( e ) Mitochondrial ROS production determined using the MitoSOX fluorescence indicator . In each of a and e , one of three independent experiments is shown . In each of b and d , one of two independent experiments is shown . Values are expressed as mean ± s . d . * P 0 . 05 versus controls .

O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(e) Mitochondrial ROS production determined using the MitoSOX fluorescence indicator. In each of a and e, one of three independent experiments is shown. In each of b and d, one of two independent experiments is shown. Values are expressed as mean ± s.d. *P 0.05 versus controls.


( a , b ) Analysis of FL83B mouse liver cells pretreated with mouse recombinant IL - 1β ( 2 ng / ml ) ( a ) or TNF ( 2 ng / ml ) ( b ) for 24 h , then stimulated with insulin ( 200 nM ) for 10 min . p - Akt ( Ser473 ) was determined by flow cytometry ( right ) with quantification shown in the graph at left ( a ) . p - Akt ( Ser473 ) was determined by immunoblotting ( b ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(a,b) Analysis of FL83B mouse liver cells pretreated with mouse recombinant IL-1β (2 ng/ml) (a) or TNF (2 ng/ml) (b) for 24 h, then stimulated with insulin (200 nM) for 10 min. p-Akt (Ser473) was determined by flow cytometry (right) with quantification shown in the graph at left (a). p-Akt (Ser473) was determined by immunoblotting (b).


( c ) p - IRS1 ( Ser307 ) , determined by immunoblotting , in FL83B mouse liver cells treated with either IL - 1β or TNF for 24 h .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(c) p-IRS1 (Ser307), determined by immunoblotting, in FL83B mouse liver cells treated with either IL-1β or TNF for 24 h.


( d - f ) Akt Ser473 phosphorylation measured by flow cytometry ( d , e ) or immunoblotting ( f ) . FL83B cells ( d , e ) or WT primary hepatocytes ( f ) were pretreated with conditioned medium ( CM ) generated from WT , Pycard − / − ( d ) , Nlrp3 − / − or Casp1 − / − ( e ) macrophages for 24 h , then stimulated with insulin . Control medium was obtained from wild - type BMM cultures without stimulation .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(d-f) Akt Ser473 phosphorylation measured by flow cytometry (d,e) or immunoblotting (f). FL83B cells (d,e) or WT primary hepatocytes (f) were pretreated with conditioned medium (CM) generated from WT, Pycard−/− (d), Nlrp3−/− or Casp1−/− (e) macrophages for 24 h, then stimulated with insulin. Control medium was obtained from wild-type BMM cultures without stimulation.


( d - f ) Akt Ser473 phosphorylation measured by flow cytometry ( d , e ) or immunoblotting ( f ) . FL83B cells ( d , e ) or WT primary hepatocytes ( f ) were pretreated with conditioned medium ( CM ) generated from WT , Pycard − / − ( d ) , Nlrp3 − / − or Casp1 − / − ( e ) macrophages for 24 h , then stimulated with insulin . Control medium was obtained from wild - type BMM cultures without

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O

(d-f) Akt Ser473 phosphorylation measured by flow cytometry (d,e) or immunoblotting (f). FL83B cells (d,e) or WT primary hepatocytes (f) were pretreated with conditioned medium (CM) generated from WT, Pycard−/− (d), Nlrp3−/− or Casp1−/− (e) macrophages for 24 h, then stimulated with insulin. Control medium was obtained from wild-type BMM cultures without stimulation


( g ) Akt serine 473 phosphorylation measured by flow cytometry . FL83B cells were pretreated with WT or Pycard − / − CM in the absence or presence of the IL - 1 receptor antagonist anakinra ( 1 μg / ml ) for 24 h , then stimulated with insulin .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O

(g) Akt serine 473 phosphorylation measured by flow cytometry. FL83B cells were pretreated with WT or Pycard−/− CM in the absence or presence of the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (1 μg/ml) for 24 h, then stimulated with insulin.


( h ) p - Akt ( Ser473 ) analyzed by immunoblotting and quantified by densitometric analysis in FL83B cells pretreated with WT CM in the absence or presence of either anakinra or neutralizing antibody to TNF . The results shown are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as mean ± s . d .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(h) p-Akt (Ser473) analyzed by immunoblotting and quantified by densitometric analysis in FL83B cells pretreated with WT CM in the absence or presence of either anakinra or neutralizing antibody to TNF. The results shown are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as mean ± s.d.


( a ) ITT performed 2 h after IL - 1β injection . Eight - week old male C57BL / 6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline or mouse recombinant IL - 1β ( 1 μg / kg ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(a) ITT performed 2 h after IL-1β injection. Eight-week old male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline or mouse recombinant IL-1β (1 μg/kg).


( b ) ITT in WT mice on regular diet ( RD ) or HFD for 12 weeks , or Il1b - / - mice on HFD for 12 weeks .

(b) ITT in WT mice on regular diet (RD) or HFD for 12 weeks, or Il1b-/- mice on HFD for 12 weeks.


( c , d ) ITT ( c ) and serum IL - 1β ( d , left ) and TNF ( d , right ) determined by ELISA , 2 h after IL - 1β injection . Recombinant mouse IL - 1β was administered to WT and Tnfa − / − mice ( n = 5 for each group ) . One of two independent experiments is shown ( mean ± s . d . ) . * P 0 . 05 versus controls .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(c,d) ITT (c) and serum IL-1β (d, left) and TNF (d, right) determined by ELISA, 2 h after IL-1β injection. Recombinant mouse IL-1β was administered to WT and Tnfa−/− mice (n = 5 for each group). One of two independent experiments is shown (mean ± s.d.). *P 0.05 versus controls.


( a ) Blood glucose and insulin levels measured in WT ( n = 6 ) , Nlrp3 − / − ( n = 5 ) or Pycard − / − ( n = 6 ) mice under fasting or refed conditions after 12 weeks of HFD .

O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(a) Blood glucose and insulin levels measured in WT (n = 6), Nlrp3−/− (n = 5) or Pycard−/− (n = 6) mice under fasting or refed conditions after 12 weeks of HFD.


( b - e ) Glucose tolerance test ( GTT ) ( b , d ) and insulin tolerance test ( ITT ) ( c , e ) performed for WT , Nlrp3 − / − ( b , c ) and Pycard − / − ( d , e ) mice on HFD for 12 weeks .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(b-e) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) (b,d) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) (c,e) performed for WT, Nlrp3−/− (b,c) and Pycard−/− (d,e) mice on HFD for 12 weeks.


( f ) GTT conducted on the indicated bone marrow chimeric mice on HFD for 12 weeks .

(f) GTT conducted on the indicated bone marrow chimeric mice on HFD for 12 weeks.


( g , h ) Insulin - stimulated phosphorylation of IRβ , IRS1 and Akt ( Ser473 ) in liver tissues of individual WT and Pycard − / − mice ( g ) , and p - Akt ( Ser473 ) in liver , white adipose ( WAT ) and muscle tissues of individual WT and Nlrp3 − / − mice ( h ) on HFD for 12 weeks , after insulin ( 2 IU / kg ) infusion . Graphs at right of blots show the quantitation of each molecule . pY , phosphotyrosine .

O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(g,h) Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRβ, IRS1 and Akt (Ser473) in liver tissues of individual WT and Pycard−/− mice (g), and p-Akt (Ser473) in liver, white adipose (WAT) and muscle tissues of individual WT and Nlrp3−/− mice (h) on HFD for 12 weeks, after insulin (2 IU/kg) infusion. Graphs at right of blots show the quantitation of each molecule. pY, phosphotyrosine.


( i , j ) Expression of Tnfa and Mcp1 mRNA relative to Actb in liver tissues of Nlrp3 − / − mice ( i ) and Pycard − / − mice ( j ) on regular diet ( RD ) or HFD for 12 weeks . One of two independent experiments is shown ( mean ± s . d . ) . * P 0 . 05 versus controls .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(i,j) Expression of Tnfa and Mcp1 mRNA relative to Actb in liver tissues of Nlrp3−/− mice (i) and Pycard−/− mice (j) on regular diet (RD) or HFD for 12 weeks. One of two independent experiments is shown (mean ± s.d.). *P 0.05 versus controls.


B , C Cell death measured by lactase dehydrogenase ( LDH ) ( B ) and cell viability measured by 3 - ( 4 , 5 - dimethyl - thiazol - . 2 - yl ) - 2 , 5 - diphenyl tetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) ( C ) in T98 cells 42 hrs post - transfection of pure and interrupted SCA8 repeat tracts ; LDH n = 8 , MTT n = 12 , n = independent experiments , * p < 0 . 05 , NT not transfected , EV : empty vector ; unpaired t test ; mean ± SEM .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B, C Cell death measured by lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) (B) and cell viability measured by 3-(4,5- dimethyl-thiazol-. 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (C) in T98 cells 42 hrs post-transfection of pure and interrupted SCA8 repeat tracts; LDH n=8, MTT n=12, n=independent experiments, * p < 0.05, NT not transfected, EV: empty vector; unpaired t test; mean ± SEM.


D , E qRT - PCR showing transcript levels of Pure 96 and Int . 95 ( D , n = 6 ; p = 0 . 0187 ) , and Pure 104 and Int . 102 ( E , n = 6 ; * * * * p < 0 . 0001 ) repeats ; n = independent experiments ; unpaired t test ; mean ± SEM .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D, E qRT-PCR showing transcript levels of Pure 96 and Int.95 (D, n=6; p=0.0187), and Pure 104 and Int.102 (E, n=6; **** p<0.0001) repeats; n=independent experiments; unpaired t test; mean ± SEM.


B , C Cell death ( B ; LDH , n = 8 ) and viability ( C ; MTT , n = 6 ) assays in T98 cells 42 - hrs post - transfection . NT : not transfected ; EV : empty vector ; n = independent experiments ; * p < 0 . 05 ; unpaired t test ; mean ± SEM .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B, C Cell death (B; LDH, n=8) and viability (C; MTT, n=6) assays in T98 cells 42-hrs post-transfection. NT: not transfected; EV: empty vector; n=independent experiments; * p < 0.05; unpaired t test; mean ± SEM.


Protein blots of polyGln proteins expressed in transfected HEK293T cells with interrupted or pure polyGln repeats ; EV : empty vector ; n = 3

O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O

Protein blots of polyGln proteins expressed in transfected HEK293T cells with interrupted or pure polyGln repeats; EV: empty vector; n=3 transfections


Immunofluorescence of intranuclear inclusions for polyGln expressed from Alt . polyGln and Alt . Int . polyGln constructs in HEK293T cells ; scale bar : 50μm ; green arrow heads indicate cells positive for Alt . Int . polyGln intranuclear inclusions ; dashed white box in merge panels indicates the region show in the orthogonal ( Ortho ) zoomed images which show cross section and localization of diffuse polyGln staining and nuclear polyGln ( Arg ) inclusions with alpha tubulin as a cytoplasmic marker ; n = 4 experiments with n > 55 cells per

O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Immunofluorescence of intranuclear inclusions for polyGln expressed from Alt. polyGln and Alt. Int. polyGln constructs in HEK293T cells; scale bar: 50μm; green arrow heads indicate cells positive for Alt. Int. polyGln intranuclear inclusions; dashed white box in merge panels indicates the region show in the orthogonal (Ortho) zoomed images which show cross section and localization of diffuse polyGln staining and nuclear polyGln(Arg) inclusions with alpha tubulin as a cytoplasmic marker; n=4 experiments with n>55 cells per experiment


K PolyGln ( Arg ) proteins but not pure polyGln proteins colocalize with nucleophosmin in HEK293T cells ; scale bars : 20µm ; dashed white box in merge panels indicates the region shown as an orthogonal projection in the ortho zoom panels which show the co - localization of polyGln inclusions and nucleophosmin in three dimensions .

O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O

K PolyGln(Arg) proteins but not pure polyGln proteins colocalize with nucleophosmin in HEK293T cells; scale bars: 20µm; dashed white box in merge panels indicates the region shown as an orthogonal projection in the ortho zoom panels which show the co-localization of polyGln inclusions and nucleophosmin in three dimensions.


A - C Protein blotting ( A ) and quantification ( B , C ) of polySer RAN proteins in HEK293T cells from interrupted ( Int . 95 ; Int . 102 ) or pure ( Pure 96 ; Pure 104 ) CAG repeats . EV : empty vector , n = 3 transfections , * * p < 0 . 01 , * p < 0 . 05 , unpaired t test , mean ± SEM .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A-C Protein blotting (A) and quantification (B, C) of polySer RAN proteins in HEK293T cells from interrupted (Int.95; Int.102) or pure (Pure 96; Pure 104) CAG repeats. EV: empty vector, n=3 transfections, ** p<0.01, *p<0.05, unpaired t test, mean ± SEM.


D , Immunofluorescence of RAN polySer protein aggregates from CGG interrupted and pure CAG repeat tracts in HEK293T cells ; scale bar : 10μm . n > 20 cells per construct for each experiment ( Exp . )

O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D, Immunofluorescence of RAN polySer protein aggregates from CGG interrupted and pure CAG repeat tracts in HEK293T cells; scale bar: 10μm. n>20 cells per construct for each experiment (Exp.)


F , Protein blot of polyAla RAN proteins expressed from pure or interrupted constructs ; n = 3

O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O

F, Protein blot of polyAla RAN proteins expressed from pure or interrupted constructs; n=3 transfections


I , J Protein blotting ( I ) and quantification ( J ) of phospho eIF2α ( p - eIF2α ) relative to total eIF2α ; n = 4 transfections , * p < 0 . 05 , unpaired t test , mean ± SD .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

I, J Protein blotting (I) and quantification (J) of phospho eIF2α (p-eIF2α) relative to total eIF2α; n=4 transfections, * p<0.05, unpaired t test, mean ± SD.


Phenotypes of 4 - d - old Col , two cbf1 mutants ( cbf1 - 1 and cbf1 - 2 ) and two CBF1 - OE lines ( CBF1 - myc and CBF1 - flag ) grown at 22 ° C in darkness ( D ) or continuous W , R , FR , and B light . Scale bar = 1 mm . Hypocotyl lengths of Col , two cbf1 mutants and two CBF1 - OE lines grown at 22 ° C in D or continuous W , R , FR , and B light . Error bars represent SD from 20 seedlings . * P < 0 . 05 , * * P < 0 . 01 and * * * P < 0 . 001 ( two - tailed t - test ) for the indicated genotype compared with Col . NS , not significant .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Phenotypes of 4-d-old Col, two cbf1 mutants (cbf1-1 and cbf1-2) and two CBF1-OE lines (CBF1-myc and CBF1-flag) grown at 22°C in darkness (D) or continuous W, R, FR, and B light. Scale bar = 1 mm.   Hypocotyl lengths of Col, two cbf1 mutants and two CBF1-OE lines grown at 22°C in D or continuous W, R, FR, and B light. Error bars represent SD from 20 seedlings. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed t-test) for the indicated genotype compared with Col. NS, not significant.


qRT - PCR analysis showing the relative expression of CBF1 in 4 - d - old wild - type ( Col ) seedlings grown at 22 ° C in darkness ( D ) or continuous W , R , FR , and B light . Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates . Different letters represent significant differences by one - way ANOVA with Duncan ' s post hoc test ( P < 0 . 05 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

qRT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression of CBF1 in 4-d-old wild-type (Col) seedlings grown at 22°C in darkness (D) or continuous W, R, FR, and B light. Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates. Different letters represent significant differences by one-way ANOVA with Duncan's post hoc test (P < 0.05).


GUS staining of 4 - d - old homozygous CBF1p : GUS transgenic seedlings grown at 22 ° C in D or continuous W , R , FR , and B light . Scale bar = 1 mm .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

GUS staining of 4-d-old homozygous CBF1p:GUS transgenic seedlings grown at 22°C in D or continuous W, R, FR, and B light. Scale bar = 1 mm.


qRT - PCR data showing that CBF1 expression is induced by different light regimes . Wild - type ( Col ) seedlings were first grown at 22 ° C in D for 4 d , and then transferred to continuous W , FR , R , or B light for the indicated times ranging from 1 h to 24 h . Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates . Different letters represent significant differences by one - way ANOVA with Duncan ' s post hoc test ( P < 0 . 05 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

qRT-PCR data showing that CBF1 expression is induced by different light regimes. Wild-type (Col) seedlings were first grown at 22°C in D for 4 d, and then transferred to continuous W, FR, R, or B light for the indicated times ranging from 1 h to 24 h. Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates. Different letters represent significant differences by one-way ANOVA with Duncan's post hoc test (P < 0.05).


Immunoblots showing CBF1 protein levels in nuclear fractions from 4 - d - old wild - type ( Col ) seedlings grown at 22 ° C in D or continuous W , R , FR , and B light . Anti - H3 was used as a sample loading control . Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 normalized to those of loading control , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Immunoblots showing CBF1 protein levels in nuclear fractions from 4-d-old wild-type (Col) seedlings grown at 22°C in D or continuous W, R, FR, and B light. Anti-H3 was used as a sample loading control. Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 normalized to those of loading control, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


Immunoblots showing CBF1 - myc protein levels in 4 - d - old CBF1 - myc seedlings grown at 22 ° C in D or continuous W , R , FR , and B light . anti - HSP was used as a sample loading control . Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 - myc normalized to those of loading control , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Immunoblots showing CBF1-myc protein levels in 4-d-old CBF1-myc seedlings grown at 22°C in D or continuous W, R, FR, and B light. anti-HSP was used as a sample loading control. Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1-myc normalized to those of loading control, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


F , G Immunoblots showing the levels of CBF1 - myc proteins after exposure to white light . CBF1 - myc seedlings were first grown at 22 ° C for 4 d in D , and then transferred to continuous W light for the indicated time periods within 1 h ( F ) or ranging from 1 h to 24 h ( G ) . anti - HSP was used as a sample loading control . Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 or CBF1 - myc normalized to those of loading control , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F, G Immunoblots showing the levels of CBF1-myc proteins after exposure to white light. CBF1-myc seedlings were first grown at 22°C for 4 d in D, and then transferred to continuous W light for the indicated time periods within 1 h (F) or ranging from 1 h to 24 h (G). anti-HSP was used as a sample loading control. Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 or CBF1-myc normalized to those of loading control, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


Immunoblots showing the levels of CBF1 - myc proteins after exposure to FR ( H ) , R ( I ) or B ( J ) light . CBF1 - myc seedlings were first grown at 22 ° C for 4 d in D , and then transferred to continuous FR , R or B light for the indicated time periods ranging from 1 h to 24 h . anti - HSP was used as a sample loading control . Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 or CBF1 - myc normalized to those of loading control , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Immunoblots showing the levels of CBF1-myc proteins after exposure to FR (H), R (I) or B (J) light. CBF1-myc seedlings were first grown at 22°C for 4 d in D, and then transferred to continuous FR, R or B light for the indicated time periods ranging from 1 h to 24 h. anti-HSP was used as a sample loading control. Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of CBF1 or CBF1-myc normalized to those of loading control, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


In vitro pull - down of PHYA - C1 ( A ) and PHYB - C1 ( B ) with CBF1 . The His - tagged PHYA / B - N ( photosensory domain ) , PHYA / B - C1 ( PAS - related domain ) , and PHYA / B - C2 ( histidine kinase - related domain ) proteins pulled down with GST - tagged CBF1 or GST were detected by anti - His antibody . Input , 6 % of the His - tagged purified target proteins used in pull - down assays .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

In vitro pull-down of PHYA-C1 (A) and PHYB-C1 (B) with CBF1. The His-tagged PHYA/B-N (photosensory domain), PHYA/B-C1 (PAS-related domain), and PHYA/B-C2 (histidine kinase-related domain) proteins pulled down with GST-tagged CBF1 or GST were detected by anti-His antibody. Input, 6% of the His-tagged purified target proteins used in pull-down assays.


LCI assays showing that CBF1 interacted with phyA in living plant cells . Scale bar = 1 cm .

LCI assays showing that CBF1 interacted with phyA in living plant cells. Scale bar = 1 cm.


D , E Co - IP assays showing that CBF1 interacted with phyA ( D ) and phyB ( E ) in vivo . ( D ) homozygous CBF1 - myc seedlings were first grown at 22 ° C in continuous FR light for 4 d , then the total proteins were extracted and subsequently treated with 5 - min R light , or 5 - min R light followed by 5 - min FR light ( R + FR ) before immunoprecipitation . ( E ) homozygous CBF1 - myc seedlings were first grown at 22 ° C in continuous R light for 4 d , then the total proteins were extracted and subsequently treated with 5 - min FR light , or 5 - min FR light followed by 5 - min R light ( FR + R ) before immunoprecipitation . After light treatments , total proteins were incubated with anti - c - myc Affinity Gel ( Sigma - Aldrich ) . The total and precipitated proteins were examined by immunoblotting using antibodies against myc , phyA , phyB , and RPN6 , respectively . The numbers below anti - phyA and anti - phyB blots indicate the relative band intensities of co - precipitated phyA or phyB normalized to those of precipitated CBF1 - myc , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D, E Co-IP assays showing that CBF1 interacted with phyA (D) and phyB (E) in vivo. (D) homozygous CBF1-myc seedlings were first grown at 22°C in continuous FR light for 4 d, then the total proteins were extracted and subsequently treated with 5-min R light, or 5-min R light followed by 5-min FR light (R+FR) before immunoprecipitation. (E) homozygous CBF1-myc seedlings were first grown at 22°C in continuous R light for 4 d, then the total proteins were extracted and subsequently treated with 5-min FR light, or 5-min FR light followed by 5-min R light (FR+R) before immunoprecipitation. After light treatments, total proteins were incubated with anti-c-myc Affinity Gel (Sigma-Aldrich). The total and precipitated proteins were examined by immunoblotting using antibodies against myc, phyA, phyB, and RPN6, respectively. The numbers below anti-phyA and anti-phyB blots indicate the relative band intensities of co-precipitated phyA or phyB normalized to those of precipitated CBF1-myc, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


Immunoblots showing the levels of PIF4 and PIF5 proteins at 22 ° C in 4 - d - old Col , cbf1 - 1 , cbf1 - 2 , and CBF1 - myc seedlings grown in darkness ( D ) or continuous W or R light . Anti - RPN6 was used as a sample loading control . numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of PIF4 or PIF5 normalized to those of RPN6 , respectively .

Immunoblots showing the levels of PIF4 and PIF5 proteins at 22°C in 4-d-old Col, cbf1-1, cbf1-2, and CBF1-myc seedlings grown in darkness (D) or continuous W or R light. Anti-RPN6 was used as a sample loading control. numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of PIF4 or PIF5 normalized to those of RPN6, respectively.


Phenotypes and hypocotyl lengths of 4 - d - old Col , cbf1 - 1 , pif4 pif5 , cbf1 pif4 pif5 , 35S : PIF4 and 35S : PIF4 cbf1 seedlings grown at 22 ° C in continuous W or R light . Error bars represent SD from 20 seedlings . * * P < 0 . 01 and * * * P < 0 . 001 ( two - tailed t - test ) for the indicated pairs of seedlings . Scale bar = 1 mm . NS , not significant .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Phenotypes and hypocotyl lengths of 4-d-old Col, cbf1-1, pif4 pif5, cbf1 pif4 pif5, 35S:PIF4 and 35S:PIF4 cbf1 seedlings grown at 22°C in continuous W or R light. Error bars represent SD from 20 seedlings. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed t-test) for the indicated pairs of seedlings. Scale bar = 1 mm. NS, not significant.


Immunoblots showing the PIF4 protein levels in 4 - d - old Col , 35S : PIF4 , and 35S : PIF4 cbf1 seedlings grown at 22 ° C in D or continuous W or R light . Anti - RPN6 was used as a sample loading control . numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of PIF4 normalized to those of RPN6 , respectively .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Immunoblots showing the PIF4 protein levels in 4-d-old Col, 35S:PIF4, and 35S:PIF4 cbf1 seedlings grown at 22°C in D or continuous W or R light. Anti-RPN6 was used as a sample loading control. numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of PIF4 normalized to those of RPN6, respectively.


Yeast three - hybrid assays showing that CBF1 represses the interaction of the Pfr - phyB with PIF4 in yeast cells . AD - PIF4 , phyB - BD and CBF1 were expressed in the yeast strain Y190 as indicated . The β - galactosidase activities were measured by liquid culture assays using ONPG as the substrate . Error bars represent SD of three independent yeast clones .

Yeast three-hybrid assays showing that CBF1 represses the interaction of the Pfr-phyB with PIF4 in yeast cells. AD-PIF4, phyB-BD and CBF1 were expressed in the yeast strain Y190 as indicated. The β-galactosidase activities were measured by liquid culture assays using ONPG as the substrate. Error bars represent SD of three independent yeast clones.


Yeast three - hybrid assays showing that CBF1 represses the interaction of the Pfr - phyB with PIF5 ( B ) in yeast cells . AD - PIF4 , phyB - BD and CBF1 were expressed in the yeast strain Y190 as indicated . The β - galactosidase activities were measured by liquid culture assays using ONPG as the substrate . Error bars represent SD of three independent yeast clones .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Yeast three-hybrid assays showing that CBF1 represses the interaction of the Pfr-phyB with PIF5 (B) in yeast cells. AD-PIF4, phyB-BD and CBF1 were expressed in the yeast strain Y190 as indicated. The β-galactosidase activities were measured by liquid culture assays using ONPG as the substrate. Error bars represent SD of three independent yeast clones.


LCI assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF4 ( C ) in plant cells . Different letters represent significant differences by one - way ANOVA with Duncan ' s post hoc test ( P < 0 . 05 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

LCI assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF4 (C) in plant cells. Different letters represent significant differences by one-way ANOVA with Duncan's post hoc test (P < 0.05).


LCI assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF5 ( D ) in plant cells . Different letters represent significant differences by one - way ANOVA with Duncan ' s post hoc test ( P < 0 . 05 ) .

LCI assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF5 (D) in plant cells. Different letters represent significant differences by one-way ANOVA with Duncan's post hoc test (P < 0.05).


Semi - in vivo pull - down assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF4 ( E ) The total proteins extracted from 4 - d - old 35S : phyB - GFP seedlings grown at 22 ° C in continuous R light served as the bait , and GST - PIF4 fusion proteins served as the prey . Equivalent amounts of phyB - GFP protein extract and GST - PIF4 fusion proteins , and increasing amounts of His - CBF1 were added as indicated before anti - GFP IP assays were performed . The pulled - down proteins were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies against phyB , GST and His , respectively . Numbers below the anti - GST blots indicate the relative band intensities of co - precipitated GST - PIF4 normalized to those of precipitated phyB - GFP , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Semi-in vivo pull-down assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF4 (E) The total proteins extracted from 4-d-old 35S:phyB-GFP seedlings grown at 22°C in continuous R light served as the bait, and GST-PIF4 fusion proteins served as the prey. Equivalent amounts of phyB-GFP protein extract and GST-PIF4 fusion proteins, and increasing amounts of His-CBF1 were added as indicated before anti-GFP IP assays were performed. The pulled-down proteins were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies against phyB, GST and His, respectively. Numbers below the anti-GST blots indicate the relative band intensities of co-precipitated GST-PIF4 normalized to those of precipitated phyB-GFP, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


Semi - in vivo pull - down assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF5 ( F ) . The total proteins extracted from 4 - d - old 35S : phyB - GFP seedlings grown at 22 ° C in continuous R light served as the bait , and GST - PIF5 fusion proteins served as the prey . Equivalent amounts of phyB - GFP protein extract and GST - PIF5 fusion proteins , and increasing amounts of His - CBF1 were added as indicated before anti - GFP IP assays were performed . The pulled - down proteins were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies against phyB , GST and His , respectively . Numbers below the anti - GST blots indicate the relative band intensities of co - precipitated GST - PIF5 normalized to those of precipitated phyB - GFP , respectively . The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Semi-in vivo pull-down assays showing that CBF1 inhibits phyB interaction with PIF5 (F). The total proteins extracted from 4-d-old 35S:phyB-GFP seedlings grown at 22°C in continuous R light served as the bait, and GST-PIF5 fusion proteins served as the prey. Equivalent amounts of phyB-GFP protein extract and GST-PIF5 fusion proteins, and increasing amounts of His-CBF1 were added as indicated before anti-GFP IP assays were performed. The pulled-down proteins were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies against phyB, GST and His, respectively. Numbers below the anti-GST blots indicate the relative band intensities of co-precipitated GST-PIF5 normalized to those of precipitated phyB-GFP, respectively. The ratio of the first clear band was set to 100 for each blot.


Phenotypes of Col , two cbf1 mutants ( cbf1 - 1 and cbf1 - 2 ) and two CBF1 - OE lines ( CBF1 - myc and CBF1 - flag ) grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C and 4 ° C , respectively . The seeds of different genotypes were germinated under LD ( 16 - h - light / 8 - h - dark photoperiod ) conditions at 22 ° C for 2 d , respectively , and then grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C , or 4 ° C , for additional 6 d . Scale bar = 1 mm .

Phenotypes of Col, two cbf1 mutants (cbf1-1 and cbf1-2) and two CBF1-OE lines (CBF1-myc and CBF1-flag) grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C and 4°C, respectively. The seeds of different genotypes were germinated under LD (16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod) conditions at 22°C for 2 d, respectively, and then grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C, or 4°C, for additional 6 d. Scale bar = 1 mm.


Hypocotyl lengths of Col , two cbf1 mutants ( cbf1 - 1 and cbf1 - 2 ) and two CBF1 - OE lines ( CBF1 - myc and CBF1 - flag ) grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C or 4 ° C . Error bars represent SD from 10 seedlings . * * * P < 0 . 001 ( two - tailed t - test ) for the indicated genotype compared with Col . NS , not significant .

Hypocotyl lengths of Col, two cbf1 mutants (cbf1-1 and cbf1-2) and two CBF1-OE lines (CBF1-myc and CBF1-flag) grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C or 4°C. Error bars represent SD from 10 seedlings. ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed t-test) for the indicated genotype compared with Col. NS, not significant.


The ratios of hypocotyl lengths at 17 ° C versus 22 ° C for the indicated seedlings grown under LD conditions . Error bars represent SD from 10 seedlings . * * * P < 0 . 001 ( two - tailed t - test ) for the indicated genotype compared with Col .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

The ratios of hypocotyl lengths at 17°C versus 22°C for the indicated seedlings grown under LD conditions. Error bars represent SD from 10 seedlings. ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed t-test) for the indicated genotype compared with Col.


qRT - PCR assays showing the CBF1 transcript levels in Col seedlings grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C and 4 ° C . Col seeds were germinated under LD conditions at 22 ° C for 2 d , and then grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C or 4 ° C for additional 6 d . The samples were collected at ZT8 , and then subjected to qRT - PCR assays . Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates . Different letters represent significant differences by one - way ANOVA with Duncan ' s post hoc test ( P < 0 . 05 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

qRT-PCR assays showing the CBF1 transcript levels in Col seedlings grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C and 4°C. Col seeds were germinated under LD conditions at 22°C for 2 d, and then grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C or 4°C for additional 6 d. The samples were collected at ZT8, and then subjected to qRT-PCR assays. Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates. Different letters represent significant differences by one-way ANOVA with Duncan's post hoc test (P < 0.05).


E , F Immunoblots showing the protein levels of PIF4 ( E ) and PIF5 ( F ) in Col , cbf1 - 1 , cbf1 - 2 , and CBF1 - myc seedlings grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C and 4 ° C . The seeds of different genotypes were germinated under LD conditions at 22 ° C for 2 d , and then grown under LD conditions at 22 ° C , 17 ° C or 4 ° C for additional 6 d . The samples were collected at ZT20 , and then subjected to immunoblotting . Anti - RPN6 was used as a sample loading control . Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of PIF4 or PIF5 normalized to those of loading control , respectively . The ratio of the first band was set to 100 for each blot .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

E, F Immunoblots showing the protein levels of PIF4 (E) and PIF5 (F) in Col, cbf1-1, cbf1-2, and CBF1-myc seedlings grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C and 4°C. The seeds of different genotypes were germinated under LD conditions at 22°C for 2 d, and then grown under LD conditions at 22°C, 17°C or 4°C for additional 6 d. The samples were collected at ZT20, and then subjected to immunoblotting. Anti-RPN6 was used as a sample loading control. Numbers below the immunoblots indicate the relative band intensities of PIF4 or PIF5 normalized to those of loading control, respectively. The ratio of the first band was set to 100 for each blot.


B Interaction of Atg18 with retromer subunits . Genomically tagged yomCherry - fusions of each retromer subunit were expressed in SEY6210 atg18 ∆ , atg21 ∆ , hsv2 ∆ cells , together with a plasmid expressing Atg18HA3yEGFP . Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using RFP - Trap magnetic beads and analyzed by SDS - PAGE and Western blotting against the indicated proteins .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B Interaction of Atg18 with retromer subunits. Genomically tagged yomCherry-fusions of each retromer subunit were expressed in SEY6210 atg18∆, atg21∆, hsv2∆ cells, together with a plasmid expressing Atg18HA3yEGFP. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using RFP-Trap magnetic beads and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting against the indicated proteins.


D Atg18 - Vps35 interaction . Genomically tagged Vps35yomCherry was pulled down from lysates of SEY6210 WT or SEY6210 vps26 ∆ strains carrying genomically tagged Atg18HA3yEGFP . Adsorbed proteins were analyzed by SDS - PAGE and Western blotting using the antibodies indicated in brackets . E Signals from the blots in d were quantified on an infrared fluorescence scanner and normalized to the amount of pulled - down Vps35yomCherry . n = 3 independent experiments were analyzed using an unpaired Student ' s t - test . Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM . * * * P < 0 . 001 .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D Atg18-Vps35 interaction. Genomically tagged Vps35yomCherry was pulled down from lysates of SEY6210 WT or SEY6210 vps26∆ strains carrying genomically tagged Atg18HA3yEGFP. Adsorbed proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using the antibodies indicated in brackets. E Signals from the blots in d were quantified on an infrared fluorescence scanner and normalized to the amount of pulled-down Vps35yomCherry. n=3 independent experiments were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t-test. Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM. *** P < 0.001.


F Atg18 - Vps26 interaction . Genomically tagged Vps26yomCherry was pulled down from lysates of SEY6210 WT , SEY6210 vps35 ∆ or SEY6210 vps29 ∆ strains carrying genomically tagged Atg18HA3yEGFP . Adsorbed proteins were analyzed as in D . G Proteins from F were quantified as in E . n = 3 independent experiments were analyzed using an unpaired Student ' s t - test . Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM . * * * p < 0 . 001 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F Atg18-Vps26 interaction. Genomically tagged Vps26yomCherry was pulled down from lysates of SEY6210 WT, SEY6210 vps35∆ or SEY6210 vps29∆ strains carrying genomically tagged Atg18HA3yEGFP. Adsorbed proteins were analyzed as in D. G Proteins from F were quantified as in E. n=3 independent experiments were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t-test. Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM. *** p < 0.001).


B Salt - induced vacuole fission . The indicated cells were logarithmically grown in YPD and stained with FM4 - 64 . Vacuole morphology was imaged as in A , before and after a mild salt shock with 0 . 5 M of NaCl for 15 min . The look - up table has been inverted to allow better representation of the clusters of extremely small vacuolar fragments in the SNX mutants . Scale bar : 5 µm . C The number of vacuoles per cell was quantified for the samples from B . n = 3 experiments with at least 100 cells per condition were evaluated ; Error bars represent the SEM .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B Salt-induced vacuole fission. The indicated cells were logarithmically grown in YPD and stained with FM4-64. Vacuole morphology was imaged as in A, before and after a mild salt shock with 0.5 M of NaCl for 15 min. The look-up table has been inverted to allow better representation of the clusters of extremely small vacuolar fragments in the SNX mutants. Scale bar: 5 µm. C The number of vacuoles per cell was quantified for the samples from B. n=3 experiments with at least 100 cells per condition were evaluated; Error bars represent the SEM.


A Vps17 labilizes the Atg18 - Vps26 interaction . Wildtype or vps17 ∆ cells expressing ATG18HA3 - yEGFP from a centromeric plasmid were logarithmically grown in YPD . Genomically tagged Vps26yomCherry was pulled down from whole - cell extracts and analyzed for associated Atg18HA3 - yEGFP by SDS - PAGE and Western blotting . Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase ( Zwf1 ) serves as a loading control . The intensity of the interacting Atg18HA3 - yEGFP was quantified on a LICOR fluorescence imager and normalized to the amount of Vps26yomCherry . Values of the wildtype interaction were used as the reference and set to 1 . n = 4 independent experiments were analyzed using an unpaired Student ' s t - test . Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM , * * p < 0 . 01 )

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A Vps17 labilizes the Atg18-Vps26 interaction. Wildtype or vps17∆ cells expressing ATG18HA3-yEGFP from a centromeric plasmid were logarithmically grown in YPD. Genomically tagged Vps26yomCherry was pulled down from whole-cell extracts and analyzed for associated Atg18HA3-yEGFP by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf1) serves as a loading control. The intensity of the interacting Atg18HA3-yEGFP was quantified on a LICOR fluorescence imager and normalized to the amount of Vps26yomCherry. Values of the wildtype interaction were used as the reference and set to 1. n = 4 independent experiments were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t-test. Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM, ** p < 0.01)


B Epistasis of ATG18 and retromer genes concerning vacuolar morphology . The indicated cells were logarithmically grown in YPD medium , stained with FM4 - 64 and calcofluor white C Quantification of vacuole morphology . The number of vacuoles per cell was measured in the cells from B . The graph shows the fractions of cells displaying the indicated numbers of vacuolar vesicles ( n = 3 biological experiments with at least 100 cells per condition and experiment were analyzed using an unpaired Student ' s t - test . Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM . * * p < 0 .

B Epistasis of ATG18 and retromer genes concerning vacuolar morphology. The indicated cells were logarithmically grown in YPD medium, stained with FM4-64 and calcofluor white C Quantification of vacuole morphology. The number of vacuoles per cell was measured in the cells from B. The graph shows the fractions of cells displaying the indicated numbers of vacuolar vesicles (n = 3 biological experiments with at least 100 cells per condition and experiment were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t-test. Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM. ** p < 0.01


B Purified Atg18 and CSC - GFP were mixed in a 1 : 1 ratio , incubated together in PBS and analyzed by native PAGE and Western blotting using the antibodies indicated in brackets .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B Purified Atg18 and CSC-GFP were mixed in a 1:1 ratio, incubated together in PBS and analyzed by native PAGE and Western blotting using the antibodies indicated in brackets.


C Pull - down . Cells ( SEY6210 atg18 ∆ , atg21 ∆ ) expressing genomically tagged Vps26yomCherry and the indicated Atg18HA3 - yEGFP variants were logarithmically grown in SC - URA media . Vps26yomCherry was pulled down from whole - cell extracts with RFP - trap magnetic beads and analyzed by SDS - PAGE and Western blotting against the indicated proteins . Bands were quantified on a LICOR fluorescence imager . Signals of Atg18HA3yEGFP were normalized relative to those of Vps26yomCherry . Vps1 served as a loading control . n = 3 independent replicates . Data were subjected to an unpaired t - test . Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM , * * * P < 0 . 001 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

C Pull-down. Cells (SEY6210 atg18∆, atg21∆) expressing genomically tagged Vps26yomCherry and the indicated Atg18HA3-yEGFP variants were logarithmically grown in SC-URA media. Vps26yomCherry was pulled down from whole-cell extracts with RFP-trap magnetic beads and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting against the indicated proteins. Bands were quantified on a LICOR fluorescence imager. Signals of Atg18HA3yEGFP were normalized relative to those of Vps26yomCherry. Vps1 served as a loading control. n = 3 independent replicates. Data were subjected to an unpaired t-test. Bars represent the mean and errors bars the SEM, *** P < 0.001).


A , Effect of Atg18T56E on salt - induced vacuole fission . Cells expressing Atg18WTHA3 - yEGFP or Atg18T56E - HA3 - yEGFP from centromeric plasmids in a SEY6210 atg18 ∆ , atg21 ∆ strain were logarithmically grown in SD - URA medium . They were stained and imaged before and after the induction of vacuole fission by a short salt shock Calcofluor white - stained cell walls are only represented in the merge ( blue ) . Scale bar : 5 µm . B , Quantification of the number of vacuoles per cell from A , n = 3 biological experiments with at least 100 cells per condition were scored ; bars represent the mean and error bars the SEM . C , Epistasis of atg18T56E over a vps17 ∆ mutation . The indicated variants of Atg18 - HA3 - yEGFP were expressed from plasmids in a SEY6210 atg18 ∆ , atg21 ∆ , vps17 ∆ strain . Cells were logarithmically grown in SD - URA and imaged Scale bar : 5 µm . D , Quantification of the experiments from C , n = 3 independent experiments with at least 100 cells per condition scored ; bars represent the mean and error bars the SEM .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A, Effect of Atg18T56E on salt-induced vacuole fission. Cells expressing Atg18WTHA3-yEGFP or Atg18T56E-HA3-yEGFP from centromeric plasmids in a SEY6210 atg18∆, atg21∆ strain were logarithmically grown in SD-URA medium. They were stained and imaged before and after the induction of vacuole fission by a short salt shock Calcofluor white-stained cell walls are only represented in the merge (blue). Scale bar: 5 µm. B, Quantification of the number of vacuoles per cell from A, n = 3 biological experiments with at least 100 cells per condition were scored; bars represent the mean and error bars the SEM. C, Epistasis of atg18T56E over a vps17∆ mutation. The indicated variants of Atg18-HA3-yEGFP were expressed from plasmids in a SEY6210 atg18∆, atg21∆, vps17∆ strain. Cells were logarithmically grown in SD-URA and imaged Scale bar: 5 µm. D, Quantification of the experiments from C, n = 3 independent experiments with at least 100 cells per condition scored; bars represent the mean and error bars the SEM .


A . Atg18 - dependent recruitment of CSC - GFP to small liposomes . SUVs were incubated ( 10 min , 25 ° C ) with purified CSC ( 1 . 5 µM ) alone or in combination with the indicated recombinant Atg18 variants ( 1 . 5 µM ) . The vesicles were sedimented by centrifugation and supernatants ( Sup . ) and pellets were analyzed by SDS - PAGE and Coomassie staining . B . Quantification of the Coomassie signals for Vps35 by densitometry on a LICOR Odyssey scanner . n = 3 independent experiments . Bars represent the mean and error bars the SEM , * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 . C . Quantification as in B , but for the Atg18 variants .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. Atg18-dependent recruitment of CSC-GFP to small liposomes. SUVs were incubated (10 min, 25°C) with purified CSC (1.5 µM) alone or in combination with the indicated recombinant Atg18 variants (1.5 µM). The vesicles were sedimented by centrifugation and supernatants (Sup.) and pellets were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining. B. Quantification of the Coomassie signals for Vps35 by densitometry on a LICOR Odyssey scanner. n = 3 independent experiments. Bars represent the mean and error bars the SEM, ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. C. Quantification as in B, but for the Atg18 variants.


A Colocalization of WIPI1 with Vps26A . The indicated WIPI1mCherry variants and VPS26EGFP were expressed for 18 h in HK2 cells , from which endogenous WIPI1 had been deleted ( WIPI1 - KO ) . The cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy . Scale bars : 10 μm . Insets show enlargements of the outlined areas . B Colocalization between WIPI1 variants and Vps26 was quantified in the cells from A using the Manders ' colocalization coefficient M2 . The red line indicates the mean ; n = 120 cells per condition , pooled from three independent experiments . P - values were calculated by t - test ( analysis performed with 99 % confidence * * * p < 0 . 0001 ) . C Expression levels of WIPI1mCherry variants . Lysates ( 50 μg of protein per sample ) from the cells in A were analyzed by SDS - PAGE and Western blot against WIPI1 and tubulin .

A Colocalization of WIPI1 with Vps26A. The indicated WIPI1mCherry variants and VPS26EGFP were expressed for 18 h in HK2 cells, from which endogenous WIPI1 had been deleted (WIPI1-KO). The cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Scale bars: 10 μm. Insets show enlargements of the outlined areas. B Colocalization between WIPI1 variants and Vps26 was quantified in the cells from A using the Manders' colocalization coefficient M2. The red line indicates the mean; n = 120 cells per condition, pooled from three independent experiments. P-values were calculated by t-test (analysis performed with 99% confidence ***p < 0.0001). C Expression levels of WIPI1mCherry variants. Lysates (50 μg of protein per sample) from the cells in A were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot against WIPI1 and tubulin.


D Depletion of VPS35 . HK2 cells expressing the indicated WIPI1eGFP variants were transfected with siRNA against VPS35 ( VPS35 KD ) or a control siRNA pool . Lysates ( 50 μg per sample ) from the cells were analyzed by SDS - PAGE and Western blot against Vps35 and tubulin . E Blots from D were quantified on a LICOR Odyssey fluorescence imager . n = 3 . Red lines indicate the means , n = 3 independent experiments , using a Welch ' s t - test statistical analysis . Bars represent the mean and error bars the SD .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D Depletion of VPS35. HK2 cells expressing the indicated WIPI1eGFP variants were transfected with siRNA against VPS35 (VPS35 KD) or a control siRNA pool. Lysates (50 μg per sample) from the cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot against Vps35 and tubulin. E Blots from D were quantified on a LICOR Odyssey fluorescence imager. n=3. Red lines indicate the means, n = 3 independent experiments, using a Welch's t-test statistical analysis. Bars represent the mean and error bars the SD.


F Cells from D were analyzed by confocal microscopy 18 h after transfection . Scale bar : 10 μm . G Quantification of tubule length in the cells from F . Data are means ± SD . of n = 210 tubules per condition , from three independent experiments . p values were calculated by unpaired Student ' s t - test . 99 % confidence : * * * = p < 0 . 0001 .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F Cells from D were analyzed by confocal microscopy 18 h after transfection. Scale bar: 10 μm. G Quantification of tubule length in the cells from F. Data are means ± SD. of n=210 tubules per condition, from three independent experiments. p values were calculated by unpaired Student's t-test. 99% confidence: *** = p < 0.0001.


A , Tf recycling . WIPI1 - KO cells were transfected with WIPI1WT - eGFP , WIPI1S69E - eGFP or WIPI1S69A - eGFP for 18h . Then , they were serum - starved for 1 h , loaded with Alexa Fluor 568 - conjugated Tf , chased at 37 ° C for 1 h without labeled Tf , and analyzed by confocal microscopy . Scale bar : 10 μm . White dashed lines delineate the circumference of the cells . B , Quantification of Tf - fluorescence in the cells from a that expressed WIPI1 variants . Total cell fluorescence was integrated and corrected for background fluorescence . Mean values ± SD are shown . n = 3 independent experiments with a total of 150 cells analyzed per condition . P values were calculated by unpaired Student ' s t - test . 99 % confidence : * * * = p < 0 . 0001 .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A, Tf recycling. WIPI1-KO cells were transfected with WIPI1WT-eGFP, WIPI1S69E-eGFP or WIPI1S69A-eGFP for 18h. Then, they were serum-starved for 1 h, loaded with Alexa Fluor 568-conjugated Tf, chased at 37°C for 1 h without labeled Tf, and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 10 μm. White dashed lines delineate the circumference of the cells. B, Quantification of Tf-fluorescence in the cells from a that expressed WIPI1 variants. Total cell fluorescence was integrated and corrected for background fluorescence. Mean values ± SD are shown. n = 3 independent experiments with a total of 150 cells analyzed per condition. P values were calculated by unpaired Student's t-test. 99% confidence: *** = p < 0.0001.


B . BJ ESCs stably co - expressing H2B - GFP ( green ) and mCherry - H2B ( red ) , hereafter named BJH2B - 2FPs . C . ChIP - qPCR analysis of GFP enrichment inside different repetitive elements ( ERV , MajSat , IAPs ) used as H3K9me3 domain controls , or at the Hoxa11 gene used as a H3K27me3 domain control , or on transcribed genes ( Gapdh , Pou5f1 , Actb ) or actively transcribed gene promoter ( Pou5f1 - promoter ) in BJ WT and BJH2B - GFP ESCs . Gene names are color - coded in red whether they are associated to heterochromatic domains ( enriched in H3K9me3 ) ; in black to Polycomb domains ( enriched in H3K27me3 ) ; in blue to active chromatin domains ( enriched in H3K4me3 ) . Data are represented as relative enrichments of H2B - GFP versus histone H2B . Data are means ± s . d ( n = 3 biological replicates for GFP and histone H2B ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B. BJ ESCs stably co-expressing H2B-GFP (green) and mCherry-H2B (red), hereafter named BJH2B-2FPs. C. ChIP-qPCR analysis of GFP enrichment inside different repetitive elements (ERV, MajSat, IAPs) used as H3K9me3 domain controls, or at the Hoxa11 gene used as a H3K27me3 domain control, or on transcribed genes (Gapdh, Pou5f1, Actb) or actively transcribed gene promoter (Pou5f1-promoter) in BJ WT and BJH2B-GFP ESCs. Gene names are color-coded in red whether they are associated to heterochromatic domains (enriched in H3K9me3); in black to Polycomb domains (enriched in H3K27me3); in blue to active chromatin domains (enriched in H3K4me3). Data are represented as relative enrichments of H2B-GFP versus histone H2B. Data are means ± s.d (n=3 biological replicates for GFP and histone H2B).


E . Left panel , in vivo FLIM - FRET assay in BJH2B - 2FPs stably co - expressing H2B - GFP ( green ) and mCherry - H2B ( red ) . Mean FRET efficiency is displayed using a continuous pseudo - colour scale from 0 to 40 % . Magnification of the FRET map , with discrete high FRET regions indicated by white arrowheads . Scale bars , 5 µm . Right panel , mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction from BJH2B - 2FPs cells ( n = 384 cells ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

E. Left panel, in vivo FLIM-FRET assay in BJH2B-2FPs stably co-expressing H2B-GFP (green) and mCherry-H2B (red). Mean FRET efficiency is displayed using a continuous pseudo-colour scale from 0 to 40%. Magnification of the FRET map, with discrete high FRET regions indicated by white arrowheads. Scale bars, 5 µm. Right panel, mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction from BJH2B-2FPs cells (n = 384 cells).


A . Top and bottom panels depict a representative nucleus of BJH2B - 2FPs ESC by GFP intensity ( nucleosome concentration ) and FRET efficiency , respectively . Yellow arrowheads : regions with high nucleosome density but low FRET efficiency ; Orange arrowheads : regions with low nucleosome density but high FRET efficiency . Scale bars , 10 μm . The right panel correlates FRET efficiency with GFP fluorescence intensity ( Pearson correlation coefficient , r = - 0 . 07 , n = 106 cells ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. Top and bottom panels depict a representative nucleus of BJH2B-2FPs ESC by GFP intensity (nucleosome concentration) and FRET efficiency, respectively. Yellow arrowheads: regions with high nucleosome density but low FRET efficiency; Orange arrowheads: regions with low nucleosome density but high FRET efficiency. Scale bars,10 μm. The right panel correlates FRET efficiency with GFP fluorescence intensity (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = -0.07, n = 106 cells).


F . Top and bottom panels depict a representative nucleus of BJH2B - 2FPs ESC after 15 min of ATP depletion by GFP intensity ( i . e . , nucleosome concentration ) and FRET efficiency , respectively . Yellow arrows indicate nucleosome - rich foci associated with high levels of FRET . Scale bars , 10 µm . The FRET efficiencies ( % ) from nucleosome - rich foci in untreated and ATP - depleted cells are depicted as Box - and - Whisker plots . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET efficiency ( % ) values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range . * * * * , p < 0 . 0001 ( Mann - Whitney test , n = 61 cells ) . Mean distribution of the FRET efficiency of BJH2B - 2FPs from nucleosome - rich foci in untreated ( black , n = 162 ) and ATP - depleted cells ( red , n = 61 cells ) . * * * * , p = 2 . 2e - 16 ; K - S test .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F. Top and bottom panels depict a representative nucleus of BJH2B-2FPs ESC after 15 min of ATP depletion by GFP intensity (i.e., nucleosome concentration) and FRET efficiency, respectively. Yellow arrows indicate nucleosome-rich foci associated with high levels of FRET. Scale bars,10 µm. The FRET efficiencies (%) from nucleosome-rich foci in untreated and ATP-depleted cells are depicted as Box-and-Whisker plots. The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET efficiency (%) values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range. ****, p < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney test, n = 61 cells). Mean distribution of the FRET efficiency of BJH2B-2FPs from nucleosome-rich foci in untreated (black, n = 162) and ATP-depleted cells (red, n = 61 cells). ****, p = 2.2e-16; K-S test.


G . Left panel , representative image of in vivo FLIM - FRET measurements from differentiated 3T3 cells co - expressing H2B - GFP and mCherry - H2B . Yellow arrows indicate high FRET efficiencies at H2B - GFP bright chromocenters . Scale bars , 10 µm . Right panel , comparison of the FRET efficiency ( % ) from ESCs ( blue ) and 3T3 cells ( white ) in the GFP - brightest foci ( nucleosome - rich foci ) . FRET efficiency ( % ) was represented as Box - and - Whisker plots . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range . * * * * , p < 0 . 0001 ( Mann - Whitney test , n = 42 cells ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

G. Left panel, representative image of in vivo FLIM-FRET measurements from differentiated 3T3 cells co-expressing H2B-GFP and mCherry-H2B. Yellow arrows indicate high FRET efficiencies at H2B-GFP bright chromocenters. Scale bars, 10 µm. Right panel, comparison of the FRET efficiency (%) from ESCs (blue) and 3T3 cells (white) in the GFP-brightest foci (nucleosome-rich foci). FRET efficiency (%) was represented as Box-and-Whisker plots. The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range. ****, p < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney test, n = 42 cells).


A . Expression of mTagBFP - tagged HP1α in living BJH2B - 2FPs and segmentation of HP1α positive foci . Yellow arrowheads : chromocenters enriched in H2B - GFP ( left panel ) , in mTagBFP - HP1α ( middle panel ) , and following segmentation ( right panel ) . B . Box plot of the mean FRET efficiencies of all nucleosome - rich foci ( black , n = 68 cells ) and foci enriched in HP1α ( blue , n = 68 cells ) . FRET efficiency ( % ) was represented as Box - and - Whisker plots . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the 10 - 90 percentiles value range . * * * * p < 0 . 0001 , Mann - Whitney test .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. Expression of mTagBFP-tagged HP1α in living BJH2B-2FPs and segmentation of HP1α positive foci. Yellow arrowheads: chromocenters enriched in H2B-GFP (left panel), in mTagBFP-HP1α (middle panel), and following segmentation (right panel). B. Box plot of the mean FRET efficiencies of all nucleosome-rich foci (black, n = 68 cells) and foci enriched in HP1α (blue, n = 68 cells). FRET efficiency (%) was represented as Box-and-Whisker plots. The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the 10-90 percentiles value range. **** p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test.


D . Representative image of the FRET efficiency map of interphase and mitotic ESCs ( top and bottom panels , respectively ) after fixation with 4 % PFA . The mean FRET efficiency is displayed using a continuous pseudo - colour scale from 0 to 80 % .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D. Representative image of the FRET efficiency map of interphase and mitotic ESCs (top and bottom panels, respectively) after fixation with 4% PFA. The mean FRET efficiency is displayed using a continuous pseudo-colour scale from 0 to 80%.


E . Mean distribution of FRET efficiency from nucleosome - rich foci in living cells ( green , n = 162 cells ) , and fixed cells ( black , n = 157 cells ) . * * * * , p = 2 . 2e - 16 ; K - S test . Right panel , box plot of the mean FRET efficiency from nucleosome - rich foci in living and fixed ESCs . FRET efficiency ( % ) was represented as Box - and - Whisker plots . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range . * * * * p < 0 . 0001 , Mann - Whitney test .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

E. Mean distribution of FRET efficiency from nucleosome-rich foci in living cells (green, n = 162 cells), and fixed cells (black, n = 157 cells). ****, p = 2.2e-16; K-S test. Right panel, box plot of the mean FRET efficiency from nucleosome-rich foci in living and fixed ESCs. FRET efficiency (%) was represented as Box-and-Whisker plots. The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range. **** p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test.


A . Total cell extracts from BJH2B - 2FPs cells incubated during 24h with untargeted siRNA or an siRNA targeting HP1α , analyzed by western blotting with an antiserum against HP1α . Loading control was performed by red ponceau staining .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. Total cell extracts from BJH2B-2FPs cells incubated during 24h with untargeted siRNA or an siRNA targeting HP1α, analyzed by western blotting with an antiserum against HP1α. Loading control was performed by red ponceau staining.


C . Left panel , mean distribution of the FRET efficiency from nucleosome - rich foci of BJH2B - 2FPs cells incubated with a control siRNA ( black , n = 101 cells ) or an siRNA against HP1β ( green , n = 136 cells ) ; * , p : 0 . 02651 ; K - S test . Right panel , box plot of the mean FRET efficiency from nucleosome - rich foci of living of BJH2B - 2FPs cells incubated with a control siRNA ( grey , n = 101 cells ) or an siRNA against HP1β ( green , n = 136 cells ) . Box - and - Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiency ( % ) . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

C. Left panel, mean distribution of the FRET efficiency from nucleosome-rich foci of BJH2B-2FPs cells incubated with a control siRNA (black, n = 101 cells) or an siRNA against HP1β (green, n = 136 cells); *, p: 0.02651; K-S test. Right panel, box plot of the mean FRET efficiency from nucleosome-rich foci of living of BJH2B-2FPs cells incubated with a control siRNA (grey, n = 101 cells) or an siRNA against HP1β (green, n = 136 cells). Box-and-Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiency (%). The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the Minimum to Maximum value range.


E . Left panel , representative images of immunostaining for H4K20me3 in control ESCs ( top row ) and ESCs treated with A - 196 during 2 days ( bottom row ) . Scale bars , 10 µm . Right panel , Box - and - Whisker plots represent the normalized fluorescence intensity of immunostaining for H4K20me3 . The box plots indicate median values ( middle lines ) , mean values ( middle crosses ) , first and third quartiles ( box edges ) and the whiskers cover the minimum to maximum value range of the fluorescence intensity . Data are means of n = 2 biological replicates . Number of nuclei = 76 / 60 for control ESCs / A - 196 treated ESCs .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O

E. Left panel, representative images of immunostaining for H4K20me3 in control ESCs (top row) and ESCs treated with A-196 during 2 days (bottom row). Scale bars, 10 µm. Right panel, Box-and-Whisker plots represent the normalized fluorescence intensity of immunostaining for H4K20me3. The box plots indicate median values (middle lines), mean values (middle crosses), first and third quartiles (box edges) and the whiskers cover the minimum to maximum value range of the fluorescence intensity. Data are means of n=2 biological replicates. Number of nuclei = 76/60 for control ESCs/A-196 treated ESCs.


F . Total cell extracts from untreated , DMSO treated or A - 196 treated BJH2B - 2FPs during 24h or 48h , analysed by western blotting with antibody against H4K20me3 . Arrowhead indicates the H4K20me3 - specific bands . The asterisk indicates unspecific bands .

O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F. Total cell extracts from untreated, DMSO treated or A-196 treated BJH2B-2FPs during 24h or 48h, analysed by western blotting with antibody against H4K20me3. Arrowhead indicates the H4K20me3-specific bands. The asterisk indicates unspecific bands.


A . Representative images of immunostainings for Ki - 67 in mitotic WT , control ( CTRL ) and Mki67 - / - ESCs . Scale bar , 10 µm .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. Representative images of immunostainings for Ki-67 in mitotic WT, control (CTRL) and Mki67-/- ESCs. Scale bar, 10 µm.


B . Box - and - Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiency ( % ) from control mitotic ESCs ( n = 12 cells ) and from three different Mki67 - / - ESCs clones named # 1 ( n = 10 cells ) , # 2 ( n = 9 cells ) and # 3 ( n = 8 cells ) . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the 10 - 90 percentiles value range ; * * * , p = 0 . 0007 ; * * * * , p < 0 . 0001 , Mann - Whitney test .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B. Box-and-Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiency (%) from control mitotic ESCs (n = 12 cells) and from three different Mki67-/- ESCs clones named #1 (n = 10 cells), #2 (n = 9 cells) and #3 (n = 8 cells). The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the 10-90 percentiles value range; ***, p = 0.0007; ****, p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test.


C . Left panel , in vivo FLIM - FRET measurements in interphase BJH2B - 2FPs control ESCs ( top ) and BJH2B - 2FPs Mki67 - / - ESCs ( clone # 1 ) . Mean FRET efficiency is displayed using a continuous pseudo - colour scale from 0 to 25 % . Scale bars , 10 µm . Right panel , box - and - Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiency ( % ) in WT ESCs ( n = 77 cells ) and Mki67 - / - ESCs clones clone # 1 ( n = 86 cells ) , # 2 ( n = 95 cells ) and # 3 ( n = 110 cells ) . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the median , and the whiskers cover the 10 - 90 percentiles value range . * * * * , p < 0 . 0001 , Mann - Whitney test .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

C. Left panel, in vivo FLIM-FRET measurements in interphase BJH2B-2FPs control ESCs (top) and BJH2B-2FPs Mki67-/- ESCs (clone #1). Mean FRET efficiency is displayed using a continuous pseudo-colour scale from 0 to 25%. Scale bars, 10 µm. Right panel, box-and-Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiency (%) in WT ESCs (n = 77 cells) and Mki67-/- ESCs clones clone #1 (n = 86 cells), #2 (n = 95 cells) and #3 (n = 110 cells). The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the FRET % values from the 25-75th percentiles of the median, and the whiskers cover the 10-90 percentiles value range. ****, p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test.


B . Left panels , nucleosome - rich foci segmentation in naive ESCs and EpiLCs using the FRENETIC tool . Nuclei are outlined with yellow dashed lines . Scale bars , 10µm . Right panel , Box - and - Whisker plots of the mean number of foci per nucleus in naive BJH2B - 2FPs ESCs ( n = 150 cells ) and in primed EpiLCs ( n = 137 cells ) . The thick line represents median , the boxes correspond to the number of foci from the 25 - 75th percentiles of the

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B. Left panels, nucleosome-rich foci segmentation in naive ESCs and EpiLCs using the FRENETIC tool. Nuclei are outlined with yellow dashed lines. Scale bars, 10µm. Right panel, Box-and-Whisker plots of the mean number of foci per nucleus in naive BJH2B-2FPs ESCs (n = 150 cells) and in primed EpiLCs (n = 137 cells). The thick line represents median, the boxes correspond to the number of foci from the 25-75th percentiles of the median


C . Left panel , Box - and - Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiencies ( % ) from naive ESCs ( blue , n = 162 cells ) and EpiLCs ( red , n = 266 cells ) . The box plots indicate median values ( middle lines ) , first and third quartiles ( box edges ) and the whiskers cover the minimum to maximum value range of the FRET efficiency ; ns , p = 0 . 29 , Mann - Whitney test . Right panel , mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction in nucleosome - rich foci from naive ESCs ( blue , n = 162 cells ) and EpiLCs ( red , n = 266 cells ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

C. Left panel, Box-and-Whisker plots represent the FRET efficiencies (%) from naive ESCs (blue, n = 162 cells) and EpiLCs (red, n = 266 cells). The box plots indicate median values (middle lines), first and third quartiles (box edges) and the whiskers cover the minimum to maximum value range of the FRET efficiency; ns, p = 0.29, Mann-Whitney test. Right panel, mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction in nucleosome-rich foci from naive ESCs (blue, n = 162 cells) and EpiLCs (red, n = 266 cells).


D . Mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction in nucleosome - rich foci from EpiLCs at different time points of cellular induction ( black , + 24h n = 57 cells ; orange , + 48h , n = 48 cells ; red , + 72h n = 266 cells ) . * * * * , p = 2 . 2e - 16 ; K - S test .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D. Mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction in nucleosome-rich foci from EpiLCs at different time points of cellular induction (black, +24h n= 57 cells; orange, +48h, n= 48 cells; red, +72h n = 266 cells). ****, p = 2.2e-16; K-S test.


E . Total cell extracts from naive ESCs and EpiLCs ( + 72h ) analyzed by western blot with antiserum against H4K20me3 . Short and long exposures of the signal are shown . Loading control was achieved by Ponceau staining .

E. Total cell extracts from naive ESCs and EpiLCs (+72h) analyzed by western blot with antiserum against H4K20me3. Short and long exposures of the signal are shown. Loading control was achieved by Ponceau staining.


F . Left panel , mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction in nucleosome - rich foci from untreated EpiLCs ( black , n = 124 cells ) and A - 196 EpiLCs treated cells ( red , n = 113 cells ) . * * * * , p = 2 . 2e - 16 ; K - S test . Right panel , Box - and - Whisker plots indicate the FRET efficiency ( % ) from untreated EpiLCs ( black , n = 124 cells ) and treated with A - 196 during 2 days ( red , n = 113 cells ) . The box plots indicate median values ( middle lines ) , first and third quartiles ( box edges ) and the whiskers cover the minimum to maximum value range of the FRET efficiency .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F. Left panel, mean distribution of the FRET efficiency related to the pixel fraction in nucleosome-rich foci from untreated EpiLCs (black, n = 124 cells) and A-196 EpiLCs treated cells (red, n = 113 cells). ****, p = 2.2e-16; K-S test. Right panel, Box-and-Whisker plots indicate the FRET efficiency (%) from untreated EpiLCs (black, n = 124 cells) and treated with A-196 during 2 days (red, n = 113 cells). The box plots indicate median values (middle lines), first and third quartiles (box edges) and the whiskers cover the minimum to maximum value range of the FRET efficiency.


A . Total cell lysates from wild type ( WT ) and HAT1 knockout ( KO ) Clone 1 HepG2 cells were analyzed for the levels of Ksucc and Kac by Western blot analysis ( left ) . The expression levels of HAT1 , Histone H3 ( H3 ) , and beta - actin ( β - actin ) were measured by Western blot analysis in the cells ( right ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. Total cell lysates from wild type (WT) and HAT1 knockout (KO) Clone 1 HepG2 cells were analyzed for the levels of Ksucc and Kac by Western blot analysis (left). The expression levels of HAT1, Histone H3 (H3), and beta-actin (β-actin) were measured by Western blot analysis in the cells (right).


D . HAT1 - catalyzed histone H3 succinylation was analyzed by mixing purified HAT1 , histone H3 , and succinyl - CoA ( 2 μM ) with or without the addition of the indicated concentrations of CoA . Western blot analysis was performed with indicated antibodies .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O

D. HAT1-catalyzed histone H3 succinylation was analyzed by mixing purified HAT1, histone H3, and succinyl-CoA (2 μM) with or without the addition of the indicated concentrations of CoA. Western blot analysis was performed with indicated antibodies.


E . HAT1 - mediated histone H3 succinylation was assessed by mixing purified HAT1 , histone H3 , and succinyl - CoA ( 2 μM ) with or without acetyl - CoA ( 2 μM ) . Western blot analysis was performed with the indicated antibodies .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

E. HAT1-mediated histone H3 succinylation was assessed by mixing purified HAT1, histone H3, and succinyl-CoA (2 μM) with or without acetyl-CoA (2 μM). Western blot analysis was performed with the indicated antibodies.


A . The levels of histone H3K122 succinylation , histone H3K122 acetylation , histone H3K27 acetylation , histone H3 , HAT1 , and β - actin were examined by Western blot analysis in HepG2 , HAT1 knockout ( KO ) Clone 1 HepG2 cells , and in HAT1 KO cells reconstituted with either HAT1 or mutant HAT1 ( T188A ) .

O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. The levels of histone H3K122 succinylation, histone H3K122 acetylation, histone H3K27 acetylation, histone H3, HAT1, and β-actin were examined by Western blot analysis in HepG2, HAT1 knockout (KO) Clone 1 HepG2 cells, and in HAT1 KO cells reconstituted with either HAT1 or mutant HAT1 (T188A).


D . The effect of HAT1 on histone H3K122 succinylation and histone H3K122 acetylation at the indicated gene promoters was determined by ChIP assays with anti - H3K122 succinylation antibody and anti - H3K122 acetylation antibody , and followed by quantitative PCR with primers of the promoter regions of CREBBP , BPTF and RPTOR in WT HepG2 cells , HAT1 KO HepG2 cells and HAT1 KO HepG2 cells reconstituted with either wildtype HAT1 or mutant HAT1 ( T188A ) . N = 3 biological replicates . Data were presented as mean ± SD . Student ' s t - test , * * * P < 0 . 001 ; ns , no significance .

O O O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D. The effect of HAT1 on histone H3K122 succinylation and histone H3K122 acetylation at the indicated gene promoters was determined by ChIP assays with anti-H3K122 succinylation antibody and anti-H3K122 acetylation antibody, and followed by quantitative PCR with primers of the promoter regions of CREBBP, BPTF and RPTOR in WT HepG2 cells, HAT1 KO HepG2 cells and HAT1 KO HepG2 cells reconstituted with either wildtype HAT1 or mutant HAT1 (T188A). N = 3 biological replicates. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Student's t-test, ***P < 0.001; ns, no significance.


B . Bar graphs depicting the relative ratio of succinylation in HAT1 KO versus WT of the 7 key enzymes in the glycolysis pathway depicted in ( A ) . N = 3 biological replicates . Data were presented as mean ± SD .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B. Bar graphs depicting the relative ratio of succinylation in HAT1 KO versus WT of the 7 key enzymes in the glycolysis pathway depicted in (A). N = 3 biological replicates. Data were presented as mean ± SD.


D . HAT1 - catalyzed PGAM1 succinylation was analyzed by mixing purified HAT1 , PGAM1 , and succinyl - CoA / acetyl - CoA in the in vitro succinylation assays . Western blot analysis was performed with indicated antibodies .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O B-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR I-CONTROLLED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D. HAT1-catalyzed PGAM1 succinylation was analyzed by mixing purified HAT1, PGAM1, and succinyl-CoA/acetyl-CoA in the in vitro succinylation assays. Western blot analysis was performed with indicated antibodies.


F . The decrease of glucose and increase of lactate in the culture medium and the relative amounts of 2 - PG and 3 - PG were analyzed by ELISA assays in HepG2 cells depleted endogenous PGAM1 and reconstituted expression of PGAM1 or PGAM1 mutant ( K99R ) . N = 3 biological replicates . Data are presented as mean ± SD . Student ' s t - test , * * P < 0 . 01 .

O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O B-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O B-MEASURED_VAR I-MEASURED_VAR I-MEASURED_VAR O B-MEASURED_VAR I-MEASURED_VAR I-MEASURED_VAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F. The decrease of glucose and increase of lactate in the culture medium and the relative amounts of 2-PG and 3-PG were analyzed by ELISA assays in HepG2 cells depleted endogenous PGAM1 and reconstituted expression of PGAM1 or PGAM1 mutant (K99R). N = 3 biological replicates. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Student's t-test, **P < 0.01.


A . HAT1 levels were assessed by immunohistochemical staining in clinical tissues of liver cancer patients , pancreatic cancer patients , and cholangiocarcinoma patients . Scale bar = 100

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

A. HAT1 levels were assessed by immunohistochemical staining in clinical tissues of liver cancer patients, pancreatic cancer patients, and cholangiocarcinoma patients. Scale bar = 100 μm


B . The effect of HAT1 - mediated succinylation on cancer cell proliferation was measured by MTS assays in the indicated cells . N = 3 biological replicates . Data are presented as mean ± SD . Student ' s t - test , * * P < 0 . 01 . C . The effect of PGAM1 succinylation on cancer cell proliferation was measured by MTS assays in the indicated cells . N = 3 biological replicates . Data are presented as mean ± SD . Student ' s t - test , * * P < 0 . 01 .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

B. The effect of HAT1-mediated succinylation on cancer cell proliferation was measured by MTS assays in the indicated cells. N = 3 biological replicates. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Student's t-test, **P < 0.01. C. The effect of PGAM1 succinylation on cancer cell proliferation was measured by MTS assays in the indicated cells. N = 3 biological replicates. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Student's t-test, **P < 0.01.


HepG2 cells , HAT1 KO HepG2 cells , and HAT1 KO HepG2 cells reconstituted with either wild type HAT1 or mutant HAT1 ( T188A ) were subcutaneously injected into athymic nude mice Tumor volumes and average tumor weight were calculated . N = 6 biological replicates . Scale bar = 10 mm . In the boxplots , boxes extend from the 25th to 75th percentiles ( inter ‐ quartile range ( IQR ) ) , central band represents the median , whiskers indicate the lowest and highest data within 1 . 5 × IQR from the lower and upper quartiles , respectively . Student ' s t - test , * * * P < 0 .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

HepG2 cells, HAT1 KO HepG2 cells, and HAT1 KO HepG2 cells reconstituted with either wild type HAT1 or mutant HAT1 (T188A) were subcutaneously injected into athymic nude mice Tumor volumes and average tumor weight were calculated. N = 6 biological replicates. Scale bar = 10 mm. In the boxplots, boxes extend from the 25th to 75th percentiles (inter‐quartile range (IQR)), central band represents the median, whiskers indicate the lowest and highest data within 1.5 × IQR from the lower and upper quartiles, respectively. Student's t-test, ***P < 0.001


G ) Representative images of the EdU staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs following EdU in vivo exposure for 3 days ( EdU in red / DAPI in blue ) . Scale bar = 25 μm . H ) Graph showing the percentage of EdU positive cells for the staining shown in ( G ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

G) Representative images of the EdU staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs following EdU in vivo exposure for 3 days (EdU in red/DAPI in blue). Scale bar = 25 μm. H) Graph showing the percentage of EdU positive cells for the staining shown in (G).


I ) Representative images of the LMNB1 staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs ( LMNB1 in green / DAPI in blue ) . Scale bar = 25 μm . J ) Graph showing the relative quantification of LMNB1 fluorescence intensity normalized for nuclei number , in the staining shown in ( I ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

I) Representative images of the LMNB1 staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs (LMNB1 in green/DAPI in blue). Scale bar = 25 μm. J) Graph showing the relative quantification of LMNB1 fluorescence intensity normalized for nuclei number,in the staining shown in (I).


L ) Representative images of the γH2AX and KI - 67 staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs ( γH2AX in green / KI - 67 in red / DAPI in blue ) . Scale bar = 10 μm . Magnification in the insert ( scale bar = 3 μm ) shows γH2AX positive CCF in OC FAPs . M ) Graph showing the percentage of cells positive for γH2AX positive CCF , for the staining shown in ( L ) . N ) Graph showing the percentage of cells positive for KI - 67 for the staining shown in ( L ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

L) Representative images of the γH2AX and KI-67 staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs (γH2AX in green/KI-67 in red/DAPI in blue). Scale bar = 10 μm. Magnification in the insert (scale bar = 3 μm) shows γH2AX positive CCF in OC FAPs. M) Graph showing the percentage of cells positive for γH2AX positive CCF, for the staining shown in (L). N) Graph showing the percentage of cells positive for KI-67 for the staining shown in (L).


D ) Representative images of the phospho - NFkB staining in FAPs ( pNFkB - p65 in red / CD90 in green / Laminin in grey / DAPI in blue ) on tibialis anterior muscle transversal section of YC , YT , OC and OT mice ; Scale bar = 25 μm ; E ) Box plot showing the percentage of pNFkB - p65 positive FAPs in the staining shown in ( D )

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

D) Representative images of the phospho-NFkB staining in FAPs (pNFkB-p65 in red/CD90 in green/Laminin in grey/DAPI in blue) on tibialis anterior muscle transversal section of YC, YT, OC and OT mice; Scale bar = 25 μm; E) Box plot showing the percentage of pNFkB-p65 positive FAPs in the staining shown in (D)


F ) Representative images of the phospho - p38 staining in FAPs ( pP38 in red / CD90 in green / Laminin in grey / DAPI in blue ) on tibialis anterior muscle transversal sections of YC , YT , OC and OT mice . Scale bar = 25 μm ; G ) Box plot showing the percentage of pP38 positive FAPs in the staining shown

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

F) Representative images of the phospho-p38 staining in FAPs (pP38 in red/CD90 in green/Laminin in grey/DAPI in blue) on tibialis anterior muscle transversal sections of YC, YT, OC and OT mice. Scale bar = 25 μm; G) Box plot showing the percentage of pP38 positive FAPs in the staining shown in


H ) Representative images of the phospho - SMAD2 / 3 staining in FAPs ( pSMAD2 / 3 in red / CD90 in green / Laminin in grey / DAPI in blue ) on tibialis anterior muscle transversal sections of YC , YT , OC and OT mice . Scale bar = 25 μm ; I ) Box plot showing the percentage of pSMAD2 / 3 positive FAPs in the staining shown in ( H ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

H) Representative images of the phospho-SMAD2/3 staining in FAPs (pSMAD2/3 in red/CD90 in green/Laminin in grey/DAPI in blue) on tibialis anterior muscle transversal sections of YC, YT, OC and OT mice. Scale bar = 25 μm; I) Box plot showing the percentage of pSMAD2/3 positive FAPs in the staining shown in (H).


( C ) Western blot analysis of cells transfected with 10 nM siRNA against ERK1 , ERK2 or a 5 nM combination of each ( ERK1 + 2 ) .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

(C) Western blot analysis of cells transfected with 10 nM siRNA against ERK1, ERK2 or a 5 nM combination of each (ERK1+2).