DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft.

Camps, huts and otherEdit

(64 in all)

Argentina's claim to the Antarctic Peninsula overlaps with the Antarctic claims of Chile, 53°W to 90°W, and the UK claims, 20°W to 80°W.

Currently, there are no attempts by Argentina or any other country to enforce territorial claims in Antarctica. See List of Antarctic territorial claims.

None of these claims have widespread international recognition.

Children, teenagers and teachers of the school of Esperanza Base.

In 1978, the first Antarctic baby was born in the Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base under the name Emilio Palma.[38] María de las Nieves Delgado was the first Antarctic girl, born on 27 March 1978 at Esperanza Base. For 1980 were over six children born in the base: Rubén Eduardo de Carli (21 September 1979), Francisco Javier Sosa (21 September 1979), Silvina Analía Arnouil (14 January 1980), José Manuel Valladares Solís (24 January 1980), Lucas Daniel Posse (4 February 1980) and María Sol Cosenza (3 May 1983).[39][40] The base has an Argentine civil registry office where there have been aforementioned births and weddings.[41]

In 1991, there were 142 "permanent residents" including 19 minors. "Residents" are families that live in Antarctica or scientists that have lived for more than two years. They were 121 men and 21 women that lived mostly in the colony of Esperanza and other bases. As of 1998–1999, Argentine Antarctica had a winter population of 165.[citation needed][needs update]

See alsoEdit

Antarctic office in Ushuaia.

  1. ^ a b "Provincia según departamento. Población, superficie y densidad. Años 1991 y 2001". Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Primeros resultados del Censo: 230 personas habitan la Antártida - Diario Los Andes". Archived from the original on 28 October 2010.
  3. ^ "Destacamento Naval Orcadas" [Orcadas Naval Base] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Fundación Marambio. 1999. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  4. ^ Pequeño Larrouse Ilustrado 1990, para la Argentina, ajustado a la cartografía oficial por el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional a través del Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) acorde Ley 22.963 aprobada por expediente del 5-10-1989.
  5. ^ Beck, Peter J. (1986). The international politics of Antarctica. Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 0-7099-3239-1.
  6. ^ La Antártica Chilena. p. 173. Escrito por Oscar Pinochet de la Barra. Publicado por Andrés Bello, 1976
  7. ^ "The Antarctic Treaty" (PDF). Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  8. ^ "división política. Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Provincia santa cruz" (PDF). Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  9. ^ Censo 2010: en la Antártida viven 230 personas, 9 familias y 16 niños (in Spanish)
  10. ^ de 2021, 16 de Noviembre. "Elecciones 2021: Juntos por el Cambio arrasó en la Antártida y el Frente de Todos quedó tercero". infobae.
  11. ^ Acciones navales de la república Argentina, 1813–1828. p. 18. Author: Guillermo Brown. Editor: Impr. del Ministerio de Marina, 1904 [1]
  12. ^ Anuario de historia Argentina, Volumen 1, p. 296. Colaborador: Sociedad de Historia Argentina. Editor: Domingo Viau y ca. 1940
  13. ^ Stonehouse, Bernard (2002). Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-98665-8
  14. ^ SMH 38: Cabaña de Nordenskjöld Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Secretaría del Tratado Antártico (Spanish)
  15. ^ Hon. Cámara de Senadores, Comisión de Cultura, Antecedentes de Proyecto de Ley, Orden del Día Nº 590 del año 2008.
  16. ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  17. ^ "Conmemoración de Hugo Alberto Acuña y su izado de la bandera argentina en la Antártida". Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
  18. ^ Islas Argentinas Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Historia Antártica Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Dirección Nacional del Antártico – Instituto Antártico Argentino
  20. ^ Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events – Cambridge University Press (1989). p. 233
  21. ^ Historic Huts of the Antarctic from the Heroic Age Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine – Scott Polar Research Institute (2010).
  22. ^ "Guía de Buenos Aires". Guia Buenos Aires.
  23. ^ "FALKLAND ISLANDS DEPENDENCIES (HOPE BAY INCIDENT) (Hansard, 20 February 1952)".
  24. ^ "1952 - Quinta Invasión Inglesa a la Antártida Argentina".
  25. ^ "HyAMNews".
  26. ^ "Antarctica (United Kingdom v. Argentina)". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  27. ^ "Operación 90: La llegada al Polo Sur por vía terrestre" by Jorge Edgard Leal (in Spanish)
    (Click on Llegada al Polo (terrestre) on the column at the left)
  28. ^ "Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen". BBC News. BBC. 22 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  29. ^ "La Radio Pública presente en la Campaña Antártica de verano".
  30. ^ Argentina convirtiendo la Base transitoria Petrel en Antártida en permanente. MercoPress
  31. ^ "Regiones argentinas" (in Spanish). Embassy of Argentina in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g "Antártida" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  33. ^ a b c d Izaguirre, Irina; Sánchez, Rodolfo. "Situación Ambiental en La Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1981-2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  35. ^ a b c d e "Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por localidades". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  36. ^ Bordeleau, Andre G. Flags of the Night Sky: When Astronomy Meets National Pride. Springer Publications: 2011. p. 118.
  37. ^ Bordeleau, Andre G. Flags of the Night Sky: When Astronomy Meets National Pride. Springer Publications: 2011. p. 119.
  38. ^ "Emilio Marcos Palma at 30". Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  39. ^ 60 años de Base Esperanza – Fundación Marambio
  40. ^ El primer antártico es argentino Archived 6 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine – Fundación Marambio
  41. ^ "Ejército Argentino". 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010.

  • Menutti, Adela; Menutti, María (1980). Geografía Argentina y Universal (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Edil.

External linksEdit