A beginningwhich introduces the essay gives the setting introduces charactersconflictsetc


The middlebody


Shows the progression and makes up the main bodyof the essayit shows the challenges involving the main characters and how the conflict is resolvedIt provides the climax of the story


a conclusionwhich signals end of an essay


Exercise


i Write a composition beginning with or ending with


a As I watched the spider rebuilding its web I realized that I too had to go back home and try to rebuild my broken life


ii Write a composition ending with


but they arrived too late


Write a composition to illustrate the meaning of the proverb


Patience pays


Once bitten twice shy


All that glitters is not gold


One good chance deserves another


A stitch in time saves nine


NIE BK2 SHOPPING LISTS


help one to identify requirements plan courses of action and use time efficiently


Activity p137


Imagine that your mother is very busy and so she asks you to write for herher weekly shopping listWrite it out


Example


WEEKLY SHOPPING LIST


1Kg sugar a bar of soap


kg salt onions


1 kg meat steel wool


Kales tea leaves


1 litre of paraffin yams


Carrots tomatoes


kg cooking fat royco cubes


Sweet potatoes baking powder


Food colour wheat flour2 kg


Finger millet flour 2 kg


Exercise


Your school debating club has invited the corresponding club in a neighbouring school for an afternoon debate and tea on Saturday Thirty five visitors are expected and your club has a membership of forty


List what has to be provided for the occasion


Draft a plan of action in table form


FORM 2


COMPOSITION


DIALOGUES


NIE BK1 P111


RULES OF WRITING A DIALOGUE


The speakers name is written on the lefthand side of the book


A colon is placed after the speakers name


Each time the speaker speaks hisher name is written on the left hand side followed by a colon and hisher exact words written down


Long speeches are not natural In reality people make shortbrief comments


If the dialogue is written in a continuous prose use quotation marks  to indicate the actual words spoken by the characterBegin a new paragraph each time a different character speaks


In playformat quotation marks are not usedother punctuation rules are kept


Contracted forms of words are allowedeg Youre you are Ill I willId I would


Stage directions SD  ie explanations about what a speaker does what gestures heshe uses and hisher facial expressionsare put in bracketseg


A man is enjoying his morning coffee when his wife slaps him on the back of his head


Man puzzled Why have you done thissee some of the coffee has split on my trouser


Wife showing him a piece of paper and waves it before his face


I found this in your pocket It has the name Rosemarywritten on it Youd better have an explanation


Exercise


Imagine that youu have read a story but have not quite understood ityou go to the teacher to seek clarificationwrite down the dialogue you would have with him


your friend has suggested that you discuss the most effective ways of revising English examinationwrite down the conversation you would have with himher


NIE BK2 PP251254


Businessformal lettersofficial letters


FORMAT


a Address


the addresses must be two The senders address is at the top righthand corner of the page Below the senders address the date is written


The recipients address is written on the left hand side below the date


b Salutationit comes below the recipients addressie Dear sirmadam


c Reference RE  with regard to This is a summary statement of the purpose of the letterwritten in capital letters and underlined


d The bodycommunicates the purposeof the letterthe paragraphs are usually short and each deals with one pointtopic but should fully communicate the idea


e Valediction the closing remark is


Yours faithfully


f Signature and namethe signature is written below the valediction and must be written by handbelow it print the name of the senderthe position held in that institution may be indicated below the name


CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS LETTERS


Formalitythey are formal and one should not include idle talk or gossipone should be impartial and not show the attitude one has towards the recipientbe polite in tone


Languagethe letter should be grammatically correct


Purposewrite the letter with a purpose in mindgo directly to the point


Brevitybe clearbrief and avoid irrelevant issues


Acknowledgementa business letter written in reply to another usuallyacknowledges the former one or quotes the reference number


Example


Kerera Secondary School


PO Box 326440200


KISII


11TH January 2014


The Supplies Manageress


Chui Bookshop


Po Box 705000100


NAIROBI


Dear Madam


RE ORDER OF SCIENCE BOOKS


We would like to order the following books


forty copies of form two biology by Kenya literature bureau


twenty copies of chemistry form two by jomo kenyatta publisher


thirty copies of physics form one by longhorn publishers


Please send the books before 30th January 2014


Yours faithfully


Mwangi


Headteacher


REPLY


Po Box 205000100


15th October 2011


The Headteacher


Kerera Secondary School


Po Box 326440200


KISII


Dear Sir


RE ORDER OF SCIENCE BOOKS


Thank you for your letter dated 11th October ordering science bookswe regret to inform you that the books you require are out of stock at presentwe expect a new supply in two months time


Please accept our apologies for any inconvenience


Yours sincerely


Grace Moya


Supplies Manageress


The address on the envelope is written in the centre and in block formeg


NIE BK 2


PP241242 POSTERS


when writng a public notice


give it a brief clear tittle


use big clear writing


wite shortclear phrases


Give each important point aseparate line eg


1 Write a public notice about each of the following subjects


a a meeting of the drama club


b a lost book


c a broken bridge on a public road


2 Design a poster advertising an inter school macth


NB Posters can be seen everywhere eg


along the road side


on sides of buldings


on trees in villages and towns


on rooftops


ADVERTISEMENTS


Headstart Bk 2 NIE Bk 2 pp5052  NIE Bk 4 pp 7071


Each time we have a product to sell or a service to offer we look for a way of letting people know that we have a product or service the strong points of the product and how they can access it


POINTS TO CONSIDER


Know the target audience of the product or service well to help you to decideon


the age of the people to use eg No country uses children to advertise alcoholic drinks


the language used should appeal to your audience


the graphics and pictures to be used


Choose the appropriate medium that will reach your target audience If you are advertising farm implements or products you should choose a medium that reaches people in the rural areas


The message may be direct or implied Eg when young people see famous and successful people smoking they aspire to be like them and many may start smoking


Identify the selling pointsof the product


Decide if you will use pictures and balance them with words


Appealing visual images and emotive language are incorpoted in an advertisement to persuade or convince us to do or buy something


An advertisement has a heading bodycontaining details and contact address


Ex NIE BK 2 p


Imagine that you have a car to sell List all details you think you should include and advertise it


Example


attention


arresting


headline


details and


conditions


Location


contact


address


NIE BK 3 P305306  I E P93  NIE BK2 P120


PERSONAL JOURNALS


Ajournal is a record of an individuals impressions of agiven occurrance  event things or


persons


In your journal you describe


people


world games events


personal happenings


The style of ajournal is closer to expositionthan narration


Although the evntsare recorded as they happen the feelings they inspire are more important than the events themselves


Ajournal writer seeks to capture the events in relation to their impact on the senses and that is what he sets out to record


The tense is past tense


A journal appealsto the senses of touch taste smell hearing and sight


EXERCISE


1 Recall a striking event that you participated in and write a journal entry describing it


2 Imagine that you had afour day tour to a tourist centre Write a journal on what excited embarrassed depressed or annoyed you during the tour


FORM 3


COMPOSITION


SYLLABUS


Reminders


Personal Journals


Notes of Thanks


Notes of Congratulations


Notes of condolences


Imaginative composition


Letters of application


Synopsis


Report  newspaper reports simple reports


Argumentative essays


Notification of meetings


Agenda


Minute writing


Memoranda


Telegrams


NIE BK 3 P 46 IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION


Our imagination is built on our knowledge and experiences


One can be given a sentence to begin a composition with it or end in it Also you can be given a proverb or a saying to write a story so as to bring out its meaning


Write your composition to an appropriate length


Points to consider


Create events and people that are convincing eg avoid stories about ogresmonsters


The sequence of events must be logical eg we cannot have a student driving his own car


Quality depends to a large extent on the characters you create and how they relate to each other


The composition should clearly describe scenes sounds and thoughts that would make a reader form impressions and opinions


You must plan your essay using an outline


Make the essay lively by using direct speech


Exercise


Write a composition to illustrate the meaning of the proverb Make hay while the sun shines


Write a composition starting with or ending with the sentence


As I watched the spider rebuilding its web I realized that I too had to go back home and try to rebuild my broken life


Write a composition ending with but they arrived too late


NIE BK 3 P 87 SYNOPSIS PRCISABSTRACT


pl synopses


It is a short account comprising one to three pages of something longer


It summarizes the information in books films plays and research papers It is found at the beginning of a text


To write a good synopsis take into account


The blurb


Read the blurb at the back cover of the book


It helps you to know who the write or writers are and their experiences in writing


It outlines the plot key issues and topics covered in the book


It may state how the book is rated by authorities on the subject


The text


Survey the book from which the synopsis will be written This involves studying


the introduction


the table of contents


chapters or scenes and


summaries of the book


Reading the text


Take note of its strong and weak points


Note areas of interest which have been highlighted


Select and give only the most important ideas and points from the text


Write in complete but short and compact sentences


We normally use the present simple tense in a synopsis


Exercise


Write a one page synopsis of a book of your choice


Example


NIE BK 3 P 121 THANK YOU NOTES


It is polite to thank people who have been helpful to us in one way or another It encourages them to offer hospitality to others


It also reflects the kind of person you are You can express your gratitude through conversation or telephone


You can also write a thank you note or a thank you card


POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING A THANK YOU NOTE


It should be brief


It should be confined to the purpose of which it was written conveying gratitude


It should not be use as an opportunity to remind the recipient of unfulfilled obligation


The note between the writer and the recipient would influence the choice of words or register


If the note is written on behalf of a group of people your position in the group should be specified


Think of a situation in the past where you needed to thank someone Determine what you are going to thank them for Write an appropriate thank you note for their action


NIE BK 3 P 144 NOTES OF CONGRATULATIONS


POINTS TO CONSIDER


It should


be brief


state the particular achievement for which congratulations are due


convey feelings of joy excitement or pride in the recipients achievement


convey a tone of sincerity


express hope of continued prosperity


NB pay attention to the language rather than the frame


Example


WRITING REPORTS


AIE P 167


KCSE Golden tips pp6770


SHORT  SIMPLE REPORTS


POINTS TO NOTE ABOUT REPORTS


They should be clearly set out with headings and subheadings where necessary


They should contain all the necessary details but avoid repetition of ideas


Reports should be written in an appropriate language ensuring correct sentence structures spelling and punctuation


Coherence The report should be organized in such a way that the points are presented in a logical manner for smooth flow of ideas Related ideas should be put together Avoid the unnecessary details


Impartiality Use the passive voice


Clarity Go straight to the point This ensures that the report is clear and ambiguities are avoided


The report should be relevant to the topic It calls for a factual practical account


Contents of a report


Heading  The report should have the title as a heading It indicates what the report is all about


Introduction  It gives the scope of the report terms of reference background information and abrief description of the methods used during the investigation It consists of


what the report is about


where the investigation was carried out


the people who participated


why it was necessary


who commissioned the investigation


Terms of reference  This section states the specific purpose of writing the report and the scope This shows the range of coverage


Procedure  This section gives the information on how the data was collected eg it may have been collected through questionnaire or an interview schedule or document analysis or test or focus group discussion


Findings Involves the outcome of the information collected after its analysis Say what you observed in the field Write in the past tense


Conclusion State the deductions arrived at through reasoning from the data collected


Recommendations These are given if the study requires further action Eg


Recommendation is that a new English club started to give students an opportunity to practice what they have learnt


Signing off  Indicate the name of the person who compiled the report and his position in the committee


Example


Imagine that you are the secretary of a committee that was set up in Malezi School to look into the cause of Perennial water shortage and also suggest the recommendations and how to alleviate the problem


A REPORT ON CAUSES OF WATER SHORTAGE IN MALEZI SCHOOL AND SUGGESTIONS ON IMPROVEMENT


INTRODUCTION


There had been a constant water shortage for a period of three years The Board of Governors commissioned a committee of five members to find out the root cause of the problem The committee comprised of the following


Felister Nyangau  Chair person


Eliud Nyangechi  Secretary


Silvia Mutemi  Member


Tom Kazungu  Member


The members were given one week to complete their work and present their report


Findings


The committee found out three causes of water shortage in the school


Old piping


The survey revealed that the piping was more than twenty five years old It had not been replaced since the founding of the school Many of the pipes were rotten and water leaked in many places which made water not to last long in the reservoirs In addition some pipes were blocked in several points by rust and silt


Faulty water pump


The committee realized that the pumping station was not operating as required The Members learnt that the pump had broken down six times in the first 3 months of the year It was also clear that the person in charge of the pump was unskilled and could not carry out minor maintenance repairs


Carelessness and misuse


Misuse was also found to contribute to water shortage It was observed that water was unnecessarily being used to water grass lawns during the dry season Several taps in the dorm area were found running unattended a pointer to the possibility that the students were irresponsibly wasting water


Conclusion and Recommendations


From the survey findings it was clear that some action needed to be done for the causes of water shortage to be eliminated The committee came up with the following recommendations


Old pipes should be replaced with new ones immediately


The school should purchase a new water pump and employ a skilled person to operate it


Students should be taught how to conserve water Unnecessary watering of grass lawns should be stopped forthwith


Compiled by


James Baraza


Secretary


Exercise


Last year the district experienced severe famine


An agricultural Committee was set up to investigate ways of preventing the outbreak in the future As the secretary to the committee compile a report of the findings and recommendations


B There has been wide spread cheating of exams in the district The District Education Officer has appointed a committee of five members mandated to investigate possible causes of the problem and give recommendations You are the Secretary of the committee and are therefore expected to write a report


NEWSPAPER REPORTS


NIE bk 3 p 129 KCSE Golden Tips p79


Points to note


The heading is written in bold type


Sometimes there are subheadings These convey the key message of the report but are not always grammatically structured


The identity of the reporter is stated or his connection with the newspaper


The first paragraph and even the first sentence summarizes the report


The report is written in the past tense because the event has already taken place


Headlines could be in the past tense present tense or in the passive voice


Usually there is a mixture of direct and indirect speech in the report since eye witnesses are interviewed and their comments quoted


The language should be simple


At times pictures and captions accompany the report


Because of space Most reports are brief The report should be objective


Newspaper articles are about new information about specific and timely events


ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSDISCURSIVE ESSAYS


NIE BK 3P 163


When writing argumentative essays arguments from both sides are considered and a conclusion is reached There are usually diversive views about the topic under discussion


Characteristics of argumentative essays


There should be a general topic


Two or more conflicting points of view should be discussed


Arguments for and against each point of view are given


Presented points should be expanded to help in paragraph expansion The writer should draw a conclusion from the arguments It can be for or against what is proposed in the writing


Argumentative writing is like a debate the only difference is that the contrasting points of view are discussed by the same person The writer uses connectors of addition and contrast to project different views Eg however nevertheless but on the other hand contrary to


Ex P 165 UPE


Excercise


Boys and girls should have an equal share of their parents property


NIE BK 3 P 177 NOTES OF CONDOLENCES


Notes of condolences express encouragement and comfort to the bereaved Though it is common to be at a loss for words on such occasions writing notes of condolences gives you the time and the distance to choose your words appropriately


These notes should be brief and to the point


The choice of the words is governed by the relationship between the sender and the recipient


Messages of condolences should


Express sorrow at the loss of the departed eg


I have learnt with deep sorrow of the untimely death of your dear mother


It is with great sadness that we have received the news of your fathers death


Appreciate the value of life of the departed eg


Our school to which she dedicated twenty four years of her life will miss her greatly


The gap she leaves behind will be difficult to fill


Encourage and give hope to the bereaved


Our prayers are with you in these difficult times


May God give you the fortitude to bear the loss


NIE BK 3 P 221 REMINDERS


GUEST LISTS


A guest list helps one


1 Not to leave out closest friends or people of importance


2 To address people by their proper names and titles


3 Identify speakers who would have relevant information


NB It is impolite to put down a persons name as a guest of Honour without prior permission


The number of people invited depends on the capacity to host them effectively in terms of refreshments and space


WHAT TO CONSIDER


Type of party eg Birthday fundraising Will determine the number and type of guests to be invited


Time of party or event day or night


Venue of the party is it possible to get public transport Some places may be inaccessible


Do you require a Guest of Honour


The above considerations categorize the guests as


Family brothers grandparents aunts etc


Neighbours


Classmates


Associates  in sports work etc


Exercise


Imagine that you are hosting an end of year for Wildlife club Using the criteria given above compile a Guest List for the party


THINGS TO DO LIST


It is important when one has a lot to do within a short time It helps us to save time and plan things in advance


Focus our energy so that we do not waste time


Remember to do important things first


It is now a festive season and you intend to go out There are a number of things you should do before the celebration Write a things to do list to have your plans ahead eg


Imagine that you are going away for two days Write a things to do list in order of priority


Wash iron and pack all the clothes


Arrange for someone to take care of the pets


Inform the neighbours


Call the host to confirm the arrival time


Store any cooked food in the fridge freezer


Wash and clean all the utensils


Pull out the TV plug


Check the gas cooker and turn it of


Shut all the windows


Draw all the curtains


Put out all the lights


Lock all the doors


Lock the gate


Inform friends about the absence


NIE BK 3 P 265 AGENDA


Agenda consists of issues for discussion at a meeting


HOW TO SET AN AGENDA


Determine the matter that needs to be discussed in relation to the group objectives


Decide whether the matter need to be discussed or it is a mere announcement Announcements can be pinned on the notice boards or be made orally at the assembly


Consider the length of the meeting


Consider how the matter to be discussed concerns the people invited to the meeting


Decide whether there are any subsidiary matters that need brief discussion


The agenda then should be clearly stated Agenda statements go along with notification of meetings


Example


NIE BK 3 P 265 NOTIFICATION OF MEETINGS


A notification should answer some basic questions eg


Who is invited to the meeting Eg Is it a meeting of


Executive Committee


Club members


General Public


Who issues the notification of the meeting


Where would the meeting take place  Venue


When will the meeting take place  Date and time of meeting


What would be discussed  Agenda


Emphasize punctuality


Notices can be issued electronically through the print media or the radio


In a school Notice of meeting is issued at announcements at assembly or Notice Board or through letters to other schools


NIE BK 3 P MINUTE WRITING


Minutes are a record of what was agreed rather than what is said rather than what was discussed


They help those involved to follow up issues discussed and take up appropriate action


Minutes indicate


1 The heading It must have the name of the group meeting the venue of the meeting date and time of the meeting


2 Record of attendance Records names of the members who are present physically names of members who are absent but have sent apologies and names of those absent and have not sent apologies


3 In attendance Are people who attend the meeting but are not members of the group eg the principal may be in attendance in a meeting of a club These give guidance to the members


They are also called exofficio members Names of office bearers come first


Minutes are written using the 3rd person or the passive voice Recording should be factual Use the past tense


Numbering of minutes eg


MIN 30112 Prefects Privileges


3 represents the item on the agenda


12the year in which the meeting was conducted in


01  represents the month of January in which the meeting was held MIN  is abbreviation for minute


Preliminaries  are opening remarks of a meeting from the chairperson These may include a welcoming note or a prayer


Confirmation of minutes of the previous meeting  minutes of the previous meeting are read and confirmed One person proposes the minutes to be a true record and another person seconds that proposal If the group meets for the first time there are no minutes to confirm


Matters arising  Are issues appearing in the previous minutes that require clarification or discussion in the current meeting The agenda of the current meeting is discussed after matters arising are put to rest


Any Other Business AOB are issues raised by members after exhausting all isues in the agenda They are not in the original agenda


Adjournment The meeting comes to an end It comes with closing remarks and mostly a prayer The date for the next meeting may be written here


Ending consists of a space for confirmation and signing


Example


MINUTES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLUB MEETING OF KERERA HIGH SCHOOL HELD ON THE 20TH JANUARY 2012 AT 400 IN THE SCIENCE LABORATORY


PRESENT


Mercy Keiri  chairperson


Tom Wafula  secretary


Chebet Kipkorir  treasurer


Ann Wambua  member


Aggrey Monda


Geoffrey Guto


ABSENT WITH APOLOGY


Zipporah Nyali  member


Peter Koech


ABSENT


Benson Teres


IN ATTENDANCE


Patrick Okeo  Patron


Mr Joash Mutua  District Environmental Officer


MIN 1112 Preliminaries


A member led in the opening prayer The chairperson called the meeting to order at 410 pm she welcomed the members and thanked them for keeping time She introduced Mr Mutua District Environmental Officer who was in attendance


MIN 2112 Confirmation of previous minutes


The secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting Wambua proposed and Guto seconded that the minutes were a true record for the meetings proceedings


MIN 3112 Matters arising


MIN 431011 Tree planting project


A member wanted to know why the clubs tree planting project which had been proposed in the previous meeting had not taken off The chairperson explained that unknown people had destroyed the clubs tree nursery Members agreed that the project needed to be revived


MIN 4112 Community cleaning project


The members discussed and agreed that they would continue with their community project they agreed that the following week on a Saturday they would clean Keumbu Market which had heaps of litter Two members were put in charge of the project Mr Mutua promised to provide litter bins and other necessary equipment


MIN 5112 Raising money


Members felt that it was important to raise enough money to fund the clubs activities the members requested the patron to approach the principal with a request to allow the club to run the school canteen Mr Mutua also informed the members that the club would be given funds by through the District Environmental Office However the club has to be registered with District Environmental Office first


MIN 6112 Membership


The members agreed that they will encourage more students to join the club It was also agreed that the membership fees be Sh 20 This would encourage more students to enrol


MIN 7112 Any Other Business


A member thanked Mr Mutua for attending the meeting and for giving them insight on environmental matters


ii The secretary promised to circulate the meetings proceedings in good time before the next meeting


MIN 8112 Adjournment


There being no other business the meeting ended at 540 pm with a prayer by Aggrey Monda The next meeting will be held on 21st February at 410 pm at the same venue


CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES


Chairperson  Signature  Date


Secretary  Signature  Date


NIE BK 3 P 316 BUSINESS FORMAL LETTERS


They include


Letters written by you to an official body eg You may want to write a letter to a daily newspaper about certain issues you feel strongly about or to the local council complaining about garbage collection in your area


Letters from an official to another The principal of the neighbouring school may write a letter to another principal


Letters from an official to you Eg You may be the chairperson of your youth club in your area and an official writes to you requesting you to perform a certain duty


FORMAT


Senders address  Write it at the right hand corner of the page The name of the city or town should be written in capital letters


The date should be written below the senders address eg 17th January 2012


Reference number It may indicate the department eg ENG English Department or file number


The title and address of the receiver  This address should be complete and have all the details that would be on the mailing address


The through address This is required when one writes a letter through his immediate boss or principal or patron The person whose through address appears on the letter reads it and then forwards it to the actual receiver If it is the same as the senders address then do not repeat it


Attention pointer  used when one writes a letter to a big institution necessitating himher to direct it to the proper person or right side eg


Attention Mr Joseph Koech


For the attention of Miss Dolphin Orare


Salutation  use Dear Sir or Dear madam  one at a time not both


Subject heading  gives an immediate prominence of the subject of the letter ie RE meaning with regard to It is written in capital letters and underlined


The letter  write in paragraphs introduce the letter by stating the reasons for writing


the body would have the facts that you are presenting


The conclusion may have what you want the recipient to do for you


a Valediction  Your letter should end Yours faithfully Y is capitalized f is small


b Signature Business letters must be signed by the sender It should be written above the name of the sender The name of the sender should be in capital letters Below the name write the designation Eg


Yours faithfully


Dolphin Orare


Carbon copy cc is a copy of the letter given to another person who needs to be aware of the contents of the letter Write Cc followed by the name or title of the person to whom the copy of the letter is given If the person writing is in the same institution do not put full address if not include full address


Attached documents What you have enclosed is shown by the heading Encls meaning Enclonsures


Example


MAGOMENI SECONDARY SCHOOL


PO BOX 160303  00501


MOMBASA


17TH JANUARY 2012


REF NO 1110312


THE CHAIRPERSON


MUSIC CLUB


MATUNGA SECONDARY SCHOOL


PO BOX 10102  00510


MSHIMBA


Thro


The patron music club


Dear Sir


RE MUSIC GALA NIGHT


I would like to invite members of your Music Club to our Music Gala Night which will be held in our school hall on 2nd March 2012 from 600 pm in the evening to 1030 pm


We would appreciate it very much if your Music Club would perform one masterpiece a folk song and a dance to raise the curtain The mayor of Mombasa City Council has kindly accepted to grace the occasion as the Chief Guest


I have enclosed the programme Please let me hear from you as soon as you can


Yours Faithfully


sign


William Otwori


Secretary Music Club


Cc


Patron Music Club


Magomeni Secondary school


Matunga Secondary School


PO Box 10102


Mshimba


Encls


Music Gala programme


Two invitation cards


Exercise


Write a letter to the Municipal Council complaining about Garbage collection in your market


NIE BK 3 P 333 TELEGRAMS


A telegram is a message that is transmitted by a telegraph


In writing a telegraph every word costs money There is a standing charge for the 1st 10 words If you want to save money say precisely what you want in a few words


Leave out


Determiners  a an the some any eg The parcel arrived this morning


PARCEL ARRIVED MORNING


Pronouns I he them she they eg


She was admitted yesterday


ADMITTED YESTERDAY


Words like possessive nouns and adjectives Eg his our theirher


WE SOLD OUR CAR YESTERDAY


Prepositions eg on in at eg I saw JOSEPH at the market


SAW JOSEPH MARKET


A full stop is indicated by the word STOP in a telegram Numerals can be used instead of words Eg forty two  42


The senders name is also counted as a word and should be written after the message Eg


WIFE DELEVERED BABY GIRL STOP DISCHARGED STOP JOHN


Activity p333  334


NIE BK 3 P 105 MEMORANDA MEMO


A memoranda or memo is an internal communication document It can only be sent within different offices of the same institution and not elsewhere


However there are other memoranda structured differently that are issued by workers or a delegation to a visiting senior government officer  donors or senior management stating needs requests or demands


Some offices have set formats for their memoranda In the absence of such a format officers design their own formats which include the following details


reference number of communication memorandum


name and position of the one to whom the memoranda is addressed


name and position of others who need to know about this communication


name and position of sender


date of communication


title or subject of memorandum


content


The content of a memorandum or memo is usually very brief and direct


Example


Emerald High School is hosting the district interschool debating competition scheduled for 18th June Below is a memo from the Debating Club patron to the school cateress asking her to make arrangements for the meals


FORM FOUR


COMPOSITION


SYLLABUS


Letters of Request


Recipes


Letters of Enquiry


Speeches


Book Review


Questionnaires


EMails


Faxes


Confidential Reports


Autobiography


Curriculum Vitae


Biography


Expository Writing


Giving instructions to Family and Friends


NIE BK4 pp2932 LETTERS OF REQUEST


Can be formal or informal


In both cases the sender must state their request clearly giving the recipient sufficient information to enable them to determine whether or not to act on the request


Informal requests


We borrow things ask for information or seek favours from our friends acquaintances and relatives This is put in informal requests


When borrowing items know that you are likely to inconvenience the other party As such you need to offer due apologies and promise to return the item the soonest possible The degree of informality varies


Letters of request should give the addressed the freedom to decide whether they can oblige the request or not It is impolite to coerce for support


Formal requests


Follow the format of formal letters They seek information or service Though brief they contain all the necessary information


Example p 2a


Utu Wema Secondary School


PO Box 206 50103


MALABA


10th January 2013


The Curator


Mt Elgon Museum


PO Box 4630200


Kitale


Dear SirMadam


RE SCHOOL VISIT


The form four class would like to make a guided tour of the museum on the 17th January as part of their cultural appreciation project They are interested in seeing artifacts images and housing structures collected at your museum as part of the cultural heritage of people from Western Kenya


Could you let me know if the proposed date is suitable for your education staff  Also advise us regarding the costs and any other requirements Any inconvenience in view of the short notice is regretted


I look forward to your earliest response


Thank you


Yours faithfully


Vincent Obure


Headteacher


DECLINING REQUESTS POLITELY


At times a request may be difficult to honour In such a case one needs to decline it politely


STEPS TO USE


Acknowledge the request


State your willingness to honour it


Explain that you cannot honour the request without going into minute details Eg


Example


THE CURATOR


MT ELGON MUSEUM


POBOX 4630200


KITALE


13TH JANUARY 2013


THE HEADTEACHER


UTU BORA SECONARY SCHOOL


POBOX 206 50103


MALABA


Dear Mr Wangamati


RE SCHOOL TRIP


We have received your letter dated 10th August Thank you for the interest you have in our work We regret we will not be able to receive your students on 17th JANUARY as requested due to earlier commitments We would however be glad to reschedule it to a date suitable to your learners next term


Thank you for your understanding


Yours sincerely


Sign


Kijana Mjomba


Curator


NIE Bk4 pp 3943 RECIPES


Dfn is a set of ingredients and instructions on how to prepare a food dish It consists of


the name of the dish


ingredients and their quantities


the instructions on how to prepare the dish


suggestions on how many people to eat it and how to serve the dish


the length of cooking


Example


Fried liver for two


Ingredients


250 grams beef liver


1 green chili chopped


1 teaspoon ginger


1 onion sliced


1 big tomato chopped


1 tablespoon vegetable oil


1 teaspoon tomato puree


salt to taste


Method


Cut the liver into small pieces and fry it in the oil


Add a little chilli and ginger until the meat juices are released and the meat is almost cooked


Add the onions tomatoes and the puree


Turn the fire down to a slow simmer so as not to burn the puree


Let it simmer for another five minutes and then turn off the heat


The liver can be eaten with ugali rice or irio


Exercise


A friend of yours is organizing a get together for ten people and she has asked you to prepare a dish for one course Write a recipe for the dish that you will prepare for the occasion


NIE Bk 4 pp5962 LETTERS OF INQURY


Are letters in which one wants to enquire about something


One may inquire about a lot of things eg to


Find out from the Head teacher when schools are opening and what one needs to carry


Enquire from a college what courses they offer and the qualifications required for each


Find out details of an oncoming event or excursion


Inquire from a company whether they manufacture or have in stock particular goods you are interested in


The format of enquiry letters is that of business letters eg p 60


Ex 61


TULIPE PARISH


PO BOX 423160200


MERU


3RD MAY 2013


THE MOTHER SUPERIOR


TWANA CHILDRENS HOME


PO BOX 132460200


Dear Sis Lucilla


RE ENQUIRY ABOUT SHELTER FOR TWO GIRLS


I am a retired teacher and I am writing to enquire whether you have a room in your home to shelter two young girls The two girls have escaped from home after being threatened with Female Genital Mutilation by the parents and the community They have been hiding in my house for the last two weeks and I am afraid that their security is not fully guaranteed as the parents may find girls hideout and forcefully take them away


I will be grateful if you could shelter them for the time being and also admit them in your boarding school as the threat is immense Both girls are in standard three


Please contact me using the following telephone number 0766066077


Yours sincerely


Sign


Margaret Omondi


NIE Bk 4 pp 7780 SPEECH WRITING


The speakers appearance grooming posture and gestures have an impact on the audience When you write a speech for yourself make a few basic notes to serve as a speech outline When writing a speech for someone else you must recognize the audience and the speaker Research on the subject and try to write it Ascertain certain facts figures and dates to avoid being challenged and embarrassed by the audience


Writing the speech


Acknowledge significant persons in the audience in order of seniority eg


Mr Paul Ekaran Chairperson Turkana County council Mrs Lucy Mukami District Education Officer Turkana Mr Eliud Lopokoit Chairperson Board of Governors Mr Elijah PTA Chairperson Mr Onsongo Keronche Head teacher teachers parents students ladies and gentlemen


Present each point of your speech in a brief but well developed paragraph eg


First of all I would like to commend all of you on my own behalf and on behalf of the Board of Governors for the support you have given us throughout the year


Secondly I want to urge you all to look at what has brought us this far and made us who we are in education


We all take pride in the excellent performance of this school We recognize that school facilities the staff dedication and the parents unfailing support play an important role in getting good results Above all we recognize that its the individual dedication of each student to maintain the culture of this school and to reach hisher chosen goals that really makes the difference Remember that there cannot be a school without you students


Sign post your speech by use of appropriate connectors of sequence eg firstly secondly in conclusion


Stimulate your audience involvement using the collective term You addressing individuals in a crowd might have a negative effect eg


Which parent does not wish what is good for their child Rhetoric question


I am greatly encouraged by the sacrifice you have made to give our youth a solid foundation for the future


As you have rightly observed discipline is the best foundation individual or audience


NB Unless rhetoric questions are carefully used they can stimulate a negative reaction in your audience


Conclude your speech by urging the audience to consider the facts and to take further action if necessary eg


In conclusion ladies and gentlemen let me say how delighted we all are by this schools achievements As we celebrate our success let us strive to maintain our record and to reach newer heights of success Thank you for your attention


Use the right tone through appropriate language structures eg


Persuasion


This scheme has been specifically designed for you


I urge you all to do your best to maintain our school tradition of caring for the less fortunate members of our community


You have waited anxiously over the last four years for this moment


Consider the benefits you have reaped by enabling so many girls access education up to the university level


In the long run you will find that this was your best choice


Commemoration


Allow me to congratulate you for celebrating your tenth anniversary


Reproof It is in your interest to improve your performance because at the end of the day its your future we are talking about here I find this flouting of school rules completely unacceptable


Exercise


Write the head teachers Prize Giving Day speech Using points raised in a group discussion


NIE Bk 4 pp9396 REVIEWS


A review gives a good idea of what a book is about It is written in prose form


In a book reviewing we include


The author


title of the book under review


name of the publisher of the book and when published


the name of the reviewer


the number of pages


The content of the book ie what the books is about


The language used and the style of the author


The weaknesses and strengths of the book


Example


Title The Broken Covenant


Author Kamau Ndirangu


Publisher Benchmark


Reviewed by Alice Muthoni


This is a story of a broken covenant in which the main character Mukuri uproots a sacred tree contrary to the wishes of old Mutahi The story is set in Nyeri on the fringes of the Aberdare Ranges Mukuri a primary school Headmaster in his stubborn enthusiasm to built new classrooms cuts down the tree This he does in spite of numerous warnings from the locals Soon after completion of the classrooms a mysterious storm destroys it leaving a trail of destruction and death


The author presents us with the question of whether superstitutions are real whether they have a bearing on our lives Can we afford to destroy our ancestors The use of dialogue powerfully brings out this underlying theme The author does not explain how the freak storm is related to the late Mutahi Though the story is told with ease it leaves one with more questions than answers


Example AIE P 60


NIE BK 4 PP 155156 CONFIDENTIAL REPORTS


They also called a reference letter


They take the format of formal letters


This report requires the writer to comment in confidence or give an assessment of the suitability of someone or something for a given task or activity


They are expected to mention strengths and weaknesses truthfully


They are not meant to be read by the public but for the person requesting for them


Mashamba Flowers


PO Box 54766  00100


Nairobi


22nd January 2013


The Human Resource Manager


Landscaping Enterprises


PO Box 122  00200


Dear Sir


RE MR JAMES KAPULE APPLICATION FOR A FLOWER  GROWING JOB


I have known Mr Kapule for the last six years During this time he worked as a gardener in our flower farm where we grow flowers of all types for export While working for the company Mr Kapule attended short courses both locally and overseas and obtained a diploma in flower growing and landscaping Mr Kapule is an innovative person who is quite adventurous He in fact introduced a number of exotic flowers in the farm which saw our sales soar He is hardworking and needs no supervision I therefore recommend him with full confidence that he will not disappoint you If you need further information do not hesitate to write


Yours sincerely


Sign


Shilingi Sumuni


Personnel Manager


NIE Bk 4 pp105110 QUESTIONNAIRES


Are used by individuals institutions and firms to collect information that helps them to determine issues or phenomena like


Market trends


National examination performance


Changes in attitude


Preferences


Political thought


Community needs


Acceptability of public policy


IMPORTANCE


They


provide direction as to what information is to be collected


afford the respondent time to choose their answers


reach a wider audience within a short time


offer systematic analysis


minimized the misrepresentation of responses on specific issues


are always consulted for clarification


document a variety of responses


STRUCTURING A QUESTIONNAIRE


Establish the purpose of the questionnaire and the type of data you wish to collect


Questionnaire comprise written questions that are posed to estimate whether and how one set of factors predetermines states opinions or conclusions


Avoid questionnaires that deviate from the purpose of investigation


Begin with factual less demanding and progress towards questions demanding greater detail opinion or thought


They may be structured in such a way that respondents simply tick the response they favour


Other questions in the questionnaire may be framed in such a way as to grade a respondents attitude or feeling towards something


Keep the questionnaire to an appropriate length people do not have time to keep on turning pages


Use a culturally appropriate language and do not patronize the respondent


NB Show appreciation for the respondents effortsAlso give an idea as to how the results of the questionnaire might be of benefit to them


NIE Bk 4 pp134136 EMAILS


Are a form of electronic communications electronic mail


Letters can be passed electronically using computers and telephone modems these letters can be formal or informal


they are faster than postal mails an


can be accessed by the recipient at any location in the world


email users are charged according to the time taken during transmission


CYBER CAFES


Are public places with computers and a telephone linemodem where people can access and send their emails


STEPS TO FOLLOW IN A CYBER CAF


With the computer on click the programme to retrieve or end your email eg yahoo hotmail


Select the Internet Service Provider ISP to which you are connected eg nairobinet gmail wananchionline


Type your ID or username and password the ID serves as ones postal address and a password serves as the key to ones Postal Box


Click enter


Click compose


On the space written To you type in the email address of the recipient


If sent to other parties type in their addresses on the written Cc


If you do not want others sent the same email to know who else was sent the email the addresses are written on the spaces written BC blind copy


Type the subject under subheading SUBJECT


Write your message


Click the button to send the email in the space provided


The computer indicates if or not the message has been delivered


Example


Formal


From kerubomondayahoocom


CC onditihotmailcom


wanjayahoocom


BC  mwakioyahoocom


Subject annual reports


This is to inform you that our annual marketing report is due in the Directors office by the end of the month I would be grateful if you forward your regional reports to reach my office not later than Wednesday 25th November


Thank you for cooperation


Regards


Peter Wafula


Marketing Manager


INFORMAL


To tashyahoocom


From jim yahoocom


Subject get together


Hi Tamasha


Its been a long time since I heard from you I understand you moved house Where are you staying


now  Can we meet at java this Saturday to catch up with the latest gossip Please dont let me down


Ill be waiting Bye for now


Jim


NIE Bk 4 p 137 FAXES


Are transmitted using a fax machine telephonemodem


A fax number or telephone number is important not the address


Fax messages can be typed or handwritten and unlike emails they can bear the signature of the sender Faxes going through a modem may not bear signatures


Label pages of the fax message for ease of handling


When the message goes through the sender is informed and shehe can try again


Exercise


Write a fax to your friend requesting for a revision book that she had borrowed from you


MAXMILLA FOOT WEAR


PO BOX 31290100


MACHAKOS


17TH JULY 2012


UFUNDI INDUSTRIES


PO BOX 3007 00200


NAIROBI


TEL 2540205869744


Dear Madam


RE CATALOGUE


Kindly send us through the quickest service mail you latest catalogue of ladies footwear and hand bags


Thank you


Yours faithfully


sign


Monica Munyao


Proprietor


NIE Bk 4 PP178180 CURRICULUM VITAE RESUME


It is an important tool in marketing your personal and professional competence


It should briefly and cohesively say who you are and what you can do It is a document that grows through the years with each added achievement


A CV has


1 Bio data ie information concerning yourself It should include your name sex marital status date of birth residential and business address and mobile  telephone number


2 Educational background


This indicates academic certification and the date institutions from which you obtained them The latest qualifications are written first up to the last in a descending order


3 Professional qualification


These are career  related qualifications The latest qualifications are written first


4 Work experience


5 Referees


are people well known to you  either at school college or at the work place


6 Publication


are published materials a person has written They should be relevant to the job one is applying for or the course one wants to pursue


7 Hobbies


What you do during leisure time


8 Affiliations


are organizing that the applicant is involved in


Example


CURRICULUM VITAE


BIO DATA


Surname KUTOL


Middle Name KIPROTICH


First Name Franklin


Date of Birth 4th January 1991


Marital status Single


Nationality Kenyan


Address POBox 3264 Kirenga


Mobile Number 0753269808


Business Address if different St Teresas School POBox 412 Kirenga


EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND


Dates Institution Certificate


1995  1998 Titos Secondary School KCSE Certificate


19871994 NAPETET Primary School KCPE certificate


PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE


April Njoro Boys Certificate in Gender Studies


January  Nov 2003 KISE Diploma in special education


1999  2002 University of Nairobi BEd Degree


WORKING EXPERINECE


Date Institution Responsibility


January 2004 to Date St Katherine Lodwar school Head of English Department


HOBBIES


Member of the panel for girlseducation in Turkana


Choir member Napetet Christian church


REFEREES


Br Edwin Benjamin


Principal


St Catherine secondary school


POBox 7230500


Lodwar


Prof Michael Mwangangi


Department of English


University of Nairobi


PO Box 26550600


Nairoibi


NIE Bk 4 pp 209214 BIOGRAPHY


A biography is a story about a life of a person written by someone else


A biographer is a person who writes a book about someone elses life


Writing a biography is like writing a novel in many ways it involves writing about a major character and many other characters that that character has interacted with to write a good biography you must know a lot about your subjects entire life and that of characters who are close to the subject


To gather that information carry out some research on the subject by interviewing himher The subject must be willing to give all details about himselfherself


You might need to interview their close relatives friends colleagues workmates to get a correct perspective of hisher life


If you hope to get specific information you must phrase the questions clearly and precisely A biographer strives to bring to life the most significant moments of the subject not in isolation but as an integral part of the community


When interviewing your subject


be friendly


spend time with the subject


be creative in setting up your interview so that it doesnt seem too formal


give your subject all your attention


make a list of questions you would like to ask


do prior research to enable you to have background information to enhance your interview and interpret answers to questions set


be tactical especially when asking probing or difficult questions


listen Do not talk too much Let your subject give the information


do not be afraid to ask dumb questions


ask about other people


note facts especially dates and ensure they are correct


thank the subject


NB Divide the life of your subject into phases and set questions on each section eg


early childhood


preteens


teens


young adulthood


early adulthood


middle age


old age


example


Early Childhood


Early memories of parents home and siblings


Most memorable incidents involving the subject and other family members


The subjects greatest fear


Attitude towards childhood and reasons for it


Accidents or illness that may have affected or influenced their life


General impressions about festivities like Christmas


Gather information from the institutions where the subject studied the places where they worked and even from the hospitals and clubs which they attended


Read newspapers and magazines on stories about your subject and see what they said


A Curriculum Vitae can tell a lot about a persons profession and achievements


Identify and understand the most interesting or the most important things about your subject Know about their achievements normal behavior strengths weaknesses and idiosyncrasies


Authors write biographies of people who excelled in certain aspects of life or people who have made an impact in their families communities or the world A biography is vivid detailed and descriptive


Sometimes writing the biography of a famous person like a great scientist actor or president has to be authorized Therefore what the authorized biography captures should be the officially acceptable version of what the subject is to have done


Research on the historical period during which the person lived and worked


Make sure your facts can be found in at least three different sources Where there is a disagreement between sources state that there exists a conflict


Be as accurate as possible


Write in a clear and convincing way because if you dont believe what you are writing your readers wont either Be sure to tell a good story that will keep your readers interested


After collecting the information compile it into an interesting story that takes into account


social economic conditions


physical environment described in vivid details


political life changes taking place at any given time How they impact not only on the subject but also on the community as a whole and in particular how the subject responded to them


religious set up trends in religious development


NIE Bk4 pp229231 EXPOSITORY WRITINGEXPLANATORY WRITING


Aims at appealing to the readers intellect One should ensure that whatever is explained is understood


TYPES OF EXPOSITORY WRITING


The informational process


Here the writer informs us about how something is done or how something operates


The instructional process the writer gives directions or instructions on how to do something


Expository essays are developed through


Narration  is the presentation of events or information in a sequential order


Analysis breaks the subject step by step into separate procedures and actions


Description  you give a picture of what you are writing about


Definition  any technical terms or stages of the process The definition could be a sentence to bring out meaning a paraphrase or a restatement of a previous point


Use the present simple tense It is used in the passive voice to describe an operation or a process


Exercise


You have given your bicycle to your sister However she does not know how to ride Explain how it works and the purpose for giving it to her


Explain how to milk a cow using either a machine or hands


A friend intends to visit you over the holidays Explain to herhim how to get to your home from the nearest shopping centre


Explain how to prepare a tree nursery and why it is necessary to prepare one


Your pen friend is coming to visit you from overseas This is herhis first visit to Kenya and you want to explain a few things about your town and family Write an essay on how the town looks like and about your family


NIE Bk 4 pp 246248 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS


Instructions can be acceptable in letter form However it is easier to follow instructions written in point form


When giving instructions give adequate information to enable the person to undertake the assignment Eg


Please switch of the lights if you are the last person to leave the living room


Juma I have just dashed to the shops Please watch the stew You need to add onions and tomatoes after five minutes You will find them already chopped on the cutting board near the sink I will be back soon


IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS


An imaginative composition tells a story It may give an account of an event or an occurrence


ELEMENTS OF AN IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION


Plot every story has a plot To have a plot put a character in trouble create a conflict The rest of the story explains how the character gets out of the difficult situation


Beginning of a story the beginning should be catchy It will get the readers attention and encourage him or her to read on


It should set the scene introduce the characters and set the mood eg You can begin an imaginative composition by using direct speech eg Everybody lie down the huge hooded gunwielding gang leader roared if you behave yourselves nobody will get hurt


Finishing  the ending should create a feeling of completeness try to create suspense in your story


Use of dialogue  a good story combines dialogue with narration The dialogue should be properly punctuated Ensure that you


make the characters talk naturally


start a new paragraph each time a different character speaks


use short descriptions to enliven the story Describe people and places


PREPARING TO WRITE AN IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION


Let your mind start thinking about creative writing get inspired


Know the purpose of writing Most creative compositions entertain describe and explain


Make an outline and organize your ideas in a logical order


Exercise


Write a story on a young boy a dog and a hare


Write a composition beginning he heard somebody whisper his name and turned


Write a story beginning with I walked towards the door and cautiously opened it there she stood


KISWAHILI


SHAIRI


MWONGOZO


SHAIRI 20  MWONGOZO


USHAIRI WA 1


Soma shairi lifuatalo kwa makini halafu ujibu maswali yanayofuata


Naja sasa ni ndiyani naja kwetu Mzalendo


Naja nirudi nyumbani nilowekwa nako kando


Kwetu mi nakutamani kulo na mwingi uhondo


Nijaye ni yule nyundo misumari hadharini


Naja kwingine kuwapi kulojaa langu pendo


Huenda nende kwinginepi sawa nako kwa muundo


Kaa kwingine anapi ela kwenye lakwe gando


Nijaye ni ile nyundo misumari hadharini


Naja nije rudi papo panigedeme mgando


Ningaambwa kwetu hapo kwamba kwanuka uvundo


Sitakwenda penginepo tarudi kuko kwa mwando


Naja sitapakimbiya ningambwa kuna vimondo


Takuja kuvilekeya vinganijiya kwa vundo


nilipozawa tafiya sikimbii kwenda kando


nijaye ni ile nyundo misumari hadharini


Naja hiwa mekomaa kuzidi nilivyo mwando


Tena nnajiandaa kwa fikira na vitendo


Kwetu nije kuifaa na kuitiliya pondo


Naja na ingawa naja siwaeki mifundo


Moyo wangu ushatuja mawi nalotendwa mwando


Ela wataoningoja na vyao viwi vitendo


7 a Eleza jinsi uzalendo wa mshairi unavyojitokeza katika beti za 1 na 2 alama 4


Fafanua jazanda zinazopatikana katika mshororo


Kaa kwingine anapi ela kwenye lakwe gando alama 2


Andika ubeti wa tatu katika lugha nathari alama 4


i Katika ubeti wa 5 mshairi amebadilika Eleza alama 2


ii Ananuia kufanya nini pindi arudipo Alama 2


Eleza ujumbe unaopatikana katika ubeti wa 6 alama 2


Andika maneno haya katika kiswahili sanifu alama 2


Mwando


Ningambwa


Kibwagizo cha shairi kinampa sifa gani mshairi Alama 2


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA SHAIRI WA 1


7 UZalendo


i Anarudi kwao


ii Anapenda kwao


iiiAnatamani kwao


iv Nyumbani kunamlisha


v Ndiko kuna uhondo


vi Hawezi kulinganisha kwao na kwingine zozote 4 x 1 4


b Jazanda


i Anajilinganisha na kaa na angeishi baharini mahali pakubwa


iiKaa ana lile gando kile kifaa anachokitumia kupatia chakula na vile vile kama silabi paini nyumba ambapo pana chakula na usalama au mtu kwao ni kwao ndipo pampapo riziki ussalama na utulivu


2x1  2


c Lugha Nathari


i Ninarudi hapo kwetu


ii Hata nikiambiwa pananuka


iii Siendi pengine narudi hapo tu


iv Nyundo Mjuzi Bingwa Shujaa Mweledi Stadi ninakuja misumar jihadhari alama 4 x 1  4


d i Amekomaa zaidi anajiandaa kwa fikira na vitendo alama 2


ii Kuifaa nchi yake kuleta maendeleo kurekebisha kujenga mji kuondoa uhasama alama 2


e i Yeye hana kinyongo anapokuja lakini kwa waliomtenda na wale wanaomngojea kwa maovu atapambana nao alama 2


f i Mwando  Mwanzo


ii Ningambwa  Ningeambiwa 2x1 2


g sifa inayopatikana katika shairi kuhusu mhusika


i hajabadilika ni ile nyundo  bado yu tayari


ii bado yu tayari kupambana na matatizo na anaweza mtekelezi 2 x 1  2


USHAIRI WA 2


Soma shairi hili kisha ujibu maswali


Jukwani naingia huku hapa pasokota


Kwa uchungu ninaliahii tumbo nitaikata


Msiba mejileteanimekila kiso takata


We tumbo nitakupaniuwe umetosheka


Wazee hata vijanawote umewasubua


Huruma nao haunaheshima kawakosea


Ukambani na Saganahata mbwa wararua


Wahasibu ofisinikibwebwe mejifunga


Miaka mingi vitabuniili wasikose unga


Nadhari wanadhaminihesabu wanazirenga


We tumbo nitakupani uwe umetosheka


Wapenzi wa kiholelapia wanakuogopa


Baada yao kulala wana wao wanatupa


Wakihitaji chakulawanachokora mapipa


Wafugaji hata naokama dawa wakwamini


Hawajali jiraniowamesusia amani


Wanaiba ngombe waona kuzua kisirani


Nayo mizozo ya maji kaonekana kwa mara


Hiyo nayo ni dibajisababu sio harara


Njaa wahepe wenyeji huo ndio mkarara


We tumbo nitakupaniuwe umetosheka


Ningeweza kukuuzaingekuwa siku njema


Tena kwa bei ya mezasokoni nimesimama


Wala tena singewazakuhusu wali na sima


Hatima umefikikanaenda zangu nikale


Mate yanidondokakwa mnukio wa wale


Naomba kwenda kukaawala sio nikalale


Maswali


Lipe anwani mwafaka shairi hili Alama 2


Shairi hili ni la aina gani Toa sababu Alama 2


Huku ukitolea mifano mwafaka taja arudhi zilizotumiwa katika ubeti wa tatu Alama 4


Andika ubeti wa nne kwa lugha nathari Alama 4


Thibitisha kuwepo kwa idhini ya ushairi Alama 2


Taja madhila anayoelezea mtunzi wa shairi hili yaletwayo na tumbo Alama 4


Elezea maana ya maneno yafuatayo Alama 2


a Dibaji


b Harara


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 2


i  Tumbo lisilotosheka


Matatizo ya tumbo 2x12


ii  Tarbia mishororo minne 2x12


iii  Mishororo


Vina vya kati ni na vya mwisho nga


Vipande viwili utao na ukwapi


Kibwagizo


Mizani urari wa mizani ukwapi 8 na utao 8 jumla 16 4x14


iv  Wapendanao mapenzi yasiyo na dhati wanakuogopa Wapatao mimba watoto wao hawajali Watoto watakapo chakula huwa wanatafuta mapipani Tumbo nikupe nini ili utosheke


v  Kukosa heshima hata mbwa wararua


Ufisadi hesabu wanazirenga


Kutowajibikia wana wanachokora mapipa


wizi wa ngombe


Mizozo kutoelewana mradi waliepe njaa 4x14


vi  Dibaji Thibitisho uhalali


Harara hasira hamaki 2x12


USHAIRI WA 3


Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali


LAU HAKUNA MAUTI Na Abdalla Said Kizere


Lau dunia nanena tuseme si ati ati


Mauti kawa hakuna katika wote wakati


Vipi tungelisongana tunaoishi tiati


Lau hakuna mauti vipi tungelisongana


Dunia ingetatana na kizazi katikati


Huku kwazaliwa bwana kule kwazawa binti


Vipi tungelioana na kuzaa hatuwati


Lau mauti hakuna tungesongana sharuti


Kwa viumbe kukazana wanadamu na manyati


Vipi tungelijazana kwa kusitawi umati


Walakini Subuhana kapanga sisi na miti


Ili tusizidi sana si wengi na si katiti


Maisha ya kupishana yule ende yule keti


Ndipo dunia kufana ikawa kama yakuti


Kwa uwezowe Rabana kaipanga madhubuti


Maisha kugawiana kayagawa kwa mauti


Njia ingekuwa hapana pembeni na katikati


Sote tungeambatana kama ukosi na shati


Na njaa ingetutafuna pa kulima hatupati


Peleleza utaona hayataki utafiti


Kama tungelikongana ingekuwa ni bahati


Vipi tungesukumana katika hiyo hayati


Lau hakuna mauti vipi tungelisongana


Mbele sitokwenda tena hapa mwisho nasukuti


Yaoleni waungwana shauri yake Jabaruti


Yote tuloelezana katenda bila senti


MASWALI


a Je hili ni shairi la bahari gani Eleza alama 2


b Eleza vile mwandishi alivyotumia uhuru wa kishairi alama 4


c Eleza umbo la shairi hili alama 4


d Fafanua ujumbe unaojitokeza katika ubeti wa tano alama 4


e Andika majina mawili ya Mungu kwa mujibu wa shairi alama 2


f Kwa kutolea mifano eleza mbinu mbili za lugha zilizotumiwa katika shairi hili alama 2


g Eleza maana ya maneno yafuatayo kulingana na shairi alama 2


i Tiati


ii Shani


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 3


i Tarbia   mishororo mine


ii Pindu  utao katika mkarara ndio kianzio cha ubeti unaofuatia mf Ubeti 3


iii Mtiririko  vina vya kati vinafanana na vya mwisho pia vinafanana katika shairi lote


Vya kati vya mwisho


na ti


ti na


iv mathnawi  lina vipande viwili  utao na ukwapi


b i Inkisari kwazawa gekuwa getutafuna nanena sitokwenda


Tabdila  Sharuti badala ya sharti


Kuboronga sarufi  mauti kawa hakuna  ikiwa hakuna mauti


katika wote wakati  katika wakati wote


Lahaja ya kimvita  hatuwati hatuwachi


yaoleni yaoneni


c


Beti 8


Mishororo 4 katika kila ubeti


mizani 16 katika kila mshororo


vina vya kati vya mwisho


vipande viwili  utao na ukwapi


Lina kibwagizo kinarudiwarudiwa lau hakuna mauti vipi tungelisongeni


d i Dunia haiwezi kujaa watu kupita kiasi


ii Mwenyezi Mungu anajua kupanga


Baadhi ya watu wafe na baadhi wazaliwe


Bila kifo tungesongamanajaa sana


e i Subuhana


ii Rabana


iii Jabaruti


f i Balagha  kv Vipi tungelisongana tunaoishi tiati


ii Tashbihi  ikawa kama ya kuti


Kama ukosi na shati


iii Takriri  si ati ati


Lau hakuna mauti vipi tungelisongana


USHAIRI WA 4


Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali alama 20


Sinisumbuwe akili nakusihi e mwendani


Afiya yangu dhahili mno nataka amani


Nawe umenikabili nenende sipitalini


Sisi tokea azali twenda zetu mizimuni


Nifwateni sipitali na dawa ziko nyumbani


Mababu hawakujali wajihisipo tabani


Tuna dawa za asili hupati sipitalini


Kwa nguvu za kirijali mkuyati uamini


Kaafuri pia kali dawa ya ndwele Fulani


Mtu akiwa halali tumbo lina walakini


Dawa yake ni subili au zongo huauni


Zabadi pia sahali kwa maradhi yalondani


Au kwenda wasaili wenyewe walo pangani


Mtu kwenda sipitali ni kutojuwa yakini


Dakitari kona mwili tanena kensa tumboni


Visu vitiwe makali tayari kwa pirisheni


Ukatwe kama figili tumbo nyangwe na maini


Japo maradhi dhahili kuteguliwa tegoni


Yakifika sipitali huwa hayana kifani


Wambiwa damu kalili ndugu msaidieni


Watu wakitaamali kumbe ndiyo buriani


Mizimu wakupa kweli wakueleze undani


Maradhiyo ni ajali yataka vitu thamani


Ulete kuku wawili wa manjano na kijani


Matunda pia asali vitu vyae chanoni


Nafwatani sipitali na dawa zi mlangoni


MASWALI  USHAIRI ALAMA 20


a Lipe kichwa mwafaka shairi hili alama 2


b Mtunzi alikuwa na lengo gani alipotunga shairi hili alama 2


c Mbona mshairi hataki kwenda hospitali alama 4


d Kwa kuzingatia muundo wa shairi hili eleza mbinu zilizotumika alama 6


e kwa nini mshairi alitumia ritifaa katika ushairi alama 2


f Andika maana ya maneno yafuatayo yalivyotumika katika shairi alama 4


i Dhahili


ii Azali


iii Sahali


iv Tumbo nyangwe


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI 4


a i Sipitali sendi siendi


ii Udhaifu wa hospitali


iii Umaarufu wa miti shamba


b i Kupigia debe miti shamba


ii Kukosoa huduma za hospitali


c i Tangu zamani wao huenda mzimuni


ii Madawa ya asili yapo


iii Hapendi upasuaji


Mtu anaweza kupoteza maisha


Tunafuata kieleleza cha mababu wetu


d i Inkisani tabani wambiwa


ii Mazida Afiya


Takhmisa Mishororo tano


Kibwagizo Nifwateni sipitali na dawa ziko nyumbani


Mtiririko vina vya kati ni li ilhali vya utao ni ni


Mizani kumi na sita kwa kila mshororo


e Inkinsani


f i Dhalili Hafifu isio na nguvu


ii Azali zamani


Sahali Nafuu


Tumbo nyangwe Utumbo mdogo


USHAIRI WA 5


1 Soma shairi lifuatalo kwa makini kisha ujibu maswali


Niokoa Muokozi uniondolee mashaka


Kuyatukua siwezi mjayo nimedhikika


Nimekithiri simanzi ni katika kuudhika


Mja wako nasumbuka nipate niyatakayo


Mja wako nasumbuka nataka kwao afua


Nirehemu kwa haraka nami nipate pumua


Naomba hisikitika na mikono hiinua


Mtenda ndiwe Moliwa nipate niyatakayo


Mtenda ndiwe Moliwa we ndiwe Mola wa anga


Mazito kuyaondoa pamoja na kuyatenga


Ukauepusha ukiwa ya pingu zilonifunga


Nikundulia muwanga nipate niyatakayo


Muwanga nikundulia nipate toka kizani


Na huzuni nondolea itoke mwangu moyoni


Mambo mema niegheshea maovu nisitamani


Nitendea we Manani nipate niyatakayo


Igeuze yangu nia dhaifu unipe mema


Nili katika dunia kwa afia na uzima


Moliwa nitimizia yatimize yawe mema


Nifurahike mtima nipate niyatakayo


Shairi hili ni la bahari gani Eleza alama 2


Taja madhumuni ya shairi hili alama 3


c Eleza muundo wa shairi hili alama 4


d Thibitisha namna uhuru wa kishairi unaibuka katika shairi alama 4


e Andika ubeti wa pili katika lugha sufufu alama 4


f Toa maana ya


Nimedhikika


Muwanga nikundulia


Nifurahike mtima alama 3


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 5


1 a Pindu Kifungu katika mshororo wa mwisho wa ubeti kuanza ubeti mpya 1x22


b Kuonyesha kuwa mja hana nguvu


Amekumbwa na masaibu


Maombi kwa mola amwokoe na ampe afya


Mungu amtoe katika giza


Mungu ampe maisha mema


Zozote 3x13 mks


c Muundo


Tarbia


Vina vya kati na vya mwisho


Mizani


Kibwagizo


4x14 mks


d Inksari


Mjayo Mja waho


Nondolea


Zilonifunga


Mazida Moliwa


Tabdila Afia


Kuboronga sarufi igeuze yangu nia


e Kiumbe wako nimeteseka mno Naomba unipe afueni na unirehemu Ninaomba nikikusudia Wewe ndiwe Muumba unayeweza kunipa niyahitajiyo 4x14mks


f i Nimeteseka au ni taabani


ii Nimulikie niletee nuru nizinduke


iii Nichangamke au nistarehe moyoni


USHAIRI WA 6


Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali


Wataalamu muwe macho vuani moto muenge


Muenge hicho ambacho cha watu wenye mawenge


Mawenge yenye kijicho kiswahili wakivunge


Barakala tuwapinge sichafue kiswahili


Sichafue kiswahili barakala tuwapinge


Apige kila hali wasiguse tuwainge


Tuwainge wende mbali kiswahili tujijenge


Sichafue yetu lugha waharibu Wabanange


Wabanange iwe nyagha waiweke tengetenge


Lugha kuitwa ulugha lafidhi watia denge


Tuichange heshima na ulugha tuupinge


Tuhifadhi kwa salama na kisingio unyonge


Kelele za maamuna si watu ni visinge


Kasema sheikh Amri kiswahili tukisenge


Kistawi kinawiri kitumike kwenye bunge


Hii ni yetu fahari lugha yetu tuichunge


Kikipatwa na maradhi kwa sindano tukidunge


Kila jama kutidhi kipatwe hapo tupunge


Tukitia mfawadhi kama kunde na kihenge


MASWALI


a Ni mtindo gani aliotumia mshairi katika kutunga ubeti wa 1 na 2 fafanua kwa kutoa mfano


alama 4


b Mshairi ametoa mapendekezo kadha katika shairi kuhusu jinsi ya kuimarisha na kuhifadhi lugha ya kiswahili Taja na ufafanue matano kati ya hayo alama 5


c Mshairi anazungumza na akina nani Anazungumzia nini alama 4


d Mshairi ametumia tamathali mbalimbali kuwasilisha ujumbe wake Taja mifano mitatu tofauti ya tamathali hizo alama 3


e Eleza maana ya maneno yafuatayo kama yalivyotumiwa katika shairi alama 4


Muenge


Barakala


Mtawadhi


Maamuma


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA SHAIRI LA 6


8a  Mtindo wa sabilia mshororo wa mwisho kibwagizo imerudiwarudiwa


Pindu neno moja au sehemu yote ya ubeti wa kwanza hutumiwa kama ukwapi wa ubeti unaofuata


Anapendekeza wataalamu wawe macho ili maweye walindwe


Kizazi cha sasa wasiige wenye kutaka kugandamiza Kiswahili


Barakala wapigwe vikali


Ifanywe lugha murwa rasmi bungeni


Sindano kipigwe kikipatwa na maradhi


Anazungumza na kizazi cha kisasa ili waitunze kuitukuza na kulinda Kiswahili


Anazungumza juu ya kule kuhifadhi lugha ya Kiswahili


Takriri Kibwagizo kinarudiwarudiwa kutilia mkazo


Tashihishimfano kipatwa na maradhi kipigwe sindano lughauhai


ChukuUzuri wa lugha umeongezwa chumvi


MuengeKujitayarisha kujihadhirisha


BarakalaWanaoiga desturi ya kigeni


MfawadhiJitihada


MaamumaWatu waja


9 a Kwa vyovyote vile kile anachoona ni chake na ni halali kwake ataitetea mpaka apate apewe


SAKARANI  Sababu beti la Takhmisa na la Tarbia zimechanganywa kuitunga


Ubeti wa kwanza ni wa aina ya takhmisa mishororo mitano na ubeti wa pili ni Tarbia


Ubeti wa pili una mishororo minne na vina vya ndani ni tofauti


Mizani ni nane ukwapi na utao 16 kwenye mshororo


Uhuru wa lugha km taidai badala nitadai


Yu tayari kufanya kila jambo hata ikiwa ni kwa ncha ya upanga ikiwa mlimani baharini yu tayari kufuatilia


Msanii anawapa motisha wasanii wake wawe wakiishi wakijua haki zao ni lazima wapewe la sivyo waitetee kwa vyovyote vile


Mwandishi anasema kuwa izingirwe na ilindwe vilivyo kwa udi na ambari na mabawa lazima haki itunzwe ili isipokonywe au isiponyoke kwani mwanaume inajulikana akiwa hivyo


Mata Kifo


Maizi Cha manufaa dhamana


FususiMchungaji


USHAIRI WA 7


6 i Una moyo gani Nnakuuliza Wangu mhisani


Na kiasi gani Unavyojiweza Ijapo tufani


Ukiwa laini Utajipoteza Usijibani


Kusimama Pweke Kwataka Makini


ii Zitavuma pepo Zitapupuliza Uanguke chini


Ela uwe papo Unajikweleza Na kujiamini


Utikiishapo Umejiuiza Pigo la moyoni


iii Utie migati Ya kutuoteza Hapo aridhini


Kwa nia na dhati Usiogeuza Au kuihini


Zidate baruti Uwe wapuuza Welele usoni


iv Sishike vishindo Na mauzauza Ya kukuzaini


Kita kama nyundo Ukinuiliza Unayoamini


Na uje mkondo Utadikimiza Kujipa mizani


v Wengine wasiwe Unaoweleza Yaliyo maani


Wewe ndiwe Unaoweleza Yaliyo maani


Ela kichukuwe Pia kujikaza Katika midani


a Lipe kichwa shairi hili al 2


b Kwa nini kusimama pweke kwataka makini  al 2


c Ni hatua gani zinazopendekezwa mtu anayenuia kusimama pweke al 5


d Andika arudhi za shairi hili al 5


e Eleza msamiati ufuatao kama ulivyotumiwa katika shairi hili al 6


Muhisani


Migati


Vishindo


Kweleza


Mizani


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 7


6 a  Upweke wataka umakini


Upweke ni uvundo al 2


b  Kwasababu matatizo au shida zinapomsonga mtu asipokuwa na utulivu wa fikira basi  Yeye huvunjika moyo kwa vile hapana mtu wa kushirikiana naye al 2


c  Mtu anastahili kuwa mwenye moyo mgumu wa ujasiri


Awe tayari kusimama kwa udhabiti pindi shida zinapomkabili


Ajiamini kwa lolote atendalo kwa imara


Awe si mtu wa kutenda mambo ovyo ovyo ambayo yanaweza kumshawishi akaingia mtegoni


Awe mstahimilivu na mwenye msimamo dhabiti


Awe tayari kudinda na siri za ndani


d i Lina beti tano


ii Kila ubeti una mishororo minne minne


iii Ukawafi Lina vipande vitatu ukwapi utao na mwandamizi


iv Kila kipande kina mizani 6 jumla 18 kila mshororo


v Kibwagizo chenye kimefupishwa mizani 12


vi Vina vya ukwapi vinabadilika badilika Vina vya utao na mwandamizi


vinatiririka


e Mhisani  Mtu mwema


Migati  Vizuizi


Mkindo  Mw


Unajikweleza


USHAIRI WA 8


Soma shairi lifuatalo na kisha ujibu maswali yafuatayo


UKUBWA JAA


Dunia yetu dunia watu wanakufitini Dunia huna udhia watu wanakulaani Dunia huna hatia wabebeshwa kila zani Dunia unaonewa umetenda kosa gani


Dunia umenyamaza umetua kwa makini Dunia vitu mejaza watu wanataka nini Dunia wanakuchezabinadamu maluuni Dunia unaonewa umetenda kosa gani


Dunia mtu akose hukutia mdomoni Dunia hebu waase hao watu mafatani Dunia chuki mpuse muipate afueni Dunia unaonewa umetenda kosa gani


Dunia una lawama za uongo si yakini Dunia wanokusema ni manjunju si razini Dunia huna hasama waja ndio kisirani Dunia unaonewa umetenda kosa gani


Dunia kuharibika hayo amezusha nani Dunia watu humaka hao wanokuhini Dunia umejazika kila tunu ya thamani Dunia unaonewa umetenda kosa gani


Dunia unatukisha bwerere bila undani Dunia unatukosha maji tele baharini Dunia unaotehsa mimea tosha shambani Dunia unaonewa umetenda kosa gani


Dunia hujageuka tangu umbwe na manani Dunia watu ndo nyoka mahaini na wahuni Dunia una baraka mwenye pupa hazioni Dunia huna ubaya wabaya ni insani


Maswali


a Shairi hili ni la bahari gani Toa sababu yako alama 3


b i Kichwa cha shairi hili kinaoanaje na maudhui ya shairi alama 2


ii Andika methali moja inayoeleza maudhui ya shairi hili alama 3


cEleza sifa tatu za wanadamu kama anavyoeleza mshairi alama 3


dKwa kutoa mifano kutokana na shairi hili eleza mbinu tatu za lugha alizotumia mshairi alama 6


e Eleza maana ya vifungu vifuatavyo vya maneno kama vilivyotumika katika shairi i bwerere bila undani ii hao watu mafatani iii afueni iv insani alama 4


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 8


a Ni bahari ya kikwamba neno dunia limerudiwa mwanzoni mwa kila mshororo Bahari nyingine ni ukara kwa kuzingatia mwanzo mloto na mleo vina vya ukwapi vinabadilika bali cha utao hakibadiliki Pia kuna manthawi mistari ina ukwapi na utao vipande viwili


b i Kutokana na ukubwa wake dunia inatupiwa lawama kwa maovu udhia na hatia za kila


aina Dunia inalinganishwa na jalala la kutupia taka


ii Mbaazi ukikosa kuzaa husingizia jua


c Binadamu hawapendi kulaumiwa


Wana kisirani


Ni wahuni wahaini


Ni waongo


d Mbinu za lugha


Takiri  neno dunia limerudiwarudiwa na pia kibwagizo


Dunia umeonewa umetenda kosa gani


Tashhisi  Dunia imehuishwa kama mfano Dunia hebu waase inaombwa itoe


mawaidha kwa walimwengu Isitiara  Dunia watu ndo nyoka


Watu wanalinganishwa na nyoka


e Maana ya vifungu


Bwerere  bila undani  bure pasipo chuki kinyongo


Hao watu mafatani  hao watu wafitini


Afueni  nafuu afadhali


Insani  watu binadamu


USHAIRI WA 9


1 Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali


Jama Jama Jamani


Mbona twabebeshwa mateso hivi


Mizigo mikubwa ya dhiki kama


Kwamba hatuna haki ya kusema


Kukataa ndoa za lazima


Kukataa kuozwa wazee


Kukataa kukatishwa masomo


Kukataa tohara ya lazima


Iweje tuteswe mateso haya


Na watu wasio kuwa hata na haya kama


Kwamba hatuna haki ya kulalamika


Kulalamikia kutumikishwa kama mayaya


Kulalamikia kudhalilishwa kiunyama


Kulalamikia kutolindwa na sheria


Sasa hii ni awamu nyingine


Na macho tumeyafungua kabisa


Tumekataa kudhalilishwa kabisa


Tumekataa kuteswa kama watumwa


Tumekataa tohara ya lazima


Tumekataa kuozwa Tumekataa Tumekataa


Hii awamu ya Haki ya mtoto wa kike


Maswali


a Taja mambo matatu muhimu yaliyozungumzwa na mshairi kisha ueleze kila


moja Alama 6


b Eleza muundo wa shairi hili Alama 4


c Taja mbinu mbili za lugha alizotumia mshairi kisha ueleze kila mojaAlama 4


d Kwa nini mshairi huyu anasema hii ni awamu nyingine Alama 3


e Eleza maana ya maneno haya kama yalivyotumiwa na mshairi alama 3


awamu


kudhalilishwa


Dhiki


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 9


a SHAIRI


Mambo matatu muhimu yaliyozungumziwa na mshairi na maelezo ya kila moja


Kutaja alama 1


Kueleza alama 1


Jumla  alama 6


i Mateso


Mizigo mikubwa ya dhiki


Hakuna haki ya kunena


ii Ndoa ya lazima


Kuozwa kwa wazee


Kukatishiwa masomo


iii Tohara


Tohara ya lazima


Hawaruhusiwi kusema chochote


iv Sheria


Haiwalindi


Kudhalilishwa kinyama


v Awamu tofauti


Wamekataa kudharauliwa


Wamekataa kuteswa


Wamekataa tohara za lazima


Muundo wa shairi


iNi wimbo ambao haufuati muundo wowote wa ushairi


iiNi shairi huru


iiiHalina mpangilio wowote wa kiarudhi


ivHalina mgao wa mishororo


vHalina vina wala mizani


viHalina kibwagizo


vii Lina beti 3


viiiMishororo si sawa katoka kila ubeti


c Mbinu mbili za lugha alizotumia mshairi Maelezo ya kila moja


i NyimboAmezitumia Kwa njia mwafaka ili anase hisia za wasomaji


ii TakririAmejaribu pia kusisitiza ili kuwekea uzito yale anayozungumzia


Anataka msomaji apate mvuto mzuri kwa lile analolizungumzia Mfano tumekataa kudhalilishwa tumekataa kuteswa tumekataa tohara


iii Mdokezo Mfano Tumekataa kuozwa


iv Tashbihi  mfano ubeti wa pili Kutumikishwa kama yaya


d Sababu za mshairi kusema hii ni awamu nyingine


iUlikuwa ukurasa mpya wa maisha


iiKuna mabadiliko ya kuondoa ukandamizaji


iiiWanawake wamekataa kuozwa kwa lazima


ivWamekataa kudhalilishwa kabisa


e Maana ya maneno


i awamuKipindi


ii kudhalilishwakukandamizwa kudunishwa  kufedheheshwa


dhikishida


USHAIRI WA 10


Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali yafuatayo


Mkata ni mkatika harithi hatoridhiwa


Sina ninalolishika wala ninalochukuwa


Mlimwengu kanipoka hata tone la muruwa


Mrithi nini wanangu


Sina ngombe sina mbuzi sina konde sina buwa


Sina hata makaazi mupasayo kuyajuwa


Sina mazuri makuzi jinsi nilivyoachwa


Sina kazi sina bazi ila wingi wa shakawa


Sina chembe ya majazi mno nikukamuliwa


Nakwacheni upagazi ngumu kwenu kutuwa


Sina sikuachi jina mkata hatasifiwa


Hata nifanye la mana mno mi kulaumiwa


Poleni wangu sana sana kwenu cha kutowa


Sina leo sina jana sina kesho kutwaliwa


Sina zizi sina shina wala tawi kuchipuwa


Sina wanangu mi sina  sana la kuacha kuraduwa


Sina utu sina haki mila yangu meuliwa


Nyuma yangu ili dhiki na mbele imekaliwa


Nnawana na miliki hadi nitakapofukiwa


Sina ila kesho kwenu wenyewe kuiongowa


Muwane kwa nyinyi mbinu mwende pasi kupumuwa


Leo siyo kesho yenu kama mutajikamuwa


Mrithi nini wananngu


Taja mambo yoyote mawili ambayo mtunzi angewarithisha wanawe alama 2


Eleza sababu ya mtunzi kutoweza kuwarithisha wanawe alama 3


Andika ubeti wa nne kwa lugha nathari alama 4


Dondoa mifano miwili miwili ya  alama 2


Inkisari


Tabdila


Chambua shairi hili kwa upande wa


Dhamira alama 2


Muundo alama 4


Eleza maana ya vifungu vifuatavyo kama vilivyotumiwa katika shairi alama 3


Mlimwengu kanipoka


Sina konde sina buwa


Wingi wa shakawa


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 10


Makazi mabovu


Upagazi


Kutothaminiwa


Dhiki


Kufanya kesho ya wengine nzuri


Ni maskini hohehahe  hana kitu


Aliporwa kila kitu


Hana mifugo


Hana kazi yoyote


Hana sifa  umaarufu


Ana makazi mabovu


Sina jina nitakawacha kwani maskini hasifiwi


Hata nikifanya jambo la maana ninalaumiwa tu


Poleni sana wanangu kwa kuwa sina la kuwatolea


Mtarithi nini wanangu


i Inkisari


Mana  Maana


Meuliwa  Imeuliwa


Nitapofukiwa  Nitakapofukiwa


ii Tabdila


Muruwa  Murua


Kutowa Kutoa


Kuchipuwa Kuchipua


Kuiongowa  Kuiongoa


Kupumuwa  Kupumua


i Dhamira


Kuwahimiza watu kufanya bidii wakiwa vijana


Kulalamika kwamba maskini hana haki  huonewa  hapewi nafasi


ii Muundo


Shairi ni aina ya tarbia  unneLina mishororo minne katika kila ubeti


Mishororo ya kwanza mitatu imegawika katika sehemu mbili ukwapi na utao


Kila kipande kina mizani nane na kila mshororo una mizani kumi na sita


Vina vya kati vinatofautiana kutoka ubeti mmoja hadi mwingine lakini vina vya mwisho ni sawa katika shairi zima katika mishororo ya kwanza mitatu


Shairi hili lina kibwagizo ambacho kimefupishwa


Mrithi nini wanangu


Shairi hili lina beti saba


a Mlimwengu kunipoka  Mlimwengu kanipokonya


b Sina konde sina buwa  Sina shamba sina chochote


c Wingi wa shakawa  mashaka mengi


USHAIRI WA 11


Soma shairi hili kisha ujibu maswali


Jicho tavumiliaje kwa hayo uyaonayo


Kicho utasubirije maonevu yapitayo


Kwacho lijalo na lije nimechoka vumiliyo


Naandika


Moyo unao timbuko maudhi tuyasikiayo


Nayo visa na mauko wanyonge wayakutayo


Kwayo sina zuiliko natoa niyahisiyo


Hawa wanotulimiya dhiki wavumiliayo


Hawa mamiya mamiya na mali wazalishayo


Hawa ndo wanaoumiya na maafa wakutayo


Hawa sioni wengine kwao liko angamiyo


Hawa uwapa unene watukufu wenye nayo


Hawa bado ni wavune kwa shida waikutayo


Bado wawapo mabwana wenye pupa na kamiyo


Bado tafauti sana kwa pato na mengineyo


Bado tulingowe shina ulaji pia na choyo


Maswali


Shairi hili laweza kuwekwa katika bahari zipi alama 4


Thibitisha kila jibu lako


Eleza dhamira ya mshairi alama 2


Onyesha mifano miwili ya uhuru wa kishairi jinsi ulivyotumika katika shairi alama 2


Andika ubeti wa tatu kwa lugha nathari alama 4


Tambulisha kwa mifano mbinu zozote mbili za sanaa katika shairi alama2


Fafanua sifa za kiarudhi zilizotumika katika ubeti wa tano alama 3


Eleza maana ya maneno haya kama yalivyotumiwa katika shairi alama 3


i Zuiliko


ii Wavune


iii Wenye pupa na Kamiyo


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 11


1 a Tarbia  Lina mishororo minne katika kila ubeti


Msuko  Kibwagizo kimefupishwa


Ukara  Vina vya nje vinatiririka katika beti zote ilhali vya


ndani havitiririki


Ukawafi  Una vipande vitatu ukwapi utao na mwandamizi


katika mishiroro ya kwanza mitatu ya kila ubeti isipokuwa kibwagizo


Kikwamba  Katika beti za 35 neno moja ndilo linaanza kila mshororo


Sakarani  Kuna bahari kadhaa katika shairi


Kuwahimiza watu hasa wanyonge P wainuke na kupinga Pmaovu na maonevu wanayofanyiwa na matajiri wenye uwezo


Inkisari km vumiliyo  kuvumilia nanaandika


Mazida kurefusha km angamiyo vumiliyo nk


Tabdila km mamiya badala ya mamia


Hawa wanaotulimia wanavumiliaP dhiki


Wao ni wengi P na ndio huzalisha mali


Wao ndio wanaoumiaP na kupata mateso  taabu


Wanayokumbana nayoNinaandika  ninasema


Takriri  hawa bado mamiya


Balagha  uyaonaje


Taharuki  Naandika


Inkisari  Hawa ndo


Kinaya  Watukufu wenye nayo


f Kuna mishororo minne


Kuna vipande vitatu katika mishororo ya kwanza mitatu na kimoja katika kibwagizo


Vina vinatiririka  vinafanana


Mizani 2 68


2  6  8


g i Cha kunizuia  kizuizi  kizingiti  uoga  hofu pingamizi


ii Wachovu dhaifu hafifu


iii Walio na tamaa kubwa  walafi mabwanyenye


SHAIRI LA 12


Soma shairi hili kisha ujibu mawali yanayofuata


SABUNI YA ROHO


Ewe tunu ya mtima kwa nini wanikimbia


Ndiwe suluhu la zama waja wakukimbilia


Waja wanakutazama madeni wakalipia


Ndiwe sabuni ya roho ndiwe mvunja mlima


Ndiwe mafuta ya roho walisema wa zamani


Utanunua majoho majumba na nyumbani


Umezitakasa roho umekuwa mhisani


Matajiri wakujua wema wako wameonja


Nguo zao umefua wakupata kwa ujanja


Sura Zao mefufua Wanazuru kila nyanja


Ndiwe mvunja mlima onana na masikini


Watazame mayatima kwao kumekua wa duni


Wabebe waliokwama wainue walio chini


Ndiwe mvunja mlimawapi kapata uwezo


Umezua uhasama waja kupata mizozo


Ndiwe chanzo cha zahama umewaitia vikwazo


Ndiwe sabuni ya roho Ndiwe mvunja mlima


Umevunja usuhuba familia zazozana


Walokuwa mahabuba kila mara wagombana


Roho zao umekaba majumbani wachinjana


Ndiwe sabuni ya roho ndiwe mvunja mlima


Nakutafuta kwa hamu sabuni unirehemu


Sinilipue ja bomu sije kawa marehemu


Niondoe jehanamu ya ufukara wa sumu


Naondoka wangu moyo nikuitapo itika


Fulusi wacha uchoyo tatua yalonifika


Nichekeshe kibogoyo nami nipate kuwika


Mshairi anaongea na nani katika shairi hili alama 1


Taja majina mengine matatu aliyopewa huyu anayesemeshwa alama 3


Anayezungumziwa katika shairi hili amesababisha balaa gani alama 2


Mshairi anatoa mwito gani kwa mwenziwe alama 4


Fafanua maudhui ya ubeti wa sita alama 2


Mbinu kadha za uandishi zimetumiwa na msanii kuwasilisha ujumbe wake Taja mbinu zozote tatu na uzitolee mifano katika shairi alama 3


Fafanua maana ya


Sura zao mefufua wanazuru kila nyanja alama 1


Andika ubeti wa saba katika lugha nathari  alama 4


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 12


1 a pesa


bMajina aliyopewa


Sabuni ya roho


Mvunja mlima


Mafuta ya roho


Fulusi


Tunu ya mtima


Suluhu la zama


c Amesababisha balaa gani


Amesababisha uhasama uadui


Ugomvi kati ya wapenzi


Vifo


d Mtoto kwa mwenziwe


Awaarike maskini na mayatima


Asimwangamize bali bali amwondoe kwenye ufukara


Amwitapo aitike


Aache uchoyo  amtatulie shida zake


Amchekeshe amfurahishe


e Maudhui ya ubeti wa sita


Pesa zimezua uhasama katika ndoa nyingi na kusababisha vifo


f Mbinu za uandishi


Istiara Pesa ni sabunimafuta nk


Semi  mvunja mlima


sabuni ya roho


iii Tashhisi umevunja usuhuba


umezua uhasama


ivBalagha kwa nini wanikimbia


wapi kapata uwezo


vTakririNdiwe mvunja mlima


Mbinu na mfano alama 1


g Maana ya


Sura zao imefufua wanazuru kila nyanja


Pesa zimewaletea furaha hata wanatalii sehemu zozote wanazotaka


Alama 1


hLugha nathari


Mashairi anasema kuwa anamtafuta pesa sana ili amsaide Anamsihi asimpige kwa kumtoroka na kumwacha hoi bila uwezo Anamwomba amuondoe katika lindi hili la umaskini kwa vile yeye ndiye anayetuliza watu na kuwaondolea matatizo ya kila namna Alama 4


USHAIRI WA 13


Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali


Lau dunia nanena tuseme si ati ati


Mauti kawa hakuna katika wote wakati


Vipi tungelisongana tunaoishi tiati


Lau hakuna mauti vipi tungelisongana


Dunia ingetatana na kizazi katikati


Huku kwazaliwa bwana kule kwazawa binti


Vipi tungeliona na kuzaa hatuwati


Lau mauti hakuna tungesongana sharuti


Kwa viumbe kukazana wanadamu na manyati


Vipi tungelijazana kwa kusitawi umati


Walakini subuhana kapanga sisi na miti


Ili tusizidi sana si wengi na si katiti


Maisha ya kupishana yule ende yule keti


Ndipo dunia kufana ikawa kama yakuti


Kwa uwezewe Rabana kaipanga madhubuti


Maisha kugawiana kayagawa kwa mauti


Njia ingekuwa hapana pembeni na katikati


Sote tungeambatana pa kulima hatupati


Na njaa ingetutafuna pa kulima hatupati


Peleleza utaona hayataki utafiti


Kama tungelikongana  ingelikuwa ni bahati


Vipi tungelisukumana katika hiyo hayati


Lau hakuna mauti vipi tungelisongana


Mbele sitakwenda tena hapa mwisho nasukuti


Yaeleni waungwana shauri yake jabaruti


Yote tuloelezana katenda bila senti


MASWALI


a Shairi hili ni la bahari gani alama 2


b kwa kutoa mifano mwafaka onyesha jinsi mtunzi wa shairi hili alivyotumia


uhuru wa utunzi alama 2


c Eleza muundo wa shairi hili alama 4


c Andika ubeti wa tano katika lugha nathari alama 4


d Tambulisha mbinu zozote mbili za lugha zilizotumiwa na mshairi alama 4


e Eleza maana ya maneno haya kama yalivyotumika katika shairi


ikatiti


ii yakuti


iii Hatuwati


iv Nasukuti alama 4


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 13


Bahari la shairi


Tarbia au unne


Mtirirko  vina vya kati na vya nje vinafafana katika shairi nzima


Km vya kati vya mwisho


na ti


ti na


Mathnawi lina vipande viwili


Ukwapi na utao


Idhini  uhuru  ruhusa


Inkisari km ngekuwa ngetutafuna


Tabdila km sharuti  sharti


Kuboronga sarufi  mauti kawa hakuna


katika wote wakati


iv Lahaja  Hatuwati  Hatuwachi


Yaoleni  yaoneni


Umbo sura  muundo  mpangilio


Beti 8


Mishororo 4 kila ubeti  tarbia  unne


Mizani 16 kila mshororo


Mtiririko wa vina


Vipande viwili


Kibwagizo kunachorudiwarudiwa


Ujumbe katika ubeti wa 5


Dunia haiwezi kujaa watu kupita kiasi


Mwenyezi mungu anajua kupanga


Baadhi ya watu wale na baadhi wazaliwe


Bila kifo duniani tungesongomana


Mbinu za lugha


Balagha km  vipi tungelisongana tunaoishi tiati


Tashbihi  ikawa kama yakuti kama ukosi na shati


Takriri  si ati ati


Maana


i Katiti  kidogo  chache


ii Yakuti  kito cha thamani


iii Hatuwati  hatuwachi


iv Nasukuti  sirudi nyumi


USHAIRI WA 14


KIFO


1 likuwa tisini moja 2 lituachia vioja


lipojikunja pamoja Raha hatujaionja


Kutuaga mara moja Tumezidi na kungoja


Safari moja kwa moja Matumaini ya waja


3 Kifo hatuna faraja 4 Maisha mekosa haja


Baba livuka daraja Na mama amejikunja


likuwa wetu kiranja katwa auma viganja


Majonzi lituachia Nyumba sasa inavuja


5 Vitamu nani taonja 6 Kifo kwetu sisi waja


Mali sasa imefuja Tumaini hutuvunja


Mifupa tutaivunja Ingawa ndio daraja


Mifugo katu uwanja Haituweki pamoja


MASWALI


1 Eleza umbo la shairi hili alama 4


2 Mshairi ana ujumbe gani  alama 2


3 Taja mbinu zozote tatu za lugha alizotumia mshairi na uzitolee mifano kutoka shairialama 6


4 Andika ubeti wa tatu kwa lugha ya nathari alama 4


5 Eleza maana ya mistari hii kama ilivyotumika katika shairi alama 2


i Baba livuka daraja


Kutwa auma viganja


6 i Mshairi ametumia mbinu gani katika maneno haya  alama 1


likuwa


lituachia


lipojikunja


ii Kwa nini akatumia mbinu hiyo alama 1


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA SHAIRI LA 14


Beti 6


Mishororo 4 kila ubeti


mizani 8 kila mshororo


Kipokeo kinatofautiana kila ubeti


Utenzi


2  Kifo ndio daraja ya kila mtu


kifo huacha watu bila matumaini


hufanya watu wateseke


3  Takriri  moja


Tashhisi  kifo


Taswira


Tunia  fuja vunja


4  Hawana raha baba alipofariki aliwekuwa kiongozi wao sasa amewaachia shida tupu


5  Alifariki


Anajuta


6  Inkisani  idadi ya mizani iwe sawa  urari wa mizani


USHAIRI WA 15


Soma shairi lifuatalo kisha ujibu maswali yote


KIPIMO NI KIPI


Nitampa nani sauti yangu ya dhati


Kwa kipimo gani ingawa kiwe katiti


Amefanya nini La kutetea umati


Kipimo ni kipi


Yupi wa maani asosita katikati


Alo na maoni yasojua gatigati


Atazame chini kwa kile ule wakati


Alo mzalendo atambuaye shuruti


Asiye mafundo asojua mangiriti


Anoshika pendo hata katika mauti


Kipimo ni kipi changu mimi kudhibiti


Utu uko wapi ni wapi unapoketi


Nije kwa mkwapi au ndani kwa buheti


Eleza umbo la shairi hili Alama 4


Taja tamadhaliza usemi na kisha utoe mifano Alama 3


Taja na ueleze namna mshairi alivyotumia uhuru wa ushairi Alama 2


Eleza maudhui ya shairi hili Alama 3


Andika ubeti wa tatu kwa lugha nathari Alama 4


Eleza msamiati ufuatao kama ulivyotumiwa Alama 4


Katiti


Gatigati


Shuruti


Mangiriti


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI WA 15


Tarbia lina mishororo minne


Vina vya ndani havitiririki vina vya nje vinatiririka


Mizani 68


Lina kibwagizo kipimo ni kipi


Vipande viwili isipokuwa kibwagizo


Alama 4


Balagha kipimo ni kipi


Usemi atazame chini


Tashhisi kukipa kitu kisicho na uhai maoni yasojua gatigati


Inkisari asosita asiyesita


alo aliye


yasojua yasiojua


anoshikaanayeshika


Tabdilamaanimaana


Watu wapende nchi yao kwa kufuata sheria zake


Watu wasichukue watu wengine


Watu hawana utu


Hana uhuru wa kutoa maoni


Apendaye nchi yake na kufuata


Sheria zake asiyechukia watu wala kuhadaa


Kudanganya au yule ashikaye


Pendo hadi kifoni atajulikanaje au atapimwaje Alama 4


Katiti kidogo


Gatigati ubaguziupendeleo


Shuruti lazima


Mangiriti mambo ya kuhadaauongo


USHAIRI WA 16


Vita vya ndimi


Huyo Amshike huyo


Hakuna bunduki wala kifaru


Bomu na risasi hata hawazijui


Lakini mno wanashambuliana


Kwa ndimi zilizonolewa kwa makali


Vipande vya matusi silaha zao


Yu imara mmoja wao


Akirusha kombora la neno zito


Limtingishe adui wake


Na kumgusa hisia kwa pigo kuu


Pigo linalopenya moyoni kama kichomi


Kuchipuza joto la hasira na kisasi


Katika mapigano yaso na kikomo


Filimbi ya suluhu inapulizwa kuwaamua


Ni nani anayekubali suluhu


Roho zinakataa katakata


Huku ukaidi ukinyemelea na kutawala kote


Mapandikizi ya watu yakipigana


Vitu shadidi visivyo ukomo


Vita vya ndimi


Magharibi sasa


Jua linapungia mkono machweo


Nalo giza likinyemelea kwa kiburi na kasi


Sisikii tena sauti za misonyo


Mate ya watesi yamekauka


Makanwa yao yamelemewa na uchovu


Sasa wameshikana mikono


Nyuso zao zikitabasamu


Ishara ya suluhu


Hili ni shairi la aina gani alama 1


Eleza sifa za utunzi alizotumia mshairi alama 4


Taja kwa kutolea mifano tamathali za usemi zozote tatu zilizotumiwa katika shairi hilialama 3


Fafanua mishororo hii


Akirusha kombora la neno zito


Makanwa yao yamelemewa na uchovu alama 4


Zungumzia mgogoro katika shairi na namna unavyomalizika alama 6


Toa maana ya msamiati huu


Kichomi


Misonyo alama2


MWONGOZO WA KUSAHIHISHA USHAIRI 16


1 a i Shairi huru


Shairi la kimapindusi


Sakarani


b Sifa za utunzi muundo umbo


Shairi lina beti nne


Idadi ya mishororo inatofautiana katika beti za shairi


Halina mpangilio maalum wa mizani


Halina vina masivina


Halina kibwagizo


Beti zake hazijagawanywa katika vipande


Zozote 4x14


c Tamathari za msemi


Nidaasiyalimshangao


Km Huyo Amurike huyo


Balagha


Km Ni nani anayekubali suluhu


Tashbihi


Km Pigo linalopenya moyoni kama kichwani


Takriri


Km Roho zinakataa kata kata


Tashhisi


Km Jua linapungia mkono machweo


Istiari


Km Kuchipuza joto la hasira na kisasi


Zozote 3x13


d


Akimsha kumbora la neno zito


Akitoa matusi ya kuudhikukasirisha


Makanwa yao yamelemewa na uchovu


Midomo yao haitoi matusi tena imetulia


eMgogoro


Kuna vitu vya maadui wawili


Wanapigana kwa midomo yao  wanatusiana


Matusi yenyewe ni makali mno


Matusi yanaleta hasirahamaki kwa anayetusiwa


Ingawa kuna juhudi za kuwapatanisha wanakataa kabisa


Wanazidi kuwa wakaidi na kuendeleza vita vyao vya matusi


Zozote 4x14


Kumalizika


Jioni inapofika wamechoka ndipo wanatulia


Wanaridhiana wanashikana mikono huku wakitabasamu na kusameheana


Zozote 2x12


f


Kichomi  lenye kuumiza


Misonyo  mifyonyo kufyonya kwa hamaki au ishara ya chuki


USHAIRI WA 17


Soma mashairi ya A na B kisha ujibu maswali


A


Mtu ni afya yake ndio uzima wa mtu


Mtu ni kuwa na chake hakuwi ela kwa kitu


Mtu ni bahati yake kupendekeza kwa watu


Mtu si fakhari kwako kuitwa nyama ya mwitu


Mtu ni ulimi wake kunena vyema na watu


Mtu ni kijungu chake kuweka mawe matatu


Mtu ni mwenda kwa lake mtoshawa na kula kitu


Mtu si uzuri kwake kuitwa nyama wa mwitu


Mtu ni mwenye nadhari apimaye kula kitu


Mtu ni moyo hariri mwenye imani na watu


Mtu ni alo na ari shika sana mwana kwetu


Mtu si yake fakhari kuitwa nyama wa mwitu


Mtu ni mkono wazi mtasadaku na watu


Mtu ni mwenye maozi kuoneya kula kitu


Mtu ni alo tulizo asopenda utukutu


Mtu si jambo pendezi kuitwa nyama wa mwitu


Mtu ni mwenye ahadi ndio ungwana na utu


Mtu ni alo baridi mbembeleza wa watu


Mtu ni moyo asadi asoonewa na mtu


Mtu si yake ifadi kuitwa nyama wa mwitu


Mtu niliyoyanena pima sana ewe mtu


Mtu sikuja tukan kukirihi nyoyo watu


Mtu nakupa maana wende nyendo za kiutu


Mtu si uzuri sana kuitwa nyama wa mwitu


Mtu ni mtenda njema atwiiye Mola wetu


Mtu ni mbele na nyuma pima sana mwana kwetu


Mtu natiye khatima fafanua kula kitu


Mtu si yake hisima kuitwa nyama wa mwitu


B


MTU HACHAGUI KAZI


Naamba kazi ni kazi vyovyote vile iwavyo


Madamu si ubazazi kwa mwanaadamu ndivyo


Kushona na upagazi pia vile vyenginevyo