# HOME   SCIENCE   I 1. How can you ensure that a sitting room is well ventilated? (3mks) 2. What  two  precautionary measures should be taken when using paraffin as a fuel? (2mks). 3. State  two   reasons for using white ceramic tiles in the kitchen? (2mks). 4. State  three  qualities of good lighting. (3mks). 5. State  two  advantages and  two  disadvantages of steaming as a method of cooking? 6. Care should be taken to ensure that left over foods remain fresh. How can this be        done? (2mks) 7. State  tw o   qualities of fruit for jam making? (2mks). 8. Give  three  reasons for coating food before deep frying? (3mks). 9. State  three  ways of preparing clothes before washing? (3mks) 10. Two  methods which can be used to sterilize baby's feeding equipment? (1mrk) 11. What  two  was you use to disinfect kitchen clothes. (1mrk) 12. Give  two  ways of using a crossway strip in garment construction. (1mrk) 13. Give the following I-T -C -  L -  C ( International Textile Care Labeling Code). (1 [1] / [] 2  mks).      (a)      (b)     (c)                    14. Give the  two  reasons of airing clothes after ironing. (1mrk). 15. Two  stitches that may be used to neaten an overlaid seam. (1mrk). 16.  Two  ways of finishing the neckline of a night dress. (1mrk). 17 .   Two   qualities of a thimble. (1mrk). 18. What causes suffocation? (1 [1] / [] 2  mrks)  19.  Two  things to prevent in first treatment of a cut. (1mrk). 20. Using the diagram below, name the most suitable seam for joining the pieces labeled A and B, the suitable side seam and the piece labeled A of a child's dress. (3mks). Seam joining A and B . Side seam  Piece labeled A 21. What points should you look for when buying a zip? Give  two. (2mks) 22. Use the pattern piece below to answer the question that follow. Pattern pieces. (1 [1] / [] 2  mrk)  A. B . C. Pattern symbol. (1  [1] / [] 2  mrk)  X . Y . 1 ----- # Z . SECTION   B. 23. (a) After completing your cookery practical lesson you found that your white cotton apron has the following stains (i) Grease  (ii) Coffee State clearly how the stain can be removed. (5mks)      (b) What factors should be considered when choosing brooms and brushes? (6mks)      (c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of dry cleaning. (4mks).      (d) What factors should be considered when choosing floor covering? (5mks) 24. French seam is commonly worked on children's clothes.      (a) i. What are the advantages of the seam? (2mks)            ii. With aid of clear diagrams show the working of the seam. (6mks)       (b) What are the advantages of combing wool with Nylon. (4mks) (c) Discuss points you would observe to ensure that your sewing machine gives you maximum service. (4mks)       (d) Of what use is pattern drafting to tailor ? (4mks) 25. (a) Explain  four  rules to be observed when preparing left over foods. (4mks)       (b) Discuss the advantages of food preservation. (4mks)       (c)  What points must be remembered when storing grains. (4mks)       (d) (i) Explain points to be considered when serving invalids. (4mks)             (ii) A sauce is served with lumps in it, what possible mistakes are likely to have been done? (4mks)    HOME   SCIENCE    I    MARKING   SCHEME SECTION   A. 1. - Doors should be large enough. -   Windows should be large enough. -   Room should be spacious. -   Furniture should not be congested. -   Artificial ventilation e.g. fans should be provided. -    Rooms should be well cleaned daily. 2. - Do not store in sodas bottles. -  Lids should be tight fitting. - Store away from foodstuffs. - Keep away from children's reach. 3. -    Easy to clean. - Easily show dirt. - Attractive. - Protect wall from dampness. - Last long as they easy to maintain. 2 ----- # 4. -    Should not contrast with background to avoid straining the eyes. - Light should be well distributed to avoid shadows on working areas. - Work should be done efficiently without straining. - It should minimise accidents and ease in movement. - It should enhance interior decoration. - It should be without a glare. 5.  Advantages .    -  Easy to digest no fats are added or direct heating.    -  Saves time and fuel when food is cooked over a pot of boiling water in which other  foods are cooked. - Nutrients are retained as no liquid media is used.       Disadvantages .  - A slow method of cooking  - Expensive method if done a lone. - Steamed food tends to lack flavour. 6. -  Put food in clean containers which are covered to prevent contamination by dust and flies. - Food should be cooled quickly and stored in the fridge clean cool place. 7. - Should be firm or hard. - Should not be over ripe or unripe. - Should be unbruised. -  Should not be withered. 8. - To prevent it from breaking into pieces. - To prevent it from overcooking. - To improve it's appearance. - To prevent food from getting too greasy. 9. -     Mending # Soaking - Removing stains. # Sorting. 10. - Boiling. - Commercial sterilizers e.g. Milton. # Boiling. 11. - Bleaching. - Commercial disinfectant e.g. Dettol. 12. -    To neaten raw edges. - For decoration. - To strengthen out edges. - To make rouleu loops. 13. a.- Drip dry. 3 ----- # b.- Do not bleach.       c.- Use warm iron. 14. -   To get rid of excess dampness.       -   To remove any smells or odours. 15. -   Loop stitches. -  Button hole.       -   Overcasting. 16. -      Bias binding / cross way strip. - Frill. - Lace. -  Facing. - Collar - Double yoke. 17. -      Should be strong to last long - Should not rust - Should fit the figure. 18. -     Breathing poisonous gases. - Blocked windpipe - Wearing objects over there 19.    To control too much bleeding which can lead to death       -     Prevent entry of germs. 20. -  Overlaid seam. - French seam.       -  Yoke. 21. -  Choose a good brand. - Test to see that zip glides smoothly and easily.       -  Length of zip should suit length of poening. - Colour of zip tape must match colour of fabric. 22. A -  Front Bodice. B -  Back Bodice.       C -  Front facing.       X -  Dart. Y -  Starting grain.        Z -  Place to Fold. SECTION   B. 23.(a) (i) -  Wash in very hot water with a little washing soda in it.                - Carbon tetrachloride may be used on the stubborn stain. 4 ----- #           (ii) -  Rub salt on the stain and pour boiling water through the stain. - Rub salt and lemon juice and pour boiling water through if stain is a bit stubborn. - Use wood ash or Borax in same way as salt if stain is very stubborn.      (b)  -     Bristles should be firmly and closely set on the head. - Handle should be of comfortable length. - Head should be smooth and slightly curved to reduce damage on furniture. - Should be selected for the correct purpose and use. - Material should be of good quality so that they last long. (c)  Advantages . - The material is expensive. - Solution may cause damage on the fabric. - Solutions are inflammable. - Solution are poisonous.  (d)   -    Should relate to the colour scheme of the room ( Harmonize with rest of the colour) - Design of the upholstered furniture. - Texture of the fabric or material used. - Size of the room. - Cleaning and care required. - Amount of money available.             -     The purpose of the covering e.g soft carpet for sitting room, bed rooms and                  corridors and hard carpet for kitchen and bathroom. 24. (a) (i) Narrow and strong with two lines of machining.            (ii) Neat seam as edges are concealed.            (iii) Easy to launder.                   Easy to work. - Tack and stitch 6mm from, the edge outside the fitting line. - Remove tacking press open the seam and trim to 4mm. - Fold a long the stitching line with Right sides together. - Tack 6mm from the edge enclosing  the raw edges completely. - Stitch below the tacking line i.e on the fitting line remove tacking.   (b) -   The fibre produce is much more stronger and hence long lasting. - The fibre is warmer than Nylon. - The fibre is easier to launder. - The fibre is cheaper to buy.   (c) -   Must be covered when not in use to protect it from dust. - Replace broken parts immediately. - Have the machine checked by mechanic regularly. - Oil the machine regularly. 5 ----- #   (d) - Development of skills. - Money saving as patterns are made at home. - Less time wasted as shopping for patterns is not done. - Using of individual person's measurements. - No adjustment required and correction is easy to do. 25. (a) -  Food be re heated and not re-cooked. - Large pieces should be cut into small ones. - Additional moisture should be added in form of gravy or stoch may be added to replace what was lost during cooking. - Food may be coated with batter to prevent it from over heating. - Food should be well garnished to enhance appearance. - Avoid repeated re- heating by preparing just enough. - Serve food in anew form to avoid monotony.    (b)     -     Food in season can be preserved to be used when out of season. - Preserved food can be transported to reach places of storage. - Preservation slows down food decay. - May be done where there is surplus.    (c)  -    They should be completely dry. - Store in well ventilated rooms. - Preserve grains before storage. - Place storage containers on racks. - Do not keep toxic chemical in the grain store. - Rock grain store and check frequently. - Use old stock before the one.   (d) (i) - Meals should be balanced. - Serve meals punctually. - Prepare, cook and serve hygienically. - Food should be palatable and appetizing. - Serve attractively. - Give small amounts at a time. - Give hot foods hot and cold foods cold. - Food should be soft and easy to digest. - Avoid strong flavourings and smells in food. - Follow doctors orders. (ii) - Flour is added to very hot fat. - Using too much heat during cooking. - Adding liquid too fast without adequate stirring. - Inadequate stirring during cooking. - Roux not well cooked. - Blending of flour not adequately done. HOMESCIENCE   II 1. Give   two   reasons   for  folding   in flour   in creamed cake  mixtures  (2mks) 6 ----- # 94226176. Explain  the  following  terms  used  in cookery  (3mks )       -  Dextrinisation       -  Gelatinization       -  Caramelization 3. Give   two  reasons  for  airing  clothes  before   storage (2 mks) 94226216. Differentiate  between  a  split   level   house   and  a  storeyed  house (2mks) 94226217.  Explain  three  ways in which blending viscose with polyester  would modify the characteristics  of   the  viscous   fabric. (3mks) 4. State    two   advantages  of  dry  cleaning  clothes (2mks ) 94226218. Give  two  causes of  a black  ring  in hard  boiled  egg  (2mks) 94226219.  List down   four  nutrients found  in eggs (2mks) 94226220. Give   three   reasons   why soaking is  necessary  for  cotton  and  not  for woolen fabrics (3mks) 94226221. State   three   qualities  of   fabric for  underwear (3mks) 94226222.   Explain  two   points on care of  the  Kitchen  sink (2mks) 94226223. State   three   factors  to  consider   when selecting  flowers  for   flower arrangement (3mks) 94226224. Give   three   pre-caution  to take  when cleaning   plain  wooden  surfaces (3mks) 94226225. Explain the  advantage   of  a   refrigerator   with   two  doors  as  opposed  to one  door (1mk) 94226226. Give   two  ways   of  saving  time  and  energy   when  performing house hold duties ( 3mks) 94226227. State   two  effective    means   of  communication  when   passing  information to children (2 mks) 94226228. Give   two  important   points to  bear  in mind  when  choosing  fastenings  (2mks )    SECTION    B 18. (a) State   and  explain    five   points   to  consider  when planning  meals (5mks) (b) Give  two  reasons  for the  following  faults in baking (i) Cracked   Swiss roll (2mks ) reamed   cake  sunken  at   the  middle (2mks)       c). Explain three  causes  of  malnutritional  disorders   and  in  each case  give  an  example (6 mks) 7 ----- # (d) Minerals   perform  varied  and  inter-related   functions.  Discuss (4mks) 19 .(a) Discuss  properties    of   cotton which  make it   important   for  hospital  linen.  (8mks) (b) Describe  how  to make  an open  seam  at  the  side   of  a  popline  blouse (6mks) (zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz our  niece  who is   short  and plump   wishes  to make  a two piece  outfit   for  a special occasion. Advice                                     (4mks) (c) Give   two  advantages  of  smoking   on a  childs outfit (2mks ) 20. (a) Explain  clearly   how  to remove   a  grease  stain on cotton  Apron (5mks ) (b) State   four   points  to observe   when laundering  non  fast   coloured   articles (4mks) (zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz our  brother  living  in Kisumu  is  considering   buying  a plot   to build a house . Suggest    five    points   he  should  consider                                     (5mks) (c) State   four   factors  which  determine   the  cleaning   frequency  of  a room  (4mks) (zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz tate    two   remedies   for  static   fabrics   in wear ` (2mks ) 21. (a) Discuss   four   points   on use and care  of  brooms (4mks) (b) Discuss   five  points  one  should   consider  when choosing   a  method  of  fullness disposal on a garment.                                     (5mks) (zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz ive   four   qualities  of  aluminium   which make it popular   for household utensils (4mks ) (c) Suggest  factors  which influence  consumer  choice (5mks ) (zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz ive   two  uses of  salt  in laundry work .  (2mks ) HOMESCIENCE    II 1.     Reasons    for     folding    in   flour - To incorporate air - To retain the   already incorporated  air                  (   2x1  =    2    marks   ) 2.     Meaning    of     terms - Dextrination  -  When starch is  exposed   to dry heat it  changes   to form  a  sugar known as  dextrin . the process  is  known as  dextrinisation ( 1mk) - Gelatinization -   Starch   when exposed  to moist   heat -  absorbs  water  swells  and burst (1mk ) - Caramelisation -  Sugars  exposed  to    heat   melts  to form  a  caramel  hence caramelisation (1mk ) 3.    Reasons    for    airing     clothes - To get  rid  of   dampness - To remove     bad  smells           (   2x1  =    2   marks    ) 8 ----- # 4. Split  level in a  house is  where  rooms  are placed  at individual levels  of  the ground  . A storeyed  house  has  rooms  on top of  others . 94226432. -     Reduces  creasing - Reduces  shrinkage - Makes  it  lighter 94226433. Advantages    of    dry    cleaning - Fibres  not  affected - Colour  is  maintained - Texture  is  maintained    (   2x1=   2marks) 7. Black    ring    in   eggs # Overboiling - Stale  eggs - Not  cooling   in cold  water .         (   2x1  =    2    marks   ) 8. Nutrient   in   eggs - Vitamin  A - Vitamin  D - Iron - Protein - Fats # Phosphorous              (       x   4   =    2   marks) 9.    Soaking     necessary     for    cotton    and    not     for    wool - Wool  is  weak when wet - Wool   felts   and  shrinks - Soften  cotton for  dirt - Dirt  does  not  adhere    to   woolen  fabrics as much as  any other         (any   other    relevant     answer     3x1   =    3   marks   ) 10. -     Not  bulky - Soft  to the   skin - Non  static - Not  irritating - Absorbent - Colour  fast               (   any   other   3x1=   3   marks) 11.  Care  of  the  kitchen  sink - Pour  hot water   occasionally - Do not  allow  big  particles   down the   sink                (   2x1   =    2   marks   ) 9 ----- # 12. -    Selecting  flowers - Fresh - Not  strong    scented - Do not pick when full bloom - Clean  foliage 94226472. -    Plain wooden surfaces - Scrub  along   the  grain - Avoid  harsh  abrasives - Avoid   use  of   hot  water  -it  discolors - Do not  expose  to direct  sunlight -  it  warps - Avoid   sharp things. 94226473. -  A  two  door  refrigerator   allows  the  frozen  food   to stay undisturbed unlike  one           door   where  frequent  opening   affects   the  freezer  compartment 94226474. -     Use of  correct  and  efficient   tools - Use  correct  posture - Use  labour  saving   devices - Make  use  of   trays  and  trolleys              (   2x1  =     2     marks) 16. -    Bold  posters -    Real objects  any other           (   2x1  =    2    marks   ) 17. -     Choice of  fastening - Position of  the  garment - The   weaver - Type  of  fabric - Type  of     garment        (   any   other       relevant    point      2x1  =    2   mks   ) SECTION   B 18. (a)  Planning    meals - Cooks  capability - Amount   of  money - Clients - Equipment  available - Time  available                  (   any   other     5   x1  =    5   marks    ) (b)  -    Cracked   Swiss roll  -     Not  rolled  immediately  -    Too  high  temperature  -     A lot  of   baking   time (ii) -   Creamed  cake  sunk    in the   middle - Too  soft  mixture - Not  cooked 10 ----- # - A lot  of  sugar  used c )    Causes    of   malnutrition - Excessive intake  of  nutrient   -  Obesity - Lack   of  nutrients  -  Anaemia,  Kwarshiokor - Inability  of  body  to absorb  nutrients  -  Anaemia, Rickets # d)    General    functions    of    minerals - Protects   body  from diseases - Helps  in the  formation of  body  cells - Regulate    body processes - Helps   maintain  water  composition in the   body    (   3x1   =     3    marks    ) 19 (a)   Properties   of    cotton - Absorbent - Warm  to the  body - Soft  to  the skin - Withstands   frequent   washing  / strong - Easy  to launder - Not  affected by  alkalis  and  acids   hence can  be   bleached   effectively      (  4   x   2   =     well     explained    points   ) b)    Making    open    seam   . - Place  two  pieces ()  pieces  together  R.S ()  Facing - Pin () Tack ()  and  machine  stitch ()  along   the  fitting line ()  on w. s  (  ) - Remove  tacking  ()  press  ()  seam  open  () - Trim () raw   edges  and  neaten ()  by   machine  fold  () , binding , blanket stitch  e.t.c. c)   Advice   on   two   piece    outfit - Matching colour  . - Dark  and   dainty  fabric - Good   draping   quality - Not  clinging  to the   body - Choose   fabric  with vertical lines d)   Advantages     of    smoking - Style   features - Can  let  down   for  added  width 20 (a)   Removal   of    grease    stain - Scrape (1)  as much  as  possible - Place   blotting  (1)  paper  on stain - Iron  using  hot   iron (1)  from  outside  (1)  towards   center . - Wash (1) article   in  hot  water        (5marks) (b) Laundering     non    fast    coloured     articles - Do not   soak. 11 ----- # - Wash   quickly - Dry  undershade - Use  warm   iron - Iron  w.s   only                 (4x1  =    4marks) c) Points    on    plot    buying - Type  of  soils - Social  amenities # Neighbourhood # Security - Slope  of  land - Nearness  to place of  work  (  any   other   relevant   point    5   x1   =     5   marks   ) d)  Cleaning   frequency - Condition  of  room - User  of  the room  ( occupants ) - Time available for  cleaning - Cleaning  equip and  material  available - Use  of the  room - Location of  the   room e)  Remedies    of    clinging     fabric -    Use  fabric  softener  in  last  rinse -    Wear   with  cotton  underwears 21. (a)    Use    and    care     of    brooms - Remove  fluffs - Clean   in heavily   built   soapy  water - Store  with the  head   between    two  nails - Dry  Facing  down  -  with  no pressure  on the  bristles b)   Choice   of    method   of    fullness   of    disposal. - Position on garment - Type  of   fabric   ( weight ) - Age  of  wearer - Type of   garment - Fabric   texture c)    Qualities   of    aluminium - Shinny  appearance - Light  in weight - Does not  rust - Good   conductor  of  heat d)  Factors    which   influence    consumer   choice - Location - Money  available - Fashion - Other  consumers 12 ----- # - Time available e).   Use    of     salt   in    Laundry - Fix  color  of loose  colored  garments - Cut  mucus HOMESCIENCE   III SECTION   A 1. What causes mildew stain (1mk) 2. Give  two  methods of lengthening a skirt that has become too short (2mks) 3. You have a polyester dress that clings to the body. Suggest two remedies for this problem                                                                                (3mks) 4. State  two  factors to consider when planning meals for invalids (2mks) 5. Give  two  methods of aerating flour mixtures and in each case give an example of a raising agent used. (2mks) 6. (a) Give  three  uses of fats in cookery (3mks) (b) Describe stewing as a method of cooking (1mk) 7. Give  two  disadvantages of advertising to the consumer (2mks) 8. State  four   ways of preventing skin diseases. (2mks) 9. Give  two  disadvantages of concealed drainage system (2mks) 10. Give  two  reasons why batter is allowed to rest after making before use. (2mks) 11. State  two  disadvantages of soaking clothes for more than 24 hours (1  mks) 12. List  four  factors to consider when selecting fabric for childrens garment (2mks) 13. What  four  factors contribute to efficiency when performing household tasks (2mks) 14. The  size  of a patch pocket depends on several factors . Give four. (2mks) 15. List any  four  preparations an expectant mother should make for home confinement (2mks) 16. State  one  way of protecting the baby against each of the following (i) Prickly heat (1mk) (ii) Nappy rash (1mk) 17. List  four  differences between brooms and brushes (2mks) 18. State  three  factors which determine method of controlling fullness (1  mks) 19. State  four  ways of conserving energy when lighting (4mks) SECTION   B. 20. (a) State and explain  four  factors to consider when planning meals (4mks) (b) Give  four  general rules to bear in mind when preparing pastries (4mks) (c) Give  four  points to consider when entertaining (4mks) (d) Discuss  three  reasons for preserving food. (6mks) (e) Give  two  reasons for blanching vegetables before freezing (2mks) 21. (a) Give  four  precautionary measures to take when laundering woolen articles (5mks) (b) Explain how to make boiling water starch (5mks) (c) Explain  four  importance of good ventilation in a house (4mks) (d) Give  four  reasons why disposal of sewage in rivers and streams is prohibited   (4mks) (e) State  four  factors to consider in choice of wall finishes (2mks) 13 ----- # 22. (a) Explain how to attach a zip fastener using edge to edge method (1mk) (b) State  three  qualities of a well made hem (3mks) (c) Discuss  4  qualities suitable for underwear fabrics (8mks) 23. (a) Explain how to work French seam at the side of a childs petticoat (9mks) (b) Explain the functions of the following machine parts      (i) Feed dog (2mks)      (ii) Presser foot (2mks)      (iii) Stop motion screw (2mks) (c) Give  three  qualities of a well made dart (3mks) (d) Name  two  methods of graining a fabric before cutting out. (2mks) HOMESCIENCE   III MARKING   SCHEME 1.  Caused by folding and storing damp clothes ( 1   x   1  =    1mk) 2. Ways   of   lengthening   a   skirt - Adding a frill  Let down the hem  Put a false hem (2   x   1  =    2mks) 3. Remedies   for   static   electricity  Wear dress with cotton petticoat  Put fabric softener in the last rinsing water (2   x   1  =    2mks) 4.    Planning   meals   for   invalids Easily digested - Fresh foods Adhere to doctors instructions  Not greasy ( 2   x   1  =    2mks) 5.  Chemical   Baking powder      -   Biological   Yeast      -   Mechanical   Air (   2   x   1  =    2mks )        (a)   Uses   of   fats -  Cut short gluten strands -  Soften mixtures  Add flavour and colour  Increase self life (3   x   1  =    3mks ) (b) Long slow moist method of cooking food. Food is not allowed to boil. Done in       casserole  in oven or on top of a stove (1   x   1  =    1mk) 7. Disadvantages   of   advertising   to   the   consumer -  Increases cost of goods - Gives false information - Confuses consumer due to many brands advertised (2   x   1  =    2mks ) 8.   Preventing   skin   diseases  Avoid sharing personal items 14 ----- #  Sterilise shared items  Bath regularly  Eat food rich in vitamins (4   x     =    2mks) 9.  -  Can only be used where there is piped water  -  Expensive to install  -  Careless use may make maintenance difficult 10. Reasons   for   resting   batter        So that starch grains can absorb liquid        So that air bubbles can escape (   2   x   1  =    2mks) 11.  fibres are weakened      -   Water becomes slimy        Bad smells develop     (3   x     =    1      mks) 12. - Shrink resistance  -  Strong  -  Light  -  Absorbent -  Non -   Irritating -  Inflammable (4   x     =    2mks) 13. - Correct equipment and material - Having a time plan - Good speed - Correct tools - Correct methods of working 14. -  Purpose -   Position -   Purpose of garment -   Age of wearer -   Size of garment (4   x     =    2mks) 15.  Inform midwives  Prepare clean and sterile room  Make transport available  Clean razor blade and string (4   x     =    2mks ) 16. (i)  Prickly   heat    avoid overdressing (1mk)       (ii )   Nappy   rash    change napkins when used 17.  -    Rinse napkins thoroughly (1mk) 18.    Brooms have long handle while brushes have short handle    Brooms sweep large areas   while brushes small areas    Brooms have soft bristle while brushes have stiff bristles    Brooms remove loose dirt while brushes remove fixed dirt (4   x     =    mks) 15 ----- # 19. - Type of garment  Position on garment  Figure type  Weight, texture and washability of fabric (3   x     =    1      mks) 20. - Use daylight as much as possible  Lighting designed to suit purpose - Avoid bulbs of higher wattage than required - Ensure all light fittings are clean  Turn off lights when not in use (   4   x   1  =    4mks ) SECTION   B. 21. (a) -  Balanced   Protein, carbohydrate, vitamins   Individual requirements   Time available   Occasion   Colour variety   Food in season   Any other ( 4   x   1  =    4mks) (b) Weigh ingredients accurately  Use mixture of lard and margarine  Use cool equipment and work in a cool place (c)- Entertaining  Number and type of guests  Type and style of service  Cutlery and crockery available  Number of dishes to be served  Time of the day and weather (4   x   1  =    4mks) (d)   Discuss   three   reasons   for   preserving   foods -  Ease transportation for foods like vegetables and fruits -  Preserve so as to be used when out of season -  No food will keep indefinitely so food is preserved for future use     (well   discussed   points  ) (  3   x   2  =    6mks) (e)   Two   reasons   for   blanching   vegetables   before   freezing -  To help retain colours -  Reduce bulk -  Retain nutrients 21.   Precautions   to   take   when   laundering   woolen   articles -  Do not soak as they are weak when wet -  Use water of same temperature throughout -  Dry flat -  Press do not iron to avoid stretching 16 ----- # (any   other)   (5   x   1=   5mks ) (b)   Boiling   water   starch    -    Measure 1 tablespoon (1) Starch. 2 tablespoons cold water(1) Make smooth paste        () Add   litre (1) boiling water () Stir and boil for a short while () Dilute as        required () (5mks) (c)   Importance   of   Good   ventilation -  Get rid of surplus heat from people and machinery -  Get rid of bad ordours -  Allow circulation of fresh air -  Avoid drowsiness (4   x   1  =    4mks) (d)   Reasons   for   not   disposing   waste   in   rivers -  Causes water to smell foul -  Poses, health  problems to animals and human beings -  Affects plants and destroys aquatic life -  Carrier of water borne diseases (zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz hoice   of   wall   finishes - Size of wall - Money available - Care required - Availability of the material (4   x     =    2mks) 22. (a)   Method   of   attaching   zip -  Tack  the seam and neaten  the edges -  Open and press it open -  Work form R.S. and the zip closed  and the tag level with the fitting line  pin one     side  of the opening to the zip length  -  Pin the other side so that the folds meet () -  Tack firmly down on the side and up () of the other closing at the base of the zip     teeth () -   Hold the folds together () with 1cm tacking stitches () from the end to end. -  Working on the R.S () machine down () one side and up the other 6mm  from           the fold (  ) according to the width of the zip teeth (Diagrams   can   be   used   to   make   explanation   clear) (9mks) (b)   Qualities   of   well   made   hem -  Flat -  Well eased -  Hemming stitches evenly distributed -  Equal in depth (3   x   1  =    3mks) 17 ----- # (c) Three   qualities   of   fabric   for   underwear -  Should be absorbent since they are worn next to skin -  Easily laundered   cleanliness is absolutely essential due to accumulation of body    waste -  Should not be bulky, should not be seen over outer garment -  Non   clinging for outer garment to slide over easily -  Good quality   Cheap materials will not survive constant wear and washing (4   x   2  =    8mks) 23. (a)   How   to   work   a   french   seam   at   the   side   of   a   childs   petticoat -  With w.s. of the fabric together and edges even pin tack  along the fitting line (  ) -  Machine  along  the tacking () remove all the tacking and trim (  ) the seam turning to  about 5mm () -  With the right side () of the fabric facing () fold over along the seamline, pin, tack along the fitting line  about 6mm below the seam () -  Machine or backstitch (  ) along the fitting line -  Remove tacking and press  the seam towards the back of the garment ()      (9m ks) (b)    Feeddog    Regulate amount of fabric passing through when needle is stitching       Presser   foot    Holds fabric in place and presses  it to the feed dog       Stop   motion   screw    Stops the needle from moving up and down. (   3   x   2  =    6mks)      (c)   Three   qualities   of   a   well   made   dart -  Tapers gradually to a point -  Straight line of stitching -  Firmly secured at the point -  Correct length and width -  Pressed to the right side (d) Graining   fabric -  Pulling diagonally -  Pulling a thread across the fabric and cut through (2   x   1  =    2mks) HOMESCIENCE   IV SECTION   A: 1. Give  four precautions a mother should take to ensure that an active toddler does not accidentally suffer from burns and scalds. (2 mks) 2. State  two  causes of anaemia other than nutritional deficiency. (2 mks) 3. State  three  factors to consider when planning lighting for various rooms in the house.     (1 mks) 4. Explain why laundry blue is in minimal use today for laundry work. (1 mk) 5. Explain  four  qualities for making lingerie. (4 mks) 6. Giving a reason in each  case name two nutrients which should be emphasized in school children diet. (2 mks) 18 ----- # 7. State  two  reasons why clothes should be dried thoroughly before storage. (2 mks) 8. State  two  general rules to observe when setting a table for a meal. (2 mks) 9. Heavy close texture is a common fault in sponge cake. Give two causes. (2 mks) 10. Give  two  reasons why vitreous enamel finish is used on cookers. (2 mks) 11. List  four  methods of finishing a plain seam on the side of a denim skirt. (2 mks) 12. The following is a poorly planned menu for a family which includes a three year old child. Ugali, Sweet potatoes, Sukuma wiki fried with tomatoes. (a) (i) give two reasons why it is a poor menu. (2 mks) (ii) suggest one dish to improve the meal. (1 mk) 13. State  three  qualities to look for when buying a tape measure. (1  mks) 14. Explain  two  qualities that make crossway strips useful in dressmaking. (2 mks) 15. Give  four  factors to consider when buying wooden utensils. (2 mks) 16. State  two  qualities of a well-made hem. (2 mks) 17. Give  two  reasons why weaning should be a gradual process. (2 mks) 18. Good eyesight is essential at all times. Give three points on care of eyes. (3 mks) 19. Give  three  reasons for cooking and decorating cakes. (2 mks) SECTION   B: 20. ( a) Silk is a common fabric for making evening wear. Give three factors that make it              popular for the above occasion. (3 mks)      (b) Give  four  steps to ensure that a sewing machine gives good stitches when stitching. (4 mks) (c) Give  three  differences between interfacing and interlining. (3 mks) d. Describe how to work a machine fell seam at the yoke of a poplin shirt. (8 mks) e. Give  four  factors that determine the method of disposing fullness in a garment. (2 mks) 21. (a) Giving reasons in each case state four basic rules in the use and care of a refrigerator.  (8 mks) (b) Give  four  points you would advice your aunt on in choice of curtains for her new house.    (4 mks) (c) A well-drained house is a comfortable house to live in. Give four point to support the above statement. (4 mks) (d) Suggest four reasons why a family should prepare for a babys arrival.  (4 mks) 22. (a) Explain the meaning of the following terms used in cookery. (4 mks) Bake blind. Batter. Braising. Creaming. (b) What advice would you give to a friend who is going to get married about planning family meals? Assume that as a career girl she has very little experience. (5 mks) (c) Breast milk is the perfect food for a baby. Give four advantages of breastfeeding.  (5 mks) (d) Give  four  points of personal hygiene that are essential to a food handler. (4 mks) (e) What are the reasons for folding in flour in creamed cake mixtures? (2 mks) 19 ----- # 23. (a) (i) Give  four  points to consider when buying commercial paper patterns. (4 mks) (ii) Explain  three  points to consider when choosing a zip fastener. (3 mks) (b) A wise shopper is a wise consumer. Give  five  points a consumer should look for             before buying an item. (5 mks ) (c) Give  four  points that determine the cleaning frequency of a house. (4 mks) (d) Give  four  reasons for budgeting family income. (4 mks) HOMESCIENCE   IV MARKING   SCHEME **1. Four precautions a mother should take to ensure an active toddler does not suffer** from   burns   and   scalds. (  x 4 =  2 mks) - Keep metal boxes out of reach of children. - Have fire guards round open fires. - Do not place hot liquids where children can reach them. - Children should not be locked in houses alone. - Handles of pans and pots should be turned away from path ways. 2. Causes   of   anaemia   other   than   nutritional   deficiency. (1   x   2  =    2   mks) - Genetic (sickle cell). - Excessive loss of blood. - Sickness e.g. malaria, leukemia. - Parasites e.g. hookworm. 3. Factors   to   consider   when   planning   lighting    for   various   rooms.    (      x   3  =    1   mks ) - Purpose of the room. - Size of the room. - The existing colour scheme. 4. Explain   why   laundry   blue   is   in   minimal   use   today: (1x1  =    1   mk) - This is because most of the soapless detergents made these days have flourescent whitener which have the same function as laundry blue. 5. Qualities   of   fabric   for   making   lingerie. - Soft not to irritate skill. - Not bulky not to be seen over the outer garment. - Absorbent to absorb sweat. - Strong to withstand frequent washing. - Should not generate static electricity not to cling to the body. 6. Nutrients   to   be   emphasized   in   a   school   child's   diet: (2x1  =    2   mks) - Carbohydrate/fat because they are active. - Protein because they are growing. - Vitamins for protection. - Minerals for strong bones. 7. Reasons   why   clothes   should   be   rinsed   thoroughly: - Remove smells of soap. - Freshens. - Avoid skin irritation from detergents. 20 ----- # - Prevent damage to fibres by detergent. - Mention original colour. 8 . General   rules   to   observe   when   setting   a   table: (2x1  =    2mks) - Table should be clean. - The tablecloth should be clean and well pressed. - Allow space eof about 60 cm per person. - Place clean cutlery 2.5 cm from the edge of the table. 9. Causes   of   heavy   texture   in   sponge   cakes: (2x1  =   2 mks) - Too hot oven. - Insufficient whisking. - Poor folding in. - Too rapid addition of flour. - Too much flour. 10. Why   vitreous   enamel   finish   is   used   on   cookers: (2x1 =  2 mks) - Attractive. - Easy to clean and maintain. 11.    Four   methods   of   finishing   a   plain   seam   on   the   side   of   a   denim   skirt:(   x4  =    2   mks) - Edge stitching. - Zig zagging. - Overcasting. - Pinking. - Loop stitching. 12. (i)   Reasons   why   it   is   a   poor   menu: (2x1 =  2 mks) - Contains a lot of carbohydrates. - The meal has no protein. (ii) A protein dish e.g. meat stew, chicken, currry, ndengu (1 mk) 13.    Qualities   of   a   good   tape   measure: (  x 3 =  1  mks - Clearly marked. - Not stretchable. - Reinforced ends. - Should not fray at sides. - Markings should not fade off. 14. Qualities that make crossway strip useful in dress making stretches therefore can be manipulated round curves and corners: (2x1 =  2mks) Forms a contrast in grain or print therefore decorative. 15.    Factors    to   consider   when   buying   wooden   utensils: - No scratches. -   Well grained. - Ordourless. -   Non toxic. - Durable. -   Smooth. 16. Qualities   of   a   well-made   hem: (1x2 =  2mks) - Same width. - Correct for fabric and style. 21 ----- # - Not puckered. - Seams matched. - Well pressed. 17. Reasons   why   weaning   should   be   gradual: (1x2 =  2 mks) - Allow baby to get accustomed to the new food. - Allow mother time to observe the baby for any allergic reactions. 18.     Good   eye   sight   is   essential.   Points   on   care: (1x3 =  3 mks) - Eat a diet rich in vitamin A and C. - Work in well lit area but avoid very bright unprotected light. - Clean your face every morning paying attention to areas around the eyes. - Any evidence of bad eyesight or soreness should be reported to the doctor. 19. Two   reasons   for   decorating   cakes: (1x2 =  2 mks) - To make the cake attractive. - Prevent cake from drying. - Encourages creativity. SECTION   B: 20. (a)    Factors   which   make   silk   popular   for   evening   wear: (1x4 =  4mks) - Lustre -  the nature shine makes it suitable for fancy wear. - Has good draping quality. - Warm -  gives warmth on cold nights. - Sheds creases easily.       (b)    Steps   to   ensure   a   sewing   machine   gives   good   stitches: (1x4 =  4mks) - Correct tension. - Thread machine correctly. - Firm and accurate tacking. - Correct size of needle for fabric. - Thread should match fabric in thickness.    (c)   Difference   between   interfacing   and   interlining: (1x3 =  3mks) -   Interfacing is used on small areas while interlining is used on large areas. - Interfacing is used on the facing while interlining is used between the lining and the garment. - Interfacing is used to give crispness (stiffening) while interlining gives warmth and body to garment. (d)    How    to   work   a   machine   fell   seam: (8 mks) - Place two pieces of material together edges matching. - Pin , tack, on the fitting line. - Machine on the fitting line. - Trim one side to less than 0.5 cm. - Trim the other side to 1.2 cm. - Press, open. - Fold over the wider turning to the shorter one and tack. - Machine close to the fold. 22 ----- # - Remove tacking and press. (e)     Factors   which   determine   methods   of   controlling   fullness: ( x 4 =  2mks) - Type of garment. - Position of fullness. - Type of fabric. - Age of wearer. 21. (a)     Basic   rules   in   use   and   care   of   refrigeration: (2x4 =  8 mks) - Do not keep hot food in the fridge as it lowers the temperature causing spoilage of other foods. - Do not use sharp instruments to scrap of ice from the fridge. It scratches and causes marks on the fridge. - Store food in polythene papers to prevent drying. - Do not overload -  to allow free circulation of air. - Place fridge in the coolest part of the kitchen to avoid heat interference.         (state   1mk   reason   1mk) (b)    Choice    of   curtains: (1x4 =  4 mks) - Colour fast not to fade. - Durable fabric. - Easy to launder. - Colour within the colour scheme of the room. - Non inflammable fabric. - Shrink resistance. (c) Importance   of   goods   drainage: - Frees house from dampness. - Avoid bad smells. - Makes places attractive. - Minimizes risk of getting diseases. - Precludes breeding places for pests. (d) Reasons   why   a   family   should   prepare   for   baby's   arrival: (1 x 4 =  4 mks) - Help a family to manage their finances better. - Avoid last minute rush and anxiety after baby is born. - Challenges the family to look for room and bed for baby. - Allows mother to get the best for the baby. - Gives parents time to prepare younger children to accept the new baby. 22. (a )      Meaning   of   following   terms: (1 x 4 =  4 mks) - Bake blind -  baking of pastry without a filling. - Balter -  mixture of flour and water usually with an egg. - Braising - cooking of food usually of meat on a bed of fried root vegetables known as a  mirepoix creaming. Beating fat or fat and sugar until it is creamy in both texture and colour. (b) Points   to   consider   in   meal   planning: (1x5  =    5   mks) - Family meals should be nutritionally balanced. - Make use of food in season as its cheaper. 23 ----- # - Money available -  food budget within the finances means of the family. - Plan meals to be prepared with equipment available. - Should vary colour of dishes. - Should consider individual taste. (Any   other   relevant   answers ) (c)     Advantages   of   breast   feeding: - More nutritious and easily digested. - Always at the right temperatures. - Does not need preparation. - Contains antibodies. - Has no harmful micro-organisms. (d)      Points   of   hygiene   to   a   food   handler: (4x1 =  4 mks) - Wash hands before touching food. - Do not handle cooked food with bare hands. - Health carriers of infectious diseases should not b e allowed to handle food. - Wear kitchen clothes when handling food e.g. apron or overall. (e)      Reasons   for   folding   in   flour   in   creamed   cake   mixture: (2x1 =  2 mks) - To incorporate more air. - Prevent the already incorporated air from escaping. 23. (a) (i)  Points   to   consider   when   buying   commercial   patterns: (1x4 =  4 mks) - Measurements should correspond with one's body measurements. - Style should fit the figure. - Fashion should be current. - Choose one with several styles. - Beginner should choose simple patterns. (ii )  Choice    of   zip   fastener: (1x3 =  3 mks) - Length -  buy correct length for the garment being made. - Colour -  should match the garment as nearly as possible. - Weight -  buy correct weight for purpose. Heavy zips cause sagging. (b)      Points   a   consumer   should   look   for   before   buying   an   item: (1x5 =  5 mks) - Should do window shopping to compare prices in different shops. - Should ship for quality - a good quality product will last long. Reputation on item is good guide to quality. - Should look for features of a product. Buy one with useful features. - Should examine tag and label on an item to get information on use and care. - Should find out about quarantee. The more expensive an item is the more the coverage on quarantee one needs. - Find information on installation, delivery, servicing etc. (c) Factors   which   determine   the   cleaning   frequency   of   a   house: - The occupants of the house e.g. young children or adult. - Amount of dirt or dust getting into the house. - Conditions of the house e.g. cracked floors. - Available time for cleaning. - Cleaning equipment and material available. 24 ----- # (d) Four   reasons   for   budgeting   family   income: (1   x   4  =    4   mks) - Helps a family to live within their income. - It promotes organized living and planning. - The family knows how the money is being spent and they are able to evaluate their financial situation. - Budgeting encourages sensible control of various expenses. - Budgeting helps a family to look at their income sources realistically. HOMESCIENCE   V 1.  You have brought a denim material to make a pair of shorts for your brother.  What seam       would you choose and why?  (2mks) 2.  The temperature of water is important in stain removal processes.  Explain the effect of      hot water in the following stains. (2mks) Blood Grease 3.  Mention  two  hazards caused by water pollution. (2 mks) 4.  List  four  materials used for interfacing.  (2mks) 5.  Explain the importance of using acidic substances in cooking bony beef meat.  (2mks) 6.  State  four  points to consider when buying fish (4mks) 7.  State  three  reasons why a knot should not be used to start stitches. (3mks) 8. Explain  two  reasons why it is important to transfer pattern marking from paper pattern to       fabric before cutting out. (2mks) 9.  Give  two  advantages of flourescent lighting over filament bulb. (2mks)       (a)  what is advertising (2mks) (b) give  three  disadvantages of advertising (3 mks) 10. State  two  disadvantages of using a knitted articles (2mks) 11. Give  three  points on choice, use and care of pegs  (4 mks) 12.  State  three  points on care of brooms and brushes (3 mks) 13. Give  two  functions of fats in cake making. (2 mks 14.  Three causes of sewing machine not feeding the fabric properly (2mks) SECTION   B. 15.   (a) Oil paints are commonly used as wall finish. Give  three  advantages of oil paints.                                                                                (3mks) (b) Sufficient ventilation is important in a house. Give  four  points in support of the above       statement. (4mks) (c) Suggest  five  steps to take to ensure that shoes last long (5mks) (d) Give  four  differences between soap and soapless detergents (4mks) (e) Explain how to dry clean a scarf. (4mks)    16.  (a) Give  three  points in each case to consider when drawing up diets for         (i) Aged (3mks)         (ii) Vegetarians (3mks) (b) What causes the following faults in pastry making       (i) Shrunken pastry (3mks)       (ii) Too short and crumbly pastry (2mks) 25 ----- #  (c) Give  four  basic rules in use and care of a refrigerator (4mks)  (d) Discuss  two  factors which determine an individuals nutrient requirements. 17.  (a) State  four  factors to consider when choosing an opening for a garment. (4mks)        (b) Give  two  advantages and two disadvantages of man made fibres. (4mks)        (c) Describe how to work an overlaid seam on the yoke of a silk blouse. (9mks)        (d) What advice would you give to your friend who has narrow hips about choice of              attire? (3mks) 18.  (a)(i) Give  four  reasons as to why interlining is used in garment construction. (4mks) (ii) List  four  areas on an article where interlining is done (2mks)        (b) Define the following cookery terms (i) Bake blind (2mks)     (ii) Chopping (2mks)      (iii) Glazing (2mks)        State  four  steps in making a budget. (4mks) (d) Discuss  three  advantages of table setting (3mks) (e) What is meant by the term raising agent? (1mks) HOMESCIENCE   V MARKING   SCHEME 1.   Suitable   seam   for   a   pair   of   shorts - Double stitched seam (1mk) **Reason **  Strong due to double stitching  Flat hence comfortable  Easy to launder   (1mk) 2. Effects   of   hot   water   on   the   following   stains -    Blood   hot water fixes the stain (1mk) -   Grease   Hot water emulsifies it (1mk) 3. Hazards   of   water   pollution   Kills marine life   May cause poisoning   Kill sea plants ( 2x   1mrk) 4. Interfacing   materials  Villene  Organdie  Staflex  Calico  Canvas 5. Use   of   acidic   substance   in   cooking   meat  Acid changes collagen to gelatin thus softening the meat. ( 2x1=2mks) 6. Factors   to   consider   when   buying   fish  No unpleasant smell  Red gills  Bright and prominent eyes  For shell fish the shell should be tightly closed (4x1=4mks) 26 ----- # 7. Why   a   knot   should   not   be   used   to   start   stitches  Can tear fabric  Can undo and the stitch is destroyed  Causes tiny lumps when fabric is pressed ( 3x1=3mks) 8. Reasons   for   transferring   pattern   marks  Ensure right parts are joined together  Ensure good fit/size i.e. stitching line is followed (2x1=2mks) 9. Advantages   of   fluorescent   lighting  Fluorescent is long lasting  gives bright light  consumes less energy (3x1=3mks)        a.    Meaning   of   advertising    -  Simple way of informing the public about goods and services available in the market. b.   Disadvantages  Appeals to emotions hence influences consumer psychologically  The manufacturer will bear the cost of advertising  can cause product of low quality to be preferred to that of high quality  ( 3x1=3mks) 10.    Disadvantages   of   knitted   Articles  Ladders Very Easily  Bulges At Knees And Elbow  Easily Pulls out of shape 11.    Points   on   choice   use   and   care   of   pegs  Should be made of good quality material   plastic  or wood  Ensure they are clean and dry before use  Keep pegs in a clean container or bag. (4x1=4mks)  Should be strong and well designed to hold clothes firmly on the line 12.    Care   of   brooms   and   brushes Store With Head Between Two Nails  Remove Fluffs After Use  Shake Off And Dust Before Storage (3x1=3mks) 13.    Functions   of   fats   in   cake   making  Shortens The Mixture  Improves The Keeping Quality  Helps In Aeration  Improves Colour (2x1=2mks) 14.    Causes   of   a   sewing   machine   not   feeding   fabric   properly  Fabric Held Too Tightly  Feed Dog May Be Covered  Insufficient Pressure On The Pressure Foot  Length Too Short SECTION   B. 27 ----- # 15.    (a)   Advantages   of   oil   paints  Water repellent hence easily cleaned - Surface is smooth therefore dust does not settle on it.  Oil paint is durable (3x1=3mks)     (b)   Prevent   humidity  Get Rid Of Surplus Heat From People And Machinery  Remove Any Ordours  Increase Free Circulation of air (4x1=4mks)     (c)  -    Polish   to   preserve - Repair Immediately When Torn - Store On Shoe Rack  Dry in a cool place  Wear With socks to absorb perspiration (5x1=5mks)     (d)   Soapless   detergents   do   not   foam   fast   with   hard   water   while   soap   does  soaps are made from animal\vegetable fat while soapless are from chemicals  soapless come in different strengths  soapless forms lather in both warm and cold water (4x1=4mks)     (e)   Dry-cleaning   a   scarf  Shake dust  Put solvent in a container and immerse garment in it squeezing gently  squeeze out and hang in open air  leave solvent to settle and drain then store. ( 4mks ) 16.     Factors   to   consider   in   drawing   a   diet   for (i) Aged  Balanced  Easy to digest  Less energy giving foods  Food rich in minerals and vitamins  Serve in small amounts (3x1=3mks) (ii)   Vegetarians  Balanced  Well flavored - Varied to avoid monotony  use vegetable fats and oils for preparing (3x1=3mks) (b)   Shrunken   pastry  Insufficient relaxing  Stretching during shaping  stretching during rolling (3x1=3mk s) (ii)   Short   and   crumbly   pastry  too much fat 28 ----- #  too little water (2x1=2mks) (e) Basic   rule   in   use   and   care   of   a   refrigerator.  Do not store hot food in the refrigerator, it lowers the temperatures  Store food in covered containers or polythene papers to prevent dehydration  Do not overload to allow free circulation of air  Store meal size portions  Place fridge in the coolest part of the kitchen  Do not use sharp instruments to remove ice to prevent scratching the surface. (f) Three   classes   of   beverages   and   give   an   example   of   each  Stimulants   Tea or coffee  Nourishing   milk  Refreshing   Fruit juices (e)   Two   factors   which   determine   an   individuals   nutrient   requirement (2x1=2marks)  Age   young children require more protein  Climate   cold areas   more energy foods  Body size  State of health   invalids and convalescents          (stating   mrk,   explaining   mrk) 17.    (a)   Factors   to   consider   in   choice   of   an   opening (4x1=4mks) - Position of opening - Type of fabric - Type of fastening - Age of wearer - Purpose of opening (b)   Advantages   of   man   made   fibers (2x1=2mks  )  Durable  Resistant to sunlight  Thermoplastic (can be pleated)  Smooth, Soft. Slippery Disadvantages (2x1=2mk  s)  Yarn spillage is common  Poor absorbency  Not resistant to abrasion  Holds and generates static electricity (c)   How   to   work   overlaid   seam, (11mk  s) -  Turn seam allowance  on the F.L.  of the overlay  to the wrong side  . -  Press and hold with tacking -  Place the overlay  over the underlay  with folding  of overlay lying on the F.L.             of the overlay. -  Pin , tack  and machine  close  to the fold on R.S.  . Remove tacking  29 ----- # - Turn to the W.S. trim  the raw edges to within hem  of the fitting line. - Neaten  raw edges using loop stitches  . Press  the completed seam (d)   3   pieces   of   advice   you   would   give   to   your   friend   who   has   narrow   hips   on   choice of   clothes (3x1=3mks )  She should wear pleated skirts  Wear over blouses  Bulky fabrics are suitable  to avoid tight fitting skirts 18.    (i)   Reasons   for   using   interlining (4x1=4mks) - Gives added crease resistance - Increases life to garment - Adds warmth - Adds firmness to a complete silhouette (ii) -    Areas (  x 4mks) -   Pockets -  Collar -  Hems -  Cuffs -  Waistband (b)   Cookery   terms (i) Bake blind   refers to the baking of pastry without a filling (2mks) (ii)  Chopping   cutting finely especially of vegetables (2mks ) (iii) Glazing   applying of egg white on an item before baking to give a good              appearance  (2mks ) (c)   Steps   in   making   a   budget (4x1=4mks) - Establish family financial goal both present and future - Estimate income from all sources - List committed, fixed and unchangeable expenses - Total plan for expenditure and compare with estimated income (d)   Advantages   of   table   setting (3x1=3mks) - Makes the act of eating easier - It increases the diners appetite as items are smartly presented - It gives order during meal times (e) Raising agent is any substance which when added to a flour mixture provides a gas which expands upon heating, raising the mixture. (1mrk) HOMESCIENCE   VI SECTION   A 1.  State  three  points on choice, use and care of a charcoal iron (3 mks) 2.  List  three  disadvantages of using hard water in the home  (3mks) 3.   (a) Define the term accessories (1 mk) 30 ----- # 4.   List  two  examples of accessories that are both functional and decorative (1 mk) 5.   State  four  uses of milk in cookery (2 mks) 6.   Give  four  points to consider when buying fabric for soft furnishing (4 mks) 7.   Write  four  points to consider when planning meals for the family (4 mks) 8.   State  three  reasons for using interlining on garments (3 mks)      (a) Define glare (1 mk)      (b)  Give  three  attributes of good artificial light (3 mks) 9.  State  four  factors to consider when buying a house (2 mks) 10.   Heavy close texture is a common fault in creamed cakes. State  three  causes for the above             (3 mks) 11.  Give  three  qualities of a good dust bin                                                            (1 mks) 12.   State  three  rules of sewing on buttons (1 mks) 13.   Give  three  advantages of sponging in laundry work                                       (3 mks) 14.   Give  two  causes of fabric puckering during sewing                                        (2 mks) 15.    Suggest  three  reasons for using fullness in garment construction (1 mks) 16.   State  three  points to bear in mind when choosing flowers for flower arrangement (3 mks) 17.   State  three  changes that occur in meat during roasting (3mks) 18.   State the importance of play in the life of a young child                            (3 mks) 19.   Budgeting for ones income is very important. List  three  factors to consider when        making a budget (1 mks) SECTION   B. 20. (i) Explain briefly why the following processes are done in laundry work       (ii)  Starching                                                                                (2 mks)       (iii)Boiling                                                                                (2 mks)       (iv) Dampening                                                                                (2 mks) (v)  State  four  advantages of using carpets as floor covering materials                   (4 mks) (vi) Discuss  five  factors to consider in choice of a washing machine                      (10mks) 21.  ( a)  Osteomalacia is a common disorder among women of child-bearing age. Give  four              symptoms of the above disorder                                                                       (4 mks) (b). Discuss  five  uses of fruits in cookery (4 mks) (c). Discuss  five  points to consider when preparing meals for children            (5 mks) 22   (a)Mention  five  properties which make synthetic fabrics suitable for household articles (5mks) (b) Give clear instructions on how to work darts                                                 (7 mks) 23.(a)French seam is a popular seam in children articles. Explain clearly how to work the           seam (8 mks) (b).  State and explain  four  general rules to observe when removing stains          (4 mks)   .   Discuss  two  advantages and disadvantages of advertising                            (4 mks) (d).  Define the following terms used in cookery      (a)  Raising agent (2 mks)           (b)  Braising (2 mks) HOMESCIENCE   VI MARKING   SCHEME 31 ----- # 1.   Three   points   on   choice,   use   and   care   of   charcoal   iron -   Firmly fixed screws -   Comfortable handle and sufficient pressure -   Close iron well and clean sole before using -   Empty after use -    Store in cool, dry place        (1   X   3  =    3   mks) 2. - Wastes soap during washing -   Forms scum with soap when rinsing hence discolours clothes -   Can cause blockage in pities -   Discolours kettles and boilers    (1   X   3  =    3   mks) 3.   a)   Assessories are small things worn or carried as part of ones dressing  (1   mk) (b) Ring, watches, hair clips        (   X   1  =    1   mk) 4. - Sauces e.g. custard sauce -   Bulters -   Beverages   tea, milkshake -   Puddings -   For enriching e.g. mashed potatoes       (   X   4  =    2   mks) 5. - Colour must be fast -  Fabric should be shrink resistant -  Should be crease resistant -  Colour blends well with rest of dcor -  Easy to launder -  Durable     (1   X   4  =    4   mks) 6. - Should be balanced -  Individual requirements -   Food in season -   Money available -   Climate -   Time available -   Fuel -   Facilities available (1   X   4  =    4   mks) 7. -  Give added crease resistance -   Prevent stretching or sagging -   Increase life of garment -   Add warmth -    Add firmness to a complete suhoule (1   X   3  =    3   mks) 32 ----- # 8.(a)- Glare is any brightness within the field of vision which causes the eye to strain   (1   mk)     (b) - Does not cast shadows -  Not cause glare -  Not waver or fricker -  Does not discharge impurities in the air      (1   X   3  =    3   mks) 9. -  Buying a house -  Cost. Should be within -  Value of house. Seek professional advice to determine worth -  Location of house -   Construction -  Orientation -  Reliability of seller -  Family requirements     (   X   4  =    2   mks) 10. - Insufficient creaming -  Too much liquid -  Too slow an oven -  Too hot oven -  Insufficient cooking   (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 11. - Made of strong leak proof material -  Well fitting lid -  Large enough   (   x   3  =    1   mks) 12. - All flat buttons must be sewn leaving a shank -  Buttons should be sewn on double fabric -  Buttons with a stem do not need a shank -  Should be firmly fixed -  Accurately positioned -  Place right side upright   (   x   3  =    1   Mks) 13. - Solutions are simple to make at home -  Saves money and time since it reduces on commercial dry cleaning -   Reduces risk of colour loss or shape   (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 14. - Needle too coarse for fabric -  Stitches too long incase of fine fabric (1   x   2  =    2   mks) 15. -  Using fullness -  Provide fashion feature 33 ----- # -  Shape the garment -  Give a good fit (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 16. - Make sure follage is clean -  Choose fresh flowers -  Use a mixture of flat and pointed flowers -   Avoid using strong scented flowers Avoid cutting too many flowers in full bloom as they wither quickly (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 17. - The fat melts -  Colour changes from red to brown -  Soluble proteins coagulated resulting in meat being firmer -   Elasting contracts causing meat to shrink (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 18. - Play helps a child to develop mentally e.g. building blocks -  Helps a child to socialize with the others -  Help in physical development e.g. climbing, running (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 19. - Amount of money available -  Needs of the individual family members -  Needs should be ranked in order of priority -  Fixed expense should be listed down -   Saving should be done   (   x   3  =    1   Mks) SECTION   B. 20.i. (a) Starching -  Give articles a glossy appearance -  Give a smooth surface which dirt does not adhere to -  Stiffens (gives body) -  Whitens articles   (2   mks) (ii)  Boiling - Whiten articles - Kills germs - Removes stubborn stains   (2   mks) (iii)  Dampening -   Sprinkle warm water   it spreads better -    Helps in removal of creases   (2   mks) iv.    Advantages   of   carpet -  They are warm -  Deaden sound -  Comfortable to the feet -  Add to the colour scheme of the room 34 ----- #   (1   x   4  =    4   mks) v.    Five   points   in   choice   of   a   washing   machine -  Size of family or establishment to determine size to be bought -  Space available for storage -  Cost and maintenance -  Consider control of the machine -  Buy from reputable dealer -  Should have instruction manual -   Consider serviceability of the machine (2   x   5  =    10   mks) 21.(a) Symptoms of osteomalacia - Bone tenderness - Patients walk with legs wide apart appearing to waddle - Twitching of muscles - Spontaneous fracture may occur (1   x   4  =    4   mks) (b )    Uses   of   fruits - In jam making   plum, pineapple - As a dessert   fruit salad - For garnishing   cakes - Making sauces   apples - Making jelly - As a filling for a dessert pineapple upside down - Fruits in jelly (1   x   4  =    4   mks)    c.   Factors   to   consider   in   preparing   meals   for   children -  Well balanced -  Easy to digest foods -  Serve their food punctually -  Present their food attractively -  Breast milk is best for baby -  Contains nutrients in their right amounts -  Is at the right temperature for the baby -  Contains antibodies -  Free from contamination -  Helps develop bond between mother and child   (Well   discussed   2   x   3  =    6   mks) 22.( a) Five   properties   which   make   synthetic   popular -  Smooth and have a luxurious appearance -  They are resilient, creases hang out easily -  Light in weight even if given bulk treatment hence suitable for air travel -  Resistant to sunlight except for nylon -  Not attacked by moth -  Not absorbent hence dry quickly -  Thermoplastic   can be permanently pleated 35 ----- #      (1   x   5  =    5   mks)   (b)  Working dart - Fold () fabric right sides () together matching stitching () line pins () and tack             () - Starting from broad end () stitch () along the fitting line () until dart tapers to            nothing in the fold () -   Leave long threads () fasten by weaving or back stitch () -   Remove tacking () press () dart towards correct direction () -   Five general rules for making seams -   Always stitch along the grain for good hang -  Match all balance marks and fitting lines before stitching -  Tack firmly along fitting line -  Stitch exactly on the fitting line -  Conceal all raw edges or strengthened by protective stitching -  All seams must be inconspicuous as possible - Should be fine Sharp Stainless Eye should be smoothly finished Easy to thread Assorted (1   x   3  =    3   mks) 23.(a) Working French seam -  Place two pieces of material W.S () together with notches and fitting line matching    () -  Pin () and tack () on the F.L line ( ) machine () above the fitting line -  Remove tacking () trim turning () to less than the finished width of the seam press      () open () -  Turn so that the R.S. () of material is inside and crease along the stitching line pin      () tack () machine () on the F.L -   Remove tacking () press the seam () to one side of garment (8   mks) (b)    General   rules   on   stain   removal -   Remove when fresh as they become fixed with time -   Use less harmful method first for unknown stains -   Use correct agents for stains clearly identified -   Stains removing agents must be in solution when used on coloured fabrics -   Wash garment thoroughly after stain removal -   If agent is suspected to be too strong for fabric try it first on hidden parts of the garment -   Study the general appearance of the stain first   (Any   other   1   X4  =    4   mks)   (c)    Advantages   of   advertising -  Informs consumers about goods and services -  Consumers can choose what they want 36 ----- # -  Advertising increases demand for a product -  Competition among manufacturers is increased leading to quality goods (1   x   2  =    2   mks) ***Disadvantages*** -  Gives false information to the consumers -  Increases cost of goods -  Can make goods of low quality to be preferred to those of low quality   (1   x   2  =    2   mks)  (d). (a)  Raising   Agent -  Any agent which when added to flour mixtures produces a gas which expands upon     heating raising the mixture (2   mks) (b)  Braising -  Methods of cooking food especially meat and poultry on a bed of fried root vegetables     known as the mire poix (2   mks) 37 -----


Form One English Interactive Series


Introduction English is one of the most widely used languages in the worldIt is not only the official language of communication in many countries but also the official language of commerce and industry aviation and social interactions


Mastery and proficiency in the English language is considered important because it enhances effective communication and provides opportunities for academic social and professional benefits


Proficiency in English language also improves the learning of other subjects across the curriculum The econtent lessons in this programme are based on the four main language skills and grammar as covered in the Secondary School English Syllabus


These are Listening and Speaking Reading writing


Aspects of literature have been integrated to strengthen and enrich the process of the language learning This is also expected to provide realistic contexts and opportunities where a variety of language is used to make the learning more meaningful


Role of English in curriculum implementation Mastery and proficiency in the English language is considered important because it enhances effective communication and provides opportunities for academic social and professional benefits Due to its prominence as the worlds mostly spoken language English has been adopted as the language of instruction in many learning institutions Proficiency in it therefore improves the learning of other subjects across the curriculum Listening and speaking skills play an important role in social and academic development A person who listens and speaks effectively is able to receive and respond to information appropriately These two skills also contribute significantly to the development of reading and writing skills Mastery in speaking and listening skills enhances intelligibility confidence and interaction among learners within and beyond the boundaries of Kenya Pronunciation


An important aspect of effective speaking is correct pronunciation Correct pronunciation of sounds and words is key to effective speaking Effective speaking is considered important because it leads to effective communication in general The challenge faced in the pronunciation of English words correctly is due to the fact that most of the Kenyan languages do not have sounds similar to those found in English You therefore need to identify sounds that are problematic to you and practise thoroughly to master their correct pronunciation In the lessons that follow you will learn and practise pronunciation of English vowels and consonants correctly


Background Information


An effective speaker communicates clearly fluently and convincingly He is able to capture and maintain the attention of the listeners Correct pronunciation greatly enhances thisIn this lesson you will practise how to pronounce English consonant and vowel sounds correctly


Lesson Objective


By the end of the lesson you should be able to pronounce consonant and vowel sounds correctly


Pronunciation of Vowel and Consonant Sounds


Correct pronunciation of sounds and words is key to effective speaking  Effective speaking is considered important because it leads to effective communication in general The challenge to pronounce English words correctly is due to the fact most of the Kenyan languages do not have sounds similar to those found in English You therefore need to identify sounds that are problematic and practise thoroughly to master their correct pronunciation


There are some sounds in English that pose a pronunciation challenge to some students A case in point is the distinction between the sounds f and v In this lesson you will practise pronouncing the two sounds correctly Pronunciation of consonant sounds f and v


In Kenya both teachers and learners are drawn from different ethnic groups speaking a variety of either related or non related languages This explains why people from different communities across the country have challenges in the pronunciation of certain English words and sounds You therefore need to identify the problematic sounds and practise until you master their correct pronunciation Read the following sentences correctly paying close attention to the pronunciation of the sounds l and r  Click the repeat button to read again and again until you are able to pronounce the sounds correctly


Lesson Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to pronounce L and r sounds correctly


Activity 4 Choose the correct words from the choices given to complete the sentences correctly Pronunciation of consonant sounds l and r


In Kenya both teachers and learners are drawn from different ethnic groups speaking a variety of either related or non related languages This explains why people from different communities across the country have challenges in the pronunciation of certain English words and sounds You therefore need to identify the problematic sounds and practise pronouncing them until you master their correct pronunciation Listening Comprehension and Notemaking Listening comprehension involves learning practising and testing the understanding of spoken oral text The focus in this lesson is to enable you to listen understand retain and use the information communicated through speech for various purposes Under this sub topic we shall cover the following


Trickster narratives


Poetry


Listen carefully to the story entitled The Lion and the Hare


You will answer questions after listening to the narrative If you have to listen to the story more than twice it means you need to sharpen your listening skills


Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to


Identify the features of trickster narratives correctly


Take notes precisely


Retell the story effectively


Trickster Narrative


A narrative is an oral or written story with a moral teaching to the audience or the reader Narratives are divided into the following categories Trickster Ogre Myths Legends Aetiological and Dilemma  A Trickster Narrative has the following typical features a the trickster b the trick c the pretence d the character being tricked or the one being duped


ACTIVITY Describe the character of the hare and the lion by choosing the correct character traits from the list and placing them in the appropriate circle


Poetry is a form of expression either written or oral It is a form of communication between the poet and the audience or the reader Poems can be sang recited or chanted using a specific language meant to evoke the emotions of the listener or the reader Poetry essentially offers an opportunity for shared experiences on a variety of issues affecting the society The poem You watched will be discussed in the lesson


Students reciting a poem


Words like thank you excuse me sorry and please are used to express politeness Etiquette therefore is defined as the conventional rules of behaviour in polite societies or courteous use of language Lesson Objectve By the end of the lesson you should be able to use courteous language appropriately Language Etiquette


Etiquette in language refers to the correct and polite or courteous use of language in our every day interactions with others Examples are excuse me may I go in please and many others as shown below


Excuse me I would like to go in Oh You have brought the pen Answer Thank you for bringing the pen Give me some water


Answer Please give me some water I lost your book I will get you another one Answer I am sorry I lost your book I will get you another one The statements Excuse me I would like to go in Thank you for bringing the pen Please give me some water I am sorry I lost your book I will get you another one should appear on the left side of the text The words excuse me Thank you Please and Sorry should be highlighted Grammar What is grammar


Grammar is defined as the way words are combined to form longer and meaningful units The main objective of learning grammar is to help you understand how language works and be able to use it correctly and appropriately in different contexts The teaching and learning of the grammar of a language begins with the word Therefore it is important that learners master the characteristics and uses related to words as classified under parts of speech


Learning how rules operate in a language is necessary but it is much more important to know how to use the language in real life situations It means a learner who has mastered grammar knows how to apply the rules in order to communicate effectively and thus enhance positive interactions among people By the end of the lesson you should be able to


Identify different types of nouns correctly


Use nouns in sentences correctly


Background Information


Read the sentences below each picture paying close attention to the underlined words  Koech lives on a tree Nairobi is the busiest city in Kenya Omondi hurt his leg badly during the game The accident claimed the lives of many children Drought is a major problem in North Eastern Province due to poor rains All the underlined words are nouns They name people places events and things Nouns Nouns are words used to name persons places events or thingsName the nouns you can see in the picture below Nouns are divided into two main groups namely a Proper nouns bCommon nouns


Activity


Common nouns are names of ordinary things or groups Proper nouns are names of specific people countries months days Note that all proper nouns are written with an initial capital letter eg March Halima


The hyenas put him in problems People are dying of  in drought stricken areas  lies in the eyes of the beholder His  came after a long struggle The teachers presence caused the pupils a lot of  Discomfort beauty hunger greed success


Study the sentences below


There are pins on the table The elephant crushed the poacher to death Kimani secured admission into the University The underlined words are known as concrete nouns These are things that we can see touch hear smell or taste


Nouns that are not tangible that is they cannot be seen or heard are called abstract nouns Other examples include kindness corruption hunger greed among others Your basic knowledge on nouns pronouns and other parts of speech will be useful this lesson Relate the sentences to the position of things mentioned in the animation Identify prepositions in sentences correctly Use prepositions appropriately in sentences


Prepositions


A preposition is a word that is positioned before its object and shows relationship between the object and another word complement


The thief jumped over the fence


The goats run across the field


Joan dived into the swimming pool


The words over across and into are prepositions


Study the following sentences paying attention to the underlined phrases and the highlighted words within the phrases


The cow ate grass Most lions move in a pride My new shoes have laces That yellow cheese is made from milk The sheeps fleece is used to make warm sweaters


The words the my most and that are determiners Determiners include articles numbers demonstratives etc New and yellow are modifiers because they tell us more about the shoes and the cheese The words cow lions shoes cheese and sheep are nouns In each of the sentences the underlined groups of words are known as noun phrases They have a noun as the headword A phrase then is a group of words without a subject or verb and they dont make sense on their own Noun Phrases A phrase is group of words that does not make sense on its own A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of a noun in a sentence The following are examples of noun phrases


the tall building


our new books


the dangerous path


The nouns building books and path are head words of the noun phrases above Match the pictures and the sentences My beautiful ballerina won the championship The jungle is a scary place to be The boy woke up early That Schools cyber cafe is operational The roof tops are caving in


Include a pictorial depicting the words that have been underlined A picture of a beautiful ballerina A picture of a jungle A picture of a boy waking up A cyber cafe A caving roof top  The words my beautiful ballerina the jungle the boy that schools cyber cafe and the roof tops are referred to as phrases Phrase then is a group of words without a subject or verb and they do not make sense on their own


For instance the phrase my beautiful ballerina has no verb or subject and it requires the second part of the sentence won the championship to make it meaningful The second phrase the jungle has no subject or verb and it requires the part of the sentence is a scary place to be to make sense


NBThe words ending in ing are verbs and they are often referred to as action words Identify the different verb forms correctly Construct different types of simple sentences appropriately Verbs


Verbs are words used to describe an action or state for example run jump eat drink swim is am and are The man in the picture is drinking coconut juice


Activity 1 Highlight all the verbs that are used in the sentences Read the following sentences The girl is walking to school The bird is flying The boy is reading a text book The man is eating yams The girl is dancing


The sentences are all in the present form and the action words have been highlighted If the statement is changed into a past action the focus will be on the action words verbs Change the verb given in brackets into the Past Tense to make meaningful sentences Type from the keyboard the correct answer If the typed answer is right applaud the student Incase the answer is wrong encourage the student to try again to get the correct answer This is a drag and drop exercise Applaud for the correct answer and give encouragement for the wrong answer Provide the appropriate verb from the list given in the box Quit Put Beat Hurt Hit


Joshua was  in the field hurt She  off the lights after prepsput Mwikali  the debating club this termquit The thief was  by a speeding Matatuhit Our netball  the visiting sunrise Girls teambeat


Activity 5 Type the correct answer to fill the blank spaces You need to be familiar with parts of speech especially verbs and adjectives Read the following sentences paying attention to the highlighted words


Juma runs quickly This is a very sweet mango Jane reads quite clearly


In sentence 1 quickly shows how or in what manner Juma runs that is quickly modifies the verb runs In sentence 2 very shows how much or to what degree the mango is sweet that is very modifies the adjective sweet In sentence 3 quite shows how far or to what extent Jane reads clearly that is quite modifies the adverb clearly A word that that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb is called an adverb


Adverbs


Lesson Objectives Define an adverb Identify adverbs in sentences correctly Use adverbs of manner time and frequency in sentences correctly Adverbs


Adverbs are words used to describe verbs actions adjectives or other adverbs These words explain how when and how often an action in a sentence occurs The following sentences illustrate this idea


Esther sang the song nicely


Kubo is washing his shirt now


The choir practices everyday


The adverbs nicely now and everyday give us more information about the verbs or actions mentioned in the sentences above The underlined words in the sentences are adverbs These are words that explain how when and how often the actions in the sentences occur


For example How often does Atieno go to school Everyday When is Kamau going to dig his farm Now How is Katana pushing the cart Slowly


There are different kinds of adverbs in this lesson however we shall deal with adverbs of frequency how often time when and manner how Information on nouns and pronouns would be useful in this lesson Look at the following photograph and name all the nouns Some of the nouns in the photograph are tree nests house car sky


If you want to describe the nouns in the photograph you may talk of a permanent house a blue sky or a tall tree The words permanent blue and tall are referred to as adjectives These are words used to describe or tell us more about a noun or pronoun The highlighted words are more examples of adjectives


1 Rosemary owns a beautiful house at Gachie 2Mature coconut 3Coastal trees Palm trees


Gradable and nongradable adjectives A gradable adjective is an adjective which can have er and est added to it or be used with more and most when making comparisons


Examples The tea is hotter than the porridge Pine trees are more beautiful than wattle trees Hot and beautiful are gradable adjectives On the other hand nongradable adjectives are absolute and therefore not comparable


Examples An atomic bomb was used to destroy the city of Hiroshima Njeri is an American citizen Atomic and a American are nongradable adjectives Identify adjectives in a sentence correctly Give examples of gradable and non gradable adjectives Differentiate between gradable and non gradable adjectives Use adjectives in sentences correctly


Adjectives


Adjectives are words used to describe or give more information about a noun or a pronoun for example short beautiful new and old as illustrated in the following sentences


Fatuma bought a beautiful dress


The farmer used an old lorry


Ketan drives a new car


The adjectives used in the sentences above provide more information about the nouns Insert pictures


Left side a man feeling cold in a sweater Right a man feeling very cold in an overcoat and a shawl round his neck He is also wearing gloves The man is shivering Left side a bungalow on sale with a price tag of 15m Right side a maisonette on sale with a price tag of 2m Left side a lady driving a big car Right side a lady driving a very big car Eldoret is  cold than Limuru Sidis car is  big compared to Damas A bungalow is  expensive than a maisonette Insert an alphabet strip so that the learner can type in the answers


Answers Less very extremely Study the sentences below paying attention to the highlighted words Diamond is a unique jewel My mother has a woolen sweater Some of the exhausted players were allowed to rest Highlight the words in the boxes in a different colour The highlighted words in the sentences are non gradable because they do not indicate degree That is they express a complete idea Assessment 3 Ungradable Adjectives


Reading is a mental process that involves the ability to interpret words and symbols and assigning them meaning to communicate ideas or thoughts The ability to read effectively and fluently is vital both for academic purposes and life in general Good reading skills will help improve performance in schools enhance information gathering and learning of concepts Reading will expose you to new vocabulary new sentence structures and good models of language use


Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writers message without spending too much time in the process Its also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant When youre reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally remember that good reading strategies go handinhand with good note taking skills


Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy There are various techniques employed in reading depending on the purpose In this lesson you are going to explore Skimming and Scanning as examples of techniques commonly used in reading


Skimming


This means reading the text quickly to understand the main points without studying the text in detail Skimming is done when one wants to get an overall impression of the text


Scanning


This is done when one wants to locate specific information from a text Scanning also involves looking through the text or material quickly to get required information


Lesson Objective By the end of the lesson you should be able to read a passage within a given time


Speed Reading


The process of reading involves more than just looking at words It entails interpreting and assigning meaning to words and symbols to communicate desired information The speed at which you read is determined by how fast and efficient your eyes transfer the information to the brain and how quickly the brain interprets the message You have to pratise reading fast in order to save time and at the same time access and process information required within a given time Read the passage provided as fast as you can


The palm tree is a wonder tree Its fronds can be used to decorate outdoor events when they are freshly cut and green The dry fronds can be used to make brooms and mats weaved into Makuti pieces they make beautiful thatching material Palm trees are also used for timber and firewood The fruits of the palm tree are very nutritious palm seeds can also be used to produce palm oil


In some cases the sap of the young fronds can be tapped and then fermented to make palm wine All these uses make the palm tree a major economic resource for the communities living along the Coastal regions Create a clock such that the passage disappears from the screen after a minute and a half Let the students access the same passage if they want to do the exercise again Read the passage again in one minute and try to find answers to the questions below What is made from dry fronds Which part of the palm tree is said to be very nutritious What is fermented to make palm wine Which people benefit from the palm tree


Provide the passage again for only 112 minutes and provide a check answer button The answers are Broom and mats the coconut the sap People living along the coastal region


Read the following passage in 112 minutes and as you read try to find answers to the questions below What ailments are brought about by smoking Why is smoking unhygienic Why is smoking equated to a worm Does smoking affect unborn babies


Smoking is a harmful habit The tobacco used to manufacturing the cigarettes causes side effects to the smoker


Tobacco is carcinogenic It causes cancer of the mouth oral tract and the lungs In addiction it causes discoloration of the teeth and the fingers Not only does smoking affect those who smoke but it also affects the unborn babies in the case of pregnant women who smoke Passive smokers or those who inhale the smoke indirectly are also at great risk smoking weakens and clouds the brain and creates thirst of alcohol Smoking is also dirty and unhygienic Many smokers litter their precincts with ashes and cigarette butts


Tobacco smoking can be equated to a worm that eats you slowly from inside such that by the time the symptoms are visible the damage is irreparable


Provide a check answer button The answers are


Cancer of the mouth oral tract and lungs


Its unhygienic because many smokers litter their precincts with ashes and cigarette butts Smoking is equated to a worm because it eats one from the inside and by the time the symptoms are visible the damage is irreparable


The process of reading involves more than just looking at words The speed with which you read is determined by how fast and efficient your eyes transfer what they see to the brain and how quickly the brain interprets the message


You have to practice reading fast especially when you have to save time In order to learn how to read fast one needs to do the following Understand how reading takes place Read word groups rather than individual words Fast I cooked delicious food for the family Slow I cooked delicious food for the family The first sentence has been read by a fast reader while the second is by a slow reader Try to avoid distractions like noise loud music etc


Read extensively to be informed in various areas Keep assessing yourself Occasionally time yourself as you read widely on available reading materials


Poetry is a form of expression either oral or written Poems can either be sang recited or chanted to convey desired information Play the animation below to see the building up of the storm as you read the poem A Sudden Storm A SUDDEN STORM The wind howls the trees sway The loose housetop sheets clatter and clang The open window shuts with a bang And the sky makes night of the day Helter skelter the parents run Pressed with a thousand minor cares Hey you there Pack the house wares And where on earth is my son Home skip the little children Where have you been you naughty boy The child can feel nothing but joy For he loves the approach of the rain The streets clear the houses fill The noise gathers as children shout To rival the raging wind without And naught that can move is still A bright flash A lighted plain Then from the once black heavens Accompanied by noise that deafens Steadily pours the rain Pious Oleghe


African Poetry for schools


Reading Efficiently and Fluently


Demonstrate appropriate comprehension skills Use the directory effectively Build a wide range of vocabulary Read the poem below and answer the questions that follow Madam and her madam I worked for a woman She wasnt mean But she had a twelve room House to clean Had to get breakfast Dinner and supper too Then take care of her children When I got through Wash iron and scrub Walk the dog around It was too much Nearly broke me down I said Madam Can it be Youre trying to make a Pack horse out of me She opened her mouth She cried Oh no You know Alberta I love you so I said Madam That may be true But Ill be dogged If I love you African Poetry for schools Intensive Reading


Intensive Reading refers to reading carefully a specific text passage or story for comprehension This type of reading helps the learner develop capacity to identify relevant information distinguish between main ideas and supporting details in a text and evaluate ideas Through intensive reading the learners should also develop critical awareness necessary to analyse and appreciate literary worksComprehension on the other hand is the ability to read understand and remember the information for future use Create a drag and drop where learners can click on the correct answer by arranging the words in three columns Column A will be for words showing movement B for words indicating sound and C for words related to sight


Create a hot spot where learners can click on correct answer Learners will arrange the sentences given so as to describe the steady build upof the storm The following sentences describe the steady build up of the storm Arrange them in their correct order The rain steadily pours The sky darkens There is thunder There is a bright flash There is a strong wind There is a strong wind The sky darkens There is a bright flash The rain steadily pours


Read the following poem Madam and her Madam and attempt the questions and activities that follow


Include a pictorial depicting the following items Stanza 1 A big house outside is a girl gazing at the house with a pail and a broom Stanza 2  the same girl taking children to school Stanza 3  the girl walking the dog around Stanza 4  the girl and madam conversing The girls face is composed but Madams face should show surprise


Note the line Ill be dogged means under no circumstances should I love you She cannot bring herself to love her mistress She wasnt mean  But she had a twelve  room Dinner and supper too  Walk the dog around  I said Madam Youre trying to make a Pack  horse out of me She cried Oh no I said Madam That may be true  But Ill be dogged If I love you Langstone


Comprehension Skills


A comprehension passage tests a wide range of skills This lesson concentrates on recall comprehension and application skills


THE SCANDAL OF CHILD LABOUR Most children help with the work in their homes They do things like washing clothes cleaning the house shopping cooking looking after very young children and working in the shamba In small families it can be difficult for parents to do this by themselves In big families it is impossible for parents to do all the work and children therefore have to do their share of the work This is important because it teaches them useful life skills at a young age


However there is a big difference between normal family duties and giving children so much to do that they cannot go to school and have little rest or playtime This can cause physical or mental illness Unfortunately this is what happens in many parts of the World including African countries such as Kenya Uganda and Tanzania This practice is known as child labour It can happen in the childs own home but it is more common when the child goes out of the home for paid work


Children do many kinds of paid work They work on the land for example on tea or cotton plantations they work as servants in other peoples homes they work in factories they work in mines and in building and construction sites they work in bars and restaurants and they work on the streets as beggars In some cases they work in the sex industry in the illegal drugs trade and as child soldiers


Why do they do it They work because their families are very poor and depend on the money the child earns In many cases children start working because their parents have become ill with HIV and AIDS related sicknesses and cannot support the family Some of the children are orphans and have no one to look after them Many employers like to use children because they are cheap and can be subjected to all manner of conditions


Child labour causes many problems Firstly children work for long hours and earn very little for their hard work This results in terrible long term effects on their lives In addition such children do not attend school and are therefore not able to compete with their educated counterparts in the job market thus leading to a life of poverty This is not only bad for them but also for the development of the Nation The United Nations secretary General Kofi Annan once said that child labour has serious consequences that stay with the individual and with the society for far longer than the years of childhood Young workers not only face dangerous working conditions but also long term physical intellectual and emotional stress They endure an adulthood of unemployment illiteracy and poverty Common form of child labour Demonstrate appropriate comprehension and recall skills through answering questions correctly


Make short notes from a given passage appropriately Write a short clear summary from the notes Build a wide range of vocabulary


Comprehension involves reading a text with a view to understanding it both for surface and deeper meaningTo develop comprehension skills effectively  you are expected to read a wide range of texts selecting essential points and applying inference and deduction where appropriate The comprehension skills covered in this lesson include recall comprehension and application State whether the following statements are true or false Support your answer


Children assist their parents Not all work done by children is child labour Working on plantations is the only kind of child labour activity Children normally work to buy their parents cars and good houses Children do not have problems in their working areas


Give space for writing answers after every question True children assist their parents at home in various chores For example in cooking washing clothes etc


True children can do some work and as a result even acquire some life skills False children work in other places also like in prostitution work as child soldiers and even in illegal drug trade


False children work for other reasons like sending for themselves and caring for their sick parents


False children have a lot of problems in their working areas They suffer physical intellectual and emotional stress Application This requires you to apply what you have read in the passage For example Attempt the following questions


What are some of the child labour activities common in your community What are some of the ways of curbing child labour in our society What should be done to parents who send their children to beg on the streets Leave a gap after every question for the learners to key in answers Probable answers Herding fishing prostitution working in plantations begging Parents should be educated on importance of education Community leaders like chiefs should be in the forefront in fighting this Employers of children should be prosecuted All those parents who send their children to beg should be arrested Provide answer buttons for the learner to check answers Insert small boxes in front of the points such that each time the learner clicks on the main point a tick appears in the box Answers 1 2 5 4


When reading a comprehension passage the main points help you in understanding For it is from these main points that the rest of the passage is developed The development is done by explaining the points further and giving relevant examples Make notes on the following then click on the answer button to check if they are correct The forms of child labour


Reasons why children engage in paid labour The effects of child labour


Insert an alphabet strip so that the learner can type in their answers On the same page provide an answer button so that the learner can view the answers when heshe clicks on it


Forms of Child Labour