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Robert Michael York

York, Michael Robert, 66, Passed away on April 4, 2017 in Jacksonville, Florida. The visitation will be at Naugle Funeral Home, 1203 Hendricks Avenue, on Tuesday April 11, at 7PM. The Funeral Service will be at Trinity Lutheran Church on Wednesday, April 12th at 10AM. The Graveside service will be at Jacksonville National Cemetery on Wednesday, April 12th at 1 PM.


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Seasons is here! No longer perpetually stuck in Summertime, your Sims can finally enjoy splashing around in puddles and making snow angels! Say goodbye to the always blue skies of The Sims 4 – rain, snow and thunderstorms are here to stay!

Weather, beekeeping and flower-arranging aren’t the only new things to arrive with Seasons, however, the Expansion Pack also brought with it a ton of new Build and Buy Mode items. I’ve been playing around with the new objects available to show just a few of the ways you can make the most Build Mode in The Sims 4 Seasons!

1Log Cabin

One of the first things I noticed about Seasons is that the new windows, doors, and wall-coverings that come with this Expansion Pack all have a rustic feel to them. With lots of wood-tones and exposed stones, I was instantly reminded of the aesthetic of Granite Falls and was inspired to create a Log Cabin.

The Sims 4 Seasons comes with 2 new staircases, one of which has slats instead of real steps. This is a first for The Sims 4 and really opens up some new possibilities for building. Although not technically a ladder, it looks a whole lot more like one than any of the other staircases in Game, and is an object I’m really excited about. This staircase would look great in a loft build, a tiny house, or, as I’ve used it, as part as a mezzanine.

Mezzaines are really easy to build in the Sims 4 and look effective when done well. To build this particular mezzanine, I simply split the upper level of this house into two rooms and deleted the flooring of one of the rooms to create a double height space. I then replaced the separating wall with a fence and added in a staircase.

My favourite part of this build is the seating area at the front of the cabin. To create this I placed down a large piece of decking and built a room on top of the deck in the shape I wanted my seating area to be. I then deleted the ceiling, walls, and floor of this room to leave myself with a gap in the decking. I placed down some flooring on top of the exposed grass and added in sofas and a fire pit.

Because I wanted this section of the build to be somewhere my Sims could go to escape from the snow, I built a canopy over the seating area.  I love the idea of my Sims warming themselves by the fire whilst snow falls around them!

Builders are always ecstatic to see new beds in the Game, and Seasons definitely didn’t disappoint on this front! This Expansion Pack comes with three new beds (including a single canopy bed that I know will become a staple in my builds). I particularly like the way that the duvets on the new double beds look quilted and extra warm. This bed looks perfect for a chilly night in Granite Falls!

2Ice Rink

I’m always really happy when an Expansion Pack, Game Pack, or Stuff Pack, comes with items that allow me to create a new kind of community lot for my Game. When I saw that the Sims team were introducing Ice Skating and Roller Blading to the Sims 4, I was thrilled and knew I had to create a whole build based around them.

For this article, I decided to build an Ice Rink but most of the tips I list here will apply to building a Roller Blading Rink too!

Before you start building an Ice Rink or Roller Blading Rink, I would recommend placing one of the rinks one your lot. This will give you a feel for how big your build needs to be, and how much space the rink itself is going to take up. Although there are 2 sizes of rinks, even the smallest one is pretty large, so I would advise building on a bigger lot. The one I chose was 30×40.

It can often be difficult to make the exterior of a large community build like this look fun and interesting. As this Ice Rink is essentially just one large rectangle (in order to accommodate for the size of the rink), I had to get creative with roofing and decorations to make the place look its best. I chose 3 different wall-coverings for the exterior walls and added some of the vertical light panels from Spa Day as well as a sign from Dine Out. I decided to go for a glass roof and used the advanced manipulation tools (for more information on using these check out our Roofing Guide) to reshape it, making it look like a wave.

Whilst I was creating this Rink, I found myself reaching time and time again for the objects from Bowling Night Stuff. Because this Stuff Pack came with a lot of commercial items in bright and fun colours, they fit well with this build. I found myself using the benches from Bowling Night Stuff throughout the rink and even placed in a couple of the empty, bowling-shoe racks around the place!

If you don’t fancy building an Ice or Roller Skating Rink, why not try your hand at creating something for one of the other activities that came with Seasons. It could be fun to build a beekeeping farm or to revamp your greenhouses or garden sheds with the new flower arranging station!

3Summery Backyard

In The Sims 4 Seasons, there’s a whole host of new summer-themed outdoor activities for your Sims to take part in. With paddling pools and water balloons its easier than ever to create a fun-filled outdoor space for your Sims to enjoy.

As I wanted this backyard to feel summery, vibrant and exciting, I filled it to the brim with bright coloured objects. Luckily, all of the new sofas and chairs that came with Seasons have plenty of recolours and come in a variety of different colour-combinations. I used Seasons alongside Backyard Stuff and Perfect Patio to create this red and blue themed decking area. These three Packs work great together, especially if you’re revamping your Sims garden for Summer!

I also enjoyed adding in the new swing-set to this garden. It’s so nice to have another piece of play equipment in the Game and this one looks great next to the monkey bars and toddler slide!

As this backyard would have to function all year round, I wanted the summer-specific items to look temporary, as if they’d been set-up just in time for the good weather! The paddling pool has toys scattered around it, and the water balloon bucket is placed right next to the hose – as if my Sims had only just finished filling the balloons.

I also added a couple of yoga mats in the garden. Although they won’t function in this way in the Game, I like to imagine that they’re beach towels, placed outside for my Sims to sunbathe on!

4Modern Bathroom

Surprisingly, this Expansion Pack brought with it a fair few modern-looking items. (Almost) exclusively using objects from Seasons I was able to create this modern bathroom that wouldn’t look out of place in the Fashion District of San Myshuno!

The shower, sink, toilet and bath that came with Seasons have to be some of my favourite in the Game and can be used to easily create an affluent and elegant looking bathroom.

I love the addition of greenery to this space! The wall of plants looks great behind the bath and adds some quirkiness to the room.

5Decorate for the Holidays

You really wouldn’t be making the most of Build Mode in The Sims 4 Seasons if you didn’t use some of the new Holiday Decorations in your houses! Redecorating one of the rooms in your Sims’ home to suit a particular holiday can be a really fun task and is super easy considering the amount of décor items that came with this Expansion!

To create this Harvestfest themed dining room, I simply went to the Wall Decorations section of the Buy Mode Catalogue and filtered the objects by colour. Looking at only the red, yellow and orange items meant I was very easily able to select the perfect autumnal decorations just in time for the Holidays!

Hopefully this has given you some ideas and inspiration for building with The Sims 4 Seasons! Making the most of any Pack is all about playing around with what’s on offer and having fun with all the new options! Happy Building!

Click Here to Download the Log Cabin

Click Here Download the Ice Rink

Click Here to Download the Summery Backyard

Click Here to Download the Modern Bathroom

Click Here to Download the Harvestfest-Themed Dining Room

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The Neighbourhood - Daddy Issues: Vocal Range & Original Key

Artist / From: The Neighbourhood (artist vocal range)
Title: Daddy Issues
Original Key: C Minor
Vocal range: A#2-F4
Difficulty in Original Key:
Difficulty in optimal Key:
Min transposition needed:
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TyreWiz – Real Time Tyre Pressure Monitoring

by 12

Quarq, the SRAM division that brought you the ShockWiz, has just announced TyreWiz, which promises to offer the same kind of precise tuning and real-time monitoring as ShockWiz offers for forks.

As the bit of your bike that actually contacts the ground, tyres are the only thing that stops you from sliding off into the bushes and, once you’ve fitted your tyres, pressure is the only variable.

But how accurate is your pressure gauge? Quarq argues that most gauges are based on century old technology and reckons that its own gauge is accurate to 0.1PSI with +/- 2% variation. That’s pretty precise.

“Tyre choice and tyre pressure are the most underrated factors in cycling performance and comfort today,” said Jim Meyer, founder of Quarq. “Riders have more choices than ever when it comes to tyre and rim design. There’s a challenge in finding the right combination of those things, and we’re making those choices based on gauge technology that hasn’t changed much since the 19th century. Real-time tyre pressure monitoring technology isn’t new, and we believe it should be on every bicycle to make the riding experience better.”

Once installed, TyreWiz relays tire pressure data to a cycling computer or a smartphone every second. The TyreWiz app provides personalised recommendations and pressure alerts. For the first time, riders will have the ability to use highly accurate real-time information to make decisions that can affect rolling resistance, traction, tire wear, and rider comfort.

They’ll be sold as a pair and each one only 10g. The unit is compatible with removable Presta core valves in tube or tubeless tires, including those with sealant.

TyreWiz (we’re interested to see that they use the English spelling of ‘tyre’) will begin shipping worldwide on June 27 with a retail price of €259 in Europe and £229 in the U.K.

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Comments (12)

    Is it April 1st again already?

    Yeah, i often notice when my front tyre is down in pressure by 100 Pa and my bike becomes completely un-rideable and hence i fail to get my Enduro on properly……..

    How will this not get gunked up instantly with tyre sealant? Replaceable filters?

    A solution to a problem that doesn’t exist.

    The geek in me was interested up until the price. It’s 10x what I’d consider paying for such a device.

    So it updates to your smart phone, which you will need to get out and look at to see if you need more or less air. Or do you ride with the smart phone on the bars showing you your real time pressures as you ride ?

    Does it come with an adapter for a beach ball?
    I need an expensive gadget to optimise beach fun as well.

    Oh I can just see the Gwinn stopping halfway through a run because his pressure has gone to sh*t, NOT!!

    How long is it?
    It looks like hitting a bump while it’s at the bottom will either kill it or it will spike through the tyre.

    Who actually buys this pointless shit!?!?

    What a waste of time, invent something useful!

    I actually think this is something useful for a change. Tyre pressure makes such a difference to performance on different types of terrain. Its my number 1 thing to faff with. It could also potentially save you a lot of money if it alerts you of a slow puncture half way down a rocky decent and saves you ruining an expensive tyre and/or rim. But it is way too expensive – I might consider paying £100 for this.

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Virtual Engraving Workshop for Beginners!

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Virtual Engraving Workshop for Beginners!

August 16 @ 7:00 pm-8:00 pm EDT

Join Sip & Script® to learn engraving at home!

Join us from home and tune in to our virtual calligraphy engraving class! Just in time to engrave some holiday gifts for everyone!

In this online workshop you’ll be learning an introduction to the art of calligraphy engraving with an engraver machine. We will cover all the basics and get you ready to add etched lettered details to wine or bubbly bottles, glass or acrylic signage and more to celebrate all of life’s special occasions with this beautiful calligraphy touch. Come learn 2021’s biggest calligraphy trend with us!

Class includes 45 minutes of live instruction via Zoom for beginner engraving and open discussion lead by our talented instructor team. Overview of all supplies, safety with handling equipment, and step by step instruction for the first word as a group including finish work and design. Open discussion on specific projects also encouraged!

You will leave class with the confidence to bring engraved lettering to your bar carts at home, bridesmaid or hostess gifts, and fun dinner or brunch tablescapes!

You will receive an email upon purchase with a recommended list of engraving materials and where to purchase.  Please note this can be an investment of up to $75.00 for equipment. Class will be lead with this exact list but feel free to join with your own engraver if you have one already!

Supplies NOT included with ticket!

*Hand Lettering knowledge required to join

Get your tickets below!

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August 16
7:00 pm-8:00 pm EST EDT
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Stephanie Elmerick
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If you have any questions or need help signing up for a class please email us at


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How does Panchakarma Cleanse your Body?

Published 4 months ago | 305 views

By Vignesh Devraj

panchakarma cleanse

“AN AYURVEDIC QUINARY” – Let’s Flesh Out The Toxins

स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्य संरक्षणं, आतुरास्य विकार प्रशमनं |

The sustenance of good health in an active person and the cure of ailments in the sick. The basic principle of Ayurveda mainly focuses on this simple principle. More than a mere healing system, Ayurveda can be contemplated as an art of proper living that can provide better longevity and robust life. This system provides the basic guidance that is necessary for a person to live a healthy and long life. The guidance comprises the basic rules to be followed during the choice of diet and regimen, living habits, exercises, and cleansing methods to restore and maintain the mind, body, and consciousness balance. It thus prevents the disease from having a foothold on our body and longevity.

We all are aware that the human body and all the other major to minor properties that can be visible or invisible are commodities of the cosmic consciousness embodied from the basic 5 elements – PRITHVI (Earth), AAP(Water), TEJAS (Fire) VAYU (Air) & AKASHA (Ether). The fundamental factors that hold the trunk are Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, a hybrid of this Panchamahabhuta. Vata is a combination of Ether and Air, Pitta is a combination of Fire & Water and Kapha from Water and Earth acts as the three humors or the solitary constitution of a body which are determined during the time of fertilization. Every individual constitution possesses a unique configuration and proportion of these three doshas. The balance of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha is a natural phenomenon. When this doshic balance is agitated, it brings imbalances, and loss of body constitution, thus giving rise to the entity called Disorder or Disease. A disorder or disease is something that has continual companionship with order and hence comprehending its nature and structure is the only key to re-establish the order. The order is a state of health where the tridoshas are in equilibrium, trimala( Urine, Feces, and Sweat) are produced and excreted normally and the Sapta Dhatus of the body (Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medo, Asthi, Majja, and Shukra) functions normally.

दोषा कदाचितः कुप्यन्थि जित लङ्घन पाचनै

जिता संशोधनैर्ये तु शेषां पुनरुद्भव |

(Ref: C.S. Soo.16/20)

Ayurvedic literature relates to preserving the once lost healthy life and longevity by administering the cleansing program called PANCHAKARMA. Panchakarma is the method of removing all the undesirable entities from the body through preventive, curative, and promotive actions of its 5 steps. The 5 steps include Vamana (Emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Nasya (Nasal medication),  Vasti (Medicated oil enema), and Raktamokshana (Blood letting therapy). Even though Panchakarma is said to be a whole-body procedure, in reality, it is only one group among the cleansing or Sodhana therapies.

Also called therapeutic vomiting, the sodhana done by Vamana mainly focuses on the Kapha dosha in our body. During the aggravated stage, it gets amassed in unwanted channels and causes impediment. It causes congestion in the respiratory system and hence Vamana is administered to eliminate the excessive Kapha. Elimination of these despised products brings instant relief to the individual. Conditions like congestion, wheezing, breathlessness, the feeling of distress, etc will be eliminated and a state of mental peace is attained. This therapeutic vomiting is also implied in Chronic asthma, edema, lymphatic congestion etc.

The purgation therapy is done to curtail the aggravation of the Pitta dosha. Through purgation, the sediment bile, fat, and pitta in the body which can induce various diseases like skin irritations, pigmentations, jaundice, acne, etc can be controlled. Being under the use of a drugged laxative, the body will not dehydrate and a proper diet is to be discerned for the balance of the doshas throughout the treatment time.

The enema therapy focuses on retaining the Vata dosha. Vata is the major etiological facet that causes major diseases if controlled and maintained can give better longevity to your life. The large intestine and bone tissues are said to be the central location of Vata and hence the medicated enema is mostly administered rectally. And hence the medication goes promptly and deeper into the tissues and corrects the Vata aggravated disorders.

The nasal administration of a medication is called Nasya and it is one of the major direct routes to the head and brain.

Prana, the life force, has an effective role in the sensory and motor functioning of the body and all the neuro activities that take place in the brain. Hence administration of Nasya can revitalize your nervous system, improves your memory and intellect, and prevents frequent headaches and related diseases. It is one of the best healings indicated for Sinusitis, and certain eye and ear problems as well.

One of the ancient therapies that are adapted from nature and its innovation is bloodletting therapy. As the name implies, here the aggravated rakta or the blood that is vitiated due to the presence of toxins in the body is taken out. Pitta being a product of the disintegrated cells of the blood can also cause vitiation of rakta and hence the ailment related to rakta and pitta can be alleviated through bloodletting therapy. A natural factor that is used for this motive is leeches. In conditions like eczema, scabies, chronic itching, and hives, bloodletting therapy is inferred.

The Benefits Of Panchakarma

  • Cleanses the body completely
  • Augments the metabolic rate
  • Lessening of toxic levels present in our body
  • Rejuvenation of internal organs and tissues
  • Solace from stress and other mental distress
  • Weight loss
  • The impediments in the channels are cleared.
  • Refines digestion
  •  Boosts immunity
  • Refreshment to the body
  • Enhances sound sleep

The fast-moving lifestyle that the contemporary generation is having is a tremendous one. Everything in a span of finger touch is available in front of them. That bound even though it makes our lives easier and fast-moving, it has brought along some major unevenness in our bodies. The awry diet, unhealthy habits, foods and lifestyle, repressed emotions and work stress, etc wholly are altering the balance of tridosha to an inappropriate or toxic level. The least proportion of people is anxious about the lazy poisoning they are doing to their bodies, causing the output of toxic entities in their bodies and decreasing their metabolic rate. This once compiled toxic substance can slowly affect the vital functioning of the body resulting in the birth of certain benign or malignant disorders. And It is a high necessity that your body undergoes deep internal cleansing.

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Photomerge Secrets in Photoshop

Rating: 5.00 based on 1 Rating
  By Jennifer Berube
Photomerge Secrets in Photoshop

Panoramic photos give viewers the surprising sensation of looking at an actual view rather than a flat image. These wide images engage peripheral vision and give a depth, unlike any other photographic style. To get these stunning visuals, however, photographers have to master photomerge. Although the function has many uses outside of regular panoramas, it’s best known for connecting many separate shots of the same, horizontal view.

Photomerge can also compensate for restrictive lenses and limited views. If a photographer can’t fit an entire beach-lined cliff into a single shot, they can take a number of photos that can be joined together in post-production. Photoshop’s photomerge is versatile and necessary in the age of digital photography, but it can be frustrating. A few tips, tricks, and secrets can make the process easier.

Organize Your Images

The biggest and easiest photomerging mistake to make is to not organize your shots before beginning the process. Photo order is everything. Without it, you’ll get a jumbled mess. It’s a lot of wasted time and a headache waiting to happen. The secret to avoiding 90 percent of your issues when merging photos is to take the time to check and double check your image order at the very beginning.

Not All Settings Are Created Equal

The different merging functions in Photoshop create extremely different images. Many will warp your images to make them fit together, and others will leave choppy edges that need to be trimmed out during a later step in post-production. Depending on the scale, number, and orientation of the photos, many of these settings will turn out very poorly. Some, such a spherical, only work in certain conditions, and few stay true to your intended perspective. This means the auto setting isn’t always your friend.

Experiment with all the different settings so you understand exactly what they do. Ideally, run the same set of photos through each setting for the best comparison of the differences between settings. Everyone’s tastes are different, but you’ll be able to clearly note which settings heavily distort images (perspective, cylindrical, and spherical) and which generate the fewest changes in your source material (collage, reposition). Remember, the setting makes the image. You don’t want to have to worry about fixing distorted images in post.

There are two easy ways to make your separate pictures blend seamlessly into a unified whole. Once you’ve organized your images and selected your optimal setting, stop to select a few additional options. First, use blending. By checking each Blend Image box, you give Photoshop the power to automatically adjust for exposure discrepancies, color variation, and other slight differences that would disturb the final image’s uniformity.

Vignette Removal is your second tool. Shadows occasionally creep into your shots, especially from things like the lens hood. Vignette Removal adjusts the image to compensate for those dark spots. It effectively erases them, so you don’t have multiple camera hood shadows across your panorama.

Manual Corrections

As we’ve mentioned before, auto settings will only take you so far. If you want to get the absolute best results from your merged images, you’re going to have to dig into the more detailed settings. This process begins before you even order your photos. Try making images as similar as possible before merging in order to prevent loss of detail.

Start with something simple, like exposure. Lowering exposure while increasing recovery will boost fine detail. If the shadows get too dark, adjust the fill light bar. Use this three-step process on all the images you plan to merge. The color and exposure may not be exactly the same across the board, but you can eyeball your shots well enough to prevent the Blend and Vignette functions from going overboard. This should even save you time when you sit down for final edits.

Accept that There is No Perfect Merge

The ultimate secret of any photography tool is that it cannot produce a perfect image, especially not through automatic settings alone. The good news is, Photomerge isn’t the only feature in Photoshop. Once you have your merged image, it’s time to get serious about cropping.

Even though you may have blended five or six images, you may discover that it’s really the combination of one, two, and three (with a sliver of four) that have the best composition. You can’t know what a merged image will look like until after the process is complete, so don’t be surprised if you end up taking fewer pixels from the final merge than you expected. Crop well, crop thoroughly, and don’t feel bad about leaving a lot of image on the chopping block.

Photomerge is all about preparation, careful selection, and lots of cropping. You may not be able to get it right the first time, but by taking control of automated functions like Blend, you can improve your results. You can make the final image even better by performing some basic editing before you merge. In the end, don’t be afraid to crop. Photomerge is only one step in post-production.

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Before I became Editor-in-Chief of PHLEARN Magazine, I spent over five years specializing in Photography Writing and contributed articles regularly to sites like PictureCorrect, Sleeklens, and PhotoWorkout. Photography has always been a huge passion of mine; I may not be professionally trained in the art, but the knowledge and experience I have gained writing about photography techniques, interviewing some of the biggest and most inspiring photographers out there, and covering industry events has been invaluable!

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A Chemical Hunger – Part VII: Lithium

Lithium is the third element on the periodic table, the lightest metal, a hit Nirvana single, and a mood-stabilizing drug often used to treat bipolar disorder.

Lithium isn’t synthetic, of course, but it can still be an environmental contaminant. While it occurs naturally in small concentrations in groundwater, human activity might have led to serious increases over the past few decades.

Unlike the other contaminants we’ve reviewed, we don’t need to spend any time convincing you that lithium makes people gain weight: it does. Almost everyone who takes lithium at therapeutic levels gains some weight. About half of them report serious weight gain, on average 22 lbs (10kg), and about 20% of patients gain more than that. Weight gained is correlated (r = .44, p < .001) with dosage. Unsurprisingly, weight gain on lithium is related to an increase in leptin levels.

We’d love to tell you whether lithium concentrations in groundwater have increased over time. But while lithium is easy to detect, assessing lithium levels is not a part of the standard analysis of drinking water, so we don’t have reliable historical data to work with. There aren’t even EPA standards for lithium levels in drinking water.

We’d also like to tell you about how much lithium people are exposed to, and whether that has increased over the past several decades. Measuring serum lithium is relatively easy, and people who are starting lithium treatment get checked frequently to make sure that their blood levels aren’t too high. Despite this, there doesn’t seem to be any data on serum lithium levels in the general population. The NHANES data has records of how much uranium there was in your urine every year from 2000-2016, but not a single measure related to lithium. Great job, guys.

We can’t talk about trends in the groundwater or in people’s bodies directly. But what we can do is look at other trends that we would expect to be related. For example, this figure shows a graph of USGS-reported records for global lithium production since 1900:

Graph showing world lithium production from 1900 to 2007, by deposit type and year. The layers of the graph are placed one above the other, forming a cumulative total. Reproduced from USGS.

This graph is pretty telling. Almost no lithium was produced before 1950, so human activity couldn’t have been adding a meaningful amount to the groundwater back then. Serious lithium production started around 1950, which could help explain why obesity went from about 3% in 1890 to about 10% in 1980, but we see that lithium production truly spikes around 1980. While there have been a few ups and downs, production has as a rule continued to rise ever since. This graph only goes up to 2007, but USGS and other sources confirm that production has continued to increase, at about 11% per year from 2007 to 2017.

Lithium definitely ends up in the groundwater. It’s there in small concentrations naturally, but human activity adds more. In Seoul, South Korea, lithium concentrations sextuple as the Han river passes through the city’s densest districts. This is reflected not only in the river, but also in the tap water in the city — tap water from sites further along the river’s course have similarly elevated lithium levels.

This suggests that rivers pick up lithium along their course and generally have higher lithium levels as they flow downhill. This is supported by data from Austria, which shows that lithium levels in drinking water vary systematically with altitude, with higher concentrations of lithium found in districts at lower altitudes:

Lithium levels (mg/L) and altitude (meters) in Austria

We should note that a paper looking at groundwater in the United States from 1992-2003 found the opposite effect: higher levels of lithium at higher altitudes. “However,” they say, “these findings should be interpreted with caution.” We agree. There are 3,141 counties in the United States, and they only looked at data from 518. They only examined data from 15 states, most of them states at relatively low elevation. These weren’t randomly selected, either; they were the sites with the highest number of lithium samples in the years 1992-2003.

We’ve already discussed the issues that come up when you conduct analysis on a restricted range of data. Further, the Seoul data shows that lithium levels spike around urban areas. If some of the high-altitude measurements were near or immediately downstream from cities or manufacturing areas, that might make it look like higher-altitude locations have higher levels of lithium on average.

The therapeutic dose of lithium in blood serum is usually considered to be in the range of 0.8 – 1.2 mmol/L, though some sources suggest that lower doses are more effective, with the “minimum efficacious serum lithium level” being possibly as low as 0.4 mmol/L. To translate these to more familiar terms, 0.8 mmol/L is about 5600 ng/mL, and 0.4 mmol/L is about 2800 ng/mL.

That’s quite a lot. In comparison, lithium levels in groundwater rarely exceed 200 ng/mL. But perhaps surprisingly, even very low levels can have an influence on our health and mental states. One study examining data from 27 Texas counties between 1978-1987 found that rates of suicide and homicide (as well as other forms of violent and impulsive behavior) were negatively correlated with lithium in drinking water, over water lithium levels ranging from 70 to 170 ng/mL. Another study looking at various cities in Lithiuania (no relation to lithium) found a negative relationship between lithium exposure and suicide. The lithium levels in the public drinking water systems they examined ranged from 0.5 to 35.5 ng/mL, with a median level of 3.6 ng/mL. In general, reviews of this literature find that trace levels of lithium have a meaningful impact on behavior.

There’s only one randomized controlled trial examining the effects of trace amounts of lithium, but it finds the same thing. A group of former drug users (heroin, crystal meth, PCP, and cocaine), most of them with a history of violent crime or domestic violence, were given either 400 µg per day of lithium orally, or a placebo. For comparison, a normal clinical dose is 300,000 – 600,000 µg, taken two to three times per day. Even on this comparatively tiny dose, everyone in the lithium group reported feeling happier, more friendly, more kind, less grouchy, etc. over a four week period, “without exception”.

(These former drug users didn’t have normal moods to begin with — one said “I am always extremely moody and fight with my girlfriend frequently” before he was treated — so it’s not clear if trace amounts of lithium would improve mood in everyone else. Similarly, therapeutic doses are only given to patients with bipolar disorder, and it’s not clear what the effects would be on someone without this diagnosis.)

In the placebo group, people were just about as grouchy as before. When they switched the placebo group over to lithium, these people responded in exactly the same way.

This is pretty strong evidence that even very small doses of lithium can have meaningful effects. So should we be surprised that they don’t mention any weight gain? There isn’t much data on the time course of weight gain in lithium treatment, but it seems to come on pretty fast. In one study with normal therapeutic doses, 15 bipolar inpatients gained an average of 13 lbs (5.9 kg) over six weeks. While the sample size is quite small, this tells us that sometimes a lot of weight gain can happen fast.

We don’t think this is a huge problem. The randomized controlled trial on trace exposure only lasted a couple of weeks. Even if patients were gaining weight at the same rate as patients on a therapeutic dose, they might not have noticed. The researchers didn’t intend to examine weight gain, and probably didn’t measure it. They don’t report any other side effects. Heroin, crystal meth, PCP, and cocaine all make people lose weight, so it’s possible that weight gain in the former drug users would be seen as a sign of health. It’s also worth noting that while these trace amounts do appear to have real, consequential effects, the dosage was about 1,000 times smaller than a therapeutic dose. In this situation, it’s not crazy to think that weight gain might take a few weeks or even months to manifest. We see a version of the main effect — improved mood — in this tiny dose. It seems reasonable that we might see a version of this side effect as well.

This study can give us a lower limit not only of the dosage, but by extension, of the minimum effective serum level. As a ballpark estimate, therapeutic dosages are in the range of 1,000,000 µg per day and they lead to serum levels of around 5000 ng/mL. This means the 400 µg per day dose from the randomized controlled trial would lead to a serum level of around 2 ng/mL. Other sources suggest that blood levels may end up slightly higher on low doses. For example, doses in the range of 385 to 1540 µg per day lead to serum levels around 7 to 28 ng/mL. One study testing serum lithium as a compliance marker for food and supplement intake found that giving people lithium-tagged yogurt with a dose of about 1000 µg per day over a period of six weeks led to an increase in serum levels from 6 ng/mL to 46 ng/mL.

These papers disagree on the specifics but they agree on the general picture. A serum level in the range of 10 ng/mL is enough to influence mood, and a dose of about 400 µg per day is enough to get you there. Whether lower doses have an effect is unclear, but we should certainly be interested in numbers in these ranges and up.

Trace Exposure

There aren’t any other randomized controlled trials, but if trace amounts are enough to cause obesity, then we should see relationships between trace lithium levels and obesity rates.

In Texas, a survey of mean lithium levels in public wells across 226 counties (Texas has 254 in total) found lithium levels ranging from 2.8 to 219.0 ng/mL. Now Texas is not one of the most obese states — but it tends to be more obese along its border with Lousiana, which is also where the highest levels of lithium were reported.

West Virginia and Alabama, on the other hand, are two of the most obese states in the nation. We haven’t been able to find any reliable groundwater concentration data for these states, but we can certainly note that both of them have problems with lithium contamination coming from local mining operations. And it’s not just Alabama and West Virginiaother states are facing similar contamination.

In Greece, lithium levels in drinking water range from 0.1 ng/mL in Chios island to 121 ng/mL on the island of Samos, with an average of 11.1 ng/mL. Unfortunately there’s not much data on the prevalence of obesity in Greece, but we can conduct some due diligence by checking a few of these endpoints. Samos, with the highest levels, is the obvious place to start. On Samos, 10.7% of children aged 3-12 are overweight, compared to 6.5% on the island of Corfu. A full 27% of high schoolers on Samos island were overweight in 2010, and 12.4% were obese. In comparison, about 12.5% of American high schoolers were obese in the same period.

In the Caspian Sea, lithium concentrations are 280 ng/mL. As we’ve already reviewed, some of the most obese provinces in Iran border the Caspian. The Dead Sea has concentrations even higher, at 14,000 ng/mL, but for the obvious reasons, we don’t think people are getting a lot of their drinking water from the Dead Sea. On the other hand, obesity in the West Bank is pretty high — as high as 50% in men in 2003!

Very high concentrations of lithium have also been reported in Austria. For the most part, Austria has normal amounts of lithium in its drinking water, around 13 ng/mL. But in the east, the concentrations are much higher. In the Mistelbach district, the average level of lithium in the drinking water was 82 ng/mL, and the highest single measurement was near Graz, at 1300 ng/mL. Both of these are in eastern Austria, where obesity levels are highest. Mistelbach in particular is one of the most obese districts in the country.

Chile and Argentina are the most obese countries in South America (28% each) and are two of the biggest exporters of lithium in the world. Unsurprisingly, this is reflected in their groundwater.

In northern Chile, lithium levels in the groundwater can reach levels 10,000 times higher than normal. The rivers running through many small valleys see lithium concentrations of 600 – 1600 ng/mL. The drinking water in many towns has levels up to 700 ng/mL. And in the headwaters of the Rio Camerones, lithium hits concentrations of 24,880 ng/mL. In 1980, Zaldivar reported similar levels of lithium in the groundwater, stating that they were “the highest reported in the world”. He also measured serum levels in people at these different sites, and found values ranging from 22.3 ng/mL to 85.8 ng/mL.

(“We tried to find Zaldivar to learn more about his work,” says a later paper, “but to no avail. He left Chile when Pinochet came to power and effectively disappeared.”)

In Argentina, lithium can reach up to 1000 ng/mL in drinking water, and the locals end up with a lot of exposure. At the site with the highest levels, lithium concentrations reached an average of 4,550 ng/mL in people’s urine. The highest level in someone’s urine was actually a whopping 14,300 ng/mL. The locals seem to be getting much of their lithium exposure from their tap water, as the amount of lithium in urine was correlated with the number of glasses of water consumed per day (r = 0.173, p = 0.029).

These are all freshwater levels. In seawater, lithium concentrations are reliably quite high, ranging from 100 ng/mL to over 1000 ng/mL. Now, most people are not actually drinking meaningful amounts of seawater, but if you live near the ocean, you might still be exposed indirectly.

One mystery we haven’t mentioned yet is that the Middle East is extremely obese (see map below), one of the most obese regions on earth. Jordan, Qatar, Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia all barely trail the United States in terms of obesity, and Kuwait is actually slightly more obese than the United States, about 38% obese compared to 36% in America. These countries are very dry, and so all of them get a lot of drinking water from desalinated seawater. Saudi Arabia gets about half of its drinking water from desalination and is one of the most obese nations on earth. Kuwait built its first desalination plant in 1951, and has actually been one of the most obese countries in the world for a long time. Back in 1975, when the rate of obesity in the United States was around 10%, the rate of obesity in Kuwait was about 18%.

Share of Adults that are Obese, 2016. Reproduced from ourworldindata.org/obesity under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Desalination removes all trace elements from seawater, but because distilled water corrodes metal pipes and trace elements are important to health, the desalinated water is remineralized by blending it with 5-10% brackish water. This means that desalinated water could easily have lithium concentrations of up to 100 ng/mL. Unlike contamination in some forms of drinking water, which might vary with factors like rainfall and industrial activity, we would expect lithium levels to be reliably high in desalinated water, because they are inherent to the source.

We even have some data about lithium levels in the waters of the Persian Gulf. Near Qeshm island, at least, seawater concentrations vary somewhat by season but are usually around 300 ng/mL. This is reasonably high for seawater and much higher than the levels usually observed in groundwater. Not all of that makes it back into the water after desalination, of course, but even if only 10% got back in, 30 ng/mL is still a pretty high dose to be receiving regularly.

(If you are a Kuwaiti or Saudi desalination engineer, please contact us! This blog has gotten 15 views from Kuwait and 26 from Saudi Arabia, we know you’re out there!)

In any case, if lithium from desalinated seawater doesn’t explain why the Middle East has such incredibly high rates of obesity, then some other explanation will have to be found for this extremely striking observation.

On average, people drink about 3 liters of water per day. If they’re drinking from a normal freshwater source with 1-10 ng/mL, they’ll get a dose of about 3-30 µg / day. If they’re drinking from desalinated seawater, with concentrations of about 30-100 ng/mL, they’ll get a dose of about 90-300 µg / day. If they’re drinking from sources like those found in Texas, Greece, and Mistelbach, with concentrations of about 100-200 ng/mL, they’ll get a dose of about 300-600 µg / day. If they’re drinking from sources like those found in Graz, Chile, and Argentina, with 1000 ng/mL, they’ll easily get a dose of 3000 µg / day or more:

In comparison, therapeutic doses are in the range of 1,000,000 µg per day, but remember the randomized controlled trial showed effects at only 400 µg per day. Many people are getting doses of similar amounts from their drinking water alone. And this is assuming that they’re not also exposed to lithium in other ways.

Common Uses of Lithium

Which they probably are, because lithium has a wide variety of applications. In 2017, the USGS estimated that 48% of the global market for lithium was batteries, 26% was ceramics and glass, 7% was lubricating greases, the remainder being industrial uses like polymer production and air treatment. They also mention a couple uses like “agrochemicals”, airbag ignition, aluminum alloys, cement and concrete additives, and dyes and pigments.

You’ll remember from our review in the PFAS section that some of the most obese professions include firefighters, cooks, food workers, cleaning workers, motor vehicle operators, vehicle mechanics, transportation and material moving, healthcare support, health technicians, and some construction occupations (“Helpers, construction trades” and “Other construction and related workers”).

If you go and see your local auto mechanic, the black smears covering his hands and forearms might be engine oil. But they might also be lithium grease. This grease is ubiquitous in auto engineering, routinely applied to hinges, joints, and pivot points. It’s used in aviation and on many kinds of heavy machinery, including logging and construction equipment, trains, and tractors. It also has a number of household applications. You might put it on your garage door, or the hinges on the gate of your fence. About 7% of the global supply of lithium goes into lubricating greases of one kind or another. That’s a lot of grease.

In addition to any lithium they’re exposed to in their food and water, vehicle mechanics, truck drivers, and transportation workers are also constantly exposed to lithium grease at work. They may literally be rubbing the grease all over their hands. Like any grease, this is hard to get off your skin, in most cases requiring a special soap. Hopefully they keep it out of their eyes and mouth, but even so, it doesn’t seem like it would be great for you.

Construction workers also use lithium grease to lubricate their tools and equipment. They may be exposed through lithium added to concrete and cement. Lithium is used in agrochemicals like pesticides, though information on exactly what agrochemicals this includes is spotty. It’s possible that this explains the higher levels of obesity in cooks and food workers.

Lithium grease isn’t considered food-safe, and in theory it shouldn’t be used on food-handling equipment. In practice, however, manufacturers and restaurants don’t always follow regulations. A quick Google search reveals incidents like lithium grease being stored with food equipment, lithium grease being stored next to garlic bulbs, and lithium grease being stored above mustard.

It’s not clear if there’s a connection with healthcare professionals, firefighters, or cleaning workers. Maybe there’s a hidden lithium connection out there. But there doesn’t have to be. Lithium may just be part of the story — the rest could be explained by other contaminants, like PFAS.

And speaking of PFAS, there’s actually a connection. Lithium greases often include other substances to improve their performance, including Teflon, aka PTFE.

One strike against lithium as an explanation for the obesity epidemic is that it only stays in the body for a few days, with a half-life of 18-36 hours. The medical consensus seems to be that it probably doesn’t bioaccumulate.

But this may not be a problem, for a few reasons. First, lithium may be able to affect weight without accumulating in the body. One possible mechanism by which environmental contaminants could cause obesity is by interfering with the microbiome. If exposure to lithium changes the composition of your gut microbiota, then exposure to lithium could have serious impacts on your weight without any bioaccumulation. Even brief exposure to lithium could have long-lasting effects. And in fact there is evidence that dietary lithium affects the microbiome, at least in rats.

Second, the medical consensus might simply be wrong. While lithium is traditionally measured in the serum, this may not be the best way to evaluate bioaccumulation. “In contrast to other psychotherapeutic drugs,” says one paper on the pharmacokinetics of lithium, “Li+ is fairly evenly distributed in the body, but in tissues such as the white matter of the brain, the bones, and in the thyroid gland the concentrations per kg wet weight are about twice those in the serum.”

A particularly interesting example is a case study of a patient who died after lithium poisoning. Researchers found that most tissue samples (“liver, spleen, kidney, lung, muscle, cardiac muscle, pancreas”) contained about the same concentration of lithium as found in the serum, in the range of 0.4-0.6 mmol/kg. But in the thyroid gland and in brain tissue (especially white matter), lithium concentrations were nearly twice as high as in serum, in the range of 0.7-0.8 mmol/kg. They suggest that this is to be expected, saying, “lithium has an increased affinity to thyroid tissue,” and, “high concentrations of lithium in brain tissue – especially in white substance – agrees with investigations that reveal the lithium elimination from brain tissue to be slow.”

This is particularly interesting not only because it seems to show evidence of bioaccumulation, but because of the particular tissues in which concentrations were found to be highest. The thyroid gland is very important to weight regulation, and so to find that lithium concentrations in that organ were second-highest in the body is very neatly in line with our expectations. Maybe it shouldn’t be a surprise, because lithium therapy is associated with thyroid disease.

For a while this was the best evidence of lithium accumulation in the brain, but a few weeks ago our friend Dr. Grace Rosen sent us this Nature paper published in March 2021. In this paper, the authors took 139 brain samples from three deceased individuals and took them to a nuclear reactor in Bavaria, where they were placed in a chamber and shot with a “well focused beam of cold neutrons with a neutron flux of ɸ = 1.2 × 1010 cm−2 s−1”. The lithium-neutron interaction gives a unique “associated coincident energy pattern”, which allowed them to measure the amount of lithium at different sites in the brains. Unsurprisingly, the patient receiving lithium therapy at the time of death had the highest concentration, but the brains of the other two individuals did as well, presumably from trace exposure.

Just like the case study above, they found that lithium was more concentrated in white than in gray matter. Additionally, the authors note that lithium concentrations were especially high in the thalamus and Brodmann Area 25. This is interesting for our purposes because Brodmann Area 25 “influences changes in appetite and sleep” and the thalamus governs “sensory relay in visual, auditory, somatosensory, and gustatory systems.” Both of these brain regions are related to eating behavior.

Sadly the authors did not examine any samples from the hypothalamus, which governs eating more directly, but this is still evidence that trace lithium bioaccumulates in brain regions that are important to the regulation of food intake and body weight.

45 thoughts on “A Chemical Hunger – Part VII: Lithium

  1. Ben L says:

    Not to be greedy on top of all this great work, but is it possible to conclude with any advice on “how to measure these contaminants in yourself / environment / drinking water and how to remove them” ?

  2. Mahmud says:

    That’s it kids, you’ve found it it’s got to be this. This seems like the toughest evidence so far. What could top this? Has to be it.

    Campaign against Lithium NOW.

      1. Mahmud says:

        Ordinarily yes BUT

        For some reason, experimental methods in nutrition science seem to keep failing to come up with any generalizable conclusion. What I think is, before experimenting researchers need to consult with each other and ask themselves what would everyone consider strong, immediately actionable evidence and what would it take to provide that evidence? And then do exactly that and act on whatever the finding is. Otherwise you end up with someone somewhere who did an experiment that maybe shows this, but more studies need, oh here’s a critique, matter is still vague 15 years later with no end of back and forth, and basically a bunch of money was spent in one direction, leading to something, that wasn’t everything to anyone leading anybody anywhere.

        TLDR nutrition science needs a massive return to the drawing board and a reassessment of how conclusions are meant to be made. If they are forever telling us the science is difficult, that we need to be patient, that they don’t have clarity yet, but they feel they are on the cusp of delivery, only to find a decade later. they’re saying the same thing, then I think we need to start questioning whether the money and effort in this direction is worth it at all.

        Liked by 2 people

  3. A question I have is that the first half of the 20th century had popular consumption of lithia water and lithated drinks like 7-up and lithia coca-cola. It fell out of favour around the middle of the century around where the obesity spike starts. I don’t know enough about just how much was consumed to say whether it is a strike for or against your argument but it would be worth looking into.

    1. Yeah good points — a friend of ours happened to send us something about 7-up being lithated totally by coincidence a few months ago.

      We weren’t able to find much about historical consumption of these drinks and there’s pretty much no obesity data during the span they were consumed in (1929-1948). There are also some signs that, if trace lithium causes obesity, you gain more weight if the trace dose is more consistent. A lithated 7-up every few days may not be consistent enough to cause obesity? But this is all very speculative. If anyone has better data on lithated drinks we would be interested to hear about it.

  4. Is there a correlation between increase in obesity and reduction in violence?

    I’m thinking of the theory that removing lead from gasoline reduced violence, but reading this article today made me wonder if it was increase in lithium instead.

    Great series!

    Liked by 1 person

    1. NameItIs says:

      One thing that makes me skeptical is the increasing depression rates.
      Shouldn’t increasing exposure to lithium have an effect on that?

      Just thinking out loud here.

      Liked by 1 person

      1. This is a good question… lithium is primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, especially mania — “to stabilize mood and prevent manic episodes, but … also be helpful in the acute treatment of manic episodes”. We kind of suspect it is a sedative. In this case it seems like low doses of a sedative could cause something that looks like depression. Or to put it another way, there’s very little research on what psychiatric meds do to people without psychiatric disorders, but it seems likely that if lithium can take a manic person and make them stable, it could also take a stable person and make them depressed.

        Rates of bipolar disorder do seem to be going up a tiny bit, but they haven’t increased much since the 90s. Also the minimum therapeutic dose for bipolar is much, much higher than what anyone would be getting from trace exposure.

        Liked by 1 person

  5. Max says:

    If obesity is caused by anything (lithium or whatever) that accumulates in the body, people should get fatter as they get older. Is that the case?

    Are people in their twenties more obese than people in their fities? Do you have data on this?

    From my personal obervation, people might ideed get more obese as they age (with the exception of high age when they lose weight, but I assume this is an effect of an age related change in metabolism). However, as far as I can tell any age related increase in obeseity seems much smaller than the increase of obesity that apperently happened within the last 50 years or so.

  6. A lurker says:

    FWIW, there are also several RCTs showing benefits of lithium microdoses for Alzheimer’s/dementia broadly (and, IIRC, pro-neurogenesis evidence in animals):

    – A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs of using lithium for cognitive decline/alzheimer’s finds that L significantly decreases cognitive decline relative to placebo (I have the pdf, two studies had regular-ish lithium doses, one had a microdose of 0.3mg/day): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26402004/
    – A similar review for dementia (for both standard and ‘trace’ doses) with similar findings: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24919696/
    – A more editorial analysis of various studies on lithium and alzheimer’s/dementia/cognitive decline: https://journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40345-020-00188-z
    – Danish correlation study finds an association between higher drinking water levels of lithium and lower incidence of dementia/Alzheimer’s: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5710473/
    – Similar correlational study with equivalent findings in Texas: http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170744
    – However, another correlational study that sought to control for cofounders found that lithium didn’t help: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2680802

    Myself and several family members, as well as some friends/acquaintances, have been on microdoses of lithium (orotate, 1-2mg/day) for a year+ now, because of the purported cognitive benefits. Myself and family get lithium tested every now and then; we’ve confirmed that, at least per the blood serum tests, we had 0-0.01 mmol/L prior to starting supplementation, and now are at around 0.09 mmol/L (normal therapeutic range for bipolar/etc. being 0.6-1.2 mmol/L, FYI).

    How have we fared over the year? No weight adjustments for all but one, a male in 60s, who’s lost ~15 pounds after restarting physical activity following the lifting of COVID restrictions.

    Will we see negative effects in 20 years of this? Perhaps, but I’m not sure. I’d want to see more rigorous analysis of locale-by-locale water lithium levels and obesity stats, with all the usual confounders controlled for. The water-content studies in the article are compelling, and go in contrast with our personal experiences supplementing lithium, but I am left wondering to what extent they represent a meta-analysis, or if they are just focused on studies and correlations that support the thesis of the piece.

    I’m afraid everything is multifactorial and complicated!

  7. Eric2 says:

    “In any case, if lithium from desalinated seawater doesn’t explain why the Middle East has such incredibly high rates of obesity, then some other explanation will have to be found for this extremely striking observation.”

    Could it be as simple as that the weather is horrible in Arabian oil states and most people are rich enough to afford AC and cars, so they rarely walk outside and overall get little exercise? I know you discounted exercise as a factor in an earlier post, but this seems like an extreme case.

    1. ugoglen says:

      Another connection that you might consider trying to get data for is another subset of “transportation and material moving” workers, namely seafarers. The reason I bring this up is because sea-going ships are equipped with desalination equipment (some are evaporators but more are reverse-osmosis types). But those folks (of which I am one) are getting a double whammy: both drinking water from the sea *and* working around lots of chemical lubricants. I imagine there are datasets from insurance groups covering maritime unions; most seagoing labor is unionized. I know that anecdotally, the joke among American seafarers goes something like, when doing AED training and discussing the things that predispose a person to cardiac arrest, all you have to tell the guys is to look around the room.

  8. TT says:

    If Lithium is causing obesity by mucking with leptin levels and causing increasing hunger, then shouldn’t the data actually reflect increasing calorie intake? If one of the mysteries we’re trying to solve is why has obesity increased while calorie intake hasn’t increased that much, and the proposed mechanism is an element that causes obesity by increasing calorie intake, I’m not sure how to understand that.

    1. Good question. The mechanism by which clinical doses of lithium causes obesity is poorly understood, but some studies suggest that people who gain weight on lithium don’t eat much more, so the mechanism may not have much to do with increased calorie intake. But OTOH, if you gain a lot of weight you will have to eat more just to support your body, so there may still be an increase? Again good questions, it’s not entirely clear.

    2. Ben says:

      Well, from a calories in – calories out model, just a tiny bit lower metabolism, thermal generation, fidgeting, or an extra french fry occasionally would lead over time to enormous weight gain. It might not be from a calorie change, and if it was, it would be a very tiny signal.

      Liked by 1 person

  9. Erin Wiedmar says:

    This may not correlate, but this study may have found that lithium intake decreased mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell that produces ATP or energy from food) functionality (in sperm, but mitochondria function similarly in all cells?). I could be way off here though. Just want to join in the amazing conversation!

  10. Robert L says:

    One societal change that took place around 1980, at least in the US was a great increase in drinking water. We were told we were underhydrated and should drink 8-12 8 oz. glasses of water a day. Whatever chemicals we got with that H20, we got more of them. I don’t know how popular water consumption was in Japan and India during those years.

  11. Robert L says:

    The series of articles has been very thought-provoking. Here are some thoughts provoked in me:

    We should be focused on the “set point” or stasis level of weight that we return to after forays into dieting or overeating. But, although this set point seems more stable than our weight, is it really? No one was born 100 lbs. overweight, but at some point they were 10 lbs. over, then 25 lbs, and so on.
    The articles seem to say it’s all beyond our control and environmentally based, but can’t we raise our stasis levels? Most all of us have in our life, to this point. We know that our set points have gone up over time, but how is that accomplished? And can we make this stasis point go down?

    It’s been almost eight years since I lowered my set point weight, but I’m not sure what I did to affect that change. As a 65 year old, 6-footer in the Detroit area of Michigan, over 10 months I went from a BMI of 28.1 to one of 22.4, a 20% reduction in my weight. Over the subsequent years, my weight daily has rarely varied +/- 3 pounds over those years. Before the reduction, I was always a bit chubby. I don’t take any medications or vitamins. I walk 8,000-10,000 steps a day. I definitely eat less than before, but I eat everything and love sweets. I’m sure my genetics play a role in my overall health, but how did I lower my stasis point to where I wanted it and how can others do so? I’m not sure. But I’m open to thoughts about it.

    Liked by 1 person

    1. tanya says:

      I also noticed that my dads set point decreased around his 60s-70s, from normal/chubby adulthood to quite skinny. (He is 81 now). I also experienced a reduction of about 8kg or 15% body weight after a surgery, but have only been here for two years, so not sure how transient or stable this setpoint is.
      And likewise, I am extremely curious to know what happened. Did something in my tissues change? If only it was in popular culture for us to have regularly measured biomarkers.

  12. Molly says:

    You’ve mentioned that Maine is an obesity outlier.

    In the late 1960s or early 1970s, 2 Naples Maine relatives mentioned to me that someone (government or company official) was approaching people asking to pay them to use their old unused wells. The impression from my relatives was that it was happening fairly wide-spread and not an isolated incident. (This is the story as I remember it.) My relatives were highly suspicious as to what someone would want to do or dispose of in old wells. I found this creepy too and the story has always stuck with me 50 years later.

  13. Molly says:

    I just remembered that at the time, my concern was that it was nuclear waste or toxic waste that the government or much more likely, industry was looking to secretly dispose of. I was just a kid, so I have no idea if my relatives also suggested this or if it was just my own thought back then, and of course I have no first-hand knowledge at all.

  14. Rob P says:

    I am curious if there are other conditions that side effects of Lithium that have also increases over the same period (or over the same geography). It looks like Bruxism is a potential lithium side effect. I can’t find good by state or by year date on Bruxism cases.

  15. AJ says:

    Many towns in Japan have Lithium in their water.
    Besides advocating its use, this has a little info about prior use of lithium

    Does the theory take account of how much more of the day we spend eating? The system does not get a break and a chance to detoxify. Sachin Panda’s Lab at Salk Inst is doing a lot of work in circadian patterns. His interviews with Rhonda Patrick are worth listening to. His website has all his publications.

    1. Yeah! We’re doing a review of lithium levels in Japan in our next post, but we hadn’t seen a couple of these sources. We’ll add them, thanks!

      The upshot is that levels in Japanese drinking water are much lower than those in other industrialized countries, and about the same as levels in American drinking water in the 1960s.

  16. Michael Böckling says:

    I live in Munich and asked my local water works about the Lithium levels in the local drinking water, they were kind enough to respond. They say it is not one of the parameter that has to be monitored by law, but they still measure it sometimes. It is 0,001 – 0,002 mg/l, which is 2 ng/ml, so very low.
    I think Munich residents have the lowest average BMI in all of Germany.

  17. Torstein says:

    Middle east always reminds me of plastic water bottles, standing outside on pallets in the sun, before going into the shops. Leaching potential was always my first thought.

    Thank you for an excellent article series.

  18. Dave says:

    I love the way your blog lays out the mystery of the obesity epidemic and explores many innovative theories. I was most convinced by your proposal that antibiotics are the root cause. Since they are put in the food chain specifically to cause weight gain in animals it would hardly be surprising if they were a major cause. And you point out many other reasons to suspect this as the cause.

    I’m less convinced about lithium. I checked Google Scholar for papers that mention lithium and obesity. I found this paper that looks at the relationship between lithium and obesity (and Alzheimer’s) across different regions of Texas:
    “Examining the Relationship between Trace Lithium in Drinking Water and the Rising Rates of Age-Adjusted Alzheimer’s Disease Mortality in Texas” (Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2018)

    The paper found that lithium levels in drinking water are in fact negatively correlated with obesity (the opposite of what you propose). It’s true that this type of correlational study does not provide evidence of causality, but it is still hard to explain if you believe that lithium is a major cause of obesity. They gathered data across a large range of lithium in many regions, so how could no obesity signal show up to support your hypothesis? There are also many other papers in the literature on how lithium potentially prevents or delays Alzheimer’s, possibly due to preventing obesity and diabetes.

    Liked by 1 person

  19. Thoroughly Typed says:

    > In Texas, a survey of mean lithium levels in public wells across 226 counties (Texas has 254 in total) found lithium levels ranging from 2.8 to 219.0 ng/mL. Now Texas is not one of the most obese states — but it tends to be more obese along its border with Lousiana, which is also where the highest levels of lithium were reported.

    Looking at the map in the paper (https://sci-hub.se/https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002239561200372X) it looks like the border with Louisiana (the eastern border) actually has pretty low lithium concentrations. It’s a bit confusing because the shading is dark, but the caption says “darker areas represent lower levels”. I haven’t read the rest of the paper though.

    Liked by 1 person

  20. This could get complicated if some chemical is responsible for both the obesity epidemic and is also suppressing violent crime or suicide rates at the population level.

    First glance at studies seem to show obesity and homicide rates as correlated, obesity and suicide risk as anti-correlated, and homicide and suicide as correlated almost everywhere except in the US. So that’s weird, but you might want to look at other population level behavioral changes since the 1980s to see if anything else pops up.

    Many others if you want to go down this rabbit hole…

    1. Anonymous Owl says:

      > obesity in the West Bank is pretty high — as high as 50% in men in 2003!

      This seems wrong according to your own source. It says
      > The prevalence of obesity was 36.8 and 18.1% in rural women and men, respectively, compared with 49.1 and 30.6% in urban women and men, respectively.

  21. Yassssmaam says:

    It’s interesting that sugar reduces lithium. Older women I knew used to diet by sucking hard candy to control their appetite. (This didn’t work for me fwiw). They made it sound like it was common back in the 1960s.

    And I know their was an ad campaign telling people to use table sugar to control their “appetot” which seems to have been a similar concept to lipostat.

    The ad campaign was countered in the 1970s with updated nutritional information about CICO and other things we now know are wrong. So I wonder if they weren’t on to something?

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