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Four new East Asian species of Aleurodiscus with echinulate basidiospores
expand article infoSheng-Hua Wu, Chia-Ling Wei, Yu-Ting Lin, Chiung-Chih Chang, Shuang-Hui He§
‡ National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
§ Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Open Access

Four new species of Aleurodiscus sensu lato with echinulate basidiospores are described from East Asia: A. alpinus, A. pinicola, A. senticosus, and A. sichuanensis. Aleurodiscus alpinus is from northwest Yunnan of China where it occurs on Rhododendron in montane habitats. Aleurodiscus pinicola occurs on Pinus in montane settings in Taiwan and northwest Yunnan. Aleurodiscus senticosus is from subtropical Taiwan, where it occurs on angiosperms. Aleurodiscus sichuanensis is reported from southwest China on angiosperms in montane environments. Phylogenetic relationships of these four new species were inferred from analyses of a combined dataset consisting of three genetic markers, viz. 28S, nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), and a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, TEF1.

China, corticioid fungi, Taiwan, taxonomy, wood-decaying fungi

The genus Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex J. Schröt. belongs to the Stereaceae Pilát of the Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David. However, whether to keep Aleurodiscus in a broad or a narrow sense has long been a puzzling issue in the taxonomy of Basidiomycota (Boidin et al 1985; Núñez and Ryvarden 1997; Wu et al. 2001; Larsson and Larsson 2003; Miller et al. 2006; Larsson 2007; Wu et al. 2010), because diagnostic characters are highly variable among species. Aleurodiscus s.l. is characterized by cupulate, effused or effused-reflexed basidiocarps, a monomitic or dimitic hyphal system with simple-septate or clamped generative hyphae, smooth or ornamented amyloid basidiospores, and sterile organs such as acanthophyses, gloeocystidia, hyphidia, and dendrohyphidia (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997). The characteristics used for separating segregate genera within Aleurodiscus s.l. (Acanthobasidium Oberw., Acanthofungus Sheng H. Wu et al, Acanthophysellum Parmasto, Aleurobotrys Boidin, Aleurodiscus s.s., Aleurocystidiellum P.A. Lemke, Gloeosoma Bres., and Neoaleurodiscus Sheng H. Wu) as well as Stereum Hill ex Pers. and Xylobolus P. Karst. were provided by Wu et al. (2001, table 1) and Wu et al. (2010, table 1). Currently, 169 names are recorded under Aleurodiscus, of which about 85 taxa are generally accepted worldwide ( Since the year 2000, new species of Aleurodiscus s.l. have been proposed by Simpson and Grgurinovic (2003), Hjortstam et al. (2009), Ryvarden et al. (2012), Gorjón et al. (2013), Maninder et al. (2014), Dai and He (2016), Dai et al. (2017a, b), Ghobad-Nejhad and Langer (2018), and Tian et al. (2018). Since the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa in Aleurodiscus s.l., as well as in the Stereaceae at large, are not resolved, we adopt a broad and inclusive generic concept of Aleurodiscus for the new taxa presented in this study.

During a two-decade long, ongoing survey of corticioid fungi from mainland China and Taiwan, we have found four new species of Aleurodiscus with echinulate basidiospores based on morphological characters. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of a nuclear rDNA 28S D1–D2 domains (28S) dataset and analyses of a second dataset consisting of three genetic markers – nuc rDNA 28S D1–D2 domains (28S), nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) – are performed to complement our morphological observations and place the newly described species in a molecular phylogenetic framework.

Materials and methods

Morphological and cultural studies

Macroscopic and microscopic studies were based on dried specimens. Color names from Rayner (1970) are capitalized. Thin free-hand sections of basidiocarps were prepared for microscopic study. For observations and measurements of microscopic characters, sections were mounted in 5% KOH to ensure rehydration. A blue-black color change with Melzer’s reagent (IKI) indicates an amyloid reaction. Cotton blue (CB) was used as mounting medium to determine cyanophily. Sulphoaldehyde (SA) was used to detect a sulphuric reaction of gloeocystidia; a bluish black color change with SA indicates a positive reaction. The following abbreviations are used for basidiospore measurements: L = mean spore length with standard deviation, W = mean spore width with standard deviation, Q = variation in L/W ratio, and n = number of spores measured from each specimen. Apiculi and ornamentation were excluded in spore measurements. Living mycelia were isolated from the woody substratum beneath the basidiocarps, and were cultured on 1.5% malt extract agar (MEA). Fungal specimens and living cultures used in this study are deposited in the herbaria of the National Museum of Natural Science of ROC (TNM; Taichung City, Taiwan) and Beijing Forestry University (BJFC; Beijing, China).

DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing

Dried specimens or the mycelial colonies cultured on MEA were used for DNA extraction, carried out with a Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System (Viogene-Biotek Corp., New Taipei City, Taiwan). Liquid N and Tissue Lyser II (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were used to disrupt and homogenize the fungal tissues before DNA extraction process. The primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 or ITS1F/LR22 were used for the ITS region (White et al. 1990, Gardes and Bruns 1993), and LR0R/LR3 and LR0R/LR5 were used for the 28S region (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). Efdf/1953R and 983F/2218R were used to amplify a portion of the TEF1 gene (Rehner & Buckley 2005; Matheny et al. 2007). PCR products were purified and directly sequenced by MB Mission Biotech Company (Taipei City, Taiwan). We examined the technical quality of the newly obtained sequences by comparison to entries in GenBank. Sequences were assembled using BioEdit v7.2.5 (Hall 1999). Newly obtained sequences (Supplementary Table 1) were submitted to either GenBank through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) (Mashima et al. 2016, Benson et al. 2018).

Alignment and phylogenetic analyses

The newly generated sequences were added to the DNA sequence dataset employed by Dai and He (2016), so far the most inclusive alignments for analyzing Aleurodiscus s.l. based on three genetic markers. To achieve a comprehensive analysis, we also added some related taxa of the genera Boidinia Stalpers & Hjortstam, Conferticium Hallenb., Gloeocystidiellum Donk and Megalocystidium Jülich to the ingroup. We tried to include the type species of the genera as far as possible (Table 1). The phylogenetic tree of the 28S+ITS+ TEF1 dataset was inferred through Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods using RAxML v. 8.2.4 (Stamatakis 2014) and MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012), respectively (Ronquist et al. 2012, Stamatakis 2014). The alignments were inferred in MAFFT v. 7 using the FFT-N-i strategy for 28S and TEF1, and Q-INS-i strategy for ITS. For the BI analysis, the best-fit model for each alignment partition was estimated by jModelTest 2 (Darriba et al. 2012) using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). For ML bootstrapping, the extended majority-rule consensus tree criterion was specified under a GTRGAMMA model with 1000 replicates. In the BI analysis, four MCMC chains were run simultaneously from a random starting tree for ten million generations. Trees were sampled every 1000 generations resulting in 10000 trees in the posterior distribution; the first 25% trees were discarded as the burn-in. Posterior probabilities (PP) were calculated based on the post-burn-in trees. ML bootstrap values (BS) and BI posterior probability (PP) values ≥ 50% and ≥ 0.7 are indicated at the nodes of the ML tree. The final sequence alignments and the phylogenetic trees are available at TreeBASE (S23581;

List of species, specimens and sequences used in this study. Sequences generated in this study are shown in boldface.

Fungal species Specimen or strain no. DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession no.
Acanthobasidium bambusicola He2357 KU559343 KU574833
Acanthofungus rimosus# Wu9601-1 MF043521 AY039333
Acanthophysellum cerussatum He20120920-3 KU559339 KU574830 KU992716
Aleurobotrys botryosus# He2712 KX306877 KY450788
Aleurocystidiellum disciforme He3159 KU559340 KU574831 KU992721
Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum# He2886 KU559341 KU574847 KU992720
Aleurodiscus alpinus Wu1407-59 MF043522 MF043527
Aleurodiscus alpinus Wu1407-55* MF043526 LC269190
Aleurodiscus alpinus Wu1407-61 MF043523 MF043528
Aleurodiscus amorphus# Ghobad-Nejhad-2464 KU559342 KU574832 KU992717
Aleurodiscus amorphus# KHL4240 AF506397 AF506397
Aleurodiscus bambusinus He 4261 KY706207 KY706219 LC430911
Aleurodiscus canadensis Wu 1207-90 KY706203 KY706225
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideocerussatus EL25-97 AF506401 AF506401
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideophyses He 4105 MH109050 KY450784
Aleurodiscus effusus He2261 KU559344 KU574834 KU992719
Aleurodiscus gigasporus Wu 0108-15 KY706205 KY706213
Aleurodiscus grantii HHB-14417 KU559363 KU574821 KU992708
Aleurodiscus grantii HHB-14418 KU559364 KU574822
Aleurodiscus isabellinus He 5283 MH109052 MH109046 LC430912
Aleurodiscus mesaverdense FP-120155 KU559359 KU574817
Aleurodiscus mirabilis Dai13281 KU559350 KU574839 KU992711
Aleurodiscus oakesii He2243 KU559352 KU574840
Aleurodiscus oakesii HHB11890-A-sp KU559365 KU574823
Aleurodiscus pinicola Wu1106-16 MF043524 MF043529
Aleurodiscus pinicola Wu1308-54* MF043525 MF043530 LC269191
Aleurodiscus senticosus Wu1209-7* MH596849 MF043531 LC271169
Aleurodiscus senticosus Wu1209-9 MH596850 MF043533 LC269192
Aleurodiscus senticosus Wu9610-1 MH596851 MF043532 LC269193
Aleurodiscus sichuanensis Wu0010-18* MH596852 MF043534 LC269194
Aleurodiscus sichuanensis He 4935 LC430904 LC430907
Aleurodiscus subroseus He 4807 MH109054 MH109048
Aleurodiscus subroseus He 4895 LC430903 LC430910 LC430913
Aleurodiscus tenuissimus He3575 KX306880 KX842529
Aleurodiscus thailandicus He 4099 KY450781 KY450782
Aleurodiscus tropicus He3830 KX553875 KX578720 LC269195
Aleurodiscus verrucosporus He 4491 KY450786 KY450790
Aleurodiscus wakefieldiae He2580 KU559353 KU574841 KU992710
Boidinia macrospora Wu9202-21 AF506377 AF506377
Conferticium heimii CBS321.66 AF506381 AF506381
Conferticium ravum NH13291 AF506382 AF506382
Gloeocystidiellum aspellum LIN625 AF506432 AF506432
Gloeocystidiellum porosum # Wu 1608-176 LC430905 LC430908
Gloeocystidiopsis cryptacanthus KHL10334 AF506442 AF506442
Gloeocystidiopsis flammea# CBS324.66 AF506437 AF506437
Heterobasidion parviporum 91605 KJ651503 KJ651561 KU985089
Megalocystidium chelidonium LodgeSJ110.1 AF506441 AF506441
Megalocystidium leucoxanthum# HK9808 AF506420 AF506420
Megalocystidium wakullum Oslo-930107 AF506443 AF506443
Neoaleurodiscus fujii# He2921 KU559357 KU574845 KU992709
Stereum complicatum He2234 KU559368 KU574828 KU992706
Stereum hirsutum# Wu 1109-127 LC430906 LC430909
Stereum ostrea SHe2067 KU559366 KU574826 KU992703
Stereum sanguinolentum He2111 KU559367 KU574827 KU992705
Xylobolus frustulatus He2231 KU881905 KU574825 KU992704

Phylogeny results

The three-marker dataset was composed of 55 taxa and 2502 sites including gaps (of which 29% were parsimony-informative): 953 characters for 28S, 949 characters for ITS and 600 characters for TEF1. Missing sequences were treated as missing data (Table 1). After the ML search, 1000 rapid bootstrap inferences were executed. For the BI analysis, the GTR+I+G model was chosen as the best model for the 28S and TEF1 alignments, and GTR+G was chosen for the ITS alignment. After 2.79 million generations, average standard deviation of split frequencies fell to 0.0099. Only the ML tree is shown given that the ML and BI analyses yielded similar topologies. The ML tree of the combined 28S, ITS and TEF1 dataset (Fig. 1) showed that strains of Aleurodiscus alpinus, A. pinicola, A. sichuanensis, and A. senticosus formed separate clades in distinct lineages with high statistical support (BS = 96–100%, PP = 1). The strain of A. sichuanensis was sister to A. alpinus with significant support, BS: 90% and PP: 1.

Figure 1.

ML tree of Aleurodiscus and related genera of Stereaceae inferred from the 28S-ITS-TEF1 markers. ML bootstrap values ≥ 50% and PP ≥ 0.7 from the Bayesian analysis are indicated at internodes. The presented new species are shown in boldface type.

Aleurodiscus alpinus Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 823178
Figs 2A, 3

CHINA. YUNNAN PROVINCE: Shangrila County, Pudacuo National Park, Bita Lake, 27°43'N, 99°58'E, 3640 m, on branch of Rhododendron sp., 10 Jul 2014, S.H. Wu, Wu 1407-55 (holotype TNM F27976). GenBank 28S = MF043526, TEF1 = LC269190.

alpinus (L.), referring to the occurrence at high elevations.

Resembles Aleurodiscus cupulatus Núñez & Ryvarden in having discoid basidiomes, clamped hyphae, similar gloeocystidia, absence of acanthophyses, branched or unbranched hyphidia, and echinulate basidiospores. Aleurodiscus cupulatus features much wider basidiospores than A. alpinus. It differs from its closest phylogenetic relative, A. sichuanensis, by having clamped hyphae, but lacks acanthophyses.

Basidiomes cupuloid or discoid, solitary, occasionally fused, adnate, 350–750 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface Buff, Pale Luteous or Luteous, subceraceous, covered with crystal masses, not cracked; margin concolorous or paler, incurved, filamentous.

Hyphal system monomitic; hyphae nodose-septate. Pileus hyphae subcolorless to brownish, straight, thick-walled, walls usually thinner towards apices, usually with excreted material near apices. Subiculum uniform, with dense to compact texture, 150–500 μm thick; hyphae near substrate more or less vertical, moderately ramified, colorless, 3.5–8 μm diam, with 0.7–1.5 μm thick walls, occasionally guttulate; hyphae near hymenial layer more or less vertical, moderately ramified, colorless, fairly straight, 2.5–5 μm diam, thin- or slightly thick-walled, anastomoses occasional. Hymenial layer thickening, subhymenium differentiated from subiculum, 200–250 μm thick, with dense texture; hyphae fairly vertical, colorless, guttulate, 2–4 μm diam, thin-walled. Crystals sparsely scattered throughout section. Gloeocystidia numerous, immersed or slightly projecting, tubular, sometimes with adventitious septa near basal parts, colorless, (50–)70–200 × 4.5–12.5 μm, thin-walled, guttulate, SA+. Hyphidia numerous, sometimes branched, 40–130 × 2–6.5 μm. Basidia narrowly clavate, occasionally with one or two small protuberances, 85–165 × 16–20 μm, slightly thick-walled (ca. 0.5 μm thick), 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, adaxially concave, finely aculeate, thin-walled, homogenous or guttulate, amyloid, CB–, mostly 22–26 × 11–14 μm. (22–)22.2–26(–27.8) × (11–)11.8–13.5(–14.8) μm, L = 24.2±1.7 μm, W = 12.6±2.2 μm, Q = 1.95 (n = 30) (holotype, Wu 1407-55); (22–)23–24.5(–26) × (10.2–)10.8–13(–14) μm, L = 23.8±1.0 μm, W = 11.8±1.0 μm, Q = 2.02 (n = 30) (Wu 1407-59).

Figure 2.

Basidiocarps A Aleurodiscus alpinus (holotype, Wu 1407-55) B A. pinicola (holotype, Wu 1308-54) C A. senticosus (holotype, Wu 1308-54) D A. sichuanensis (holotype, Wu 0010-18).

Ecology and distribution

On dead branches of Rhododendron and other angiosperms at very high elevations, China, Jul.

Additional specimens examined

CHINA. YUNNAN PROVINCE: Shangrila County, Pudacuo National Park, Bita Lake, 27°43'N, 99°58'E, 3640 m, on branch of Rhododendron sp., 10 Jul 2014, S.H. Wu, Wu 1407-59 (TNM F27979), Wu 1407-61 (TNM F27981); Pudacuo National Park, 3600 m, on dead branch of Rhododendron sp., 28 Jul 2017, S.H. He, He 4924 (BJFC), He 4942 (BJFC); Jianchuan County, Laochunshan, 26°38'N, 99°47'E, 3400 m, on angiosperm branch, 26 Jul 2001, S.H. Wu & S.Z. Chen, Wu 0107-22 (TNM F13507), Wu 0107-25 (TNM F13510).

Figure 3.

Microscopic structures of Aleurodiscus alpinus (holotype, Wu 1407-55) A profile of basidiocarp section B subhymenial and hymenial section C basidiospores (far right: in IKI) D subicular hyphae near substrate E pileus hyphae F subhymenial hyphae G hyphidia H branched hyphidia I gloeocystidia J basidia. Bars: 300 μm (A); 10 μm (B–J).

Aleurodiscus pinicola Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 823179
Figs 2B, 4

CHINA. YUNNAN PROVINCE: Lichiang, High Mountain Workstation of Kunning Botanical Garden, 27°00'N, 100°11'E, 3250 m, on branch of Pinus densata, 30 Aug 2013, S.H. Wu, Wu 1308-54 (holotype TNM F27182). GenBank: ITS = MF043525, 28S = MF043530, TEF1 = LC269191.

pinicola (L.), dwelling on Pinus, in reference to the substrate.

Aleurodiscus pinicola and Acanthobasidium penicillatus Burt share the features of moniliform gloeocystidia, acanthophyses with apical spines, dendrohyphidia, basidia with lateral protuberances, and aculeate basidiospores; the latter, however, has clamped hyphae and narrower basidiospores 18–27 × 12–14 (–17) μm. Aleurodiscus pinicola also resembles A. oakesii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pat., however, the latter occurs on deciduous trees and has smaller basidiospores (15–20 × 13–17 μm).

Basidiomes discoid, each one up to 3.5 × 3 mm, adnate, membranaceous-subceraceous, 180–400 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface Buff or Pale Luteous, smooth, occasionally cracked; margin whitish, incurved, filamentous.

Hyphal system monomitic; most hyphae simple-septate, a few hyphal septa in junction of hymenium and subiculum with clamp connections. Subiculum uniform, with fairly dense dense texture, 60–160 μm thick; hyphae more or less vertical at resupinate parts, ± horizontal at marginal curved parts, moderately ramified, more or less interwoven, colorless, 2.5–6 μm diam, slightly thick-walled or containing thick walls up to 2 μm thick, sometimes with small oily drops, anastomoses occasional, some basal hyphae brownish yellow, with thicker walls than those elsewhere. Hymenial layer thickening, subhymenium more or less differentiated from subiculum, with dense texture, 100–270 μm thick; hyphae more or less vertical, colorless, sometimes with a short branch, usually containing minute oily drops, 2.5–5.5 μm diam, thin-walled. Crystal masses scattered throughout hymenial layer. Gloeocystidia numerous, mostly immersed or slightly projecting, cylindrical, usually strongly moniliform toward apices, usually forked, with numerous minute oily drops, colorless, 65–200 × 8.2–15.5 μm, thin- to slightly thick-walled, SA–. Acanthophyses numerous, clavate to broadly clavate, fusiform, stalked, colorless, apical parts with numerous protuberances, 50–100 × 5–30 μm, up to 1.2 μm thick walls, aculei 1–7 × 1–2 μm. Dendrohyphidia numerous, 37–90 × 3–4.8 μm. Hyphidia numerous, 35–80 × 2.4–4.2 μm. Basidia clavate, middle parts usually with several protuberances, 65–130 × 20–32 μm, up to 1.2 μm thick walls, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, adaxially flattened, aculeate, thin- to thick-walled, up to 3 μm thick walls, with a distinct apiculus, homogenous or with several oil-drops, amyloid, CB–, mostly 22.5–27.5 × 19–24 μm. (22.5–)23.5–27.2(–29) × (18.2–)19.2–22.8(–24) μm, L = 25.4±1.3 μm, W = 20.7±1.6 μm, Q = 1.23 (n = 30) (holotype, Wu 1308-54); (22.2–)23–26.5(–28) × (18.2–)20–22.5(–25.5) μm, L = 24.8±1.3 μm, W = 21.2±1.5 μm, Q = 1.17 (n = 30) (Wu 1106-14).

Figure 4.

Microscopic structures of Aleurodiscus pinicola (holotype, Wu 1308-54) A profile of basidiocarp section B subicular hyphae of basidiocarp section C subhymenial and hymenial section D generative hyphae E hyphidia F dendrohyphidia G acanthophyses H gloeocystidia I basidia J basidiospores (left: in IKI, right: in KOH). Scale bars: 200 μm (A); 10 μm (B–J).

Ecology and distribution

On Pinus branches at high elevations, China and Taiwan, Jun to Aug.

Additional specimens examined

TAIWAN. Taichung, Siaosyueshan, Tienchih, 24°17'N, 121°01'E, 2580 m, on branch of Pinus armandii, 8 Jun 2011, S.H. Wu, Wu 1106-14 (TNM F25532); ibid. Wu 1106-16 (TNM F25534).

Aleurodiscus senticosus Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 823180
Figs 2C, 5

TAIWAN. New Taipei City, Wulai, 24°51'N, 121°33'E, 448 m, on branch of angiosperm, 10 Sep 2012, S.H. Wu, Wu 1209-7 (holotype TNM F26702). GenBank: ITS = MH596849, 28S = MF043531, TEF1 = LC271169.

senticosus (L.) = full of thorns, referring to the surface of basidia and cystidia.

Macroscopically featured in having a more or less cracked hymenophore, resulting from the fusion of numerous basidiome patches. Microscopically its basidia are diagnostic in having large lateral echinulate bladder-like swollen structure. Morphologically it resembles Xylobolus spp., although the latter cause a white-pocket rot in wood and have smooth basidiospores.

Basidiomes resupinate, beginning as small orbicular patches, gradually extending and fusing together then becoming effused, adnate, membranaceous, 250–600 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface Buff or Light Buff, slightly tuberculate, with a more or less cracked hymenophore; margin paler, usually determinate, occasionally thinning and byssoid.

Hyphal system monomitic; hyphae simple-septate, colorless. Subiculum with dense texture, 200–350 μm thick; hyphae next to substrate more or less horizontal, slightly interwoven, colorless, moderately ramified, at the junction of basidiocarp patches more or less vertical, 2–4(–5) μm diam, walls up to 1.5 μm thick. Hymenial layer thickening, with dense texture, 150–250 μm thick, not clearly differentiated from the subiculum; hyphae mainly vertical, colorless, 2–4 μm diam, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Gloeocystidia numerous, immersed or slightly projecting, cylindrical or tubular, with stalked bases, apically sometimes forked, sometimes with one or more constrictions near apices or slightly moniliform, colorless, 45–135 × 5–12 μm, with walls up to 1.5 μm thick, SA–. Acanthophyses numerous, subclavate or clavate, basal parts thin-walled, thick-walled toward apices, colorless, median to apical parts echinulate, 25–65 × 4–13 μm (spines excluded). Hyphidia numerous, 35–65 × 2–4 μm. Basidia clavate, 60–82 × 10–15 μm, with walls up to 2 μm thick, 4-sterigmate, usually with large lateral echinulate bladder-like swollen structure. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, adaxially flattened, aculeate, with 1–3 μm thick walls, homogeneous or sometimes with several oily drops, amyloid, CB–, mostly 13.5–16.5 × 11–13 μm. (13–)13.5–15.8(–17) × (10–)11.2–12.5(–13) μm, L = 14.8±1.00 μm, W = 11.8±0.6 μm, Q = 1.25 (n = 30) (holotype, Wu 1209-7); (13–)14–16(–17.2) × (10–)11.2–13(–15) μm, L = 15.1±1.0 μm, W = 11.9±1.0 μm, Q = 1.26 (n = 30) (GC 1604-46).

Figure 5.

Microscopic structures of Aleurodiscus senticosus (holotype, Wu 1209-7) A profile of basidiocarp section B basal of basidiocarp section C section of hymenium D subicular hyphae E gloeocystidia F acanthophyses G basidiospores (left: in KOH, right: in IKI) H hyphidia I basidia. Scale bars: 200 μm (A); 10 μm (B–I).

Ecology and distribution

On angiosperm branches, Taiwan, Apr to Sep.

Additional specimens examined

Taiwan, New Taipei City, Wulai, 24°51'N, 121°33'E, 448 m, on angiosperm branch, 10 Sep 2012, S.H. Wu, Wu 1209-9 (TNM F26704); Nantou, Lienhuachih. 23°56'N, 120°53'E, 700 m, on angiosperm branch, 08 Oct 1996, S.H. Wu, Wu 9610-1 (TNM F5344); on angiosperm branch, 09 Apr 2016, G.C. Chen, GC 1604-46 (TNM F30771).

Aleurodiscus sichuanensis Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 823181
Figs 2D, 6

CHINA. SICHUAN PROVINCE: Wolungshan, Tengsheng, 2700 m, under bark of angiosperm, 11 Oct 2000, S.H. Wu & S.C. Wu, Wu 0010-18 (holotype TNM F12097). GenBank: ITS = MH596852, 28S = MF043534, TEF1 = LC269194.

sichuanensis (L.), referring to Sichuan Province, the type locality.

Aleurodiscus sichuanensis resembles A. oakesii in having acanthophyses, simple-septate generative hyphae, and gloeocystidia occasionally with protuberances. However, clamped hyphae are rarely present in A. oakesii. Protuberances of acanthophyses of A. oakesii are antler-like, while aculei of acanthophyses in A. sichuanensis are fairly small. Basidiospores of A. sichuanensis are D-shaped or broadly ellipsoid, while those of A. oakesii are ovoid-ellipsoid and slightly smaller (18–27 ×12–14(–17) μm). Aleurodiscus sichuanensis, however, is most closely related to A. alpinus and differs from it by having acanthophyses and simple-septate hyphae.

Basidiomes resupinate, effused, adnate, membranaceous-subceraceous, 150–350 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface smooth, Buff or Buff Yellow, occasionally cracked; margin concolorous, determinate.

Hyphal system monomitic; hyphae simple-septate. Subiculum uniform, with dense texture, thin or up to 150 μm thick; hyphae interwoven, colorless, richly ramified, tortuous, usually full of small oily drops, 2.5–5.5 μm diam, thin-walled. Hymenial layer with dense texture, 100–200 μm thick; hyphae vertical, colorless, ± straight, 2.5–4.5 μm diam, thin-walled. Crystal masses scattered in subiculum, yellowish. Gloeocystidia numerous, immersed or projecting, yellowish or pale brownish yellow, cylindrical, narrowly clavate or tubular, with oily contents or homogeneous, SA+, basal or median portion occasionally with small aculei, 70–135 × 7–14 μm, with 0.5–1 μm thick walls. Acanthophyses numerous, irregularly cylindrical or narrowly clavate, sometimes subfusiform, colorless, apical parts with numerous aculei, 30–70 × 3–8(–12) μm (aculei excluded), thin-walled. Hyphidia numerous, occasionally branched, 35–85 × 2.5–4.5 μm. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 100–130 × 20–25 μm, with 0.8–1.2 μm thick walls. Basidiospores D-shaped or broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flattened, finely aculeate, thin-walled or 1–2 μm thick, sometimes with oily contents, amyloid, CB–, mostly 25.5–28.5 × 15–18 μm. (25–)26–28.2(–29) × (14.5–)15.2–17(–19) μm, L = 27.1±1.0 μm, W = 15.9±1.1 μm, Q = 1.71 (n = 30) (holotype, Wu 0010-18).

Figure 6.

Microscopic structures of Aleurodiscus sichuanensis (holotype, Wu 0010-18) A basidiocarp section B subicular hyphae C hyphidia D acanthophyses E basidiospores (upper: in IKI, lower: in KOH) F basidia G gloeocysitidia. Scale bars: 10 μm.

Ecology and distribution

On dead branches of Quercus and other angiosperms at high elevations, China, Jul to Oct.

Additional specimens examined

CHINA. SICHUAN PROVINCE: Wolungshan, Tengsheng, 2700 m, on angiosperm branch, 11 Oct 2000, S.H. Wu & S.C. Wu, Wu 0010-42 (TNM F12118). YUNNAN PROVINCE: Shangrila County, Pudacuo National Park, 3600 m, on dead branch of Quercus apuifolloides, 28 Jul 2017, S.H. He, He 4923, He 4926, He 4930, He 4935 (BJFC).

A number of phylogenetic studies of Aleurodiscus s.l. have been conducted in the past twenty years (Wu et al. 2001; Larsson and Larsson 2003; Miller et al. 2006; Larsson 2007; Dai and He 2016; Dai et al. 2017). Miller et al. (2006) and Larsson (2007) tried to establish a family level classification for Aleurodiscus s.l., as well as related taxa of the Russulales. However, a fully resolved and robust phylogeny of Aleurodiscus s.l. and related taxa was not achievable with ribosomal genes alone. Dai and He (2016) and our study have addressed this by including TEF1 for phylogenetic analyses. From our phylogenetic analyses of three DNA genetic markers (Fig. 1) we can conclude the following about evolutionary relationships in the Stereaceae: (i) Aleurodiscus s.l. is highly polyphyletic; (ii) Acanthophysellum is polyphyletic; (iii) Gloeocystidiellum is polyphyletic; (iv) Megalocystidium is polyphyletic; and (v) Conferticium is paraphyletic.

Aleurodiscus alpinus is reminiscent of Aleurodiscus s.s. (A. amorphus (Pers.) J. Schröt. and A. grantii Lloyd) due to the discoid basidiocarp and echinulate basidiospores, as well as the absence of acanthophyses. However, the gloeocystidia of Aleurodiscus s.s. are paraphysis-like, narrow and moniliform, while those of A. alpinus are much wider and not moniliform. In addition, A. alpinus has unbranched or branched hyphidia, which are lacking in Aleurodiscus s.s. Aleurodiscus alpinus formed a clade with A. sichuanensis (Fig. 1), however, the latter has simple-septate hyphae and acanthophyses. Aleurodiscus alpinus and A. cupulatus share most morphological features, except the latter has much wider basidiospores. Aleurodiscus alpinus grows on Rhododendron sp. in Yunnan of China, while A. cupulatus occurs on Pseudotsuga menziesii in Idaho of USA. No DNA sequence of the latter has been obtained to examine their relationship.

Aleurodiscus pinicola presents protuberances in the basidia and this is reminiscent of Acanthobasidium. However, this feature is not limited to Acanthobasidium spp. For example, basidia of Aleurodiscus mirabilis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn. and A. wakefieldiae Boidin & Beller occasionally possess protuberances, but they and A. pinicola do not belong to Acanthobasidium (Fig. 1).

Aleurodiscus senticosus is macroscopically distinct in having more or less cracked hymenophore from the fusion of smaller basidiocarp patches; microscopically, its basidia bear a large, spiny, bladder-like structure that is unique among Aleurodiscus s.l. The present phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) indicated that A. senticosus formed a clade with Xylobolus and Acanthofungus, but without strong support. However, these two genera differ from A. senticosus by causing a white-pocket rot in wood and by bearing smooth basidiospores.

Aleurodiscus sichuanensis cannot be accommodated in any segregate genus of Aleurodiscus s.l., according to the combined features of effused basidiocarp, simple-septate hyphae, acanthophyses, gloeocystidia with aculei, and echinulate basidiospores.

In conclusion, the status of each segregate genus of Aleurodiscus s.l. should be further examined by multi-gene analysis of more species to evaluate which ones can be recognized and which cannot. Although the four new species we introduce cannot be accommodated in any segregate genus of Aleurodiscus s.l. according to the present combined morphological and phylogenetic studies, they are still placed under the broad sense of Aleurodiscus at the present time.

This study was financed by Ministry of Science and Technology of R.O.C. (Grant no 104-2621-B-178-001-MY3). The authors are grateful to Ms. Siou-Zhen Chen (TNM) for contributing the photos of the basidiocarps, and managing studied specimens.

  • Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Ostell J, Pruitt KD, Sayers EW (2018) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research 46 (D1): D41–D46.
  • Boidin J, Lanquetin P, Gilles G, Candoussau F, Hugueney R (1985) Contribution à la connaissance des Aleurodiscoideae à spores amyloides (Basidiomycotina, Corticiaceae). Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 101: 333–367.
  • Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9: 772–772.
  • Dai LD, Wu SH, Nakasone KK, Burdsall HH, He SH (2017a) Two new species of Aleurodiscus s.l. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) on bamboo from tropics. Mycoscience 58: 213–220.
  • Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
  • Larsson E, Larsson KH (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. Mycologia 95: 1037–1065.
  • Maninder K, Avneet PS, Dhingra GS, Ryvarden L (2014) Aleurodiscus himalaicus (Agaricomycetes) sp. nov. from India. Synopsis Fungorum 32: 5–7.
  • Matheny BP, Wang Z, Binder M, Curtis JM, Lim YW, Nilsson RH, Hughes KW, Hofstetter V, Ammirati JF, Schoch CL, Langer E, Langer G, McLaughlin DJ, Wilson AW, Frøslev T, Ge Z-W, Kerrigan RW, Slot JC, Yang ZL, Baroni TJ, Fischer M, Hosaka K, Matsuura K, Seidl MT, Vauras J, Hibbett DS (2007) Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 430–451.
  • Mashima J, Kodama Y, Kosuge T, Fujisawa T, Katayama T, Nagasaki H, Okuda Y, Kaminuma E, Ogasawara O, Okubo K, Nakamura Y, Takagi T (2016) DNA data bank of Japan (DDBJ) progress report. Nucleic Acids Research 44: D51–D57.
  • Núñez M, Ryvarden L (1997) The genus Aleurodiscus (Basidiomycotina). Synopsis Fungorum 12: 1–164.
  • Rayner RW (1970) A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew 34 pp.
  • Rehner SA, Buckley E (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98.
  • Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Mark P van der, Ayres DL, Darling A, Hohna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542.
  • Ryvarden L, Sanyal SK, Dhingra GS (2012) Aleurodiscus indicus (Agaricomycetes) sp. nov. from India. Synopsis Fungorum 30: 14–16.
  • Simpson JA, Grgurinovic CA (2003) A new species of Aleurodiscus (Stereaceae) from Mt Kosciuszko, Australia. Australasian Mycologist 22: 15–19.
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  • White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols, a guide to methods and applications. Academic, San Diego, pp 315–322.
  • Wu SH, Hibbett DS, Binder M (2001) Phylogenetic analyses of Aleurodiscus s.l. and allied genera. Mycologia 93: 720–731.
  • Wu SH, Wang DM, Yu SY (2010) Neoaleurodiscus fujii, a new genus and new species found at the timberline in Japan. Mycologia 102: 217–223.


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First-Time Home Buyers: How to Overcome Home Buying Mistakes!-TM

Buying your first home is a daunting thought. There are many things to consider when purchasing a home for you and your family. Information is available online, but with so many sources, it may lead to confusion and conflicting advice. That is the reason for explaining mistakes which are typical of first-time home buyers. MISTAKE […]

MythBusting: The Truth About Home Buying

You’re looking for a new home, and you’ve got questions.  You’ve done some research and asked opinions from homeowner friends, but what’s fact and what’s fiction?  Does a new home cost more than a used home? What kind of financing do you need? Is building a new home too much work?  We want to set […]

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News from BG: April 28, 2021
Virtual Arbor Day Celebration

National Arbor Day is April 30th and we're celebrating virtually with an informational video from our Tree Commission and a tree planting at the Urban Forestry Arboretum!

The Urban Forestry Arboretum was established in 2008 and is located west of the fire station at 1060 Pearl Street. Currently 86 trees are growing on site including 61 different tree species and cultivars. One of the arboretum’s purposes is to display the different types of trees that property owners may plant on their property or have the City plant in the tree lawn. Residents can visit to see what the tree they are planting will look like throughout the seasons and as it matures.

Along Pearl Street under the electric lines is a row of tree species that are smaller in size at maturity. These tree species are appropriate for planting near overhead electric lines.
There is a kiosk located at the SE corner of the arboretum with more information about the trees growing at the arboretum and found around Bowling Green growing in the tree lawn and on City property. Additionally, trees throughout the arboretum are labeled to identify each tree species and cultivar. Parking is available near the kiosk at the southeast corner of the arboretum.
The window to schedule a May Brush Collection will be open from May 1 to May 10. Residents may GO ONLINE, beginning May 1, to register their address for this month’s collection!

Residents may also call 419-354-6227 to be added to the list of locations where crews will stop.

Collection is scheduled to begin on May 17. Those who do not register by May 10 will NOT be included on the collection route! The next brush collection will be held in September.

For collection guidelines, click HERE.
Ben Cutler here from Columbia Gas. Want to quickly introduce myself as a point of contact for the upcoming Columbia Gas Pipeline Replacement Project in Bowling Green (map below). Our pre-construction camera work should already be underway and we'll officially start with mainline installation in the next few weeks. Service line replacements will then follow.
Please don't hesitate to comment/message/call/text/email if you ever have questions or concerns (contact info in the signature below).

Only request right now is to please leave any stakes/flags/markings that may have been placed on properties. Those are critical points of reference for our crews in identifying underground facilities. Thank you.

Know this project was scheduled to begin a bit earlier in the year, so we certainly appreciate everyone continuing to be patient with us as things get off the ground.

Take care and keep in touch.
Ben Cutler - Public Affairs Specialist, Columbia Gas of Ohio
Cell: 216.215.4103
Gas Emergency: 1-800-344-4077
City Park Trees to be
Treated for Gypsy Moths

The European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a non-native, invasive species that has moved into Ohio from Pennsylvania and Michigan over the years. In its caterpillar stage, it feeds on the leaves of over 300 different tree and shrub species and is especially fond of oak. The big oaks are one of City Park’s best assets and gypsy moths feed on their leaves. Repeated annual defoliation that results from gypsy moth infestation can lead to the death of the tree. In the early 2000’s, City Park became infested with gypsy moths and from that point on, the City’s Arborist has continued efforts to manage the risks associated with these pests.

Burlap tree bands will soon be applied to the trunks of the large oaks in City Park to help reduce the caterpillar population. The banded traps will be in place for the months of May and June...MORE
Bicycle SpokesPerson Nominations Due May 12

The Bowling Green Bicycle Safety Commission is sponsoring the annual Bicycle Spokesperson of the Year award.  Nomination forms for this award are now available on the City’s website. Any Bowling Green citizen can be nominated who exemplifies the spirit of bicycling through involvement in biking, bike safety or bike-related activities.

Nominations must be submitted by Wednesday, May 12.

For questions or more information call the Bowling Green Parks and Recreation Department at (419) 354-6225.
Parks & Recreation Summer Activity Guide

Registration for the Bowling Green Parks & Rec Summer 2021 programs began on Monday, April 26th for Bowling Green residents. Registration for nonresidents will begin on Monday, May 10th.

Find all the fun activities offered in the Summer 2021 Activity Guide.

Be sure to complete the 2021 Registration & Waiver form in advance to help make registration a quicker process.

Registrations may also be completed in person at the Bowling Green Community Center.

For questions or more information contact the Bowling Green Parks and Recreation Department at 419-354-6223.
Through a new Vaccine on Demand pilot program, Wood County residents will have the opportunity to schedule COVID-19 vaccines at any location in Wood County.
  • Scheduling for Vaccine on Demand appointments opened on Friday, April 23.
  • This is similar to a program for vaccinating individuals who are homebound, but it is being expanded to any Wood County resident.
  • Additional information on this pilot program and a link for scheduling is available at or by calling 419-823-9512.
After more studies and research the CDC is recommending a lift to the pause in the use of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. The pause was out of an abundance of caution.
  • The Wood County Health Department will follow suit with Ohio Department of Health guidelines. Opportunities to receive Johnson & Johnson vaccine will be announced at the end of the week.
  • People who have received the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine within the past three weeks who develop severe headache, abdominal pain, leg pain, or shortness of breath should seek medical care right away.
  • No impact on the Moderna or Pfizer vaccines: These vaccines use a different technology and there have been no similar concerns with these vaccines.
  • Wood County Health Department clinics this week are offering Pfizer vaccines.
  • Vaccine adverse events may be reported through the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). VAERS, managed by the CDC and FDA, is part of the larger vaccine safety system in the U.S. that helps make sure vaccines are safe.
Walk-in COVID-19 vaccine clinics are held every Monday from noon-6 p.m. at Wood County Health Department.
  • First and second vaccine doses (Pfizer) are offered at these clinics. Second doses of Pfizer vaccines are given three weeks after the first dose.
  • Appointment times may be assigned on arrival as needed for social distancing.
Walk-ins are welcome for all vaccine clinics this week. If you wish to make an appointment, use the ArmorVax app, go to, or call 419-823-9512.
  • North Baltimore American Legion 539 East St., North Baltimore – Tuesday, April 27, 10 a.m.- 2 p.m. (Pfizer)
  • Bowling Green State University Field House 801 N Mercer Road, Bowling Green – Wednesday, April 28, 9 a.m.- 5 p.m. (Pfizer)
  • La Conexion & Welcome BG 1840 E. Gypsy Lane Road, Bowling Green – Friday, April 30, 1-8 p.m. (Pfizer)
  • Wood County Health Department Spanish-language-supported event (Intérpretes de español in situ)
  • Islamic Center of Greater Toledo 25877 Scheider Road, Perrysburg – Friday, April 30, 5 to 8 p.m. (Pfizer)


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India COVID-19 cases rise by 50,040 amid concern about Delta variant

FILE PHOTO: A woman wearing a protective face mask buys fruit in a market, amidst the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Mumbai, India, August 20, 2020. REUTERS/Hemanshi Kamani

NEW DELHI (Reuters) – India’s daily COVID-19 infections rose by 50,040 on Sunday, official data showed, as concerns grew about the detection of the highly infectious Delta variant of the coronavirus in some states.

The COVID-19 death toll in the country rose by 1,258, including 511 deaths reported from the state of Maharashtra, the health ministry data showed.

New variants are a particular concern in India, where more than half the population has not been vaccinated. Less than 6% of India’s adult population of 950 million has received two doses.

At least 20 cases have been found linked to the Delta variant, which India last week designated a variant of concern last week, according to the health ministry.

India’s official death count is now 395,751, but experts and global health agencies such as the World Health Organisation believe the toll may be much higher. Of the 35.51 million people infected, 29.25 million have recovered.

State governments eased lockdown restrictions earlier this month after a fall in cases, but scientists fear that the presence of the Delta variant, which was first detected in India, and the slow pace of vaccination could trigger another wave of infections.

Source: Read Full Article


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Ursula K. Le Guin, Editing to the End

Ursula K. Le Guin, Editing to the End

my notes ( ? )

Beautiful piece.

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Approached by Doggy

A short and sweet entry about quick sketch I did with my Copic markers again!  The past few days have been quite sunny although a bit chilly.  Tulips are emerging in the Netherlands although I have not yet had the chance to check them out.  And Little One is dreaming about coming across a few too.  She likes to take walks outside to find some lovely tulips and other pretty flowers.  Occasionally she also gets approached by little doggies because she’s so sweet and friendly to them!  It’s a rather cold day and she has to dress up warmly.  Her pink polka-dotted jumpsuit looks quite funky!

IMG_6499 (1)Here I just scribbled in the background with the colour as didn’t want to use up the ink.  An alternative would have been to paint it with say watercolour or acrylic but the paper is so smooth (ideal for markers, especially alcohol based ones to minimize bleeding and absorption) that the water-based paint would not adhere well.  So best to leave as is.

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Consider Some Of The Most Trendy Trends?

The definition of “the latest fashions” does apply for the one particular pattern that is certainly at the moment fashionable. Trends are a type of frequent expressions employed by consumers across the world. Just like there are numerous sorts of vogue, there are various locations where by these fads can be obtained. A place can element several trends. Are in circulation for a little bit.

Design can be a universal term, spanning an easy range of activities, in regards to clothes, developments, life style, beauty products, gadgets and fashion and in some cases entire body healthy posture, even though they are accepted as present once the things for sale are still being made by the actual producers. In the most frequent usage, the word implies a method defined by the fashion field that’s latest as what exactly is present at a moment in time. The definition of can entail a long time if movements are outlined over the a few years generations. That is why tendency foretelling of is not an actual scientific disciplines. Some may go to a pattern as stylishly overdue, while some might take so that it is presently popular.

With the creation of the internet, there have been significantly analysis of the romance concerning trend customer and tendencies behavior. Gadget largest developments which are studied have already been that from adults (college and university scholars) and adult males. These numerous studies have advised that you have a defined gender selection improvements on how people understand the globe along with their practices inside. By way of example, it has been determined that guys will be more style conscious than gals, in particular in relation to the types of apparel they don.

The favourite object one of many products being talked about now is the Ray Ban Sunglasses brand name. Produced by the world-well-known designer, Jean Paul Gaultier, this company is designed for both both males and females. It makes use of unique finishes and colours to generate distinctive patterns and also, and employing different materials and colours. This has been a major affect on urban wear styles of the middle of-nineties, and also to recent types. With the introduction of Ray Ban on the landscape, this has become a far more traditional development.

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The subsequent merchandise in the following paragraphs is definitely the acacias. The acacias remain in the category of traditional western clothes, encouraged with the variations seen in Spain. Inspired through the styles of Barcelona, acacias are created from substance which include 100 % cotton, leather-based and fabric. Your favourite between teenagers, acacias is so visible worldwide.

This post lightly discusses the descriptions on the unique outfits stated previously. Fashion trends are typically comparative along with indicating may well adjust a bit from year to year, when we pointed out at the outset of this short article. Some things will be preferred among just one people but reviled by a different. These movements mustn’t be dismissed as they might indicate something which can be the next pattern.

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Reply To: I am a NRI and my wife filed 498a

Welcome Forums Advice 498A I am a NRI and my wife filed 498a Reply To: I am a NRI and my wife filed 498a

If your wife has filed case against you in India take following steps.

1. First thing is safety of your family, get them underground so Police can not harrass them. Then get them anticipatory bail or in the states where there is no AB, get them arresting stay on grounds such as the family has got no role in the situation or never/hardly lived with you etc.

2. Either go to India quickly and Dont go to India till you get anticipatory bail there. The reason to go to India for a quick visit is to get a lawyer and discuss the plans and sign papers like giving power of attorney to your father/.brother who can fight on your behalf. If possible get AB or for the states where there is no anticipatory bail, get arresting stay.

3. Your family in India will need a lot of support, keep talking to them.

4. Dont get into the racket of Police where they tell you things like they can get your family members out of FIR for something like 50,000 Rs etc.

5. If you have not done anything wrong, there is no reason you will not win, so gather courage to fight this evil.

6. Gather evidence against the complaints of your wife. Get a good means of communication with your family in India. Expect panic calls from them. Be readily availab;e.

7. Increase your knowledge of this case by reading books like 498a survival kit.

8. Tell your family to contact SIF team. Do your hard work online by following e mails in group and reading judgments etc from the sites developed by this group.

9. File counter cases against your wife and her family members. You are abroad, they cant do any thing.

10. Local consulate will call you on a later date to cancel you police clearance if you are still on a visa. Dont worry, explain to them what has happened. The ministry writes to consulates to cancel your police clearance. They will not if you tell the true story.

11. Even if they cancel your police clearance, they can not deport you as long as you have your visa. If you are PR, you r safe for ever, you might not be able to travel to India till case is going on.

12. Explain top your employer what problems you are facing as 498a girls send complaints to your employer, foreign ministries etc to cause you trouble.

13. Once you develop a strong case, come to India, face it, blast them.

NRI fighting case in India with above plan.


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Smart home solutions

Smart Home vs Home Automation – How technology has evolved

From the voice recognition to the ever-increasing usage of AI, technology continues to become part of our daily lives.
At Advantage Air, we get a lot of questions about our smart products and how they work.
This article will discuss these technologies and distinguish between key terms.

• Click here to learn more about MyPlace by Advantage Air.

Smart Home vs Home Automation

Home Automation was a term used in the mid-80s, when the development of advanced systems that empowered automating specific household features was discovered.
While conceptually brilliant, Home Automation has a reputation for being both expensive and complex.
There is usually a separate room or cupboard which houses a server for the system and all the required cabling in the home runs back to this one central location.
This kind of installation is very expensive and often requires large maintenance fees on an annual or biannual basis.
Fortunately, technology evolves and the concept of Home Automation has been developed further.
Enter the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart products.
Smart products are those that incorporate things such as microprocessors, sensors and software that allows them to run autonomously.

Smart homeThis is different to a Connected Home, where automated devices and appliances are generally set up to be controlled by something the user wields like a remote control.
A great example of how a smart product can provide you complete control is MyPlace by Advantage Air.
MyPlace works off a single easy-to-use integrated system and connects with existing items in your home such as lights, garage door, fans, blinds and most 220V items.
It also has its own app, which means you can control your system at home or remotely.

How MyPlace fits into the Smart Home

A Smart Home is a home in which a number of these smart products are present. It’s only when these products talk to each other on a network that you have a Connected Home.
Once again, take our MyPlace touchscreen and app for example.
While it comes with automated components, it offers the homeowner so much more.
MyPlace is a connected device which allows you to control all the functionality remotely from either the included wall mounted touchscreen or from your smartphone.
However, it’s more than just a connected device – it’s a true smart product. This is evident because the MyPlace controller is in fact also an Android tablet.
This allows you to control your air conditioning and lighting from within the same proprietary app and load up the tablet with all the other apps you use to control your other products within the home.

No add-ons necessary with MyPlace

Unlike some DIY systems currently available on the market, MyPlace doesn’t require any add-ons.
You can control your home from the single hub, and because it’s also from Advantage Air, our MyAir smart system works off it.

You can adjust your reverse cycle air con from the same smart home touchscreen and app, and can use the same tablet with your other smart home products and your other apps.
Automated products, in contrast, require these extra add-ons, and while the hub can usually control the connected devices in your home, they’re not included.
If you want to ensure the smooth running of your home from the start, Advantage Air’s MyPlace is designed to be a complete home hub that won’t surprise you with any hidden costs later on.


WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: application/xhtml+xml

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This is the Cause Wherein There is No Win; no ZeroSum in This Matter, For EIther You Go to the Left or To the Right; Wherein the Bible In Revelation States; For You Are Neither Cold Nor Hot; I Will Spewl You Out, Respectively because You Choose no Side. But What if One Takes the Time Out to Choose a Side, Neither Wishing to be Bend to the Left or to The Right; Neither Wishing to submit or Not Submit; But Simply Take Time Out to Think and Gather one's Thought and Consideration.

This is the Deeming time of Growth Each individual is Destined and Design to Take Upon. If they So Willing; and This Willingness. This is the Very Factor Each Individual tries to Destroy in another one's Mind. The Ability to Succeed APart Beyond the Scope of the Society or the Society with it's Religious Meaning. We All Live But People Tent to Wish to Direct us their Way; to Be Like Them While Most Don't Even Know Where They Going in there Lives. Simply Sprouting out Nonsense and Considering it to be TheirN Way. Truthfully So; Always Trying to Sell to Another What they Simply Just Embarked on; Without Giving Room for Another To Breathe. A Stricter Set By Each Generation, First Physical, then in the Spiritual. And Whereas Some Meant Good; Not All Have the PlanWay of Life. Unstudied and Unwalked For By Themselves to the Fullest, They Simply Oblige; But Sell it in a Box Packaged as if it was a Hundred Bucks Worth of Material. These are the Exploiters, of Which the Case of MisuNdersTanding Comes in Place in. Many Seek to MisunderStand for ExpLoitAtion's Sake; so They Might Have the Upper Hand, Using Whichever Variety in the World Possible to MAke End Meets Possible. They Themselves are in Bondage, But Seek For Another to BE Bondage of Them Even tho They Themselves Hate it; Always Spewling and Always Scheming That Which they Know is a Destiny of Dooming; They Seek to Ensnare the Next Person in Line. MisunderStanding is a Tool they Use on to Them Who SeEM Confused, they Mingle till there Truth of Understanding is Come Around there Confusion able to be Set Straight; This is Wicked and Foolish. But they Prey on the Burdened and the One's Not Walking in the Society of the World; Pending them Down Further and Further till they Pass on in Giving Up on Life; Therefore them Gaining Cheer and Folli of Happiness they Desire so Much of the World. One's Death for anoth'er one's Joy. So They Killed Also the Christ, Messiah; for they Could not Heed to Stand by the Word HE Teaches. Never Walking into the Light Themselves; they Walk in the Darkness hid in the Light And Wishing for Another to Fall for there Sake of Joy. This is the Corruption of the World; By there Folli of Finding Joy to See Someone not Walking on the Straight Path that Leads to Life, But they Themselves Hold the Keys to the Gate that they Barricade so Well in there Form and Deception from them Who are Willing and Able to Proceed therein; Thinking it no Better to Have Someone Pass Through these Gates and Thereby Giving Out What they Require for Life, They See Not the Mercy of God and Compassion of Grace. Thereby not Knowing the Scriptures Neither intenting to Know the Fact of the Truth that is so Well Written in Every Heart But Deceived through numbness that they Might Exist for a TimeBeing on Earth Without a Hell To Purify them of there Sin's that they In the Measure of there Actions of Past Life's Have Dealt Themselves with in In. So they Try to Rob another and Steal there Share By Schemings of UnWholesome Corruption that Leads them to Death that is not to be Mentioned as Death, But to BE Dead in Spirit. Holding Ransom and Tribute from oTher's in there way passing the Passageway Before the Gates and Strairway of Heaven.

Instead of Saying Feed me, They Wish to Hostile Another into Giving them Ransom as a Tribute to there Way of Life, Which has Need of Passing Passed the Way - Past the Gates Themselves. Always Considering, But Never Willing to Take These Steps Themselves; They Live in the Parts Outside the Gates That Are Guarded for Them Who Are Willing by there Virtue in Life to Pass Through These Gates Themselves, They Simply Live Without a Conscious as Some Doing Horrific Things; But By the Grace of Mercy Unable to Harm True Servant's of God. But Them Who are to be Lost Will BE Lead ASTRAY till There Heart Finds Mercy by Forgiveness before the Creator Once Again unto Life Towards the Walk Towards the Gateways of Heaven.

If Other People Where to Hold the Key to EveryOther's Succession, Then Where Would the World Be if But the Cause of Islam Wherein it States, That Iblis (Lucifer) did not Wish to Bow to Adam Which God Commanded him to Do; But Where is Enough enough. When All Try to Hold Ransom there Cause of You to Get Passage to the Pastures Wherein You Are Ought to be GOING. So Karma Causes Some to Misunderstand Another So they Might Find Fruits they Can Eat By One Bending over to Them and Submitting.

WE CAn Always See Another Being the Downfall of Us Up Until we See; That all is Destined By Karma to the PAthway we Are in Ought to Walk in Past these Very Things Themselves. As BEing DEStitute to Our own Will and Desires. For Which the Real Ransom of Tribute is to be Payed to the Actions of one's Past in itself; Holding Key to the Present and the Future. So One May By Ego be Mad on the Circumstances, But in Truth of Kundalini, BE Aware that All Things Happen of Which there is No Guile to them Who Seek the Face'es of God themselves. Walking in the virtue of Life never Turning to the Left nor to the Right; But Walking a Straight Walk in the Value that the Wisdom of the World Walks Within. Always Tested, Always Considering, Lest anybody Things himself to Fall Without Realizing to Pick Themselves Up; as for some Who in the Depth of there Burden Commit to Suicide and Thereby Vanish from the Surface of the World Themselves. A Way that the World Has Purchased itself after to Cause there Joy in Mischief through Bullyn to Cause Those Though to be Privileged themselves to Have More of a Worth then them Who are Different but not of Any Less. These Games Go on And On into Generation to Generation Till a Nation Set's it in Place to be Abolished of Such Acts of Idolatry of Mischief. These People Who in there Low Estate Commit Such act of Murdering Themselves Due to Another Ones Cause, Are Therefore Destined to Have Power over them Who Caused them Such Thing By there Karma Upon there Reincarnation in the Past of Present time in Play. But Until the Truth is Set Known, People Will not Heed the Words of Wholesome and Commit These Various Crimes of Hanslin and Bullyn Themselves. As They themselves are Not Whole and In a Burden of it Themselves; Giving Out that Which they Fear and Have DEalt with Themselves; They Become as Victims themselves of IT; Due to the Depth of the Darkness that Professes the World in that a crime unseen is a Crime that never get's Verdict; but Even so in Life we Know in the Depths of Our Hearts that this is not True; That in the Final Ending of one's Life, All Acts of Deeds Will be Made Visible before the great Maker Who Judges all Things by the Commodity and Virtues of Life as Was Taught to the Ancients before in time; Passed To these Generation and Still Standing in the Grasped to them Who Heed the Word of Wholesomeness and Wish to Change A change there Life's for the Better of Humanity and HumanKind.

The World Sets in Place by it's People them Who are Unperfected in the Virtue of Life, to Judge them Who Sough the Seek of a Greater Calling in there Life's so that they Might Have them, the People Grow themselves Through Un-perfect man. This is A Folli of Reality in Which You See Somebody so Vile to Pronounce Judgement on the Person Who is Willing to Walk in the Way's of God; Passing through the Passageway They Themselves Lose of what is Cherrished to them of Unreasonable People that are Justified by the People on High Authority to Cut them to Size. How Will One Who Never knows the Difficulty of the Path one HAs Walked Upon Be Able to Judge Another of there Way, if this is Nonsense and a Hail Mary to simply let them Who Seek Lose Momentum on there Walk Upwards; Causing Trials - to be Prolonged by the Jury Who Should Never Be as Such Who Have No- Wisdom themselves. But Get a Part in the Jury as a Seeming Random act of Choice Themselves; - Tho the Results Being Questionable IF Any Justice Ever Comes Prevailed. Of IT - it is Unwise to them Who Set That into Stage, For Since Only an Advanced, should Judged Another Advanced in there - Cultivation of Life. But to Give it to a Jury With No Knowledge of the Depth and Hardships of Gaining Such Walk of Path. They Hinder the Growth By there Biasness that- No Advanced Seeks to be Evaluated by an Laymen Themselves. Causing Trouble to them Who Seek a Just Jury to Pronounce and Evaluate Them Themselves. This Can Vary in Continents and Countries. as One Nation Under God, it is a Place Considered to be of Justice Much Prevailing, and Tho one Misunderstood is come With Grim Faces to the Beholder. Not All Wish to Cause Harm to Another, Some Trying to Stand UpRight in there Way's Themselves Tho -Differ in there Path's of Walk and of Understanding. There is an Integrity to Man Which i Hope -Has Embelved all the Humanity at Large, Tho Unknown, it is a Hope of Which Mankind Alone is Able to Promise -in Hope; of. That There is Something Thats of Worth -to justice and that Justice May Prevail. No Other Term Should be Taken Under Consideration, Wherefore all One's Dealing in Life is Just -and Dealt With To the Extent of them Who are Caused to Commit the Unforgiveable Sin of Killing themSelves.

I Hope For these Souls to be Found in Peace in the Reckoner of There Mercy and Grace. May they Therefore Find Peace in the Remedy of Knowing that they are Missed, By there Peers and By them Who Watch Over Mankind. Every Verdict Spoken -Will be Present in the Great Gathering, Wherein Souls Will Find Peace of there Mind's if they Remember the Dead and there Deeds of Dealing; Good over Bad - for as Such is Our Wish of Mercy as Well to Them Who Heed the Blessings over a Curse. Walking by the StAnce they Profess thEir tRuth; AbstaIning; And WAlking in ForGivEness And Mercy, to THem Who Wrong, THat; they theMsElves be Found WorthY of Some ExteNt of Any HArm unDone in Manner of Time, Lest; Any of ManKind Will FAce it Anewed in THe REAlity of the Vicious Crimes of theren Time. THeSe Are theM Who WaSh there HAnds in the Blood of the Lamb And HAve PurifiEd thEmsElfs in thEm Who Where PuriFied in the EStaTes of thEre REAlms ThemSelvEs. Holding Key By Mercy to Let All Who Seek by Giving; And Showing Mercy, A PathWay into thE Life toCome; As ThOuse HaVing Past ThrOugh them ThemSelVes in the Past time (in) Karma (-Action). We Either do ThAt Which is Good or Go BeyonD it, Or We REMAin Where We've Been At. WAlking in the SAme PlAtform ovEr And Over AgAin till the FreeIng of the SOul By ThAt ENLightEnMent Come's intO PlAy, By thE SeeKing of THat; the TrUth. We CAn All tHereby Fore See; THat there is One Truth For HuMAnity, But Many tRuth's For the Kind of MaNKind, in Which We EithEr EmBelve in or WAlk by the DiStAnce of the Felt And Fence behind the CurtAin's of God himThem' Selves.

May All Sentient Beings Find Peace, Not Upon Another Ones Downfall; But Upon the Truth that Shall MaKe-Mend Them Free.

We HeAr of Stories How them Who died Did Good So THat there Souls May rEst PeAce. But UNless we Let gO, They Are Bound to REMain With the People till the Passing oVer into the Next Lifetime, CAusing thEm to REAlize Some of there KArmAs thEmSeves; so Not to Be ForGotten of Them Who HaVe DeCeAsed PasseD this LifeForm of EArth intO AnotHer Stellar. THese Are them TWice Born, Who Walked in there LifeForm TwiCe the EviDence of 1 Come Perfected, And in Truthful; HAve Ascended into the Next LifeForm of theRe Life's By KArma of there Actions themSelves. For All We Know there Are Evidences to them Who Mature, As A teen Coming into there Adolescence it, is Visible Also to tHem Who Pass By the Gate of GAteless GAtes into the AfterLife in thEre ExPerienCe of AnotHer tErm of Life Exceeding the DepIction of Another Term of SpirituAl Growth And AlterCaTion of there Ethereal Body And Auric Body in PlAce, intaCt. Some Never Extent Beyond the PhySicAl Body, REMain'ing EArthLings With theIr Life's Of EArthLings As PreSented With of Birth And Ancestry of there DEStiny At PlAy, Due to Since they REFRAin to WAlk AgAinst the GrAin of the SAnd of there KArma - or Actions in A SpiRituAl Form in there Estay. THese Are thEm Who Pass As MortAls; WhereAs Some Are Angelic Beings, And OtherSides of CreAtion of CreAtures tHus Alike. SoMe thEre to BLess; otHers theRe to CursE, But All Bound to KArma of there Action As the Intent of tHe HeArt SpEAks. Before tHe GrEAte ConGreGAtion, All Will FAce therE Action in thEre PlAce; As No One is ExcLuded, But For A tIme Being Kept in DArk, tHe.

There is an Ascension that is the Holographic Which is not that by Virtue But that of the Social Extent; It does not Speak of The Spiritual But the Secular Notion, Wherein People Experience Things and Thought to Claim them of Spiritual Heart BAsed Notion; But These are them BeguIled of The Truth that They Actually Walked the Path Worthy of Any Spiritual Entitlement of Ritual Rights, Which is to them Who Do and Them Who Think, Two Different Things as Religion and Spirituality are. One Being for the Sake of Doing and the Other of the Sake of Thinking; But Unless Found Syz'yGoi They are Not Blended and Yoked together as Yoga PErscribes of Thought and Action to come together in One Place of PRactise. To the AScetics who Profess there Live's in it; Rather then a Phase of Options Wished Upon for BArgaining Place. These Are Either the Real Practitioner or the Falsely. By there Words You Can Deem the Extent to Which they Are; Of Whichever Form they Be. Since Word Understood are the Consumption of the Heart's Abundance in OverFLow to Come into Spoke Spewles of Words and Thought Spoken Apparent.
No Matter the Intent, Magic Either Flows with You; Or It Don't. In Whatever Chi State Your In, Describes Whether You HAve the Healing Touch or Just a Phase of facade Behind the Mask of the Man of HumanKind. Not All Will STand therefore BEfore the CongreGation in a HEalthy_wIse Manner, Since Many Profess. But UnKnown they Are Too. To them Who Sought out for Help. Riches Over Deed, Is therefore the Call to Them Who Seek Not the Face'es of God. Who Reach for material Over the Knowledge of the Heart that Humbles itself before a One Term Creator of Life and Death.

Tho Whatever Characteristic can Flow From the Creator; He or Him is not Restricted to One Characteristic But All Sense of Characteristics in the Hand and Mind of Mankind. Every Notion OnCE Though; Every IDea Once Given Comes from the Creator; That Creator Themselves. And Tho the HoloGraphic Universe Says All Can Get Ideas, it is by the Notion of the True God; The True Creator that All Good Stems Up From. Giving Rise to the Verdict of the Sum that Total in the Human Goodness, over Mental Things of humanKind. Mankind is Therefor Bound to Conclude all Things of God that are PraiseWorthy and of Good Intent; Altho there Being Exceptions Wherein the Twist of the Goodness Comes in a Different Flow. To God NevrTheless be All the Glory. He Who Deceives us into the Good and Gives GoodNess out by Deception That We May Accept it in Goodness Freely of Whichever MAnner we Are Susceptible of. Hiding Darkness in Good and Good in Darkness; Lest Any MAn CAn Boast. the Soul of the Atman the Self of Mankind is Therefore Bound to God; But the Flesh has been Held Captive to the Fall of the Decay by Whichever Obedience Mankind HAs Let themselves be Beguiled unto. Mankind is therefor Flawed, But Humanity is PErfect as a Whole. Mankind Seeks it's way; One Different then ANOther, But Humanity Has But one Case of Life; That of the Humain. Therefore is the Spiritual of ManKind, and the Religious of the Humanity. So that they in there Reversed Estate Might help the Most out of the Humanity of Mankind itself. This is the Perfection of God, Mixing that Which we Could Not; Into that Which is Perfect When Simmered THRough the Grain; Sift. Mankind Wishes; But Humanity Hopes. All Deeds Are Due either to Humanity of MAnkind Tho they Differ. Mankind is Still Set Out to Prove itself; Whereas Humanity aLready has Proven With Countless Acts of Goodness. Them BEing Separate By Schematics; But in Reality of Whatever Intent You Deed it Through Comes Passing Out of the Sin's of the HEart. Therefore is Humanity Fallen Through the Act of Mankind. Mankind Comes in Duality; Whereas Humanity Does not See Duality; They See People; And AS the People We Intent to Do Good; But as Our Fallen Mankind NAture, We intent to UpHold Ourselves into the Acts Which the Religious Mindsets Give Some Grant Understanding of How to Evade out of it INTO the Humanitarian Acts of the Spiritual Plan; Giving and it Shall be Received. This therefor, is the Settlement of Humanity before Mankind. That they Wish to Do What is Good; and the Other for the Self/ Ego. the Atman is Pure But a Spiritual Part of the HEart Must Walk Upon it to Find EnliGhtenment. the Reality of the Fact that we Are Creatures of Double Features is the Test Upon the Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. One Strengthening the Soul. The Other, - The Spirit. Mankind Therefor Chooses What PAth they Wish to Walk on, and God Makes the PAthway Free; By Turns and Twist for one to Come Across to the Paveway, That they Themselves Might be saved. Tell God a Joke and Say I Know Which Way i will Want to -God; and He Shows an Alternation. MAny Think they KnOW the Way; But the Way that Leads to Life is Dimn and Dark; For Not Many Souls Lighten Up the Path's to the Life in the Spirit. This Therefore is the Verdict of Truth, Wherein Man Tries But God Gives Mercy on Mankind. Grace Over Mercy.

Compassion is Found Throughout God's VErdict on All Kind's. HE Does not Simmer, NEither She; But they Simply Give and IT Shall Be Given You. Unless You Stand on that Point of Grace, You Will Not See Grace UnPhantomable. For it is Unable to be Received of them Who Believe not. For Faith is the Evidence of Things Hope for. The Evidence of things Not Seen. So That The Gift and Surprise is Of Some Worth Made PRaise bEfore the Creator of All Things. HE or She is In LAck of No Things, Granting out Deliberately Freely That Which we are in Sought for in Our Live's of Human Beings, Always Hoping for Peace; Never Pursuing Wars of HAtred, Since the War itself i that of The Creature Double Feature. ManKind and Humanity. EarthLings Dear to Choose What PArt they Wish to Follow, as one Sin's is on Karma is Upon Mankind, the Verdict of Kindess on Humanity in Grace and Mercy; So that We As a Whole in Person Might Find PEace Through the Congregation of Ourselves in the Temple of God. Ye are That temple of God, to Them Who HAve Washed themselves Pure and Come Out Victoriously AGainst the Viles of the World that Mankind HAs Sought to Put themselves together in. This Age and World is Passing and As the Goodness and Good of Humanity Will Prevail, So Will Mankind Find it's Way Back Pass the Fold. ONe Shepherd Looks and Finds Those missing Children, To Him We Are as Such; To HEr we Are Such. They Never Change there Way's, They Simple Wish to Hope for the Unity of Wholesomeness to Come Together before the People; That All Might Find Resolution in Humanities Whole and Peace. the Depth of This Message is to Lend a HAnd Out; HElping. That them Who Do Not Know These Acts behind the Curtains Might Find Unity in the HArmony of Peace. MAy All Living BEings Find there Peace in a Non HArmful Way for One Another.

Mankind is Still Dangling on the Threads, But Humanity has Already seen By the Visions of God How to Rescue one Time (UPon Another). Give Humanity a Hand; Be a Voice. I Speak as ONe Of the Voice. Charity is the End Results of Things. If We Can Give That Which we Hold Dear. Then that Which we HAve No Consideration of being Dear Will Hold US Someday/time. God the Omnipresent.

A side Reply on the Thread: Test (of/in) ME


text:
' Mystic Hills Vineyard - Shop

Gran Trio 2016

Add To Cart
$36.00 per Bottle

60% Cabernet Sauvignon, 20% Cabernet Franc, 20% Merlot

Tasting Notes

Aromas of dark fruit and fig, combined with forest floor and mushroom. Herbaceous notes alongside leather on the nose. Flavors of tart raspberry and earth coincide with a finish of creamy vanilla. Well- balanced with front tannins and bright acidity.
Vintage 2016
Wine Style Red Wine
Varietal Red Blend
Size 750 ml


text:
The Little Mermaid: Ariel’s Undersea Adventure (the actual ride this time)

So yesterday I documented the line for the Little Mermaid, and today I hit it again to document the actual ride. First off I will warn you–there are

So if you don’t want to know what the ride looks like inside, then stop reading this post. You can click over to some of the categories on the ride and read older entries if you like. ————->

Anyway the Little Mermaid is over in CA Adventure but since it opens on June 3rd and I’m around for the annual passholder preview, I thought I’d go ahead and blog about it.

Today’s MYWTMouseketeers were Kristin and Audrey.

Audrey is on the left

Funny thing about the line. Kristin and I thought we’d get there right when the park opened. We met up at Theo’s preschool where her two older kids also go, then stopped at Subway and headed down to Disneyland. We got into DCA at about 10:05 (the park opened at 10) and there was already a nice long line.

And naturally it was in a different location than last night’s line. No, I’m not going to draw you another map. It went back down to Grizzly River Rapids and then instead of going through Communist Russia you actually went across to the World of Color viewing area and zig-zagged there for a while. Then Kristin went back later in the afternoon with the rest of the family and said that the line was in a different location/configuration again. So like I said last night, who knows where the line will be when it’s your turn. The nice thing is that the cast members were really on top of keeping people in the proper location so there really wasn’t any confusion.

This morning it took us just about 35 minutes to get on the ride, so again while it does cover a lot of physical distance, it moves along pretty quickly.

When you get into the dark room, you first meet Scuttle.

I had to look up his name

Scuttle starts telling you the story of the little mermaid, which is nothing like the original little mermaid story as written by Hans Christian Anderson. That version is seriously jacked up. As was Hans Christian Anderson himself. Weird dude. Did you know that he once stayed with Charles Dickens, and stuck around so long old Charles had to throw him out? True fact.

Anyway, then you have a bubble effect like you’re going under water. This is all projection.

Bubble bubble, toil and trouble

Oh also, fair warning here, my photography is not the greatest.

Anyway, Audrey REALLY loved the bubble effect.

Isn't she adorable? Almost as adorable as Theo!

Then you look up and you see Ariel swimming around above you. This is on a screen but looks super cool.

She kind of looks like a shark here, but really it's Ariel

Then you see Ariel sitting amongst her treasures on the ocean floor. And also a glare from a bad camera angle.

"I want to be where the people are"

If you time your photography right, you can get really awesome pictures like this one where the character is obscuring her own face!

I planned this

Then you go into the Big Room, that is really the centerpiece of the ride. It’s all “Under the Sea”ish and it’s like this giant piscene blowout. Tons of singing, dancing, and spinning around.

If the Little Mermaid ride were a frat party, the keg would be right where the purple octopus is

Fish singing merrily above you, and the starfish spin around

Then you round the corner and get to what I’m seeing called the Dole whip Ariel. That is, her hair looks like soft-serve ice cream. Apparently in the movie it’s fish swimming around her that do up her hair like that, but the ride leaves it out.

Don't shoot! Bad hair is not a crime!

And you come back around for another view of all of the cool dancing and singing fishies.

The keg is off to the right

A fuzzy Audrey really dug this part too.

Not fuzzy in real life

Following that, you approach Ursula’s Lair. I think this is one of the best parts of the ride. The animatronic Ursula is really well-done, and her crystal ball has moving images of Ariel, et al.

Oh wait, first you have Flotsam and Jetsam

THERE'S Ursula! Poor unfortunate souls!

There’s a screen where Ariel gets her legs

Disney is very discreet. No wardrobe malfunctions here!

And then lots of bubbles

Audrey liked this part too, but I didn't take a picture of her.

And then you get to another great scene–the Kiss the Girl scene. I really loved this part. It’s impossible not to sing along.

Sha la la la la la...

Just kiss her already! The suspense is killing me!

Then there’s the one place I think the Little Mermaid ride falls short. Here you expect Ursula to have her big confrontation and whatever that’s like 1/3 of the movie, but no, her entire fall from grace is relegated to a piece of plywood in the back.

She does look suitably angry though

Because Ariel and Eric have finally kissed. The glowing part in Ariel’s throat is her voice and it actually comes around and draws a cute heart around the two of them, but that was timed differently than my picture.

Then you move to the wedding scene, which is a big celebration!

Everyone's happy! Yay!

The fireworks behind King Triton actually go off

On the screen, I mean. Not like actual fire.

And there’s the happy couple.

Thank you so much for the toaster and the table settings!

And your ride comes to an end.

So long, farewell, auf wiedersehen, goodbye

In the movie, there is a slightly unsettling part. In the beginning of the movie, Ariel tells her father that she’s 16 now and should be allowed to get her driver’s license, or the mermaid swimming equivalent of her driver’s license. But then at the end of the movie she ends up married. At 16? Is this a good example to set for today’s young people?

Anyway, I also grabbed a shot of the outside of the ride.

The entrance

In addition to there being seashells in the sidewalk, there’s also some cool mosaic tiles

And the media was lined up across the way for the big opening on the 3rd.

I wanna be on television! Also, cool clouds!

And there you have it–The Little Mermaid!!!

12 responses to “The Little Mermaid: Ariel’s Undersea Adventure (the actual ride this time)

  1. Idgie June 2, 2011 at 12:39 pm

    You crack me up with your self-depracating photography comments. I feel your pain. I have an almost 6-year old and I’m still trying to get “THE” shot of him. Something ALWAYS goes wrong!

    Thanks for sharing the inside scope on the new ride!

  2. mari June 2, 2011 at 1:28 pm

    Trying to decide if it’s worth the way. Hmmmmm… you guys wanna meet us down here today (Thursday 6/2) it would be fun!!!

  3. BruinAudrey June 2, 2011 at 1:50 pm

    BTW that object obscuring Ariel’s face in your photo is actually a genuine thingamabob and she has 20. But who cares? No big deal…
    That was fun “non-productive preschool time” yesterday – I’m glad we were able to meet up with you!

  4. Melinda June 3, 2011 at 6:53 pm

    Audrey is adorable! I would have spent the whole ride watching her smiling face. Good to hear that it’s not actually fuzzy. 🙂

    • Shelby June 3, 2011 at 7:32 pm

      Yes, 100% non-fuzzy in real life ;). And in addition to being adorable, she is the sweetest, most good-tempered baby I’ve ever met. I may steal her.

      • Melinda June 3, 2011 at 10:04 pm

        Good idea. Nobody will ever figure out what happened. 😉 (As the mother of a 16-year-old daughter, there may come a time in the future when her mother offers her to you, free of charge. LOL)

  5. BruinAudrey June 3, 2011 at 10:34 pm

    LOL! Shelby, maybe you can just borrow Annika for a bit instead?

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text:
Women are extraordinary beings and are capable of “doing miracles”: Advisor Khehovi Yepthomi

Women are extraordinary beings and are capable of "doing miracles": Advisor Khehovi Yepthomi
(Minority Morcha BJP Nagaland celebrated International Women’s Day at Dimapur on March 7th, 2021)

Dimapur, March 08 (NEx): Minority Morcha BJP Nagaland celebrated International Women’s Day on the theme ‘Choose to Challenge’ with MLA & Advisor for Tourism, Art & Culture, Shri. H. Khehovi Yepthomi as the Guest of Honour, at Hotel Saramati, Dimapur on Sunday. The Morcha also acknowledged prominent ladies, who have achieved and contributed for the society, a press release said.

Speaking on the occasion, Advisor H. Khehovi Yepthomi emphasised on the importance of gender equality and women’s rights. He stated, “this day gives us an opportunity to reflect on our past and the history that led to the current status of women”. He added that Women are extraordinary beings and are capable of “doing miracles” and expressed his gratitude to women for being able to compromise, while mentioning that women have been compromising for centuries as daughters, sisters, wives, as home makers and as colleagues.

Society expects women to be multi-taskers and this notion has embedded so deeply into our mindsets that they keep compromising to the extent where it is unjust, but made to be accepted as a norm by the society, he added.

Stressing on the theme “Choose to Challenge”, the Advisor encouraged women to challenge negative and narrow concepts of stereotypes that bring about gender inequality and to challenge all the factors that stop us from being our true selves and that limit our abilities. “A challenged world is a changed world”, he quoted. He also congratulated and thanked all the women leaders and innovators for their outstanding performances and contributions to the society.

The prominent ladies who were honoured during the programme were Smti. Anita Roy Chowdary, Smti. Pushpa Thatal, Smti. Neeta Agarwal, Smti. Hekani Jakhalu, Dr. Rajani Jain, Smti. Jesmina Zeliang, Smti. Mamta Karir. Smt. Nini Cheng, State Co-Chief Spokesperson BJP Nagaland was also felicitated on the occasion.

State General Secretary and Incharge of Minority morcha Nagaland, Shri. Khevishe Sema in his Keynote address stressed on how the BJP led NDA govt at the centre and PDA govt in Nagaland have made impressive progress over the years to narrow down gender gaps. “We have more girls in schools, colleges, employees at govt. and private sectors, in parliament, in political parties, and in the decision making bodies” he added.

He also reminded how BJP as a party have been adding to the success of gender equality, saying that the party has made very good progress in supporting gender equality through its organisational system by appointing many women in the party key posts both at the central and the state, adding that, today women has made up nearly 35% of the party workers in the state.

He also projected on the several schemes for women being provided by the Modi led govt. in order to reduce the gender gaps. Speaking on the theme “choose to challenge”, the Sema said that the society needs experienced and educated women, who has the dreams for inclusive world. “There is no greater pillar of stability than a strong, free, and educated women, so giving priority to women is not an option but a necessity” he quoted.

In conclusion, the State GS encouraged and challenged all women to focus and chase their dreams and to keep moving towards the goal. He also urged all the women, on behalf of BJP Nagaland, to join the world’s largest democratic political party to realise the dream for an inclusive society in the state. He also expresses hope that there will be more women party ticket seekers in the coming general election of the state and that BJP will make sure of women representation in the Assembly.

Earlier, Rev. Binoy Neog, Pastor, Assamese Baptist Church said the invocation, Shri Deep Kumar, State President, Minority Morcha said the welcome address. Smti. Phagnon Konyak, President Mahila Morcha & Smti. Wangpho Konyak (Awan), President ST Morcha also spoke on the occasion, besides Shri Bendang Ao, Dimapur District President. Shri Kashito Kiba, Convenor, Professional Cell sang a special number in honour of women, the press release from the Minority Morcha informed.

Meanwhile, Er. Ravinderjit Singh Panesar & Shri Ashim Das were appointed as State Vice-President & Secretary of Minority Morcha BJP Nagaland. Shri Ajay Sethi, State Vice-President, Media & IWD Convener, Minority Morcha chaired the program while Shri Roshan Kumar Tamang, State GS, Minority Morcha offered vote of thanks.


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Manx Missile wins Madrid stage of Vuelta

MARK Cavendish won the green jersey at a grand tour for the first time on Sunday afternoon after finishing second in Madrid in the final stage of the Vuelta a Espana. Leading rival Tyler Farrar by 12 points going into the 85km stage from San Sebastian de los Rayos to Madrid, the 25-year-old Manxman needed to ensure he finished no lower than fifth if the American won the stage, to become the first Briton in 21 years to win a green jersey at a grand tour. More at IOMToday.


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Question: What Does Diabetic Skin Look Like?

What does diabetic dermopathy look like?

The appearance of diabetic dermopathy can vary from person to person.

The skin condition is characterized by reddish-brown, round or oval, scar-like patches that are usually a centimeter or less in size.

It’s typically asymptomatic, meaning it usually doesn’t present any symptoms..

What are signs of diabetic feet?

Signs of Diabetic Foot ProblemsChanges in skin color.Changes in skin temperature.Swelling in the foot or ankle.Pain in the legs.Open sores on the feet that are slow to heal or are draining.Ingrown toenails or toenails infected with fungus.Corns or calluses.Dry cracks in the skin, especially around the heel.More items…•

What skin problems does diabetes cause?

If you have diabetes, you’re more likely to have dry skin. High blood sugar (glucose) can cause this. If you have a skin infection or poor circulation, these could also contribute to dry, itchy skin.

What are the final stages of diabetes?

What are the signs of end-of-life due to diabetes?using the bathroom frequently.increased drowsiness.infections.increased thirst.increased hunger.itching.weight loss.fatigue.More items…

What does a diabetic attack feel like?

Diabetes Attacks Known as a common “lifestyle disease”, Diabetes is associated with high blood pressure, an excess of sugar and the inability to heal properly. A person experiencing a Diabetes Attack might become incoherent, becoming anxious, fatigue and weak, and also lead to shock.

What are the warning signs of prediabetes?

SymptomsIncreased thirst.Frequent urination.Excess hunger.Fatigue.Blurred vision.

What does diabetic skin rash look like?

People with diabetes are susceptible to fungal infections, especially one called Candida albicans. This yeast-like fungus creates a red, itchy rash, frequently surrounded by small blisters and scales, that is usually found in warm, moist areas like armpits or between the toes.

Should diabetics wear socks to bed?

Avoid wearing compression socks at night unless prescribed by your doctor. Even though they’re known to improve circulation by increasing blood flow, they aren’t meant to be worn to bed. Compression socks move blood flow away from your feet and may block blood flow when you’re lying down.

What part of the foot hurts with diabetes?

Nerve Problems due to Diabetes. The most common contributor to diabetic foot pain is a nerve problem called Peripheral Neuropathy. This is where the nerves are directly affected by the disease process. There are basically three types of peripheral neuropathy: sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathy.

What is the best lotion for diabetic dry skin?

Top 5 Diabetic Foot CreamsEucerin Diabetics’ Dry Skin Relief Foot Creme. The #1 pick by pharmacists, this foot cream is well-loved by all! … Gold Bond Ultimate Diabetics’ Dry Skin Relief Skin Protectant Foot Cream. … Flexitol Diabetic Foot Balm. … Miracle Foot Repair Cream. … O’Keeffe’s for Healthy Feet Foot Cream.

How do you feel when your blood sugar is too high?

If your blood sugar level is too high, you may experience:Increased thirst.Frequent urination.Fatigue.Nausea and vomiting.Shortness of breath.Stomach pain.Fruity breath odor.A very dry mouth.More items…•

Is itchy skin a sign of diabetes?

Itchy skin can be a sign of diabetes, particularly if other diabetes symptoms are also present. High blood sugar levels over a prolong period of time is one cause of itchy skin. In some cases, itchy skin may be caused by complications of diabetes such as nerve damage or kidney disease.

What do diabetic sores on legs look like?

Diabetic blisters (bullosis diabeticorum) Diabetic blisters can occur on the backs of fingers, hands, toes, feet and sometimes on legs or forearms. These sores look like burn blisters and often occur in people who have diabetic neuropathy. They are sometimes large, but they are painless and have no redness around them.

Can diabetes go away?

When your blood sugar is normal with no treatment, then the diabetes is considered to have gone away. However, even when the blood sugars are controlled, because type 2 diabetes is a genetic condition, the predisposition for diabetes always exists. High blood sugars can come back.

Why do I itch at night?

Along with your body’s natural circadian rhythms, a number of different health conditions can cause itchy skin to become worse at night. These include: skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, and hives. bugs like scabies, lice, bed bugs, and pinworms.

Can you reverse Type 2 diabetes?

Although there’s no cure for type 2 diabetes, studies show it’s possible for some people to reverse it. Through diet changes and weight loss, you may be able to reach and hold normal blood sugar levels without medication. This doesn’t mean you’re completely cured. Type 2 diabetes is an ongoing disease.

What are the 3 most common symptoms of undiagnosed diabetes?

The three most common symptoms of undiagnosed diabetes include increased thirst, increased urination, and increased hunger.

Why can’t diabetics soak their feet?

Diabetes: Tips for Regular Foot Care Do not soak feet, or you’ll risk infection if the skin begins to break down. And if you have nerve damage, take care with water temperature. You risk burning your skin if you can’t feel that the water is too hot.