text:
Pyotr Afos

Anarchists and the second Chechen war

December 2008

      A libertarian take on Islamism

      Who won the Second Chechen War?

      Lessons from the Chechen revolution

      Anarchist resistance against the Second Chechen War

      Deserter day festival

      The Defeat of the campaign against the Second Chechen War

      Defeat is not end of the struggle

It is of little doubt that the total failure of any attempts to oppose the Second Chechen War was the most bitter defeat of the Russian anarchist movement during the past decade. A feeling of total powerlesness in front of the brutal realities of the Chechenyan meat-grinder was pressing so heavily on the imagination of anti-authoritarians during the first half of the decade, that the movement was onlyable to recovere slightly when the intensity of the war gradually calmed down.

One may say, that the Second Chechen war started the 26th of August 1999, when the air force of the Russian Federation bombed Grozny and other parts of Ichkeria, and ended the 31st of October 2007, when pro-separatist websites published the announcement of Dokku Umarov, that the Ichkerian Republic had been dissolved and replaced by the Caucasus Emirate. Of course, the war still goes on and various armed attacks take place on an almost weekly basis, but the goal of the rebels is no longer the national independence of Ichkeria, but the formation of a theocratic state that would unite the whole North Caucasus. The Chechen nationalist resistance was marginalized, and in practice is no longer a significant force. This war may be seen as a continuation of the general «North-Caucasian War», which began with the attack by Islamist fighters on Dagestan the 7th of August 1999, although, even before there had been significant islamist attacks, such as the attack by emir Khattab against the 136th motorized batallion in Buynaksk the 22nd of December 1997. Islamists were never likely to be satisfied with the Khasyavyurt agreements of 1996. Islamism is fundamentally an anti-nationalist ideology, thus the formation of a nation state cannot be be the goal of islamists.

Thus, the coup of October 2007 means the end of one era and the beginning of a new one, therefore making now the time to make some summary of the anarchist success, or more exactly the lack of it, in the struggle against the imperialist war in the Northern Caucasus during last 8 years.

A libertarian take on Islamism

If for liberal opponents of the war an Islamist victory over nationalists within the Chechen resistance was a reason to mourn, anarchists look upon this infighting as rather neutral observers. Anarchists were never up for picking the «lesser evil» between nationalists and Islamists, or between separatism and federalism, or between Bolshevism, fascism and capitalism or any other authoritarian ideology whatsoever. Anarchist communism is not about waiting for the «right conditions», however even though it cannot be realized over night, neither can it be achieved through any type of state system. This of course does not mean that anarchists are for the Status Quo — there is always an alternative, decentralized, non-hierarchical scenario for the development of the social conflicts.

Obviously Islamist concepts in terms of sexual freedom and the position of women seem very backward, but one should also point out that in comparison with other authoritarian movements, Islamism also has its good sides. Islamism refuses any ideas on the superiority of one «nation» or «race» over another, and also proposes some limits on neoliberal capitalism, such as a ban on interest. It underlines the importance of social responsibility, although does not criticizing capitalism in those terms. In Lebanon and Palestine Islamists won the trust of the oppressed through social initiatives and a principled stance against corruption. In Chechnya, the support of international Islamists played a role, but the real key reason for the victory of the Islamists within the resistance were the common goals of Islamists throughout the entire Northern Caucasus, which provided a chance to set up a wider movement crossingnational boundaries. Also in the context of a general collapse of the formerly developed society, Islam as a more archaic institution was providing some rudimentary social structure, just as it did in Afganistan in the 1990’s and in Somalia today.

Currently praise and even conversion to Islam is a trendy phenomena among Western (and not only) leftists, and there are even modern attempts of synthesis between Islam and anarchism, but one should take them with a grain of salt. Islam is obviously not the equivalent of Islamism, the former is an ancient religion which allows for a wide spectrum of interpretations, and the latter is a modern ideology, far more restrictive. But Islam is the only religion,amongst the major world religions, founded by a politician, and these origins of Islam have given it a certain modern flavour in comparison with the others. That is, it is more fit for state governance than other ancient religions. If one day there will be an anti-authoritarian Islam besides modern Islamism, there is little doubt that religious interpretations of the former will be vastly different from the interpretations of the latter.

Howeveranarchists should also not regress to the level of demonizing Islamism. Islamism is no more dangerous, or more cruel than any other authoritarian ideology. Declarations such as «Islamism is fascism», which one can hear from sources as diverse as government authorities to certain anarchists, are just ridiculous. Obviously, modern Islam did not develop in a vacuum — it has been influenced by fascism, socialism and other Western ideologies. However, it is not a subcategory of any of them, but an ideology in its own right, and it accepts a wide range of different social structures, from the absolute monarchy of Saudi Arabia to the theoratic republic of Iran.

Islamism is not the same thing as Wahhabism. The main inspiration of all Islamists is modern Iran, which is not Wahhabist but Shiite. That is, Islamism is a modern ideology (or more exactly — many ideologies), which does not have an exact correspondence with any of the ancient branches of the religion. The Wahhabist movement, originatin 18th century Saudi Arabia, is certainly one of the sources of modern islamist thinking, but no less important is for example the tradition of the Moslem Brotherhood, founded in Egypt in 1928, and the teachings of its main ideologue Sayyid Qutb.

Thereis little doubt that we will often face Islamists in a common field of struggle as, in many regions of the former Soviet Union, they are the only force which can challenge the corrupt despotism of government officials. Under these circumstances it would be a grave mistake to present Islamists as a greater evil, since the reasons for thesupport Islamists have are obvious. It would also be a grave mistake to propose any kind of tactical cooperation with Islamists. Notwithstanding their superficial criticism of capitalism, modern Islamism is not even feudalist, but an all-out bourgeois movement with some theocratical flavor. We will not be doing any better, if all-out corrupt heirs of the Soviet nomenclature in Middle-Asia or Northern Caucasus were to be replaced by Islamists. The history of the most recent 5000 years proves, that no religion can save a human being from tmoral degradation, which is the clear consequence of having any authority over another.

Who won the Second Chechen War?

I make a conscious decision to not label the Islamists of Northern Caucasus as Wahhabites , since that would be a simplification — for example Dokka Umarov considers himself a follower of Sufi Islam, traditional in Chechnya. However, the Wahhabist segment played a significant role in the conflict, as it was the factor which caused the split of Chechen society during the course of the Second War.

Akhmat Kadyrov was a significant factor in the success of the Federal forces. Kadyrov was the Chief Mufti of Ichkeria, defending the interests of the Sufi school, traditional in Chechnya, against expansion of Wahhabism. Starting with October 1998, several attempts were made on his life in Chechnya, , after which there was no doubt left as to the fact that Wahhabite influence in Chechnya was incompatible with his life. Thus the federal forces got a very valuable ally, whereas Maskhadov and the rest of the «half-secular» authorities were trying to avoid any clear conflict with the IslamistsAfter the start of the Second War, Maskhadov and the national resistance could not refuse open cooperation with the Islamists, but this alliance was far more beneficial for the latter. The situation «between the lines of fire» was a big disanvantage for the national resistance, and thus its influence had already vanished long before Maskhadov was killed, on the 8th of March 2005. During his struggle underground, Maskhadov condemned the deeds of Basayev and other commanders of the Islamist resistance against peaceful people, however he did little to interfere — not that he really even could. It is unlikely that Maskhadov was in a position to sidetrack Basayev, and Basayev was also an useful scarecrow, which could be shown to the whole word: «If you are not going to negotiate with me, you will have to talk with him».

For Kadyrov the elder, it was far easier to persuade field commanders to surrender than it was for the federal troops, as he washimself a living example of the opportunities switching sides would permit turncoats. Alu Alkhanov, the Chechen president to follow Kadyrov the elder, was the last representative of the original anti-Dudayev opposition of 1994 who heldany significiant position in Chechnya. Since Kadyrov the younger sidetracked Alkhanov, any leading positions in the republic have been promptly put in hands of former resistance fighters. Thus, Kadyrov the younger could move on with his goal to gain total hegemony in the republic, and start eliminating the influence of all federal forces inside the Republic. The bold and unpunished execution of the former commander of the «Mountaineer» detachment, Movdavi Baysarov, in the center of Moscow in 2006, and the expulsion of Sulim Yamadaev from the post of commander of the special battallion of the Ministry of Defence «Vostok» (East) in April of 2008 show, that Kadyrov is in a position to reach for this goal (after the first version of this article was published, Yamadayev was assasinated in Dubai — the police of the Emirates has issued an international search warrant on a number of Kadyrov’s associates involved in the assasination, but obviously they have nothing to be worried about in Russia). Since Kadyrov’s allies are also involved in the hostile and violent takeovers of companies controlled by Chechen businessmen outside of Chechnya, one may not describe the relation of Kadyrov the younger to federal authorities in 21st century terms, but rather it is something like the relation between a King and a Duke. The «Duke», that is Kadyrov the younger, is allowed to do whatever he likes in Chechnya, such as setting up private torture prisons on his own estates. The influence of federal authorities in Chechnya is even weaker than during Dudayev’s time, as back then an opposition still existed which was capable of acting, and at times Dudayev was only in control of the capital of the republic. Chechen nationalists were refused formal sovereignity and independent foreign policies, but in exchange they received generous federal subsidies and an amount of authority inside «their» republic, of which leaders of other subjects of Russian Federation can only dream about.

Today Chechnya is an extremely authoritarian republic, and it is impossible to estimate the real level of support that Kadyrov can claim. The fact that a number of influential field commanders are still hiding in the republic (or surrounding areas) shows, that the resistance has not completely lost its support. However there is no doubt that Kadyrov’s politics, despite the many controversies, are supported by a substantial part of the population. First of all this is due to the improvement in living conditions, as well as a far better safety situation than during either of the periods of independence (1991–1994 and 1996–1999). But the support for Kadyrov the younger is also due to fact that he managed to prove that he is not a simple marionet, and that in a certain sense he is proceeding with his original nationalist project. Chechnya, is currently one of the most ethnically homogenous territories in Europe, and power (both civil and military) is completely in the hands of former national separatists. Everyone understands, that when the following cycle of weakening of the central state in Russia starts (which sooner or later will undoubtedly happen — in 50, 100 or 200 years), there is no force which can hold Chechnya in Moscow’s authority.

Obviously, for anarchists, all this intrigue is secondary — hostage taking and de-facto competition between the federal troops and the resistance, as to which of them manages to kill more of its hostages, is just a detail of the general bloody tragedy. 100 victims of the hostage taking in Dubrovka and 300 in Beslan are just a minor part of the general picture of tens of thousands of victims murdered and maimed. War is always an unprincipled and bloody business, and if sometimes one manages to set the rules of the game, it is only when following the rules is beneficial for all sides of the conflict. In the case of the second Chechen war however, neither side made such attempts, thus everyone bears responsibility for what happened.

In the end, what happened in Buynaksk, Volgodonsk, Moscow and Ryazan between the 31st of August and 22nd of September 1999 is also secondary. Yes, much is unclear with this history, expecially in regards to Ryazan, and in case we win at one point (and most likely only in that case) all of this will be investigated. But thus far the «alternative version» of the story remains unfinished, and I am certain that things would have developed the same way even without the explosions. Public opinion was not even close to stopping the First Chechen war, which halted only after the military success of the resistance. Thus in 1999 the state could easily have gone on with the war even without the explosions.

And in the end, who won? Obviously, nationalist turncoats won — they did not receive formal independence, but their real power vastly exceeds the power of the average politician today, the latter’s hands usually, being tied by a number of international agreements. There is also no doubt, that the federal athorities and Chekist (FSB operative) clique, which has conslidated all power in Russia to its hands in the past past 8 years, also won — they were forced to give all power within Chechnya to former nationalists, but now they no longer have to worry about the massive human toll of «maintaining the integrity of the country», and its consequence, a dissatisfied public. In a certain sense the Islamists also won — they have no chance to realise their political ambitions during the next decades, but they’ve gained a practical monopoly over the guerilla struggle in Russia. Amongst the various warring fractions, only one has undoubtedly lost — that is the nationalist resistance. And what aboutthose who did not wage war? They are clearly on the loosing side — hundreds of thousands of physically and mentally crippled people will pass the trauma of war onto second and third generations.

Lessons from the Chechen revolution

What happened in Chechnya between 1991 and 1994 is yet another example of the moral failure of national liberation ideology. The Dudayev regime was not able to stop the robbery and ethnic cleansing of and violence done to Terek Cossacks, who’ve lived at least since the 16th century in territories which were, probably, prior to the 1950’s never settled by the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingushetian people) and other inhabitants of the republic, who found themselves in a vulnerable position after the collapse of the Soviet system of administration. I do not want to describe these events as a «genocide» as I am an opponent of the semantical inflation this word has suffered during the last 20 years, but it is a well-established fact that in that period, anyone not supported by more archaic social structures (families, clans, religion), could suffer in Chechnya.

It would be a crude simplification to describe the regime change in Chechnya in 1991 as a «coup d’état». As a matter of fact, a real revolution took place in Chechnya, perhaps the most fundamental among all of those which took place in the former Eastern Bloc 1989–1991. If in Central Europe, and especially in the USSR changes were pretty much controlled and manipulated by representatives of the nomenclatura itself, or the intelligentsia creating the opposition, in Chechnya the lower stratum of society was much more involved than in any other place. If Dudayev and his closest circle came from the nomenclature, the main protagonist of the revolution was not the discontent in this stratum, but within the most marginal elements of the society: elderly victims of the 1944 deportation, rural and unemployed youth. This was due to the character of the Soviet system in Chechnya. Whereas national quotas were carefully preserved in the highest posts of the republic, technical professions requiring a high level of specialisation were closed for Chechens. Thus, besides a few representatives of the nomenclature and intelligentsia, the vast majority of Chechens were working either in agriculture, or at the lowest level of the city economics. This was due to the high fertility rate (which in part was a consequence of the collective trauma of deportation) and limited possibilities, as well as the fact that since the mid 1980’s more and more of the population had gotten involved in the marginal and criminal segments of the economy. These people never received anything from the Soviet authority, and they had every reason to hate everyone who successfully integrated into the system.

In 1991 it was payback time, and the opportunity was eagerly seized. Not only did the non-ethnic population escape from Chechnya, but a majority of the former intelligentsia escaped as well. It would, however, be a simplification to say that the conflict was purely national — besides the conflict between the ethnic and non-ethnic population, there were also conflicts between the proletariat on one side and the intelligentsia and former nomenclature on the other, and apart from the latter two a conflict between the rural population and the city dwellers. As the Soviet system did not provide the protagonists of the revolution with the necessary skills of governing a modern state, what took place in Chechnya was a process of «demodernization» with more archaic social forms (such as religion and the clan) replacing the modern ones.In the process of intermixing with modern capitalism, this took on a corrupted, deformed form. For example, in the ancient mountaineer society, the institution of slavery (which is actually hardly real slavery, thus it is even misleading to call it so) was first and foremost a form of social protection for vulnerable people, a way to feed those who had no family or clan to take care of them. Now economic interests came to play, and the traditionally humane institution of «slavery» was transformed into a highly profitable trade of humans, which in between 1996 and 1999 reached such a scale, that it became the main source of foreign currency in the republic. According to the «Novaya Gazeta», most of the leadership of the Ichkerian republic including Dokka Umarov (but not Aslan Maskhadov) was involved in the business.

Obviously, the reason for the war of 1999 was not to «free the slaves», but first of all to «preserve integrity of the country». The reason for the war of 1999 was certainly not the natural resources of the republic, as the amount of oil and gas in Chechnya will never compensate the massive bill the war has ccreated thus far. But one should also not ignore the fact that the slave trade was one of the key factors in gaining the Russian public sympathy for the war. Separatists traditionally blame the Russian special services for provoking the conflicts between Chechnyan fractions and for their involvement in slave trade, and there is some evidence to that. However, it is hard to take seriously claims that Basayev was an FSB agent — similar to conspiracy theories around 9/11, these theories totally deny the possibility that Muslims themselves could form significant movements against imperialistic ambitions.

The theories of Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, who was the most important Chechen political scientist and writer, living abroad during Soviet times, regarding the relatively anti-authoritarian historical «warrior democracy» of Chechens did not hold enough influence to direct the revolution in an anti-authoritarian direction. No archaic anti-authoritarian social system can survive, when surrounded by modern capitalism. There are no paths back to the past. In the end, such attempts were hardly even made — in reality Dudayev just wanted to be a small Yeltsin, just as Yeltsin wanted to be a big Dudayev. The attack against the Chechen parliament in 1992 was repeated by Yeltsin in Moscow a year later. In June of 1993, Dudayev was already shooting the city hall in Grozny and meeting the opposition with tanks.

First of all, the example of the Chechen revolution is a good argument against those Marxists (especially left communists), who believe that only the material conditions and class composition of the movement defines its destiny, that communism appears somewhat on its own if these factors fit. It doesn’t work like that — emancipation is impossible without anti-authoritarian ideas spreading to the minds of the wider population. Besides the material conditions, ideas are also necessary. It is not an issue of the «backwardness» of Chechnya — as a matter of fact in Soviet Chechnya industrial production was more developed than in plenty of other republics. However in Soviet Chechnya, the mostly Russian industrial proletariat was in a privileged position compared to the mostly rural and lumpen Chechen proletariat.

Obviously, there was nothing exceptionally horrible taking place in Chechnya 1991–1994, nothing that could justify the massacre that followed. Post-colonial processes against former representatives of the privileged stratum were much more brutal in the Algeria and Zanzibar of the 1960’s. What happened in Chechnya 1991–1994 is a good remainder for anarchists, that not every revolution is an anarchist one, and it is not enough for the revolution to be violent, not exclusively ethnic and that the lowest stratum of society be involved. Besides the second and third characteristics, it is also necessary that anti-authoritarian ideas be shared by a substantial part of the people — otherwise it is likely that the story of the Chechen revolution will be repeated. Bloody conflicts between the various fractions of the new elite, and the unpunished banditry and slave trading whose victims are often from ethnic minorities (in the Chechen case Terek Cossacks and other Russians, Nogais and others), and at times even members of the Chechnyan majority.

Anarchist resistance against the Second Chechen War

Most likely, even without the explosions of 1999, the anti-war movement would have been miserable, but afterwards it did barely existed. It took 3 months after the beginning of the war for the anti-war movement to gather enough courage to get out in the streets. The first people to demonstrate in Moscow in December of 1999 were Anarchists. Apparently some sorry pickets had already taken place in other cities. Soon after other groups appeared as well (liberals and Trotskists), and the question of cooperation became an issue. In this respect, the movements in Moscow and St. Petersburg developed in different directions.

In St. Petersburg, all anti-war groups (anarchists, liberals and Trotskists) agreed upon a common anti-war picket, in which everyone was to participate with their own political symbols. In Moscow liberals did not want political symbols present in the pickets, but due to nature of the slogans (instead of «No war but the class war», there was «For negotiations between Putin and Maskhadov»), their weekly picked had a liberal flavour.

The question of bringing political symbols is many-sided, and as a matter of fact in recent years there have been plenty of cases in which anarchists have seen their role amongst the social movements in Moscow as defenders of the autonomy of protest against the intrusion of political parties. In such a situation, it makes sense to demand that nobody bring political symbols, anarchists included. But when the proposed solutions themselves are fundamentally diverging according to ideological paradigms, as is the case with the conflict in the Caucasus, anarchist symbols in actions help underline the differences between the solutions proposed by anarchists and those proposed by other political groups.

Separate anarchist anti-war pickets in Moscow had already died out by the spring of 2000, and a small number of anarchists began to join the weekly liberal picket. Autonomous Action in Moscow concluded that participation in a weekly picket is merely a symbolic act, as the small numbers in a picket do not correspond with the widespread anti-war sentiment in the rest of society — during the first half of the decade, independent opinion polls showed that, 30–50% of those asked were against Putin’s political practices in the Northern Caucasus. That is, such a picket is more a show-off of one’s own «moral superiority» towards surrounding society, than a real attempt to change the political situation in the Northern Caucasus.

This is why the Moscow group of Autonomous Action decided to look for other means of resistance. At first, we gathered humanitarian aid and spread stickers with the address of the website of the Kazan anarchists, which had advice and legal aid for those wanting to avoid military service. Then, since 2005, we began the «Deserter Day»-festival.

The last revitval of the anti-war movement took place in the autumn of 2002, when special forces attacked hostage-takers in Dubrovka with gas which killed more than 100 of the hostages. Back then, Autonomous Action once again joined the Moscow Anti-War Committee, dominated by pro-Western liberals. However, this resurgence was to be short-lived, and the last strike against «anti-war unity» was when the Moscow Anti-War Committee gave a platform to 2004 presidential election candidates such as Irina Khakamada. Anti-war sentiment in Russian society was always spread beyond the liberal intelligentsia, which sympathizes with US politics and neoliberalism, but liberal participants in the committee never figured this out, and eventually Autonomous Action left the committee again, this time for good.

We were never willing to cooperate with liberal parties, no matter if they attempted to participate in or boycott the elections, but we are ready to cooperate with those Non-Governmental Organisations which are not mere a front-organisation of some political party, even if the members of these organisations themselves are mostly liberals. Unfortunately people from the Anti-War Committee of Moscow, as many other political figures in Russia, did not value the political independence of their own organisations.

Deserter day festival

Already back in 2001 the Moscow group of Autonomous Action picked the struggle against the draft as a tactical part of the anti-war campaign. Oviously we do not support a professional army but rather a «Black guard», a volunteer anti-bourgeois militia, however the draft was the easiest way of finding a common ground between the Russian and Chechnyan working class. The name of the festival, which has been organised annually since 2005 (and outside Moscow since 2008), «Deserter day», was a conscious provocation, as desertion generally makes the Russian news only when desperate conscripts escape garrisons with assault rifles and run amok, killing random people. We can understand their despair, although we do prefer more rational ways to desert as the only rightful reaction against an imperialistic war. We picked up the label «Deserter day» in order to declare our main position, and to underline the dead-end of reforms such as «a professional army» or «negotiations with Maskhadov». Only by declaring such a principled position, could we develop an autonomous anarchist political subject in Russia, whereas otherwise we would have been lost in the amorphous general mass of liberals and «leftists» (whose «leftism» is often suspect).

The Deserter day was a success. The original goal was not starting a tradition but in 2009 the 5th edition was organised in Nizhni-Novgorod (the first time the festival was organised outside Moscow was in 2008 in Kirov). Deserter day has also become a model for other large anarchist convergences which soon followed; Black Petrograd first organised in 2004, the Libertarian forum of 2006, the Gender Festival of 2008. Eventually, these kind of convergences replaced the conferences of formal anarchist organisations as the main form of inter-city meetings in the movement. This was a fundamental transformation in the Russian anarchist movement. Obviously, having visited the Deserter day festival, people were way more hopeful than after yet another weekly anti-war picket, thus at least in this respect new tactic was a success.

Although the first action day in 2004, which a year later was declared to be «Deserter day» , was organised on the day of the 60th anniversary of the deportation of Chechens and Ingushetians, gradually the anti-war theme moved to backround, and the festival in Kirov in 2008 was practically an anti-military event. The intensity of the conflict has been decreasing for years and the less news there is of new attacks, the less the problem is in the minds of anarchists and society at large. Paradoxically, the defeat of the anarchist anti-war struggle opened new directions for activity. As the North-Caucasian conflict is no longer daily news, anarchists can get involved in more fruitful activity than the anti-war campaign, which was judged to be a defeat since the very beginning. This only because the «significant minority» of population with anti-war sentiment does not have real significance, if there is a lack of structures which can organise resistance.

The Defeat of the campaign against the Second Chechen War

Neither anarchists, nor other anti-war groups have such structures. During the times of the Perestroika, the destiny of the anarchist movement became tied with the destiny of the general democratic movement, and nobody was prepared for the pace and insolence of Yeltsin’s treachery. For the sake of liberals, one must say that the best of them understood what was going on already well before the beginning of the First Chechen War. However, after many years during which the liberals were building the support base for the falsely democratic segment of the nomenclature, masses either stayed behind the segment, or became totally politically apathic while attempting to survive during the economic shock therapy of the beginning of the 90’s. It was too late to change course, and anarchists, «democratic leftists» and «liberals with a conscience» were left without a mass support. This state of affairs had already become clear during the First Chechen War. Back then, despite the anti-war propaganda in the mass media owned by oligarchs, who hoped to gain personal dividents from Yeltsin by blackmailing him with the threat of popular opinion, the scale of anti-war protests was a modest one. In general, there are hardly any successes in history in terms of stopping imperialist wars through the effort of the population of the imperialist countries alone. When anti-imperialist movements gained an upper hand (for example in Vietnam), most of the sacrifices were always suffered by guerilla movements.

In Chechnya, odds were too uneven from the very beginning. The victory of the resistance in the first war was a miracle, which has no analogy in modern history, thus it is of no surprise that it was not repeated in the second war. The reasons for the defeat of the resistance were already laid out in 1996, when during the Khasavyurt negotiations the Ichkerian government failed to gain a recognition of sovereignity from Russia. That is, despite the miracle of the victory in the fight over Grozny, in the diplomatic battle the resistance only managed to reach a draw. It is pretty likely that both Maskhadov and Basayev figured this out, but only the latter decided to keep on waging war, while the former understood that the resistance had already completely exhausted its reserves. Perhaps Maskhadov hoped that some miracle would result in such a deep crisis in Russia,, that the country would collapse altogether and establishment of Ichkerian independence de jure with the recognition of other countries would become possible.. But such a miracle did not took place.

Right now, due to the succesful «localization» of the conflict, meaning that it is waged mostly by the army and military structures manned by local population, the main losses are among the local population, followed by recruits(contract soldiers) and rarely amongst amongst inhabitants of other regions or conscripts. and even more seldom are recruits from other regions being killed. Also due to the strenghtening of the control over mass media, the war has practically disappeared from the TV screens, and for a vast majority of the population, it simply does not exist. The only chance for the resistance right now is to count with some global crisis, which will disintegrate Russia completely and stop the influx of money from the federal budget to the local elite. However the current global energy crisis is only strenghtening the federal authority in Russia, due to the vast reserves of oil and gas in Russia.

The stubborness of the St. Petersburg anarchists, who, almost without a pause co-organised anti-war pickets for 8 years in a row deserves a praise. There were times, when there were less than 10 people in the picket and it seemed to be a show of pointless masochism, but at one point the numbers of picketeers started growing, and in the period between 2004 and 2007 it was regularly attended by dozens of people, of whom at times 90% were anarchists. St. Petersburg anarchists managed to reclaim a space in the city, where every week any local citizen could come to and have a talk with anarchists, and acquire some anarchist press as well. This waspossible only due to stubborness and to some level a self-sacrifice as well. More than once the picket had to be violently defended, first with sticks and lateron with knives as well. At the end one of the very early participants of the picket had to leave Russia altogether, when the state apparatus started to use one of the cases of self-defence as a pretext for repressing the movement as a whole.

In the end, the fatal problems of the St. Petersburg anti-war movement were not due to its tactics, but due to its positions, which eventually split and soon after totally annhilated the oldest anarchist group in the former Soviet Union at that point, the St. Petersburg Anarchist League (PLA), which for years was the most active section of Association of Anarchist Movements (ADA), which in turn was for a while a member of the International of Anarchist Federations IFA(or do you mean International Anarchist Federation).

Originally, the St. Petersburg anti-war pickets were not initiated by the PLA but by «unaffiliated anarchists». However, PLA members and positions were prominent in the picket, especially as time went on. The position of PLA was always that of support for the resistance (with a critique on attacks against civilians), as the PLA was looking for the unification of all possible anti-Putin forces, with the approach «first we get rid of them, and then settle issues between each other». The Moscow Autonomous Action never wanted to accept such «ecumenism», our basic position was always that nobody would support us, unless we can present a valid alternative to the current regime. If, at times, we collaborated with other anti-war initiatives, it was always only on the condition, that we would present a strictly anarchist alternative to imperialist wars — that is the fraternization of the proletariat from both of the sides, against their own bosses.

The position of the PLA is partially justified as, after all, in 1994 it was the federal forces, who started the wide-scale massacre. The internal conflict in Chechnya had started a long time before, but Yeltsin raised the scale of warfare to a completely new level. In order to convince people that an alternative exists, one has to present it — but when one looks at an «united front» from the sidelines, the usual impression is that the people involved do not know what they want in the first place. Today the whole Russian opposition is collapsing, and only anarchists are on the upswing — this is a sign that we were right, when we insisted on keeping our own positions in regards to the war in Chechnya. If we had merged with some «united front» back in 2000, we simply would no longer exist.

Defeat is not end of the struggle

Thus, although the main culprits of the escalation of the conflict were the federal authorities, the Moscow Autonomous Action never supported the nationalist, nor the Islamist elements of the Chechen resistance. We were always proposing a third alternative — the unification of the proletariat from both sides of the conflict, against their leaders. But in practice, since beginning of the first war this «third alternative » was practically nonexistent in the region. People in Chechnya were too busy fighting for their individual survival to also fight against their government. In some sense, the movement against the disappearance of people, where unarmed women dominate is now such a «third force» (apparently according to the North-Caucasian norms, it is not worthy of a man to plea for something from authorities without an assault rifle). Also such a movement is that of the inhabitants of Makachkala (the capital of Dagestan), who after collapse of the city infrastructure due to the corruption of local authorities were building barricades in the winter of 2007–2008, apparently independent of any politicians. Unfortunately, although one has been seeing such initiatives in the Northern Caucasus already for some years, the anarchist movement in Russia is not strong enough to form any kind of alliance with them. The third example is the movement of the «mothers of Beslan», organised by relatives of the victims of the 2005 hostage crisis and resulting massacre. Due to the general political situation which makes punishing the people who ordered the start of the attack and the shooting of a school full of hostages, with bazookas and tanks, rather impossible this movement has gradually degenerated into a semi-racist anti-Ingushetian movement not harmful to the authorities.

Due to the lack of such a «third force», the position of supporting the resistance is of course very attractive to radicals, as bearded guys with assault rifles obviously look more cool than elderly ladies with placates of their disappeared sons. Eventually, some elements of the PLA found a common language with anti-Arab and anti-Russian racist Boris Stomakhin, who is currently doing a 5 year prison stint for his ideas, sentenced among others things for «humiliation of human dignity of a group of persons due to their nationality». A crime he has definitely committed, but which does not necessarily mean that he had to be sent to prison (in my opinion having his ass kicked would have been enough). The Anti-Russian (or «Russofobic» as it is called in Russia) stance is, if not unavoidable then, at least a logical end for anyone who began to support the nationalist or Islamist resistance. Thus in the end, the anarchists in St. Petersburg went in different directions, and the anti-war picket was inherited mainly by those, who at first refused internationalism, and later anarchism alltogether. Some comrades from St. Petersburg criticized us, claiming that in Moscow we «do not give proper attention to the anti-war theme», but instead of ritualistic protests we attempted to find some new, creative approaches, some new ways to make an impact. We never denied the importance of the Chechen issue, but the existence of the question alone is not enough to redefine priorities. In the end, in terms of results one can not consider either the St. Petersburg, or the Moscow approach as succesful, but at least in Moscow we were able to establish certain ways of action, which eventually helped local anarchist movements/groups? to reach a new level in terms of organisation and action.

Besides the approaches of the Moscow Autonomous Action and the St. Petersburg League of Anarchists, there was also a third anti-war approach. The Anarcho-Syndicalist KRAS-AIT made anti-war stickers and joined a number of anti-war actions, but they never focused on anti-war actions completely. They preferred to find conflicts in the work place and not only, which could open roads for such a social movement, which could challenge capitalism, and thus also such consequences of capitalism as imperialist wars. This makes sense to a certain extent — it is clear, that anti-war actions, in the form they took place, where more symbolic deeds for cleansing one’s conscience than real means of stopping the war. But on the other hand, it is no doubt that in the beginning of the millenium, the Chechen war was the most current problem in the Russian society, and Moscow Autonomous Action decided that it would be a crime to be silent, even thought there wwas little chance of influencing what was going on. By means of organising a protest, we could at least break the situation of total silence in general public, and to find those few people, who were ready to act against all odds. It is easy to be an anarchist during revolutionary times, but those heroic deeds of past anarchists which we now envy, are easy when you have a feeling that the society surrounding you is supporting and approving them. the most genuine revolutionaries are those, who do not lose their spirit even in conditions of a total isolation. We almost lost our spirit, but eventually we passed the trial.

Retrieved on 17th May 2021 from
This article was published in Avtonom #30 in December 2008, whole issue is available in PDF format here: English translation was originally published in Abolishing the Borders from Below #35. Version with some photos from the era available here:


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Bad Copy

Western Settings
Record Review

Western Settings – Another Year

Another Year

September 6, 2019
A-F Records

Back when I was still trying to find my footing in the San Diego Punk scene, I kept seeing one band’s name pop up over and over and over. It seemed like almost every other show I went to, some jerks named Western Settings were playing somewhere on the bill. This was great for me; I had an excuse to go get another drink or head outside for a smoke. I listened to their first self-titled EP, and eh, they were fine I guess. I’d watch them next time, lord knows they probably be fucking playing. Well, the day came and I stuck around to actually watch the band play and learned that my weird aversion to watching local bands had fucked me yet again. They are fucking amazing. Their first full-length and follow up EP, Yes It Is and Old Pain respectively*, are home runs. And on top of it all, the dudes in the band are amazing sweethearts and/or Will Castro. I learned my lesson: when Western Settings speaks, I will listen.

Then, of course, they went silent.

Sometime before I left San Diego for Chicago, Western Settings was nice enough to let me go on a short run up and down the West Coast with them. It was then that I heard some of the rough instrumental demos for their upcoming full-length. That was two years ago. Two thousand and seventeen. Well with A-F Records behind them, Western Settings – kicking and screaming – has FINALLY released their second full-length album, Another Year. Like Old Pain, this album is produced by Dead to Me‘s Tyson “Chicken” Annicharico. But unlike Old Pain, it features Thomas House on guitar instead of Dylan Wolters, who recently rejoined the band again, replacing Tom, who went off to do his own thing under the name Thomas Wayne. Still with us? Okay, moving on.

Another Year opens with the title track and probably my absolute favorite opening line in a song ever, “You’re doing alright, I mean, I guess you’re not dead yet.” The album showcases a natural progression of sound from Western Settings, tracks like “Break” and “Duckets Is Tight” are not too far off from something that would have appeared on Old Pain, while “Hermit” and “Charmian” are different enough to show the band has not grown stagnant. “Back to 52” is for sure the track I heard about thirty times in the van back on the tour, but finished stands out as one of my favorite tracks on the album. It’s the closest thing to a Western Settings hardcore track.

The only real dim spot on the album to me personally is “Better.” It’s very slow and weird and I just don’t like it. I kind of wish it would have been an instrumental-only track, something this album is missing which was prevalent on both Yes It Is and Old Pain. Opposite of “Better,” is “That’s Pretty Good.”  I fucking love this song and I cannot wait to get the lyrics to it so I can figure out what they hell Ricky says in the beginning of it. “Constatino, my bambino. I’d like to sell you my own soul” is where I’m at right now, but I know that has to be 90% wrong. Anyway, I can’t wait to see them play that last minute and a half of the song live. If they can even match half the intensity of the recorded version, it’s going to be fucking tight.

Look, I semi-retired from doing album reviews because I was running out of different ways to say “This album is fucking dope. Listen to it, idiot.” But I have a lot of making up to do for Western Settings after stupidly ignoring them for so long. So yes, this album is dope and you should listen to it, idiot. I’ve had it on repeat since I got it two weeks ago and I’m not sick of it yet. As a matter of fact, I like it more and more with every play through. Maybe you will too.

Another Year: 9 out of 10 guitarists that have quit forever or part time from Western Settings.

Vinyl Nerds! A-F Records has 350 copies on Ultra Clear with Heavy Gold Splatter and 150 on straight gold if you’re part of the sold out 2019 A-F record club. Over in Europe, Gunner Records is doing 100 on Ultra Clear and 400 on Blood Red. So if you’re into that shit, there you go.

*Western Settings also digitally released the EP WS, but no one ever talks about that one.

  1. Show Review
    Show Review

    La Escalera Fest – Day 2 – Western Settings, The Bigger Empty, Caskitt, & More in San Diego, CA

    Day and Night Shows. Stick and poke ghost tattoos. $5 beer/shot combos. Saturday had it all!

  2. Show Review
    Show Review

    La Escalera Fest – Day 3 – Burn Burn Burn, Civil War Rust, No Talent, & More in Tijuana, MEX

  3. Premiere

    Nightmarathons Premieres New Track “Seeping” From Upcoming Debut

    Melodic post-punk grooves from Steel City.

  4. Show Review
    Show Review

    Western Settings, Dog & Wolf, Oscar Bait, & The End of Music in Chicago, IL

    Miss Western Settings play on a weeknight? Nah, dog.

  5. Nightmarathons

    Nightmarathons Premieres Video for “Arrogance”

    Catch the four-piece bellying up to the bar.

  6. The Homeless Gospel Choir

    The Homeless Gospel Choir premieres EP, video for “Normal”

    A raucous ode to punk rock.

  7. Nightmarathons
    Record Review
    Record Review

    Nightmarathons – S/T EP

    A modern band that claims to embody the spirit of nostalgia that won't make you sick and kill you.

  8. Show Review
    Show Review

    Homeless Gospel Choir, Zach Quinn, Hi Ho, & Sam Porter in Chicago, IL

    On Saturday, June 17th, Mat and I headed to Chicago’s Wicker Park neighborhood to catch an early show in the

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Top Data Structures courses in 2022

Did you understand that experts focusing on Data Structures, can make approximately 10 times greater than a non-specialized specialist?

The high need for Data Structures makes Data Structures specialists favored over various other comparable areas, which amounts an eye-catching wage.

If you are aiming to rise and also running asap, in Data Structures, and also create tiny jobs that you can incorporate right into your task profile as you find out, after that I extremely advise you take an Data Structures training course.

The very best Data Structures training course of 2021

Upgraded for 2021 employing period! Sign up with a real-time on the internet neighborhood of over 400,000+ programmers and also a training course shown by a market specialist that has really functioned both in Silicon Valley and also Toronto as an elderly designer. Grads of this program are currently operating at Google, Tesla,, Apple, IBM, JP Morgan, Facebook + various other leading technology firms.

Intend to land a task at a fantastic technology business like Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Netflix,, or various other business however you are daunted by the meeting procedure and also the coding concerns? Do you discover on your own seeming like you obtain “stuck” each time you obtain asked a coding concern? This program is your response. Utilizing the methods, lessons, and also workouts in this training course, you will certainly find out exactly how to land deals from all kind of firms.

Lots of programmers that are “self educated”, really feel that a person of the primary negative aspects they deal with contrasted to university informed grads in computer technology is the truth that they do not have expertise concerning formulas, information frameworks and also the well-known Big-O Symbols. Hop on the exact same degree as a person with computer technology level by finding out the basic foundation of computer technology which will certainly offer you a huge increase throughout meetings. You will certainly likewise obtain accessibility to our exclusive on the internet conversation neighborhood with countless designers online to aid you make it through the course.Here is what you will certainly discover in this training course:

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Amongst the primary subjects of the program, you will certainly discover:

  • Contributing To Open Source To Gain Experience
  • Data Structures: Trees
  • Big O
  • Extras: Google, Amazon, Facebook Interview Questions
  • Data Structures: Linked Lists
  • Data Structures: Hash Tables
  • Algorithms: Dynamic Programming
  • Thank You
  • Introduction
  • Algorithms: Searching + BFS + DFS

The most effective Data Structures Full program of 2021

You might be brand-new to Information Framework or you have actually currently Examined and also Implemented Information Frameworks yet still you feel you require for more information regarding Information Framework thoroughly to ensure that it aids you resolve tough issues and also utilized Information Framework effectively.

This 53 hrs obviously covers each subject in better information, every subject is covered on White boards which will certainly enhance your Trouble Resolving and also Analytical Abilities. Every Information Framework is talked about, evaluated as well as executed with a Practical line-by-line coding.

Resource code for all Programs is readily available for you to download and install

Amongst the primary subjects of the program, you will certainly discover:

  • Sparse Matrix and Polynomial Representation
  • Heap
  • Queues
  • Arrays Representations
  • Matrices
  • Linked List
  • Graphs
  • Essential C and C++ Concepts
  • Stack
  • Asymptotic Notations

The most effective Data Structures Fast training course of 2021

This training course is various …

READ  Top NetBeans IDE courses in [year]

After each line of code, a computer animation of the information framework or formula is upgraded to reveal precisely what that line of code did.

The computer animations supply some significant benefits to trainees:

Amongst the major subjects of the program, you will certainly discover:

  • Data Structures: Hash Tables
  • Classes & Pointers
  • Data Structures: Linked Lists
  • Introduction
  • Algorithms: Quick Sort
  • Algorithms: Tree Traversal
  • Algorithms: Merge Sort
  • Data Structures: Doubly Linked Lists
  • Algorithms: Basic Sorts
  • Big O

The very best Data Structures Practical program of 2021

This program is various …

After each line of code, a computer animation of the information framework or formula is upgraded to reveal specifically what that line of code did.

The computer animations supply some significant benefits to pupils:

Amongst the major subjects of the program, you will certainly find out:

  • Introduction to Mock Interview Section
  • Job Searching
  • Post Interview
  • Mock Interview 3 – Ride Share Start-Up Company
  • Resume Preparation
  • Course Setup
  • Stacks Queues and Deques
  • Company and Job Types
  • Algorithm Analysis and Big O
  • Networking

The very best Data Structures training course for Newbies in 2021

Upgraded in November 2018 with new area on Dynamic Shows!

This training course stuffs months of computer technology and also meeting preparation product right into 20 hrs of video clip. The material is based straight on last term of my in-person coding bootcamps, where my pupils take place to land 6-figure designer work. I cover the precise very same computer technology material that has actually aided my pupils ace meetings at big firms like Google, Tesla,, as well as Facebook. Absolutely nothing is thinned down for an on the internet target market; this is the genuine bargain:-RRB- We begin with the essentials and afterwards at some point cover “sophisticated subjects” that comparable programs avoid like Loads, Graphs, and also Dijkstra’s Fastest Course Formula..

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I begin by educating you just how to evaluate your code’s time as well as room intricacy making use of Large O symbols. We cover the ins and also outs of Recursion. We discover a 5-step strategy to addressing any kind of tough coding trouble. We cover typical shows patterns. We execute preferred looking formulas. We create 6 various arranging formulas: Bubble, Option, Insertion, Quick, Merge, as well as Radix Kind. After that, we change equipments as well as execute our very own information frameworks from square one, consisting of connected checklists, trees, stacks, hash tables, as well as charts. We find out to pass through trees and also charts, and also cover Dijkstra’s Quickest Course Formula. The program likewise consists of a whole area dedicated to Dynamic Programs.

Amongst the primary subjects of the training course, you will certainly find out:.

  • Graph Traversal
  • Doubly Linked Lists
  • Hash Tables
  • Analyzing Performance of Arrays and Objects
  • Merge Sort
  • Selection Sort
  • 100% OPTIONAL Challenges
  • Recursion
  • Searching Algorithms
  • Quick Sort

The best Data Structures Course of the 2022.

Top Courses

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This is definitely the best Data Structures course to learn in this 2022.


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Image: WarwickSquash
Image: WarwickSquash

Warwick Men’s Squash secure a 5-0 victory over Coventry

In the Men’s Squash, Warwick took the victory with a comprehensive 5-0 win over Coventry, winning every single, individual game in the process. Warwick were confident that they would be able to easily continue their BUCS success, as they managed to reach the national playoffs earlier this year, as well as build confidence from their 5-0 win in 2018.

In the 5th Seed match, Warwick’s Fergal Morrissey won his best of 5 with a comfortable 3-0, demonstrating a quality serve that simply could not be handled by the opposition. This set the team up to claim 3-0 wins across the board, with the 3rd Seed player prioritising dropped shots into the corner of the court that Coventry was not able to recover from.

Coventry looked as if they were ready to put up a fight

In the final match, between the 1st Seeds, Coventry looked as if they were ready to put up a fight, with the first game narrowly ending 11-6 to Warwick – the smallest deficit between the sides across all 15 games. However, in the second game, Coventry began to tire, with Warwick 1st Seed Kaylen Mistry demonstrating superb speed, fitness and coordination to get across the court and claim an 11-3 victory.

The third game was merely a formality: Mistry took Coventry to pieces, earning a clean 11-1 victory and the bragging rights for Men’s Squash. Speaking after the game, Mistry said, “it was pretty straightforward, and a great end to the really good season we’ve had.” Congratulations to Warwick Squash, an impeccable performance from everyone!

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Home » Painting a Picture of Climate Change

Painting a Picture of Climate Change

Painting a Picture of Climate Change

To help explain to children the urgency of a warmer planet, a visual journalist created artwork with a playful approach.

Times Insider explains who we are and what we do, and delivers behind-the-scenes insights into how our journalism comes together.

Climate change can be an unsettling subject for anyone, but it can be downright frightening for children. To explain the topic to young people, The New York Times’s Climate desk published a guide, “Bad Future, Better Future,” which includes ways they can help the environment.

To make the subject a little more accessible, Yuliya Parshina-Kottas, a visual journalist on the Graphics desk, created hand-painted illustrations using a type of watercolor called gouache. In an interview, she discussed the inspiration and intent behind the images. Her lightly edited answers are below.

Earth’s FutureHow the planet is changing, and what you can do about it.

How did this story come together?

I worked on a heavily illustrated piece that showed kids returning to school with masks and all of the ways that the classrooms were going to change. The visual style was different, and Hannah Fairfield, the editor of the Climate desk, reached out, saying she was interested in doing something similar to explain climate change to kids. We started kicking around some ideas, trying to figure out what would work well in this format. We landed on this idea: What would the future look like if we didn’t do anything and we continued on the path we’re taking now? And what would it look like if we made all these changes? We basically ended up with a kids’ book.

#globalwarming #climatechange #carboncompensation #bluesky #climateemergency #climatecrisis #blueskye #blueskyefoundation #compensate #greentechexchange #zerocarbon #climatenews #blueskyelife #elonmusk #billgates #greentech #nasa #nasaclimate #greenfacts


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While recent trends have seen some Confederate monuments taken down and certain buildings renamed, there are still plenty left across the country.

Soon, though, there will be one fewer, as an Atlanta school board voted unanimously to rename a high school after Braves legend Hank Aaron. Aaron passed away in January at the age of 86, and is as big a sporting hero (in every sense) that Atlanta has ever had.

In the wake of his passing, the Atlanta Board of Education voted this week to change the name of the Forrest Hill Academy to instead honor Aaron’s legacy. Said out loud, “Forrest Hill” would seem like a nature honorific, but that extra “r” is carrying a lot of weight, as the school was named after Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former Confederate general.

If your instinct, for whatever reason, is to react to that with “But, hey, states’ rights!”, Forrest was a slave trader before the Civil War; shortly after the war ended, he was elected as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. It’s hard to imagine a school getting a more striking upgrade in terms of who its named after.

From Vanessa McCray at the Atlanta Journal-Constitution:

The Atlanta Board of Education on Monday voted unanimously to change the name of Forrest Hill Academy, an alternative high school located in southwest Atlanta. When students return to the school in August, the new name will be Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy.

Dropping the “Forrest” name and “what it really symbolizes” is a significant move, said board member Michelle Olympiadis.

“It is very important that we understand our history. It’s very important that we understand where we are coming from,” she said during Monday’s meeting.

Added board chair Jason Esteves: “Names do matter.”

The unanimous school board vote was important, as normal policy would require a waiting period to honor someone who recently died barring unanimity. Fortunately that wasn’t an issue here. Considering who the school was named after relative to who it will soon be named after, it’s hard to imagine a bigger upgrade.

About Jay Rigdon

Jay is a writer and editor for The Comeback, and a contributor at Awful Announcing. He is not a strong swimmer.


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Lane Kiffin

Tuesday was quite the day for the Lane Train at Florida Atlantic University.

Lane Kiffin signed a 10-year extension to stay the head football coach at FAU through 2027, and then the Owls destroyed Akron 50-3 in the Boca Raton Bowl (basically a home game for FAU).

And when FAU was up 34-3 in the third quarter, Kiffin chose to go for two!

Kiffin was obviously asked postgame about the decision to go for two in a blowout, and told the media it was prompted by an Akron athletics official talking trash on Monday.

“His bad.”

Welp, that’s certainly Lane being Lane.

He also showed off some impressive receiving skills during the game. Check out this smooth one-handed snag:

About Matt Clapp

Matt is an editor at The Comeback. He attended Colorado State University, wishes he was Saved by the Bell's Zack Morris, and idolizes Larry David. And loves pizza and dogs because obviously.

He can be followed on Twitter at @Matt2Clapp (also @TheBlogfines for Cubs/MLB tweets and @DaBearNecess for Bears/NFL tweets), and can be reached by email at


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How Did Warren Buffett Build His Fortune?

According to the Google search engines for this site, one of the most queried subject topics is something to the effect of “How did Warren Buffett get rich?” That’s an unsurprising curiosity, considering that Warren Buffett is without a doubt the most famous man in American history in the realm of investing. Some people are simply curious about any man who can compound wealth at nearly 20% for the entirety of his life, others are drawn to his personal style of maintaining a witty sense of humor and basic tastes despite amassing one of the largest fortunes in all of recorded human history.

In answering this question, there is one thing I’d like to point out to begin with: the investing bug had been in Buffett’s DNA right from the start, and his life is a story of what happens when you combine advantage upon advantage with advantage upon advantage: … Read the rest of this article!


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The time has come for rating agencies

“Regularly derided for being one of the causes of the crisis, the ratings agencies will now have to contend with new restrictions in Europe”, writes Les Echos, the day after the announcement of an agreement between the European Parliament and the European Council on a new directive to regulate their activity.

The business daily notes, however, that the measures adopted “clearly fall short of the European Commission’s initial proposals.”

“On sovereign debt, the text stipulates that the agencies will only be allowed to change unsolicited ratings for countries three times a year and on dates that have been determined in advance. This is a far cry from previous proposals put forward by Internal Market and Services Commissioner Michel Barnier, who initially considered an outright ban on ratings of countries receiving international aid.”

“Similarly, the European executive wanted to stimulate competition by imposing an obligation for states and countries to change ratings agencies every three years. However, this measure has not been included and the requirement for rotation has only been retained for complex structured finance instruments.”

*Continue reading in

About the Author

The Corner
The Corner has a team of on-the-ground reporters in capital cities ranging from New York to Beijing. Their stories are edited by the teams at the Spanish magazine Consejeros (for members of companies’ boards of directors) and at the stock market news site Consenso Del Mercado (market consensus). They have worked in economics and communication for over 25 years.

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Popsicles Obsession in Singapore

Perfect Popsicles on Singapore’s Sunny Shores!

Image by Jennifer Chait

Popsicles have come screaming back into our lives and now, they’re meant for adults. It’s as though life has come a full circle – I remember being a child and rushing to the local mama shop after school to purchase a 10cents ice pop (which was really frozen, artificially coloured and flavoured water) and sucking on it until my tongue turned purple, pink or blue. Little did I know that more than a decade later, I’d be writing on ice pops and developing ice pop recipes for parties, no less.

Today, ice pops are sweeping the world and increasingly Singapore, with a more grown up, natural and healthier version (with a slightly more complicated, or simpler, recipe. It really depends on how you want to look at it). OK, I am not so sure about the healthier part, as ice pops can be made using delicious double cream and caramel and sinful chocolate – got your attention yet? At least it’s not artificial, thank the freezer.

I came across a book on ice pops in the library a while ago and it made a fairly interesting read – it was written by this artist who started experimenting with freezing juices and slowly expanded her repertoire to include delectable frozen popsicles that reprieved dozens of people on a hot summers’ day in New York. I didn’t quite see the relevance in Singapore – until a few months later when I came across a recipe online for butterscotch pudding. After that, I went back to library to borrow the book and try some of the recipes. Here’s what I’ve found:

  1. Ice pops are no longer just frozen, coloured water. They come in a WIDE range of flavour combinations and the sky is the limit once you start experimenting with them. You will be creating your own ice pop recipes before you know it.
  2. Given the Singaporean heat (which is not unbearable thanks to the Haze, but hey, all in a day’s …), Ice Pops are the perfect way to unwind while catching up on your favourite show at night.
  3. All Ice Pop Recipes call for more sugar than is needed if you’re making the ice pop to be served as a drink, smoothie, frozen dessert or all three! This is pretty simple to understand – frozen foods naturally lack flavour, so a food item that is tooth achingly sweet at room temperature may just be sweet enough t when right out of the deep freeze.
  4. EVERYONE loves them. Try out the recipes (link 3) on Cravings (they are so idiot proof I can’t even tell you) and serve them at your next dinner party, or transport them as a gift for a friend’s house party. You’re sure to pop up (pun completely and unashamedly intended) on the guest list for the next house party.

In my (humble, well not so) opinion, ice pops have not quite made the descent in Singapore like bubble tea did at one point. I suppose ice pops are a part of a very hipster culture. But we do have other tantalizing alternatives, such as ice shaved in a bowl with a world of flavours, or the classic ice kachang. There’s a place on Prinsep Street (Burlington Square) that serves up frozen (yogurt –based) ice popsicles alongside fro-yos though, known as Yogart (link 1). And they come in a myriad of flavours too. I love the ones with the fruits – fruits and yogurts frozen and devoured, there’s no better way to battle the sun in my opinion.

So given the lack of ice pops in Singapore, I decided to come up with my own recipes. These reflect the need the quick ice pop fixes as well, so you can forget about having to move things from the stove to the counter to cool then to the freezer to solidify. We’re so over that!

Have you seen ice pops in and around Singapore? Let me know, I’d love to share your suggestions here!

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The Big Kahoona Private Office

Perfectly suited to a team of 4-6 people

Perfectly suited to a small team of 4- 6 people, this is one of our larger private offices situated at the back of the premises, with a gallery window overlooking the fairy light walkway.

Fully airconditioned for year round comfort, your office has an industrial feel ready for you to move your furniture in, or hire what you need from us. All of our offices come with
Either a 6 or 12month lease with option to extend
( 1 month bond is required )
No outgoings
24/7 access
NBN wifi
All day street parking
fully air conditioned
additional access to private meeting room
use of all break-out areas
awesome communal dining room
free tea and coffee
access to the training room each quarter
onsite shower
option to keep furniture or furnish yourself

With your business at The Creative Fringe, you will find a sense of community and collaboration.  There is a welcoming atmosphere here that cultivates creative thinking and inclusiveness with like minded people. This is the perfect space to step outside the home office and grow your business.

If you would like a tour, call our Community Manager Barb today on 1300 722 896 or click the enquire now and we’ll send you all the details.


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Welcome to my blog!

explore my past adventures

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Hello and welcome to the Summer Outdoor Spaces Blog Hop hosted by AnnMarie & Anne from Simply2Moms! If you’re visiting from Kelly at The Tattered Pew or if you just happened to stop by, I’m so glad you’re here.  Hey friends, thank you for joining me on this summer outdoor blog hop. I am so […]

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deep ad thoughts blog

Academic Letters for PR: How They Can Help Trade Associations Create a Dialogue Around an Issue or Topic

In today’s ever changing media landscape and consumer perceptions, trade associations are continuously having to pivot and advance their marketing strategies to not only be recognized as a reputable and trusted source, but to distribute messaging creatively and effectively to their audiences. For public relations, these strategies might include traditional press releases and pitching, engaging and endorsing message experts, responding to reporter queries on applicable topics, or an academic letter. An academic letter, also known as an open letter, is a letter intended to be read by a wide audience and widely distributed intentionally to the public through print and digital media.

While trade associations work diligently to be subject matter experts to provide research-driven messaging, educational resources, and leadership networking opportunities, the work to be considered a reputable source is often challenging amongst the media and its readers. When industry funds research and summarizes key results and messages, their position can sometimes be considered bias. To overcome this bias, associations partner with a team of industry experts to reinforce the research, support its results, and become messaging spokespeople.

Thinking beyond the team of experts you’ve engaged, there are instances when you need employ strength in numbers when building awareness around a particular issue or topic. One approach to achieve greater awareness is to engage the academic community to further support your messaging through an academic letter.

There are a number of reasons why an association would choose an academic letter, including a means to state the association’s position on a particular issue or topic or as an effort to start or end a wider dialogue around an issue or topic.

An academic letter should meet two objectives:

  1. To grab the attention of the academic community of whom you are wanting to mobilize to gain support and their signature
  2. Has the power and influence to yield results of public perception

The process of preparing and finalizing an academic letter, researching and screening members of the academic community, outreach to gain support signatures, and public distribution may seem overwhelming. If you would like help in strategizing and deploying an academic letter, feel free to contact us.

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Picture of the Day: Have Yourself an Inclusive, Socially Aware Little Wintertime Holiday

Don't be dreaming of a white privilege Christmas this year.
Screen Shot 2014-12-23 at 10.16.48 AM

Don't be dreaming of a white privilege Christmas this year. Get your genderless, vegan gingerbread thing today.

Screen Shot 2014-12-23 at 10.13.04 AM

Actually, this is from a couple of months ago. I decided to post it now for three reasons: 1) Mike Luciano and I were exchanging e-mails making fun of social justice warrior types and I happened to stumble across it, 2) my version of a Christmas miracle would involve 90% of Tumblr suddenly vanishing into thin air (which is probably "sizeist"), and 3) I'm technically on vacation and it was an easy post.

From The Daily Mail, tongue firmly in cheek:

Many were thrilled to see their concerns about the sexist term ‘gingerbread men’ had finally been addressed.
However, many took to Social Media – outraged that their own minority group had been discriminated against by the choice of wording.

‘So offensive to gingers’, wrote one person.

‘They should be called strawberry blondes,’ argued a Twitter user.

‘So offensive to amputees,’ added another.

‘Why they gotta be so white?’

Others were concerned by the nutritional content of the organic, vegan biscuits.

‘And it’s not even gluten-free!’ exclaimed a troubled individual.

‘Are they fair trade?’


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Helping professional women find true love

Dr. Annie Easter, The Dating MD

Dr. Annie is a family medicine physician and relationship guru. She is a sought-after expert in the field of helping career-driven women find forever love.

Dr. Annie knows what it takes for a professional woman to find her soulmate. She learned the hard way. After nine years of effort and approximately 900 first-dates - she found love, married her dream guy, and started a family. She did all of this while managing her busy life as a medical student, resident and family doc.

With Dr. Annie's practical, no-nonsense advice, you can balance your dating and professional lives and find a compatible, long-term partner!


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"Return of the Peregrine"-Marble Sculpture by Nancy Diefenbach.

Our Collection of Water Fountains for this season have arrived. LIMITED STOCK AVAILABLE!

Ceramic, Cast Stone & Cast Iron planters now available.

Sculpture Gardens are now open for the Season!

Winter White Glass Ornament Candle

Our ornament-inspired candle makes the perfect stocking stuffer and can be turned into an actual ornament once burned through for holidays to come. The mercury glass top comes off to reveal the candle. Great piece to decorate with!

Fragrance Description: Aromatic evergreen and frosted cypress are dusted with white peppercorn, spicy-cool cardamom and a sparkling citrus nuance.
  • Fill Weight: 6oz
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  • 32 hours of burn time

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Based in the mountains of Vermont, we're an unexpected find. Only a short drive from Okemo Mtn, Stratton Mtn and Woodstock, VT. Come be inspired! Click the link to learn more.

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Home Business Little City Books Opening in Hoboken

Little City Books Opening in Hoboken

by Sebastian Krawiec
Little City Books

Little City Books will be Hoboken’s first independent bookstore since the closure of BlackWater Books in 1999. When Barnes and Noble closed its doors in 2010, Hoboken’s non-profit second hand bookstore Symposia Books has managed to stick around, giving the community its much needed literary fix, but now Little City Books is coming in to fill in the rest of that void. Little City Books will be opening on May 2—Independent Bookstore Day—on the corner of 1st and Bloomfield, offering an eclectic inventory of new books which will grow and evolve with the demands of the community. I spoke with Kate Jacobs, one of the bookstore’s three owners, to learn more about Little City Books and the people making it happen.

Little City Books

(Owners left to right) Emmanuelle Morgen, Donna Garban, and Kate Jacobs

What motivated you all to open a bookstore?

KJ: It’s a great time for indie bookstores. Borders closing and Barnes and Noble shrinking has left space for indies to come back. The Shop Local movement is also helping. Print sales are up, while e-book sales are flat. And we love small, independent bookstores. We remember hanging out in them when we were little, discovering new books and making those prized purchases. Hoboken had Blackwater Books in the 90s and it was great — a wonderful place to browse, chat, read, and shop. We think it’s time to have a place like that again in our community.

What do each of you bring to the table as business owners?

KJ: Donna [Garban] has a banking background, so she’s doing numbers and inventory management and insurance etc. Emmanuelle [Morgen] is a literary agent who brings a wealth of knowledge and contacts from the publishing industry. And I’m a musician who’s been engaged with cultural activities in town for many years. We are all devoted Hoboken residents.

How do you want Little City Books to stand out among other bookstores and the alternative to bookstores (ie. Internet marketplaces)?

KJ: Hoboken is such a walking town — we’re not competing with anything else you can walk to. We want to be Hoboken’s local, general interest bookstore for new books.  We’ll serve and reflect our unique population. Obviously we can’t compete with Amazon’s pricing. We have to charge cover price for our books to be able to pay our rent and pay our staff, and our taxes, etc. For that cover price customers will be putting money back into the local economy and supporting free events like storytime, book clubs, and author readings. Next year we plan to open an uptown branch and install a kiosk at the train station, and have a cart in the parks, fairs and markets.

Your Publisher’s Weekly article mentioned an Indiegogo campaign. Will there still be some sort of crowd-funding?

KJ: We launched our Indiegogo campaign yesterday! We’re confident that we’ll have the local support to raise enough money to finish building out the store. A bookstore is more than a place to shop. It’s a place to meet people as well as learn and contribute and attend cultural events and community gatherings. It’s something to build, and be a part of. We have some remarkable incentives for donating to the fundraiser, including a number of exclusive editor and agent manuscript critiques for writers. The publishing community has been tremendously generous!

Little City Books is planned to open on May 2. Is there anything special planned for the grand opening?

KJ: We think just opening is pretty special! We’ve invited the Mayor to come cut the ribbon, and we’ll have snacks and special opening day discounts.

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ASEAN Beat | Security | East Asia | Southeast Asia

New Military Vehicles Put China-Thailand Defense Relations Into Focus

The delivery reinforced the fact that aspects of security ties continue to be advanced by both sides in spite of challenges.

New Military Vehicles Put China-Thailand Defense Relations Into Focus
Credit: Flickr/Prachatai

This week, Thailand, a U.S. treaty ally, received more battle tanks and armored personnel carriers from China. While this was part of an existing agreement, it nonetheless put the focus on ongoing efforts by the two countries to advance the defense aspect of their wider bilateral relationship despite the issues they continue to face in doing so.

As I have noted before in these pages, while China-Thailand military cooperation is not new, it noticeably deepened following the coup in Thailand in May 2014, which bought a military junta to power and caused an initial downturn in U.S.-Thai relations that has since improved. While much of the focus has been on individual deals such as Thailand’s purchase of Chinese submarines, there have been other developments in defense ties that deserve mention as well that have either taken place or are in the works, be it new joint air force exercises or discussions about a joint military production facility.

That has continued on into 2019 as well. Even as U.S.-Thailand defense relations have been on the uptick and concerns have been raised about engaging with Beijing on the security side in the wider region on some fronts, Thailand has still continued to advance aspects of its defense ties with China as part of their wider comprehensive strategic partnership. Indeed, just last month, when Thai Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha met with Chinese Defense Minister Wei Fenghe in Bangkok, he had expressed hope both sides would strengthen military cooperation in areas such as equipment and technology, exercises, and joint training, particularly with both sides commemorating the 45th anniversary of the establishment of their diplomatic ties next year.

This week, the defense aspect of the Sino-Thailand relationship was in the spotlight again with the delivery of more military equipment per previous agreement reached by the two sides. Thailand’s state broadcaster PBS reported that Thailand had taken delivery of a shipment that included 38 VNI 8 X 8 infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and 11 VT4 main battle tanks (MBTs).

Media outlet BenarNews added that while there was no confirmation of the arrival of the military acquisitions at the time of reporting, an anonymous Thai high-ranking military officer said on Thursday that the tanks and armored cars had arrived at a port in Chonburi province and then had been brought to the Adisorn Cavalry Center in Saraburi province for inspection.

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The arrival of the military equipment itself was expected, given that it represents a delivery on a previous order. Nonetheless, the development reinforced the fact that despite lingering challenges and uncertainties, certain avenues in China-Thailand defense collaboration continue to be advanced. How both sides look to continue to operationalize areas of cooperation they have talked about previously will be an aspect in Sino-Thailand defense relations to watch into next year.


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101+ Catchy Valentine Day Email subject lines to Boost Sales

Many people spent on Valentine’s Day. If you are looking forward to plan a marketing campaign and communicate it to your customers, then email marketing is the perfect one. In order to make your email campaigns successful, add email subject line to your emails.

We have discussed many Email subject line ideas that you can take the reference from. Email subject line increasing the clicks, open and response rates of your marketing campaigns. Hence, go forward and write short and simple email subject lines.

Here are Best Valentine Day Email Subject Lines

  • Don’t mess- Last day to deliver Valentine’s day gifts
  • You forgot that it was Valentine Day. Now what?
  • Valentine’s Day gift ideas for your Valentine.
  • Last chance for free delivery by Valentine’s Day
  • One for you, one for your Valentine.
  • Will you be our Valentine?
  • Up to 65 percent off on Valentine’s gifts.
  • Save on our newest Valentine’s Day sale!
  • Only 3 hours left- Make this Valentine’s Day memorable.

Guaranteed delivery for Valentine’s Day.

Final day to order for Valentine’s day

An early treat for V-day. Up to 50 percent off.

It never too late to get Valentine’s Day gift.

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A charming Valentine’s Day. Two days left for ordering.

30 percent off last minute Valentine’s gifts.

There is still no time to find perfect Valentine.

Get 30 percent off for Valentine’s Day.

Sweetheart deal for you.

Valentine’s day is Sunday

Happy Valentine’s Day. Save 40 percent

24 Hours only. Save up to 20 percent off on all orders.

Ends tonight. Free delivery for Valentine’s Day.

Your Valentine gift inside.

Forget Valentine’s Day? We have got you covered.

You are still on time. Grab Valentine’s Day free gift.

A Valentine’s treat. 30 percent off

Valentine’s Day sale. 20 percent off on bags, gifts and wraps.

15 percent of all necklaces. Grab your super sale on this Valentine’s Day.

It’s not too late. Gift inspiration for Valentine’s Day.

Take 20 percent off on the Valentine’s Day.

What to wear for Valentine’s Day. Valentine sale 50 percent off on everything.

Hurry! Last weekend for Valentine Day sale.

25 percent off on the Valentine day shopping.

Love is all. Happy Valentine’s Day.

Don’t forget. 25 percent off on Valentine’s sale.

Shop our new arrivals on Valentine’s Day.

Hey Valentine sale. Here is up to 50 percent off.

Today is Valentine’s Day.

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Happy Valentine’s Day + last day for extra 10 percent off sale.

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Will you be our Valentine?

Personalize your valentine day gift

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Are you looking for perfect Valentine’s Day gift for him?

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6 hours left to send Valentine’s cards to your loved ones.

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Why we love our customers on Valentine’s day.

Valentine Day Email Subject Lines


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Home Organizing

Welcome To The Beginning Of A New Lifestyle!

I will be your coach as you learn the Skills of How to Organize.  Together, with the assistance of an extended team of specialists, we will change the way you think about organizing and develop strategies to compliment your lifestyle.  This framework will be your foundation, applied directly to all areas of your home, business and personal growth.

I Know That You Can Succeed.  By Visiting With Us, You Have Taken The First Big Step.  Congratulations!

What Do You Want To Achieve To Feel Relaxed, Relieved & Rejuvenated?
  • Better Time Management to Get More Accomplished in Less Time?
  • Controlled Spaces to Find What You Want, When You Need It … De-Clutter?
  • Save Money When Bills, Shopping and Clothing are In Order?
  • Reduce Stress and Feel Calm in an Environment Of Order?

Why Work With Amy?
  • Professional, Respectful, Compassionate and Fun.
  • Ability to See The Entire Picture and Set Attainable Goals, Strategies & Steps.
  • An Exceptional Listener with What Is Said & Not Said.
  • Ability to Create Functional & Flexible Systems to Meet Needs and Lifestyle.
  • An Energetic Teacher and Very Patient Coach…New Skills Are Learned Quickly & Easily.


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#ComicBytes: History of all the Lantern Corps in DC | NewsBytes

#ComicBytes: History of all the Lantern Corps in DC

# ComicBytes : history of all the Lantern Corps in DC

Written by

Rashi Bhattacharyya

Nov 11, 2020, 12:39 am

4 min read

#ComicBytes: History of all the Lantern Corps in DC
With the click of the universe, seven different entities emerged, each representing different emotions. The celebrated Green Lantern Corps came into being because of the entity Ion, representing self-control. But, they are not the only ones. Since we have previously discussed the history of the Green Lantern Corps, today we will focus on the other Lantern Corps, who have unlike oaths and motives .

Sinestro Corps
Sinestro Corps or Yellow Lanterns represent the emotion of fear
Created by former Green Lantern Thaal Sinestro, Sinestro Corps or Yellow Lanterns are the arch-rivals of Green Lantern Corps. Their baron rings are fueled by fear, their dwelling planet is Qward, and their spokesperson entity is Parallax. oath : “ In blackest day, in brightest nox, Beware your fears made into easy. Let those who try to stop what ‘s right, Burn like my power … Sinestro ‘s might ! ”

star Sapphires
The Star Sapphire Corps represent love, and the color purple
The Star Sapphires are presently the allies of green Lantern. Their color is purple, their ability rings are charged with love, their home is the planet Zamaron, and their representative entity is the Predator. oath : “ For hearts long lost and full of frighten, For those alone in blackest night. Accept our closed chain and join our fight, Love conquers all — with violet easy ! ”

red Lanterns
The Red Lanterns channel rage to fight the Green Lanterns
The Red Lanterns were created by Atrocitus, and are the swear enemies of the Green Lanterns. Their power rings channel fury, their home satellite is Ysmault, and their congressman entity is the Butcher Red Lantern Corps Oath : “ With lineage and fad of crimson red, Ripped from a cadaver so impertinently dead, together with our beastly hate, We ‘ll burn you all, that is your fortune ! ”

orange Lanterns
Orange Lantern Corps channel avarice or avarice
Another known enemies of the Green Lanterns are the Orange Lanterns. Led by their leader Larfleeze ( besides known as Agent Orange ), their baron rings channel the emotion ‘avarice ‘ ( greed ). besides, their root is on the satellite Okaara, and their representative entity is snake. curse : “ What ‘s mine is mine and mine and mine. And mine and mine and mine — not yours ! ”

Blue Lanterns
Blue Lanterns are the actual beacon of hope
The Blue Lanterns are allies of Green Lanterns. Their world power rings are charged by hope, their family is the planet Odym, and their representative entity is Adara. Blue Lantern Corps Oath : “ In fearful day, in raging night, with strong hearts wide, our soul ignite. When all seems lost in the War of Light, search to the stars — for hope burns bright ! ”

Indigo Tribe
The Indigo Tribe channels the emotion of compassion
The Indigos are a tribe of wanderers, and allies of the Green Lantern Corps. Their power rings transmit compassion, their home is on the satellite Nok, and their representative entity is Proselyte. Oath ( Indigo Tribe language is untranslatable by early beings ) : “ Tor lorek san, bor nakka mur, Natromo faan tornek wot ur. Ter Lantern ker lo Abin Sur, Taan lek lek nok — Formorrow Sur ! ”

Black Lanterns
The Black Lanterns are the sinister representation of death
The Black Lanterns are the enemies of Green Lanterns, and are led by Black Hand. They are fueled by end, their example entity is Nekron, and their home planet is Ryut in Sector 666. curse : “ The Blackest Night falls from the skies, The darkness grows as all light dies. We crave your hearts and your death, By my black hand, the dead shall rise ! ”

White Lanterns
White Lanterns can bring life sentence to the population
When Hal Jordan merged with the entity of Life during the Blackest Night and became the White Lantern, he resurrected several superheroes to defeat Black Hand. These Corps were disbanded afterwards. oath : “ In brightest day, in brightest night let my ring shine the brightest light. When evil comes, I will join the fight. The power of the white lanterns is the strongest might ! ”

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Sam Ford, our specialist gallbladder surgeon, appeared on BBC Two Series 'Surgeons: At the Edge of Life' in 2018

Last Chance Saloon

Surgeons: At the Edge of LifeSeries 1 Episode 2 of 3

The second episode follows some of the country's most daring and skilled surgeons as they perform fiendishly complicated life-saving surgery. Going beyond the theatre doors at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, this episode features two procedures so formidable that they would not have been attempted even a few years ago. Surgical teams at the Queen Elizabeth are constantly pushing the limits of what is possible. But despite state-of-the-art diagnostic scanning, sometimes cancer surgeons don't know exactly what they are up against until they open the patient up on the operating table. Even with the most meticulous planning, sometimes they must resort to taking critical decisions live in the theatre.

74-year-old Jasmine Harkness has been referred to the specialist sarcoma unit with a vast tumour in her abdomen, weighing more than three stone - a third of her total body weight. It is consuming her, displacing organs including her stomach and liver. Unless it can be removed, she has just four weeks to live. Sarcoma specialists Sam Ford and Professor David Gourevitch can't be sure whether they will be able to save Jasmine until they open her up and inspect her anatomy. Such is the risk of this surgery - five years ago they would not have embarked on this intervention.

Sue Sinclair, lead anaesthetist and matriarch of theatre, keeps the others in check - working alongside them as they battle to detach the tumour from Jasmine's organs and blood vessels, and remove it intact. Whenever it presses heavily on vital blood vessels, Jasmine's blood pressure plummets, placing her life in grave danger. It will take unwavering focus to keep her alive. The tumour has grown so invasively that it has crushed and displaced Jasmine's internal organs. Sam and David have a puzzle on their hands to identify what and where everything is. At times, dark humour is the only way to release the tension as they grapple with blood, guts and mind-boggling complexity.

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