d ELECTROLYSIS In aqueous solutions there are usually four ions present two from the water and two from the dissolved salt The products will be gaseous or metals which are deposited on the negative electrode It is composed of an open cylinder of glass approximately 8 cm high and 25 cm in diameter A small bottle of similar size with the bottom cut off would do just as well The cylinder has a 2hole rubber stopper carrying two carbon electrodes with connecting leads to a battery or DC supply of 4 to 6 volts If cork is used this must be made leak proof by covering the whole of the bottom surface round the electrodes and the glass edge with Faradays wax or a similar soft wax The electrodes may be carbon rods from a dry cell or pencil leads The alloy supports for the coiled filament in electric light bulbs have also been found suitable for electrodes The electrodes should project about 2 cm into the cylinder and also 2 cm below for attaching the leads to the battery Pencil leads are brittle and if they are used it is better to fix the electrodes in the following way Solder a piece of stout copper wire to a 4 cm length of braided copper screening wire Drill two holes in the rubber stopper with a 1 mm drill Insert the copper wire into the hole from above and pull it right through the stopper until the screening wire is also pulled a little way into the hole Into the core of this screening wire insert the pencil lead securely Then pull the screening wire with the lead further into the stopper so that the lead electrode is firmly held in the stopper The excess copper wire is cut off This procedure is repeated with the other electrode The solution is placed in the glass cylinder The two small tubes are then filled with the solution and carefully inverted over the electrodes The electrodes are connected to a safe DC supply with a small bulb in series Increase the voltage until the bulb lights showing that a current is flowing When this happens cut out the bulb from the circuit by closing the switch as shown This will allow a larger current to flow The tubes collect any gas given off and the properties of the gas should be tested Using carbon electrodes the following results will be found


d ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER Pure water does not conduct electricity For this reason 2 or 3 mL of dilute sulphuric acid or dilute sodium sulphate solution is added to the water in the electrolysis cell


Connect the cell to the DC supply and watch for bubbles of gas at both electrodes If none appear add a little more acid or sodium sulphate solution After 5 to 10 minutes there should be enough hydrogen and oxygen gas for testing Predict at which electrode each gas will appear


e Electrolysis of solutions of ionic salts Most ionic salts can be used satisfactorily in electrolysis Concentrations of 1M or less are suitable Potassium iodide gives iodine at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode Zinc sulphate gives a spongy mass of zinc at the cathode oxygen gas at the anode Lead acetate deposits lead on the cathode and oxygen gas is produced at the anode If the lead acetate solution is cloudy add a few drops of acetic acid Sodium chloride gives hydrogen gas at the cathode and chlorine gas at the anode Copper sulphate deposits copper at the cathode and oxygen gas is produced at the anode


17 COMMON REACTIONS


a DISPLACEMENT OF COPPER FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF COPPER IONS i A metal higher in the activity order can displace copper metal from a solution of copper ions Put 10 mL of molar copper sulphate solution in a small beaker Clean magnesium ribbon and cut into 05 cm pieces Add these pieces to the copper sulphate solution one at a time The reaction can be vigorous Copper metal deposits and the blue colour gradually disappear as the magnesium displaces the copper ion Note any heat given out by the reaction When the solution is colourless decant the solution from the red copper powder at the bottom of the beaker Collect the copper and dry it Mgs  Cu2aq  Mg2aq  Cus ii Repeat the experiment by attempting to displace copper metal using powdered zinc and iron metal Note the comparative activity of the metals


b REACTION OF SODIUM WITH WATER i A very safe way of demonstrating the reaction of sodium and water is to drop a very small piece of sodium into a swimming pool ii Pour a 2 cm layer of kerosene on to the surface of water in a testtube Drop a 3 mm diameter piece of sodium into the kerosene Be careful Sodium sinks in the kerosene and float in the water Adjust the layer of kerosene to be shallow enough to allow the top of the sodium to protrude above the surface This reaction between sodium and the water is much slower than if the sodium had been dropped directly on to the water You can watch the reaction through a hand lens held at the side but never at the top Sodium metal is lighter than water but heavier than kerosene A small area of the sodium suddenly reacts causing a stream of bubbles to appear The stream of bubbles at one side causes movement The irregular shape of the sodium changes to a sphere The sodium melts because the reaction gives off heat Note any variations in light refraction and reflection below the sodium that indicates something dissolving in the water Slight smoke where the hot sodium is above the kerosene level suggests a slight reaction with air Test the gas bubbles for oxygen or hydrogen


c DISPLACEMENT OF HYDROGEN FROM ACIDS BY METALS i Pour 5 cm of the acids in the table below into testtubes Place a piece of metal foil in each testtube Note the formation of hydrogen and compare the different rates at which the bubbles are formed Rate of formation of hydrogen gas  very rapid rapid slight very slight none Metal b 3M hydrochloric acid c 3M sulphuric acid Magnesium b Very rapid c Rapid Aluminium b Slight c None Zinc b Moderate c Slight Iron b Very slight c Very slight Tin b None c None Lead b None c None Copper b None c None ii Recover the zinc after the reaction has ceased Evaporate the solution to leave zinc sulphate crystals Dissolve the colourless zinc sulphate crystals in water and put two carbon electrodes central poles of dry cell batteries in the solution Connect the electrodes to a 6volt or 12 volt DC supply Zinc forms rapidly on the cathode


d PREPARE SULPHUR DIOXIDE Do the following preparations in a fume cupboard i Prepare sulphur dioxide by burning sulphur in air Put powdered sulphur in a porcelain jar ignite it and collecting the gas formed in a funnel Aspirate the gas into a bottle containing water ii Prepare sulphur dioxide in a generator which allows dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid to drip slowly on to sodium sulphate The acid is contained in a thistle funnel and a tap controls the flow on to sodium sulphite in a suitable flask The sulphur dioxide produced can be collected in gas jars covered with cardboard discs which have central holes for the delivery tube


e REDUCTION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE i Add 10 mL of 01M solution of potassium permanganate and 10 mL 3M solution of dilute sulphuric acid to 200 mL of water containing sulphur dioxide The solution will gradually become colourless as the sulphur dioxide reacts with the permanganate The experiment can be continued further by stirring in a 025M solution of barium chloride when the solution will become milky due to the formation of barium sulphate ii The generator used in experiment 275B is a convenient piece of apparatus for giving a continuous supply of sulphur dioxide for bleaching Bowers and other plants The gas from the generator is passed through a jar containing the plant and excess gas is absorbed in water The colour of the bleached plant can easily be regenerated by placing the plant in a solution of hydrogen peroxide This experiment could be used as an introduction to the processes of reduction and oxidation


f REACTION OF MAGNESIUM WITH CARBON DIOXIDE Fill a gas jar with carbon dioxide as described in experiment 238 Hold a piece of clean magnesium ribbon in a pair of tongs ignite the magnesium with a Bunsen burner flame and plunge it into the carbon dioxide gas The magnesium continues to burn If the magnesium is taking oxygen from the carbon dioxide for burning then you would find carbon in the gas jar Look for carbon specks in the gas jar To make the carbon more visible you can add drops of sulphuric acid to remove the magnesium oxide and any unburnt magnesium


g TITRATION OF ACIDS AND BASES Measure exactly 20 drops of a dilute acid such as vinegar and put these into a testtube Add one drop of indicator either methyl orange or phenolphthalein is satisfactory To this mixture of acid and indicator add a dilute base drop by drop and count the drops Within experimental error it will always take the same number of drops to neutralize the 20 drops of acid provided that the same dropper is used A teat pipette makes a satisfactory dropper If the concentration of the acid is known the concentration of the base can be estimated by comparing the numbers of drops of acid and drops of base that just react


h MAKE SOAP FROM FATS Soap can be made from many oils and fats The reaction is a double displacement involving a strong base such as sodium hydroxide and fats a Obtain animal fat from a butcher Boil this fat in water and the oil will separate on the surface When cold the fat will solidify and it can be separated from the water Melt the fat again and strain through several layers of cloth b Weigh this fat and then weigh out about one third as much sodium hydroxide pellets Take care not to touch either the solid sodium hydroxide or the solution because it is very caustic Heat the fat in an iron saucepan or dish and when it is molten slowly add the sodium hydroxide solution with continuous stirring Heat with a small flame to avoid boiling over Allow the fat and the sodium hydroxide to boil for 30 minutes Stir the mixture frequently c The next stage is to weigh out common salt sodium chloride about twice the weight of sodium hydroxide used in b is needed After the 30 minutes boiling stir this salt well into the mixture Then allow to cool The soap separates as a layer at the top Separate this soap from the liquid below melt and pour into matchboxes where it will solidify again as small bars of soap


17 ENERGY FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS The following group of reactions involve ions in aqueous solution When the water containing the reacting ions becomes hotter then we have gained this heat and we can make it do work for us During the reaction the ions have lost this heat which we have gained On the other hand when the water containing the ions becomes colder it is the ions which have gained the energy and the water has lost an equivalent amount a REACTIONS THAT GIVE OUT HEAT ENERGY Be careful The reaction is vigorous so do not do the experiment in a stoppered bottle i Put white anhydrous copper sulphate powder to a depth of about 1 cm in a testtube Hold a thermometer with the bulb in the powder Add water drop by drop Record the changes of the thermometer reading ii Put about 10 mL of strong aqueous copper sulphate solution into a wide testtube or small beaker Support a thermometer with the bulb in the solution Add magnesium powder or ribbon a little at a time until the blue colour disappears Note any changes in the thermometer reading iii To a little water in a wide testtube add concentrated sulphuric acid drop by drop down the side of the tube Stir gently with a thermometer after the addition of each drop Note any changes in the thermometer reading


b REACTIONS THAT TAKE IN HEAT ENERGY Put 10 mL of water in a testtube Read the temperature of the water Dissolve about 2 g of potassium nitrate in the water The temperature should fall through 90oC This means that in the process of dissolving in the water the particles have absorbed energy This energy has been taken from the surrounding water in the form of heat A similar result can be obtained by using potassium chloride instead


c HEAT OF A NEUTRALIZATION REACTION Dissolve 40 g of sodium hydroxide pellets in water and make up to 500 mL This is a 2M solution Also prepare 500 mL of a 2M hydrochloric acid solution Leave the solutions to cool to room temperature Note the actual temperature of the solutions when cool Then add the acid to the base quite rapidly and stir with a thermometer Note the maximum temperature reached The increase of temperature should be about 13oC iii Since the volume of water has been doubled by adding one solution to the other the final solution contains 1 mole of OH aq ions which reacted with 1 mole of Haq ions to form 1 mole of water molecules We must assume that the specific heat of this moderately weak solution is the same as that of water


d HEAT OF A COPPER DISPLACEMENT REACTION i Put 25 mL 02 M copper sulphate solution in a 100 mL polythene fitted with a 1hole stopper and thermometer Replace the stopper invert the bottle and shake it gently Record the temperature of this solution Turn the bottle the right way up remove the stopper and add 05 g of zinc dust The quantity of zinc powder is in excess to ensure that all the copper sulphate is used up in the reaction so some zinc will remain when the reaction stops Replace the stopper invert the bottle and shake gently Record the highest temperature reached Calculate the rise of temperature This rise of temperature in not affected by the volume of 02 M copper sulphate used for the experiment For a 1 M solution multiply the rise in temperature by 5 5 X 02M  10 M The reactants lost energy to the solution The temperature change is usually between 9oC and 10oC Zns  Cu2aq  Zn2aq  Cus ii Repeat the experiment with 05 g of iron powder or iron filings This amount is again an excess so that all the copper sulphate will be used up in the reaction The temperature change is usually between 6oC and 7oC


e ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS  ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS In the preceding experiment zinc metal became zinc ions and copper ions became copper metal due to transfer of electrons from zinc metal to the copper ion To get electrical energy these electrons must flow in an external conductor from the zinc to copper The potential or voltage will reflect the greater activity of zinc over copper The current flowing will depend on the extent and rate of the reaction 284 Electrical energy from the displacement of copper by zinc Put concentrated copper sulphate solution in a beaker Connect copper foil to the positive terminal of a 5 V voltmeter Connect zinc foil to the negative terminal Dip the two metals briefly into the copper sulphate solution Note any changes in the voltmeter reading Note the maximum reading Note any changes at the copper foil and the zinc foil The voltage falls to zero after a short time because copper deposited on the zinc and caused the reaction to stop


18 RATE OF REACTION a SIZE OF PARTICLES AND RATE OF REACTION Marble chips can be broken up with a hammer and graded into 3 or 4 sizes a coarse powder b pieces about half the size of a rice grain c pieces as large as rice grains and d the original lumps of marble chips Place four 100 X 16 mm test tubes in a stand Weigh approximately 2 g of each grade size of marble chips and put the four grades separately into each of the four tubes Obtain four balloons and blow them up several times to stretch them Put 5 mL of bench hydrochloric acid into each of the four balloons and slip the mouth of the balloon over the top of the tube without letting any acid into the tube When each balloon is in place tip the acid into each testtube at the same time and observe which balloon is the fastest and the slowest to be blown up The smallest should give the carbon dioxide in the shortest time Instead of using marble chips you can use granulated zinc Do not use metals in powder form because the reaction may be too vigorous and even cause an explosion Be careful This reaction produces hydrogen gas Instead of collecting the gas in a balloon or plastic bag a more accurate method would be to collect the gas in a burette inverted over water and compare the volume of gas given off in unit time for each grade of marble chips Another accurate method is to stand a conical flask containing the marble chips and acid on a balance and record the loss in mass every half minute Carbon dioxide is a heavy gas and most balances will enable the loss in mass to be found as the gas escapes


b CONCENTRATION AND RATE OF REACTION The reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid can take a noticeable time Sulphur is produced during the reaction making the solution cloudy The rate of reaction can be found by finding the time taken to reach a certain degree of cloudiness in the solution The degree of cloudiness in this case may be defined as the point at which a black cross marked below the reaction vessel can no longer be seen by looking through the solution from above In this experiment the concentration of sodium thiosulphate is made variable whilst the concentration of acid is kept constant Sodium thiosulphate may be bought as hypo which is used in photography Make up 500 mL of aqueous solution containing 20 g sodium thiosulphate 2 M hydrochloric acid is also needed Bench dilute acid is usually of this strength Using a measuring cylinder put 50 mL of thiosulphate solution into a 100 mL beaker Place the beaker on a black cross marked on a sheet of paper Add 5 mL of the acid and note the time given by the second hand of a clock Stir the acid into the solution Note the time when the cross is no longer visible through the sulphur in the solution Repeat the experiment with a smaller concentration of thiosulphate Take 40 mL of thiosulphate solution and add 10 mL of distilled water Stir and then add 5 mL of acid as before The time for the cross to become invisible should be greater than for the last experiment Repeat the experiment using 30 mL 20 mL and 10 mL of this sulphate mixed with 20 mL 30 mL and 40 mL of distilled water Plot concentration of the thiosulphate solution against time taken for the reaction Concentration values may be taken as the volume of the original thiosulphate solution used Since Itime reciprocal of time is the measure of the rate of the reaction plot thiosulphate concentrations against Itime The equation for the reaction can be written as Na2S2O3 aq  2HClaq  H2O l  SO2 g  Ss


c TEMPERATURE AND RATE OF A REACTION Use the reaction in experiment 292 to investigate the effect of temperature Put 10 mL of sodium thiosulphate solution into the 100 mL beaker and stir in 40 mL of water Use this concentration for the series of experiments with the temperature of the solution as the variable Add 5 mL of acid as before and record the initial time and the temperature of the solution Record the final time when the black cross below the beaker is no longer visible Repeat the experiment each time warming the thiosulphate solution to just over 30oC


c CATAL YSTS AND RATE OF REACTION The variable in this reaction is the substance used as a catalyst in the decomposition of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide Set up the burette filled with water as in a standard water displacement experiment 2 mL of 20volume hydrogen peroxide will give enough oxygen almost to fill the burette Weigh out 1 g each of copper II oxide nickel oxide manganese lV oxide and zinc oxide Put 50 mL of water in the flask and add 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide solution Add the 1 g of copper oxide Immediately insert the bung with the delivery tube into the flask Time the volume of oxygen given off at intervals of 15 seconds Plot the volume of oxygen produced every 15 seconds against the time of the reaction Repeat the experiment using the other oxides as catalysts Plot a graph for each experiment Manganese IV oxide is usually used as a catalyst in this reaction The catalyst is not used up during the reaction A catalyst may slow down a reaction as well as speed it up


19 BREAKDOWN OF STARCH TO SUGAR FEHLINGS TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS Starch can be recognized by the deep blue colour which develops when it is in contact with iodine solution This is a very sensitive test Sugar does not react with iodine but sugar will reduce copper II in Fehlings solution to red copper I oxide and this is also a sensitive test Starch does not react with Fehlings solution Saliva contains enzyme catalysts which convert starch to sugar This experiment investigates the progress of this reaction Put about 10 mL of dilute starch solution into a testtube Add to this 1 mL of saliva and stir this into the starch solution Record the time of adding the saliva At 5minute intervals remove 2 or 3 drops by means of a dropper and put them on a clean white tile taking care to keep them from running into each other The dropper must be washed well between each test Put a little iodine solution on each drop The decreasing intensity of the blue colour indicates that starch is being used up Test for increasing amounts of sugar at the same time as testing for starch To do this put 2 or 3 drops of the reaction mixture into a small testtube Add 3 mL of Fehlings solution and warm this mixture almost to boiling point The test should show that the amount of sugar is increasing The enzyme in the saliva is therefore slowly breaking starch down into sugar which is a smaller molecule In a previous experiment yeast was used to break down sugar into ethanol which is an even smaller molecule Living yeast which is a variety of fungus produces enzymes which act as catalysts in the conversion C6H12O6  2C2H5OH  2CO2


20 BREAKDOWN OF ETHANOL TO ETHENE ETHYLENE Absorb ethanol on to cotton wool or asbestos wool and push this to the bottom of a hard glass testtube In the middle of the testtube pack small pieces of unglazed porcelain Fit a delivery tube to collect ethene gas over water Have 3 testtubes ready to collect ethene First heat the porous pot strongly and then gently warm the cotton wool to produce ethanol vapour This vapour will break down over the hot porous pot to produce ethene gas and water vapour The ethene is insoluble in water unlike ethanol and will collect in the testtubes Test the 3 samples by a burning ethene b shaking with a few drops of dilute potassium permanganate solution made alkaline with sodium carbonate solution the colour should disappear c shaking with a little bromine water the colour again disappears Disconnect the delivery tube when you stop heating to avoid a suck back of water onto the hot porous pot


20 BREAKDOWN OF POLYMERS Usually the smallest molecules are gaseous or liquid at room temperature and the large molecules are solids Perspex and polystyrene are solid polymers which can be broken down to smaller molecules by heat Put pieces of Perspex or polystyrene in a hard glass testtube Connect a delivery tube as 297 From large molecules to small molecules A Perspex or polystyrene B receiving tube c cold water D a liquid collects The collecting testtube must be cooled thoroughly with cold water as the fumes are harmful Gently heat the testtube containing the Perspex The polymer will melt and give off vapours which are collected in the receiving tube Heating must be carefully controlled to enable all the fumes to be condensed in the receiving tube A liquid is obtained This suggests that the polymer has been broken down by heat to smaller molecules The liquid does not return to the solid state unless a catalyst is used The specific catalysts are not usually available in school laboratories


GENERAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS


Apparatus List


This list given below has been drawn up in order to give guidance to schools concerning the apparatus that is expected to be generally available per student for examination purposes The list is not intended to be exhaustive in particular items such as Bunsen burners tripods that are commonly regarded as standard equipment in a chemical laboratory are not included in this list


One burette 50 cm3


A measuring cylinder 50 cm or 25 cm


A filter funnel


One pipette 25cm3


Two conical flasks within the range 150cm3 0r 250cm3


A beaker squat form with lip 250 cm


A thermometer 10C to  110C at 1 C


A polystyrene or other plastic beaker of approximate capacity 150 cm


Clocks or wallclock to measure to an accuracy of about 1s Where clocks are specified candidates may use their own wristwatch if they prefer


Wash bottle


Test tubes some of which should be Pyrex or hard glass Approximately


125 mm x 16 mm


Boiling tubes approximately 150 mm x 25 mm


Stirring rod


ACCURACY


Unless a question instructs candidates differently they should assume that readings from equipment and apparatus ought to be made with the following precision


Burette readings should be to the nearest 005 cm3


Weighings should be made to 001 g or 0001 g depending on the precision of the balance


0 to 1000C thermometers should be read to the nearest 050C and 0 to 500C thermometers to the nearest 020C


Timers will normally be read to the nearest second


It is important that when candidates record reading they include the appropriate number of decimal places For example a burette reading of exactly 247 cm3 should be recorded in a results table as 2470cm3 A temperature of reading of exactly 350C should be recorded as 3550C


When titres have to be averaged it is important that the mean is expressed to either the nearest 005cm3 or to the second decimal point For example if a candidate records four different titres as listed below the mean can be worked out


2650cm3 2625cm3 2660cm3 2665cm3


The candidate is expected to ignore the second titre and average the remaining three


2650  2660  2665  26583 this should be recorded as 2660cm3


to the nearest 005cm3


In general a final should always be given to the same number of significant figures as is suggested in the exercise


A significant proportion of marks for quantitative exercise will be awarded for accuracy The marks will be awarded by comparing the candidates results with the teachers reports


CALCULATIONS


Usually calculations will be structured Candidates will be led through a series of steps leading to a final value Since most of the marks for these steps will be for a correct method rather than the numerical answer it is important that candidates include their working even if this seems to be trivial No marks can be awarded for an incorrect answer without working but a correct method followed by an incorrect answer will receive credit


GRAPHS


Some exercises in practical chemistry will require candidates to treat their readings graphically The question will however instruct the candidate which axes to use for each quantity being plotted Some useful points for candidates to keep in mind when constructing graphs are listed below


Candidates will normally be instructed to put the dependent variable the quantity being measured eg temperature on the y axis The predetermined quantity eg volume will be on the xaxis


The scales should be chosen so that the results are spread out as far apart as the size of the grid allows but not at the expense of using a sensible scale For example using 1cm to represent 3 units might spread the readings better than using 1 cm to represent 4 units but the scale may be difficult to read It is always advisable ton use even scales


The origin 00 need not necessarily be included on either scale if it is not relevant For example if temperature readings between 210C and 280C are plotted there is no need to begin the axes at zero


The axes must be clearly labelled with the quantity being plotted eg mass and its units eg kilograms


The points plotted may be joined with a straight line or a smooth curve Since readings are all subject to experimental error the line drawn may not necessarily pass through every point Points should never be joined by a series of short straight lines


Doing a Titration


Begin by preparing your burette as described on the burette page Your burette should be conditioned and filled with titrant solution You should check for air bubbles and leaks before proceeding with the titration Take an initial volume reading and record it in your notebook Before beginning a titration you should always calculate the expected endpoint volume Prepare the solution to be analysed by placing it in a clean Erlenmeyer flask or beaker If your sample is a solid make sure it is completely dissolved Put a magnetic stirrer in the flask and add indicator Use the burette to deliver a stream of titrant to within a couple of mL of your expected endpoint You will see the indicator change colour when the titrant hits the solution in the flask but the colour change disappears upon stirring Approach the endpoint more slowly and watch the colour of your flask carefully Use a wash bottle to rinse the sides of the flask and the tip of the burette to be sure all titrant is mixed in the flask As you approach the endpoint you may need to add a partial drop of titrant You can do this with a rapid spin of a Teflon stopcock or by partially opening the stopcock and rinsing the partial drop into the flask with a wash bottle Ask your TA to demonstrate these techniques for you in the lab Make sure you know what the endpoint should look like For phenolphthalein the endpoint is the first permanent pale pink The pale pink fades in 10 to 20 minutes If you think you might have reached the endpoint you can record the volume reading and add another partial drop Sometimes it is easier to tell when you have gone past the endpoint


When you have reached the endpoint read the final volume in the burette and record it in your notebook Subtract the initial volume to determine the amount of titrant delivered Use this the concentration of the titrant and the stoichiometry of the titration reaction to calculate the number of moles of reactant in your analyte solution


Indicators


An indicator is a substance used in titrations which has one colour in the presence of an excess of one reagent and a different colour in the presence of an excess of the other Examples of indicators include


Methyl orange


Phenolphthalein


Methyl red


Bromothymol blue


The pH scale


A much more useful measure of the strength of an acid solution was worked out by the Danish biochemist S Sorensen He worked in the laboratories of the Carlsberg breweries and was interested in checking the acidity of beer The scale he introduced was the pH scale The scale runs from 1 to 14 and the following general rules apply


Rules for the pH scale


Acid have a pH less than 7


The more acidic a solution the lower the pH


Neutral substances such as pure water have a pH of 7


Alkalis have a pH greater than 7


The more alkaline a solution the higher the pH


The pH of a solution can be measured in several ways Universal indicator papers that are sensitive over the full range of values can be used Some colour changes of common indicators are shown below


Indicator colour changes


Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises involving


Simple quantitative experiments involving the measurement of volumes


Speeds of reaction


Measurement of temperature based on a thermometer with 10C graduations


Problems of an investigatory nature possibly including suitable organic compounds


Filtration


Identification of ions and gasses as specified in the curriculum


HEALTH AND SAFETY


Candidates must follow the health and Safety policy normally operates in their laboratories when carrying out the practical Examination Eye protection must always be worn Laboratory overalls are recommended All substances should be regarded as being potentially toxic and hazardous Hazard labels eg flammable should be read and appropriate precautions eg keep liquid away from flame taken All substances spilled on the skin should be rinsed off immediately Chemicals must never be tasted Gases and vapours should never be smelt unless the question instructs the candidates to do so and then only with great care


20 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS


21 Molar solutions and volumetric analysis


Amount of substance


In quantitative analysis it is important to measure the amounts or moles of reacting substances accurately To do that we must use values of relative atomic masses expressed on a periodic table If we are given the mass of a compound we can determine the number of moles


The first step is to calculate the mass of one mole of the compound by summing up the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms Eg 1 mole of calcium carbonate CaCO3 will have a mass of 40  12  48  100g


10g of CaCO3 will contain 10100  01moles


concentration of a solution


It is very useful to be know exactly how much of a dissolved substance is present in a solution of particular concentration or volume of a solution So we need a standard way of comparing the concentrations of solutions The concentration of a solution is determined from the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre 1dm3 of solution


If one mole of a solute is dissolved in water and the volume of the solution made up to 1litre 1dm3 this solution in known as a molar solution or 1M solution If two moles are dissolved in 1litre 1dm3 the resulting solution is 2M and so on


You need to be able to calculate


i The number of moles or mass of substance in an aqueous solution of given volume and concentration


ii The concentration of an aqueous solution given the amount of substance and volume of water


iii Use the equation molarity of Z  moles of Z  volume in dm3


Remember moles Z  mass Z  formula mass of Z


Concentration can also be expressed directly in grams per litre 1dm3 98g of H2SO4 can be expressed either as 01M or 98gdm3


Molarity M  gdm3  formula mass


Example 1 595g of potassium bromide were dissolved in 400cm3 of water Calculate its molarity Ar values K  39 Br  80


Moles  mass  formula mass KBr  39  80  119


mol KBr  595119  005 mol


400 cm3  4001000  04 dm3


molarity  moles of solute  volume of solution


molarity of KBr solution  00504  0125M


23 Volumetric calculations acidalkali titrations


Chemical Equations


These balancing numbers have an additional meaning where these amount calculations are concerned The balancing numbers give the numbers of moles present for each chemical involved in the reaction


For example sodium chloride may be prepared by the reaction of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid according to the following equation


NaOH aq  HCl aq NaCl aq  H2O l


The equation specifies what amounts of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid will react together and what amounts of products are produced


1NaOH aq  1HCl aq 1NaCl aq  1H2O l


This equation states that 1 mol of sodium hydroxide and 1 mol of hydrochloric acid will react together to give of 1 mol sodium chloride and of 1 mol water


The ratio of NaOH HCl NaCl H2O is 1 1 1 1


What this means is that if the amount of any one of the components in the above reaction is known then the others may be worked out from the ratio above


Or if the masses of chemicals reacting together are known then amounts can be calculated and the balancing numbers deduced from the amounts reacting together


24 Titration Experiment


Titrations can be used to find the concentration of an acid or alkali from the relative volumes used and the concentration of one of the two reactants


Titration involves the neutralisation of an acid with an alkali or a soluble carbonate Since both reactants and products are colourless an indicator is used to find the neutralisation point or end point ie the point at which the acid has been neutralised This process is done in three stages


The acid is poured into the burette A known volume of the alkali is transferred using a pipette into four separate conical flasks Two or three drops of suitable indicator are added to each of the conical flasks


The acid is run into the flask until the indicator just changes colour The difference between the initial and final burette readings gives the volume of the acid used commonly known as the titre The first titration usually gives and approximate end point and is treated as the trial


The experiment is repeated for each of the other conical flask to try to obtain the end point accurately This is usually done by running out the acid to a point one unit away from the trial the going dropbydrop until an accurate end point is obtained The volume of the acid required for each change is read off and recorded in a table similar to the one below


PROCEDURE DURING TITRATION


Titrations require continuous shaking of the conical flask and its contents


Check the quantity of the pipette as indicated on the bulb of the pipette and remember to record it in the appropriate place


As you release the liquid from a pipette into a conical flask one should not blow out the last drop remaining in the jet


Before you take any reading from the burette after filling it first allow the solution to run out to fill the tap and jet of the burette and then you begin taking your readings


Always write the reading immediately you take them


When completing the table of results you will be expected to complete all columns as accurately as the as the limits of the apparatus can allow eg burette used is usually read to the nearest read to the nearest 005 cm 3 pipette is accurate to 005 cm 3 1 drop


Use minimum amount of indicator possible 2  3 drops and recognize the end point has been reached eg when the colour just changes


Show the values that can be averaged to obtain an acceptable value for use in calculations only those values within 02 cm 3 should be averaged


Attempt to work out the questions from the first principles and not use the formula method which has its own limitations


GENERAL NOTES FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITIVE ANALYSIS


Indicators


An indicator is a substance used in titrations which has one colour in the presence of an excess of one reagent and a different colour in the presence of an excess of the other Examples of indicators include


Methyl orange


Phenolphthalein


Methyl red


Bromothymol blue


Indicator colour changes


Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises involving


Simple quantitative experiments involving the measurement of volumes


Speeds of reaction


Measurement of temperature based on a thermometer with 10C graduations


Problems of an investigatory nature possibly including suitable organic compounds


Filtration


Identification of ions and gasses as specified in the curriculum


QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS


Qualitative analysis is mainly about identification of substances No emphasis is laid on amount or quantity In qualitative analysis exercises candidates should use approximately 1cm depth of a solution 12cm3 for each test and add reagents slowly ensuring good mixing until no further change is seen Candidates should indicate at what stage a change occurs writing any deductions alongside the observations on which they are based Answers should include details of colour changes and precipitates formed and the names and chemical tests for any gases evolved


Marks for deductions or conclusions can only be gained if the appropriate observations are recorded


QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS NOTES


TABLE 1TESTING FOR GASES


TABLE 2 TEST FOR ANIONS


TABLE 3 TESTS FOR CATIONS


TABLE 4 ORGANIC TESTS


TABLE 5 MISCELLANEOUS TESTS


TABLE 6 FLAME TESTS


A tungsten wire loop is first dipped into some concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve any oxides and hence clean the wire It is then dipped into salt powder and introduced into a colourless Bunsen burner flame The colour is then observed and inferences made


TABLE 7 HEAT ANALYSIS


TABLE 8 SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE SALTS


TABLE 9 GENERAL PRELIMINARY TESTS


TABLE 10  IGNITION ANALYSIS


Candidates may be asked to heat an unknown alone in an ignition tube The colour changes or the identity of any gases evolved may provide evidence as to the identity of the unknown


TABLE 10 RESIDUE WHEN HOT AND COLD


Residue remaining after ignition may have a different colour when hot and cold


TABLE 11 HEATING A SOLID


Gases or vapours may be evolved during heating of the solid


TABLE 12 SOLUBILITY


The patterns of solubility for various types of salts


KEY


Ppt  precipitate


Sol  solution


Insol  insoluble


Xs  excess


Dil  dilute


1HYDROGEN CHLORIDE


Physical Properties


Chemical Properties


Footnotes


Dilute hydrochloric acid is one of the three common dilute acids used in the laboratory


Concentrated hydrochloric acid is used in the manufacture of many chemicals


2CARBON DIOXIDE


Makes up 004 of the gases in the air Rainwater is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves in it


Needed by green plants during photosynthesis


Product of respiration in living things


Product of combustion


Is one of the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere


Used in fire extinguishers since it is heavier than air and forms a blanket around the fire This prevents combustion since carbon dioxide does not support it and the presence of carbon dioxide stops oxygen reaching the combustible material


3CHLORINE GAS


One of the family of halogen gases iodine and bromine are in the same family


Used in water purification


Used to make bleaching powder disinfectants and antiseptics


Also used to make some explosives poison gases and pesticides


4HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS


Physical Properties


Chemical Properties


Footnotes


5HYDROGEN GAS


The lightest gas known


Once used in airships but replaced by helium which is not explosive


Used to make ammonia which is needed in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives


Makes up around 79 of the gases in the air


Used to make ammonia gas which in turn is used to make explosives and fertilizers


Used in light bulbs and thermometers because it is not reactive


Also used as the atmosphere in rooms where explosives are stored


Makes up 20 of the gases in the air


Needed by the majority of living organisms for respiration


Is produced by green plants as a byproduct of photosynthesis


8SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS


It is used as a bleaching agent


It is one of the gases responsible for air pollution


INSHA


Utungo unaoundwa kwa mfululizo wa sentensi zinazozungumzia jambo tukio au kitu fulani


Aina


INSHA ZA KAWAIDA


Insha ya Picha


Ambapo mwanafunzi amepewa picha kadha na kutakiwa kutunga kisa na kueleza yote yanayotokea kwenye picha hizo Chunguza vizuri ujue kinachotokea katika hizo picha


Kichwa kiafikiane na picha ulizopewa Kila picha ipangwe na kuwa na aya moja


Insha ya Methali


Insha inayosimulia kisa kinachoonyesha ukweli au uongo wa methali Fulani


Wazia methali nyingine za kutilia mkazo methali uliyopewa


Muundo


Kichwa


methali yenyewe


Utangulizi


Maana ya juuwazi


Maana ya ndanibatini


Mwili


kisa kinachofungamana na methali cha kweli au cha kubuni


Hitimisho


funzomaadili


Insha ya Maelezo


Inayohusu kutoa ufafanuzi kuhusu mahali kitu au jambo fulani kama vile ugonjwa wa ukimwi umuhimu wa maji nk


Insha ya Masimulizi


Ambapo unatakiwa kusimulia hadithi kisa au tukio kuhusu jinsi mambo fulani yalivyotokea Huweza kuanzia kwa Ilikuwa


Insha ya Mdokezo


Ambapo umepewa mdokezo wa kuanzia xxx au kumalizia xxx km tangu siku hiyo alikula yamini kutopuuza ushauri wa wazazi wake tena


Insha ya Mjadala


Ambapo unatakiwa kujadili suala fulani km Shule za mabweni zina manufaa au Kujiajiri ni bora kuliko kuajiriwa Jadili


Unapaswa


Kuunga


Kupinga


Kutoa uamuzi kutegemea upande ulio na hoja nyingi au nzito


Insha ya Mawazo


Inayohusu mambo ya kuwaza kuhusu jambo fulani km MIMI NYUKI


Ni nani asiyenifahamu mimi nyuki


Insha ya Mazungumzo


Maongeo ya kawaida ambayo huandikwa kama tamthilia


MAZUNGUMZO BAINA YA


Muundo


Kichwa


Jina la msemaji kwa herufi kubwa likifuatwa na koloni


Maneno ya msemaji


maelezo ya mandhari na vitendo vya msemaji kwenye mabano


Wazungumzaji wasikike kama watu wa kawaida


Pawepo na sentensi ndefu na fupi


Matumizi ya vihisishi


Ukatizaji wa maneno


TUNGO ZA KIUAMILIFU


Ambazo hutekeleza kazi maalum na huwa na muundo maalum


Dayalojia


Mazungumzo kati ya watu wawili au zaidi kuhusu jambo au mada fulani


DAYALOJIA BAINA YA


Huwa na utangulizi mwili na hitimisho


Mahojiano


Mazungumzo yanayoendeshwa kwa muundo wa maswali na majibu


MAHOJIANO BAINA YA


Barua ya Kirafiki


Inayoandikwa kwa ndugu jamaa na marafiki


Muundo


Anwani ya mwandishi wima au mshazari Jina lisiwekwe


Tarehe ya kuandikwa barua 22 Februari 2011


Mwanzo wa barua kwa  mpendwakwenu


utangulizi salamu kumjuliana hali


mwiliyaliyomo ujumbe


Hitimisho Kwa leo sina mengi Wasalimie jamaa wote Ni mimi wakowenu Jina wima au mshazari


Barua RasmiKwa Mhariri


Barua ambazo huandikwa na kutumwa ofisini kwa kutaka kuomba kazi kuomba msaada malalamiko kutoa maoni gazetini nk


Anwani ya mwandishi wima au mshazari


Tarehe ya kuandikwa usiweke jina


Marejeleo km REJ SUDMSS054009 nambari ya kumbukumbu faili au nambari ya barua


Cheo na anwani ya mwandikiwa km Mkurugenzi Kiwanda cha majani chai cha Kangaita SLP 12000 Kerugoya au Mhariri wa Gazeti la Nation SLP 89000 Nairobi au KWA ANAYEHUSIKA


Kupitia kwa MWALIMU MKUU anwani


Mtajo km Kwa BwanaBibiProfesaDaktariMhubiri


Kichwa cha barua km MINT OMBI LA KAZI YA UALIMUMAPENDEKEZO KUHUSU JUMA MRISHO MWALIKO WA KUHUDHURIA KONGAMANO LA KISWAHILI


Utangulizi Mintaarafu ya tangazo mlilochapishanaandika kuombajinsiaahadi kufanya kazi kwa bidii


Mwili matatizo madhara mapendekezo naomba paswa stahili naonelea ni bora


Hitimisho Natumai NitashukuruWako mwaminifumtiifu sahihi jina cheo Chama cha Kiswahili Nakala kwa i ii wima au mshazari


Barua ya Gazetini Iliyohaririwa


Kichwa kwa herufi ndogo na usemi halisi


mtajo Mhariri


Utangulizi Naandika kueleza


Mwili malalamiko maoni maombi mapendekezo


Hitimisho Natumai jina na anwani ya mwandishi


Tahariri


Maelezo mafupi ya mhariri wa gazeti kutoa mawazo maoni au msimamo wa chombo cha habari anachowakilisha kuhusu suala maalum na muhimu


Muundo


GAZETI LA MZALENDO


Februari 24 2011


HATIMA YA WATAHINIWA


Yaliyomo


Imeandikwa na


Hotuba


Maelezo yanayotolewa mbele ya watu


Hutolewa kwa usemi halisi na huanzia na kuishia kwa alama za usemi


Anwani HOTUBA KUHUSU


Utangulizi kutaja hadhira kuanzia walio mashuhuri kuwasalimu kujitambulisha na kuwakaribisha na kutambulisha kiini cha hotuba


Yaliyomo kutaja na kufafanua hoja


Hitimisho shukrani na kuwatakia mema katika shughuli zao za kila siku


Ratiba


Mpangilio wa jinsi shughuli fulani inavyofanyika kulingana na wakati fulani uliotengwa km sherehe ya arusi mazishi siku ya michezo kutoa zawadi nk


Kichwa Ratiba ya shughuli gani ya nani mahali na tarehe mgeni wa heshima Wageni mashuhuri 123


Makaribisho


Maombi


Kutoa tuzo


Kutoa shukrani


Kufungwa kwa maombi


Kuondokakufumkana


Shajara


Daftari ambayo huhifadhiwa matukio yanayofanyika kila siku Yaweza kuwa ya siku moja wiki au mwezi mmoja


Aina


Ya kibinafsi


JUMANNE 30810


Leo tulizuru


Rasmi hutumiwa katika ofisi


SHAJARA


JUMANNE MEI 7 2008


Onyo


Makatazo


Tahadhari


Julisho kuhusu jambo la hatari


Ilani


Julisho tangazo au notisi


ILANI YA SERIKALI KUHUSU KUZUKA KWA UGONJWA WA KIPINDUPINDU


Serikali imetoa ilani kwa wananchi kuhusu kuzuka kwa ugonjwa wa kipindupindu Kila mwananchi anatakikana kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo ili kudhibiti maambukizi


Mtu asinywe maji kabla kuyachemsha


Kupika chakula hadi kiive vizuri


Kutoenda haja nje bali kutumia vyoo vya mashimo


Mtu anawe mikono yake kwa sabuni baada ya kutoka msalani


Mtu asile matunda au mboga za majani bila kuziosha kwanza


Anayeonyesha dalili ya ugonjwa wa kipindupindu apelekwe katika kituo cha afya mara moja


Uchuuzi wa vyakula umepigwa marufuku


Ufuliaji nguo motoni pia umepigwa marufuku


Watakaokaidi maagizo katika g na h watachukuliwa hatua kali za kisheria ya kutozwa faini ya shilingi elfu tano au kifungo cha miezi miwili gerezani


Matangazo


Majulisho kuhusu jambo fulani


Arifa


SHULE YA UPILI YA GATWE


Anwani tarehe


USAJILI WA


Sahihi


Jina


Cheo


Kibiashara


Sifa


Lugha kwa kifupi


Chuku


Takriri


Alama ya  na


Michoro


Maonyo


Maelezo kukihusu


Kinavyotumika


Ubora wake


Watengenezaji


Kifo


TANGAZO LA KIFO


Tunasikitika kutangaza kifo cha Alikuwa


Mungu aiweke roho yake mahali pema peponi


kazi


SHULE YA UPILI YA GATWE


Anwani tarehe


NAFASI YA KAZI YA UHASIBU


SIFA ZA MWOMBA KAZI


JINSIA


Awe wa jinsia ya kike


UMRI


Awe na umri wa miaka isiyopungua25 na isiyozidi 40


ELIMU


Awe na shahada ya uhasibu kutoka chuo kikuu au awe na shahada ya diploma ya juu ya uhasibu


Awe amepata alama ya c katika kingereza


KAZI


Kuidhinisha hati za malipo za shirika


Kusimamia shughuli za uhasibu katika idara inayohusika


UZOEVUTAJRIBA


Awe na uzoevu wa kazi usiopungua miaka 5 kwenye shirika au taasisi kubwa


DINI


Awe muumini wa dini ya kikristu na awe ameokoka


MUDA WA KAZI


Kuanzia saa mbili hadi saa kumi na moja jioni na masaa mengine ikibidi


MSHAHARA


Mshahara utategemea elimu ya anayehusika lakini utakuwa baina ya ksh 24000 na ksh 45000


MAELEZO YA ZIADA


Maombi yote yawe yamewasilishwa kabla ya tarehe 30 mei 2010


Maombi yatumwe kwa


Katibu


Halmashauri ya shule ya upili ya Gatwe


Anwani


Maombi yatakayopelekwa baada ya muda wa mwisho hayatajibiwa


Maombi yaandamane na hundi ya shilingi elfu moja ambazo hazitarejeshwa


MaagizoMaelekezo


Maelezo kuhusu namna ya kufika mahali kutoka kituo fulani au maelezo kuhusu njia ya kutumia kitu au huduma fulani


Sifa


Maelezo wazi


Michoro au ramani


Dira


Huhusika maonyo


Tarakimu km 13


Matumizi ya herufi nzito


Mifano


Maagizo ya daktari kwa mgonjwa wa kisukari


Maelekezo ya kutoka nyumbani hadi shuleni mwenu


Jinsi ya kutumia dawa za wadudu


Kujaza Fomu


Karatasi ambayo ina nafasi ya kuandika maelezo ambayo yanatakiwa


Soma fomu kwa makini kabla ya kujaza chochote


Andika maelezo kwa muhtasari


Usijaze kama huna hakika kwenye sehemu Fulani


Usifutafute


Itumie alama inayostahili wakati wa kujaza fomu


MAELEZO YA KIBINAFSI


TAREHE


JINA


JINSIA


UMRI


TAREHE YA KUZALIWA


URAIA


NAMBARI YA KITAMBULISHO


KAZI


MKOA


WILAYA


SIMU


SAHIHI


Hojaji


Maswali ambayo hutumiwa kama msingi wa kufanyia utafiti na huelekezwa kwa mhojiwa


Aina


Hojaji Wazi


Hojaji yenye maswali ambayo mhojiwa anaruhusiwa kuyajibu kwa maneno yake mwenyewe


UCHAGUZI NA VIONGOZI


Una maoni gani kuhusu uchaguzi wa kila baada ya miaka mitatu


Kwa nini una maoni hayo


Wewe ungependelea utaratibu gani wa uchaguzi


Je ni kweli viongozi hungangania mamlaka


Je viongozi hungangania uongozi kwa sababu zipi


Hojaji Funge


Hojaji ambapo mhojiwa anapewa majibu kadha ambayo anatakiwa kuchagua mojawapo bila kuwa na uhuru wa kuandika atakayo


MATATIZO YA KIJAMII


Tia alama kwenye jibu unaloafiki


Jamii yetu inawakandamiza wanawake


Ndiyo   La


Tatizo kubwa la jamii yetu kwa sasa ni umaskini na ugonjwa


Kweli   Si kweli


Mialiko


Barua ambayo hupeleka taarifa kwa mtu kumuomba ahudhurie sherehe fulani


Rasmi kadi au barua rasmi


Muundo


Jina la mwalikajiwaalikaji Bwanamabwanabibikasisidaktari


Jina la mwalikwa


Sherehe ndoa mchango wa pesa Kuna aina mbili za mialiko


Kusherehekeakuadhimisha


Kuhusu nani


Mahali pa kukutanika


Tarehe


Wakati


Anwani na nambari ya simu ya mwalikaji ambapo jibu litapelekwa kushoto chini Majibu kwawima


Kirafiki barua ya kirafiki


Sehemu ya mwili itoe habari zote muhimu katika mwaliko


Risala


Taarifa inayotoka kwa mtu au watu inayoeleza haja fulani km risaala ya rambirambi risala ya heri njema ya waajiriwa kwa mwajiri au kinyume


RISALA YA RAMBIRAMBIHERI NJEMA KWAKUFUATIA


Mimi wako


Resipe


Jumla ya hatua na kanuni ambazo hufuatiwa na mtu anayenuia kupika au kuandaa kitu fulani


UPISHI WA PILAU


Walengwawalaji


Mipakuo mine kwa watu wanne


Viambata


Vikombe viwili vya mchele


Gramu 25 za mafuta ya majimaji


Vijiko viwili vidogo vya pilau masala


Nusu kilo ya nyama


Vitunguu vinne vya ukubwa wa wastani


Vikombe vinne vwa maji


Hatua za Upishi


Kaanga vitunguu katika mafuta hadi rangi yake ikaribie rangi ya udhurungi


Chemsha nyama pekee hadi ilainike


Ongeza nyama kwenye sufuria yenye vitunguu na upike kwa dakika tano


Ongeza mchele na uchanganye kwa mwiko


Ongeza maji na uache mchanganyiko utokote kwa dakika kumi na tano


Pakua pilau ikiwa tayari


Orodha Ya Mambo


Mlolongo wa vitu vilivyoandikwa


MAHITAJI MUHIMU YA KURUDI SHULENI TAREHE 512010


Sukari kilo mbili


Dawa ya meno ya gramu hamsini


Koko gramu 500


Sabuni sita za kipande


Kalamu nne za rangi


Penseli moja


Rangi ya viatu ya gramu 40


Tahakiki


Maandishi ya kuchambua maandishi ya fasihi


USASA WAKUTANA NA UKALE


Anwani Kitumbua Kimeingia Mchanga


Mwandishi Said A Mohamed


Mchapishaji Oxford University Press


Mhakiki Amina Fuzo


Maudhui


Meme


Barua ambazo huhusisha matumizi ya ya vifaa vya umeme kama talakilishi kiepesinukulishifaksi au simu ya mkononotambarukono


Barua za MdahilisiPepe


Ambazo hutumwa kwa tarakilishi kwa njia ya mtandao


Ijumaa Machi 30 2007 saa 080919


Kutoka aishayahoocom


Kwa ahmedafrican onlineke


Nakala kwa amina  mwananchicom


MINTKUH


Barua ya kawaida


Hitimisho Aisha Kizito Makwere


Memo


Taarifa fupi ambayo huandikwa ofisini kuhusu mambo ya ndani kutoa maelekezo maelezo au kukumbusha kuhusu jambo fulani Ujumbe huwa mfupi na huhusu suala moja tu


SHULE YA UPILI YA GATWE


Anwani


MEMO


REJ km0106


KUTOKA Mwalimu Mkuu


KWA wafanyakazi wote


MADA likizo fupi


TAREHE 2822011


Ujumbe


Sahihi


Jina


Cheo mwalimu mkuu


Taarifa


Kuarifu kuhusu habari mpya


UCHOCHEZI


Hitimisho


Mariga Mununga


Mwanahabari


Wasifu


Maelezo ya mtu kuhusu mtu mwingine tangu kuzaliwa mpaka alipo au kufa kwake


WASUFU WA NDUGU YANGU JUMA


Tawasifu


Maelezo ya mtu kujihusu


TAWASIFU YANGU


Vidokezo


Jina lakelako


Jinsia


Anakotoka


Umri


Kuzaliwa


Maumbile


Elimu


Kazi


Hadhi ya ndoa


Lugha


Lakabu na sababu


Umaarufu


Uraibu


WasifutaalaWasifu Kazi


Maelezo rasmi kuhusu mtu binafsi ambayo huambatanishwa na barua ya kuomba kazi


WASIFUTAALA WANGU


MAELEZO BINAFSI


Jina  Farida Almasi Juma


Tarehe ya Kuzaliwa  761980


Umri  miaka 22


Mahali pa kuzaliwa  Voi


Jinsia  mwanamke


Hadhi ya ndoa  Nimeolewakapera


Nambari ya kitambulisho  12345678


Uraia  Mkenya


Lugha  Kiswahili Kingereza Kikuyu


Anwani ya kudumu  SLP 1600 Voi


Barua pepe  Farialyahoocom


Simu tamba  9876543210


ELIMU


Chuo Kikuu cha Maseno Shahada ya Uhasibu


Shule ya upili ya Shimoni Shahada ya KCSE


19781987 Shule ya Msingi ya Umazi shahada ya KCPE


TAJRIBA


Mpaka sasa Mhasibu katika shule chekechea ya Mtakatifu Yohana


HABARI ZA ZIADA


URAIBU


Kusoma vitabu vya sarufi na fasihi


Kutembelea wajane mayatima na wagonjwa


Kuandika mashairi


AZIMIO LANGU


Kupaa kitaaluma kwa kuendeleza masomo yangu hadi kiwango cha uzamifu


Kuwa mhasibu bora zaidi nchini kwa matendo na kuwapa wananchi huduma za kufaa


WAREJELEWA


Profesa Hassan Muoso


Chuo Kikuu Kenyatta


Nairobi


Maimuna Njavu Mukota


Shule ya Upili ya Alliance


SLP 1 234


Kumbukumbu


Maelezo kuhusu yaliyojadiliwa na kuafikiwa katika mkutano


Muundo


Kichwa kumbukumbu za mkutano wa kamatijopo gani uliofanyika wapi tarehe gani saa ngapi hadi gani na majira


Waliohudhuria mwenyekiti katibu mweka hazina wanakamati


Waliotuma udhuru kwa kutohudhuria


Waliokosa kutuma udhuru wa kutohudhuria


waalikwa


Ajenda


Kufunguliwa kwa mkutano KUMB 32OO9


Kufunguliwa kwa mkutano mwenyekiti kuwakaribisha na kuwashukuru waliohudhuruia na kumwomba  aongoze kwa maombi


Kusoma na kudhibitisha kumbukumbu za mkutano uliotangulia


Kusomwa na katibu aliyependekeza na aliyedhibitisha


Masuala yaliyotokana na kumbukumbu hizo


a KUMB 82008 ununuzi wa miti


Shughuli nyinginezo


Kufunga mkutano KUMB 72009


Mkutano uliisha saa ngapi maombi yaliongozwa na nani na mwingine ukapangwa kuwa wa siku gani


Maneo kama walikubaliana waliafikiana alipendekezwa ilisemekana waliambiwa ilionelewa ni bora walishauriwa ilidaiwa aliomba nk


THIBITISHO


KATIBU TAREHE SAHIHI


MWENYEKITI TAREHE  SAHIHI


Ripoti


Maelezo kuhusu mtu kitu au tukio


Ripoti ya Kawaida


Swali huanzia kwa Wewe kama katibu wa chama


Muundo


Kichwa ripoti ya kamatijopo gani


Utangulizi maelezo mafupi ya jumla kuhusu chama


Shughuli za chama i ii iii


Hitimisho matumaini mwito kwa wengine wajiunge wajitahidi


Ripoti imeandikwa na jina cheokatibu sahihi tarehe


Ripoti Maalum


Kichwa ripoti ya jopo la kutathmini usalama barabarani


UtanguliziHadidu za rejea ripoti ilihitajika na kamati gani uchunguzi ulifanywa kubainisha nini matokeo kuelezewa chini pamoja na mapendekezo kutolewa


Jopo majina na vyeo vya wanajopo waliohusika


Utaratibu hatua za utafiti wanakamati walifanya nini kamati iliwahojiilifanya ukaguzi wa magari iliwapa baadhi ya wasafiri hojaji wakajaza ilipiga picha za video mashauriano


Matokeo kamati iligundua kuwa a


Mapendekezo suluhisho la shida


Hitimisho ripoti imeandikwa na sahihi jina cheokatibu tarehe 21 Machi 2011


UTUNGAJI WAINSHA ZA KISANII


michezo ya kuigiza


hadithi fupi


mashairi


mafumbo


vitanza ndimi


USHAIRI


Istilahi za Kishairi


arudhi


sheria za jadi zzinazofuatwa na watunzi wa mashairi


kugawa shairi katika beti


beti kugawika katika mishororo inayolingana kiidadi


mishororo kugawika katika vipande


mishororo kuwa na mizani zinazolingana kiidadi urari wa mizani


kuwa na vina vya kati na vya mwisho vinavyotamkika kwa namna sawa urari wa vina


mtoshelezo wa beti au beti kutoa wazo kamili


bahari


aina tofauti tofauti za mashairi km ukara


ubetibeti


kifungu katika shairi kinachojitosheleza kimaaa


mshororo


mstari katika ubeti


mwanzo


mshororo katika ubeti


mloto


mshororo wa pili katika ubeti


mleo


mshororo wa tatu katika ubeti


kimalizio


mshororo wa mwisho ambao haurudiwi katika kila ubeti


kibwagizomkararakipokeokiitikio


mshororo wa mwisho ambao hurudiwarudiwa katika kila ubeti na hubeba maudhui au kiini cha shairi


kipandemgao


sehemu katika mshororo ambayo huonyeshwa na koma na huwa na kina


ukwapi


kipande cha kwanza katika mshororo


utao


kipande cha pili katika mshororo


mwandamizi


kipande cha tatu katika mshororo


mizani


silabi zinazotamkika katika mishororo


urari wa mizani


kuwepo kwa idadi sawa ya mizani katika mishororo


kinavina


silabi zinazotamkika kwa namna sawa zinazopatikana katikati na mwishoni mwa sentensi


urari wa vinavue


kuwepo kwa silabi zinazotamkika kwa namna sawa


Aina za Mashairi


mashairi la arudhiushairi wa kijadi


Ambayo huzingatia sheria za jadi za utunzi wa mashairi


mashairi huru


Ambayo hayazingatii sheria za jadi za utunzi wa mashairi


Mashairi ya Arudhi


Aina


tathmina mshororo mmoja katika kila ubeti


tathnia miwili


tathlitha mitatu


tarbia minne


takhmisa mitano


tasdisa sita


ushuri kumi


Bahari


mtiririko mfanano wa vina vya kati na vya mwisho katika shairi zima


ukara vina vya mwisho kufanana na vya kati kutofautiana


ukaraguni vina vya kati na vya mwisho kutofautiana katika shairi zima


kikwamba mishororo kuanza kwa neno fulani katika shairi zima


pindu neno au maneno mawili ya mwisho ya kila mshororo kutumiwa kuanzia mshororo unaofuata km kicha changu wachezea Wachezea kichwa changu


Tenzitendi mgao mmoja kina kimoja


Mathnawi migao miwili vina viwili


Ukawafi migao mitatu tumbuizo 888


Ngonjera majibizano


Malumbano kujinakikuonyesha ugwiji akimdunisha mshairi mpinzani ili kutaniana


Msuko mshororo wa mwisho mfupi kuliko inayotangulia


Sakarani mchanganyiko wa bahari


Dura mandhuma kauliswali katika ukwapi na mjalizojibu katika utao km shida zikishinda hazishindiki Unalolipenda halipendeki Unapopaenda hapaendeki


Gungu mizani 12 kina kimoja cha mwisho


Upeo mishororo inayozidiana ki mizani


Kikai mizani 12 48 au 84 hakuna ulinganifu wa mizani katika ukwapi na utao


Zivindo hutoa maana tofauti za neno km


Sumbila kila ubeti una kimalizio tofauti na beti nyingine


MuundoUmboSura ya Nje


Kutaja idadi ya beti


Mishororo mingapi katika kila ubeti


Vipande vingapi katika kila mshororoaina


Mpangilio wa mizani na jumla km ukwapi 8 utao 8 jumla 16


8 8


Mpangilio wa vina au kufanana kutofanana katika shairi zima au vina vya mwisho kufanana na vya kati kutofautianabahari


na ma


ka ba


Vina na Mizani


8a 8b


8c 8b


Kibwagizolinacho au halina Kinakili kama kipo


Majibizano ngonjera


Malumbano majinaki


UhuruIdhini za Kishairi


kibali mshairi alichonacho kukiuka sheria fulani


Inkisari kufupisha ili kuwe na urari wa mizani na vina Aghalabu huonyeshwa kwa matumizi ya ritifaa km sikateusikate


Mazdamazida kurefusha neno ili kuwa na urari wa mizani na vina


Tabdila kubadilisha tahajia ya neno bila kuzidisha au kupunguza mizani km siachisiati


Utohozi


Kuborongakufinyanga sarufi kubadili mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi km upesi jielimishe


Kiswahili cha kikaleujadi mtima ngeu insi mja


Lahaja km fichafita


Matumizi ya ritifaa


Lugha ya Nathari


lugha ya kawaida na kimtiririko


Kutotumia koma au vipande


Kutumia maumbo ya kawaida ya maneno


Ubeti kutengewa aya moja


Kuondoa uhuru na kusanifisha lahaja na kikale


matumizi ya lughafani


matumizi ya maneno kama yalivyotumiwa


ujumbe


maudhui


dhamira


kusimanga kusuta kudharau kusifu kufunza nk


Mashairi Huru


SifaMbinu


urudiaji


wa neno takriri neno


wa kifungu usambamba


Umuhimu


kusisitiza ujumbe


kutia ridhimumapigo fulani katika usomaji


mishata


mishtari ambayo haikamiliki Mistari toshelezi ni mistari iliyokamilika


sehemu za beti kuingizwa ndani


ili kusisitiza


kuzifanya zionekane wazi


Ulinganishaji wa Shairi la Arudhi na Shairi Huru


Kufananisha


yote mawili ni sanaa ya ushairi


mishororo kupangwa katika beti


yametumia mbinu za lugha za namna moja


alama za kuakifisha zinazofanana


kufanana kimuundo


uhuru wa kishairi


Kutofautisha


moja ni la arudhi jingine ni huru


kuwa au kutokuwa na urari wa mizani


kuwa au kutokuwa na urari wa vina


tofauti kimaudhui


idadi ya beti


idadi ya mishororo katika beti


vipande


kutumia alama za uakifishi tofauti


MASUALA IBUKA


Magonjwa


Aina


malaria


mafua


macho


ngozi


meno


kifua kikuu


homa ya mapafu


kifaduro


zinaa kaswedesyphilis


kipindupindu


homa ya matumbo


shinikizo la damu


ugonjwa wa moyo


matumbwitumbwimachapwi


saratani


utapia mlo


ukambisurua


tetewanga


homa


malale


Jinsi ya Kujikinga na Magonjwa


Kula chakula chenye virutubisho vyote na madini


Kutotumia chumvi sukari au mafuta mengi


Kufanya mazoezi


Kupimwa mara kwa mara


Kupika vyakula vizuri


Kunawa mikono na macho


Kuchemsha maji au kuyatia dawa kabla ya kuyanywa


Kutozini au kutumia kinga


Chanjo kwa watoto


Kutochangia vifaa kama vitana na nyembe na mavazi ili kujikinga na magonjwa ya ngozi


Kulala ndani ya neti iliyotiwa dawa


Kufyeka nyasi karibu na nyumba na kutupa mikebe iliyo na maji


Kuweka dawa kwenye vidimbwi ili kuua mbu


Kutotumia vileo kama vile pombe na sigara


Kuzuia kunyeshewa na mvua na kuvaa mavazi mazito wakati wa baridi au usiku


Kukohoa au kupiga chafya mtu akiwa ameziba pua na midomo na kutotema kikohozi ovyo


Kutubu dhambi kujua Mungu na kuomba kwa afya ya kiroho


Ukimwi


Ugonjwa unaosababishwa na virusi vya HIV unaofanya mwili kupungukiwa na kinga dhidi magonjwa


Njia za Maambukizi


Uzinzi ubakaji au ulawiti


Tohara ambapo ngariga anatumia kisu kimoja kwa watahiriwa wote


Kuchangia vifaa vyenye ncha kali kv nyembe vinyoleo nk


Utumiaji wa sindano moja na vifaa vya upasuati ambavyo havijatiwa dawa au kutokoswa ili kuua viini


Wanawake kuambukiza watoto wakijifungua


Kuongezewa damu ambayo haijapimwa au haijapimwa vizuri


Utumiaji wa dawa za kulevya kwa kujidunga kwa sindano moja


Ulevi kumfanya mtu kupotewa na utambuzi kisha kufanya ngono na mtu aliyeambukizwa


Kubusu mtu aliye na virusi ukiwa na vidonda kinywani


Wakati wa ajali watu walio na viini wanapojeruhiwa na kutokwa na damu na inafikia majeraha katika miili ya wasio na hivyo viini


Dalili


Kukohoa kwa muda mrefu


Kuendesha kwa muda mrefu


Kupoteza hamu ya kula


Kukonda au kupoteza uzani wa zaidi ya kilo 10 kwa muda mfupi


Mwili kudhoofikaunyonge


Kunyonyoka nywele


Jipu lmwilini


Mwasho mkali katika ngozi


Vidonda kinywani na kooni


Homa na kutokwa na jasho jingi usiku


Magonjwa ya kifua kikuu na homa ya mapafu


Saratani ya ngozi


Kuvimba shingoni


Utaahira wa akili kv kusahau na kutokumbuka mambo


Madhara


Jamaa kuathirika kisaikolojia wakiona mtu wao akiteseka na ugonjwa


Vifo kwa kuzidiwa na ugonjwa


Huzuni baada ya mgonjwa kuaga dunia


Watoto kuachwa wakiwa mayatima baada ya wazazi kufa


Gharama kubwa ya kugharamia matibabu


Unyanyapaakutengwakubaguliwa


Ndoa kuvunjika kutokana na lawama


Ubakaji wa watoto wa kike ili kujitakasa


Kuathiri uchumi wa nchi pesa nyingi zinapotumiwa kununulia dawa za kupunguza makali hata za kifua kikuu


Serikali kupoteza wataalamu iliyogharamia elimu yao kulazimika kuajiri wataalamu kutoka nje kwa gharama ya juu sana


Jinsi ya Kujikinga


Kutofanya zinaa kabla na nje ya ndoa


Walioambukizwa kutumia dawa za kupunguza makali ARVs


Aliyebakwa kupewa dawa za ARV kabla ya saa 72


Kuwapa mama waja mzito wenye virusi dawa kabla ya kujifungua kukinga mtoto


Ngariba kutotumia kisu kimoja kwa watahiriwa wote


Kutumia sindano mpya hospitalini na matumizi ya dawa za kulevya


Kupima damu vizuri kabla ya kuwaongezea wagonjwa


Kupimwa kabla ya ndoa na mara kwa mara ili kujua hali ili kujikinga dhidi ya maambukizi au kujitunza kama mtu ameambukizwa


Kutumia mipira


Walioambukizwa kutofanya mapenzi bila kinga ili wasipate virusi aina tofauti na sugu au magonjwa mengine ya zinaa


Kula chakula vinavyofaa na kufanya mazoezi


Kupata matibabu wakati ufaao mtu anapougua magonjwa mengine


Kumjua Mungu ili kumwamini na kumtumainia ili kuondoa uoga na mahangaiko na hivyo kumwezeha mtu kuishi siku zaidi


UnyanyasajiUdunishaji wa Wanawake na UtamaduniTaasubi ya Kiume


Kutorithi mali


Wanawake wajane kunyanganywa mali na kufukuzwa


Ndoa za wake wengi uke wenza


Kupata watoto wengi


Kurithi wanawake


Kupashwa tohara


Kutawishwa au kunyimwa uhuru wa kutoka


Kutoelimishwa eti kwa akiolewa hatafaidi familia atapanda wanaume vichwa au atakuwa malaya


Ndoa za mapemalazima zinazosababisha kukatiza elimu yake mahari haiwezi kurudishwa


Kulazimishwa kuolewa na mtu asiyempenda


Kunyimwa haki ya kusema


Kupigwa na kutusiwa


kubakwa


Kutalikiwa


Wanaume kutokuwa waminifu kwao hata kuwanyima mahitaji na kuwapa mahawara zao


Wanaume kupuuza majukumu ya kukimu familia


Ubadhirifu wa wanaume na hali wake zao ndio walifanya kazi za kupatia hizo pesa


Kubughudhiwa


Kulaumiwa mtoto akikosekana hata mke mwingine kuolewa


Mahali pa mwanamke kuwa nyumbani au haruhusiwi kufanya kazi ofisini au kuongoza


Kulazimishwa kuvaa mavazi aina fulani na kukatazwa kuvaa aina mengine


Kufanyishwa kazi za nyumbani kama mtumwa


Kudhibitiwa na wanaume zao kwa sababu ya vivu


Kunyimwa ajira kwa vile akipata mimba atajikokota kazini na atahitaji likizo baada ya kujifungua


Ajira ya mtoto wa kike ambapo anafanyishwa kazi ya sulubu na kupewa mshahara duni


Suluhisho


Hatua kali za kisheria kwa wanaowapiga wanaowabaka na wanaotekeleza mila ya tohara na ndoa za mapema


Kufanya kampeni dhidi ya mila zinazochangia udunishaji wa wanawake


Kuwashauri watoto wa kike badala ya kuwapasha tohara


Kuanzisha makao ya watoto wa kike wanaotishiwa na mila mbaya


Kumwelimisha mwanamke kuhusu haki zake


Kuhimiza wanawake kupigania haki zao


Serikali kutenga pesa za kuelimisha watoto wa kike ili kuwapa uwezo wa kiuchumi kwani wengi hunyanyaswa kutokana na umaskini na ujinga


Mashirika ya kutetea haki za wanawake kama FIDA na Maendeleo ya Wanawake


Hazina ya kutoa mikopo kwa makundi ya wanawake kv KWFT


Kuwapa wanawake nafasi sawa za ajira na katika uongozi


Kupunguza alama ambazo wasichana wanazopaswa kufikisha ili kujiunga na vyuo vya elimu ya juu


Kubuni sheria za kuwawezesha kumiliki mali


Jinsi Wanaume Wanavyodhulumiwa


Kupigwa


Kuchomwa kwa maji moto


Kukatwa sehemu nyeti


Wanawake kutokuwa waminifu kwao


Kutusiwa


Kutofuliwa nguo


Kunyimwa chakula


Kunyimwa unyumba kama njia ya kulipiza kisasi au kumwadhibu


Kufanyishwa kazi fulani kv kufulishwa nguo na kupikishwa mke akiwepo hata mbele ya wageni


Kuzomewa kugombezwa


Kunyimwa pesa kama hana ajira


Ufisadi


Uovu ubaya au uharibivu


Aina


Wanafunzi kudanganya katika mtihani


Kufanyiwa mtihani na watu wa nje


Kutoza mwanafunzi wa kidato cha kwanza pesa au chakula kama nyama ili kuwalinda


Kujipakulia chakula kingi


Waalimu wakuu kuitisha hongo ili kuruhusu wanafunzi wajiunge na shule zao


Kupita wengine katika foleni wanapokwenda kupata chakula au chai hata benki


Kurudishiwa bakaachenji nyingi dukani na kutoirejesha kwa muuza duka


Kuokota pesa njiani na kutoulizia ni za nani


Kughushi stakabadhi za mtihani hati za umiliki shamba


Kunakili kanda za muziki za wengine na kuziuza


Waajiri kuajiri watu wa familia zao au makabila yao


Daktari kuitisha hongo ili amhudumie mgonjwa


Polisi kuitisha hongo ili aruhusu magari ya huduma kwa umma yasiyofaa kupita


Kutohoa maziwa au kuyaongezea maji ili yawe mengi


Wenye maduka kuuza bidhaa kwa bei ghali


Kuuza bidhaa kama sukari nyama nafaka gesi na mafuta ya petroli ambazo hazijatimiza uzani unaotakikana


Madereva wanaoendea mafuta ya petroli kuuza kiwango fulani cha hayo mafuta na kuongezea ya taa au diseli


Kuuzia watu dawa bandia zisizotibu magonjwa


Ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya


Kuiba pesa kwa kutumia risiti bandia au kufuruisha bei za bidhaa ili pesa zilizo juu wahusika wagawane


Kutoa ushahidi wa uongo


Kunyanganya wajane na yatima mali zao


Uporaji wa mali ya umma kv nyanja za kuchezea watoto na misitu


Hakimu kuchukua hongo aididimize kesi


Madaktari kutoza wawele ada ya juu hata kuwafanyia upassuaji wasiouhitaji ili wapate pesa


Wafanyakazi wa halmashauri za miji kujificha wanapomwona mtu akiegesha gari ili wadai anakwepa kulipa ada ya uegeshaji ili wahongwe au walikokote gari wapate pesa zaidi


Sababu Ya Watu Kuushiriki Ufisadi


Tamaa ya kutajirika


Kutofahamu madharamatokeo yake


Kukosa njia za kukimu mahitaji


Mishahara au mapato duni yasiyomwezesha mtu kukimu mahitaji yake au ya familia


Kutotosheka kwa kile mtu alichonacho


Hofu ya kupata hasara au kukosa ajira


Kutomjua mungu hivyo hawana imani


Kuzugwa au kutekwa nyara kimawazo na kuwa mtumwa na shetani


Wengine hulichukulia kama jambo la kawaida tu au hali ya maisha


Imani kuwa siku hizi mtu hawezi kupata chochote bila kutoa hongo


Madhara


Vifo kutokana na aajali barabarani au kutotibiwa bila hongo


Majeruhi wa ajali za ajalini wengine hulemaa wasiweze kujifanyia kazi zao


Kufutiliwa kwa matokeo ya mtihani


Kufukuzwa shuleni au chuoni


Umaskini kutokana na utoaji hongo ya pesa nyingi kisha kutopata kazi na ununuzi wa bidhaa kwa bei ghali


Kushuka kwa viwango vya elimu wasiohitimu ipasavyo wanaporuhusiwa kujiunga na shule ama vyuo fulani


Kushuka kwa viwango vya huduma kwa umma kutokana na kuajiriwa kwa watu ambao hawajahitimu vizuri


Afisi za serikali kuchomwa wafisadi wakijaribu kusitiri ushahidi wa ufisadi


Nchi kurudishwa nyuma kiuchumi na kimaendeleo kutokana na pesa za miradi au ambazo zingewekezwa katika vitega uchumi kuporwa


Kupoteza ajira baada ya kufutwa kazi kutokana na ufisadi


Familia kuteseka baada ya kupoteza ajira


Kufungwa jela kwa wanaopatikana na kosa la ufisadi


Uharibifu wa mazingira na madhara yanayoendana nao kutokana na ufyekaji wa misitu


Kudidimiza haki pale kesi inakatwa vibaya kutokana na hongo hata asiye na makosa aweza kufungwa


Viongozi wafisadi katika mashirika na asasi kupoteza nyadhfa


SuluhishoNjia za Kuukabili Ufisadi


Hatua kali kisheria kwa wafisadi


Kulipa wafanyakazi mishahara mizuri


Kuelimisha kuhusu madhara ya usisadi


Kufuta kazi wafisadi


Kunyanganywa pesa au mali walizopata kifisadi


Watu kutangaza mali zao kv kwa kujaza fomu kudhihirisha hayo


Shirika la kukagua vipimo na ubora wa bidhaa


Majina ya wafisadi kutangazwa hadharani


Ukaguzi wa hesabu za matumizi ya pesa katika asasi za serikali


Shirika la kupambana na ufisadi


Kufumania wafisadi


Kupiga picha kwa kamera ya video wafisadi kv polisi wakichukua hongo


Kujifunza kutosheka kwa kile mtu alichonacho na kuishi maisha ya kiwango chake


Kuarifu polisi au shirika la mkupambana na ufisadi kuhusu visa vya ufisadi


Kumjua na kumcha Mungu


Dawa za KulevyaMihandarati


Dawa ambazo huathiri utendakazi wa mwili


Sababu za Kutumiwa


Masurufu au kuwapa vijana pesa nyingi za matumizi


Kujipa burudani


Shinikizo la rika kwa vijana


Ukosefu wa ushaurikutojua madhara


Matangazo ya biashara


Shida kv ukosefu wa ajira na mahitaji ya kimsingi


Marafiki wabaya


Kukaa katika mazingira zinamotumiwa


Malezi


Kuvunjika kwa ndoa


upweke


Kujitoa haya km makahaba


Shida kazini


Kudanganywa zina manufaa km kumpa mtu nguvu ya kufanya kazi au kuerevusha


Kujipa hisia za kuwa huru na ujitambuaji


Madhara


Magonjwa kv saratani na ya zinaa


Vifo kutokana na ajali magonjwa au dawa zenyewe


Kuiba ili kupata pesa za kununulia dawa za


Ubakaji


Hufilisi watu kwa kutumia pesa nyingi hata kuuza au kuzikodisha mali zao ili kuzigharamia


Jamaa kuathirika kisaikolojia wanapoona mwenzao akiKushindwa kuendelea na masomo


Visa vya ubakaji


Kupotoka kimaadili km kuwa mwenye matusi kupiga wengine kuwa mgomvi hata mzinifu


Kuwa mchafu kama fungo km kutooga kutofua nguo kutochanua nywele nk


Kuhisi mambo yasiyokuwepo hallucination


Wengine kushindwa kuolewa na kutoweza kupata watoto km watumiaji wa miraa


Kuvunjika kwa ndoa kutokana na kupiga mke kutumia pesa vibaya


Kufutwa kazi km kutokana na ulevi


Wazimu


Uhalifu


Jamaa ya mtumizi kuteseka ikimwona mwenzao akiangamia kutokana na kuzitegemea dawa za kulevya


Mhusika huathirika kimwili na kisaikolojia


Huathiri ukuaji wa mwili na akili


Huathiri uwezo wa kufikiri kwa kuua seli za ubongo


Hufanya mtu kupotoka kimaadili km upyaro vita uchoyo uzinifu


Kuvunjika kwa ndoa


Kufukuzwa shuleni


Kufungwa jela


Kuzaa watoto ambao hawajatimiza uzani wa wastani


Kufa kwa neva na viungo kukatwa


Suluhisho


Kuelimisha watu kuhusu madhara ya dawa za kulevya


Watu kumjua Mungu


Matibabu ya kurekebisha watumwa wazo


Kujitenga na marafiki wabaya


Kutoingia katika mandhari zinamotumiwa


Maelekezo kuhusu dawa za matibabu kufuatwa ipasavyo


Kutotumia dawa za matibabu kwa matumizi mengine yasiyo ya kutibu


Ukaguzi wa wageni na mizigo katika viwanja vya ndege


Hatua za kisheria kwa walanguzi wauzaji na watumiaji


Kuongeza nafasi za ajira


Kukomesha matangazo ya biashara ya dawa hizo


Kuandika matahadharisho katika chupa na pakiti za vileo


UhalifuUtovu wa Usalama


Chanzo


Umaskini kusababisha wizi na uisadi


Dawa za kulevya kusababisha wizi au kubaka


Marafiki wabaya


Malezi mabaya


Malezi mabaya km mtoto akiiba na kupelekea wazazi wazazi hawamuulizi alikotoa vitu hivyo


Tamaa ya mali kufanya watu kuiba kushiriki ufisadi nk


Hasira au kushindwa kujidhibiti kusababisha kumpiga na kumuumiza mtu hata kumuua


Tamaa kubwa au uchu kusababisha ubakaji


Chuki na wivu huweza kusababisha mauaji


Suluhisho


Hatua kali za kisheria


Kuongeza askari kwani idadi yao ni dogo ikilinganishwa na raia


Kuunda vikundi vya kujilinda


Vituo vya polisi kuongezwa


Vitu vya thamani kuwekwa mahali salama km benki


Kutotembea nyakati za usiku


Kutoendea mahali kusikofaa kv vichochoroni


Kuweka ua na lango


Mavazi yanayofaa kuzuia ubakaji


Kutoa mafunzo ya kujikinga


Nambari za simu za dharura za kuripotia uhalifu


Kumjua Mungu


Kuongeza nafasi za ajira


Haki za Binadamu


Kuishi


Kuingilianakutangamana


Uhuru na usawa


Elimu


Makazi


Afya


Kiwango cha kurithisha cha maisha


Chakula


Kuabudu


Ajira ya watoto


Kufanya kazi


Kumiliki mali


Kutunzwa uzeeni hifadhi ya jamiiwasio na uwezo


Kupiga kura


Kutobaguliwa


Kutoteswa kuminya habari


Uhuru wa kuongeausemi


Kutembea na kuishi popote


Kesi kuendeshwa kwa haki


Kujitetea


Kuoa au kuolewa na unayemtaka


Utulivu km mtoto au mke asipigwe ama kuteswa


Huduma za matibabu


Jina na utaifa wakati wa kuzaliwa


Mtoto mlemavu apewe huduma maalum


Alindwe kutokana na mateso kazi ya sulubu na kuhusishwa vitani


Alindwe dhidi ya mila na tamaduni zisizofaa


Haki ya kupata burudani


Haki ya faragha kuhifadhi siri zake


Asiajiriwe


asiteswe


Jinsi ya kuwalinda na kuwatunza watoto


Sheria kubuniwa za kuwalinda


Hatua kali kisheria kwa wanaodhulumu watoto


Shirika la kupigania haki za watoto


Makao ya watoto wanaokimbia wa dhuluma


Hazina ya wizara na maeneo bunge ya kufadhili watoto maskini bursary


Watoto kuelimishwa kuhusu haki zao


Kuelimisha wananchi kuhusu umuhimu wa kulinda mtoto


Elimu ya bure ili watoto maskini wafaidi


Shule maalum kwa watoto walemavu


Wananchi kuchanga kusaidia watoto maskini


Makanisa kusaidia watoto yatima


Shule kuwapa watoto maskini ufadhili


Mazingira


Hali au mambo yanayomzunguka kiumbe katika sehemu anakoishi


Jinsi Yanavyoharibiwa


Kufyeka misitu ili kupata mahali pa makazi ama kulima


Kufuga mifugo kupita kiasi


Kutupa taka ovyoovyo


Moshi kutoka katika magari na viwanda huchafua hewa


Dawa na mbolea za kemikali za kilimo huchafua udongo na maji


Migodi kuacha mashimo ardhini ambayo hujaa maji na kuwa hatari kwa binadamu na kizalio cha mbu


Kelele za vyombo vya mziki viwanda honi za magari na ndege


mafuriko kuchanganya choo pamoja na maji safi


Taka kutoka nyumbani na viwandani kuelekezwa mitoni


Madhara


Ongezeko la joto duniani


Mvua za gharika


Uhaba wa mvua


Ukame na njaa


Uhaba wa maji


Kufa kwa wanyama wa majini kama samaki


Magonjwa na vifo kutokana na kuathiriwa na maji machafu


Magonjwa ya mapafu kutokana na hewa chafu


Suluhisho


Kupanda miti kusiko na miti na kule misitu imefyekwa


Elimu kuhusu madhara ya kuharibu mazingira na jinsi ya kuyatunza Uhaba wa maji


Kukagua viwabda na hatua za kisheria kama vinavyoachilia taka katika mazingira


Kutumia samadi badala ya mbolea za kemikali na dawa za kiasili kuua wadudu katika mimea na mifugo


Kutaifisha misitu


Askari wa kulinda misitu


Kutumia kawi mbadala na ambazo hazichafui mazingira kv kutokana na maji na jua


Mashimo na mapipa ya kutupa taka


Kuweka mifugo kulingana na eneo la malisho


Kutolima kando ya mito


Kutia choo cha binadamu dawa kabla ya kukiachilia mitoni


Kutumia magari ya umma


Kutumia taka kama malighafi na kutumia vile vitu vyaweza kutumika tena


Usalama Barabarani


Vyanzo vya ajali


Madereva kutohitimu vizuri


Magari mabovu


Kutotii sheria za barabarani


Njia mbovu


Kubeba abiria na mizigo kupita kiasi


Kuendesha magari kwa kasi


Waabudu shetani kusababisha magari kupoteza mwelekeo


Kupita magari mengine bila uangalifu


Ulevi


Wenda miguu kutokuwa waangalifu wanapovuka barabara


Kutodhibiti usukani vizuri


Uchovu kusababisha usingizi


Dawa za matibabu


Abiria kutolalamika au hata kumwambia dereva aendeshe kwa kasi wafike haraka


Kuchanganyikiwa


Suluhisho


Hatua za kisheria kwa wakiukaji kanuni za barabarani


Kuondoa polisi wafisadi barabarani


Kukarabati barabara


Ukaguzi wa magari ili kuhakikisha yafaa kuwa barabarani


Kufunza madereva upya


Mikanda au mishipi ya kujifunga kuzuia kujeruhiwa vibaya na vifo ajali ikitokea


Kuweka vidhibiti mwendo


Vifaa vya kutambulia madereva walevi na kasi ya magari


Uangalifu wakati wa kupita magari mengine


Kuwa mwangalifu wakati wa kuvuka barabara


Sayansi na Teknolojia


Uvumbuzi wa umeme unaotumiwa kuangazia na kuendesha vyombo vingi


Matibabu kuwezesha watu kuishi kwa muda mrefu km dawachanjo upasuaji upachikwaji viungo miale ya kutibu saratani nk


Kurahisisha na kuharakisha usafiri km magari pikipiki ndege km


Kurahisisha na kuharakisha mawasiliano kunakosaidia wakati wa dharura km rununu mtandao nukulishi nk


Upashaji wa habari kuwezesha kupata habari kutoka kote duniani km satalaiti mtandao redio runinga nk


Utengenezaji bidhaa viwandani kuharakishwa kutokana na mitambo inazoendesha na tarakilishi


Mimea na mifugo wanaokomaa haraka na walio na mazao mengi


Roketi inayowezesha kwenda katika mwezi na sayari nyingine


Silaha kama bunduki za kupambana na maadui na wahalifu


Burudani bora km sidi video mtandao nk


Madhara


Uavyaji mimba


Mauaji ya huruma


Tishio la dunia kuangamia kutokana na silaha za nuklia na viini vinavyotengezezewa maabarani


Uhalifu kuongezeka kutokana na wingi wa bunduki simu na mtandao


Vyakula kutokana na mimea ina mifugo iliyokuzwa kisayanzi kudhuru afya


Wizi wa viungo vya mwili hata kuhasiwa bila hiari


Ajali za barabarani na za ndege zinazoua watu wengi


Upotoshaji kimaadili kama vile filamu chafu katika mitandao na sidi


Kutumia vijusi kutengenezea viungo


Ongezeko la joto duniani kutokana na uchafuzi wa hewa


Ugaidi kutokana unaotekelezwa kwa mabomu


Simu za Rununu


Faida


Kurahisha na kuharakisha mawasilano


Kupunguza gharama za usafiri


Mtandao huelimisha na hufahamisha habari


Kutuma pesa


Kuweka pesaakiba


Burudani km nyimbo michezo


Kupiga nduru uhalifu unapotokeo


Ajira kwa wauzaji na watengenezaji


Ushuru kwa serikali


Shajara kalenda kamera kikokotozi


Madhara


Burudani kusababisha ajizi


Uhalifu


Gharama kubwa hasa kuweka chaji na malipo kabla ya kutumia kuongea au mtandao


Mtandao kupotosha kimaadili


Hutoa miale ambayo yaweza kusababisha saratani


Kudanganya katika mitihani


Kufungwa jela kutokana na arafa za vitisho na matusi


Runingamagazeti


Burudani


Habari


Ajira kwa wanahabari na watangazaji


Matangazo ya biashara


Kufunza maadili km michezo ya kuigiza na vichekesho


Kutuwezesha kufahamu sehemu nyingine za nchi na dunia


Kuelimisha kv vipindi vya fasihi


Utalii


Kuangazia sehemu na watu wenye shida


Kukuza lugha


Kukuza uzaleno


Madhara


Ajizi


Kupotosha kimaadili


Filamu ziazohimiza watu kuwa wazinifu


Matangazo ya vileo


Kuenezea chuki na propaganda


Kuiga utamaduni wa kigeni usiofaa kv mavazi talaka


Gharama ya kununulia


Kutopata muda wa kushauri watoto na kuomba


Wanafunzi kutosoma jioni


Mke na mume kutoongea kujadili mwelekeo wa familia


Wanaume kuchelewa kurudi nyumbani usiku wakitazama mpira


Migogoro kwa kutaka kutazama vipindi tofauti


Kelele na usumbufu kwa waliolala


Utalii


hali ya kusafiri mbali ili kuvinjari au kufurahia mandhari


Faida


Fedha za kigeni


Ajira katika hoteli udereva nk


Uhifadhi wa mazingira


Kuboreshwa kwa miundo msingi


Mapato kwa serikali kutokana na ada ya kuingilia mbugani na kodi za mikahawa


Amani na maelewano nchini na duniani


Kuhifadhi mila na tamaduni zetu


Kupa nchi umaarufu duniani


Maeneneo kame kuweza kutumiwa ipasavyo kama kivutio chao


Soko kwa mazao ya kilimo


Kuwapa wauzaji vinyago mapato


Ubaya


Magonjwa kv ya zinaa


Matumizi ya mihandarati


Tabia zisizofaa kv Usenge zinazovunja ndoa na kueneza magonjwa kama ukimwi


Upuuzaji wa miradi ya maendeleo serikali ikijengea watalii hoteli za kifahari na viwanja vya ndege ambavyo hutumika kwa nadra sana


Kusababisha watoto kuacha shule ili wawe wanawaelekeza wapate pesa


Kuhimiza mauaji wa wanyama kwa kununua pembe na ngozi


Kelele za magari yao husumbua wanyama na kukanyaga na kuharibu lishe yao


Jinsi ya kuvutia watalii zaidi


Kudumisha usalama


Kuimarisha miundo msingi


Kutangaza nchi na vivutio nje


Kupunguza malipo katika hoteli za watalii


Kufahamisha wananchi kuhusu vivutio kupitia vyombo vya habari


Kuongezea wafanyakazi mishahara ili kuweka akiba waweze kuzuru maeneo yenye vivutio


Kuwapa wafanyakazi likizo ya kutosha


Umaskini


Suluhisho


Kuongeza nafasi za ajira


Kutoa mikopo rahisi kulipa


Kupunguza bei ya pembejeo


Elimu ya bure


Kupigana na ufisadi


Upangaji uzazi ili kupunguza idadi ya watu


Bei bora ya mazao ya kilimo


Kazi kwa vijana


Ukeketaji


Sababu


Kupunguza tamaa


Njia ya kukomaa


Mila na tamaduni


Madhara


Kifo kwa kutokwa na damu sana


Uenezaji wa magonjwa


Shida wakati wa hedhi na kujifungua


Ndoa kuvunjika


Kibali cha kujiingiza katika myenendo isiyofaa


Utengano kati ya waliotahiriwa na ambao hawajatahiriwa migogoro


Kuzua utabaka baina ya waliopashwa na wasiopashwa tohara


Suluhisho


Hatua za kisheria


Elimu kuhusu madhara


Mawaidha kwa wasichana


Makao ya watoto


Njaa


Kilimo cha unyunyizaji maji


Kupunguza bei za pembejeo


Njia bora za kuhifadhi mazao


Mimea na mifugo inayokomaa haraka


Utumizi wa samadi na mbolea


Kuelimisha wakulima kuhusu kilimo bora


Kutayarisha mashamba mapema


Serikali kununua mazao ya wakulima na kuyahifadhi


Dini


Uzuri


Kufunza maadili


Kusaidia maskini


Kuanzisha shule na hospitali


Ajira kwa padri kasisi nk


Kuandaa watu kwa maisha baada ya kifo


Kufarijikuliwaza wenye dhiki


Ubaya


Tamaa ya pesa


Biashara


Ubakaji wa watoto


Kuuza uponyaji


Nyingine kutosaidia wenye shida


Vitajihadi


Kuruhusu waovu bora watoe pesa


Kutoenda hospitalini


Kuendeleza maovu kv uzinifu ushirikina uabudu shetani nk


Maasi ya vijana


dawa za kulevya


shiniko la kikundi


filamu mbaya


kudhibitiwa kupita kiasi


kukosa nidhamu


malezi mabayaudekezaji


kubomoka kwa msingi wa jamii


Ufukara kusababisha kujiunga na makundi haramu


Kukata tamaa


Kutumiwa vibaya na wanasiasa


Suluhisho


Kujiondoa kundini


Kuimarisha uchumi


Kuwashauri vijana


Kujenga udhabiti wa jamii


Kuwaadhibu kulingana na makosa yao


Vijana kujisaka na kujikosoa


Vijana kumjua mungu


Uhuru wa kadiri


Uongozi bora


Malezi bora


Kuongeza nafasi za ajira


Umoja na Utangamano katika Familia


Kuheshimiana


Utiifu na unyenyekevu


Kuwa na usemi


Kuvumiliana na kusameheana


Uaminifu na kuaminiana


Kutochagulia watoto taaluma na wachumba


Wazazi kutolazimisha watoto taaluma au kozi wasizotaka


Kutumia pesa vyema bila ubadhirifu


Kutopendelea na kulinganisha watoto kiuwezo


kutotumia dawa za kulevya


Kuomba pamoja


wazazi kutopendelea watoto fulani


Baba kutimiza majukumu yake ya kukimu jamii


Kutodhibiti mke na watoto kupita kiasi


Uadilifu


Kushiriki kazi


Mambo yanayoathiri utaifaumoja na utangamanoamani


Ufisadi kv kuajiri watu kimapendeleo


Ukabila


Viongozi kueneza chuki


serikali kutoakisi uwakilishaji wa taifa zima


Usalama kukosekana


Ukosefu wa ajira


Matamshi mabaya ya viongozi


Kupanda kwa gharama ya maisha


Majanga ya kiasili


Kutojenga miundo msingi kwa usawa


Kupendelea maeneo fulani katika ugawaji wa raslimali


Ukimbizi wa ndani kwa ndani


Ubomoaji wa nyumba


Suluhisho


Lugha ya taifa


Kukabiliana na ufisadi


Usawa katika ugawaji wa raslimali


Kuelimisha kuhusu umoja wa kitaifa


Tamasha za kitamaduni


Kutalii sehemu nyingine za nchi


Ndoa za makabila tofauti


Serikali ya muungano


Viongozi wachochezi kuchukuliwa hatua kisheria


Matatu


Faida


Kurahisisha na kuharakisha usafiri


Ajira


Ushuru


Biashara


Huduma za dharura


Madhara


Ajali


Wizi


Ufisadi wa polisi kuongezeka


Kuongeza nauli ghafla


Ujeuri wa madereva na mataniboi


Kuchelewesha watu njiani


Magazeti


Habari za taifa na kimataifa


Kuelimisha km kuhusu afya


Kuburudisha km vibonzo


Matangazo ya biashara


Ajira km wahariri wauzaji


Mapato kwa serikali


Kutangaza nafasi za ajira


Elimu km uchambuzi wa vitabu vya fasihi na mashairi


Hutumiwa kufungia bidhaa


Ubakaji


Sura mbaya


ulevi


Ulemavu


Unyonge wa kiakili


Kushindwa kudhibiti jicho na tamaa za mwili


Njaa ya kimapenzi


Kisasi


Kujihisi duni


Kisomo duni


Mavazi


Athari


Waliobakwa huathirika kisaikolojia


Kujikosea heshima na kujihisi mchafu


Magonjwa ya zinaa


Mimba zisizotakikana


Vifo


kujeruhiwa


Kupoteza imani na wanaumewanawake


Kutengwa


Kufungwa jela


3 UTUNGAJI WA KISANII


Mashairi mepesi huruarudhi


Hadithi fupi


Vitendawili


Mafumbochemshabongo


Vitanza ndimi


Michezo ya kuigiza


Mambo ya Kuzingatia katika Uadishi wa Insha


maagizo


Usijibu swali usilolielewa


Uandishi mzuri wa nambari ya swali unalofanya


Kuandika vidokezi


Kuandika kila hoja katika aya yake


Kuanzia aya kwa njia tofauti


Lugha sahili


Miundo tofauti ya sentensi


maudhui


muundo


Kichwa kwa herufi kubwa kipigwe mstari na kisizidishe maneni sita


Upatanishouwiano za kisarufi


Tahajiahijai


Kuakifisha


Mtiririko


Uhalisi


tafsiri ya moja kwa moja km kurudisha mlango mguu wa gari kutoakuweka nguo


Maadili lugha na mawazo safi na mtazamo wa kusaidia taifa


Urefu


Uasilia utungo wako si kurejelea vitabu vya fasihi


Usafi mwandiko unaosomeka na ambao haujapigwapigwa mistari na kufutwa


Tamathali za usemi


Msamiati na tamathali zinazokubalika wala si za kupachika Usitumie msamiati wa kishairi kv mtima ja nk


Kutofupisha kv km nk Bi


Kutumia kistari ikiwa neno linaendelea katika mstari wa pili na kutokata silabi


Herufi f u i j m l


Kutaja na kueleza kikamilifu


Kukamilisha maneno


Kutotenganisha sehemu za neno km walilo zungumzia walioenda


Kutounganisha maneno km kwasababu ni mimi


Mdokezo kuoana na maneno yako


Usiongeze maneno kwenye dondoo la kumalizia


Kutoweka dondoo ni kupotoka


Kusoma insha baada ya kuandika


4 UANDISHI WAKAWAIDA


Ufahamu


Kuelewa


Kuandika idadi ya hoja kulingana na alama


Hoja kwa muhtasari


Andika hoja ulizo na uhakika nazo kwanza


Kuorodhesha hoja kwa nambari wala si kistari


Jibu lililokamilika


Kutoa majibu kutoka katika ufahamu si fikra zako


Maana za maneno kama yalivyotumiwa kwa muundo ule ule


MuhtasariUfupisho


Kutoa mawazo makuu huku kiini cha taarifa kikidumishwa


Hatua


Andika nambari za aya


Soma makala


Elewa swali


Andika mambo muhimu ukizingatia swali ukiondoa maneno yasiyo muhimu


Usibadilishe chochote hata kama unatakiwa kutumia maneno yako


Andika hoja kikamilifu


Andika nakala safi ukizingatia mtiririko


Epuka viunganishi vingi


Zingatia idadi ya maneno uliyopewa


Zingatia kanuni za uandishi


Piga mshazari nakala chafu


Matumizi ya lugha


Kuzingatia sehemu za swali


Sehemu zinazobadilika


Kuzingatia neno moja moja


Kuzingatia hatua au mbinu


Kutojibu maswali kwa pupa


Kusoma jibu ili kusahihisha makosa


Kuelewa swali km tunga sentensi moja eleza maana


Tunga sentensi fupi


Kuonyesha neno fungu la maneno au kiambishi unachotumia kutunga sentensi


Kubainisha eleza kikamilifu kwa kuandika neno au maneno na jina lake


Tahajia km yabwa kitendo


Isimu jamii


Kutaja kueleza na kutoa mifano


Fasihi


Kufikiri ili kuelewa swali


Usijibu maswali zaidi ya manne Kama jibu halikuridhishi lipige mshazari


Maagizo swali la kwanza ni la lazima usijibu maswali mawili kutoka sehemu moja


Chagua maswali utakayoweza kujibu na kupata hoja nyingi


Andika nambari vizuri


Usiandike hoja nyingi kuliko alama


Hoja kwa aya moja


Kutaja kueleza kikamilifu na kuthibitisha kwa mifano kutoka kitabuni kutaja alama moja kueleza mbili


Usirudie hoja kwa njia tofauti


Kutochanganya wahusika


Kusoma vitabu mara nyingi ili kujua dondoo limetolewa wapi


Maswali ya dondoo msemaji anayeambiwa wapi lini


Maswali ya kujadili


Swali la methali


kulinganisha


FORM 1


COMPOSITION


ADDRESSES


NIE BK1 PP8889


Email Address and access


Prerequisites


A computer


A telephone line connected to the computer


An internal or external modeman electronic device that changes information that a computer understands to a form that can be sent along a telephone line by radio and viceversa


To get an email address you need to be connected to an Internet Service Provider ISP reffered to as the server


Once connected the ISP gives you a user name eg k00395This is an identification number which is used to identify a client and for billing purposes


The client chooses a password which must be keyed in to be able to access the internet and its emailOnlu the client should know the password for privacy eg 0067 Rose navyblue


Creating your own email address


Every client must create hisher own email address and reveal it to the ISP when you want to be connectedeg


robinayahoocom


1 2 3 4 5


kererahighschoolafricaonlinegoke


1 2 3 4 5 6


Key


Users chosen name


Pronounced as atdesginated the computer to the ISP


the ISP you are connected to


the dotis a mustIf absentthe address is incomplete and the message cant go through the receiver


shows the company typeschool type


name of country eg kekenya


NB


An email address is written continuously without space between words or letters It is written in small letters


International Servers


Some email addresses like yahoo and hotmail offer free services


To retrieve mail from such organizations you dont have to be connected to an ISP serverThis can be done worldwide provided that internet services are available


The only disadvantage when using free services is that you must write your mail while you are online unlike other cases where you can write your mail offline and then connect to the server when you wish to send the messageThis is cheaper and saves you the expense of a big bill


Sending an email


To be able to send an email you must have the email address of the recipient eg


To You write the address of the recipient


From You write the address of the sender


Cc meaning coupon copy other people who can be sent copies of the same mail


Bc a blind copy to be seen by the recipient only


Subject you write the title of the message


Below the subject is the space for your message


eg


Toupagnahotmailcom


From  erickengmailcom


Cc rosinayahoocom


mokomegumyahoocom


Subject Thank you


Dear Joji


Thank you for buying me a computer I will now be able to get information from the internet send and receive mail and of course play my favourite computer games My parents send you their best regards Ill visit you in a weeks time


Love


Your niece


Julia


On the computer menu bar there are different facilities such as Replywhich enables the recipient to reply to the messageThere is also a forward facility which helps the recipient to send the same message to other recipients


pp8892 POSTAL ADDRESS


In letters common features are


the box number


the post code


the streetroadbuilding where the post office is


the towncity


the country


eg


A Block format B Idented format


PO BOX 502100100 The Manager


NAIROBI Fortune Bank


KENYA 22 High Street


DATE Leominster


Herefordshire


HR86 RG


Great Britain


Date


EX P 91


NIE BK1 P 129 INFORMAL LETTERS


Informal letters differ in levels of informality depending on whom the letter is addresses to


STEPS TO FOLLOW


Write the writers address at the topright corner


Include the postal code Below the address write the date of writing in full


Skip a line and write the salutation on the lefthand side


Start a new paragraph as you begin to write the body of the letter keep rules of paragraphing


The language should be friendly and familiarThe language depends on the relationship between the writer and the person he is writing toThe language must be


easy to understand


decent and respectable


grammatical


6 At the end of your letter signoffThe closing can be


Yours


Yours lovingly


Yours affectionately


Your classmate etc


7 Put your name below the closing tag


8 Punctuate your letter properly At the end of the closing tag there is a comma and a fullstop is put at the end of the name


EX2 P130 PUBLIC NOTICES


A notice is a written or printed statement giving information or drawing attention to the public


Points to consider


content should be accurate


should be very clear


brevityshould be short


font type and size


use of graphics use pictures and words


Overall presentationshould be smart and attractive


should be in a frame


Exercise Choose one type of notice and write an example


INVENTORIES


An inventory is a detailed list of itemsIt can be prepared for the purpose ofinsurance or to show clear records of the property a person or a company has eg a school has buildingsfurniturestationeryoffice equipment library bookskitchen provisions and sporting equipment


An inventory contains details about


quantity of the item


description of the item


date of purchase or delivery


date of issue


signature of the person removing it from the store


balance of each item after the issue


Importance of an inventory


it is used to


Keep a check on what you have


Provide basic information for quick anditing in a big institution


Keep a record of what needs to be replaced or repaired


Eliminate pilfering stealing


Ease the job of management


Give information on items that need constant replacement


Example


16th July 2002 Inventory of Equipment at Musinga and company


Exercise Prepare an inventory of the items of the school officeyou can estimate the cost of the item and the date of purchase


NIE BK1 P151 DIARIES


A diary is a personal record of daily events observations and appointments


Keeping a diary helps us to


Be organized


Remember appointments and honour them


Plan our lives well


a well kept diary can serve as a record of past events from which we can refer from time to time


be brief and selective of what you write down


a diary provides you with spaces for every day of the year in which you write down things you have to do in future Eg


June 2007


Monday 1st  4 pm


Mpira stadiumwatch a football match


Tuesday 2nd  Dinner with Louis


Babes joint 730 pm


Wednesday 3rd  Drama meeting at Igiza Hall


Thursday 4th  Lunch with mum


Nice caf1230 pm


Friday 5th Environmental Day


At marketcommunal work


All morning


Saturday 6th Meet Kate Lucy


Post Office 1030 am


Assignment


NIE BK2 PP 96 TOPMARK P183 PACKING LISTS


A packing list is important for proper preparation before going on a journey


CONSIDERATIONS TO MAKE BEFORE WRITING THE LIST


Where you are going


location determines the items you are likely to needeg if you are going to a cold placeyou will need heavy clothes to keep warm


2 Means of transport


some means of transport like aeroplanes will limit the amount of luggage to carry


3 Length of stay


the longer you stay the more the luggage to carry


4 Purpose eg if you are going for a short course you will need writing paper pens and relevant reference materials


P97 Exercise


You are a member of your schools basketball teamyour team has been invited for a tournament in another districtthe tournament lasts two dayswrite your packing list in order of usefulness


NIE BK1 PP Imaginative compositions


Events in an imaginative essay are not real but imagined


The writer should identify the purpose of writing the essay ie to present an essay that is interesting to the reader


They are meant to entertain but some may contain themes that inform or educate the reader


Points to consider


Setting  the wrietr should decide where the story events take place Eg in town rural arrears in a forest etc


Plot  choose the plot for the events A plot is a story line which sets out the logical order in which the events will follow Events may not follow a chronological order especially when the writer uses flashbacks and foregrounding


Choice of characters Will be determined by roles assigned to them in the plot and setting They should be suitable Eg ogres or mionsters are not realistic characters


Themes Theme refers to the main idea in the story It should involve two or more people They are not stated but are implied


Time When the incidents take place should be stated clearly Time is thought of in terms of season an historical era post independence and contemporary time


It can also be thought of in terms of a timespan eg a week or a year


6 The style varies according to the purpose eg


metaphors


similes


personification


dialogue speech between two or more people


Tenseis past tense past perfect or past continuous Other tenses can be used


NB