**Home Science**may seem like a totally new area to you, since there is no subject known as 'Home Science' in the Primary School Curriculum. However, you actually covered it under Science and this includes topics such as, the Human Body, Health Education, Foods and Nutrition, among others.

Just as you enjoyed learning the above topics in Science while in Primary School, I am sure you will enjoy learning Home Science as a subject on its own in Secondary School.

**The following sub-topics will be covered in this topic:**

1. Basic sewing tools and equipment 2. The sewing machine

**Introduction**

Needlework requires the use of some special tools and equipment which are categorized into two main groups: Small and Large : needed for:- Measuring Cutting Transferring pattern markings Sewing Pressing Storage Others

**Objectives** **By the end of the lesson you should be able to:**

State factors to consider when choosing different basic sewing tools and equipment. Describe how to use and care for basic sewing tools and equipment.

Measuring Tools Tape measure Measuring Gauge Meter stick

**Choice** The tape measure should: Be clearly marked on both sides upto 150cm. Be woven and plastic coated to avoid fraying and stretching. Have metal ends. Roll up when not in use. It should: Be firm. Be clearly matched at right angles. Have several measurements marked. Used for measuring small width. Store after use. Meter Stick

**Choice of a Meter Stick** It should be: Made of smooth wood or plastic. Marked clearly. Used to measure long straight lines. Hem Marker

**Choice** Can be made from manila or cardboard. Used for marking hem depths to ensure even size.

**CUTTING OUT TOOLS**

Dressmaker's shears Pinking shears Embroidery scissors Buttonhole scissors Paper scissors Dressmaker's pins Seam ripper Table worktop Dressmaker's Shears

Should be rust free (stainless steel) Sharp Firmly hinged Comfortable handle with one hole large enough for 2 or more fingers One blade should be pointed Long blade ,at least 15cm Oil the hinges regularly Hold correctly Do not chop Wipe after use Do not use for cutting hair, paper, thread or for snipping Pinking Shears

Made of rustless metal stainless steel) Is serrated Used for neatening edges especially on open seams, on materials that do not fray. Embroidery Scissors

Small Sharp fine pointed blades Cutting threads, snipping Cutting buttonholes Paper Scissors

Smaller in size than the cutting out shears Not very sharp Used for cutting out paper patterns. Dressmaker's Pins Assorted lengths Fine and sharp Made of stainless steel Buy those with big heads Store in a pin cushion or in a small box. Avoid scattering. Keep them dry and free from rust. Seam Ripper

The blade should be sharp. It should have a cover to protect the sharp point. Used for removing unwanted stitches and cutting button holes. Do not drop. Store in the needlework box when not in use. Table Top

Should be large enough for laying the pattern pieces out. Comfortable height for the user. Smooth and flat not to spoil the fabric. Should not be polished. Dust well before placing work. Do not scratch with sharp objects such as tracing wheel. Do not stain with carbon.

**TRANSFERRING PATTERN MARKINGS**

Tailor's chalk Tracing wheel Dressmaker's carbon paper Pencils Comes in different shapes Buy assorted colours Used for marking patterns Do not drop, it will break Store in the needle work box Tracing Wheel

The edge should be well serrated. The wheel should be firmly fixed. Use carbon colour closest to that of the fabric. Wooden handles are more durable than plastic handles. Used for transferring pattern markings with dressmaker's carbon. Dressmaker's Carbon Paper

Choose different colours Should be big in size Used with tracing wheel for transferring patterns. Do not press hard while using tracing wheel as it will tear. Fold and keep well. Pencils

Choose dark strong pencils:*For drawing patterns.*

**SEWING TOOLS**

Needles Sharps Betweens Crewels Sharps Needle

Have round eyes Should be fine Eye should be smooth Easy to thread Assorted sizes; the higher the number the finer the needle Use correctly Used for ordinary sewing Should be kept in a pin cushion Betweens Needle

Assorted sizes; the higher the number the finer the needle. Shorter and sharper than sharps Fine needles Also used for quilting Crewels Needle Must be sharp Should be thick enough to leave holes on the fabric Should be smooth not to spoil the fabric

Used for making holes and eyelets Do not drop as the point will become blunt Bodkin

Eye must be large. Point should be blunt so that it does not pierce through the work when it is in use. Used for threading elastic cords, ribbons and tapes through casings or eyelets. Store in the needlework box. Embroidery Loop

***Choose according to the work***

Similar to ironing board but small Used for pressing small shaped articles such as cuffs and sleeves

Choose lint free clothes that are closely woven Used for dampening when pressing. Wash and store after use.

**Sewing Machine**

A**sewing machine**is a large sewing equipment designed to make stitches. It makes sewing quicker and more efficient.It is a simple machine to operate as it is done manually at the speed of the person operating.

It is portable and easy to carry. Balance wheel is rotated by hand. One hand rotates the hand wheel while the other guides the material. Hand Machine The following video clip shows the working of a hand machine: Treadle Machine These are stitches which are used to hold two or more layers of fabric together permanently. They include: Machine stitches Over sewing Faggotting

***Faggotting Stitches***

Neatening Stitches These are stitches which are used to finish raw edges. They include: Loop stitches Button hole stitches Machine zigzag

***Buttonhole Stitches***

Decorative stitches These are embroidery stitches worked to add beauty to a garment or article. They include: Stem stitch Chain stitch Satin stitch Cross stitch French knot Even Tackings Long and Short Tackings Diagonal Tackings Tailor Tacks

**Other Disciplines in Home Science**

Maternal child care Home care Textiles Clothing Health education Consumer education It takes care of the individual, the home and the environment through planning, organizing and using available resources efficiently. Tidy Room Untidy Room Textiles It is the study of fibres which are made into fabrics.

**A textile industry**

Clothing It deals with clothing construction and maintenance.

**Health Education**

It promotes health by changing people's behaviour, attitude and practices. This is done through personal hygiene, environmental hygiene and care of the sick at home. A person washing hands after visiting the toilet

**Consumer Education**

It makes people aware of the available goods and services in the market, their choice and use.

Variety of liquid soaps A bill board with some information on food Importance of Home Science The importance of Home Science to: The Individual The Family The Community **The Individual**

Makes a person to be self reliant by giving one skills to start income generating activities. It is a foundation for further education and training.

Helps one to acquire skills to enhance quality of life by managing scarce resources. Prepares an individual to take care of personal hygiene, food, clothing and health.

**The Family** Home Science helps the family to: Practice and administer First Aid in case of accidents and illnesses. Maintain high standards of living. Improve its economic status.

**The Community** Skills acquired create employment opportunities. **CAREER OPPORTUNITIES**

Home Science leads to diverse career opportunities such as: Teacher Interior Designer Chef Air Hostess Dietician Community Health Worker Fashion Designer Entrepreneur Researcher Textile Engineer

***Teacher***

***Chef*** This is the chief cook of a large kitchen staff. He/she is in charge of menu creation, staff management and business aspects related to the kitchen.

***Air Host / Hostess*** Also known as flight steward or cabin crew member. He/she ensures that passengers have a comfortable journey on the flight.

***Dietician*** An expert in Food and Nutrition. He/she promotes good health through proper eating; supervises the preparation of food, develops modified diets, participates in related research and educates individuals on good nutritional habits.

***Community Health Worker*** A member of a community who is chosen by community members to provide basic health and medical care to the community.

***Fashion Designer*** A Fashion Designer creates original garments as well as those that follow established fashion trends. He/she studies trends, sketches designs of clothing and accessories, selects colours and fabrics, and oversees the final product of their designs.

***Entrepreneur*** A person who identifies a business opportunity, assesses the risks involved, organises the necessary resources to start and run a successful business. Researcher A person who tries to discover, interprete and develop methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe.

***Textile Engineer*** The textile engineer specializes in the study of fibres and new textile production methods. The profession includes turning fibre into fabric and fabric into clothing and other textile products.

***Interior Designer*** This profession is concerned with anything that is found inside a space/room, that is, walls, windows, doors, finishes, textures, light and furnishings. The interior designer uses these elements to develop a functional, safe and aesthetically pleasing space/ room for use.

***Personal Hygiene*** Personal hygiene refers to the cleanliness of the body. This involves good grooming or care of different parts of the body, choice, use and care of personal items. Cosmetics are prepared substances which are applied on the body by both men and women to enhance appearance. They include:

*Lips stick* *Mascara* *Rouge* *Body lotion* *Deodorant* *Petroleum jelly* *Eye shadow* *Nail polish* *Hair colour* *Hair oil* *Eye Liner* **to insert animation**

*Click on the PLAY button to view where and how body lotion is used.* *This is used mainly to reduce body odour which is caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how deodorant is used.* *This is used to soften and smoothen skin, especially that of children.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how petroleum jelly is used.* *It compliments the eye colour, hence draws attention to the eyes.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how eye shadow is used.* *It is applied to finger and toe nails to enhance their appearance.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how mascara is used.* *It is used to change the colour of hair to a shade regarded as more fashionable or desirable.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how hair colour is used.* *It is used to soften the scalp and give the hair a shiny look.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how hair oil is used.* *It is applied around the contours of the eye to create a variety of aesthetic illusions.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how eye liner is used.*

**Choice of Cosmetics**

Choose according to your skin type and complexion. Choose a cosmetic that provides adequate information, for example, expiry date, composition and side effects. Avoid cosmetics that contain mercury and hydroquinone as they are harmful to the body. Choose environmental friendly deodorants and anti-perspirant perfumes. **Use of Cosmetics**

Use cosmetics sparingly. All make-up should be removed before retiring to bed. Do not wear cosmetic on a skin that has acne, is broken or infected. Chipped nail vanish should be removed immediately as it is unsightly. Keep make up fresh by reapplying it when it wears off. Misuse of Cosmetics Use cosmetics correctly and in the right area. Avoid sharing cosmetics as it may be harmful to your skin. Excessive use of make up makes one look unattractive. Do not mix cosmetics as it may be detrimental to one's health.

**Safety in the Home and First Aid**

The following will be covered in this chapter:

1. Common Accidents in the Home, Causes, Prevention and Management 2. Assembling a First Aid Kit The home is a safe haven for security and comfort. In order to maintain safety, it is important to take necessary precautions in the home.

**By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:**

Identify common accidents in the home and their causes. Explain how to prevent common accidents in the home.

**The common accidents in the home are:**

Cuts and bruises Burns and scalds Fractures and sprains Suffocation Choking Shock Foreign bodies in the eyes and nose Fainting Nose bleeding Drowning Insect stings and bites Snake bites Poisoning

**Cuts and Bruises**

A cut is a slit or break on the skin caused by sharp objects such as razor blades, broken glass and knives while bruises are caused by blunt blows. Store sharp objects safely. Use and care for knives appropriately. Dispose off empty tins, broken bottles and other sharp objects e.g. by burying. Keep doors of cupboards, wardrobes and drawers closed. Household items should be kept in their appropriate places.

**Management**

**Cuts** Clean the wound with clean water or a weak antiseptic solution. Cover with sterile gauze or a pad of cotton wool and bandage. For a deep cut, press onto the wound with a pad of cotton wool and bandage. Raise the wounded part if it is a limb to reduce pain. Seek medical attention.

**Bruises** Cool the bruised part with very cold water or dab with a cloth soaked in cold water. Raise the injured part if a limb to cut down amount of blood flowing into it so as to reduce the swelling.

**Burns and scalds** Burns are caused by dry heat such as hot charcoal, metal and open flames while scalds are caused by moist heat such as stream and hot liquids.

**Prevention of burns and scalds** Matches, boiling stoves, hot liquids, burning candles should be kept away from children. Store flammable liquids away from children. Lids covering hot foods should be opened away from the handle while cooking. Saucepablows direct or indirect force on bones falls A sprain is a tearing or stretching of ligaments. It is caused by a stretching of a joint beyond the normal level of motion.

Rooms should be tidy and well lit. Floors should be free from spills and peels. Arrest any bleeding that may occur. Use a splint to hold the fracture in place. Apply a sling.

**Choking** Choking is when one is not able to breathe. Choking is caused by food or foreign objects such as seeds, bones and coins stuck in the throat or air passage making breathing difficult. Encourage the casualty to cough Give back slaps

**Obstruction** Avoid putting foreign objects in the mouth.Children should not play while eating. If casualty is breathing, encourage him/her to cough as this will help to dislodge the obstruction. For babies, hold upside down by the legs and pat gently on the upper part of the back until the object pops out.

For older children and adults, hit the person sharply with the palm of the hand between the shoulder blades until the object pops out.You can also stand behind the casualty, link your hand below their naval, press the belly with strong jerks until the object pops out.

**Suffocation**

Suffocation occurs when there is inadequate supply of fresh air or when the wind pipe is blocked, hence preventing air from getting into the lungs.

A child wearing a polythene bag over his/her head Dispose off polythene bags appropriately. Cooking stoves should be used in well ventilated rooms. Replace worn out gas tubes.

Identity the cause and act appropriately. If its the lack of fresh air, take the person outside to an airy place. If it is due to a polythene bag getting stuck in the head, remove it.Check the airways are open and the casualty is breathing.If breathing has stopped, start artificial respiration.Take casualty to hospital for further assessment and management. **Shock**

Shock is a temporary lack of supply of blood to the brain and other vital organs. It is caused by upsetting or good news and events such as electric shock, excessive injury, and illness.

***Causes***

Severe bleeding, either internal or external. Loss of plasma in burns or crash injuries. Heart failure as in acute heart attacks. Loss of body fluid from recurrent vomiting or severe diarrhoea. Acute abdominal emergencies, example perforation of stomach or ruptured appendix. All electric wires should be well insulated and defective equipment repaired and replaced. Do not touch electric switches and appliances with wet hands.

**Prepare one for bad news**

Lay the casualty down and deal with the injury or underlying cause of the shock. Raise and support legs to improve the blood supply to the vital organs. Loosen tight clothing at chest, neck, waist to reduce constriction in these areas. Protect when necessary with a blanket or sheet. Do not give casualty anything to drink. Take him to hospital as soon as possible. **Foreign bodies in the ears, eyes and nose**

A foreign body is anything undesirable that enters into the body such as dust, insects and seeds (common with children).

A child putting a bean in the nose and then breathing it out.People should protect their eyes when walking or working in an area where there are dust particles in the air e.g. by wearing protective gear.Keep small items such as seeds and beads away from children.

***Foreign body in the eye*** Advise the casualty not to rub the eye.Let the casualty sit facing the light, separate the eyelids gently with clean fingers and thumb.If foreign object can be seen, wash it out with clean water. If it is stuck on, remove with a moist swab or damp corner of clean cloth.If the object remains stuck on, bandage the eye and seek medical assistance at the nearest health facility.

***Foreign body in the nose*** Calm the casualty and request him/her to breath through the mouth.Press the unaffected nostril with a finger and blow the nose to remove the object. If it does not come out, do not attempt to remove it, but seed medical assistance. For small children, seek medical assistance immediately. This happens when blood comes out of the nose. It may be caused by an injury, blowing the nose forcefully and picking the nose. Someone pinching the nose to prevent blood from coming out during nose bleeding. The head should be slightly bent.

***Avoid picking the nose.*** ***Avoid blowing the nose too hard and often where possible.*** ***Sit the casualty down with the head forward.*** ***Pinch the nose firmly below the bridge for 10 minutes, making the person breath through the*** ***mouth.*** ***After 10 minutes, request the casualty to release the pressure on the nose.*** ***Encourage the casualty to spit out any blood that flows into the mouth.*** ***If nose bleeding persists beyond 30 minutes, seek medical attention.*** **Drowning**

Drowning is the blockage of air passages by liquids when swimming or if one falls into water bodies such as lakes, rivers and basins. A child bending into a bucket full of water. The child then falls inside.Water storage containers must have tight fitting lids. Do not store water in open containers.All water pools around the house should be drained.Bathtubs should be unplugged after use.

***Do not swim unaccompanied by a life saver.*** ***Remove the casualty from the water as quickly as possible.*** ***Shout for help if you cannot swim.*** ***Once the casualty is out:*** ***Open airways by placing casualty briefly on the side to drain out the water.*** ***Check for breathing and blood circulation.*** ***Start artificial respiration immediately if the casualty is not breathing.*** ***If there is no pulse, start Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation.*** ***If casualty starts breathing, put him/her in a recovery position.*** ***If no response, continue with Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation until help arrives.*** **Insect stings and bites**

Some insects such as bees, wasps and scorpions sting while others such as mosquitoes, ticks, lice and cockroaches bite.

Keep the environment clean. Do not disturb bees and hornets. Air beddings thoroughly and change them frequently.

**Bites** Clean the affected area thoroughly with clean water. If possible apply alcohol or alcohol mixed with iodine on affected areas except those close to the eyes. **Snake bites**

Snake bites can be poisonous or non-poisonous.

***Different types of snakes***

Do not provoke snakes. Clear bushes around the house Lay the casualty down. Reassure the casualty and keep him/her calm and still. Wash wound well and pat dry with clean swabs. Lightly compress the limb above the wound with a roller bandage and immobilize the injury. Clear bushes around the house

**Poisoning**

Poison is any substance which when taken causes harm to the body. It gets into the body through swallowing, breathing in gases (inhalation), contact through pesticides and chemicals pushed through the skin. Baby drinking paraffin from a bottle

*Man seated in an enclosed room without ventilation and there is a jiko, hence he is inhaling carbon* *monoxide.* ***Wash hands after handling pesticides.*** ***Label medicines, insecticides and all other poisonous substances and keep them away from the*** ***reach of children.*** ***Medicines should be taken as prescribed by the doctor.*** ***Do not store chemicals near food*** ***Management of poison that does not burn*** ***If conscious, give drinks of milk or water immediately.*** ***Induce vomiting by touching the back of the throat with fingers.*** ***Give more drinks as you take the person to the nearest health facility.*** ***Note: take the container that held the poison with you.***

**Management of poison that burns**

Give casualty water to drink immediately. Wash away poison from the skin. Refer casualty to nearest health facility **What is First Aid?**

First Aid is the immediate help given to a person who has had an accident or sudden illness before being placed under medical care. It is usually done at the place where the accident occurs.A person who gives first help uses a First Aid Kit. This is a container with items required to give the first help.

By the end of the lesson you should be able to assemble items in a First Aid Kit. ***Borana/ Somali hut*** ***Giriama hut*** ***Luo hut*** ***A Manyatta***

**Manyatta Hut (Maasai)**- Oblong in shape.Uses poles, sticks, grass leaves which are smeared with a plaster of cow dung and mud on both walls and roof.The house has small openings for ventilation.

**Kikuyu hut -**Circular in shape.Constructed using poles, sticks and grass. Walls are plastered with mud and then smeared with clay.

**Borana/Somali hut -**The Borana /Somali people are nomads and as such their houses are constructed in a way that they can easily be dismantled and moved to new locations. Constructed using poles, sticks and grass. Long grass is neatly woven and tied together with strings into portions. The portions are secured in an overlapping manner onto a supporting frame in both the roof and walls of the house. These portions can easily be rolled up and secured for ventilation.

**Giriama hut -**Cone shaped with no apparent difference between the wall and the roof. Made of overlapping long grass tied using strings to a framework of poles and sticks. Palm leaves and twigs are closely woven together to form a detachable door. Housing units where one complete house is built on top of another. The compound is a common ground floor shared by all.

**There are three ways of providing family shelter. These are:** Renting a house Building a house Buying an already built house

**Advantages of building**

***One is able to:*** Build according to taste and specifications that meet the family needs and values. Rent it out and generate income. Have an investment for future. Have a feeling of permanence and stability. Use it as security for loans. Alter and renovate it. Choose the type of materials to use.

**Disadvantages**

Expensive If expertise is lacking the quality of work may be sub-standard. It is involving and time consuming.

**Advantages of Buying a house**

The house is available for occupation as soon as the transactions are complete. One can choose a location that he/she likes. One can select a house design that best meets his/her family requirements. One can use it to secure loans. Expensive if bought through mortgage. If mortgage is not completely paid, the house can be repossessed. A house already built may not meet all the family requirements. **Advantages of Renting a House**

The owner is responsible for maintenance. The tenant rents a house that suits the income and family size. The tenant may vacate the house at will. The tenant chooses a desired location. For example, near social amenities or place of work. Renting is expensive in the long run. One lacks a sense of permanent land ownership. The owner may decide to increase the rent. One cannot modify the house to suit his/her liking. Repairs may not be done on time as required. **Factors determining the building a House**

**1. Family Size**

The house should take care of family members as well as different sexes and ages. This factor is considered for all the methods.

**2. Cost** Choose a house within your means. One that you can afford. 3. Social Amenities A house should be in close proximity to social amenities.

**4. Security** Ensure a safe locality and hazardous free zones far from factories, industries, airport and sewages for health reasons.

**5. Construction** Quality of material used in building the house should be durable. Workmanship should be of high quality. **6. Type Of Soil** The type of soil affects the cost of building e.g. black cotton soil is most difficult to manage and hence increases the cost **7. Drainage** The site should be well drained to avoid flooding which leads to dampness, pests and damage to property.

**8. Orientation** The positioning of the house in relation to the sun and direction of wind should be considered.

**9. Ownership** Ensure you are the legal owner of plot/land house and that all legal requirements are taken care of. **Care of the Home**

Cleaning Equipment The home should be kept clean at all times. In order to maintain the cleanliness of the home, constant removal of dirt is important.

The following equipment is necessary for the removal of dirt: Brooms Scrubbing brush Cobweb brush Carpet brush Toilet brush Buckets and Basins Dustpan and hand broom Mop and mop bucket ***Brooms and Brushes***

Buy for the correct purpose. Material used should be durable. Bristles should be firmly fixed. The head and handle must be smooth and curved.

***Care*** Use for the correct purpose. Remove loose dirt after every use and clean regularly. Store them appropriately so that the bristles are not damaged. Never store them when wet to avoid bad smell.

***Basins, Buckets, Karais***

Choose those made from durable material. Should be light in weight. Should be easy to clean. Should be washed after use with warm soapy water, rinsed and dried before storage. Store in a cool, clean and dry place. Avoid using scouring pads and strong abrasives as they scratch the surface. ***Dustpan***

The edges should be smooth. Should have a flat base. Should be made from durable material. Clean after every use and store appropriately. Thoroughly clean weekly in hot soapy water, rinse and dry. Do not bang as they loose shape. Use for intended purpose.

***Labour Saving Equipment***

Choice and care of labour saving equipment Should be strongly constructed. Should have all the necessary attachments. Buy one that can be easily operated. Make sure it has the correct voltage. Get a manual and a certificate of warranty Get a demonstration from the dealer. Ensure availability of after sales service and spare parts. Follow the manufacturer's instructions. Occasionally empty the dust bag of the vacuum cleaner. Replace the brushes of a carpet sweeper once worn out. Wind the cord around the handle and keep all attachments together while not in use. Store in a hanging position.

**Types of Kitchen Equipment and their Use**

Kitchen equipment is categorized into 3 main groups mainly: Small equipment Large equipment Labour saving equipment/devices

**By the end of the lesson you should be able to identify various kitchen equipment and their use.**

**SMALL KITCHEN EQUIPMENT**

These are usually classified according to their functions namely: Measuring and weighing equipment Cutting tools Shaping and molding Separating tools Lifting, mixing, turning and scooping tools Oven/baking utensils Pans and pots (Cooking vessels) Measuring and Weighing Equipment

***Cutting Tools*** Knives Shaping and Moulding Tools Separating Tools Lifting, Turning, Scooping and Mixing Tools Spoons Oven/ Baking Utensils Pans and Pots Large Kitchen Equipment Labour Saving Devices Cutting Tools Knives Shaping and Moulding Tools Separating Tools Lifting, Turning, Scooping and Mixing Tools Spoons Oven/ Baking Utensils Pans and Pots Large Kitchen Equipment Labour Saving Devices Food Hygiene Food Spoilage and Food Poisoning

Food spoilage is the deterioration of food, making it unfit for human consumption. Food poisoning is the illness caused by eating contaminated food.

**Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to:**

Explain causes and prevention of food spoilage and food poisoning. Identify signs and symptoms of food poisoning.

**Causes of Food Poisoning**

Chemical Contamination Bacterial Contamination Natural Poisoning Chemical Contamination Pesticides Using chopping board to chop meat then: The same chopping board is used to chop fruits before cleaning Poorly stored maize Maize with aflatoxins

**Causes of Food Spoilage**

1. Poor storage of foods 2. Chemicals present in food containers wrappers and packets 3. Keeping food for too long until it rots, wilts or withers.

Cover cooked foods to keep off bacteria, pests and pets. Milk should not be stored together with strong smelling foods as it absorbs their smell. Mould Bread Rotten Meat

**Food poisoning and food spoilage can be prevented by:**

1. Storing harmful chemicals such as kerosene, detergents away from food. 2. Thoroughly drying grains before storage and then storing them in a clean dry and well ventilated

grain store.

3. Not buying foods that have expired or are about to expire.

4. Washing hands, preparing, cooking and serving food in a clean environment. 5. Washing fruits and vegetables before using them.

**Signs and Symptoms of Food Poisoning**

***Violent vomiting*** ***High fever*** ***Severe abdominal pain*** ***Dizziness*** ***Diarrhoea*** ***General body weakness*** ***Shivering***

**Methods of Cooking**

***What is cooking?*** Cooking is a process of preparing food by applying heat.

Discuss reasons for cooking food. Identify different methods of cooking. State general rules for different methods of cooking.

**Why do we cook food?**

To improve flavour or taste of food. To improve appearance and make it more appealing. To kill germs and parasites hence making it safe for human consumption. To preserve it. To make it tender/ soft, hence easy to chew, digest and absorb. To improve the texture. Cooking equipment available. Number of people to be served. Amount of money available.

**General Rules of Cooking**

***There are two main categories of methods of cooking namely:*** Those that use moist heat Those that use dry heat

**Moist Methods**

Boiling Stewing Steaming Frying Boiling Method Boiling is cooking food completely immersed in boiling water.

**General Rules**

Moist foods should be put in cold water and then heated to boil. The water should be at the boiling temperature throughout until food is cooked. The food should be immersed in water. Avoid overcooking. Suggested Foods for Boiling Eggs, Meat, Starchy foods like Sweet Potatoes, Maize, Rice, Beans, Githeri, Bone soup **General Rules for Boiling** Most foods should be put in cold water and then heated to boil. It should be at boiling temperature throughout until food is cooked. Eggs Meat Starchy foods like sweet potatoes,maize, rice Beans Githeri Bone soup

**Stewing Method** Stewing is cooking food in a measured amount of liquids. Once the food has boiled it is allowed to simmer.Sufficient amount of liquid water or stock should be added for a stew of the right consistency.The saucepan or pot used should have a tight fitting lid to avoid loss of nutrients.Use gentle heat or cook slowly to avoid hardening proteins and damaging food texture and flavour.

**Suggested Foods for stewing** Tough cuts of meat, fruits like pears and pineapples, vegetables like carrots and peas, smoked fish **General Rules for Stewing** Sufficient amount of liquid water should be added.Upon boiling, simmer to avoid denaturing proteins and damaging of texture and flavour of food.Tough cuts of meat Fruits like pears and pineapples. Vegetables like carrots and peas Smoked fish

**Steaming Method** This is cooking food using steam from boiled water. Steaming can be done directly or indirectly.Have water boiling prior to steaming.The steamer must have a tight fitting lid to avoid loss of steam.The temperature of the water bath must be boiling throughout.

**Suggested Foods for steaming** Fish, Green vegetables, Tender cuts of meat General Rules for Steaming Fish Green vegetables Tender cuts of meat The following is a video clip showing steaming method of cooking.

**Frying Method** This is cooking food in hot fat or oil. The food can either be deep, shallow or dry fried.Use a heavy/ strong pan, which has no seam or rivets.All oils/ fats should be of good quality and of high smoking point to avoid overheating fat/oil and burning.Fill the pan until  (two thirds) of oil to avoid overflowing when deep frying.Heat the fat/ oil to the right temperature before putting in food.Do not overload the fryer as this lowers the temperature of the oil.Foods to be fried should be dry or coated to prevent splattering. Roasting Baking Roasting Method Cooking food using direct source of heat which can be done using an oven or over a charcoal fire. Ensure frequent basting or turning of food to keep it moist and ensure even cooking. Food to be roasted should be of good quality e.g. tender cuts of meats. The oven or fire should be ready when beginning to roast.

**Suggested Foods for roasting**

Meat, Maize, Chicken, Potatoes, Arrow roots, Yams, Cassava General Rules for Roasting Maize Chicken Potatoes Arrow roots Yams Cassava

**Baking Method**

Cooking food using hot dry air which is done in an oven. Heat the oven before baking. Observe the baking duration for the item being baked. Test for readiness before removing from the oven.

**Suggested Foods for baking**

Potatoes, bread, cakes, fish, biscuits, pastries and pies Click at the top to view the video clip on baking General Rules for Baking Potatoes Bread Cakes Fish Biscuits Pastries Pies

**Textile Fibres**

**The following sub-topics will be covered under this topic:**

1. Classification of Textile Fibres 2. Properties of Textile Fibres

1. Regenerated 2. Synthetic

**Regenerated Fibres** They are made from natural fibres treated with chemical substances. They include:

1. Viscose Rayon 2. Acetate Rayon

**Viscose Rayon** Viscose rayon is made from cotton linters and chemicals. Spinneret

**Acetate Rayon** Acetate rayon is made from wood pulp and chemicals.

**Synthetic Fibres** Synthetic fibres are made from chemicals. These chemicals are derived from coal, oil or petroleum products. The fibres are made through a process known as polymerisation where polymers are made by the combination of small molecules.

***They include:***

1. Polyamide 2. Polyester 3. Polyacrylics

**Polyamide** They are made from benzene (from coal), oxygen and nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from water).Polyamide under the microscope

**Polyester** Polyester fibres are derived from petroleum.

**Polyacrylics** This is produced from acrylonitrile, a liquid produced from petroleum or natural gas. Elastomerics

They are elastic and rubber like substances made from polyunethane. Properties of Textile Fibres

**Properties of Cotton**

Cotton is produced from the cotton plant. It is one of the most popular natural fibres used to make personal and household articles. ***Desirable qualities of cotton*** Cotton is absorbent making it suitable for towels and undergarments.Cotton is a strong fibre and can withstand the friction required in laundry work. This makes it suitable for school uniforms, children's clothing and bed linen.Cotton can withstand mild alkalis and stain removers hence making it ideal for household linen and daily wear.Cotton can withstand high temperatures. This makes it suitable for items that need to be sterilized such as dish clothes, towels and napkins.

Cotton is a good conductor of heat thus keeps the body cool in warm weather.Cotton does not generate and hold static electricity therefore clothes do not cling to the body when worn. This makes it ideal for outdoor clothing.Cotton takes in dyes easily therefore comes in a wide variety of colours.Cotton is resistant to attack from moths.

**Undesirable Properties of Cotton** *Creases easily* *Shrinks readily* *Yellows with age* *Not resistant to mildew* *Lacks lustre* *Flammable* *Not resistant to strong acids*

**Properties of Linen**

*Linen is produced from the stem of a flax plant.* *The properties of linen are similar to those of cotton except that it:* *Is crisp* *Has lustre* *Is stronger* *Frays readily* *Desirable qualities of Linen* *It is used for table linen such as table cloths, napkins, mats and cushions because it is strong, hence* *withstands regular laundering and high temperatures.* *Linen is popularly used in the kitchen because it is strong and is resistant to high temperatures.* *Linen clothes are popular because they are absorbent making them suitable in hot climate.* *Linen takes in dyes easily therefore comes in a wide variety of colours.* *It is popularly used to make household articles like organizers, chair covers and cushions.* *Undesirable Properties of Linen* *Creases readily* *Attacked by mildew*

**Properties of Wool**

Wool is the hair or fur from animals such as sheep, goats or camels.

***Desirable Properties of Wool*** It has a natural crimp which makes it warm to wear. Wool is resilient making it crease resistant. Wool is non-flammable It is absorbent **Properties of Silk**

Silk is produced from the secretion of a silk worm.

***Desirable Properties of Silk*** Silk is a very strong fibre therefore washes and wears well, making it suitable for underwear. Silk has a soft fine lustre therefore popularly used for evening wear. Silk drapes well Silk is absorbent. Silk is resistant to mildew, fungi and moths. It is crease resistant therefore suitable for travel wear. Weakened by long exposure to sunlight; Perspiration weakens it; Easily weakened by alkalis and acids.

**Properties of Mineral Fibres**

**Asbestos** The most commonly used mineral fibre is asbestos.

**Properties of Asbestos** It is resistant to fire and most chemicals. Asbestos is commonly used to make fire fighting clothes.Asbestos cloth being resistant to heat and fires is used to make various items such as hats, gloves, belts, ropes and fire fighting uniform. Asbestos fibre is also used as insulation materials for water heaters, fridges and ovens.

**Silver strands**are used to make decorative clothes and items.

**Gold fibres**are woven into fabric for decorative purposes to make various items. **Properties of Viscose Rayon**

Viscose rayon is made from wood pulp and chemicals. The properties of viscose rayon are similar to those of cotton.

***Desirable Properties of Viscose Rayon*** Being a filament fibre it produces a smooth and lustrous surface. It is therefore popularly used to make table cloths and napkins.Viscose is absorbent therefore cool to wear in hot climate.Viscose takes in dyes well and therefore can be produced in a wide variety of colours and designs.Viscose blends easily with other fibres and is normally blended with cotton and wool. This makes it crease resistant and strong while maintaining its high lustre.

***Undesirable Properties of Viscose Rayon*** Is not a strong fibre and is weaker when wet. It should therefore not be twisted, wrung or rubbed during laundry. Scorches when exposed to heat Develops mildew Yellows and rots due to prolonged exposure to light.

**Properties of Synthetic Fibres**

**Synthetic fibres**are made from chemical substances which are mainly derived from coal, oil or petroleum products. There are properties that are common to all synthetic fibres. Synthetics are smooth and have a lustrous finish. Synthetic fabrics drape well and are popularly used to make curtains and table clothes. Synthetic fabrics are resilient. This means they do not crease easily and are therefore good for traveling and work clothes. Light in weight therefore good for travel. Resistant to sunlight except nylon which yellows with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Not attacked by moths, insects and mildew.

***Undesirable Properties of Synthetic Fibres*** Not absorbent Develop static electricity making them cling to the body and attract dirt. Damaged by chlorine bleaches Damaged by high temperatures Abrasion and prolonged wear causes pilling (small ball-like features) on the fabric.


## # HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Home Science may seem like a totally new area to you, since there is no subject known as 'Home Science' in the Primary School Curriculum. However, you actually covered it under Science and this includes topics such as, the Human Body, Health Education, Foods and Nutrition, among others. Just as you enjoyed learning the above topics in Science while in Primary School, I am sure you will enjoy learning Home Science as a subject on its own in Secondary School. **The following sub-topics will be covered in this topic:** 1. Basic sewing tools and equipment 2. The sewing machine **Introduction** Needlework requires the use of some special tools and equipment which are categorized into two main groups: Small and Large : needed for:- Measuring Cutting Transferring pattern markings Sewing Pressing Storage Others **Objectives ** **By the end of the lesson you should be able to:** State factors to consider when choosing different basic sewing tools and equipment. Describe how to use and care for basic sewing tools and equipment. Measuring Tools Tape measure Measuring Gauge Meter stick **Choice ** The tape measure should: Be clearly marked on both sides upto 150cm. Be woven and plastic coated to avoid fraying and stretching. Have metal ends. **Use and Care ** Remove from the work while cutting out; it can be cut accidentally. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Roll up when not in use. It should: Be firm. Be clearly matched at right angles. Have several measurements marked. Used for measuring small width. Store after use. Meter Stick **Choice of a Meter Stick ** It should be: Made of smooth wood or plastic. Marked clearly. Used to measure long straight lines. Hem Marker **Choice ** Can be made from manila or cardboard. Used for marking hem depths to ensure even size. **CUTTING OUT TOOLS** Dressmaker's shears Pinking shears Embroidery scissors Buttonhole scissors Paper scissors Dressmaker's pins Seam ripper Table worktop Dressmaker's Shears Should be rust free (stainless steel) Sharp Firmly hinged Comfortable handle with one hole large enough for 2 or more fingers One blade should be pointed Long blade,at least 15cm Oil the hinges regularly Hold correctly Do not chop Wipe after use Do not use for cutting hair, paper, thread or for snipping Pinking Shears Made of rustless metal stainless steel) Is serrated ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Used for neatening edges especially on open seams, on materials that do not fray. Embroidery Scissors Small Sharp fine pointed blades Cutting threads, snipping Cutting buttonholes Paper Scissors Smaller in size than the cutting out shears Not very sharp Used for cutting out paper patterns. Dressmaker's Pins Assorted lengths Fine and sharp Made of stainless steel Buy those with big heads Store in a pin cushion or in a small box. Avoid scattering. Keep them dry and free from rust. Seam Ripper The blade should be sharp. It should have a cover to protect the sharp point. Used for removing unwanted stitches and cutting button holes. Do not drop. Store in the needlework box when not in use. Table Top Should be large enough for laying the pattern pieces out. Comfortable height for the user. Smooth and flat not to spoil the fabric. Should not be polished. Dust well before placing work. Do not scratch with sharp objects such as tracing wheel. Do not stain with carbon. **TRANSFERRING PATTERN MARKINGS** Tailor's chalk Tracing wheel Dressmaker's carbon paper Pencils Tailor's Chalk ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Comes in different shapes Buy assorted colours Used for marking patterns Do not drop, it will break Store in the needle work box Tracing Wheel The edge should be well serrated. The wheel should be firmly fixed. Use carbon colour closest to that of the fabric. Wooden handles are more durable than plastic handles. Used for transferring pattern markings with dressmaker's carbon. Dressmaker's Carbon Paper Choose different colours Should be big in size Used with tracing wheel for transferring patterns. Do not press hard while using tracing wheel as it will tear. Fold and keep well. Pencils Choose dark strong pencils: For drawing patterns. **SEWING TOOLS** Needles Sharps Betweens Crewels Sharps Needle Have round eyes Should be fine Eye should be smooth Easy to thread Assorted sizes; the higher the number the finer the needle Use correctly Used for ordinary sewing Should be kept in a pin cushion Betweens Needle Assorted sizes; the higher the number the finer the needle. Shorter and sharper than sharps Fine needles Also used for quilting Crewels Needle ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## The eyes are oval in shape and larger Used for embroidery **PRESSING EQUIPMENT** Irons Ironing board **Irons ** Made of non rusting material Medium weight Smooth sole Pointed toe to reach fullness If electric, should be thermostatic. Used to press work after each stage of construction Use right temperature for every fabric Wipe before use Do not drop Occasionally clean thoroughly Oil hinges of charcoal iron to prevent rusting **Ironing Board ** Should be adjustable Should be well padded Should be stable on the ground Should have a loose cover Used to place work when pressing Adjust to comfortable height Remove and wash cover regularly Fold and protect from dust when not in use Sleeve Board Similar to ironing board but small Used for processing small shapes articles such as cuffs and sleeves Pressing Cloth Choose lint free clothes that are closely woven Used for damping and wetting during pressing. Wash and store after use. **STORAGE EQUIPMENT** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Drawers Wardrobes Hangers Drawers Large enough to carry the work Have smooth finishing For storing all needlework Should be lined with a clean paper or cloth Wardrobes Should have a smooth finish Should be lockable Should have a rod or nail for hanging Used for hanging complete and incomplete garments Clean regularly and place moth balls occasionally Hangers Have assorted sizes Should be made of smooth wood plastic or metal Should be strong and wide Used for hanging complete or incomplete garments. Dust occasionally to keep clean. **OTHERS** Thimble Stiletto Bodkin Embroidery loop Pressing cloth Sleeve board ***Thimble*** Should fit on the middle finger. Metal thimbles last longer, especially those made of stainless steel. Ensure that the metal ones do not have rough edges that may damage the thread and fabrics. **Choice and Care** It is used to push the needle through the fabric. It also protects the finger from needle pricks. Wear on the correct finger. ***Stiletto *** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Must be sharp Should be thick enough to leave holes on the fabric Should be smooth not to spoil the fabric Used for making holes and eyelets Do not drop as the point will become blunt Bodkin Eye must be large. Point should be blunt so that it does not pierce through the work when it is in use. Used for threading elastic cords, ribbons and tapes through casings or eyelets. Store in the needlework box. Embroidery Loop ***Choose according to the work *** Similar to ironing board but small Used for pressing small shaped articles such as cuffs and sleeves Choose lint free clothes that are closely woven Used for dampening when pressing. Wash and store after use. **Sewing Machine** A sewing machine is a large sewing equipment designed to make stitches. It makes sewing quicker and more efficient.It is a simple machine to operate as it is done manually at the speed of the person operating. It is portable and easy to carry. Balance wheel is rotated by hand. One hand rotates the hand wheel while the other guides the material. Hand Machine The following video clip shows the working of a hand machine: Treadle Machine Feet rotate the hand wheel Both hands are free to guide the work Bulky and hence takes up a lot of storage space A motor can be fixed onto it to make it electric Treadle Machine The following video clip shows the working of a treadle machine: ***Electric Machine *** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ## Balance wheel is rotated using electricity. Very fast because both hands are free to guide the work. Expensive to purchase. Some are portable and others are very bulky. The following video clip shows the working of an electric machine: **Parts of a Sewing Machine ** **Choosing a sewing machine** Consider the cost in relation to the work. Consider the machine in relation to its work, that is, do not buy a domestic machine for commercial purposes. Buy from a reliable dealer who will be able to service and supply spare parts. Machine should have an instruction manual. **Care of the sewing machine** Ensure servicing of machines regularly. Store the machine while covered to avoid dust from entering. Clean and oil it regularly. Learners should use the machine under supervision. Do not machine over pins to avoid breaking the needle. # **Stitches** Home Science is an applied multi-disciplinary science which aims at improving the quality of life and well being of an individual, family and community. Define Home Science. Explain the importance of Home Science. Relate Home Science to various career opportunities. Classification of stitches Stitches are classified into two groups: Roll the mouse over the words: Permanent and Temporary for additional information. **Classify stitches.** Describe how to work out different types of stitches ***Joining stitches*** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES These are stitches which are used to hold two or more layers of fabric together permanently. They include: Machine stitches Over sewing Faggotting ***Faggotting Stitches*** Neatening Stitches These are stitches which are used to finish raw edges. They include: Loop stitches Button hole stitches Machine zigzag ***Buttonhole Stitches*** Decorative stitches These are embroidery stitches worked to add beauty to a garment or article. They include: Stem stitch Chain stitch Satin stitch Cross stitch French knot Even Tackings Long and Short Tackings Diagonal Tackings Tailor Tacks **Other Disciplines in Home Science** Maternal child care Home care Textiles Clothing Health education Consumer education **Maternal Child Care** It deals with child development from conception to childhood with special attention to the physical, emotional and social development of the child. **Home Care** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES It takes care of the individual, the home and the environment through planning, organizing and using available resources efficiently. Tidy Room Untidy Room Textiles It is the study of fibres which are made into fabrics. **A textile industry** Clothing It deals with clothing construction and maintenance. **Health Education** It promotes health by changing people's behaviour, attitude and practices. This is done through personal hygiene, environmental hygiene and care of the sick at home. A person washing hands after visiting the toilet **Consumer Education** It makes people aware of the available goods and services in the market, their choice and use. Variety of liquid soaps A bill board with some information on food Importance of Home Science The importance of Home Science to: The Individual The Family The Community **The Individual** Makes a person to be self reliant by giving one skills to start income generating activities. It is a foundation for further education and training. Helps one to acquire skills to enhance quality of life by managing scarce resources. Prepares an individual to take care of personal hygiene, food, clothing and health. **The Family** Home Science helps the family to: Practice and administer First Aid in case of accidents and illnesses. Maintain high standards of living. Improve its economic status. **The Community** Skills acquired create employment opportunities. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Ensures a healthy community therefore reducing illness and death. Promotes positive environmental practices. Produces role models for the community to emulate. **CAREER OPPORTUNITIES** Home Science leads to diverse career opportunities such as: Teacher Interior Designer Chef Air Hostess Dietician Community Health Worker Fashion Designer Entrepreneur Researcher Textile Engineer ***Teacher*** ***Chef*** This is the chief cook of a large kitchen staff. He/she is in charge of menu creation, staff management and business aspects related to the kitchen. ***Air Host / Hostess*** Also known as flight steward or cabin crew member. He/she ensures that passengers have a comfortable journey on the flight. ***Dietician*** An expert in Food and Nutrition. He/she promotes good health through proper eating; supervises the preparation of food, develops modified diets, participates in related research and educates individuals on good nutritional habits. ***Community Health Worker*** A member of a community who is chosen by community members to provide basic health and medical care to the community. ***Fashion Designer*** A Fashion Designer creates original garments as well as those that follow established fashion trends. He/she studies trends, sketches designs of clothing and accessories, selects colours and fabrics, and oversees the final product of their designs. ***Entrepreneur*** A person who identifies a business opportunity, assesses the risks involved, organises the necessary resources to start and run a successful business. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Researcher A person who tries to discover, interprete and develop methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. ***Textile Engineer*** The textile engineer specializes in the study of fibres and new textile production methods. The profession includes turning fibre into fabric and fabric into clothing and other textile products. ***Interior Designer*** This profession is concerned with anything that is found inside a space/room, that is, walls, windows, doors, finishes, textures, light and furnishings. The interior designer uses these elements to develop a functional, safe and aesthetically pleasing space/ room for use. ***Personal Hygiene*** Personal hygiene refers to the cleanliness of the body. This involves good grooming or care of different parts of the body, choice, use and care of personal items. Cosmetics are prepared substances which are applied on the body by both men and women to enhance appearance. They include: *Lips stick* *Mascara* *Rouge* *Body lotion* *Deodorant* *Petroleum jelly* *Eye shadow* *Nail polish* *Hair colour* *Hair oil* *Eye Liner* **By the end of the lesson, you should be able to describe factors to consider when choosing and** **using cosmetics correctly** **Lip Stick** Lip stick is used to enhance the lips by adding colour and texture. **Mascara** Mascara is used to darken, lighten or colour eye lashes. Rouge is used to redden the cheeks to provide a more youthful appearance and to emphasise the cheekbones. This is used to soften and smoothen the skin. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **to insert animation** *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how body lotion is used.* *This is used mainly to reduce body odour which is caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how deodorant is used.* *This is used to soften and smoothen skin, especially that of children.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how petroleum jelly is used.* *It compliments the eye colour, hence draws attention to the eyes.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how eye shadow is used.* *It is applied to finger and toe nails to enhance their appearance.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how mascara is used.* *It is used to change the colour of hair to a shade regarded as more fashionable or desirable.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how hair colour is used.* *It is used to soften the scalp and give the hair a shiny look.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how hair oil is used.* *It is applied around the contours of the eye to create a variety of aesthetic illusions.* *Click on the PLAY button to view where and how eye liner is used.* **Choice of Cosmetics** Choose according to your skin type and complexion. Choose a cosmetic that provides adequate information, for example, expiry date, composition and side effects. Avoid cosmetics that contain mercury and hydroquinone as they are harmful to the body. Choose environmental friendly deodorants and anti-perspirant perfumes. **Use of Cosmetics** Use cosmetics sparingly. All make-up should be removed before retiring to bed. Do not wear cosmetic on a skin that has acne, is broken or infected. Chipped nail vanish should be removed immediately as it is unsightly. Keep make up fresh by reapplying it when it wears off. Misuse of Cosmetics Use cosmetics correctly and in the right area. Avoid sharing cosmetics as it may be harmful to your skin. Excessive use of make up makes one look unattractive. Do not mix cosmetics as it may be detrimental to one's health. **Safety in the Home and First Aid** The following will be covered in this chapter: 1. Common Accidents in the Home, Causes, Prevention and Management 2. Assembling a First Aid Kit ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **A child falling off a bicycle** *insert picture* **A First Aid box** *insert picture* The home is a safe haven for security and comfort. In order to maintain safety, it is important to take necessary precautions in the home. **By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:** Identify common accidents in the home and their causes. Explain how to prevent common accidents in the home. **The common accidents in the home are:** Cuts and bruises Burns and scalds Fractures and sprains Suffocation Choking Shock Foreign bodies in the eyes and nose Fainting Nose bleeding Drowning Insect stings and bites Snake bites Poisoning **Cuts and Bruises** A cut is a slit or break on the skin caused by sharp objects such as razor blades, broken glass and knives while bruises are caused by blunt blows. **Prevention** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Store sharp objects safely. Use and care for knives appropriately. Dispose off empty tins, broken bottles and other sharp objects e.g. by burying. Keep doors of cupboards, wardrobes and drawers closed. Household items should be kept in their appropriate places. ## **Management** **Cuts** Clean the wound with clean water or a weak antiseptic solution. Cover with sterile gauze or a pad of cotton wool and bandage. For a deep cut, press onto the wound with a pad of cotton wool and bandage. Raise the wounded part if it is a limb to reduce pain. Seek medical attention. **Bruises** Cool the bruised part with very cold water or dab with a cloth soaked in cold water. Raise the injured part if a limb to cut down amount of blood flowing into it so as to reduce the swelling. **Burns and scalds** Burns are caused by dry heat such as hot charcoal, metal and open flames while scalds are caused by moist heat such as stream and hot liquids. **Prevention of burns and scalds** Matches, boiling stoves, hot liquids, burning candles should be kept away from children. Store flammable liquids away from children. Lids covering hot foods should be opened away from the handle while cooking. Saucepablows direct or indirect force on bones falls A sprain is a tearing or stretching of ligaments. It is caused by a stretching of a joint beyond the normal level of motion. Rooms should be tidy and well lit. Floors should be free from spills and peels. Arrest any bleeding that may occur. Use a splint to hold the fracture in place. Apply a sling. **Choking** Choking is when one is not able to breathe. Choking is caused by food or foreign objects such as seeds, bones and coins stuck in the throat or air passage making breathing difficult. Encourage the casualty to cough Give back slaps # **Obstruction ** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Avoid putting foreign objects in the mouth.Children should not play while eating. If casualty is breathing, encourage him/her to cough as this will help to dislodge the obstruction. For babies, hold upside down by the legs and pat gently on the upper part of the back until the object pops out. For older children and adults, hit the person sharply with the palm of the hand between the shoulder blades until the object pops out.You can also stand behind the casualty, link your hand below their naval, press the belly with strong jerks until the object pops out. **Suffocation** Suffocation occurs when there is inadequate supply of fresh air or when the wind pipe is blocked, hence preventing air from getting into the lungs. A child wearing a polythene bag over his/her head Dispose off polythene bags appropriately. Cooking stoves should be used in well ventilated rooms. Replace worn out gas tubes. Identity the cause and act appropriately. If its the lack of fresh air, take the person outside to an airy place. If it is due to a polythene bag getting stuck in the head, remove it.Check the airways are open and the casualty is breathing.If breathing has stopped, start artificial respiration.Take casualty to hospital for further assessment and management. **Shock** Shock is a temporary lack of supply of blood to the brain and other vital organs. It is caused by upsetting or good news and events such as electric shock, excessive injury, and illness. ***Causes*** Severe bleeding, either internal or external. Loss of plasma in burns or crash injuries. Heart failure as in acute heart attacks. Loss of body fluid from recurrent vomiting or severe diarrhoea. Acute abdominal emergencies, example perforation of stomach or ruptured appendix. All electric wires should be well insulated and defective equipment repaired and replaced. Do not touch electric switches and appliances with wet hands. **Prepare one for bad news** Lay the casualty down and deal with the injury or underlying cause of the shock. Raise and support legs to improve the blood supply to the vital organs. Loosen tight clothing at chest, neck, waist to reduce constriction in these areas. Protect when necessary with a blanket or sheet. Do not give casualty anything to drink. Take him to hospital as soon as possible. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **Foreign bodies in the ears, eyes and nose** A foreign body is anything undesirable that enters into the body such as dust, insects and seeds (common with children). A child putting a bean in the nose and then breathing it out.People should protect their eyes when walking or working in an area where there are dust particles in the air e.g. by wearing protective gear.Keep small items such as seeds and beads away from children. ***Foreign body in the eye*** Advise the casualty not to rub the eye.Let the casualty sit facing the light, separate the eyelids gently with clean fingers and thumb.If foreign object can be seen, wash it out with clean water. If it is stuck on, remove with a moist swab or damp corner of clean cloth.If the object remains stuck on, bandage the eye and seek medical assistance at the nearest health facility. ***Foreign body in the nose*** Calm the casualty and request him/her to breath through the mouth.Press the unaffected nostril with a finger and blow the nose to remove the object. If it does not come out, do not attempt to remove it, but seed medical assistance. For small children, seek medical assistance immediately. ***Foreign body in the ear*** Reassure the casualty and let him/her lie down.Flood the ear with clean water if an insect is lodged inside.If unsuccessful, refer casualty to nearest health facility. **Fainting** It occurs due to temporary loss of blood flow in the brain causing a brief loss of consciousness. Illness such as anemia After receiving bad or good news Hunger Overworking Standing for a long time ***Avoid standing for too long.*** ***Avoid overcrowding and poorly ventilated rooms.*** ***Break bad news calmly.*** ***Lay the casualty down and raise the legs slightly above the level of his head.*** ***Loosen all tight clothing.*** ***Ensure there is plenty of fresh air.*** ***Reassure the casualty.*** ***Gradually, raise him into the sitting position and give sips of water, if required.*** ***If he/she does not regain consciousness, seek medical assistance.*** **Nose Bleeding** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES This happens when blood comes out of the nose. It may be caused by an injury, blowing the nose forcefully and picking the nose. Someone pinching the nose to prevent blood from coming out during nose bleeding. The head should be slightly bent. ***Avoid picking the nose.*** ***Avoid blowing the nose too hard and often where possible.*** ***Sit the casualty down with the head forward.*** ***Pinch the nose firmly below the bridge for 10 minutes, making the person breath through the*** ***mouth.*** ***After 10 minutes, request the casualty to release the pressure on the nose.*** ***Encourage the casualty to spit out any blood that flows into the mouth.*** ***If nose bleeding persists beyond 30 minutes, seek medical attention.*** **Drowning** Drowning is the blockage of air passages by liquids when swimming or if one falls into water bodies such as lakes, rivers and basins. A child bending into a bucket full of water. The child then falls inside.Water storage containers must have tight fitting lids. Do not store water in open containers.All water pools around the house should be drained.Bathtubs should be unplugged after use. ***Do not swim unaccompanied by a life saver.*** ***Remove the casualty from the water as quickly as possible.*** ***Shout for help if you cannot swim.*** ***Once the casualty is out:*** ***Open airways by placing casualty briefly on the side to drain out the water.*** ***Check for breathing and blood circulation.*** ***Start artificial respiration immediately if the casualty is not breathing.*** ***If there is no pulse, start Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation.*** ***If casualty starts breathing, put him/her in a recovery position.*** ***If no response, continue with Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation until help arrives.*** **Insect stings and bites** Some insects such as bees, wasps and scorpions sting while others such as mosquitoes, ticks, lice and cockroaches bite. Keep the environment clean. Do not disturb bees and hornets. Air beddings thoroughly and change them frequently. **Bites** Clean the affected area thoroughly with clean water. If possible apply alcohol or alcohol mixed with iodine on affected areas except those close to the eyes. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **Stings** Pluck the sting firmly with fine tweezers. Apply a cold compress to relieve pain and minimize swelling. ## **Snake bites** Snake bites can be poisonous or non-poisonous. ***Different types of snakes*** Do not provoke snakes. Clear bushes around the house Lay the casualty down. Reassure the casualty and keep him/her calm and still. Wash wound well and pat dry with clean swabs. Lightly compress the limb above the wound with a roller bandage and immobilize the injury. Clear bushes around the house **Poisoning** Poison is any substance which when taken causes harm to the body. It gets into the body through swallowing, breathing in gases (inhalation), contact through pesticides and chemicals pushed through the skin. Baby drinking paraffin from a bottle *Man seated in an enclosed room without ventilation and there is a jiko, hence he is inhaling carbon* *monoxide.* ***Wash hands after handling pesticides.*** ***Label medicines, insecticides and all other poisonous substances and keep them away from the*** ***reach of children.*** ***Medicines should be taken as prescribed by the doctor.*** ***Do not store chemicals near food*** ***Management of poison that does not burn*** ***If conscious, give drinks of milk or water immediately.*** ***Induce vomiting by touching the back of the throat with fingers.*** ***Give more drinks as you take the person to the nearest health facility.*** ***Note: take the container that held the poison with you.*** **Management of poison that burns** Give casualty water to drink immediately. Wash away poison from the skin. Refer casualty to nearest health facility ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Note: take the container that held the poison with you Do not store chemicals near food. **What is First Aid?** First Aid is the immediate help given to a person who has had an accident or sudden illness before being placed under medical care. It is usually done at the place where the accident occurs.A person who gives first help uses a First Aid Kit. This is a container with items required to give the first help. By the end of the lesson you should be able to assemble items in a First Aid Kit. **Contents of a First Aid Kit** *Cotton Wool* *Bandages* *Disposable Gloves* *Clinical Thermometer* *Ointment* *Petroleum Jelly* *Antiseptic* *Adhesive Dressings* *Surgical Blades* *Scissors* *Tweezers* *Pain Killers* *Gauze* *Safety Pins* *Sling* *Notepad and Pen* *Water* # **Housing the Family ** **By the end of this lesson you should be able to:** Explain different ways of providing family shelter. State factors to consider when providing family shelter. identify various types of houses. Traditional houses are constructed using materials such as palm leaves, grass, mud and cow dung, which are not durable. Examples of traditional houses include: ***Manyatta (Maasai hut)*** ***Kikuyu hut*** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES ***Borana/ Somali hut*** ***Giriama hut*** ***Luo hut*** ***A Manyatta*** **Manyatta Hut (Maasai)** - Oblong in shape.Uses poles, sticks, grass leaves which are smeared with a plaster of cow dung and mud on both walls and roof.The house has small openings for ventilation. **Kikuyu hut -** Circular in shape.Constructed using poles, sticks and grass. Walls are plastered with mud and then smeared with clay. **Borana/Somali hut -** The Borana /Somali people are nomads and as such their houses are constructed in a way that they can easily be dismantled and moved to new locations. Constructed using poles, sticks and grass. Long grass is neatly woven and tied together with strings into portions. The portions are secured in an overlapping manner onto a supporting frame in both the roof and walls of the house. These portions can easily be rolled up and secured for ventilation. **Giriama hut -** Cone shaped with no apparent difference between the wall and the roof. Made of overlapping long grass tied using strings to a framework of poles and sticks. Palm leaves and twigs are closely woven together to form a detachable door. **Luo hut -** Round in shape.Made of poles, sticks and grass for the roof. Wall and floor are smeared with mud and cow dung and beautifully patterned.There are holes on the wall for ventilation. The floor is smeared with cow dung and mud. **Improved Traditional Houses** These are houses that are constructed by a combination of both temporary and permanent materials. Unlike traditional houses, they are partitioned. **Modern Houses** Modern houses are more durable as they are made using strong materials like stones, cement, bricks, metal, and concrete hence making them permanent. Examples of modern houses include: *Bungalow* *Mainsonette* *Flats or Apartments* ***Bungalow*** A house where all rooms and facilities are constructed on the ground floor. Comes in different shapes like L-shaped, U-shaped and rectangular shaped. House where different areas are constructed on two or more floors hence occupying less ground. Different floors are connected by stairs. ***Flats or apartments*** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Housing units where one complete house is built on top of another. The compound is a common ground floor shared by all. **There are three ways of providing family shelter. These are:** Renting a house Building a house Buying an already built house **Advantages of building** ***One is able to:*** Build according to taste and specifications that meet the family needs and values. Rent it out and generate income. Have an investment for future. Have a feeling of permanence and stability. Use it as security for loans. Alter and renovate it. Choose the type of materials to use. **Disadvantages** Expensive If expertise is lacking the quality of work may be sub-standard. It is involving and time consuming. **Advantages of Buying a house** The house is available for occupation as soon as the transactions are complete. One can choose a location that he/she likes. One can select a house design that best meets his/her family requirements. One can use it to secure loans. Expensive if bought through mortgage. If mortgage is not completely paid, the house can be repossessed. A house already built may not meet all the family requirements. **Advantages of Renting a House** The owner is responsible for maintenance. The tenant rents a house that suits the income and family size. The tenant may vacate the house at will. The tenant chooses a desired location. For example, near social amenities or place of work. Renting is expensive in the long run. One lacks a sense of permanent land ownership. The owner may decide to increase the rent. One cannot modify the house to suit his/her liking. Repairs may not be done on time as required. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **Factors determining the building a House** **1. Family Size** The house should take care of family members as well as different sexes and ages. This factor is considered for all the methods. **2. Cost** Choose a house within your means. One that you can afford. 3. Social Amenities A house should be in close proximity to social amenities. **4. Security** Ensure a safe locality and hazardous free zones far from factories, industries, airport and sewages for health reasons. **5. Construction** Quality of material used in building the house should be durable. Workmanship should be of high quality. **6. Type Of Soil** The type of soil affects the cost of building e.g. black cotton soil is most difficult to manage and hence increases the cost **7. Drainage** The site should be well drained to avoid flooding which leads to dampness, pests and damage to property. **8. Orientation** The positioning of the house in relation to the sun and direction of wind should be considered. **9. Ownership** Ensure you are the legal owner of plot/land house and that all legal requirements are taken care of. **Care of the Home** Cleaning Equipment The home should be kept clean at all times. In order to maintain the cleanliness of the home, constant removal of dirt is important. The following equipment is necessary for the removal of dirt: Brooms Scrubbing brush Cobweb brush Carpet brush Toilet brush Buckets and Basins Dustpan and hand broom Mop and mop bucket ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **State factors to consider when choosing different cleaning equipment.** ***Choice and Care of:*** Brooms and brushes Buckets, basins and karais Dustpans Labour saving equipment ***Brooms and Brushes*** Buy for the correct purpose. Material used should be durable. Bristles should be firmly fixed. The head and handle must be smooth and curved. ***Care*** Use for the correct purpose. Remove loose dirt after every use and clean regularly. Store them appropriately so that the bristles are not damaged. Never store them when wet to avoid bad smell. ***Basins, Buckets, Karais*** Choose those made from durable material. Should be light in weight. Should be easy to clean. Should be washed after use with warm soapy water, rinsed and dried before storage. Store in a cool, clean and dry place. Avoid using scouring pads and strong abrasives as they scratch the surface. ***Dustpan*** The edges should be smooth. Should have a flat base. Should be made from durable material. Clean after every use and store appropriately. Thoroughly clean weekly in hot soapy water, rinse and dry. Do not bang as they loose shape. Use for intended purpose. ***Labour Saving Equipment*** Choice and care of labour saving equipment ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Should be strongly constructed. Should have all the necessary attachments. Buy one that can be easily operated. Make sure it has the correct voltage. Get a manual and a certificate of warranty Get a demonstration from the dealer. Ensure availability of after sales service and spare parts. Follow the manufacturer's instructions. Occasionally empty the dust bag of the vacuum cleaner. Replace the brushes of a carpet sweeper once worn out. Wind the cord around the handle and keep all attachments together while not in use. Store in a hanging position. **Types of Kitchen Equipment and their Use** Kitchen equipment is categorized into 3 main groups mainly: Small equipment Large equipment Labour saving equipment/devices **By the end of the lesson you should be able to identify various kitchen equipment and their use.** **SMALL KITCHEN EQUIPMENT** These are usually classified according to their functions namely: Measuring and weighing equipment Cutting tools Shaping and molding Separating tools Lifting, mixing, turning and scooping tools Oven/baking utensils Pans and pots (Cooking vessels) Measuring and Weighing Equipment ***Cutting Tools*** Knives Shaping and Moulding Tools Separating Tools Lifting, Turning, Scooping and Mixing Tools Spoons Oven/ Baking Utensils Pans and Pots Large Kitchen Equipment Labour Saving Devices # **Measuring and Weighing Equipment** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Cutting Tools Knives Shaping and Moulding Tools Separating Tools Lifting, Turning, Scooping and Mixing Tools Spoons Oven/ Baking Utensils Pans and Pots Large Kitchen Equipment Labour Saving Devices Food Hygiene Food Spoilage and Food Poisoning Food spoilage is the deterioration of food, making it unfit for human consumption. Food poisoning is the illness caused by eating contaminated food. **Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to:** Explain causes and prevention of food spoilage and food poisoning. Identify signs and symptoms of food poisoning. **Causes of Food Poisoning** Chemical Contamination Bacterial Contamination Natural Poisoning Chemical Contamination Pesticides Using chopping board to chop meat then: The same chopping board is used to chop fruits before cleaning Poorly stored maize Maize with aflatoxins **Causes of Food Spoilage** 1. Poor storage of foods 2. Chemicals present in food containers wrappers and packets 3. Keeping food for too long until it rots, wilts or withers. Cover cooked foods to keep off bacteria, pests and pets. Milk should not be stored together with strong smelling foods as it absorbs their smell. Chemicals in Food Canned Meat Chocolate wrapper Prolonged Storage ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Mould Bread Rotten Meat **Food poisoning and food spoilage can be prevented by:** 1. Storing harmful chemicals such as kerosene, detergents away from food. 2. Thoroughly drying grains before storage and then storing them in a clean dry and well ventilated grain store. 3. Not buying foods that have expired or are about to expire. 4. Washing hands, preparing, cooking and serving food in a clean environment. 5. Washing fruits and vegetables before using them. **Signs and Symptoms of Food Poisoning** ***Violent vomiting*** ***High fever*** ***Severe abdominal pain*** ***Dizziness*** ***Diarrhoea*** ***General body weakness*** ***Shivering*** ## **Methods of Cooking ** ***What is cooking?*** Cooking is a process of preparing food by applying heat. Discuss reasons for cooking food. Identify different methods of cooking. State general rules for different methods of cooking. **Why do we cook food?** To improve flavour or taste of food. To improve appearance and make it more appealing. To kill germs and parasites hence making it safe for human consumption. To preserve it. To make it tender/ soft, hence easy to chew, digest and absorb. To improve the texture. **Factors that Determine Methods of Cooking** Type of food to be cooked. Personal taste/ preference. Person being cooked for. Time available. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Cooking equipment available. Number of people to be served. Amount of money available. **General Rules of Cooking** ***There are two main categories of methods of cooking namely:*** Those that use moist heat Those that use dry heat **Moist Methods** Boiling Stewing Steaming Frying Boiling Method Boiling is cooking food completely immersed in boiling water. **General Rules** Moist foods should be put in cold water and then heated to boil. The water should be at the boiling temperature throughout until food is cooked. The food should be immersed in water. Avoid overcooking. Suggested Foods for Boiling Eggs, Meat, Starchy foods like Sweet Potatoes, Maize, Rice, Beans, Githeri, Bone soup **General Rules for Boiling** Most foods should be put in cold water and then heated to boil. It should be at boiling temperature throughout until food is cooked. Eggs Meat Starchy foods like sweet potatoes,maize, rice Beans Githeri Bone soup **Stewing Method** Stewing is cooking food in a measured amount of liquids. Once the food has boiled it is allowed to simmer.Sufficient amount of liquid water or stock should be added for a stew of the right consistency.The saucepan or pot used should have a tight fitting lid to avoid loss of nutrients.Use gentle heat or cook slowly to avoid hardening proteins and damaging food texture and flavour. **Suggested Foods for stewing** Tough cuts of meat, fruits like pears and pineapples, vegetables like carrots and peas, smoked fish ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **General Rules for Stewing** Sufficient amount of liquid water should be added.Upon boiling, simmer to avoid denaturing proteins and damaging of texture and flavour of food.Tough cuts of meat Fruits like pears and pineapples. Vegetables like carrots and peas Smoked fish **Steaming Method** This is cooking food using steam from boiled water. Steaming can be done directly or indirectly.Have water boiling prior to steaming.The steamer must have a tight fitting lid to avoid loss of steam.The temperature of the water bath must be boiling throughout. **Suggested Foods for steaming** Fish, Green vegetables, Tender cuts of meat General Rules for Steaming Fish Green vegetables Tender cuts of meat The following is a video clip showing steaming method of cooking. **Frying Method** This is cooking food in hot fat or oil. The food can either be deep, shallow or dry fried.Use a heavy/ strong pan, which has no seam or rivets.All oils/ fats should be of good quality and of high smoking point to avoid overheating fat/oil and burning.Fill the pan until  (two thirds) of oil to avoid overflowing when deep frying.Heat the fat/ oil to the right temperature before putting in food.Do not overload the fryer as this lowers the temperature of the oil.Foods to be fried should be dry or coated to prevent splattering. **Suggested Foods for frying** Doughnuts, Fish, Chips, Chapatti, Pancakes, Eggs, Meat **Rules Rules for Frying** The deep frying oil should not be more than  (two thirds) full to avoid overflowing when deep frying.Foods to be fried should be dry or coated. *Doughnuts* *Chips* *Chapatti* *Pancakes* *Doughnuts* *Fish* *Chips* *Chapatti* *Pancakes* *Eggs* *Meat* **Dry Methods** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Roasting Baking Roasting Method Cooking food using direct source of heat which can be done using an oven or over a charcoal fire. Ensure frequent basting or turning of food to keep it moist and ensure even cooking. Food to be roasted should be of good quality e.g. tender cuts of meats. The oven or fire should be ready when beginning to roast. **Suggested Foods for roasting** Meat, Maize, Chicken, Potatoes, Arrow roots, Yams, Cassava General Rules for Roasting Maize Chicken Potatoes Arrow roots Yams Cassava **Baking Method** Cooking food using hot dry air which is done in an oven. Heat the oven before baking. Observe the baking duration for the item being baked. Test for readiness before removing from the oven. **Suggested Foods for baking** Potatoes, bread, cakes, fish, biscuits, pastries and pies Click at the top to view the video clip on baking General Rules for Baking Potatoes Bread Cakes Fish Biscuits Pastries Pies # **Textile Fibres** **The following sub-topics will be covered under this topic:** 1. Classification of Textile Fibres 2. Properties of Textile Fibres **Fibres** ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES **Fibres are classified into two main groups:** *Natural* *Man-made* *Wool fibre* **Natural Fibres** 1. Animal 2. Plant 3. Mineral **Animal Fibres** 1. Wool 2. Silk **Plant Fibres** 1. Cotton 2. Linen **Man-made Fibres** These are fibres that are not made purely from natural raw materials. They are classified into two groups: 1. Regenerated 2. Synthetic **Regenerated Fibres** They are made from natural fibres treated with chemical substances. They include: 1. Viscose Rayon 2. Acetate Rayon **Viscose Rayon** Viscose rayon is made from cotton linters and chemicals. Spinneret **Acetate Rayon** Acetate rayon is made from wood pulp and chemicals. **Synthetic Fibres** Synthetic fibres are made from chemicals. These chemicals are derived from coal, oil or petroleum products. The fibres are made through a process known as polymerisation where polymers are made by ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES the combination of small molecules. ***They include:*** 1. Polyamide 2. Polyester 3. Polyacrylics **Polyamide** They are made from benzene (from coal), oxygen and nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from water).Polyamide under the microscope **Polyester** Polyester fibres are derived from petroleum. **Polyacrylics** This is produced from acrylonitrile, a liquid produced from petroleum or natural gas. Elastomerics They are elastic and rubber like substances made from polyunethane. Properties of Textile Fibres **Properties of Cotton** Cotton is produced from the cotton plant. It is one of the most popular natural fibres used to make personal and household articles. ***Desirable qualities of cotton*** Cotton is absorbent making it suitable for towels and undergarments.Cotton is a strong fibre and can withstand the friction required in laundry work. This makes it suitable for school uniforms, children's clothing and bed linen.Cotton can withstand mild alkalis and stain removers hence making it ideal for household linen and daily wear.Cotton can withstand high temperatures. This makes it suitable for items that need to be sterilized such as dish clothes, towels and napkins. Cotton is a good conductor of heat thus keeps the body cool in warm weather.Cotton does not generate and hold static electricity therefore clothes do not cling to the body when worn. This makes it ideal for outdoor clothing.Cotton takes in dyes easily therefore comes in a wide variety of colours.Cotton is resistant to attack from moths. **Undesirable Properties of Cotton** *Creases easily* *Shrinks readily* *Yellows with age* *Not resistant to mildew* *Lacks lustre* *Flammable* ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES *Not resistant to strong acids* **Properties of Linen** *Linen is produced from the stem of a flax plant.* *The properties of linen are similar to those of cotton except that it:* *Is crisp* *Has lustre* *Is stronger* *Frays readily* *Desirable qualities of Linen* *It is used for table linen such as table cloths, napkins, mats and cushions because it is strong, hence* *withstands regular laundering and high temperatures.* *Linen is popularly used in the kitchen because it is strong and is resistant to high temperatures.* *Linen clothes are popular because they are absorbent making them suitable in hot climate.* *Linen takes in dyes easily therefore comes in a wide variety of colours.* *It is popularly used to make household articles like organizers, chair covers and cushions.* *Undesirable Properties of Linen* *Creases readily* *Attacked by mildew* **Properties of Wool** Wool is the hair or fur from animals such as sheep, goats or camels. ***Desirable Properties of Wool*** It has a natural crimp which makes it warm to wear. Wool is resilient making it crease resistant. Wool is non-flammable It is absorbent **Properties of Silk** Silk is produced from the secretion of a silk worm. ***Desirable Properties of Silk*** Silk is a very strong fibre therefore washes and wears well, making it suitable for underwear. Silk has a soft fine lustre therefore popularly used for evening wear. Silk drapes well Silk is absorbent. Silk is resistant to mildew, fungi and moths. It is crease resistant therefore suitable for travel wear. ***Undesirable Properties of Silk*** Weak when wet; Easily damaged by high temperatures; ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Weakened by long exposure to sunlight; Perspiration weakens it; Easily weakened by alkalis and acids. **Properties of Mineral Fibres** **Asbestos** The most commonly used mineral fibre is asbestos. **Properties of Asbestos** It is resistant to fire and most chemicals. Asbestos is commonly used to make fire fighting clothes.Asbestos cloth being resistant to heat and fires is used to make various items such as hats, gloves, belts, ropes and fire fighting uniform. Asbestos fibre is also used as insulation materials for water heaters, fridges and ovens. **Silver strands** are used to make decorative clothes and items. **Gold fibres** are woven into fabric for decorative purposes to make various items. **Properties of Viscose Rayon** Viscose rayon is made from wood pulp and chemicals. The properties of viscose rayon are similar to those of cotton. ***Desirable Properties of Viscose Rayon*** Being a filament fibre it produces a smooth and lustrous surface. It is therefore popularly used to make table cloths and napkins.Viscose is absorbent therefore cool to wear in hot climate.Viscose takes in dyes well and therefore can be produced in a wide variety of colours and designs.Viscose blends easily with other fibres and is normally blended with cotton and wool. This makes it crease resistant and strong while maintaining its high lustre. ***Undesirable Properties of Viscose Rayon*** Is not a strong fibre and is weaker when wet. It should therefore not be twisted, wrung or rubbed during laundry. Scorches when exposed to heat Develops mildew Yellows and rots due to prolonged exposure to light. **Properties of Synthetic Fibres** **Synthetic fibres** are made from chemical substances which are mainly derived from coal, oil or petroleum products. There are properties that are common to all synthetic fibres. ***Desirable Properties of Synthetic Fibres*** Synthetic fibres are very strong. They are therefore used to make a variety of items. ----- ### HOME SCIENCE FORM 1 NOTES Synthetics are smooth and have a lustrous finish. Synthetic fabrics drape well and are popularly used to make curtains and table clothes. Synthetic fabrics are resilient. This means they do not crease easily and are therefore good for traveling and work clothes. Light in weight therefore good for travel. Resistant to sunlight except nylon which yellows with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Not attacked by moths, insects and mildew. ***Undesirable Properties of Synthetic Fibres*** Not absorbent Develop static electricity making them cling to the body and attract dirt. Damaged by chlorine bleaches Damaged by high temperatures Abrasion and prolonged wear causes pilling (small ball-like features) on the fabric. -----