KEJO (1240 AM, "1240 Joe Radio") is a radio station licensed to serve Corvallis, Oregon, United States.  The station, which began broadcasting in August 1955, is currently owned by Bicoastal Media and the broadcast license is held by Bicoastal Media Licenses V, LLC.

Programming
KEJO broadcasts a sports radio format including a mix of local programs and syndicated shows from Fox Sports Radio plus a variety of college and professional sporting events.

Sports talk
Local and regional weekday programs on KEJO include Joe Beaver Show with the Oregon State Beavers radio voices, Mike Parker & Jon Warren, plus an afternoon show called Sports Talk hosted by Steve.  Fox Sports Radio programs on KEJO include First Team with Steve Czaban, The Dan Patrick Show hosted by Dan Patrick, The Jim Rome Show hosted by Jim Rome, Myers & Hartman with Chris Myers and Steve Hartman, Petros and Money Show hosted by Petros Papadakis and Matt "Money" Smith, and J. T. the Brick with J. T. the Brick and Tomm Looney.

Sporting events
In addition to its regularly scheduled sports talk programs, KEJO airs select local high school football games plus Oregon State Beavers football, men's basketball, and baseball as part of the Beaver Sports Radio Network.

Beginning with the 2009 season, KEJO is the broadcast home of the Corvallis Knights minor league baseball team. KEJO is scheduled to broadcast every regular season game the West Coast League team plays. Through the 2008 season, KEJO had been a member of the Seattle Mariners Radio Network.

History

Launch as KCOV
The Midland Broadcasting Company was granted a construction permit in 1953 to build a new AM radio station broadcasting with 250 watts of power on a frequency of 1240 kHz.  KCOV began regular broadcasting in August 1955 with Donald McCormick as president of Midland Broadcasting and Frank Flynn as the general manager of the station.

The KFLY years
Dave Hoss acquired control of Midland Broadcasting in late February 1958.  He promptly applied to the FCC for new call letters for the station and was granted KFLY.

Radio Broadcasters, Inc., acquired KFLY in January 1963.  The Federal Communications Commission granted KFLY authorization a few months later to increase its daytime signal strength to 1,000 watts while maintaining the nighttime signal power of 250 watts.  In October 1966, KFLY-FM (101.5 FM) was launched as an FM sister station, initially duplicating a portion of the AM station's programming and extending its effective coverage area.

Ted Jackson's Radio Corvallis, Inc., bought KFLY in March 1971. The station aired a Top 40 music format throughout the 1970s. KFLY was acquired by the Madgekal Broadcasting Company in August 1977 and the Top 40 format was maintained.  Mario Pastega, the owner of Madgekal Broadcasting, also owned the local Pepsi-Cola bottling plant.

Switch to KEJO
After more than 35 years of broadcasting as KFLY, the station was assigned the current KEJO call letters by the FCC on January 31, 1994. Pastega chose the new callsign as a tribute to his daughter, Emily Jo, who died as a young adult.

In June 1999, Madgekal Broadcasting, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station to Jacor Communications subsidiary Jacor Licensee of Louisville, Inc.  The deal was approved by the FCC on August 24, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on September 1, 1999.  After Jacor's merger with Clear Channel Communications was completed, Jacor Licensee of Louisville, Inc., made application with the FCC in December 2000 to transfer the broadcast license for KEJO to Clear Channel subsidiary Citicasters Licenses, Inc.  The transfer was approved by the FCC on January 4, 2001, and the transaction was consummated on June 5, 2001.

KEJO today
KEJO was granted a construction permit to upgrade to 1,000 watt operation both day and night on November 2001.  The station received its license to cover this change on September 25, 2003.

In May 2007, Clear Channel Communications, through its Citicasters Licenses, LP, subsidiary, announced an agreement to sell this station to Bicoastal Media subsidiary Bicoastal Willamette Valley, LLC, as part of a 14-station deal valued at $37 million.  The deal was approved by the FCC on July 2, 2007, and the transaction was consummated on October 1, 2007.  As part of an internal corporate reorganization in October 2007, Bicoastal Willamette Valley, LLC, applied to transfer the broadcast license for KEJO to Bicoastal Media Licenses V, LLC.  The transfer was approved by the FCC on October 29, 2007.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KEJO
KEJO official website

EJO
Sports radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1955
Corvallis, Oregon
CBS Sports Radio stations
Fox Sports Radio stations
1955 establishments in Oregon


Robert Leonard Miller (31 October 1923 – 19 August 1993) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the late 1940s.

Miller, originally from East Brunswick, spent five seasons at Fitzroy. He played the first couple of years under 1944 premiership captain-coach Fred Hughson and although Miller took part in losing 1947 Preliminary Final side, the club were on the decline.

He then became a successful coach in Tasmania, steering City-South to premierships and in 2002 was announced as coach of their official 'Team of the Century'. Miller was also an inaugural inductee into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame, in 2005.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1923 births
1993 deaths
Fitzroy Football Club players
City-South Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Burleigh County, North Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Burleigh County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 27 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.  Another 5 properties were once listed but have been removed.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota

References

Burleigh


Hilbert's lemma was proposed at the end of the 19th century by mathematician David Hilbert. The lemma describes a property of the principal curvatures of surfaces.  It may be used to prove Liebmann's theorem that a compact surface with constant Gaussian curvature must be a sphere.

Statement of the lemma
Given a manifold in three dimensions that is smooth and differentiable over a patch containing the point p, where k and m are defined as the principal curvatures and K(x) is the Gaussian curvature at a point x, if k has a max at p, m has a min at p, and k is strictly greater than m at p, then K(p) is a non-positive real number.

See also
Hilbert's theorem (differential geometry)

References

Lemmas
Differential geometry


The Chronicles of TK is the debut album from Tynisha Keli originally titled, "Even If It Takes Forever". The album debuted at number twelve on the Japanese Albums Chart with sales of over 10,192 copies in the first week. The album was released in Japan digitally on April 21, 2009, with a physical release following the next day. On June 26, the album had a physical release in Europe.

Background
Keli delivers her story with uplifting optimism, setting vignettes from her life, both happy and sad, to an irresistible backdrop of urban-influenced rhythmic groove and touching R&B balladry crafted by leading songwriters and producers Kara DioGuardi and J.R. Rotem, who between them have worked with such artists as Pink, Britney Spears, Rihanna, Gwen Stefani, Kelly Clarkson, Ashlee Simpson, and Ashley Tisdale.

The original recording sessions spawned contributions from Soulshock & Karlin: Carsten Schack and Kenneth Karlin ("Lonely Days"), James Poyser ("There Goes My Baby"), Mario Barrett ("The Greatest Performer"), Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith ("Stay or Go") and The Jam: Michael Mani & Jordan Omley ("My Everything"), but none of the tracks made it to the final cut.

Track listing

Original track listing
The track listing for the original intended release of the album was confirmed on Tynisha's official MySpace, when the album was originally entitled Even If It Takes Forever.

 "All Aboard"
 "So Beautiful"
 "Like Everybody Else"
 "Stay"
 "Cry"
 "Let It Go"
 "Can We"
 "Defeated"
 "I Wish You Loved Me"
 "Spotless Mind"
 "Misunderstood"

Chart performance

References

2009 debut albums
Albums produced by J. R. Rotem
Albums produced by Rico Love
Albums produced by Twin
Tynisha Keli albums


Robert W. Goodwin (born 1943), billed as R. W. Goodwin, is an Australian-born American television producer and director best known for his work as senior executive producer of The X-Files. He lives in Bellingham, Washington.

He also directed and produced the 2009 low-budget independent feature Alien Trespass.

Work on the X-Files
Goodwin worked as Co-Executive Producer for the X-Files from 1993 through 1998. He had first met series creator Chris Carter when the two were working on separate series for NBC in the 1980s. Goodwin watched the pilot episode, met with Chris Carter, and shortly afterwards was hired as Co-Executive Producer. As Co-Executive Producer, Goodwin was chiefly responsible for all aspects of physical production on the show. He also directed a few episodes per season, usually the first and last episodes of the season.

Goodwin's work on the series ended at the end of season five when the show moved production from Vancouver to Los Angeles.

Personal life
Goodwin was born in Australia, and spent most of his life in Los Angeles, before he started producing television series in Vancouver.  In L.A. he performed comedy with the Credibility Gap.  He later moved his family to Bellingham, Washington to be closer by. Goodwin is married to actress Sheila Larken, who played Scully's mother on the X-Files.

Partial filmography
Producer High Risk, with James Brolin and Anthony Quinn.

The X-Files (1993) TV Series
episode 1.24 The Erlenmeyer Flask (Director)
episode 2.08 One Breath (Director)
episode 2.25 Anasazi (Director)
episode 3.01 The Blessing Way (Director)
episode 3.24 Talitha Cumi (Director)
episode 4.01 Herrenvolk (Director)
episode 4.24 Gethsemane (Director)
episode 5.01 Redux (Director)
episode 5.20 The End (Director)

References

External links

American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
Writers from Bellingham, Washington
1943 births
Screenwriters from Washington (state)


The Matapédia Bridge () crosses the Restigouche River from Matapédia, Quebec to Flatlands, New Brunswick, connecting New Brunswick Route 11 to Quebec Route 132. It was built in 1974, and is  long.

References

Road bridges in Quebec
Road bridges in New Brunswick
Transport in Restigouche County, New Brunswick
Buildings and structures in Restigouche County, New Brunswick
Transport in Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
Buildings and structures in Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine


David Reinking is a researcher known for his work with formative and design experiments and how literacy is affected by technology.  Currently Reinking is a Eugine T. Moore Professor of Teacher Education at Clemson University.  He was inducted in the Reading Hall of Fame in 2008 and is a highly regarded in researcher in his field.  Prior to his career in higher education, Reinking was an elementary teacher for eight years.  After graduating from the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis with his PhD he worked at Rutgers University and later at the University of Georgia.

Reinking has numerous publications that appeal to experienced researchers, graduate students, and classroom teachers.  His topics of research are highly appealing and his writing style makes them assessable to a diverse audience.

Biography
David Reinking is a researcher who is known for his work in investigating how literacy is affected by digital forms of reading and writing as well as his formative and design experiments.  In 1983 David Reinking graduated from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis with his Ph.D. and began teaching at Rutgers University's Graduate School of Education as an assistant professor.  From 1985 to 1993 he was an assistant professor at University of Georgia's Department of Reading, acting as the interim department head from 1989 to 1990, and becoming a professor and the department head in 1993.  In 2003 Reinking made the move from Georgia to Clemson University as a Eugene T. Moore Professor of Teacher Education (distinguished professor) in the Eugene T. Moore School of Education, which is his current location.  Before his transition to higher education, Reinking was an elementary school classroom teacher for 8 years.

In addition to university teaching, Reinking was a principal investigator for the National Reading Research Center at the University of Georgia/University of Maryland, College Park, from 1992 to 1997.  He was the editor for the [[Journal of Literacy Research]], a peer-reviewed journal published by the National Reading Conference from 1994-2001 and co-editor of Reading Research Quarterly, a peer-reviewed journal published by the International Reading Association from 2001 to 2007.  From 2001 to present Reinking has been the director of the Maymester Study Abroad Program in Capri, Italy.   In 2008 Reinking was inducted into the Reading Hall of Fame.  Reinking was elected as the vice-president of the National Reading Conference in 2007 and is currently the president

Research History
Reinking's research in the early stages of his career focused on computer-based reading instruction and evolved to include teacher professional development, formative and design experiments, and digital reading and writing's effects on literacy and literacy development.  His most recent publication, On Formative and Design Experiments: Approaches to Language and Literacy Research, a collaboration with Barbara A. Bradley, is written to meet the needs of both experienced researchers and graduate students preparing to collect data for dissertation purposes.  The book is organized into four chapters, beginning with a discussion of what formative and design experiments consist of and why they are useful.  The methods of formative and design experiments are examined with specific questions discussed, such as how to set up an appropriate site for research, when the formative phase should end, and troubleshooting guidelines.  Chapter three provides quality examples of formative and design experiments and chapter four guides the reader to determine if formative or design experiments are appropriate for their research interests.  This book is written with clear language to excite beginning researchers to discover a new method of literacy research and goes deep enough into the content to stretch the mind of experienced researchers.

"A Formative Experiment Investigating the Use of Multimedia Book Reviews to Increase Elementary Students' Independent Reading", a collaborative research study with Janet Watkins, was published in the 2000 summer edition of Reading Research Quarterly.  This formative experiment captures the interest of classroom teachers and researchers because it is written with practical language to allow teachers to implement the interventions researched into their own classrooms and it also dissects the formative design of the study to appeal to researchers.  This study implemented a computer program for fourth and fifth grade students to use as a medium for writing book reviews in lieu of traditional paper/pencil book reports as a means of increasing students' desire to engage in independent reading on their own time.  The results of this study include qualitative analysis  collected from observations, interviews, journals, and focus groups as well as quantitative data collected from attitude surveys, and parent questionnaire.

Selected works
Latest publications of Professor Reinking can be found in GoogleScholar
 Beach, R., Carter, A., East, D., Johnston, P., Reinking, D., Smith-Burke, T., & Stahl, N.  (2007). Resisting commercial influences on accessing scholarship:  What literacy researchers need to know and do.  In D. W. Rowe, R. T. Jimenez, D. L. Compton, D. K. Dickinson, Y. Kim, K. M. Leander, & V. J. Risko (Eds.),  56th yearbook of the National Reading Conference, (pp. 96–124).  National Reading Conference.  Milwaukee, WI.
 Labbo, L.D., & Reinking, D. (2000). Once upon an electronic story time.  The New Advocate, 13(1), 25–32.
 Labbo, L.D., & Reinking, D. (1999).  Negotiating the multiple realities of technology in literacy research and instruction.  Reading Research Quarterly, 34, 478–492.
 McKenna, M.C., Reinking, D., & Labbo, L. D., & Kieffer, R. D.  (1999).  The electronic transformation of literacy and its implications for the struggling reader.  Reading and Writing Quarterly, 15, 111–126.
 Reinking, D.  (2007).  Toward a good or better understanding of best practice.  Journal of Curriculum and Instruction.  Accessed December 15, 2007 from http://www.joci.ecu.edu/index.php/JoCI
 Reinking, D.  (2004).  Why literacy researchers have little influence on policy and what to do about it:  A commentary.  In J. Worthy, B. Maloch, J. V. Hoffman, & D. L. Schallert (Eds.).  53rd yearbook of the national reading conference (pp. 296–307).  Oak Creek, WI:  National Reading Conference.
 Reinking, D., & Bradley, B.A.  (2008).  On formative and design experiments.  New York:  Teachers College Press.
 Reinking, D., Eakle, A. J., Hubbard, B., Hung, H. T., Lim, H. W., & Park, M.  (2003, November).  New technologies of reading and writing: A database modeling a dynamic, collaborative scholarly resource.  Reading OnLine.  Retrieved August 13, 2004 from http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=/articles/new_technologies/
 Reinking, D., Labbo, L.D., & McKenna, M.C.  (2000).  From assimilation to accommodation: A developmental framework for integrating digital technologies into literacy research and instruction.  Journal of Research in Reading, 23, 110–122.
 Reinking, D., & Watkins, J.  (2000).  A formative experiment investigating the use of multimedia book reviews to increase elementary students’ independent reading.  Reading Research Quarterly, 35, 384–419.
 Tao, L., & Reinking, D.  (2000).  E-mail and literacy education.  Reading & Writing Quarterly, 16, 169–174.

References

Clemson University faculty
University of Minnesota alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Georgia faculty


The 1983 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1983. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes five selectors as "official" for the 1983 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) selected by the nation's football writers; (4) the United Press International (UPI); and (5) the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC). Other selectors included Football News (FN), Gannett News Service, the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and The Sporting News (TSN).

Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1983 and displays which first-team designations they received.

Offense

Defense

Special teams

Offense

Receivers

 Irving Fryar, Nebraska (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Gerald McNeil, Baylor (AFCA, AP-1)
 Kenny Jackson, Penn State (AP-2, NEA-1)
 Eric Martin, LSU (GNS-2, TSN)
 Jerry Rice, Mississippi Valley State (GNS-1)
 Brian Brennan, Boston College (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Louis Lipps, Southern Mississippi (GNS-2)
 Eric Richardson, San Jose State (NEA-2)
 Dwight Collins, Pittsburgh (NEA-2)
 Tracy Henderson, Iowa State (AP-3)
 Dave Moritz, Iowa (AP-3)
 Jim Sandusky, San Diego State (FN-3, GNS-3)

Tight ends

 Gordon Hudson, Brigham Young  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1)
 Chuck Scott, Vanderbilt (TSN)
 John Frank, Ohio State (GNS-2, NEA-2)
 Glenn Dennison, Miami (FL) (AP-2)
 Paul Bergmann, UCLA (AP-3, UPI-2)

Tackles

 Bill Fralic, Pittsburgh  (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Terry Long, East Carolina  (AFCA, AP-1 [guard], FWAA, UPI-2 [guard], WC)
 Brian Blados, North Carolina (AP-1, UPI-2, NEA-1)
 Mark Adickes, Baylor (AP-2, GNS-1, TSN)
 Conrad Goode, Missouri (UPI-1)
 Jim Juriga, Illinois (UPI-2, NEA-2)
 Guy McIntyre, Georgia (AP-2)
 Bill Roberts, Ohio State (GNS-2)
 Don Maggs, Tulane (GNS-2)
 Pat Arrington, Auburn (AP-3)
 Scott Raridon, Nebraska (AP-3)

Guards

 Dean Steinkuhler, Nebraska  (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Doug Dawson, Texas (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-2, WC, GNS-2, NEA-2 [tackle])
 Stefan Humphries, Michigan (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-2, NEA-2, TSN)
 Gary Zimmerman, Oregon (AP-3, NEA-1)
 Ron Solt, Maryland (GNS-1, NEA-2)
 James Farr, Clemson (AP-3)

Centers

 Tony Slaton, USC  (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, WC)
 Tom Dixon, Michigan (AFCA, AP-1, TSN)
 Mike Ruether, Texas (UPI-2 [guard], NEA-1)
 Jim Sweeney, Pittsburgh (AP-3, GNS-2)
 Joel Hilgenberg, Iowa (NEA-2)

Quarterbacks

 Steve Young, Brigham Young  (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Randall Cunningham, UNLV (AFCA [punter], AP-2 [punter], GNS-2)
 Doug Flutie, Boston College (CFHOF) (UPI-2)
 Boomer Esiason, Maryland (NEA-2)
 Turner Gill, Nebraska (AP-2)
 Ben Bennett, Duke (AP-3)

Running backs

 Mike Rozier, Nebraska (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Bo Jackson, Auburn (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA-1)
 Greg Allen, Florida State  (UPI-1, AP-3, WC, NEA-2)
 Napoleon McCallum, Navy (CFHOF) (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-2, WC, NEA-2, TSN [return specialist])
 Allen Pinkett, Notre Dame (AP-2, UPI-2, GNS-2, TSN)
 Keith Byars, Ohio State (AP-3, UPI-2, GNS-2)

Defense

Defensive ends

 William Fuller, North Carolina (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-2 [DT], WC, GNS-2, NEA-2, TSN)
 Bruce Smith, Virginia Tech (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-2, GNS-1, NEA-1)
 Don Thorp, Illinois (AP-3 [DT], FWAA, UPI-2 [DT], NEA-2, TSN)
 Freddie Gilbert, Georgia (AP-2, UPI-1, GNS-2)
 Ron Faurot, Arkansas (UPI-1)
 Donnie Humphrey, Auburn (UPI-2)
 Jimmie Carter, New Mexico (AP-3)

Defensive tackles

 Rick Bryan, Oklahoma  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Reggie White, Tennessee (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Keith Millard, Washington State (GNS-1)
 Dan Ralph, Oregon (GNS-2)
 Ray Childress, Texas A&M (GNS-2)
 Doug Smith, Auburn (AP-3, NEA-2)

Middle guards

 William Perry, Clemson (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC)
 Brian Pillman, Miami (OH) (AP-2)
 Michael Carter, SMU (AP-3, UPI-2)

Linebackers

 Ricky Hunley, Arizona (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-2, NEA-1)
 Wilber Marshall, Florida (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, WC, NEA-1)
 Ron Rivera, California (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, GNS-1, NEA-1 TSN)
 Jeff Leiding, Texas (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, WC)
 Carl Banks, Michigan State (AP-1, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Vaughan Johnson, North Carolina State (AP-2, TSN)
 Jay Brophy, Miami (Fla.) (AP-3, UPI-2, FN, NEA-2)
 Jack Del Rio, USC (AP-3, GNS-1, NEA-2)
 Kevin Murphy, Oklahoma (AP-2, UPI-2 [DE], GNS-2)
 Gregg Carr, Auburn (AP-2)
 Steve DeOssie, Boston College (AP-2)
 Mike Knox, Nebraska (GNS-2)
 Jim Dumont, Rutgers (AP-3)
 Andy Ponseigo, Navy (AP-3)

Defensive backs

 Don Rogers, UCLA (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-2, WC, GNS-1, TSN, NEA-2)
 Jerry Gray, Texas (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA-1)
 Russell Carter, SMU (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Terry Hoage, Georgia (CFHOF) (AFCA, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 Mossy Cade, Texas (AP-1, UPI-2, WC, GNS-2, TSN, NEA-2)
 Leonard Coleman, Vanderbilt (AP-3, GNS-1, NEA-2)
 Craig Swoope, Illinois (AP-2, UPI-2, NEA-1)
 Victor Scott, Colorado (AP-2)
 David Fulcher, Arizona State (GNS-2)
 Randy Robbins, Arizona (GNS-2)
 Martin Bayless, Bowling Green (AP-3)
 Harry Hamilton, Penn State (AP-3)

Special teams

Kickers

 Luis Zendejas, Arizona State  (AP-1, FWAA, WC, GNS-2, NEA-1)
 Bruce Kallmeyer, Kansas (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-1, GNS-1)
 Paul Woodside, West Virginia (UPI-2, TSN)
 Tony Zendejas, Nevada (Reno) (NEA-2)
 Jeff Ward, Texas (AP-3)

Punters

 Jack Weil, Wyoming (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, NEA-2)
 Jim Colquitt, Tennessee (WC, NEA-1)
 Randall Cunningham, UNLV (AFCA, AP-2)
 Ralf Mojsiejenko, Michigan State (GNS-1, TSN)
 John Kidd, Northwestern (GNS-2)
 John Teltschik, Texas (UPI-2)

Returners

 Napoleon McCallum, Navy (TSN)

Key

 Bold – Consensus All-American
 -1 – First-team selection
 -2 – Second-team selection
 -3 – Third-team selection
 CFHOF = College Football Hall of Fame inductee

Official selectors

 AFCA – American Football Coaches Association, aka the Kodak-AFCA Team
 AP – Associated Press
 FWAA – Football Writers Association of America
 UPI – United Press International
 WC – Walter Camp Football Foundation

Other selectors

 FN – Football News
 GNS – Gannett News Service
 NEA – Newspaper Enterprise Association
 TSN – The Sporting News

See also
 1983 All-Big Eight Conference football team
 1983 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1983 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team
 1983 All-SEC football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


There Was a Castle with Forty Dogs () is a 1990 comedy film, starring Peter Ustinov and directed by Duccio Tessari. It is based on the novel Au bonheur des chiens by Rémo Forlani.

Cast
 Peter Ustinov: the vet Muggione
 Delphine Forest: Violetta
 Roberto Alpi: Bob
 Mercedes Alonso: Giovanna
 Salvatore Cascio: Tom
 Jean-Claude Brialy: the judge
 José María Caffarel: the notary
 : Jolinka
 Nicola Pietrangeli: the President

References

External links

1990 films
1990 comedy films
Films directed by Duccio Tessari
Films scored by Detto Mariano
Films set in Tuscany
Films based on French novels
Films about dogs
Italian comedy films
1990s Italian-language films
1990s Italian films


Museo de Trajes Regionales is located in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. The museum displays more than 100 costumes and dress from the indigenous populations of Chiapas.  This is unique because typically all clothing and personal possessions are buried with the dead.  Jewelry, musical instruments, costume accessories, religious objects, hats, masks, animal skins and statuettes are on display.  The tour is given by the museum collector and owner Sergio Castro Martinez, a knowledgeable local humanitarian.  He describes the locations, dress, ceremonies, ways and daily life of the indigenous.

The Museum
Based in San Cristóbal de las Casas, in the Mexican state of Chiapas, the Museum of Regional Costumes is a unique museum displaying traditional costumes, textiles, instruments, tools, masks, religious and celebratory objects from various indigenous Chiapan peoples.

Over 1,000 pieces have been collected over 45 years by Don Sergio Castro3. Many pieces in this collection are very rare, as clothing and personal effects are usually buried with the deceased, and some pieces are no longer created in the same way.

The museum exhibits over 90 costumes representing the different indigenous populations of Chiapas. Jewelry, musical instruments, costume accessories, religious objects, hats, masks, statuettes and animal skins complete the exhibition6. Its owner, Mr. Sergio Castro Martinez, personally leads the guided tours and explains to visitors the places, clothing, ceremonies and daily life of the inhabitants of the state of Chiapas.

References

Yok Chij

Stichting Chiapas Indianen - Dutch foundation supporting the work of Sergio Castro

Trajes Regionales
Trajes Regionales
Trajes Regionales
San Cristóbal de las Casas


Gordon Knapman Fraser (6 March 1891 – 26 May 1960) was a National Government and Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario and became a financial agent and consultant by career.

He was first elected at the Peterborough West riding in the 1940 general election, when the Conservative party was operating under the National Government banner, the Liberal candidate, Roland Maxwell Glover, publisher of the Peterborough Examiner.

He again defeated Glover in the 1945 federal election by which time Fraser's party had become the Progressive Conservatives and was re-elected again in 1949. In the 1953 federal election, he won re-election in the new riding of Peterborough.

During his early years in opposition, Fraser was a critic of the National Film Board and the Department of National Defence but supported the development of transport projects such as the Trans-Canada Highway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Fraser sat in the House of Commons until his death on 26 May 1960 in Ottawa, when he collapsed at a book store. Fraser had been the vice-chair of the Select Standing Committee on Railways, Canals and Telegraph Lines.

References

External links

1891 births
1960 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Politicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


The order in probability notation is used in probability theory and statistical theory in direct parallel to the big-O notation that is standard in mathematics.  Where the big-O notation deals with the convergence of sequences or sets of ordinary numbers, the order in probability notation deals with convergence of sets of random variables, where convergence is in the sense of convergence in probability.

Definitions

Small o: convergence in probability
For a set of random variables Xn and a corresponding set of constants an (both indexed by n, which need not be discrete), the notation

means that the set of values Xn/an converges to zero in probability as n approaches an appropriate limit.
Equivalently, Xn = op(an) can be written as Xn/an = op(1),
i.e.

for every positive ε.

Big O: stochastic boundedness
The notation

means that the set of values Xn/an is stochastically bounded.  That is, for any ε > 0, there exists a finite M > 0 and a finite N > 0 such that

Comparison of the two definitions
The difference between the definitions is subtle. If one uses the definition of the limit, one gets:
 Big :
 Small :

The difference lies in the : for stochastic boundedness, it suffices that there exists one (arbitrary large)  to satisfy the inequality, and  is allowed to be dependent on  (hence the ). On the other hand, for convergence, the statement has to hold not only for one, but for any (arbitrary small) . In a sense, this means that the sequence must be bounded, with a bound that gets smaller as the sample size increases.

This suggests that if a sequence is , then it is , i.e. convergence in probability implies stochastic boundedness. But the reverse does not hold.

Example

If  is a stochastic sequence such that each element has finite variance, then

(see Theorem 14.4-1 in Bishop et al.)

If, moreover,  is a null sequence for a sequence  of real numbers, then  converges to zero in probability by Chebyshev's inequality, so

References

Mathematical notation
Probability theory
Statistical theory
Convergence (mathematics)


In mathematics, a real-valued function is a function whose values are real numbers.  In other words, it is a function that assigns a real number to each member of its domain.

Real-valued functions of a real variable (commonly called real functions) and real-valued functions of several real variables are the main object of study of calculus and, more generally, real analysis. In particular, many function spaces consist of real-valued functions.

Algebraic structure
Let  be the set of all functions from a set  to real numbers . Because  is a field,  may be turned into a vector space and a commutative algebra over the reals with the following operations:
 – vector addition
 – additive identity
 – scalar multiplication
 – pointwise multiplication

These operations extend to partial functions from  to  with the restriction that the partial functions  and  are defined only if the domains of  and  have a nonempty intersection; in this case, their domain is the intersection of the domains of  and .

Also, since  is an ordered set, there is a partial order

on  which makes  a partially ordered ring.

Measurable

The σ-algebra of Borel sets is an important structure on real numbers. If  has its σ-algebra and a function  is such that the preimage  of any Borel set  belongs to that σ-algebra, then  is said to be measurable. Measurable functions also form a vector space and an algebra as explained above in .

Moreover, a set (family) of real-valued functions on  can actually define a σ-algebra on  generated by all preimages of all Borel sets (or of intervals only, it is not important). This is the way how σ-algebras arise in (Kolmogorov's) probability theory, where real-valued functions on the sample space  are real-valued random variables.

Continuous
Real numbers form a topological space and a complete metric space. Continuous real-valued functions (which implies that  is a topological space) are important in theories of topological spaces and of metric spaces. The extreme value theorem states that for any real continuous function on a compact space its global maximum and minimum exist.

The concept of metric space itself is defined with a real-valued function of two variables, the metric, which is continuous. The space of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space has a particular importance. Convergent sequences also can be considered as real-valued continuous functions on a special topological space.

Continuous functions also form a vector space and an algebra as explained above in , and are a subclass of measurable functions because any topological space has the σ-algebra generated by open (or closed) sets.

Smooth

Real numbers are used as the codomain to define smooth functions. A domain of a real smooth function can be the real coordinate space (which yields a real multivariable function), a topological vector space, an open subset of them, or a smooth manifold.

Spaces of smooth functions also are vector spaces and algebras as explained above in  and are subspaces of the space of continuous functions.

Appearances in measure theory
A measure on a set is a non-negative real-valued functional on a σ-algebra of subsets. Lp spaces on sets with a measure are defined from aforementioned real-valued measurable functions, although they are actually quotient spaces. More precisely, whereas a function satisfying an appropriate summability condition defines an element of Lp space, in the opposite direction for any  and  which is not an atom, the value  is undefined. Though, real-valued Lp spaces still have some of the structure described above in . Each of Lp spaces is a vector space and have a partial order, and there exists a pointwise multiplication of "functions" which changes , namely

For example, pointwise product of two L2 functions belongs to L1.

Other appearances
Other contexts where real-valued functions and their special properties are used include monotonic functions (on ordered sets), convex functions (on vector and affine spaces), harmonic and subharmonic functions (on Riemannian manifolds), analytic functions (usually of one or more real variables), algebraic functions (on real algebraic varieties), and polynomials (of one or more real variables).

See also
 Real analysis
 Partial differential equations, a major user of real-valued functions
 Norm (mathematics)
 Scalar (mathematics)

Footnotes

References

 Gerald Folland, Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999, .

External links

Mathematical analysis
Types of functions
General topology
Metric geometry
Vector spaces
Measure theory


James Haggin McBride (1814 – March 1864) was an American businessman, lawyer, banker, judge, legislator, and soldier. He served as a Confederate Missouri militia general during the American Civil War, later dying in the conflict from pneumonia in 1864 after being appointed a Colonel in the Confederate States Army, in which he was too ill to actively serve.

Early life and career
James H. McBride was born in 1814 near Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Upon reaching adulthood he relocated to Monroe County, Missouri, where he became a merchant and manufacturer in the city of Paris.
McBride began to study law and was admitted to the bar association of Missouri, and also married Mildred A. Barnes, a resident of Cooper County.

McBride then moved his family to Springfield, where he founded a successful law practice. While there he also became president of the Springfield Bank. In 1850 McBride relocated to California, and in 1853 he returned to Missouri. He was elected to the Missouri Legislature, representing Texas County as a Democrat. In 1859 McBride moved to Houston, the county seat of Texas County, and in 1860 he was elected a circuit judge there.

Civil War service and death
When the American Civil War began in 1861 McBride chose to follow the Confederate cause. While still a Texas County judge, McBride was informed he had been appointed a brigadier general in the Missouri State Guard and given command of its 7th Division, effective May 18. He had been appointed to the post by Claiborne F. Jackson, Missouri's governor.

On August 10 McBride and his men first saw action during the Battle of Wilson's Creek, fought near Springfield, Missouri. Although neither fully trained nor equipped, the 7th Division fought well in the battle and were praised by Maj. Gen. Sterling Price, the Missouri State Guard's commander. McBride's performance in the Confederate victory has been described as: "His 645 troops were in the thick of the fight on Bloody Hill, suffering 146 casualties. General McBride and his troops were mentioned for their gallant service by General Sterling Price following this action."

McBride next fought during the Siege of Lexington on September 13–20, 1861. His men were positioned along the Missouri River and attacked the Union Army garrison on September 18 and 20, where "General McBride and his troops were specifically mentioned for their bravery and gallant service." Early in 1862 much of the Missouri State Guard force was reorganized into two Confederate brigades and commanded by Brig. Gen. Daniel M. Frost. On January 23 any remaining soldiers were put under McBride's command and renamed Missouri's 3rd Brigade of Volunteers.

On February 16, 1862, McBride was captured by Union soldiers but was quickly exchanged. A week later on February 23 he resigned his commission from the state forces, hoping to become a brigadier general in the Confederate Army. However Price's opinion of McBride had changed because he "found fault with McBride's flouting of regulations and the lax discipline of his state guard division." McBride was then ordered to Arkansas to organize a new infantry brigade. Based in Izard County, he recruited in southwestern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas. Before he could accomplish this however, he was ordered to join Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman, who was recruiting soldiers around Little Rock.

In 1863 McBride's health began to fail, forcing him to remain in Arkansas into 1864 even though the area had fallen under Union control. Although he was appointed a colonel in the Confederate Army in 1864, McBride was not fit for even recruiting duty and headed south with his family, hoping to recover his health. They left their home near Clarksville and got as far as Bluffton in Yell County before McBride became too ill from pneumonia to continue. He died in March and was buried in the town's cemetery in an unmarked grave.

Legacy
The J.H. McBride Camp #632 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named in his honor. In 1958 McBride's family asked the U.S. Government for a headstone and placed it on his grave in Bluffton. Douglas, one of McBride's sons, also served in the Confederate Army as an infantry captain, and was killed in action at Batesville in Independence County, Arkansas.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)

Notes

References
 Allardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, .
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 missouridivision-scv.org Sons of Confederate Veterans site entry for McBride.

Further reading
 Brooksher, William Riley, Bloody Hill: The Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek, Brassey's, 1995, .

1814 births
1864 deaths
Confederate militia generals
Confederate States Army officers
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
People from Harrodsburg, Kentucky
Missouri State Guard
People from Paris, Missouri
People from Houston, Missouri
Deaths from pneumonia in Arkansas


Things Shaped in Passing is the third studio album from Ohio post-rock band The Six Parts Seven.  It was released August 31, 2004 and is their first release on their label, Suicide Squeeze. It includes the songs 'Spaces Between Days (Parts 3 & 4)' with parts 1 and 2 on their previous studio album, Silence Magnifies Sound.

The album artwork was created by Michael Loderstedt. According to the CD's liner notes, the song 'Now Like Photographs' was inspired Ange Leccia's works as well as Larry Levis' writing.
 According to the band's MySpace blog, this is the first album bandmates James Haas and Steve Clements record on, on lap-steel & guitar, and piano, respectively.

Track listing
 "Where Are the Timpani Heartbeats?" – 5:28
 "Spaces Between Days (Part 3)" – 2:26
 "Spaces Between Days (Part 4)" – 3:17
 "Sleeping Diagonally" – 5:58
 "Cold Things Never Catch Fire" – 6:50
 "Seems Like Most Everything Used to Be Something Else" – 4:07
 "Now Like Photographs" - 4:21
 "The Want and the Waiting" - 8:50

Personnel
Allen Karpinski - guitars, samples, arrangements, steel finger slide (track 4)
Jay Karpinski - drum kit
Brad Visker - bass guitar
Tim Gerak - guitars, samples
James Haas - lap steel guitar, guitar, ebow (track 5)
Steve Clements - grand piano

References

External links
SuicideSqueeze.net

Suicide Squeeze Records albums
Things Shaped in Passing
Things Shaped in Passing


Ben Weber (born May 14, 1972) is an American film and television actor. He has appeared in TV series such as Sex and the City and Everwood and films such as Kissing Jessica Stein, The Christmas Card, and Coach Carter. Weber also played David on the ABC Family television series The Secret Life of the American Teenager along with Molly Ringwald. In addition to film and television work, Weber was one of the original cavemen in the GEICO Cavemen advertising campaign.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1972 births
American male actors
Living people
People from Bellingham, Washington


Ben Weber may refer to:
Ben Weber (composer) (1916–1979), American composer
Ben Weber (baseball) (born 1969), Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher
Ben Weber (actor) (born 1972), American film and television actor
Bernardus Weber (born 1912), Dutch sculptor

See also
Benjamin Webber (disambiguation)


TCP reset attack, also known as a forged TCP reset or spoofed TCP reset, is a way to terminate a TCP connection by sending a forged TCP reset packet. This tampering technique can be used by a firewall or abused by a malicious attacker to interrupt Internet connections.

The Great Firewall of China, and Iranian Internet censors are known to use TCP reset attacks to interfere with and block connections as a major method to carry out Internet censorship.

Background
The Internet is a system for individual computers to exchange electronic messages, or packets of data. This system includes hardware to carry the messages (such as copper and fiber optics cables) and a formalized system for formatting the messages, called "protocols". The basic protocol used on the Internet is the Internet Protocol (IP), which is usually coupled with additional protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP/IP is the protocol set used for email and web browsing. Each protocol has a block of information, called a header, included near the front of each packet. Headers contain information about which computer sent the packet, which computer should receive it, the packet size, etc.

TCP is used with IP when a two-way virtual connection is required between two computers. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol and requires a logical connection to be established between two processes before data is exchanged (UDP on the other hand is a connectionless IP protocol.) A TCP/IP socket is used when communication between two computers (for example a workstation with a browser and a web server) by exchanging a stream of packets. Using a TCP connection gives the computers an easy way to exchange data items too big for a single packet, such as video clips, email attachments, or music files. Although some web pages are small enough for a single packet, they are sent over TCP connections for convenience.

TCP resets
In a stream of packets of a TCP connection, each packet contains a TCP header. Each of these headers contains a bit known as the "reset" (RST) flag. In most packets, this bit is set to 0 and has no effect; however, if this bit is set to 1, it indicates to the receiving computer that the computer should immediately stop using the TCP connection; it should not send any more packets using the connection's identifying numbers, called ports, and discard any further packets it receives with headers indicating they belong to that connection. A TCP reset basically kills a TCP connection instantly.

When used as designed, this can be a useful tool. One common application is the scenario where a computer (computer A) crashes while a TCP connection is in progress. The computer on the other end (computer B) will continue to send TCP packets since it does not know that computer A has crashed. When computer A reboots, it will then receive packets from the old pre-crash connection. Computer A has no context for these packets and no way of knowing what to do with them, so it might send a TCP reset to computer B. This reset lets computer B know that the connection is no longer working. The user on computer B can now try another connection or take other action.

Forging TCP resets

In the scenario above, the TCP reset bit was sent by a computer that was one of the connection endpoints. It is possible for a third computer to monitor the TCP packets on the connection and then send a "forged" packet containing a TCP reset to one or both endpoints. The headers in the forged packet must indicate, falsely, that it came from an endpoint, not the forger. This information includes the endpoint IP addresses and port numbers. Every field in the IP and TCP headers must be set to a convincing forged value for the fake reset to trick the endpoint into closing the TCP connection. Properly formatted forged TCP resets can be a very effective way to disrupt any TCP connection that the forger can monitor.

Legitimate use

One application of a forged TCP reset is to maliciously disrupt TCP connections without the consent of the two parties that own the endpoints. However, network security systems using forged TCP resets have been designed as well. A prototype "Buster" software package was demonstrated in 1995 that would send forged resets to any TCP connection that used port numbers in a short list. Linux volunteers proposed doing something similar with Linux firewalls in 2000, and the open source Snort used TCP resets to disrupt suspicious connections as early as 2003.

Comcast Controversy

By late 2007, Comcast began using forged TCP resets to cripple peer-to-peer and certain groupware applications on their customers' computers. This started a controversy, which was followed by the creation of the Network Neutrality Squad (NNSquad) by Lauren Weinstein, Vint Cerf, David Farber, Craig Newmark and other well-known founders and champions of openness on the Internet. In 2008, the NNSquad released the NNSquad Network Measurement Agent, a Windows software program written by John Bartas, which could detect Comcast's forged TCP resets and distinguish them from real endpoint-generated resets. The technology to detect the resets was developed from the earlier open-source "Buster" software which used forged resets to block malware and ads in web pages.

In January 2008, the FCC announced it would investigate Comcast's use of forged resets, and, on August 21, 2008, it ordered Comcast to terminate the practice.

Prevention
By encrypting connections using a VPN, the attacker has to do a TCP reset attack on all encrypted connections, causing collateral damage.

See also
DNS hijacking
TCP sequence prediction attack
Network Neutrality

References

External links
SNORT Official website
EFF report on Comcast use of resets
ICMP Attacks against TCP. Similar attacks using ICMP
Improving TCP's Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks

Reset Attack
Packets (information technology)
Cyberwarfare
Computer security exploits


Leon Stap (sometimes spelled Leon Stop) (September 24, 1928 – 1976) was an American midget professional wrestler better known by his ring name Fuzzy Cupid. During his career, he was the frequent tag team partner of fellow midget wrestler Sky Low Low.

Professional wrestling career
Stap first saw a midget professional wrestling match in Texas, and he decided to try the sport. He later went to Detroit to train at the advice of promoter Norman Brown. He debuted in 1952. In the 1950s, he toured Ontario with other midget wrestlers such as Little Beaver, Lord Littlebrook, and Sky Low Low. During the 1960s, he often teamed with Sky Low Low in matches. The duo competed in the World Wide Wrestling Federation against the midget tag team of Tiny Tim and Pancho López (wrestler).

During his career, he often played the role of the bad guy and was on the receiving end of crowd violence. Because of this violence, Stap endured a fractured vertebra and a four-inch blade wound.

Retired in 1969.

Personal life
The little information available about the personal life of Stap was originally from an article written by Stanley Weston in the October 1959 edition of Man's Magazine. His parents were of normal height. At the age of seven, Stap had infantile paralysis that caused him to be hospitalized for six years. He did not enter public school until the age of seventeen. Prior to entering the world of professional wrestling, he played the role of Grumpy in a traveling production of Snow White.

Stap died in 1976.

Championships and accomplishments
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Midget Wrestler (2005)

See also
 List of premature professional wrestling deaths

References

1928 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male professional wrestlers
Midget professional wrestlers
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Professional wrestlers from Rhode Island
Stampede Wrestling alumni


Walburg, originally called Concordia, is an unincorporated area located at the crossroads of Farm to Market Road 972 (FM 972) and Farm to Market Road 1105 (FM 1105) in Williamson County, Texas, United States, thirty-three miles northeast of Austin. Walburg is a German American settlement. With its heritage of buildings from the late 1890s, Walburg is a popular site for films, including Michael and The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 2.

Walburg also hosted filming for the motion picture Stars Over Henrietta.

Walburg is known for being a German farming community and has two Lutheran churches, one an LCMS congregation and one LCMC Congregation.  Zion Lutheran (http://zionwalburg.org/) sits on a hill overlooking the community and hosts an Annual Wurstbraten which attracts and serves several thousand each year.  St. Peter Lutheran is the other Lutheran Church in the immediate vicinity of Walburg.

Walburg previously had its own bank.  Walburg State Bank, as it was once known, survived independently even through several national banking collapses and at least two bank robberies.  It was sold in the early 1990s and closed its Walburg location.

Walburg is also home to two graveyards. Zion Lutheran's graveyard is right next to the church. The other graveyard is slightly farther down the road. This one contains a certain tree from which an alleged horse thief in the 1800s was hanged. It is often said that his ghost haunts the town.

References

External links

Populated places in Williamson County, Texas
Reportedly haunted locations in Texas
German-American history


Concordia is an unincorporated community in Nueces County, Texas, located along Farm to Market Road 3354 about  east of U.S. Highway 77.

References

Unincorporated communities in Nueces County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas


101 Uses for a Dead Cat, by Simon Bond (1947—2011), was a bestselling collection of macabre cartoons. The book was promoted with the tag line, "Since time immemorial mankind has been plagued by the question, 'What do you do with a dead cat?'" It consisted of cartoons depicting the bodies of dead cats being used for various purposes, including anchoring boats, sharpening pencils and holding bottles of wine.

Release and sequels
First published in the UK in 1981 as A Hundred and One Uses for a Dead Cat, the collection was eventually republished in 20 countries and sold over 2 million copies. It spawned two sequels, 101 More Uses for a Dead Cat and Uses of a Dead Cat in History, as well as calendars featuring the cartoons and even a book in response called The Cat's Revenge - More Than 101 Uses for Dead People. In 2006, a 25th anniversary edition of A Hundred and One Uses of a Dead Cat was published with a new foreword.

Reception
By December 7, 1981, it had spent 27 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list. Its success was considered part of a larger "cat craze" in popular culture, which included the Jim Davis comic strip Garfield, and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats.

Further
Time called the author and illustrator, Simon Bond, "the Charles Addams of ailurophobia." He received hate mail accusing him of obscenity and sadism.

American Opinion stated that those who read the book should be "prepared to be disgusted or appalled from time to time".

The book was parodied by British cartoonist Patrick Wright with his book 101 Uses for a John Major, in which the former British Prime Minister was illustrated serving a number of bizarre purposes, such as a train-spotter's anorak or as a flag-pole.

References

American comics
Comics about cats
1981 books
1981 comics debuts
Gag cartoon comics
Black comedy books


Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center is a hospital in the City Park West neighborhood of Denver. In speech and in writing, the hospital is referred to informally by its initials: P/SL.

History
Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center was not always one hospital. It was originally two separate hospitals: St. Luke's Hospital, which admitted its first patient on June 27, 1881, and Denver Presbyterian Hospital, which opened in 1926. Both operated separately until Columbia Health/HealthONE acquired both in 1992 and the old St. Luke's facility was closed. Patients were then moved and consolidated in the Presbyterian facility, which remains the current site. Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center has 680 beds and a staff of 1,428 employees. The hospital has many buildings that are newly constructed, although parts of the original cross-shaped building, dating from the 1940s, are still visible.

Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center has always made use of the latest technology. As early as the 1920s, the founders of St. Luke's Medical Center introduced state of the art x-ray machines and treated cancer patients with new radiation technology.

In 1933 St. Luke's Medical Center opened its first cancer clinic. It was the first center of its kind in the Rocky Mountain Region as well as one of the first centers in the entire United States dedicated especially to cancer treatment. St. Luke's opened the regions first intensive care unit in 1961, and Presbyterian followed suit shortly after in the same year. After the use of helicopters as medivacs in the Korean War, they were adapted for post war use.

In March 1971, an operating theater at St. Luke's was converted to a clean room. This created an operating environment that could sustain safeguards for the protection of patients during infection-prone orthopedic chest surgeries. Buoyed by the success of their two-year pilot program, the doctors were able to obtain a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to construct a state-of-the-art Laminar Flow Clean Room, complete with helmets and fully enclosed astronaut-style suits (which are still in use today). NASA provided the funding; Martin Marietta executed the blueprints and St. Luke's saw a reduction in post-operative infection from 9% to less than 0.5%.

In 1985, St. Luke's Hospital performed its first kidney transplant followed by its first heart transplant 3 years later. In 1991 the first bone marrow transplant was successfully performed. The hospital introduced advancements in robotic surgery in 2003.

References

External links
Official website

Hospital buildings completed in 1881
Hospital buildings completed in 1926
Hospitals in Colorado
Buildings and structures in Denver
1881 establishments in Colorado


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Cass County, North Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Cass County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 38 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another five properties were once listed but have been removed.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 Elliot-Powers House and Garage, Fargo, eligible but not listed
 List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota

References

Cass
Cass County, North Dakota


Ernest Inneh  (born September 25, 1970 in Nigeria) is a retired Nigerian-American soccer player.  He is now a coach at the Metropolitan Oval Development Academy. He scored the only goal in the final of the 1991 U.S. Open Cup.

Playing career
Inneh, a native of Nigeria, attended Brooklyn College where he played on the men's soccer team from 1988 to 1991.  In addition to playing collegiate soccer, Inneh also played for the Victoria Vistas of the Canadian Soccer League and the Brooklyn Italians in the Cosmopolitan Soccer League.  On August 10, 1991, he scored the winning goal for the Brooklyn Italians in the final of the 1991 U.S. Open Cup.  He then signed with the Penn-Jersey Spirit of the American Professional Soccer League.  He played one game with the team on August 24, 1991.

Inneh then pursued a successful career in Greece playing with Greek first division club Korinthos F.C., where he famously scored against Olympiakos CFP. Korinthos were relegated following the 1992–93 season, and Inneh played for the club in the Greek second division. Poised for a move to one of the big three in Greece, Inneh injured his knee and required surgery. He returned to play in the Greek third division with Agios Nikolaos F.C. during the 1994–95 season. He joined Greek second division club Panelefsiniakos F.C. in 1996.

Inneh then returned to continue his career in the United States.  In 1997, he signed with the Long Island Rough Riders of the USISL halfway through the season, scoring nine goals in eleven games.  On February 1 1998, the Dallas Burn selected Inneh in the second round (twenty-second overall) of the 1998 MLS Supplemental Draft.  The Burn did not sign Inneh and he returned to the Rough Riders, but was unable to replicate his scoring feats through thirteen games. On August 14, 1998, Long Island traded Inneh to the Staten Island Vipers in exchange for Roberto Deluca.  He remained with the Vipers in 1999, earning A-League First XI honors after scoring eighteen goals in twenty-four games.  In February 2000, the Tampa Bay Mutiny  selected Inneh in the sixth round of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft.  The Mutiny waived him on April 20, 2000.  He then signed with the Westchester Flames in the Premier Development League.  At the end of the season, he went on loan with the Rochester Rhinos as they entered the playoffs. The Rhinos won the USL A-League championship.  In 2001, he was back with Westchester, playing with the team through the 2004 season.

Coaching career
Inneh became an assistant coach with the Flames in 2003.  In 2005, he became head coach and  resigned  on February 26, 2006 and became head of the club's youth development system.

Inneh now coaches for Westchester Flames and Auburndale Soccer club.

References

1970 births
Living people
American Professional Soccer League players
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Nigerian men's footballers
Brooklyn Italians players
Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992) players
Penn-Jersey Spirit players
Rochester New York FC players
Staten Island Vipers players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Westchester Flames players
P.A.S. Korinthos players
A.O. Agios Nikolaos F.C. players
Panelefsiniakos F.C. players
Super League Greece players
USL League Two players
FC Dallas draft picks
Tampa Bay Mutiny draft picks
Victoria Vistas players
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders
Brooklyn College alumni
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
American expatriate sportspeople in Greece


Terepai Maoate Jnr (born 5 December 1961), also known as Junior Maoate, is a former Cook Islands politician.  He is a member of the Democratic Party and represented the constituency of Amuri–Ureia from 2004 to 2010 and again from 2018 to 2022.  He is the son of former Cook Islands Prime Minister Sir Terepai Maoate.

Maoate was born on Manihiki and educated at Araura Primary school, Araura College and Tereora College. He later attended Whangarei Boys College and the University of Auckland in New Zealand.  He was first elected to the Cook Islands Parliament at the 2004 election.  He served as Associate Minister of Finance and Health.

In September 2010 he threatened to quit the Democratic Party if his father's nomination for the seat of Ngatangiia was not confirmed.  He ran as a Democratic candidate, but failed to win re-election. He was subsequently re-elected at the 2018 election. In February 2020 he was appointed Democratic Party spokesperson for Audit, Broadcasting and Telecommunications, Financial Intelligence Unit, Seabed Mining Authority and Natural Resources. In March 2021 he was replaced as deputy leader of the Democratic Party by William (Smiley) Heather.

He lost his seat in the 2022 Cook Islands general election.

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Manihiki
Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands
Democratic Party (Cook Islands) politicians


Simon Bond may refer to:

 Simon Bond (1947–2011), author of 101 Uses for a Dead Cat
 Simon Bond (Doctors), a character from Doctors


Scatomancy is the reading of a person's fortune by examining their bodily excrement, or by examining those of an animal. It is also known as spatalomancy, spatilomancy, copromancy, and spatalamancy.

Definition
Scatomancy is literally "divination by excrement". The process by which excrement is scrutinized is referred to in modern medical terminology as a stool test (or, rarely, "scatoscopy") and is used to detect many conditions including some varieties of cancer.

History
In ancient times scatomancers were often influential members of their community called upon to assist in medical diagnosis and trial by ordeal. In one of scatomancy's forms, popular in ancient Egypt, kleptoparasitic dung beetles were employed. These insects were held sacred and immortalized by the Egyptians. They shape, roll and weave dung balls as a sexual display and courtship attractor. The beetles speed and behavior, as well as the appearance of the dung balls, were all taken into consideration for the prognostications.

The examination of feces and urine by physicians and folk medicine practitioners has also been performed since ancient times. Medicine men and women were knowledgeable on it, and made predictions as well as diagnoses from feces examination, resembling today's medical professionals and laboratories.

References

Further reading
Dictionary of the Occult. Caxton Publishing
Dunwich, Gerina. A Wiccan's Guide to Prophecy and Divination. Carol Publishing Group
Pickover, Clifford A.. Dreaming the Future: The Fantastic Story of Prediction. Prometheus Books
Spence, Lewis. An Encyclopedia of Occultism. Carol Publishing Group
Walker, Charles. The Encyclopedia of the Occult. Random House Value

Divination


Clarence Adam Milligan (12 February 1904 – 25 May 1993) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a farmer by career.

Milligan was born at Tamworth, Ontario. He was first elected at the Prince Edward—Lennox riding in the 1957 general election, after defeating incumbent parliamentarian George Tustin for the Progressive Conservative nomination. He was elected to a second term there in the 1958 election then left federal politics at the end of the 24th Canadian Parliament. He made another attempt to return to the House of Commons in the 1968 election at Frontenac—Lennox and Addington as an independent candidate affiliated with the Progressive Conservatives, but was defeated by Almonte Douglas Alkenbrack.

Milligan also served as a president of the Ontario Federation of Agriculture and was living in Napanee in the early 1990s. He owned what is now the developed part of the Town of Napanee. He died in Napanee in 1993.

References

External links

1904 births
1993 deaths
20th-century Canadian farmers
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Lennox and Addington County
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Emmons County, North Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Emmons County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 17 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, and one former listing.

Current listings

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Former listings

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota

References

Emmons
Emmons County, North Dakota


Bionicle: The Legend Reborn is a 2009 computer-animated science fantasy action film based on the Bionicle toy line by Lego. It is the fourth and final Bionicle film to be released. Distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment, the film is a stand-alone sequel to the trilogy of films released by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Miramax Home Entertainment label. It follows the toy line's 2009 story and features a different set of characters than that of the first three films. The Legend Reborn was released on September 15, 2009, in the United States and Canada, October 5 in the United Kingdom, and September 2 in Australia. The film stars Michael Dorn as the voice of Mata Nui.

The Legend Reborn was intended to be the start of a trilogy of films, but production on the sequels was cancelled due to Lego discontinuing the release of Bionicle toys in 2010. The story was concluded through other media outlets, including comic books and a web story titled the "Mata Nui Saga".

Plot
Mata Nui, the Great Spirit of the Matoran universe, is exiled from his home by his brother, Makuta Teridax. Teridax takes over Mata Nui's gigantic robot body, while Mata Nui's spirit is transferred into the Mask of Life, which crash lands on the wasteland planet of Bara Magna. Mata Nui creates a new body and befriends a Scarabax beetle named Click. He meets a villager named Metus, who warns him of dangerous tribes.

Metus takes Mata Nui to the village of Vulcanus, where gladiatorial fights settle disputes between villages. Mata Nui intervenes in a fight and befriends the Glatorian fighter Ackar. Later, Mata Nui, Ackar, and a Glatorian named Kiina are ambushed by enemies. They rescue an injured Glatorian and discover evidence of Mata Nui's connection to Bara Magna.

Mata Nui repairs and transforms the Glatorians' weapons using his mask's power. They travel to Tesara and unite the villages against the Skrall-Bone Hunter alliance. Kiina suspects Berix of betrayal but is captured by the real traitor, Metus. Mata Nui confronts Tuma, defeats him, and frees Kiina and Berix. They join forces with Ackar and Gresh to battle the Skrall and Bone Hunters.

The combined efforts of the Agori, Glatorians, and Scarabax beetles unite the villages and form a large robotic body. Mata Nui discovers a map on a coin and prepares for their next adventure.

Cast
 Michael Dorn as Mata Nui
 Jim Cummings as Ackar
 Marla Sokoloff as Kiina
 James Arnold Taylor as Berix & Vastus
 Mark Famiglietti as Gresh
 David Leisure as Metus
 Armin Shimerman as Raanu
 Fred Tatasciore as Tuma
 Jeff Bennett as Strakk & Tarix
 Dee Bradley Baker as Bone Hunters, Skrall & Vorox
 Mark Baldo as Villagers

Production
Unlike the first three films, The Legend Reborn was produced by Threshold Animation Studios and distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment, while the original trilogy was produced by Creative Capers Entertainment and distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Miramax Home Entertainment label.

After reading the script the director, Mark Baldo thought of casting Michael Dorn of Star Trek for the voice of Mata Nui.

Click, Mata Nui's pet beetle, was intended to have a much smaller role the film: as written in the script, after the Mask of Life turns Click into an inanimate shield, he was intended to remain as such for the remainder of the film, presumably acting as a prop rather than a character. Mark Baldo proposed the idea that Click could turn back into a beetle at will, serving as a companion for Mata Nui. Greg Farshtey ultimately approved the idea, on account of finding it cute.

The film was to be the beginning of a new Bionicle trilogy, and the writers were working on a draft for a sequel, but the Lego company cancelled the toyline and, hence, the films, forcing the storyline to be concluded via other forms of media.

Music
There are two licensed songs used in the ending credits of the film:
 "Ride" - Presence
 "Bye Bye Babylon" - Cryoshell

References

External links

2000s American animated films
2009 direct-to-video films
2009 films
2009 science fiction films
American animated science fiction films
Bionicle
Bionicle (film series)
Lego films
2009 computer-animated films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video animated films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video films
Cyborg films
American science fiction action films
Danish science fiction action films
Animated films about robots
2000s English-language films
Reboot films
Films set in deserts
Fiction set on desert planets
Animated films set on fictional planets


Andipatti is a constituency in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly, that includes the city, Andipatti. It is a part of the Theni Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

Madras State

Tamil Nadu

Election results

2021

Bye-election 2019

2016

2011

2006

V.S. Chandran belonged to DMDK, led by actor turned politician Vijaykanth.

Bye-election 2002

2001

1996

1991

1989

1984

1980

1977

1971

1967

1962

References

Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu


The David Collection () is a museum of fine and applied art in Copenhagen, Denmark, built around the private collections of lawyer, businessman and art collector C. L. David. The building at Kronprinsessegade 30 which houses the museum used to be the private home of the founder and was originally bought in 1810 by his great-grandfather, C. N. David, but sold again in 1830. In 1917 it was re-acquired by C. L. David, who took up residence in it but also made his collection available to the public at the upper floors of the building.

The museum is particularly noted for its collection of Islamic art from the 8th to the 19th century, which is one of the largest in Northern Europe. The museum also holds fine and applied art from Europe in the 18th century and the Danish Golden Age as well as a small collection of Danish early modern art. All the works of art in the collection of Danish early modern art were acquired by C. L. David himself.

From 2006 to 2009 the collection was closed to the public while the premises underwent a major refurbishment and rearrangement. When it reopened on 15 May 2009, it was described as "the most exclusive museum in Denmark" in national Danish newspaper Politiken.

History

The building, 18061917
Following the Copenhagen fire of 1795 the king granted the city a strip of land which had been part of the Rosenborg Castle Gardens. It was on this land that Kronprinsessegade 30 was built in the years 1806–07 together with other houses in the street.

The building was constructed in the prevailing neo-classical style for Captain J. C. Krieger by his brother-in-law, the city surveyor, Jørgen Henrich Rawert. Kronprinsessegade 2628 were also built by Eawert. The floor plan of the building along with that of the other houses in the street is a characteristic L-shape consisting of three rooms facing the street, the dining room in the corner of each floor — where the front building meets the side building — together with a series of smaller rooms in the latter section. The side building is further extended by means of a side annex of five storeys which originally included the kitchens and servants’ quarters.

In 1810, Joseph Nathan David bought the property. He shared his time between his apartment in Kronprinsessegade and his country house Søholm north of the city.

David's tenants included royal historiographer Ove Malling (around 1811)

Engelke Margrethe Colbjørnsen (née Falbe) resided in one of the apartments with two of her daughters in the middle of the 1820s. In 1825, she was the first member of the bourgoisie to help a young Hans Christian Andersen.

The royal physician Joachim Diederich Brandis resided in the building from 1831 to 1841. He lived in the first-floor apartment at the time of the 1834 census. He lived there with his wife Jane Brandis født Markoe, their daughters Marie Wilhelmine Brandis and 	Julie Henriette Brandis, volunteer in the Schleswig-Holstein Chancellery John Meyer Markoe, husjomfru 	Dore Hæring, three male servants and three maids.

The civil servant and politician C. A. Bluhme (1794-1866) resided in another apartment in around 1832. The lawyer and politician  Orla Lehmann was a resident in the building in the years around 1838.

The writer P. L. Møller (1814-1865) was a resident in 1843-44. The lawyer and politician Hother Hage was also a resident in the building in around 1843.

The property was home to 43 residents at the 1845 census. Frants Everloff, Swedish-Norwegian consul-general, resided on the first floor with his wife Nelly Everlofg, their two sons (aged two and four), their relative Mine Meyer, husjomfru Christine Malmløf, a nanny, a male servant, two maids and a coachman. 	 Carl Anthon Hyllested, a justitsråd, resided on the same floor with his wife Emma Abigael Hyllested, their three children (aged 15 to 21), one male servant and two maids. Wilhelm Lerche, a 25-year-old law student, resided on the same floor with one servant, Master of Theology Niels Bertelsen and three other students. Caroline Cecillie Smith, widow of a justitsråd, resided on the ground floor with Marie Ane Raasløff, Raasløff's two-year-old daughter 	Anna Johanne Caroline Raasløff, a nanny, husjomfru  Ida Wilhelmine Frandsen, one male servant and two maids. Jacob Jensen, a concierge, resided in the basement with his wife Anne Cathrine Jensen, a shoemaker and his wife, four soldiers and two workmen.

F. A. Everløff resided in the side wing at the 1850 census. He lived there with his wife, their three children (aged 14 to 18), three unmarried women (aged 20 and 34), two male servants and three maids. Nanna Fabritius de Tengnagel (née Bilsted), widow of Michael Conrad Fabritius de Tengnagel and the owner of Petersgaard at Vordingborg, resided on the first floor of the front wing with her daughters (aged two to 10), her cousins Henriette Rensing and Anine Munthe Morgenstjerne, one male servant and two maids. Karen Christine Roulund, widow of Advocate-General (auditør) and owner of Restrup Manor Rasmus Roulund, resided on the ground floor of the front wing with six of her children (aged 21 to 38), her sister	Laura Marie Rasmussen, one male servant and three maids.

The master carpenter Julius Blom bought the building in 1971. He lived in one of the apartments until his death in 1900. The publisher and book printer Carl Berling resided in another apartment in 1862-63. The businessman C. F. Tietgen resided in the building from 1867 until his death in 1901. Blom worked for Tietgen on the completion of Frederick's Church. He thus created the timber structure of the dome.

C. L. David
In 1917, C. L. David re-acquired the building that had once belonged to his grandfather, He took up residence in it but also made his collection available to the public at the upper floors of the building.

The museum, 1845present
On 12 December 1945, the collection, along with the building which houses it, became the independent institution, the C. L. David Foundation and Collection, and the museum opened in 1948. Over the years, the exhibition space was continuously expanded and rebuilt as the collections grew. In 1960, on the death of its founder, the Foundation became the sole heir to his fortune.

In 1986, the foundation acquired the adjacent property, 32 Kronprinsessegade, where the architect Vilhelm Wohlert, also known for the design of Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, designed a whole new gallery for the expanding collection of Islamic miniatures in 1990.

Further rebuildings have gradually included more rooms and improved facilities. In 2006 the museum was temporarily closed to the public when it embarked on a major refurbishment and rearrangement of the collections. It reopened on 15 May 2009.

The architect Carl Petersen was responsible for the first rebuilding of the top floor, where the roof was given a steeper pitch so as to create adequate space for two large, skylighted rooms. This rebuilding was completed around 1920.

Part of the top floor were made into three rooms, finished in neo-classical style with partly coffered ceilings, tall panels, and patterned parquet floors. Two of the rooms also had skylights since these rooms were used as galleries. The woodwork still attracts much attention. The wood comes from the King Christian VI's dock, which was broken up in 1918. The darker or lighter colour of the oak depends on the time it has spent in the water.

In 1928, the architect Kaare Klint designed two exhibition rooms for the growing collection of porcelain. The walls are covered with Douglas-fir and the exhibition cases were manufactured in Rudolf Rasmussen's workshop. The rooms and the exhibition cases are still in use, but now exclusively for the Islamic collection.

The current rebuilding of the museum, lasting until 15 May 2009, is undertaken by Wohlert Arkitekter.

Collections

The collection is most noted for its collection of Islamic art and contains works from almost the entire Islamic cultural sphere, from Spain in the West to India in the East and dating from the 7th to the 19th centuries.

The European and Danish collections include:

 Furniture (Chippendale, works by David Roentgen)
 Porcelain (including early Meissen porcelain) and faience
 Silverware
 Sculptures, and ceramics made by Danish artists between c. 1880 and 1950

and paintings by:

References

External links

 1840 resident

Art museums established in 1948
Art museums and galleries in Copenhagen
Biographical museums in Denmark
Decorative arts museums
Former private collections
Neoclassical architecture in Copenhagen
David
1948 establishments in Denmark


The reticulate whipray or honeycomb stingray (Himantura uarnak) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. It inhabits coastal waters in the western Indian Ocean including the Red Sea, Natal and the Arabian Sea; also a Lessepsian transmigrant in the eastern Mediterranean. A large species reaching  in width, the reticulate whipray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc and an extremely long tail without fin folds. Both its common and scientific names refer to its ornate dorsal color pattern of many small, close-set dark spots or reticulations on a lighter background. However, the reticulate whipray is only one of several large spotted stingrays in the Indo-Pacific which, coupled with the variability of its coloration with age and locality, has resulted in a great deal of taxonomic confusion.

Often encountered resting on the bottom during daytime, the reticulate whipray is a predator of bottom-dwelling invertebrates and bony fishes. Like other stingrays, it is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos nourished at first by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females bear litters of up to five pups in summer, following a gestation period of a year. The reticulate whipray is fished in parts of the Indian Ocean for meat, skin, cartilage, and other purposes. It is highly susceptible to population depletion because of its large size, inshore habits, and low reproductive rate, and is additionally threatened by extensive habitat degradation. Consequently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Endangered.

Taxonomy and phylogeny
In 1775, Carsten Niebuhr published Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit, the work of his late friend, the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål. Within Forsskål had described Raja sephen, now commonly known as the cowtail stingray, with a spotted variant he called uarnak ورنك, which is the Arabic name stingrays on the Red Sea shores. No type specimen was designated. Forsskål's account formed the basis for two subsequent writings that named the spotted ray as a distinct species: Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre's Raia scherit in 1788, and Johann Friedrich Gmelin's Raja uarnak in 1789. Although Bonnaterre's name was published first and thus would have had precedence, later authorities have regarded Forsskål's uarnak as the earliest available name even though it was not initially part of a binomial. Consequently, modern sources give uarnak as the valid specific epithet and either Gmelin or Forsskål as the species authority. In 1837, Johannes Peter Müller and Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle included the reticulate whipray in the newly created genus Himantura; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann made it the type species in 1896.

The reticulate whipray is closely related to H. undulata,   H. leoparda as well as the recently described H. tutul (previously confused with H. leoparda) and H. australis. All five species are very similar in size and shape, and their colour patterns may overlap to some extent, resulting in a long history of taxonomic confusion that only recently has begun to be untangled. In 2004, Mabel Manjaji designated as the 'uarnak' species complex a group of genetically unrelated species including H. fai, H. gerrardi, H. jenkinsii, H. leoparda, H. toshi, H. uarnak, and H. undulata, plus three more undescribed species. More recently, genera in the stingray family Dasyatidae were redefined based on molecular phylogenetics. Species previously under Himantura now belong to separate genera. The reticulate whipray itself varies in appearance throughout its range, and further taxonomic comparisons are required to determine whether its spotted and reticulated color morphs in fact represent different species. Alternate common names for this ray include coachwhip ray, leopard stingray, longtail stingray, and marbled stingray; some of these names are shared by other, similar species.

Description

The pectoral fin disc of the reticulate whipray is diamond-shaped and wider than long, with the leading margins almost straight and the snout and outer corners angular. In juveniles, the disc is about as wide as long, with a more obtuse snout and rounded corners. The eyes are small and immediately followed by the spiracles (paired respiratory openings). A short and wide curtain of skin with a minutely fringed rear margin is present between the long, thin nostrils. The mouth is relatively small, with a deep concavity at the center of the lower jaw and shallow furrows at the corners extending onto the lower jaw. A row of 4–5 papillae (nipple-like structures) is found across the floor of the mouth. There are 26–40 upper tooth rows and 27–44 lower tooth rows. The pelvic fins are small and triangular. The tail is whip-like and extremely thin, measuring 3–3.5 times as long as the disc when intact, and lacks fin folds. Usually one serrated stinging spine is located on the upper surface on the tail, some distance from the base.

Adult rays have a wide band of flattened, heart-shaped dermal denticles that extend from between the eyes to the tail spine, increasing in density with age, along with two large pearl thorns at the center of the back. The tail behind the spine is covered by small thorns. The dorsal band of denticles is largely developed by the time the juveniles are  across. The coloration of the reticulate whipray varies substantially with age and locality. Adults generally have a dorsal pattern of numerous closely spaced dark brown spots or reticulations on a beige to yellow-brown background, which becomes blackish past the spine with lighter bands on the sides. The underside is pale, without markings. Juveniles are yellowish above with tiny, densely packed dark spots, around seven spots in a line between the spiracles, and three rows of spots in front of the sting. This large species has been reported to reach a disc width of , a total length of , and a weight of .

Distribution and habitat

The reticulate whipray occurs in the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea, Natal in South Africa, and the Arabian Sea. It also entered 30 years ago  the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal and it is now common in the south eastern Mediterranean. The recently-described H. australis formerly confused with H. uarnak seems to be common only in Australian waters, where it occurs from Shark Bay to Brisbane.

Bottom-dwelling in nature, the reticulate whipray is generally encountered over sandy flats near beaches, in lagoons, and around coral reefs, from the intertidal zone to offshore waters  deep or more. In Shark Bay, it frequents intertidal sand flats during the warm season, and shifts to slightly deeper seagrass patches in the cold season. This species is tolerant of low salinities and has been known to enter estuaries and mangrove swamps, though records from fresh water in Southeast Asia are unverified and may represent misidentifications. Its preferred water temperatures are .

Biology and ecology

During the day, the reticulate whipray is generally inactive and spends much time resting motionless on the sea floor, sometimes buried in sand. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, this ray can be found resting singly or in small groups in very shallow water during high tide. Its lateral line extends to the tip of its extremely long tail, giving it advance warning of approaching predators such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna). The cowtail stingray (Pastinachus sephen) prefers to rest with the reticulate whipray over others of its own species, because the whiprays' longer tails grant them superior predator detection. These mixed-species groups often settle into a "rosette" with their tails pointing radially outward for maximum predator awareness.

The reticulate whipray preys on a variety of benthic and neritic organisms, including crabs, shrimps, mantis shrimps, bivalves, gastropods, worms, jellyfish, and bony fishes. In the western Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of its diet consists of fishes, in particular ponyfish and anchovies, with shrimps and other crustaceans making up most of the remainder. By contrast, rays in Australian waters are apparently not piscivorous, and are known to consume penaeid prawns. Known parasites of this species include Anthrobothrium loculatum, Dendromonocotyle colorni, Halysiorhynchus macrocephalus, Monocotyle helicophallus, M. multiparous, and M. spiremae, Thaumatocotyle australensis, and Tylocephalum chiralensis.

Like other stingrays, the reticulate whipray is aplacental viviparous: the developing embryos are initially sustained by yolk, which is later supplanted by histotroph ("uterine milk", enriched with proteins and lipids) produced by the mother. Females give birth to up to five pups in the summer, after a year-long gestation period. Off South Africa, the newborns measure  across and sexual maturation is attained at a disc width of approximately , which corresponds to an age of 4-5. Off Australia, the newborns measure  across, with males reported to mature at  across. The juveniles of this species, H. leoparda, and H. undulata differ in birth size, disc shape, denticle development, and amount of spotting, and are in fact more distinct from each other than are adults of the three species. Shark Bay may serve as a nursery area for young rays.

Human interactions

The reticulate whipray fights strongly on hook-and-line and is thus popular with recreational anglers, who usually release it alive. This species is caught by intensive artisanal and commercial fisheries operating in parts of the western Indian Ocean, using bottom trawls, gillnets and tangle nets, beach seines, and longlines. The meat, skin, and cartilage are utilized, though this species is not a highly valued food fish. It also has applications in Chinese medicine, and its tail may be sold as a curio.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the reticulate whipray as Endangered. Its large size, inshore habitat preferences, and slow reproductive rate render it susceptible to overfishing. Although specific data is lacking, significant declines in overall ray catches have been documented within its range. Habitat degradation also threatens this species, while pollution and destructive fishing practices may have also taken their toll.

The reticulate whipray is occasionally offered within the home aquarium trade. It is best avoided, however, because of its massive proportions. It is also kept in some public aquariums such as the Aquarium of the Pacific (where it is one of the aquarium's largest inhabitants), the Atlantis Dubai hotel aquarium, and the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium.

References

External links

Himantura uarnak, Honeycomb stingray at FishBase
Himantura uarnak (Reticulate Whipray, Honeycomb Stingray, Leopard Stingray, Marbled Stingray) at IUCN Red List

reticulate whipray
Fish of the Indian Ocean
Fish of Madagascar
Marine fish of East Africa
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
reticulate whipray