Yemelyan Mikhailovich Yaroslavsky (, born Minei Izrailevich Gubelman, Мине́й Изра́илевич Губельма́н;  – 4 December 1943) was a Bolshevik revolutionary, Communist Party functionary, journalist and historian.

An atheist and anti-religious polemicist, Yaroslavsky served as editor of the atheist satirical magazine Bezbozhnik (The Godless) and led the League of the Militant Godless organization. Yaroslavsky also headed the Anti-Religious Committee of the Central Committee. In his book How Gods and Goddesses Are Born, Live, and Die (1923), Yaroslavsky argued that religion was born under man, lived under man, and would die under communism.

Biography

Early years

Yemelyan Yaroslavsky was born on 3 March 1878, into a Jewish family as Minei Israilevich Gubelman in Chita, then the capital of Russia's Transbaikal Oblast, where his parents were political exiles. His first job was as a bookbinder.

Yaroslavsky joined the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in 1898 and organized party cells on the Trans-Baikal (Zabaikalsky) Railroad. In 1901, he was a correspondent for the revolutionary newspaper "Iskra," and the following year became a member of the Party's Chita Committee. In 1903 he was arrested and put under police surveillance, but absconded to St. Petersburg Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and a leader of its military wing, siding with the Social Democrats' Bolshevik faction during the intraparty split. He was arrested in April 1904, and spent eight months in prison, but was released on the outbreak of 1905 Revolution. During that year, he was an agitator in St Petersburg, Odessa, Tula, and Yaroslavl. In Odessa, he was arrested and spent four months in prison. In Yaroslavl, he organised a textile workers' strike – hence his pseudonym Yaroslavsky.

First wife

In 1903, Yaroslavsky married Olga Mikhailovna Genkina, a 21 year old student at the Women's Medical Institute in St Petersburg, from which she was expelled after being caught in possession of revolutionary literature in February 1904. In 1905, the party sent her to Nizhny Novgorod, to organise textile workers. She was arrested but released when the crowd stormed the jail. The party then sent her to Ivanovo-Vosnesensk in November 1905, but she was intercepted at the station by the Black Hundreds, and killed. She was 24.

Party career in 1906–1921

Yaroslavsky was a delegate to the party conferences in Tammerfors in December 1905, Stockholm, in April 1906, and London, June 1907. After his return from London, he was arrested, held for 18 months, then sentenced to five years hard labour in the Gorny Zerentu Prison in the Nerchinsk region. When he had completed his sentence, in 1912, he was exiled to Eastern Siberia.

After the February revolution in 1917, he returned to Moscow, to edit a Bolshevik newspaper. In the months after the October Revolution of 1917, Yaroslavsky became associated with the Left Communist tendency, which opposed the negotiated settlement of military hostilities with the invading army of the German empire. Early in the Russian Civil War, he was a political commissar with the Red Army in Moscow. He supported the 'Military Opposition', who objected to the strategy deployed by the People' Commissar for War Leon Trotsky, which relied on professional army officers and set-piece battles, rather than guerilla tactics. The opposition is presumed to have been indirectly encouraged by Trotsky's rival, Josif Stalin. Later, Yaroslavsky was transferred to party organisation in Perm and Omsk. He was named a candidate member of the governing Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party in 1919 as a candidate member.

Party Secretary

Yaroslavsky's influence peaked in March 1921, after he had backed Lenin against Trotsky in a dispute over the role of trade unions. He was appointed one of three secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) (CPSU {B}), and raised to full membership of that body. The senior secretary was Vyacheslav Molotov. Many years later, Molotov complained: "One moment, Yaroslavsky would request trousers for one person, another time it would be shoes for someone else. Trifles. True, the times were such that people were in need of everything. But attention had to be focused on major problems."

Molotov complained to Lenin, who had Yaroslavsky transferred to Siberia. On September 15, 1921, Yaroslavsky was the prosecutor at the trial in Novonikolaevsk, now Novosibirsk, of the counter-revolutionary Lieutenant General Roman von Ungern-Sternberg. However, he was back in Moscow in December 1921 for a party conference, at which - to Trotsky's lasting annoyance - he arranged that Grigory Zinoviev was billed as second in seniority to Lenin, with Trotsky third. He held the title of Central Committee secretary until April 1922, when Josif Stalin was appointed General Secretary, with Molotov as his deputy. Yaroslavsky retained his Central Committee membership until 1923 but never held a position as important as that of a party secretary.

Atheist activist

Late in 1922, Yaroslavsky created a new role for himself, as the Soviet Union's foremost anti-religious propagandist. He performed this function for nearly two decades, until the German invasion of the USSR when Stalin turned to the Russian Orthodox church for help in the war effort.

In the fall of 1922, the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party established a new standing committee, the "Committee on the Execution of the Decree Separating Church and State" (unofficially known as the "Anti-Religious Commission"), granted "full authority in general leadership and policy in regard to religion and the church and development of party directives on issues of anti-religious propaganda." Although a body of limited power, the Anti-Religious Commission marked the first step towards an official Bolshevik policy of systematic religious extermination and anti-religious propaganda.

Trotsky claimed that Yaroslavsky was put in charge of this campaign while Lenin was absent through illness and that when he returned he rebuked Molotov for sanctioning it, saying: "Don't you know what Yaroslavsky is? It's enough to make a chicken laugh. He will never be able to manage this work."

Yaroslavsky's chaired the Militant League of the Godless, and edited its principle journal Bezbozhnik. At different times, he also edited other anti-religious periodicals.

Role in party disputes

In April 1923, Yaroslavsky was appointed Secretary of the Central Control Commission, the committee in charge of party discipline, and a member of the directing collegium of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate (Rabkrin), a closely related monitoring agency which extended its purview outside of the party into the economic sphere. Over the course of his career as a Communist Party functionary, Yaroslavsky sat on the boards of several leading Soviet publications, including the Communist Party daily Pravda and the party theoretical journal Bolshevik.

He backed Stalin in all the factional disputes within the communist party that followed Lenin's incapacity and death. He appears to have been the first prominent communist to attack Trotsky personally, during a meeting of the Moscow party organisation, for which he was heckled by part of his audience. When Trotsky addressed the Central Committee for the last time in October 1927, before his expulsion, while others barracked and insulted him, Yaroslavsky threw a heavy book at his head.

In December 1925, after the rift between Stalin and Zinoviev, Yaroslavsky was part of the team sent to Leningrad to purge Zinoviev's supporters from the regional party, and made so provocative a speech that he was shouted down by Leningrad party members.

In an 8 March 1931 speech before the Communist Academy held in the aftermath of the 1931 Menshevik Trial, Yaroslavsky attacked David Riazanov, scholarly head of the Marx-Engels Institute and a former member of the Menshevik Party, for the allegedly insufficient number of Communist Party members employed at that archive and research center. Later that year the Academy would officially condemn Riazanov as "an agent of counter-revolutionary Menshevism," leading to his arrest and exile outside of the city of Moscow.

In February 1937, when the two former party leaders Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov were arraigned before the Central Committee, prior to being arrested, put on trial and executed, Yaroslavsky denounced them as treasonous, and claimed that the charges against them were "totally proven". (In 1988, it was officially admitted that they were both victims of trumped up charges).

Historian

Yaroslavsky was an early biographer of Bolshevik leader V. I. Lenin with his first biography, Velikii vozhd' rabochei revoliutsii (The Great Leader of the Workers' Revolution) seeing print in 1918 in the aftermath of a failed assassination attempt. Yaroslavsky was subsequently chosen as a member of the directorate of the Lenin Institute, an archive and research center established in 1923 to gather and publish the various letters, manuscripts, and writings of Lenin. A second and more widely distributed Lenin biography by Yaroslavsky, Zhizn' i rabota V.I. Lenina (The Life and Work of V.I. Lenin), was rushed to the press in 1924, following Lenin's death.

Yaroslavsky was also a frequent writer on the history of the Bolshevik Party and an editor of one of the main historical journals of the 1920s, Istorik-Marksist (Marxist Historian). But changes in political conditions compelled him periodically to rewrite the record.
In February 1923, Yaroslavsky wrote a long article on Trotsky's early career, covering 1900–1902, in which he declared that

The campaign to denigrate Trotsky began that same year. Writing in the 1930s, Trotsky claimed that "Yaroslavsky rose to his present position entirely by his slandering of me. As the official corrupter of the history of the party, he represents the past as an unbroken struggle of Trotsky against Lenin."

Yaroslavsky suddenly came under attack in 1931, when Stalin published an essay on the alleged mistakes made by historians and claimed that "even Comrade Yaroslavsky is not, unfortunately, an exception; his books on the history of the CPSU (B), despite all their merits, contain a number of errors in matters of principle and history." Stalin did not say what the 'errors' were, but others picked up the attack, accusing Yaroslavsky of being a Trotskyist, a Menshevik etc. He wrote several plaintive letters to Stalin but got no reply, so wrote a letter confessing to being in the wrong. He then wrote a new biography of Stalin that magnified his role in early Bolshevik history.

After the rise of Nazi Germany, and of Japanese expansionism, there was a sudden change in the demands made on historians. In the 1920s, the Soviet Union's most eminent historian had been Mikhail Pokrovsky, who had depicted Russia under the Tsars as an aggressor that persecuted smaller nations such as the Jews and Poles, and which shared the blame for the outbreak of war against France in 1812, Japan in 1905, and Germany in 1914. With the renewed threat of war, Stalin proposed to appeal to Russian nationalism and tales of military glory. In 1939, Yaroslavsky denounced Pokrovsky as a Trotskyite, saying that:

Later years

Yaroslavsky was Chairman of the Society of Old Bolsheviks in 1931 until Stalin ordered the society's dissolution in 1935. He was also the head of the Society of Former Political Prisoners and Penal Exiles, a fraternal benefit society which aided Old Bolsheviks and other political prisoners of the Tsarist era. He was a member of the Party Control Commission in 1934-39. From 1939, he was a member of the Central Committee.

With the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, in the summer of 1941, the Soviet state reduced its anti-religious activities in an effort to make use of the Russian Orthodox Church as an institution to rally the population to defend the nation. The journals Bezbozhnik and Antireligioznik ceased publication and the League of the Militant Godless fell into obscurity.

The aging Yaroslavsky, still an esteemed senior historian of the Bolshevik Party, dutifully promoted the government's new nationalistic political line, writing an article for Pravda entitled "The Bolsheviks – Continuers of the Best Patriotic Tradition of the Russian People" which declared the Bolsheviks the "lawful heirs to the Russian people's great and honorable past" and acknowledged the place of the Great Russian nationality "at the head of the other peoples of the USSR." Yaroslavsky's high-profile Pravda piece, along with a similar patriotic and nationalist article by Agitprop chief G. F. Alexandrov, was taken as an official signal to the historical profession to mine the imperial Russian past for examples of heroic unity and national defense which might be transformed into illustrative propaganda to aid the USSR in its attempt to rebuff the Nazi German invaders.

Death and legacy

Yaroslavsky died on 4 December 1943 in Moscow of stomach cancer.  His remains were cremated and the urn with his ashes was interred to the left side of the Senate Tower in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis behind Lenin's Mausoleum.

Honours and awards
 Order of Lenin (1938)
 Stalin Prize, 1st class (1943) — For the collective research work entitled "History of the Civil War," Volume 2. (1942)

Works in English
 How Gods and Goddesses are Born, Live, and Die. Moscow: Red Virgin Soil, 1923.
 The Bible for Believers and Non-Believers. Moscow: Red Virgin Soil, 1923-1925.
 Lenin: His Life and Work. Chicago: Daily Worker Publishing Co., n.d. [c. 1926].
 A Short History of the Russian Communist Party. In Two Volumes. Moscow: n.p., n.d. [1930s].
 Bolshevik Verification and Purging of the Party Ranks. Moscow: Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1933.
 Religion in the USSR. New York: International Publishers, 1934.
 History of Anarchism in Russia. New York: International Publishers, 1937.
 Meaning of the Soviet Trials. Contributor. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1938.
 The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People. Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1941.
 Landmarks in the Life of Stalin. London : Lawrence & Wishart, n.d. [1942].
 Twenty-five Years of Soviet Power. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1943.

Footnotes

Further reading
 George M. Enteen, "Writing Party History in the USSR: The Case of E. M. Iaroslavskii," Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 21, no. 2 (April 1986), pp. 321–339. In JSTOR.

1878 births
1943 deaths
People from Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
People from Transbaikal Oblast
Russian Jews
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Old Bolsheviks
Members of the Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Secretariat of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Stalinism
Anti-revisionists
Russian Constituent Assembly members
First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Russian atheists
Jewish atheists
Soviet Jews
Russian atheism activists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Soviet historians
Pravda people
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in the Soviet Union
Deaths from cancer in Russia


Kaura Namoda is a Local Government Area in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Kaura-Namoda, home to the Federal Polytechnic, Kaura-Namoda.
It has an area of 868 km and a population of 281,367 at the 2006 census.

Historical Origin
Kaura Namoda was founded in 1807 by Muhammadu Namoda who was a prince of Alibawa ruling family of Zurmi and an 18th century military genius.

Postal code
The postal code of the area is 882.

Climate
The district has an annual temperature of 30.31oC, 82.13 rainy days, and 61.59 millimetres of precipitation.

Transport

It is served by a station at the terminus of a branch line of the western line of the national railway network.  In 2014, this line is proposed to be rehabilitated and extended to Niamey in Niger.

See also

 Railway stations in Nigeria

Districts and Villages
Banga

Dan Isa

Gabake

Kagara

Galadima

Yankaba

Sakajiki

Marafa

Madaro

Kungunki

Kyam

Kurya

Barawa

Baura

Emir

Hakimi Dan Hassan

Kofar Kwatar Kwashi

Shiyar Dan Galadima

Shiyar Limanchi

Shiyar Mai Jubbu

Shiyar Sarkin Baura

Shiyar Wali

Tsohuwar Kasuwa

References

Local Government Areas in Zamfara State


Shen Hongfei () (born 1962 in Shanghai), is a writer, producer and food columnist in China.

Shen has become quite famous for his inspired yet unexpected comments about food that appeared on various newspapers and magazines columns, and TV shows in China.

Life
He studied journalism in Jinan University in late 1970s and graduated in 1984.

Column
Shen has been a food critic and columnist for Southern Weekly in 2002. He also wrote a column "Ideological Work" for one of the most prominent magazines in China, Sanlian Life Magazine.

References

1962 births
Living people
Chinese food writers
Writers from Shanghai
Chinese restaurant critics
Chinese columnists
Jinan University alumni


Inlow Hall, the administration building at Eastern Oregon University in La Grande, Oregon, United States, was built in 1929.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Administration Building in 1980.

It was built originally as the Eastern Oregon State Normal School.  The building "is a modern adaptation of Italian Renaissance palatial architecture and includes a formal grand stair with overlook terrace. Originally,... it housed all functions appropriate to a teacher training institution until a separate unit, J. H. Ackerman Laboratory School, was added to the campus in 1935."

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, Oregon

References

External links

1929 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Union County, Oregon
Eastern Oregon University
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, Oregon
Renaissance Revival architecture in Oregon
School buildings completed in 1929
University and college administration buildings in the United States
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon


The Whitbread Engine preserved in the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia, built in 1785, is one of the first rotative steam engines ever built, and is the oldest surviving. A rotative engine is a type of beam engine where the reciprocating motion of the beam is converted to rotary motion, producing a continuous power source suitable for driving machinery.

This engine was designed by the mechanical engineer James Watt, manufactured for the firm Boulton and Watt and originally installed in the Whitbread brewery in London, England. On decommissioning in 1887 it was sent to Australia's Powerhouse Museum (then known as the Technological, Industrial and Sanitary Museum) and has since been restored to full working order.

History

The engine was ordered by Samuel Whitbread in 1784 to replace a horse wheel at the Chiswell Street premises of his London brewery. It was installed in 1785, the second steam engine to be installed in a brewery, and enabled Whitbread to become the largest brewer in Britain. The horse wheel was retained for many years, serving as a backup in case the steam engine broke down.
The drive gear of the engine, still evident today, was connected to a series of wooden line shafts which drove machinery within the brewery. Connected machinery included rollers to crush malt; an Archimedes' screw, that lifted the crushed malt into a hopper; a hoist, for lifting items into the building; a three-piston pump, for pumping beer; and a stirrer within a vat. There was also a reciprocating pump connected to the engine's beam, used to pump water from a well to a tank on the roof of the brewery.

In a marketing coup for both the brewer and the engine's manufacturer, King George III and Queen Charlotte visited the brewery on 24 May 1787. The engine remained in service for 102 years, until 1887.

The engine made its way to the Powerhouse Museum (then known as the Technological, Industrial and Sanitary Museum) through Archibald Liversidge, an English-born chemist, scientist and academic at the University of Sydney, who was a trustee of the museum. Liversidge was in London in 1887, at the time of the engine's decommissioning, and when he heard that the engine was to be scrapped he asked whether it could be donated to the museum. Whitbread & Co agreed on condition that the engine be set up and used for educational purposes.

Subsequently, the engine was dismantled and shipped to Sydney on the sailing ship Patriarch. For shipping purposes, the large flywheel was divided into two halves. While the flywheel's rim could be unbolted, the hub with attached spokes had to be drilled through and rejoined after shipping. A shortage of funds meant the engine was kept in storage for several years. Eventually the engine was erected in its own engine house, behind the main building at the museum's old Harris Street premises. During the 1920s or 1930s, an electric motor was added so that people could see the engine in motion. During the 1980s the Technology Restoration Society was formed in order to raise funds for the engine's restoration. Restoration took place at the Museum's Castle Hill site. During the restoration, some parts – including the piston – were replaced to preserve the original parts. The engine, restored to steaming condition, was installed in the new Powerhouse Museum in 1988. Today the engine is sometimes operated as part of the Museum's Steam Revolution exhibition, steam being provided by the Museum's central boiler.

Technical specifications
The engine has a  diameter piston with a  long stroke, driven by a mean effective pressure of . Its top speed is 20 revolutions per minute (rpm) of the flywheel. In the engine's youth, it had a maximum power output of approximately . It underwent a series of alterations in 1795, converting it from single-acting to double-acting; it was alleged at the time that this conversion improved its power to , but the Powerhouse Museum claims this is false. A centrifugal governor, which moderates the level of steam provided if the engine begins to overload was added some years after this, and beam and main driving rod, both originally of wood, were replaced in sand-cast iron.

Apart from its age, the engine is notable in that it embodies the four innovations which made Boulton & Watt's engines a significant driver of the Industrial Revolution. The first is a separate condenser, which increases the efficiency of the engine by allowing the main cylinder to remain hot at all times. The second is the parallel motion, which converts the up-and-down motion of the piston into the arcing motion of the beam, whilst maintaining a rigid connection. The rigid connection allowed the engine to be double-acting, meaning the piston could push as well as pull the beam. Third is the centrifugal governor, used to automatically regulate the speed of the engine. Finally the sun and planet gear convert the reciprocating motion of the beam into a rotating motion, which can be used to drive rotating machinery.

Cultural references
The engine is featured on the Bank of England £50 note along with Matthew Boulton, James Watt, and the Soho Manufactory.

See also

 Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine – the oldest working engine with a hypocycloidal gear

References

External links
 The Boulton and Watt engine – Powerhouse Museum description

1785 in England
1785 in science
1780s in London
Preserved beam engines
Preserved stationary steam engines
Collections of the Powerhouse Museum
Whitbread
Industrial Revolution
History of the steam engine
James Watt


S. Ramakrishnan is a writer from Tamil Nadu, India.  He is a full-time writer who has been active over the last 27 years in diverse areas of Tamil literature like short stories, novels, plays, children's literature and translations. He has written and published 9 novels, 20 collections of short stories, 3 plays, 21 books for children, 3 books of translation, 24 collections of articles, 10 books on world cinema, 16 books on world literature including seven of his lectures, 3 books on Indian history, 3 on painting and 4 edited volumes including a Reader on his own works. He also has 2 collections of interviews to his credit. He won the Sahitya Akademi award in 2018 in Tamil language category for his novel Sanjaaram.

Writing career
About his first book he says: "I was not a writer when my first book 'veLiyil oruvan' was published. Until then I was just writing whatever I wanted to write, but I was not a writer; even after my first book came out…" and "…but now I know the direction, purpose and strength of the written word. I didn't know that then. It is like how a child with a camera takes pictures of whatever she sees… I was like that child."

His short stories and articles have been translated and published in English, Malayalam, Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and French.

His novel Upa Paandavam, written after a deep research into Mahabharata, was selected as the best novel in Tamil. It was widely well received by the readers.

The novel Nedum Kuruthi, which spoke of the dark and tragic existential experiences of the tribe of oppressed people cruelly stamped as criminal tribe by the British, secured the Gnanavaani award for the Best Novel.

His novel Yaamam, written with Chennai city's three hundred years history as back drop, is another widely appreciated creation.

His Urupasi is a novel that conveys the stirring mental agonies of a young man who was unemployed because he took his degree majoring in Tamil language.

He became a celebrated author to lakhs of readers through his series of articles like Thunai Ezhuthu, Desandhri, Kathavilaasam, Kelvikuri and Siridhu Velicham which appeared in the highly circulated Tamil weekly, Ananda Vikatan. He is the first writer in Tamil to have created a broad circle of readers for his columns. The compilation book of the articles, Thunai Ezhuthu, has created a new history by selling almost a lakh of copies.

Writing style
His short stories are noted for their modern story-telling style in Tamil. He says in an interview: "As a storyteller, it's vital that I observe people, their mannerisms and keep myself aware of present trends…" and "…I keep myself surrounded by youngsters who I learn a lot from. I think it is such company that keeps me revitalised to write more and more stories".

He explains the magical nature of his stories quite simply – "The reason why my stories have a magical aspect is because I am unable to separate Magic from Realism."

Literary activism

A great story-teller, he has organized over thirty story-telling camps for school children, all over Tamil Nadu. He has organized a special story-telling camp for children with dyslexia-related learning disabilities.

He says in an interview: "We have a rich tradition of PaaNans and Koothars going around places singing and creating poetry in the Sangam period. I am just a modern day PaaNan who goes to places, meets people, talks to them and tells their stories."

He had, as Editor, brought out the literary publication, Atcharam for five long years.

His website www.sramakrishnan.com serves as a resource for serious literature for young readers. It has become an important website where contemporary literary innovations, world literature and world cinema congregate in a fertile ambience. It has secured 5 million visits from readers all over the world.

Publishing House 'Desanthiri'
In December 2017, he started his own publishing house in the name of one of his most famous books, Desanthiri. It was started to publish his own works, old ones which are not in print at present as well as his upcoming works.

Films and other adoptions (contributions in movie and theatre performances)
A connoisseur of world cinema, he has compiled an introductory compendium on world cinema with thousand pages called Ulaga Cinema. He has written ten important books on cinema such as Ayal Cinema, Pather Panchali, Chithirangalin Vichithirangal and Paesa Therindha Nizhalgal. Irul Inithu Oli Inithu, Chaplinudan Pesungal.

He has organized screenplay writing camps for short film directors and students of cinema creation in important cities like Chennai, Coimbatore, etc.

His collection of 9 plays, Aravaan (Uyirmmai Publications), 3 plays, Sindhubaadhin Manaivi (Kayalkavin Publications) and Sooriyanai sutrum boomi (translated plays, Kayalkavin Publications) create new possibilities for theater space on facing power, breaking up historical and cultural images and focusing on psychological eccentricities. These plays have received good appreciation while they were staged and have been performed at the national drama festival of Sangeetha Natak Academy. The play 'Aravaan', included in this collection has been translated in to English, Malayalam and Kannada.

The short film Karna Motcham with his screenplay won the National Award for Best Short Film and went on to win, so far, 27 important awards in Indian and International Film Festivals.

Another short film Matraval has won three coveted awards as the best Tamil Short Film.

He has worked as Screenplay and Dialogue writer in Tamil feature films like Baba, Album, Chandaikkozhi, Unnale Unnale, Bhima, Dhaam Dhoom, Chikku Bukku, Modhi Vilaiyadu, Yuvan Yuvathi and Avan Ivan, Samar and Idam PoruL EvaL.

Rewards and recognition

Three Doctorates and 21 M.Phil. Degrees have been awarded to scholars for researching into his writings. His books have been prescribed as part of syllabi of 2 Universities and 9 Autonomous Colleges.

Bibliography

Novels

Short stories

Plays

Children literature

Seven Lectures

Essays on World Literature

Essays on Poetry

Essays on Painting

Essays on Cinema

Anthologies of Essays

History - Non fiction

Interviews

Other books - Edited volumes

Translation

Filmography

Shortfilms

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

Video links

Actor Rajinikanths speech at S.Ramakrishnan's felicitation function
Vairamuthu speech at S Ramakrishnan felicitation function
KARNAMOTCHAM-short film
Kokkarako-short film
Tharamaniyil Karapaanpoochigal-short film
S.Ramakrishnan speech about Dostoyevsky
S.Ramakrishnan speech about Hiroshima
Ki.Ra is a True Indian Writer - S.Ramakrishnan Speech
Karl Marx History - S.Ramakrishnan speech

External links
Official Website

Tamil screenwriters
Children's writers in Tamil
1971 births
Living people
Tamil-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil


Sirius Stiletto was a brand of satellite radio portable media players from Sirius Satellite Radio.  The original model, the Stiletto 100, was launched in October 2006.  (A predecessor, the Sirius S50, was portable but was unable to receive satellite signal unless docked.)  The successor to the Stiletto 100, the Stiletto 2, was launched in November 2007.

These devices run Linux and the end-user software in these devices is powered by the Mono Framework a portable .NET implementation for many platforms, including embedded Linux systems such as the Stiletto.

Sirius discontinued the Stiletto line of products in early 2010, even though its ostensible successor (the Lynx) wouldn't hit the market for more than two years.  This meant that consumers looking to purchase a portable Sirius radio during that time had only one option:  purchase the XMP3i (an XM portable radio), sign up for XM satellite radio service, and then pay an extra fee for access to Sirius channels.  Alternately, users could also download one of the smartphone apps (for iPhone, Android, or Blackberry) which were released later in 2010, but these do not offer many of the features and advantages that standalone portable satellite radios provide.

Models
The original Sirius Stiletto 100 was designed by Ziba Design with technology from Zing (now a part of Dell).  Current Stiletto models:

 Sirius Stiletto 100, the first portable Sirius radio that allows subscribers to listen to live Sirius programming. The Stiletto boasts a 2 gigabyte memory, which is roughly equivalent to 100 hours of recording time. The unit's batteries give the user approximately 30 hours of life. The unit also features Wi-Fi technology, which is used as a backup to stream music from the Internet when a clear signal strength is not readily available from the built-in antenna. Sirius' partnerships with Napster and Yahoo Music provide additional content for Stiletto users.
 Sirius Stiletto 10, a later revision of the Stiletto 100.  The Stiletto 10, unlike its predecessor, does not offer Wi-Fi or MP3/WMA playback and only offers 256 megabytes of storage space (about 10 hours of Sirius programming). The Stiletto 10 offers Artist and Song Seek - Not featured on the Stiletto 100 or Stiletto 2. This seek function will watch for your favorite artists and songs that you want to hear and will let you know when they are playing on any other station.
 Sirius Stiletto 2, the newest portable Sirius radio. A slimmer, improved version of the Stilleto 100. Has microSD slot behind battery for storing MP3/WMA files and playlists (not Sirius content). Wi-Fi support expanded to handle WPA and WPA2 (non-Enterprise) with passcodes.

Music stored on Sirius Stiletto radios can be managed with the My Sirius Studio jukebox software, which can also organize music on Stiletto 2 microSD cards.

References

External links
Sirius Stiletto 2

Audiovisual introductions in 2006
Portable media players


Piniphila bifasciana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe and across the Palearctic to Japan.

The wingspan is 12–16 mm. The forewings have a slightly arched costa. The ground colour is silvery-whitish, with pale greyish-ochreous striae, posteriorly confluent in the disc. The costa is marked with blackish. The basal patch has a nearly straight edge. The central fascia is evenly broad and posteriorly indented below the middle, and there is a slender terminal streak. All are pale greyish-ochreous mixed with pale silver grey and irrorated with black. The hindwings are light grey.

The adults fly from June to July depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster.

References

External links
lepiforum.de

Tortricinae
Moths of Japan
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1811


Amesoeurs was a French post-punk/post-black metal band. A side project of Neige of Alcest, the group was formed with musicians Audrey Sylvain and Fursy Teyssier in the summer of 2004. Their goal was to create music that "reflects the dark side of the industrial era and modern civilization".

Teyssier initially left the band shortly after its creation, but returned in 2008, while Winterhalter, who would go on to join both Alcest and Les Discrets, joined in 2007. The band disbanded in 2009.

History

Shortly after Amesoeurs's formation a few songs were written and the band performed a gig. Soon after, Fursy Teyssier decided to leave the band to go back to his studies. In April 2005, a first 3 track EP entitled Ruines Humaines was self-recorded. Neige was leaving the black metal band Mortifera at the time and he used two tracks ("Bonheur Amputé" and "Ruines Humaines") he had originally composed for Mortifera for Amesoeurs's EP. The EP was finally released through Northern Silence Productions from Germany in 2006.

In 2007 Fursy joined the band again and drummer Winterhalter (drummer in Peste Noire between 2006 and 2008) was added to the mix for the full-length album Amesoeurs, released in March 2009 through the Italian label Code 666 records. The first album was recorded during winter 2008-2009 in the Klangschmiede Studio E with Markus Stock from Empyrium, and it is described by the band as "a kaleidoscopic soundtrack for the modern era". Pitchfork gave the album a 7, calling it a "journal of triumph and heartbreak" and "a fervid last gasp of genre-melding creativity". Allmusic writer Ned Raggett gave it a 3-star rating, stating "the most notable thing about Amesoeurs is how little of a unique identity it has in the end. Nearly every notable trend in recent French metal seems to crop up throughout, not to mention other sounds from elsewhere in Europe". Cam Lindsay of Exclaim! stated that the album "furthers black metal's scope while ruffling a few feathers along the way".

After the release of the album, Amesoeurs split up due to what the band described as "internal conflicts and different points of view regarding the band's future". Teyssier and Winterhalter went on to form Les Discrets, while Neige's focus returned to Alcest. Winterhalter became Alcest's drummer in 2009.

Line-up history

 Neige – screamed vocals, guitars, bass, synthesizer (2004–2009), drums (2004–2007)
 Audrey Sylvain – lead vocals, bass, piano (2004–2009)
 Fursy Teyssier – guitars, bass (2004, 2008–2009)
 Winterhalter – drums (2007–2009)

Discography

 Ruines Humaines – EP, 2006
 Valfunde/Amesoeurs – Split album, 2007
 Amesoeurs – Full-length, 2009

References

External links
 Roadrunner Records article

French black metal musical groups
French rock music groups
French post-punk music groups
French shoegaze musical groups
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Post-metal musical groups
Musical quintets
Blackgaze musical groups
Musical groups from Occitania (administrative region)
Profound Lore Records artists


Jadhav is an Indian surname. Notable people with the name include:

Bharat Jadhav (born 1973), Indian theatre and film producer
Bhaskar Jadhav, Indian politician
Dhanaji Jadhav (1650–1708), warrior of the Maratha Empire
Kedar Jadhav (born 1985), Indian cricketer
Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav (1926–1984), Indian Olympic wrestler
Kulbhushan Jadhav (born 1970), Indian ex-naval officer and businessman, held by Pakistan since 2016 illegally.
Lakhuji Jadhav, prominent grandee of Sindkhed Raja in 16th century
Loukik Jadhav (born 1989), Indian association footballer
Mary Clubwala Jadhav (1909–1975), Indian philanthropist
Namdeo Jadhav (born 1921), Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross
Narendra Jadhav (born 1953), Indian economist, bureaucrat, writer and educationist
Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav (born 1960), member of the Lok Sabha in the Parliament of India
Priyadarshan Jadhav (born 1980), Marathi actor, film director, film producer and screenwriter
Ravi Jadhav, Indian film producer and film director
Sanjay Jadhav, Indian film producer and film director
Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav (born 1967), Indian politician
Siddarth Jadhav (born 1981), Indian actor and comedian
Snehal Jadhav (born 1990), Maharashtrian cricketer
Umesh. G. Jadhav (born 1959), Member of Parliament in the 17th Lok Sabha
Yamini Jadhav, Indian politician

Surnames of Indian origin


Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is an American-Portuguese actress and film director best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series NCIS: Los Angeles.

Early life
Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon. When Ruah was 5,  the family moved back to Portugal, where she attended St Julian's School and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas. She won a Portuguese-television dance competition.

Ruah moved to the UK at the age of 18 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in performing arts from London Metropolitan University. She returned to Portugal where she continued acting, and in 2007 moved to New York City to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.

Ruah stated that she grew up in an environment that was both Sephardic and Ashkenazi; her father is of Portuguese-Jewish ancestry, and her mother's Jewish roots are in Russia, Ukraine and Portugal. She holds both Portuguese and American citizenship.

Career
Ruah started acting in Portuguese soap operas when she was a teen. She made her acting debut at 16, when she played Sara on the soap opera Jardins Proibidos ("Forbidden Gardens").

At 18, Ruah moved to London to attend college. After graduation, she returned to Portugal to pursue her acting career. She was the winner of the celebrity dancing competition Dança Comigo (the Portuguese version of Dancing with the Stars) and got main roles in television series, short films, and theatre. In 2007, she moved to New York to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.

Ruah starred as Special Agent Kensi Blye in NCIS: Los Angeles, which first aired on September 22, 2009. In 2011, she portrayed the character in a crossover guest appearance on the series Hawaii Five-0.

In 2013, Ruah appeared in David Auburn's play Proof at Los Angeles' Hayworth Theatre.

On January 8, 2018, it was confirmed that Ruah would co-host the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal alongside Catarina Furtado, Sílvia Alberto and Filomena Cautela.

Personal life
Ruah has a distinguishable birthmark in her right eye, called the nevus of Ota.

Ruah married David Olsen, the older brother and stunt double of Ruah's NCIS: Los Angeles co-star Eric Christian Olsen, in an interfaith ceremony in 2014. Olsen is Lutheran. They have 2 children, a son, River Isaac Ruah Olsen (born December 2013), and a daughter, Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen (born September 2016).

Filmography

References

External links

1983 births
20th-century American Sephardic Jews
21st-century American Sephardic Jews
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Boston
Portuguese actresses
Jewish Portuguese actresses
Portuguese people of Ukrainian descent
Portuguese people of Russian descent
American people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
Golden Globes (Portugal) winners
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Living people


John Adie (born 2 March 1930) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a left-back. Adie began his career in the late 1940s with Heart of Midlothian, spending seven years with the Tynecastle side before moving back to Fife with East Fife. The defender spent three years at Bayview Park before having a short spell in 1958 with Dundee United, making his debut in August of that year. A couple of months later, Adie lost his first-team place and appears to have been released shortly after.

References

External links

1930 births
Living people
Footballers from Fife
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
East Fife F.C. players
Dundee United F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks


Melpakkam is a small village located in Eguvarpalayam Panchayat in Gummidipoondi taluk in Thiruvallur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is known as the only state-owned rehabilitation centre in Tamil Nadu for beggars, founded on nine acres of land in the 1950s.

Politics
Gummidipoondi assembly constituency is part of Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency).

Economy
Near to Melpakkam are two important factories, Dupont Fibers and Hitech Carbon (an Aditya Birla Group company), also known as Birla Carbon. Subsequently, DuPont Fibres has been taken over by SRF Limited. SRF stands for Shriram Fibres Limited and is the 8th largest producer of nylon tyre cord fabric in the world.

Transport
Melpakkam lies on the Melpakkam Road from Gummidipoondi to Madaharpakkam.
Nearest Bus Stop: Melpakkam Bus Stand (or) Eguvarpalayam Bus stand

Nearest Railway Station: Gummidipoondi.

Adjacent communities
Gummidipoondi - 6 km (Road)

Madarpakkam - 4 km (Road)

References

Cities and towns in Tiruvallur district


The Gotland Artillery Regiment (, designation A 7) was a Swedish Army artillery regiment that was in active service between 1811 and 2000. The regiment was based in Visby as part of the Gotland Garrison.

History
The regiment origins from the Artillery Conscripts of the Gotland National Conscription (Gotlands nationalbevärings artilleribeväring), which were organized in 1811 as a result of the Russian occupation of Gotland in 1808 and by a convention adopted by the islanders in December 1810, which was ratified by King Charles XIII on 5 February 1811. It consisted then of two artillery batteries and a fortification company with a squad of 100 men, located in Visby. The unit was reorganized in 1861 into Gotland National Conscription Artillery Corps (Gotlands nationalbevärings artillerikår) and was given the designation No 4. In 1887 the corps changed its name to Gotland Artillery Corps (No 4). The Gotland Artillery Corps was redesignated No 7 in 1892 so that the planned Norrland Artillery Regiment could become  No 4. In 1914 the name was changed to A 7. In conjunction with the so called OLLI reform, which was carried out by the Swedish Armed Forces in 1973 and in 1975, A units and B units were created. The A units were regiments responsible for a defence district, and the B units were training regiments. In Gotland's case, it distinguished itself from the allotment on the mainland. This when the VII. Military Area was reorganized into Gotland Military Command (MKG) in 1966. The military command constituted a special command and control organization within the Eastern Military District, but did not have the overall responsibility for the administration of the island. Furthermore, the professional mobilization was led on a unit level. Through the reform, the full mobilization and material responsibility within the military command was added, regardless of military branch. This meant that the Gotland Artillery Corps which was included in the Gotland Military Command (MKG) came to be a B unit (training regiment). By the reform, the corps adopted the new name Gotland Artillery Regiment on 1 July 1975.

Prior to the Defence Act of 1977 and 1982, the Gotland Artillery Regiment was exempted from the investigation carried out by the National Institute of Defence Organization and Management (Försvarets rationaliseringsinstitut). In the Defence Act of 1977, the Gotland Artillery Regiment was exempted because of regional political conditions. Instead the National Institute of Defence Organization and Management believed that the Småland Artillery Regiment (A 6) with the Artillery Cadet and Aspirant School (Artilleriets kadett- och aspirantskola, ArtKAS) as well as the Miloverkstaden in Jönköping would be disbanded. The Supreme Commander and the Chief of the Army, however, believed that no artillery regiment would be disbanded. However, the National Institute of Defence Organization and Management suggested in their investigation to give the Supreme Commander the task of examining the further development of the OLLI organization. In a further development, it wanted to merge Gotland Regiment (P 18), Gotland Artillery Regiment (A 7) and Gotland Anti-Aircraft Battalion (Lv 2) into an army regiment. Prior to the Defence Act of 1982, the Boden Artillery Regiment, Gotland Artillery Regiment, Norrland Artillery Regiment, Wendes Artillery Regiment and the Bergslagen Artillery Regiment were exempted from the review of finding a cost reduction within the artillery. The Gotland Artillery Regiment were exempted from the investigation of disbandment, partly because of regional policy considerations but also demands for the war organization's preparedness and mobilization. The merger proposed by the government to the Riksdag in the previous act had not been implemented. This meant that the government once again proposed to the Riksdag to merge the staffs of the Gotland Regiment, Gotland Artillery Regiment and the Gotland Anti-Aircraft Battalion with the staff of the Gotland Military Command, and form an authority from 1 July 1982.

Through the Defence Act of 1992, the Gotland Military Command was separated from the Gotland Regiment, Gotland Artillery Regiment and the Gotland Anti-Aircraft Corps, and formed independent units from 1 July 1994. The military command came to only lead all operations on Gotland, which on the mainland were solved by the defense area staffs, division staffs and naval command staffs. Prior to the Defence Act of 2000, the government proposed in its Bill 1999/2000:30 that only one artillery regiment would remain in the basic organization. The regiments which the government wanted to disband included Gotland Artillery Regiment. This in the light that the government considered it unsuitable to centralize the artillery training to Gotland, not least due to the investment needs and the limited opportunities for long-term manpower. Remaining in the artillery of the new basic organization was the Bergslagen Artillery Regiment, this because the government considered that to be the regiment which had the best conditions for long-term training and practice of artillery units. On 30 June 2000, the Gotland Artillery Regiment was disbanded. On 1 July 2000, the Bergslagen Artillery Regiment took the new name, the Artillery Regiment.

Operations
In 1901 the corps was reorganized, and was increased so that it amounted to three batteries and a position company with a strength of 21 officers, 14 non-commissioned officers, four civilian servicemen and 156 male permanent workers. In the 1990s, the regiment was responsible for training of divisions artillery staff and battalions and brigade artillery battalions and armored artillery battalion included in the Gotland Military Command (MKG). When the Svea Artillery Regiment was disbanded, primary weapon systems of the regiment, Haubits 77B, were transferred to Gotland Artillery Regiment.

Units

Companies
Wisborgs Company (21st)
Stålhatts Company (22nd)
Carlswärds Company (23rd)

Locations and training areas

Barracks
The units first barracks were located at S:t Hansgatan 19 in Visby, where it was located from 8 November 1839. On 8 June 1893 some parts of the unit were relocated to Grahams Mechanical Workshop at Hamnplan 1 In 1902, some parts of the unit were relocated to Strandgatan 12-14. On 13 April 1909, the unit moved into newly built barracks at Östra Hansegatan 28. The unit was located at Östra Hansegatan until 30 June 1986, when it was from 1 July 1986 colocalized with the Gotland Regiment at Langs väg 4. On 24 May 1986 a closing ceremony was held at Östra Hansegatan. At the Gotland Regiment, the unit moved into the Barracks 1, which was highlighted by a ceremony on 7 October 1988.

Training areas
The regiment's first training area was located 18 km northeast of Visby at Martebo mire. From 1 August 1898 it used Tofta firing range, located about 6 km south of Visby.

Heraldry and traditions

Colours, standards and guidons
The regimental colour was presented by His Majesty the King Gustaf V on his birthday on 16 June 1938. After the Svea Artillery Regiment was disbanded on 31 December 1997, its colours and traditions was transferred to the Gotland Artillery Regiment. Gotland Artillery Regiment carried the colours to the side of its own until it was disbanded on 30 June 2000. The colours of the Svea Artillery Regiment was taken over by the Artillery Regiment.

Coat of arms
The coat of the arms of the Gotland Artillery Regiment (A 7) 1977–2000. Blazon: "Azure, the provincial badge of Gotland, a ram passant argent armed or, banner gules with crosstaff, edging and five flaps or. The shield surmounted two gunbarrels of older pattern in saltire or. The gunbarrels may be sable".

Medals
In 1947, the Gotlands artilleriregementes (A 7) förtjänstmedalj ("Gotland Artillery Regiment (A 7) Medal of Merit") in gold and silver (GotartregGM/SM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is divided in green, red and green moiré.

In 2000, the Gotlands artilleriregementes (A 7) minnesmedalj ("Gotland Artillery Regiment (A 7) Commemorative Merit") in silver (GotlartregSMM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is divided in red, green and red moiré.

Heritage
The traditions of the Gotland Artillery Regiment are preserved since 1 July 2000 by the Artillery Regiment. The traditions were preserved from 2000 to 2005 by the Gotland Regiment (P 18). A special manifestation on the day of the disbandment took place and a march was conducted through Visby with visits to a number of "A 7 places". The closing ceremony took place in the Donnershage which included the handover of the A 7's colours to the Artillery Regiment. At tattoo, the unveiling of the memorial stone placed in front of chancellery of the Gotland Regiment took place.

Commanding officers
Commanding officers of the artillery on Gotland from 1860 to 2000. The commanding officer was referred to as kårchef ("corps commander") between 1860 and 1975 and regementschef ("regimental commander") between 1975 and 1982 and 1994 to 2000. During the years 1982–1994, the commanding officer was subordinate to the commanding officer of the Gotland Military Command (MKG).

1860–1887
 1860–1868: LtCol Christer d'Albedyhll
 1868–1879: LtCol Carl Edvard E af Chapman
 1879–1884: LtCol Thiodolf Bernhard Borgh
 1884–1886: LtCol Frans Thomas Schartau

1887–2000
Commanding officers 1887–2000:

 1887-01-01 – 1894-02-15: LtCol Frans Thomas Schartau
 1894-02-16 – 1895-12-05: Maj/LtCol Claes Johan Viktor A. Meurling
 1895-12-06 – 1906-06-07: Maj/LtCol/Col Alexander von Strussenfelt
 1906-06-08 – 1909-01-11: LtCol Gabriel Axel Torén
 1909-01-12 – 1911-04-03: LtCol Karl Toll
 1911-04-04 – 1913-04-03: LtCol Claes Axel Breitholtz
 1913-04-21 – 1915-12-02: LtCol John Gustaf Gerhard Améen
 1915-12-03 – 1919-03-19: LtCol Bo Arvid Tarras-Wahlberg
 1919-03-20 – 1926-10-15: LtCol Bertil Lilliehöök
 1926-10-16 – 1927-12-31: LtCol/Col Carl Georg Ohlson
 1928-01-01 – 1931-??-??: LtCol/Col Gunnar Ludvig Malkolm Salander
 1931-10-17 – 1934-04-30: LtCol Per Falk
 1934-05-31 – 1939-09-31: LtCol Carl-Gustaf David Hamilton
 1939-10-01 – 1941-06-30: LtCol/Col Gustaf Dyrssen
 1941-07-01 – 1943-09-31: Col Curt Sixten Reinhold Kempff
 1943-10-01 – 1945-01-31: Col Bert Carpelan
 1945-02-01 – 1947-03-31: Col Erik Thorsten Berggren
 1947-04-01 – 1949-03-31: Col Arvid Mauritz Eriksson
 1949-04-01 – 1953-09-31: Col Nils Oskar Söderberg
 1953-10-01 – 1959-09-31: Col Göran Schildt
 1959-10-01 – 1970-03-31: Col Tore Edvard Deutgen
 1970-04-01 – 1974-06-30: Col Stig Alrik Nihlén
 1974-07-01 – 1975-03-31: LtCol Karl-Erik Bellvar Kennerby
 1975-04-01 – 1978-09-31: Col Carl Arcadius Holger Areskoug
 1978-10-01 – 1980-03-31: Col Reinhold Lahti
 1980-04-01 – 1982-05-31: Col Erik Helge Gard
 1982-06-01 – 1990-04-31: LtCol/Col Curt-Christer Bertil Gustafsson
 1990-05-01 – 1991-02-28: Col Hans Gunnar Dellner
 1991-03-01 – 1992-09-30: Col Kjell Åke Plantin
 1992-10-01 – 1999-06-30: Col Bengt Olof (Olle) Allan Bjurström
 1999-07-01 – 2000-??-??: LtCol Sven-Åke Asklander
 2000-??-?? – 2000-06-30: LtCol Bo Hansson

Names, designations and locations

See also
 Military on Gotland
 Gotland Brigade
 Gotland Regiment
 Gotland Infantry Regiment
 List of Swedish artillery regiments

Footnotes

References

Notes

Print

Web

Further reading

External links
Website about Gotland Artillery Regiment
Association of Gotland Artillery Regiment

Artillery regiments of the Swedish Army
Visby Garrison
Military units and formations established in 1811
Military units and formations disestablished in 2000
Disbanded units and formations of Sweden
1811 establishments in Sweden
2000 disestablishments in Sweden


Natural surveillance is a term used in Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) models for crime prevention. These models rely on the ability to influence offender decisions preceding criminal acts. Research into criminal behavior demonstrates that the decision to offend or not to offend is more influenced by cues to the perceived risk of being caught than by cues to reward or ease of entry. Consistent with this research CPTED-based strategies emphasize enhancing the perceived risk of detection and apprehension.

Natural surveillance limits the opportunity for crime by taking steps to increase the perception that people can be seen. Natural surveillance occurs by designing the placement of physical features, activities and people in such a way as to maximize visibility and foster positive social interaction. Potential offenders feel increased scrutiny and perceive few escape routes. Natural surveillance is typically free of cost, however its effectiveness to deter crime varies with the individual offender.

Jane Jacobs, North American editor, urban activist, urban planning critic, and author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), formulated the natural surveillance strategy — eyes on the street, as she called it — based on her work in New York's Greenwich Village. As people are moving around an area, they will be able to observe what is going on around them, provided the area is open and well lit. Supporting a diversity of uses within a public space is highly effective. Other ways to promote natural surveillance include low landscaping, street lights, street designs that encourage pedestrian use, removing hiding and lurking places, and placing high risk targets, such as expensive or display items, in plain view of legitimate users, such as near a receptionist or sales clerk.

Included in the design are features that maximize visibility of people, parking areas and building entrances: doors and windows that look out on to streets and parking areas, see-through barriers (glass walls, picket fences), pedestrian-friendly sidewalks and streets, and front porches. Designing nighttime lighting is particularly important; uniform high intensity "carpet" lighting of large areas is discouraged, especially where lights glare into (and discourage) observers eyes. In its place is feature lighting that draws the observer's focus to access control points and potential hiding areas. Area lighting is still used, but with shielded and cut-off luminaries to control glare. Light sources are typically placed lower to the ground, at a higher density, and with lower intensity than the lighting it is designed to replace.

Any architectural design that increases the chance that a potential offender will be seen is a form of natural surveillance. Often it is not just that the offender might be seen that matters; that the offender thinks they will be seen can deter crime.

See also
Surveillance
Neighborhood watch
Physical security
Security lighting
Urban vitality

References

 William Deutsch, "Increased Visibility Means Increased Security" , About.com
 "Natural Surveillance", Henrico County, Virginia Police Department

Crime prevention
Security engineering
Surveillance


This is a list of presidents of the Senate of the Netherlands.

List of presidents of the Senate since 1929

See also
 List of speakers of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)

Sources

  President of the Senate at Parlement.com

Lists of political office-holders in the Netherlands
Netherlands


Jagtap is an Indian surname.

Notable people

People who bear this surname are include:
 Aditya Jagtap (born 1992), Indian squash player
 Bhai Jagtap, Indian politician
 Laxman Pandurang Jagtap (born 1963), Indian politician
 Manali Jagtap (born 1978), Indian politician and artist
 Mitalee Jagtap, Indian actress
 Sangram Arun Jagtap, Indian politician
 Vilasrao Narayan Jagtap, Indian politician
 Virendra Jagtap (born 1963), Indian politician

Surnames of Indian origin


Demon Energy is an energy drink produced in New Zealand by Davies Foods. It is sold in 250ml aluminium cans, 500ml aluminium cans, 600ml, 1 litre and 1.5 litre plastic bottles.
During 2009, Demon Energy released 60ml energy shots. These are made to be drank at room temperature so can be stored anywhere easily, and can be bought in packs of ten.

Variations include Demon Killa Tropo, a mix of 60% orange juice and 40% Demon Energy; Demon Killa Cola which is Demon Energy with a mix of Cola; and a sugar free version.
In late 2016 Demon Energy released Hell Fire.

In February 2009 the company was found to have breached advertising standards by the Advertising Standards Authority for using sexual appeal to sell its product.

In May 2009 the company released an "Energy Shot" containing 200mg of caffeine, twice as much as the average flat white. The release sparked an investigation into caffeine levels in energy drinks by the New Zealand Food Safety Authority. An investigation by the New Zealand Herald found that the drink's caffeine levels were more than ten times the legal limit. In August 2009 a 15-year-old girl collapsed after drinking several of the company's "Energy Shots", leading to calls for the drinks to carry mandatory warning labels. The safety of energy drinks was subsequently referred to Food Standards Australia New Zealand.

In September 2009 a group of New Zealand soldiers were sent home from Afghanistan after photographing themselves posing with a bomb carrying an advertisement for Demon and sending the photograph to the company. The company denied they had organised the stunt, but admitted supplying free drinks and posters to the soldiers.

In May 2012, the drink was introduced in Poland following a license of the brand by Agros Nova. The advertising campaign involved Adam Darski and was controversial.

References

External links
 Official website

Energy drinks
Products introduced in 2009


Dheri Thothal is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography

According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 2,013.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


Jacques Faure may refer to:

 Jacques Faure (French Army officer) (1904–1988), French Army general and skier
 Jacques Faure (ambassador), former French co-chair of the OSCE Minsk Group

See also
 Jacques-Paul Faure (1869–1924), head of the French military mission to Japan (1918–1919)


Juraj V Zrinski  (; 31 January 1599 – 28 December 1626) was a Croatian Ban (viceroy), warrior and member of the Zrinski noble family.

Biography

Juraj V Zrinski was born in Csáktornya Kingdom of Hungary (today Čakovec, a town in the Međimurje County, the northernmost county of Croatia). He was the grandson of one of the greatest Croatian Ban, Nikola IV Zrinski, who died in the tragic and heroic Siege of Szigetvár (), at a town in the western Hungary where the Ottoman invasion to Vienna had been stopped.

He was the son of Count Juraj IV Zrinski, Master of the treasury in the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, and Countess Sofija Zrinski née Stubenberg. Educated in Protestantism, he later turned to Catholicism and "purified" his estates from Lutheranism.

On 15 November 1622 Zrinski was appointed Ban of Croatia. At that time, he was widely recognized as a brave and courageous warrior. He fought the Turks in many battles.

His wife Magdalena née Széchy bore him two children: Nikola Zrinski and Petar Zrinski, who both later became distinguished Croatian bans and died a violent death.

Juraj Zrinski died in a military camp near Pressburg, during the Thirty Years' War. His chivalry and rapier-tonguedness were, unfortunately, a thorn in his superior's, general Albrecht von Wallenstein's, side and von Wallenstein had Zrinski poisoned after a verbal duel in 1626. At age 27 the ban was buried in Pauline monastery of Sveta Jelena (St. Helen in English) near Čakovec, next to the graves of his ancestors.

External links

1599 births
1626 deaths
Bans of Croatia
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
Military commanders of Croatian kingdoms
Counts of Croatia
Croatian Roman Catholics
Juraj 5
17th-century Croatian people
Habsburg Croats


The Ecological Sanitation Research Programme (EcoSanRes) is a research and capacity development program that aims to develop and promote sustainable sanitation in the developing world through capacity development and knowledge management as a contribution to equity, health, poverty alleviation, and improved environmental quality.

EcoSanRes was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) from 2001-2010. It was hosted by the Stockholm Environment Institute which is a partner of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance.

See also

 sanitation
 ecological sanitation
 sustainable sanitation

External links
 EcoSanRes programme website

Environmental organizations based in Sweden
Sustainability organizations


Alexander Ferguson Anderson (15 November 1921 – 18 January 1999) was a Scottish footballer, who played as a full-back. Anderson began his career in the mid-1940s with St Johnstone, spending a year with the Perth side before moving to Forfar Athletic.

In 1949, Anderson moved south to Southampton, spending three years as backup to England right-back Bill Ellerington before short spells with Exeter City and Dundee United. Released after playing just a few games with United, It is unknown where Anderson's career headed after his short time at Tannadice, though he did appear at then Southern League club Cheltenham Town in the 1950s.

Death
Anderson died in January 1999, aged 77.

References

External links

1921 births
1999 deaths
People from Monifieth
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Forfar Athletic F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Dundee United F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks
English Football League players
Footballers from Angus, Scotland


Graf Pavel Petrovich Ubri (; 1820–1896) was a Russian diplomat.

As First Adviser of the Embassy of Russia in Vienna, Ubri was the right-hand of Prince Alexander Gorchakov in the lead up of the Crimean War during the Vienna Conference of 1853. He transferred to Paris in 1856 as First Adviser of the Russian embassy in Paris, and during this time he became friends with Otto von Bismarck, and nurtured friendly links between the royal courts in Berlin and Saint Petersburg when in 1863 he was appointed as Russian Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Berlin, and was also accredited concurrently to the North German Confederation in 1868, and later to the German Empire on 30 December 1871.

In 1880, he was appointed as Russian ambassador in Vienna. A devout Catholic, he carried out negotiations with Luigi Jacobini to reconcile differences between the Russian Empire and the Vatican, but in 1882 he was recalled from Vienna and was appointed as a member of the State Council.

He died in 1896.

References

1820 births
1896 deaths
Diplomats of the Russian Empire
Russian Roman Catholics
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Austria
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Germany


Jean-Baptiste Broussier (10 March 1766 – 13 December 1814) was a French Divisional General of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars.

Life
Broussier was born in Ville-sur-Saulx.

Meant by his parents for a church career, in 1791 he instead enrolled in the 3rd battalion of Meurthe and was made a captain of the Meuse volunteers in September that year. He fought his first battles under Beurnonville in the northern campaigns and was severely wounded in the Vavrin affair in year II. Shortly afterwards he was made head of the battalion and was sent with them to armée de Sambre-et-Meuse, charged with the defence of an important post, where he was hit in the head by a musket ball.

In 1797 he moved to the armée d'Italie, where he was made chef de brigade to the 43e régiment d'infanterie de ligne. He fought with distinction at the capture of La Spezia, being one of the first to break into the fort at Chiusa, and took the Austrian general prisoner with his own hands. He was made chef de brigade in March 1797 following these actions and sent to the armée de Naples, before being charged with an expedition into the Apennines. He ambushed 12,000 peasant troops that had closed off the defile and a major carnage ensued in the Caudine Forks, the same place where the Samnites had caught the Romans. Promoted to brigadier general by Championnet for this action on the same day, he was then put in charge of the conquest of Naples, wholly destroying cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo's army, submitting the whole of Apulia after it rose against the French and  captured and burned down the towns of Trani and Andria.

In 1799, the French Directory had him and Championnet dismissed and tried for extortion before a council of war, but after the coup d'état of 30 Prairial year VI the charges against Broussier were waived and he was returned him to his rank. With his cousin Nicolas Broussier as his aide-de-camp, he continued to serve with distinction in Italy until 1803, during which time he was made commander of the place de Paris. In 1805 he was promoted to divisional general, before being made Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur on 21 July 1809, then  comte de l'Empire the following October. He returned to Lombardy that same year, taking a large part at Wagram. He then served with equal brilliance in the French invasion of Russia and the 1813 Germany campaign. He took part in the battles of  Ostrovno, Borodino, Maloyaroslavets and the Krasny. Straight after the disasters of 1813 he was put in command of the 3rd division of the observation corps at Mainz before being put in command of Strasbourg by Napoleon, where he was promptly besieged. In 1814 he took on command of the Meuse before dying of an apoplexy at Bar-le-Duc. His name is engraved on the north side of the Arc de Triomphe, in column 7.

Notes

References

 Archives nationales (CARAN) – Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre – Fort de Vincennes – Dossier S.H.A.T. Côte : 7 Yd 401.
 Côte S.H.A.T., services, awards on web.genealogie.free.fr : Les militaires

1766 births
1814 deaths
People from Meuse (department)
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Counts of the First French Empire
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe


The 2008 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy during the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Air Force competed as a member of the Mountain West Conference (MWC). The team was led by second-year head coach Troy Calhoun and played their home games at Falcon Stadium. The Falcons finished the season 8–5, 5–3 in Mountain West play to finish in fourth place. They were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl where they lost to Houston.

Schedule

Roster
QB Tim Jefferson, Fr.

References

Air Force
Air Force Falcons football seasons
Air Force Falcons football


The Nocturne No. 20 in C minor, Op. posth., Lento con gran espressione, P 1, No. 16, KKIVa/16, WN 37, is a solo piano piece composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1830 and published in 1870.

Chopin dedicated this work to his older sister Ludwika Chopin, with the statement: "To my sister Ludwika as an exercise before beginning the study of my second Concerto". First published 21 years after the composer's death, the piece is usually referred to as Lento con gran espressione, from its tempo marking. It is sometimes also called Reminiscence. The piece was played by Holocaust survivor Natalia Karp for the Nazi concentration camp commandant Amon Goeth, with Goeth being so impressed with the rendition that he spared Karp's life.

This was also the piece played by Holocaust survivor and famed Polish pianist Władysław Szpilman (the central figure of the 2002 Roman Polanski film The Pianist) during the last live broadcast of Polish radio on September 23, 1939 when Warsaw was besieged by the German army. Years later Szpilman also played this piece for German army officer Wilm Hosenfeld upon their first meeting, though in the corresponding film scene Szpilman plays an abridged version of Chopin's Ballade No. 1 in G minor, Op. 23. Hosenfeld later helped Szpilman hide and provided food to him in the last months of the war.

Musical structure

The piece is marked Lento con gran espressione and is written in common time. After a quiet introduction, the main theme starts at bar 5, with the left hand playing broken chords in legato slurs throughout the section, imparting a haunting and continuous quality to the music. The theme then shifts to a dreamy pianissimo in bar 21, before returning to the original theme in bar 47, and finally ending in C major.

The middle section contains a number of quotations Chopin's second piano concerto in F minor which was composed around the same time (1829). It begins with two bars (21 and 22) quoting the main theme from the third movement. The next two bars (23 and 24) quote the second part of the secondary theme of the first movement. The passage in  time starting in bar 33 resembles the scherzando section of the third movement starting in bar 145 in which the left and right hand are playing an octave apart. Finally, the rising broken chords in the last two bars marked Adagio exactly quote the final two bars of the second movement.

In bars 58 through 61, there are 4 different tuplets; an 18-tuplet, a 35-tuplet, an 11-tuplet, and a 13-tuplet, all of which run through the E major scale. The piece ends in ppp with a high and low C.

References

External links

Posth
1830 compositions
Compositions in C-sharp minor
Compositions by Frédéric Chopin published posthumously
Music dedicated to family or friends


Nikkasauridae is a family of biarmosuchian therapsids. It contains two genera Nikkasaurus and Reiszia.

References

Biarmosuchians
Prehistoric therapsid families


The 2000–01 Pro Tour season was the sixth season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. On 23 September 2000 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Sapporo and Porto. It ended on 12 August 2001 with the conclusion of the 2001 World Championship in Toronto. The season consisted of 27 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours, held in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Barcelona, and Toronto. Also special Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours. These tournaments featured huge cash prizes, but were open to only 32 players. At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year, making him the only player to win the title more than once.

Grand Prixs – Sapporo, Porto

GP Porto (23–24 September)
 Antoine Ruel
 Olivier Ruel
 David Williams
 Michael Pustilnik
 Ryan Fuller
 Paco Llopis
 Gromko Radoslaw
 Ru Mariani Rodrigues

GP Sapporo (23–24 September)
 Satoshi Nakamura
 Takamasa Fukata
 Tomohiro Maruyama
 Kazuyuki Momose
 Kiyoshi Sasanuma
 John Taro Kageyama
 Katsuhiro Mori
 Yuji Otsubo

Pro Tour – New York (29 September – 1 October 2000)

New York was the second team Pro Tour. Scott Johns made his fifth final day appearance. His team, "Potato Nation", did not lose a match throughout the tournament. At PT New York the master series had its debut. This was a tournament series featuring huge cash prizes, but open only to the very best players in the world. The 25 players with the most Pro Points and the 5 Players with the highest rating in the format of the Masters were invited. Additionally a gateway tournament was held on the day before the Pro Tour. In that tournament each Pro Player with at least six Pro Points could compete for one of two additional slots.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $202,200
Players: 330 (110 teams)
Format: Team Sealed (Mercadian Masques, Nemesis, Prophecy) – first day, Team Rochester Draft (Mercadian Masques-Nemesis-Prophecy) – final two days
Head Judge: Dan Gray

Top 4

Final standings

Masters – Extended

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Manchester, Helsinki, Dallas, Kyoto, Phoenix, Sydney, Florence, Buenos Aires

GP Manchester (7–8 October)
 Darwin Kastle
 John Ormerod
 Mark Le Pine
 Noah Boeken
 Justin Gary
 Marc Hernandez
 Neil Rigby
 Zvi Mowshowitz

GP Helsinki (28–29 October)
 Noah Boeken
 Erno Ekebom
 Arto Hiltunen
 Rickard Österberg
 Messaoud Bouchaib
 Dominik Hothow
 Erik Leander
 Jens Thorén

GP Dallas (28–29 October)
 Matthew Vienneau
 Chris Benafel
 Dan Clegg
 Matt Linde
 Dustin Stern
 Ben Romig
 Peter Leiher
 Trevor Blackwell

GP Kyoto (11–12 November)
 Tsuyoshi Fujita
 Yuki Murakami
 Katsuhiro Mori
 Ryan Fuller
 Eisaku Itadani
 Tsuyoshi Doyama
 Tomohiro Maruyama
 Tobey Tamber

GP Phoenix (11–12 November)
 Sean Fitzgerald
 Sean Smith
 Thomas Keller
 Scott Johns
 Robert Swarowski
 Joel Frank
 Terry Welty
 Chris Demaci

GP Sydney (18–19 November)
 Gordon Lin
 Will Copeman
 Satoshi Nakamura
 Joe Connolly
 Royce Chai
 Chris Allen
 Anatoli Lightfoot
 Kim Brebach

GP Florence (25–26 November)
 Benedikt Klauser
 Bram Snepvangers
 Kai Budde
 Martin Zürcher
 Ben Ronaldson
 Daniele Canavesi
 Mario Pascoli
 Lionel Benezech

GP Buenos Aires (25–26 November)
 Hugo Ariza
 Walter Witt
 Pablo Huerta
 Rafael Le Saux
 Diego Ostrovich
 José Barbero
 Emmanuel Duering
 Mathias Bollati

Pro Tour – Chicago (1–3 December 2000)

Chicago was the first Pro Tour featuring the Standard format since Dallas more than four years before. In a top eight which is considered to be one of the best ever, Kai Budde won the title against Kamiel Cornelissen. He thus became the third player to win two Pro Tours. With the exception of Jay Elarar, every player in the top eight now has at least three Pro Tour top eights, including a win. In the Masters event Ben Rubin defeated Jon Finkel in the final.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $200,130
Players: 332
Format: Standard
Head Judge: Mike Donais

Top 8

Final standings

Masters – Booster Draft

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Singapore, New Orleans, Amsterdam, Hiroshima

GP Singapore (9–10 December)
 Sam Lau
 Jonathan Chan
 Kuo Tzu-Ching
 Masayuki Higashino
 Yi Jie Vice Lin
 Tishem Tham
 Boon Tat Elvin Eng
 Nicholas Wong

GP New Orleans (6–7 January)
 Bill Stead
 Michelle Bush
 Gary Rush
 Steven O'Mahoney Schwartz
 Casey McCarrel
 Eric Kesselman
 Jamie Parke
 Dustin Stern

GP Amsterdam (13–14 January)
 Chris Benafel
 Xavier Curto Vives
 Brian Davis
 Daniel O'Mahoney Schwartz
 David Price
 Antoine Ruel
 Menno Dolstra
 Alexander Witt

GP Hiroshima (27–28 January)
 Masayuki Higashino
 Masaya Mori
 Nobuaki Shikata
 Masahiko Morita
 Katsuhiro Mori
 Tsuyoshi Fujita
 Koby Okada
 Toshiki Tsukamoto

Pro Tour – Los Angeles (2–4 February 2001)

The 2001 Pro Tour Los Angeles was the last Pro Tour held on the Queen Mary, were all previous Pro Tours in Los Angeles had been held. In a final eight featuring three players, who had also been amongst the last eight in Chicago, Michael Pustilnik took the title and thus the lead in the Pro Player of the year standings. Kamiel Cornelissen also made his second consecutive second place Pro Tour finish, the first person to do so in Pro Tour history.

Tournament data

Players: 327
Prize Pool: $200,130
Format: Rochester Draft (Invasion)
Head Judge: Collin Jackson

Top 8

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Kaohsiung, Valencia, Cologne, Boston, Prague, Rio de Janeiro

GP Kaohsiung (10–11 February)
 Tobey Tamber
 Kuo Tzu-Ching
 King Yim Kingston Tong
 Nick Wong
 Fumio Hoshino
 Granger Petersen
 Toshiki Tsukamoto
 Hon Ming Au Yeung

GP Valencia (10–11 February)
 Ricard Tuduri
 Olivier Ruel
 Noah Boeken
 Ryan Fuller
 Michael Pustilnik
 Manuel Ramos
 Raul Mestre
 Raul Peret

GP Cologne (24–25 February)
 Jim Herold
 Antoine Ruel
 Trey Van Cleave
 Joost Vollebregt
 Daniel Zink
 Frank Karsten
 Christoph Lippert
 Jan Doise

GP Boston (24–25 February)
 Tom Swan
 Scott Johns
 Alan Comer
 Matthew Vienneau
 Brian Hegstad
 Kurtis Hahn
 Kyle Rose
 Chris Benafel

GP Prague (10–11 March)
 Ryan Fuller
 Jens Thoren
 Jakub Slemr
 Trey Van Cleave
 Thomas Preyer
 Antoine Ruel
 Kristian Kockott
 Noah Boeken

GP Rio de Janeiro (10–11 March)
 Carlos Romão
 Alex Shvartsman
 Justin Schneider
 Rafael Alvarenga
 Rafael Le Saux
 Ernesto Mingorance
 Damian Brown-Santirso
 Daniel Brasil do Carmo

Pro Tour – Tokyo (16–18 March 2001)
The 2001 Pro Tour Tokyo saw a number of interesting firsts for the Pro Tour.  Canadian player Ryan Fuller became the first player to go undefeated in the Swiss rounds of a Pro Tour, finishing with a 14–0 record. Also, Tsuyoshi Fujita became the first Japanese player to make a Pro Tour Top 8. Ultimately it was future Hall of Fame member Zvi Mowshowitz who would take the title, winning his first individual Pro Tour.

Tournament data

Players: 270
Prize Pool: $200,130
Format: Invasion Block Constructed (Invasion, Planeshift)
Head Judge: Chris Zantides

Top 8

Final standings

Masters – Team Rochester Draft

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Gothenburg, Detroit, Moscow

GP Gothenburg (24–25 March)
 Jan Schreurs
 Josper Manne Thranne
 Raphaël Lévy
 Scott Willis
 Eivind Nitter
 Marcus Angelin
 Sondre Ellingvåg
 Jimmy Öman

GP Detroit (31 March – 1 April)
 Matthew Vienneau
 Brock Parker
 Bob Maher, Jr.
 Dan Clegg
 William Jensen
 Adam Prokopin
 Aaron Breider
 Louis Boileau

GP Moscow (21–22 April)
 Ryan Fuller
 Iwan Tan
 Yuri Markin
 Antoine Ruel
 Eugene Okin
 David Williams
 Sergey Norin
 Rustam Bakirov

Pro Tour – Barcelona (4–6 May 2001)

In Barcelona Kai Budde became the first player to win three Pro Tours overall and also the first to win two Pro Tours in a single season. Ben Rubin won the Masters and thus became the only player to win two Masters tournaments.

Tournament data

Players: 335
Prize Pool: $200,130
Format: Booster Draft (Invasion-Planeshift)
Head Judge: Thomas Bisballe

Top 8

Final standings

Masters – Invasion Block Constructed

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Yokohama, Turin, Taipei, Columbus

GP Yokohama (12–13 May)
1. AlphaBetaUnlimited.com
 Chris Benafel
 Ryan Fuller
 David Williams
2. Poor Shark
 Masashiro Kuroda
 Tomomi Otsuka
 Masahiko Morita
3. Voice of Soul
 Tsuyoshi Douyama
 Tadayoshi Komiya
 Takao Higaki
4. Fire Beat
 Tsuyoshi Ikeda
 Toshiki Tsukamoto
 Jun Nobushita

GP Turin (26–27 May)
1. Team Clegg
 Peter Szigeti
 Brock Parker
 Daniel Clegg
2. AlphaBetaUnlimited.com
 Ryan Fuller
 Chris Benafel
 Noah Boeken
3. Angstschreeuw
 Menno Dolstra
 Jan Schreurs
 Bram Snepvangers
4. One Day Fly
 Tom Van de Logt
 Kamiel Cornelissen
 Jelger Wiegersma

GP Taipei (21–22 July)
1. www.alphabetaunlimited.com/
 David Williams
 Chris Benafel
 Daniel Clegg
2. Anchans
 Osamu Fujita
 Itaru Ishida
 Katsuhiro Mori
3. Team T.T.T.
 Kuo Tzu-Ching
 Chen Yu Wang
 Dell Sun
4. Dr. no-right
 Jack Ho
 Yen Chang Lee
 Yang Bo Wang

GP Columbus (28–29 July)
1. Your Move Games
 Darwin Kastle
 Dave Humpherys
 Rob Dougherty
2. The Ken Ho All-Stars
 Daniel Clegg
 Ken Ho
 Lan D. Ho
3. Dynasty
 Gabriel Tsang
 Brian Hacker
 Ben Rubin
4. The Ancient Kavus
 Gary Krakower
 Matthew Vienneau
 Michael Pustilnik

2001 World Championships – Toronto (8–12 August 2001)

Tom Van de Logt won the World Championship while the United States took the team title. The final eight featured amongst several rather unknown players Antoine Ruel, Tommi Hovi, Mike Turian and David Williams, who had the dubious honour of becoming the first player to be disqualified from a Top 8.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $210,200 (individual) + $189,000 (national teams)
Players: 296
Formats: Standard, Rochester Draft (Invasion-Planeshift-Apocalypse), Extended
Head Judge: Mike Donais

Top 8

Final standings

* John Ormerod did not actually play in the final eight. When David Williams was disqualified he advanced to the eight place in the final standings, though.

National team competition

  United States (Trevor Blackwell, Brian Hegstad, Eugene Harvey)
  Norway (Nicolai Herzog, Oyvind Odegaard, Jan Pieter Groenhof)

Pro Player of the year final standings

After the World Championship Kai Budde was awarded the Pro Player of the year title. He thus became the first player to win the title more than once.

References

Magic: The Gathering professional events


Arthur F. Burns (1904–1987) was an American economist, former Federal Reserve Chairman

Arthur Burns may also refer to:
Arthur Burns (historian), King's College, London
Arthur Burns (police officer) (1917–2008), British Chief Constable of Suffolk
Arthur John Burns (1830–1901), Scottish-born New Zealand politician and woollen mill owner
Art Burns (born 1954), American discus thrower


A drum motor (or motorised pulley) is a geared motor drive enclosed within a steel shell providing a single component driving pulley for conveyor belts.

The drum motor concept was first recorded in 1928, but it was not used until the early 1950s, when it was first produced specifically for conveyor belt applications. The goal was to produce a compact, totally enclosed single component drive unit with high efficiency and lower frictional losses compared to a conventional geared motor. Today, drum motors are may be found in airport check-in conveyors and security machines, supermarket check stands, food processing conveyors and weighing equipment. Reversible drum motors are also used for roller shutter doors.

Basic design

The drum motor uses an asynchronous or synchronous electric motor, or hydraulic motor fixed to a stationary shaft. One end of the drum is directly coupled through the motor's rotor pinion to an in-line helical or planetary gearbox which is fixed to the other stationary shaft. The torque is transferred from the motor via the gearbox to the drum shell through a coupling or geared rim attached to the shell or end housing.

Transmission
Because of the in-line transmission arrangement using 2 or 3 stage helical or planetary gears, up to 95% of the output power produced by the motor is typically transmitted to the drum shell. Gears can be made from high-grade steel, sintered metal or polymers.

Connection and sealing
Electrical cable or hydraulic hose connection is made through one of the stationary shafts and is sealed with compression seals. Shaft and connection sealing is made using high-quality materials such as; NBR, FPM or carbon. Lubrication is achieved with oil or grease. Oil also helps to cool the motor, or motors can be air-cooled.

Drum shell

The drum shell (or pulley face) can be produced in aluminum, steel or stainless steel and is normally crowned to facilitate central belt tracking. However, cylindrical shells can be produced and fitted with external sprockets or rotary brushes for special applications. Rubber NBR, PU and other coatings can be applied to the shell to increase friction between the shell and conveyor belt and hot vulcanized or molded profiled lagging can also be applied to drive plastic or steel modular belts.

Drum shafts

The exposed drum shafts are used to install and fix the drum motor into the conveyor frame and do not rotate. The shaft can be a single “through” shaft where the motor and gearbox are assembled on, and fixed to, the shaft with keys or pins. However, this type of drum motor design has a limited maximum radial load due to the bending stresses caused by the normal belt tension of a conveyor and is therefore used mainly for small light duty conveyors and loads. For heavier loads, the most common design is to use two separate shafts, one fixed to the motor housing and one fixed to the gearbox housing where the mass of metal from the motor and gearbox significantly increases the strength of the drum motor allowing much higher payloads and longer conveyor applications. Typically one shaft is short (stub shaft) with a consistent length and the other increases in length according to the drum shell or belt width. Over certain widths, the shaft can be further reinforced to prevent bending under high belt tension.

Alternative designs

Most drum motors can be fitted with backstop non-reversing bearings to prevent belts in inclined conveyors from rolling back or with electro-magnetic brakes for reversible inclined conveyors or for quick stopping. Incremental encoders can also be integrated into the rotor bearings to provide a closed-loop control system for tracking, positioning and accurate tracing of the product on the belt.

Environment and application

Drum motors can be designed to work in temperatures from minus   and possibly higher.  They can withstand high-pressure water jets, chemical cleaning and extremely dusty conditions. They can be installed horizontally or vertically and used in non-conveyor belt applications. Most drum motors have zero or minimal maintenance which means higher productivity and less downtime.

Hygiene

Because the drum motor is totally enclosed, requires no maintenance and has a smooth clean profile without any additional equipment or protrusions. It cannot contaminate food, electrical equipment or pharmaceutical substances. Furthermore, when manufactured in stainless steel, the drum motor can be hygienically cleaned and sanitized regularly using high-pressure water, steam, or chemicals which makes it the most hygienic conveyor drive design to date. Cleaning is much quicker and easier and often reduces operating costs especially in food processing applications

The components
The drum motor needs fewer parts and has low inventory costs as it just consists of the drum motor and two fixing brackets. Unlike conventional drives that require up to 8 or more separate components, most of which have to be purchased from different suppliers or manufacturers especially.
A further advantage is its dimension. The drum motor is often lighter than conventional drives and the weight is evenly distributed within the conveyor frame.
The motor, gearbox and bearings are totally enclosed and sealed in a shell, therefore they are unlikely to fail due to harmful environmental conditions such as water, dust, dirt, grit, chemicals, grease, oil, and so on.

History
In the United States Patent Office can be found an early description of a drum motor from 1932. The application for this "conveyor roller" is from November 1928 and it was applied by the Pittsburgh subsidiary of the German engineering company Schloemann.

20 years later this very early concept was finally conveyed into an industrial drive. In the early 1950s, the Danish inventor and entrepreneur John Kirkegaard designed the first industrial-type drum motor.

References

The Drum Motor/
The All-Rounder in Modern Unit Handling Conveyor Technology/ from Stefan Hamacher

https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783662592977

Electric motors
Danish inventions


The 1996 Pro Tour season was the first season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. At the end of 1995 Wizards of the Coast had announced the introduction of a tournament series featuring big cash prizes. Originally coined the "Black Lotus Pro Tour" the tournaments were simply called "Pro Tours" and the name was thus changed quickly. The first Pro Tour, held in New York in February 1996, was won by the American Michael Loconto. Los Angeles and Ohio were the other Pro Tours in the inaugural season along with the 1996 World Championships in Seattle. At the end of the season Olle Råde was proclaimed the first Pro Tour Player of the Year.

Mode

Four Pro Tours were held in the 1996 season. As Grand Prixs had not been introduced those Pro Tours were the only events to award Pro Points. Based on final standings Pro Points were awarded as follows:

Pro Tour – New York (17–18 February 1996)

Pro Tour New York was the first Pro Tour ever held. While being the first Magic tournament to award sizeable cash prizes, the total amount of $30,000 was still small compared to subsequent Pro Tours, which featured prizes well in excess of $300,000. The tournament consisted of only seven rounds of Swiss play, which were followed by a cut to top 16. Those 16 players returned on Sunday to determine the winner in four rounds of single elimination. As Wizards tried to find an adequate tournament mode for a professional circuit, several things were done different in New York than at later Pro Tours. Most notably, PT New York was the only Pro Tour to feature a non-standard format. Instead, a modification of Type II was used, in which every player's deck was required to include at least five cards from each set legal in Type II at that time. New York also introduced the play-draw rule to reduce the advantage of beginning the game. Previously, the starting player would draw a card on their first turn. Instead, one player would be given the choice to either "play first," forfeiting their first draw step, or "draw first," thus playing second. This rule proved successful, and remains in place to this day.

Pro Tour New York is also known as PT Speed Dial, because players had to call the Wizards of the Coast offices to register for one of the available slots. Several players, considered by Wizards of the Coast to be the best at the game, were also invited to play to make the inaugural tournament more attractive. Eventually the first PT started off on a sour note, being delayed by four hours due to a snow storm.

The top 8 featured Eric Tam, the current Canadian national champion, and Bertrand Lestrée, vice-champion of the first World Championship in 1994. Mark Justice, who was by most perceived to be the best of world at that time, also made it to the final eight, but eventually the rather unknown Michael Loconto took the title in a final that was supposed to be best of seven games, but was eventually reduced to a best of three after the first two games had taken so long.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $30,000 ($60,000 including scholarships for the Junior Division)
Players: 239
Format: Standard, New York Style (Decks must have five cards from each available expansion in either deck or sideboard)

Top 8

Final standings

Junior division

Pro Tour New York, just as most of the other early Pro Tours, had a Junior Division for underage players. It was won by Graham Tatomer in a final against Aaron Kline. The first prize was a $12,000 scholarship. The semi-finalists were Maxwell Suver, and Ross Sclafani, and the quarter-finalists were Brendon Herzog, Jon Finkel, Jason Norment, and Nate Foure.

Pro Tour – Los Angeles (3–5 May 1996)

In contrast to New York the PT Los Angeles was an invite-only tournament as were all subsequent Pro Tours. Los Angeles was also the first major tournament to feature only Limited play. The all-American top 8 featured several big names, including Darwin Kastle and Scott Johns as well as Shawn Hammer and Preston Poulter who had already made it to the final stage in New York. This time Shawn "Hammer" Reigner took the title, defeating Thomas Guevin in a five-hour final match.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $100,000 ($130,000 including scholarships for the Junior Division)
Players: 179
Format: Booster Draft (4th Edition-4th Edition-Homelands)
Head Judge: Tom Wylie

Top 8

Final standings

Junior Division

Max Szlager won the Junior Division over Paul McCabe. The other semi-finalists were Brian Wilson and Jason Norment.

Pro Player of the year standings

Pro Tour – Columbus (6–7 July 1996)

PT Columbus is known to be the shortest Pro Tour ever. It was held at the Origins convention in conjunction with the US Nationals and had scheduled the Nationals Top 4 as well as the Swiss portion of the PT on Saturday. On Sunday, after 14 rounds of Swiss, the top 4 of the Pro Tour were played out in single-elimination to determine the winner. Columbus featured an all-new kind of format in Block Constructed, allowing only cards from Ice Age and Alliances. In the final Olle Råde, also known as "the little Viking" defeated Sean Fleischman to become the first Pro Tour winner not coming from the USA. Råde was only 17 years old and had elected to play in the master division of the tournament despite still being eligible for the junior division. He won the tournament with an aggressive green-red deck. Terry Borer won the Junior Division over Paul McCabe. Scott Johns finished amongst the best eight players as he did in the previous and would in the subsequent Pro Tour. However, as the tournament was cut to a Top 4 his three consecutive Top 8 finishes did not draw that much attention.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $125,000 ($155,000 including scholarships for the Junior Division)
Players: 136
Format: Ice Age Block Constructed (Ice Age, Alliances)
Head Judge: Tom Wylie

Top 4

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

1996 World Championships – Seattle (14–18 August 1996)

The 1996 World Championship was held at the Wizards of the Coast headquarters in Seattle and became the Pro Tour with the fewest competitors ever. Scott Johns reached his third consecutive Pro Tour top 8 within a season, a feat not yet achieved by anybody else. Also amongst the final eight were Mark Justice and Henry Stern who had finished a joint third at the previous World Championships. Eventually Tom Chanpheng from Australia became World Champion and the United States defended their team title.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $132,000
Players: 125
Formats: Booster Draft, Standard, Type 1.5, Team Sealed

Final standings

National team competition

  United States (Dennis Bentley, George Baxter, Mike Long, Matt Place)
  Czech Republic (David Korejtko, Jakub Slemr, Ondrej Baudys, Lukas Kocourek)

Pro Player of the year final standings

At the end of the season Olle Råde was awarded Pro Player of the Year despite having competed in only two Pro Tours, winning one and finishing fourth in the other.

References

Magic: The Gathering professional events


The House of Mohite or Mohite clan is a prominent Maratha clan, that held significant positions as Senapati and Sardar within the Maratha Empire. The House of Mohite was established by Sambhaji Mohite, who served as the Subedar of Saswad and was the brother of Shahaji's wife, Tukabai. He was also the father of Soyarabai, who later became the wife of Chhatrapati Shivaji. His son Hambirrao Mohite became the Senapati of the Maratha Empire. The Mohite clan played significant role during the Mughal-Maratha wars.

Origins

History
The Mohite name is first documented in "Shivabharat," a Sanskrit poem dating back to the 17th century. During that period, the Mohite clan served different Deccan sultanates, including the Nizamshahi and the Adilshahi of Bijapur, similar to other Maratha clans like Bhosale, Ghorpade, More, Shirke, Thorat, and so on.
One of Shahaji's wives, Tukabai, hailed from the Mohite family. Their son, Venkoji, presided over the Maratha kingdom of Tanjore. Tukabai's niece, who was her brother's daughter, Soyarabai, subsequently became the second wife of Chhatrapati Shivaji. The renowned female Maratha warrior, Tarabai, who was the wife of Rajaram I, also belonged to the Mohite clan. With the ascendancy of Shivaji, the Mohite clan earned his trust and emerged as his esteemed generals. Amidst the internal conflicts within the Bhosale family following Shivaji's demise in 1680, Soyarabai's own brother and army chief, Hambirrao Mohite, shifted allegiance to support Sambhaji's claim to the Maratha throne. His descendant, Bhavanji Mohite, held the position of commander at the Maratha naval base in Malvan during the early years of the 18th century.

Family tree

See also
Hambirrao Mohite
Soyarabai
Tarabai
Vyankoji

References

Surnames
Maratha clans
Social groups of Maharashtra
Surnames of Indian origin