Working on land eg cotton plantations Servants in other peoples homes Sex industry and illegal arms trade Child soldiers Working in factories mines and building industry Working in bars and restaurants Reasons why children engage in paid labour Poverty Orphans who have to look after themselves have to work


AIDS


Children provide cheap labour to many bosses Effects of child labour Little income Illiteracy Unemployment Under develops the country The answers you have typed are the points used in developing each paragraph of the passage Provide a glossary option where the learner can check for the definition of the words scanning and summary The words should be highlighted


Scanning  reading a text with an aim of getting specific information Summary  a shortened piece of writing that gives only the main points


Writing is the most advanced of the four language skills that has a wide range of implications that influence our thinking and reasoning It also encourages us to be organized logical and creative in our thinking Writing will enable you express your ideas clearly and effectively


The ability to write well is essential because it influences our chances in academic disciplines personal development and our relationships with other people For you to achieve recommended competence in writing using a variety of sentence structures you need to read widely


There are different types of writing which include a Personal writing b Social writing c Study writing d Creative writing e Institutional writing f Public writing


A mastery of various types of writing will enable the learner to use English creatively and for expressive purposes Read this summary on punctuation Marks Punctuation is a system of marks used in writtenspoken work to make clear what is written or spoken Capital letters Used to begin a sentence for example M in My teacher is coming Used with proper nouns eg N in NairobiJohn Used with the personal pronoun I as in I went home


Used with days of the week months and holidays for example MDandJ as in Madaraka Day is celebrated on 1st of June Used in names of organizations and religious bodies for example KANU  Catholic Mission Used in abbreviations eg MDPandH as in Mr Dr Prof Hon


Full stop Used as a final punctuation mark end mark as in Peter is coming Used to indicate date and time in the abbreviated form for example in 662006 or 800 am Used in writing of initials for example P and M in PM Koech


Exclamation Mark  Used to show command as in Quiet to show emotions distresssurpriseawewonder You are here surprise Oh God awe My toe distresspain


Question Mark  used after a direct question as in Where are you going


The comma  used to separate items in a list as in Kamau went to the market and bought oranges apples tomatoes and potatoes Used to indicate a pause in a sentence as in As she went home she fainted Used with a quotation or direct speech for example I am getting married she said Lesson objective


By the end of the lesson you should be able to use punctuation marks correctly Punctuation


Punctuation is a system of using universally accepted marks and symbols in written work or communication In oral work or spoken information punctuation marks may not be voiced but the speaker will pause stop temporarily ask questions wonder or make exclamations and other gestures to communicate effectively Appropriate use of punctuation marks especially in writing enhances effective communication and makes reading easy to comprehend Personal pronouns Names of days of the week months and holidays Madaraka Day is celebrated on 1st of June Names of organizations and religious bodies


In abbreviation Final punctuation Marks End Marks Full stop


The comma


Used to separate items in a list To indicate a pause in a sentence Used before a quotation or direct speech I am getting married she said


Choose the correct expressions from the choices in the circle to complete the sentences correctly


Correct pronunciation effective listening and speaking skills intensive and extensive reading and other language aspects contribute a lot in the mastery of spelling as an important language skill Effective communication of ideas and information in writing depends largely on correct spelling of words in sentences Mastery of spelling skills improves efficiency in writing Spell commonly misspelt words correctly Apply spelling rules correctly


Spelling


Spelling refers to the formation of words with letters in the correct order Correct spelling gives the writer confidence impresses the reader and shows efficient management of words It is important to pay close attention to spelling because incorrect spelling hinders effective communication and sometimes it may change or distort the meaning of the text


In English the spelling of a word is often unrelated to its pronunciation This poses a great challenge to learners and users of English as a second languageIt is important therefore to master all aspect of English pronunciation to be able to spell words in sentences correctly Observe the pictures provided and fill the blanks by typing in a correct word that depicts what is in the picture


1The voters lined up in a queue to cast their votes Our car was involved in an accident along the highway Vehicles moving on a highway then one crashing into another We stopped the game immediately the referee blew the final whistle Their school bus had a puncture causing them to delay


A guest of honour wearing ceremonial garlands on the podium before the microphones and people gathered in front of HER with some seated in neat rows while a few are standing towards the edges


Picture of a school bus with some students outside and a flat tyre with the driver getting the necessary tools eg jack wheel spanner etc Their school bus had a puncture causing them to delay Look at the picture and suggest what happened Use the information to answer questions in the exercises that follow Write legibly and neatly Write clear and correct sentences and organize ideas in a logical sequence Take and make intelligible notes Structure of a Paragraph


A paragraph is a combination of two or more sentences communicating the same information or related ideas When writing learners are expected to communicate effectively using a variety of sentence structures and develop paragraphs using different devices The skill of writing using appropriate paragraphing can be enhanced using pictures charts jumbled up sentences role play and guided writing Basing on the picture type the correct answer in the blank spaces provided What you have done is put the events in a logical sequence The statements that come after the topic sentence are called supportive sentences They tell you more about the topic sentence The rule is that they come after the topic sentence and not before