Let's solve this addition problem. We have 1991 and 478, and we need to add them together.

Step 1: We'll start by adding the digits 1 & 8 in column 1 and get 9.

Step 2: We'll start by adding the digits 9 & 7 in column 2 and get 16.
We'll write down the last digit 6 and carry the 1 to the next column.

Step 3: We'll start by adding the digits 9 & 4 in column 3 and get 14.
We'll write down the last digit 4 and carry the 1 to the next column.

Step 4: We'll start by adding the digits 1 & 0 in column 4 and get 2.

So, 1991 + 478 = 2469.

