Corps Rhenania Heidelberg is a member Corps of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband, the oldest association of student fraternities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Corps Rhenania is "pflichtschlagend", which refers to the fact that it requires of its members, that they participate in several ritual, organised duels with members of other specific student fraternities. Eligible applicants are those students, both current and former, of the Ruprecht Karl University in Heidelberg, Germany. Members of Corps Rhenania are colloquially referred to as "Rhenane".

General
Rhenania Heidelberg is one of the oldest fraternities in Heidelberg. In its current form it was founded on January 15, 1849; its roots and predecessor fraternities date back to 1802, if not earlier. Rhenania means "area of the Rhine", where most of the founding members came from. Consequently, they chose the colors of their home area, which are blue, white and red.  Following the open-minded principles of Corps, Rhenania traditionally is counting many foreigners among its members, including members from the U.S., Spain, Japan, Sweden, Greece and Turkey. Vice versa, members of the fraternity may be found in many different countries. While the vast majority of the members study medicine, law, economics, chemistry or theology, in fact, all different professions are represented, including academics, politicians, writers and authors, journalists, officers, public officials and members of the diplomatic service, to name a few. One of their most important and guiding principles is the strong bond of friendship and support that links its members. A unique aspect of the friendship is the almost immediate understanding across generations, establishing a true bond between young members, not older than 20 years, with the most senior member, well in his 90s.

History

Rhenania I-III, Hassia, Nassovia
The oldest proof of foundation of Rhenania Heidelberg is dated July 23, 1802 (Rhenania I) by members of Rhenania Giessen (Hesse, Germany). Rhenania I was based on territorial filiations and aimed to counteract the freemasonry influenced student orders coming up within the second half of the 18th century. Around 1804, Rhenania I was undercut by members of the Heidelbergian Order of the Constantists (Heidelberger Constantisten-Orden). Rhenania and Franko-Badenia (founded in 1803) joined in 1803 to form the first Senior Convent (SC) and established the oldest bequeathed rules (SC-Comment). After the conflicts between students and the military in 1804 both Corps were significantly engaged in the walkout of the student body of Neuenheim. In December 1804 it came to tumultuous blow-ups between Heidelbergian Renonces and Constantists. Due to investigations of the academic authorities Rhenania I and Franko- Badenia dissolved themselves. On May 19, 1805 three members of Rhenania (Morgenstern, Wenz, Bayer) participated in the foundation of territorial filiated Palatia (I). The remainder of the old Rhenania founded the - in the beginning - closely linked territorial filiations of the Oberrheiner (Upper-Rhiners; Colors: red-blue-white-silver) and Niederrheiner (Lower- Rhiners; Colors: red-blue-white-gold) in August 1805. After the re-organization of the university by the elector and Grand Duke Karl Friedrich von Baden, numerous non-residential students immigrated to Heidelberg from 1805 onwards and founded new – but often short lived – fraternities (Suevia, Guestphalia, Curonia, Vandalia, Hannovera, Holsatia, Helvetia, Saxo-Borussia). The term Corps came up the first time after the partition of the Heidelbergian SC and was used for a group of territorial filiations, including the Niederrheiner (Lower-Rhiners), which later returned to the name Rhenania and dissolved themselves after the wars of liberation. 1818 the Corps Hassia I was founded which two years later renamed itself into Rhenania II. It was explicitly mentioned in the foundation journal that Rhenania II understands itself as the continuator of the Rhenania Corps of 1802. The phase of Rhenania II plunged into the politically heated-up time of the Vormärz. Many Badenese and Palatine liberals belonged to Rhenania II at this time, such as: Friedrich Wilhelm Knoebel (participant of the Hambach Festival), Friedrich Hecker (revolution leader in Baden) and Joseph Martin Reichard (President of the provisional government of Palatinate). Due to the assault on the Karzer and the walkout of the student body of Frankenthal (after disagreements with the Heidelberger Museumsgesellschaft (Museums Association) about the status of students on August 14, 1828), a declaration of disreputability valid for three years was decreed against the university but revoked again by the SC only a short time later. Rhenania II existed until November 3, 1833. As on behalf of Rhenania II the members of the 1829 founded Hassia II endowed Corps Rhenania III (until 1842). Due to external Corps students, notably members of Nassovia Göttingen the foundation of Corps Nassovia II resulted in 1838, which primarily recruited its procreation at the Gymnasium (High School) in Weilburg. Nassovia created close relations not only to Nassovia Göttingen but also to the other territorial filiated Corps Hasso-Nassovia in Marburg and Nassovia Würzburg. They also used to have an active exchange with the Corps Rhenania in Bonn.

Rhenania IV

The revolutionary year of 1849 also represents the endowment year for the – as of today existing – Corps Rhenania IV. In renunciation to sectionalism and a system of mini-states in Germany the members of Nassovia dissolved their Corps by January 15, 1849 and endowed on the same day a new Rhenania IV. Constitution, motto ("Virtuti semper corona!") and tradition were inherited from Nassovia. In the following years their recruitment area extended over the whole of Germany. Also students from European foreign countries (Switzerland, Greece, England, etc.) and from overseas (United States, Canada, South Africa, etc.) became active at Rhenania. Corps Rhenania is member of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) since its endowment in 1848. The period during the German Empire can be accounted for the greatest time of prosperity for the Corps by far. Contrary to the SC-Corps Saxo-Borussia, Guestphalia and Vandalia, which were dominated by East-Elbian, Hanoveranian and Mecklenburgian capacious landowners and civil servants, Rhenania developed during this time frame to the Corps of the large scale industrials and the capital with the focal point of recruiting in the areas of Rhine-Ruhr, Frankfurt, Hamburg, and in the mid-German industrial zone. Rhenania therefore belonged to the Corps' which were perceived as extraordinary exclusive. The first printed Corps chronicles (semester reports) were sent out to the external members in 1875. The last living Alte Herren of Rhenania II acknowledged the existing Corps in 1882 as the legitimate successor of the old Rhenania of 1802/20. Living members of Rhenania II and Nassovia II were integrated in the Corps. The German novelist Theodor Fontane used the death of Rhenanian Emil Hartwich (1843- 1886; district judge in Düsseldorf) during a duel with Baron Léon Armand von Ardenne as guideline for his novel Effi Briest in 1894. The active Corps was suspended during 1914-1919 due to World War I. An effect of politicization of the student body during the early days of the Republic of Weimar was less significant among the Corps, as the SC of Heidelberg had chosen a self-imposed isolation and bulk headed off against the influence of the rest of the student body. Also the takeover of the National Socialists (Nazis) did not have any influence on the Corps operation in the beginning. On September 8, 1935 the termination of the association (KSCV) was inducted by the Head of the Reichskanzlei, Hans Heinrich Lammers by excluding the KSCV from the "Gemeinschaft studentischer Verbände" (Community of
Collegiate Associations). After the finalization of termination of the KSCV also Corps Rhenania decided to suspend. Participation at the Heidelberger SC-Kameradschaft (SC-Comradeship of Heidelberg) "Axel Schaffeld" was retained and limited financial contribution; the participation was ceased by the end of World War II in 1945. Different from other university cities there were no personnel or organizational interfaces between comradeships' and Corps.

The celebration for the 100 year anniversary by the Alte Herren in 1949 took place within a frame appropriate to the circumstances of the post war time. Shapes of the previous Corps Rhenania in correlation with new approaches for contemporary collegiate cohabit were led by the Rheinländerkreis (Rhinland circle) which was sponsored by the "Verein Heidelberger Rhenanen" (Association of Heidelbergian Rhenanians) in the same year. On May 3, 1951 the decision was made to take over the "Rheinländerkreis" by the Alte Herren of Rhenania, leading to the reconstitution of Corps Rhenania. In the 1950s Rhenania was the initiator of establishing the "Heidelberger Interessengemeinschaft (HIG)" (Heidelbergian Community of Interest), a special purpose association for measure batting fraternities in Heidelberg. Due to a separate agreement between the SC and the university the breach of who with the HIG in 1958 was inevitable. Since then the SC has been going its own ways.

External Relations
In the 1870s and 1880s Rhenania conducted an active policy of relationships and established contacts and socialized official connections to numerous Corps at other universities such as Bonn, Giessen, Marburg, Freiburg, Tübingen, Wurzburg, Munich, Jena,
Halle, Breslau, Göttingen, Berlin, Strasburg and Zurich until the beginning of World War I.
Since the Corps did not agree to a certain alignment within the KSCV, stagnation occurred as from 1900, and after World War I even turned into a downright isolation which was not to overcome just before a suspension. Today Corps Rhenania has friendly relations with the Corps Suevia Freiburg, Hasso-Nassovia Marburg, Nassovia Wurzburg and Tigurinia Zurich.

Corps Mansions

After Corps Rhenania celebrated in alternating taverns throughout Heidelberg (e.g. "Seppl", lastly in "Weinberg" at Marktplatz), a baroque city house at Hauptstrasse 231 was acquired in 1882 as a Corps-house and the foundation of the "Rheinländischen Gesellschaft" as the subject of rights and duties. The house had previously been owned by the theologian Carl Daub and his son-in-law, Wilhelm Theophor Dittenberger.
As the old house did not comply with altered representation necessities, it was torn down and today's Corps-house was erected in the years 1906-1909 according to the plans of the königlich-bayerischen Hofoberbaurats (Royal Bavarian Chief Government Building Officer), Eugen Drollinger. Simultaneously, the house at Neckarmünzgasse 14 behind the garden of the Corps-house was bought and turned into a dormitory.

Notable members
 Sir William Phipson Beale (1839–1922), Baronet Drumlamford, member of parliament (UK)
  (1792–1861), minister of foreign affairs, Grand Duchy of Baden
   (1802–1862), minister of state, Duchy of Nassau
 Edward Eberstadt (1843–1924), businessman and father of Ferdinand Eberstadt
 Emil Hartwich (1843–1886), judge and promoter of sports education, remembered for his tragic death in a duel
 Friedrich Hecker (1811–1881), lawyer, politician and revolutionary
 Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden (1793–1866), senator and entomologist
 Alfred Kast (1856-1903), internist
 Ludwig Mond (1839–1909), chemist and business leader
 Joseph Martin Reichard (1803–1872), lawyer, politician and revolutionary
 Heinrich Schnee (1871–1949), Governor of German East Africa, member of the Lytton Commission
 Samuel Hanson Stone (1849–1909), Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts
 Max Wirth (1822–1900), journalist and economist

References
 Lees Knowles: A day with corps-students in Germany
 Berthold Kuhnert, Geschichte des Corps Rhenania Heidelberg 1802–1869, 1913, ND Heidelberg 1997
 Werner Lamprecht, Peter Kutter (Hrsg.), 150 Jahre Corps Rhenania Heidelberg 1849–1999, Heidelberg 1999
 Thomas Weber: Our Friend "The Enemy". Elite Education in Britain and Germany before World War I. Stanford University Press 2008. GoogleBooks

External links

Archive and history on corpsarchive.de

Rhenania Heidelberg
Student organizations established in 1849
1849 establishments in Germany
Heidelberg University alumni


Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom on the imidazole ring. This compound occurs in relatively few organisms, notably actinomycetota, cyanobacteria, and certain fungi. Ergothioneine was discovered in 1909 and named after the ergot fungus from which it was first purified, with its structure being determined in 1911.

In humans, ergothioneine is acquired exclusively through the diet and accumulates in erythrocytes, bone marrow, liver, kidney, seminal fluid, and eyes. Although the effect of ergothioneine in vivo is under preliminary research, its physiological role in humans is unknown. Ergothioneine is sold as a dietary supplement.

Metabolism and sources
Ergothioneine has been found in bacteria, plants, and animals, sometimes at millimolar levels. Foods found to contain ergothioneine include liver, kidney, black beans, kidney bean, and oat bran, with the highest levels in bolete and oyster mushrooms. Levels can be variable, even within species and some tissues can contain much more than others. In the human body, the largest amounts of ergothioneine are found in erythrocytes, eye lens, semen, and skin.

Although many species contain ergothioneine, only a few make it; the others absorb it from their diet or, in the case of plants, from their environment. Biosynthesis has been detected in Actinomycetota, such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and certain fungi, such as Neurospora crassa.

The metabolic pathway to produce ergothioneine starts with the methylation of histidine to produce histidine betaine (hercynine). The sulfur atom is then incorporated from cysteine. The biosynthetic genes of ergothioneine have been described in Mycobacterium smegmatis, Neurospora crassa, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Other species of bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Streptococcus, as well as fungi in the Saccharomycotina cannot make ergothioneine.

Structure
Ergothioneine is a thiourea derivative of the betaine of histidine and contains a sulfur atom bonded to the 2-position of the imidazole ring.  Typical of thioureas, ergothioneine is less reactive than typical thiols such as glutathione towards alkylating agents like maleimides.  It also resists oxidation by air. However, ergothioneine can be slowly oxidized over several days to the disulfide form in acidic solutions.

Ergothioneine derivatives

Various derivatives of ergothioneine have been reported in the literature, such as S-methyl-ergothioneine or selenium-containing selenoneine.

Preliminary research

Although potential effects of ergothioneine are under preliminary research, its physiological role in vivo has not been determined.

Safe intake levels
The Panel on Dietetic Products for the European Food Safety Authority reported safe daily limits of 2.82 mg/kg of body weight for infants, 3.39 mg/kg for small children, and 1.31 mg/kg for adults, including pregnant and breastfeeding women.

See also
Oxidative stress
Reactive oxygen species

References

External links
Ergothioneine Human Metabolome Database
Ergothioneine KEGG Compound

Thioureas
Alpha-Amino acids
Imidazolines


Mark de Jonge (born 15 February 1984) is a Canadian male sprint canoeist, primarily specializing the 200 m kayak event. De Jonge won a bronze medal in the K-1 200 m at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He is the two time reigning world champion in same event having also won a silver medal at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in 2013. He is also the current Pan American champion in the 200 having won gold in Toronto at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where he also won an additional bronze, and a silver and bronze at previous editions of the Pan Am Games. He was named the Air Canada Athlete of the Year in 2015 for Canada.

Career
Born in Calgary in 1984, de Jonge moved to Halifax in 1997 where he started kayaking. His parents enrolled him in the popular local sport at the Maskwa Aquatics Club as a way of getting to know other children in the area.

Despite being a competitive kayaker he missed out on the 2004 and 2008 editions of the Summer Olympics. He did win a silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in the men's K-4 1,000 metres event, alongside Angus Mortimer, Jeremy Bordeleau and Chris Pellini.

In the 2012 Summer Olympics he won bronze in the K-1 200 metres event. When the quick sprint 200 m event was added to the Olympics de Jonge saw his opportunities flourish, as the event suited his skill set aptly. Yet he missed out on most of the qualifying events after he dropped an 80lb weight on his finger training in 2012. Despite the injury he still managed to win the national trials and qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics. There he won a bronze in the inaugural event. After he said "Obviously, I did want gold. But I was never thinking about the result. I’m happy with the bronze. I’m really happy that I had an awesome race out there, three really good races at the Olympics. I’m proud that, when the time came, I was really ready to go."

De Jonge built off the Olympic success winning his first world cup medal the following year, he then won a silver in the 200 at the 2013 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships. At the 2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships he won his first world championships title while also setting the world record in the semi-finals on his way to the title. With the win in Moscow he said that "For years I've sort of dreamed of this moment." de Jonge repeated as world champion at the 2015 world championships and in December was named the 2015 Air Canada athlete of the year through an online voting process.

In May 2021, de Jonge was named to Canada's 2020 Olympic team.

Personal
De Jonge graduated from Dalhousie University in Halifax with a degree in civil engineering in 2009. He worked full-time for three years with Stantec Consulting as an engineer-in-training before he took a leave of absence to focus on kayaking before the 2012 Olympics.

In 2018 he was named one of the greatest 15 athletes in Nova Scotia's history.

References

 Canadian Olympic Committee

External links

1984 births
Living people
Canadian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Canoeists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Canada
Sportspeople from Calgary
Sportspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Dalhousie University alumni
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in canoeing
Canoeists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games


Harry Carmean (August 5, 1922 – February 3, 2022) was an American painter known for his figurative paintings based on the work of the old masters. The ideas of the Renaissance, Baroque, Mannerist and Impressionist art can all be seen in his work to varying degrees. He is known for practicing a form of drawing known as "draughstmanship" in which specific art ideas are consistently applied throughout a drawing. He was an instructor at Art Center College of Design from 1952 through 1996 and has taught thousands of students.

Biography

Carmean was first a singer before becoming an artist. After serving in the US Army in World War II, he quit singing and began studying art at École des Beaux-Arts in France and later at Art Center College of Design in Los Angeles. It was there that he met the painter Lorser Feitelson who strongly influenced Carmean's work. Carmean became involved with a circle of artists including Feitelson, Helen Lundeberg, colorist Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Frederick Hammersley.

In the 1960s he began a series of paintings featuring a family theme. These were done in a simple manner with muted colors and showed the influence of the Renaissance and Baroque art. It was at this time that Carmean came into his own as a painter and his compositions became more involved. In the '60s, Carmean was featured regularly on Feitelson's award-winning television show Feitelson on Art on KNBC in Los Angeles.

In the 1970s he continued to further explore the compositional ideas of past masters culminating in a series of Spanish café paintings characterized by a strong use of light and dark and an emphasis on defining forms. In the early '70s, he began a series of etchings depicting interior scenes and nudes which continued through the 1990s. From the 1970s through the 1990s, Carmean also completed a series of small wax sculptures inspired by the work of Rodin and Degas.

In the late 1980s, his style shifted and he began a new series of paintings depicting acrobats and dancers. In contrast to his early paintings, Carmean now focused on the use of white and his paintings had a lighter, more impressionistic feel. The acrobat theme originated from his early days as a singer and from his experiences in the entertainment world. In these works the compositions became increasingly complex with Mannerist elements, setting precedents in terms of classical composition. In the late 1980s, he also began a series of erotic drawings, etchings and paintings. In 1997 upon retiring from Art Center he moved from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara, California, where he continued to draw and paint.

Personal life and death
Carmean died in Santa Barbara, California, on February 3, 2022, at the age of 99.

Exhibitions and Museums

Westmont College, Montecito, 2007
Karpeles Manuscript Museum, Santa Barbara, 2001
Los Angeles Art Association, 1970
Marymount College, Los Angeles, CA, 1962
Oakland Museum of California, current
Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA, current
Red Deer College, Canada, current

Television

Feitelson on Art, KNBC, Los Angeles 1964-5
"The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic Society television program, 1975
"Carmean/Slater, the Figurative Tradition", Channel 21, Santa Barbara CA 2007
"Creative Community", Channel 21 Santa Barbara, CA 2007

References

Sources
Art International, 1971
Art News, 1974
American Artist Magazine, 1975
Harwood, June; Carmean, Frye & Smith, Ltd., 1975
 Jacobson, Linda; The Drawings of Harry Carmean, Bordon Publishing Co. 1975
The Artist's Magazine, 1987

External links
 Monograph

1922 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American printmakers
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Contemporary painters
People from Anthony, Kansas
United States Army personnel of World War II


"The Beagle Boys vs. the Money Bin" is a 2001 Donald Duck comic by Don Rosa. Rosa's inspiration for it was mostly to get a chance to thoroughly demonstrate the Money Bin, invented by Carl Barks.

The story was first published in the Danish Anders And & Co. #2001-21; the first American publication was in Uncle Scrooge #325, in January 2004.

Plot
The Beagle Boys visit their grandfather, Blackheart Beagle, in prison to celebrate the anniversary of his founding of the original Beagle Boys gang. Blackheart uses this chance to inform his grandsons of having remembered the architect, who designed the Money Bin. Since the architect's office is located underneath Duckburg, Blackheart suggests his grandsons to see if they can find the blueprint of the Money Bin. Blackheart remains in prison, but his grandsons are free to try out the plan. They find the blueprint, and it shows a secret passageway to Scrooge McDuck's money, located in Scrooge's bedroom.

While Scrooge is away, the Beagle Boys sneak into the Money Bin. However, by twists of fate - mostly caused by the Beagle Boys' personal lust for treasure, prunes, or personal fame, or just simple curiosity - they get caught in situations where they're mostly unable to even move, without triggering the bin's alarms or risking personal injury.

After an extremely long and stressful work day, Scrooge comes home late in the evening. He waves good night to a painting of Glittering Goldie, and goes to bed. In his tired stupor, he mistakes the various trapped Beagle Boys he sees for household items, until he climbs into bed and "turns out" the Beagle Boy trapped at his bedside, mistaking him for a lamp.  Realizing his mistake, Scrooge calls the police, who arrest the Beagle Boys.

Back in prison, Blackheart Beagle hears of this, and curses his grandsons for being so stupid that they lost not to Scrooge, but to an empty concrete building.

Notes
This story was created to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Beagle Boys and Scrooge's Money Bin.

One of the Beagle Boys mentions that the Candy Striped Ruby will be theirs. This is a reference to The Status Seeker, where they steal the Candy Striped Ruby from Scrooge.

One of the Beagles reads a Duck Tales comic when he is in the bathroom despite the fact that Duck Tales doesn't exist in the Duck Universe.

The plans for the Money Bin found in the architect's office are signed "K.D. Rosa", which is Don Rosa's real name, although he mentioned in the same story that the architect's name is Frank Lloyd Drake.

External links

Disney comics stories
Donald Duck comics by Don Rosa
2001 in comics


The Biblioteca Palatina or Palatina Library was established in 1761 in the city of Parma by Philip Bourbon, Duke of Parma. It is one of the cultural institutions located in the Palazzo della Pilotta complex in the center of Parma. The Palatina Library was named after Apollus Palatinus.

History
The first librarian was the Theatine priest Paolo Maria Paciaudi, who was assigned as "Antiquario e Bibliotecario". The goal was to form a public library as part of a project by Duke Filippo's prime minister, Guillaume Du Tillot. The library lacked many of the works that had been collected by the House of Farnese while ruling in Parma, when the future Charles III of Spain, brother of Filippo and who was Duke from 1731 to 1735, moved the local library and archives to Naples in 1736.

Paciaudi failed to acquire the collections of Cardinal Domenico Passionei in Roma and of the Pertusati family of Milan, and thus embarked on shopping for books in the market. He catalogued his purchases under six main classes: Theology, Nomology, Philosophy, History, Philology, and Liberal and Mechanic Arts. The books required the importation of Louis Antoine Laferté, a master book binder.

The collection was kept in a gallery refurbished for the purpose by the court architect, Ennemond Alexandre Petitot, and inaugurated in 1769. In 1771, both Du Tillot and Paciaudi fell out of favor, and the library fell under the supervision of the Benedictine Andrea Mazza. However, Paciaudi was recalled from 1778 till his death in 1785 to his former office.

Paciaudi was replaced by the polymath cleric Ireneo Affò; he presided over expansion into the Galleria dell'Incoronata. When Affò died in 1797, he was replaced by former Jesuit priest Matteo Luigi Canonici, until 1805.

In 1804, the Napoleonic administration of the Duchy named Angelo Pezzana as director, a post he held till 1862. Pezzana catalogued the books under five classes: Theology, Jurisprudence, Science & arts, Belle-Lettere (Fine Literature), and History.

Under his management, the library acquired the collections of the Hebraist professor, abate Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi; the manuscripts of Francesco Albergati Capacelli; the Carte of Monsignor Casapini; the collections of designs and engravings belonging to Massimiliano Ortalli and canon Raffaele Balestra; the collection of Judaica and Hebrew manuscripts sold by Salomon Stern and Mordecai Bisliches; and collections of Bartolomeo Gamba, Michele Colombo, and Giovanni Bonaventura Porta; as well as the typographic/printed artifacts of Giovanni Battista Bodoni (now gathered in the adjacent Museo Bodoni in the Palazzo Pilotta.

The ceiling of the Sala Dante was frescoed (1841–1857) by Francesco Scaramuzza. The next librarians included Federico Odorici (1862-1876) and Luigi Rossi (1888–1893).

During the Italian Campaign of the Second World War, in March and April 1944 the RAF bombed Parma. The main targets were Parma's train station and marshalling yards, but the high altitude bombing was often inaccurate and many of Parma's historic buildings were damaged, among them the Biblioteca Palatina. Some 21,000 volumes of the library's collection were  lost. In 1950, this loss was partly made up for by copies made from books in the library of Mario Ferrarini.

Collection

Today the Library's collection contains more than 708,000 printed works, about 6620 manuscripts, and 3042 incunabula, and 52,470 graphic prints. There is a unique musical section of 93,000 books. The music section was established in 1889. The electronic catalogue of the Palatina was started in 1994.

The library holds some medieval manuscripts, among them the biblical manuscripts 360 and 361.

References

External links

 Official Website
 Biblioteca Palatina at the Consortium of European Research Libraries
 History of the Biblioteca Palatina (in Italian)

Education in Emilia-Romagna
Libraries in Parma
Libraries established in 1761


Life Style Sports, officially Lifestyle Sports (Ireland) Limited
is Ireland's largest sports retailer, operating 46 outlets spread across the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. They stock sporting goods and sport fashions.

History

Life Style Sports was established in 1979 in the Republic of Ireland by Quinnsworth, a subsidiary of Associated British Foods. In 1997 it was bought by Tesco PLC but was later spun off via a management buy-out of seven directors, led by MD Andrew Sharkey and venture capital firm, ACT.

In November 2005, it was acquired by Stafford Holdings – an Irish family-owned company who stated, "This latest acquisition is in line with its stated strategy of seeking acquisition opportunities in new sectors which offer strong growth potential, while maintaining a strong commitment to its current portfolio of businesses." In 2006, former Dunnes Stores senior director Eoin McGettigan was appointed CEO. Mark Stafford took up the role of chairman. In early 2009, Mark Stafford replaced McGettigan as CEO. He was joined by former Nike Ireland general manager Nigel Cowman as Finance Director, Dan Ryan from Penneys and Brown Thomas as Trading Director.

In September 2007 a new flagship store opened in the Blanchardstown Centre, Dublin. This remained their largest store, at . until 2017.  In July 2017, the company's new flagship store opened in The Capitol building St Patrick's Street in Cork.

In 2013, Life Style Sports became the official retail partner of Leinster Rugby, with a Life Style Sports store located in Donnybrook Stadium and the Royal Dublin Society (RDS), home of Leinster Rugby. Life Style Sports is also the official retail partner of Munster Rugby.

Timeline of notable company events
 1979 – Life Style Sports opens for business in the Republic of Ireland by Power Supermarkets Limited.
 1997 – Life Style Sports expands to 32 stores nationwide.
 2000 – Sienna Miller appears in the Life Style Sports Cinderella TV advert.
 2004 – The Killers' single Mr. Brightside debuts on the Life Style Sports TV advert.
 2005 – Company acquired by Stafford Holdings, an Irish family-owned company.
 2009 – MTV presenter, Natasha Gilbert, stars in the first ever Life Style Sports Woman's Fitness Campaign "Your Life, Your Style, Your World”.
 2011 – New Life Style Sports brand identity launched.
 2012 – New flagship stores on Mary Street and in Dundrum Town Centre, both in Dublin, are opened.
 2012 – Life Style Sports relaunched its website as a full e-commerce site.
 2017 - A new flagship store was launched in Cork.

See also
 Tesco Ireland
 Elverys Sports
 JD Sports

References

External links
 Life Style Sports website

Sporting goods retailers
Clothing retailers of Ireland
Irish companies established in 1979
Retail companies established in 1979


Huck PAC is the political action committee of former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee. It was founded in April 2008 by Huckabee, during the 2008 United States Republican presidential primaries. Its mission statement was, "Huck PAC is committed to helping Republicans regain control of the House and Senate, regain a majority of governorships and elect John McCain as the 44th president of the United States." It endorses candidates for various offices, then organizes into local groups in every U.S. county and assists the candidate.

On February 16, 2009, HuckPAC announced that Hogan Gidley would become the new director of HuckPAC.

References

External links

Republican Party (United States) organizations
United States political action committees


MaSat-1 (from the words Magyar and Satellite, the first meaning "Hungarian" in Hungarian, maszat, pronounced IPA [ˈmɒsɒt], meaning "smudge") is the first indigenous Hungarian satellite, developed and built by students at the Technical University of Budapest. The 1U CubeSat-type satellite was launched into low Earth orbit on 13 February 2012. The satellite provided telemetric data as well as VGA resolution color images at the 70 cm amateur radio wavelength (437.345 MHz frequency) received at the tracking center at Budapest. The center was tested on 31 March 2009 with the help of Charles Simonyi on board the International Space Station. With the successful launch of MaSat-1, Hungary became the 47th nation to orbit a satellite. Between 9 and 10 January 2015, the satellite reentered into the atmosphere.

Operations
Weeks following its launch, after the first high-quality images were available was it revealed to the public that a camera was on board.

Technical specifications
 Satellite class: 1U CubeSat
 Dimensions: 10 cm × 10 cm ×10 cm
 Mass: 1 kg
 Propulsion: no
 Expected life: minimum 3 months
 Input power: 1.2 – 2.2 W
 Communication type: Half-duplex
 Frequency: 437,345 MHz
 Data rate: 625 or 1250 bps
 Modulation: 2-GFSK
 Transmission power: 100/400 mW
 Telemetry protocol: modified ESA PUS v1
 Callsign: HA5MASAT
 Digital camera: VGA sensor, 640×480 pixels

See also

 List of CubeSats

References

Student satellites
Space program of Hungary
Satellites of Hungary
CubeSats
First artificial satellites of a country
Spacecraft launched in 2012
2012 in Hungary
Spacecraft launched by Vega rockets


Albert Harrison (19 August 1909 – 2 March 1989) was an English footballer.

Career
Harrison joined Port Vale as an amateur in September 1931, signing as a professional in November 1932. He played three Second Division games in the 1932–33 season and left The Old Recreation Ground on a free transfer to Leek Alexandra in May 1933.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
1909 births
1989 deaths


Harrigan Cove is a rural community on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The community is located along the Marine Drive on Nova Scotia Trunk 7 about  east of Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. The community is located in the vicinity the cove of the same name and is named for an early settler who came to the area after 1827.

History
Harrigan Cove was once known for gold mines, after it was discovered there in 1868. However, the gold mining industry did not really take off until the early 20th century.

Nearby places

References

Citations

Bibliography

Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Boker may refer to:

Surname (Boker)

 George Henry Boker (1823-1890), an American poet, playwright, and diplomat
 John G. Boker, creator of Boker’s Bitters (1828)
 John Robert Boker, Jr. (1913-2003), an award-winning philatelist
 Nava Boker (1970), an Israeli politician and journalist
 Zeev Boker, an Israeli Ambassador

Place

 Sde Boker, a kibbutz in Israel

Company

 Böker, a German cutlery company


Greg Lewis may refer to:
Greg Lewis (sprinter) (born 1946), Australian athlete
Greg Lewis (basketball) (born 1978), American professional basketball player
Greg Lewis (running back) (born 1969), American football player
Greg Lewis (wide receiver) (born 1980), American football wide receiver
Greg Lewis (politician) (1953–2020), member of the Kansas House of Representatives
Greg Lewis (sportscaster) (born 1947), American sportscaster


London Summit may refer to:

Meeting and conferences
 2009 G-20 London Summit
 1977 London summit or 4th NATO summitt
 17th G7 summit, or 1991 G7 London summit
 10th G7 summit, or 1984 G7 London summit
 3rd G7 summit, or 1977 G7 London summit
 London Conference of 1913

Geographic peaks
 the summit of Mount London
 the summit of London Mountain
 the summit of London Peak, see List of mountains in Madison County, Montana


Christopher Pellini (born February 10, 1984 in Mississauga, Ontario) is a Canadian sprint kayaker. He won a silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in the men's K-4 1,000 metres event, alongside Angus Mortimer, Jeremy Bordeleau and Mark de Jonge.

He also competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, finishing ninth in the K-4 1000 m event.

References
Canadian Olympic Committee
{ Sports-Reference.com profile]

1984 births
Canadian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Canoeists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Living people
McMaster University alumni
Olympic canoeists for Canada
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


Dimitrios Verginis (alternate spelling: Dimitris) (Greek: Δημήτρης Βεργίνης; born May 15, 1987) is a Greek professional basketball player for Panionios of the Greek 3rd division. He is 1.91 m (6'3") tall. He can play both the point guard and shooting guard positions.

Professional career
Born in Thessaloniki, Greece, Verginis started his career playing with the Asteria Panoramatos junior teams in Greece, and he played with the senior team of Anatolia in the 2004–05 season. He debuted in both the Greek League and the FIBA EuroChallenge in the 2005–06 season with PAOK. In the 2006–07 season, he played in the European-wide 2nd-tier level league, the EuroCup, for the first time.

He was selected to the FIBA EuroChallenge's All-Star Game in the 2007–08 season. Verginis was the youngest player to ever be named the team captain in the history of PAOK, when he took over that role from Kostas Vasileiadis. In 2008, he left PAOK, and joined the Greek club Panathinaikos.

Verginis stayed with Panathinaikos for 2 years. In 2010, he signed with Aris, where he played until June 2012. He then signed with the Spanish League club Bilbao Basket, in June 2012, and stayed with them through the preseason.

He then returned to Aris for the 2012–13 regular season. He then moved to the Bulgarian League club Lukoil Academic for the 2013–14 season. He joined Panionios for the 2014–15 season. He then moved to Apollon Patras. He joined Lavrio for the 2017–18 season. On June 28, 2018, Verginis officially returned to Aris for a second stint. He joined the Greek club Panionios, in 2019.

On July 22, 2020, Verginis signed a two-year contract with Iraklis Thessaloniki. He averaged 5.0 points, 1.2 rebounds, and 1.1 assists per game. On October 1, 2021, Verginis signed with ASK Karditsas of the Greek A2 Basket League.

National team career
Verginis was a member of the Greek junior national teams. He played with Greece's junior national teams at the following tournaments: the 2003 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship, the 2004 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, the 2005 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, and the 2007 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship.

Awards and accomplishments
FIBA EuroChallenge All-Star Game: (2008)
Greek Cup Winner: (2009)
2× Greek League Champion: (2009, 2010)
EuroLeague Champion: (2009)
Triple Crown Winner: (2009)

References

External links
Euroleague.net Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
FIBA Europe Profile
Greek Basket League Profile
Greek Basket League Profile
Draftexpress.com Profile

1987 births
Living people
Apollon Patras B.C. players
Aris B.C. players
Greek men's basketball players
Greek Basket League players
Iraklis Thessaloniki B.C. players
Lavrio B.C. players
Panathinaikos B.C. players
Panionios B.C. players
P.A.O.K. BC players
PBC Academic players
Point guards
Shooting guards
Basketball players from Thessaloniki


Henry Lewis may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Henry Lewis (artist) (1819–1904), British-born American painter and showman
 Henry Clay Lewis (1825–1850), American short story writer and medical doctor
 Henry Jackson Lewis (c. 1857–1891), African-American political cartoonist
 Henry Lewis (musician) (1932–1996), American double-bassist and orchestral conductor
 Henry Lewis (playwright), English playwright in 2015 Laurence Olivier Awards and The Comedy About a Bank Robbery

Military figures
 Henry Balding Lewis (1889–1966), U.S. Army officer
 Henry Lewis (Medal of Honor) (1844–1930), Medal of Honor recipient

Politicians
 Henry Gould Lewis (1820–1891), Connecticut politician
 Henry Owen Lewis (1842–1913), Irish Member of Parliament for Carlow Borough, 1874–80

Sports figures
 Henry Lewis (American football) (active in 1921), American football player
 Henry Lewis (baseball) (fl. 1943), American baseball player
 Henry Lewis (footballer), Sierra Leonean footballer in 2012 Malaysia Premier League

Others
 Henry Lewis (escaped slave), escaped from William Jarvis, a leading official in Upper Canada
 Henry Carvill Lewis (1853–1888), American geologist and mineralogist
 Henry Lewis (academic) (1889–1968), professor of Welsh
 Henry Lewis (surveyor) (1813–1889), discoverer of Lewis Pass in New Zealand
 Henry Ardern Lewis (1879–1957), Church of England minister and Cornish Bard

See also
 Harry Lewis (disambiguation)
 Hal Lewis (disambiguation)


Patrick Galloway ( – 1626) was a Scottish minister, a Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He was Moderator of the General Assembly in 1590, and again in 1602. Having been completely gained over by the Court party he used all his influence in forwarding the views of the King for the introduction of Episcopacy.

Life
He was born in Dundee about 1551, the son of George Galloway, a baker, and burgess in the town, and his wife Christian Nicoll.
In 1576 he was appointed minister of the parishes of Fowlis Easter and Longforgan, Perthshire. In 1580 he was called to the Middle Church at Perth, and was admitted in April 1581.
In June 1582 James VI came to Perth with his favourite, Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox. Lennox had possessed himself of the revenues of the see of Glasgow, having prevailed on Robert Montgomery, minister of Stirling, to become a tulchan bishop, with a pension. Galloway preached about this transaction, and the privy council sustained his right to do so, but Lennox obtained an order forbidding Galloway to preach so long as the king stayed in Perth. He went to Kinnoull and preached there, and again preached before the king at Stirling, after the Ruthven raid, on 22 August 1582.

Galloway was suspected of being privy to the plot of the raid, which managed the eventual banishment of Lennox. The king's other favourite, James Stewart, Earl of Arran, kept his eye on Galloway, in April 1584, and got an order for his apprehension. Galloway kept out of the way and hid for some time in the neighbourhood of Dundee. Hearing that his house in Perth had been searched, he fled to England in May. He preached in London, and afterwards in Newcastle upon Tyne. In November 1585 he was permitted to return to his charge in Perth. The General Assembly.appointed him in 1586 visitor for Perthshire, and in 1588 visitor for Dunkeld and Perth.

Galloway sailed to Denmark on 3 March 1590 with a commission from the Kirk to the King, to hasten his return to Scotland.

Galloway, though no courtier, was moderate in church matters, and on this account found favour with the king, who employed him in editing some religious writings from his royal pen, sent for him to Edinburgh in 1590, and made him on 18 March minister in the royal household. On 4 August 1590, he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly. He openly rebuked the king on 3 December 1592 for bringing in James Stewart, Earl of Arran to his counsels.

In August 1595 Galloway preached to James VI and Anne of Denmark at Falkland Palace, in his sermon speaking the creation of Eve from Adam's side and of the duties of man and wife to each other, and the queen was said to have paid attention to his advice.

He refused to subscribe the 'band,' or engagement, by which James sought on 20 December 1596 to bind ministers not to preach against the royal authority, objecting that the existing pledges of loyalty were sufficient. After the Gowrie Conspiracy in August 1600, he twice preached before the king, at the cross of Edinburgh on 11 August, and at Glasgow on 31 August, maintaining the reality of the danger which the king had escaped. On 10 November 1602, Galloway was again chosen Moderator of the General Assembly.

In January 1604 he attended on James at Hampton Court, acting for the Edinburgh presbytery to the king, in reference to the Hampton Court Conference held in that month between the Church of England hierarchy and the representatives of the Millenary Petition. Galloway was present during the actual conference. Of the proceedings on 12 January, when the king and Privy Council met the bishops and deans in private, he gives a brief hearsay account. His statement speaks of the "great fervency" with which James urged instances of 'corruptions' in the Anglican church. Galloway represents the bishops as arguing that to make any alterations in the prayer-book would be tantamount to admitting that popish recusants and deprived puritans had suffered for refusing submission to what "now was confessed to be erroneous".

Galloway was popular as a preacher, and his services were sought in 1606 as one of the ministers of St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh; first on 3 June by the town council, then on 12 September by the four congregations which met there. He was not, however, appointed till the end of June 1607. In 1610, and again in 1615 and 1619, he was a member of the high commission court. On 27 June 1617, he signed the Protestation for the Liberties of the Kirk, directed against the legislative measures by which James sought to override the authority of the General Assembly. The most obnoxious of these measures having been withdrawn, Galloway withdrew his protest. He gave support to the Five Articles of Perth in August 1618 and did his best to carry out at St. Giles' in 1620 the article which enjoined kneeling at the communion. Of his last years little is known, and the exact date of his death is uncertain. It occurred before 10 February 1626, and probably in January of that year, though it has been placed as early as 1624.

He died after a short illness early in February 1626.

Family
He married:

(1) 1 May 1583, Matilda Guthrie, who died June 1592, and had issue —
James Galloway of Carnbee, created Baron Dunkeld 15 May 1645
William
Dorothy (married William Adamson of Craigcrook)
Christian

(2) in 1600, Katherine, daughter of James Lawson (Knox's colleague), widow of Gilbert Dick, merchant, burgess of Edinburgh.

Works
Catechisme (London, 1588)
A Short Discourse of the Good Ends of the Higher Providence, in the Late Attempt at His Majesty's Person (Edinburgh, 1600)
Letters to the Presb. of Edinburgh and to James VI. (Orig. Lett.)
The Apology when he Fled to England
Discourses on the Gowrie Conspiracy (Bannatyne Miscell., i. ; Pitcairn's Cr. Trials, ii.)

Bibliography
Edin. Guild, Counc, and Test. Reg.
Douglas's Peerage
Pollock's Works
Melvill's Autob.
Bann. Miscell., i.
Row's and Calderwood's hists.
Wilson's Pr. Perth

References

Citations

Sources

Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
1551 births
1626 deaths
Ministers of St Giles' Cathedral
16th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
17th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland


Sawyer were a group originally formed in Fife, Scotland in 1990 by John Mackie (vocals), Andrew Hunter (bass), Alan Findlay (drums) & Iain Hinchliffe (guitar). With this line-up they recorded a double 7" single for Human Condition Records of Edinburgh, operated by Jamie Watson (of Chamber Studios).

History
Sawyer were started by Andrew Hunter and John Mackie who then asked Iain Hinchliffe, of Fife band The Schoolhouse, and Alan Findlay, from Silent Falls and Supernova, to get together. After a double 7" EP and a line-up change, replacing Andrew Hunter with Alan Wilson on bass and adding Derek Anderson on guitar, Sawyer recorded an album called On The Seven, also released on Human Condition.

Sawyer went on long-term hiatus in 2000 following guitarist Iain H’s move to London for work. Iain H now plays in Part Chimp, Alan Findlay played drums in Mute records artists Foil, Derek Anderson plays in Scotland's premier Police tribute "The Polis" & "Harlot", and Alan Wilson plays guitar in 13 Tombs.

The band members came together again to perform in June 2013, at Electric Circus in Edinburgh, as part of a tribute night to the former venue Cas Rock.

Discography
Ghetty Chasun (Double 7" ep)  (1994) - Human Condition Records
Air Freshener (Compilation CD) - Earwing Records
On The Seven (CD) - (2000) Human Condition Records
Handbags At Dawn (Compilation CD) - Human Condition Records

References

External links
Sawyer on Discogs
Earwing Records website
Part Chimp website
Human Condition Records website

Scottish rock music groups


La Pintada  is a corregimiento and town in La Pintada District, Coclé Province, Panama. It is the seat of La Pintada District. It has a land area of  and had a population of 3,882 as of 2010, giving it a population density of . Its population as of 1990 was 3,515; its population as of 2000 was 3,733.

The town is located in the hills  northwest of Penonomé. The Coclé del Sur River runs along the edge of the town. Two kilometers from the town are located a variety of pre-Columbian petroglyphs.

The factory for the cigar brand Cigarros Joyas de Panamá is located in the town.  There is also a small artisans' market that sells Panama hats and various local crafts.

References

External links
Photo of the town's main square

Corregimientos of Coclé Province


Kinnoul may refer to:

 Kinnoul, Queensland, a locality in the Shire of Banana, Australia
 Kinnoull, Scotland


The selenium cycle is a biological cycle of selenium similar to the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.  Within the cycle, there are organisms which reduce the most oxidized form of the element and different organisms complete the cycle by oxidizing the reduced element to the initial state.

In the selenium cycle it has been found that bacteria, fungi, and plants, especially species of Astragalus, metabolize the most oxidized forms of selenium, selenate or selenite, to selenide.  It is also thought that microorganisms may be able to oxidize selenium of valence zero to selenium of valence +6.

Evidence for a selenium cycle is found through the study of selenium accumulator plants.  These plants are found in semi-arid, seleniferous soils.  The plants biosynthesize forms of organic selenium compounds and release the compounds into the soil when they decay.  If the compounds were not oxidized, then an increase in organic selenium would be seen, but selenium in these areas is mainly inorganic.

Aquatic ecosystems

There are three fates of dissolved selenium in an aquatic ecosystem:  1. it can be absorbed or ingested by organisms;  2. it can bind with suspended solids or sediments; or  3. it can remain in free solution. Over time, most of the selenium is taken in by organisms or bound to other solids.  As the suspended material settles, the selenium accumulates in the top layer of sediment.  Due to the dynamic flow in an aquatic ecosystem, selenium is usually only in the sediments temporarily before being cycled back into the system.

Immobilization processes
Selenium can be removed from the ecosystem and bound in sediment through natural processes of chemical and microbial reduction of the selenate form to the selenite form.  The reduction is followed by adsorption to clay, reaction with iron species, and coprecipitation or settling.  After selenium is in the sediment, other chemical and microbial reduction may occur, causing insoluble organic, mineral, elemental, or adsorbed selenium.  Some organic forms may be released into the atmosphere from volatilization by chemical or microbial activity in the water and sediment or by direct release from plants.  Immobilization processes effectively remove selenium from the ecosystem, especially in slow-moving or still-water areas.

Mobilization processes
Selenium is made available to the food chain through four oxidation and methylation processes.  The first process is oxidation and methylation of inorganic and organic selenium by plant roots and microorganisms.  The second process is biological mixing and associated oxidation of sediments from the burrowing of benthic invertebrates and feeding of fish and wildlife.  The third process is represented by physical movement and chemical oxidation from water circulation and mixing, such as current, wind, precipitation, and upwelling.  The fourth process is from oxidation by plant photosynthesis.

References

Biogeochemical cycle
Selenium


Johnny Lewis (1983–2012) was an American actor.

Johnny Lewis may also refer to:
Johnny Lewis (baseball) (1939–2018), baseball player, coach, scout, and manager
Johnny Lewis (boxing trainer) (born 1944), Australian boxing trainer
Johnny Lewis (footballer) (1901–1973), Australian rules footballer
Johnny Lewis (DJ) (born 1958), English disc jockey

See also
Johnnie Lewis (1946–2015), Liberian judge and politician
John Lewis (disambiguation)


John Richard Montague Wilson (30 October 1914 – 2 November 1988) was an English footballer who played on the inside-right for West Bromwich Albion, Port Vale, Wigan Athletic, and Shrewsbury Town.

Career
Wilson played for West Bromwich Albion, before joining Port Vale in May 1935. He failed to gain a regular first team spot and having made just the three Second Division appearances in the 1935–36 season he was transferred away from The Old Recreation Ground to Wigan Athletic in December 1935. Later he moved to Shrewsbury Town.

Career statistics
Source:

References

People from Lanchester, County Durham
Footballers from County Durham
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
English Football League players
1914 births
1988 deaths


William Morgan Andrus (July 25, 1907 – March 12, 1982), nicknamed "Andy", was a Major League Baseball player. Andrus played in  for the Washington Senators, and in  for the Philadelphia Phillies, playing 3 games for each team.
He was born in Beaumont, Texas and died in Washington, D.C.

References

External links
 https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/andrubi01.shtml

Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
1907 births
1982 deaths
Baseball players from Texas
Sportspeople from Beaumont, Texas


Jonathan Lewis may refer to:

Entertainment
Jonathan Guy Lewis (born 1963), English actor
Johnny Lewis (1983–2012), American actor
Jonathan Lewis (artist) (born 1970), visual artist

Sports
Jonathan Lewis (American football) (born 1984), American football player
Jonathan Lewis (soccer) (born 1997), American soccer player
Jonathan Lewis (motorsport), driver and manager
Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1970), English player and coach

Other
Jonathan Lewis (oncologist) (born 1959), oncologist and cancer drug developer
Jonathan Lewis (died c. 1820), alleged murderer of Omie Wise

See also
Jon Lewis (disambiguation)
John Lewis (disambiguation)


The Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963 arose from the refusal of the Bristol Omnibus Company to employ Black or Asian bus crews in the city of Bristol, England. In line with many other British cities at the time, there was widespread racial discrimination in housing and employment against so-called "Coloureds". An organisation founded by Roy Hackett and led by youth worker Paul Stephenson as the spokesperson of the group which included Owen Henry, Audley Evans, Prince Brown and Guy Bailey and the West Indian Development Council, the boycott of the company's buses by Bristolians lasted for four months until the company backed down and overturned their discriminative colour bar policy.

The boycott drew national attention to racial discrimination in Britain and the campaign was supported by national politicians, with interventions being made by church groups and the High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago. The Bristol Bus Boycott was considered by some to have been influential in the passing of the Race Relations Act 1965 which made "racial discrimination unlawful in public places" and the Race Relations Act 1968, which extended the provisions to employment and housing.

Background
Bristol in the early 1960s had an estimated 3,000 residents of West Indian origin, some of whom had served in the British military during the Second World War and some who had emigrated to the UK more recently. A large number of West Indians lived in the area around City Road in St Pauls, suffered discrimination in housing and employment and some encountered violence from Teddy Boy gangs of white youths. The community set up their own churches and associations, including the West Indian Association, which began to act as a representative body.

One of their foremost grievances was the colour bar operated by the Bristol Omnibus Company, which had been a nationalised company owned by the UK Government since 1950 and operated through the Transport Holding Company. Although there was a reported labour shortage on the buses, black prospective employees were refused employment offers as bus crews, although they were employed in lower paid positions in workshops and in canteens. The Bristol Evening Post and the Western Daily Press ran series on the colour bar, which was blamed by company management on the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU), which represented bus workers. Local union officials denied that there was any colour bar but in 1955 the Passenger Group of the TGWU had passed a resolution that "coloured" workers should not be employed as bus crews. Andrew Hake, curator of the Bristol Industrial Mission, recalled that "The TGWU in the city had said that if one black man steps on the platform as a conductor, every wheel will stop".

Some white conductresses expressed concern for their safety if they were crewed with black men. Another of the bus workers' concerns, apart from racism, was that a new competitive source of labour could reduce their earnings. Pay was low and workers relied on overtime to get a good wage. One shop steward said, "people were fearful of an influx of people from elsewhere (on the grounds it) would be reducing their earnings potential".

The dispute

Boycott
Four young West Indian men, Roy Hackett, Owen Henry, Audley Evans and Prince Brown, formed an action group, later to be called the West Indian Development Council. They were unhappy with the lack of progress in fighting discrimination by the West Indian Association. Owen Henry had met Paul Stephenson, whose father was from West Africa, and who had been to college. The group decided that the articulate Stephenson would be their spokesman. Stephenson set up a test case to prove the colour bar existed by arranging an interview with the bus company for Guy Bailey, a young warehouseman and Boys' Brigade officer. When Stephenson told the company that Bailey was West Indian, the interview was cancelled. Inspired by the refusal of Rosa Parks to give up her seat on a bus in Alabama and the ensuing Montgomery bus boycott in the United States in 1955, the activists decided on a bus boycott in Bristol.

Their action was announced at a press conference on 29 April 1963. The following day, they claimed that none of the city's West Indians were using the buses and that many white people supported them. In an editorial, the Bristol Evening Post pointed out that the TGWU opposed the apartheid system in South Africa and asked what trade union leaders were doing to counteract racism in their own ranks. When reporters questioned the bus company about the boycott, the general manager, Ian Patey, said

The advent of coloured crews would mean a gradual falling off of white staff. It is true that London Transport employ a large coloured staff. They even have recruiting offices in Jamaica and they subsidise the fares to Britain of their new coloured employees. As a result of this, the amount of white labour dwindles steadily on the London Underground. You won't get a white man in London to admit it, but which of them will join a service where they may find themselves working under a coloured foreman? ... I understand that in London, coloured men have become arrogant and rude, after they have been employed for some months.

Support

Students from Bristol University held a protest march to the bus station and the local headquarters of the TGWU on 1 May, which attracted heckling from bus crews as they passed through the city centre, according to the local press. Local MP Tony Benn (Labour) contacted then Labour Opposition leader Harold Wilson, who spoke out against the colour bar at an Anti-Apartheid Movement rally in London. On 2 May, local Labour Party Alderman Henry Hennessey spoke of the apparent collusion between bus company management and the TGWU over the colour bar. On 3 May, the ruling Labour Group on the city council threatened him with expulsion, despite his honourable service of over forty years.

Tony Benn, Fenner Brockway and former cricketer Learie Constantine also condemned the bus company. Constantine was then serving as High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago. Constantine wrote letters to the bus company and Stephenson and spoke out against the colour bar to reporters when he attended the cricket match between the West Indies and Gloucestershire at the County Ground, which took place from 4 to 7 May. The West Indies team refused to publicly support the boycott, saying that sport and politics did not mix. During the game, local members of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (CARD) distributed leaflets urging spectators to support the action.

The local branch of the TGWU refused to meet with a delegation from the West Indian Development Council and an increasingly bitter war of words was fought out in the local media. Ron Nethercott, South West Regional Secretary of the union, persuaded a local black TGWU member, Bill Smith, to sign a statement which called for quiet negotiation to solve the dispute. It condemned Stephenson for causing potential harm to the city's Black and Asian population. Nethercott launched an attack on Stephenson in the Daily Herald newspaper, calling him dishonest and irresponsible. This led to a libel case in the High Court, which awarded Stephenson damages and costs in December 1963.

The Bristol Council of Churches launched a mediation attempt, saying

We seriously regret that what may prove an extended racial conflict arising from this issue has apparently been deliberately created by a small group of West Indians professing to be representative. We also deplore the apparent fact that social and economic fears on the part of some white people should have placed the Bristol Bus Company in a position where it is most difficult to fulfil the Christian ideal of race relations.

This in turn was criticised by Robert Davison, an official at the Jamaican High Commission, who stated that it was "nonsense to describe a group of West Indians as unrepresentative when no representative West Indian body existed".

At a May Day rally, held on Sunday 6 May in Eastville, Bristol Trades Council members publicly criticised the TGWU. On the same day Paul Stephenson had organised a demonstration march to St Mary Redcliffe church but there was a poor turnout. Some local West Indians said they should not ripple the water and according to Roy Hackett, they may have feared victimisation. The dispute led to what has been described as one of the largest mailbags that the Bristol Evening Post had ever received, with contributors writing in support of both sides of the issue.

Resolution
The union, the city Labour establishment and the Bishop of Bristol, Oliver Stratford Tomkins, ignored Stephenson and tried to work with Bill Smith of the TGWU to resolve the dispute. Learie Constantine continued with his support for the campaign, meeting with the Lord Mayor of Bristol and Frank Cousins, leader of the Transport and General Workers Union. He went to the Bristol Omnibus Company's parent, the Transport Holding Company and persuaded them to send officials to talk with the union. The company chairman told Constantine that racial discrimination was not company policy.
Negotiations between the bus company and the union continued for several months until a mass meeting of 500 bus workers agreed on 27 August to end the colour bar. On 28 August 1963, Ian Patey announced that there would be no more discrimination in employing bus crews. It was on the same day that Martin Luther King made his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the March in Washington. On 17 September, Raghbir Singh, a Sikh, became Bristol's first non-White bus conductor. A few days later two Jamaican and two Pakistani men joined him.

Aftermath
In 1965, the United Kingdom Parliament passed a Race Relations Act, which made "racial discrimination unlawful in public places". This was followed by the Race Relations Act 1968 which extended the provisions to housing and employment. The enactment of this legislation has been cited by some as having been influenced by the Bristol bus boycott. Robert Verkaik, Legal Affairs Correspondent for The Independent newspaper, said "Few doubt that without Mr Stephenson's efforts it would have been difficult for Harold Wilson's Labour government to bring in Britain's first anti-discrimination laws." In 2003, as part of Black History Month, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a programme about the boycott.

Unite, the successor to the Transport and General Workers Union, issued an apology in February 2013. Laurence Faircloth, the union's South West secretary said of the union's stance at the time, "It was completely unacceptable. I can well accept the sense of injustice and pain that has been felt because [of] what happened in Bristol all those years ago".

Recognition
In the 2009 New Year Honours, Stephenson was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for his part in organising the bus boycott ("for  services to Equal Opportunities
and to Community Relations in Bristol.") Bailey and Hackett were also awarded OBEs.

Deaths
Roy Hackett died in 2022, at the age of 93.

See also

 Racial segregation in the United Kingdom
 Anti-discrimination law
 Civil and political rights
 Montgomery bus boycott
 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott
 Asquith Xavier—a British Railways employee who ended a colour bar at London stations by becoming the first non-white guard

Notes

Works cited

External links
 Joyce Morris-Wisdom's account of her participation in the boycott
 Student thesis: Racial Discrimination in employment? The Bristol bus boycott of 1963, Joyce Chappell, 2007 (MS Word)
 Short video clip from the BBC learning Zone on the Bristol Bus Boycott
 Resources on the Bus Boycott from Bristol Education
 Podcast on BBC Witness June 4 2013, 50th anniversary
 Jon Kelly, "What was behind the Bristol bus boycott?", BBC News Magazine, 27 August 2013

1960s in Bristol
Civil rights protests
Boycotts of organizations
Protests in England
Conflicts in 1963
Black British history
1963 in England
Discrimination in England
Race relations in the United Kingdom
April 1963 events in the United Kingdom
Bus transport in Bristol
1963 protests


Kia Byers (born October 6, 1987 in Regina, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian sprint kayaker who has competed since 2000. She won a bronze medal in the K-1 4 x 200 m event at the 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Dartmouth.

Byers also won a gold medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in the women's K-2 500 m event, alongside Marie-Christine Schmidt.

Kia has been a carded member of the Canadian National team since 2006 competing at the World Championships since 2009.
She has been number one in the K-1 200m event since 2009, racing it at each World Championships since.

References
Canadian Olympic Committee profile
Canoe09.ca profile

1987 births
Living people
Canadian female canoeists
Canoeists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
University of Regina alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
21st-century Canadian women
20th-century Canadian women


Stepien or Stępień may refer to:

Places
Stępień, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, a village in Poland
Stępień, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, a village in Poland

People
 Andrzej Stępień (born 1953), Polish Olympic athlete
 Bill Stepien (born 1978), American political consultant
 Karol Herman Stępień (1910–1943), Polish Roman Catholic martyr
 Marek Stępień (born 1964), Polish fencer
 Mariusz Stepien (born 1976), metal detector enthusiast in Scotland
 Piotr Stępień (born 1963), Polish wrestler
 Ted Stepien (1925–2007), American sports team owner
 Władysław Stępień (born 1946), Polish politician
 Włodzimierz Stępień (born 1952), Polish politician

See also

 Septién, a surname


Marie-Christine Schmidt (born August 19, 1986 in LaSalle, Quebec) is a Canadian sprint kayaker. She won a gold medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in the women's K-2 500 metres event, alongside Kia Byers.

See also
List of Canoe/Kayak athletes by Country

References
Canadian Olympic Committee

1986 births
Living people
Canadian female canoeists
Canoeists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Canoeists from Montreal
People from LaSalle, Quebec
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


An Austin ring transformer is a special type of isolation transformer with low capacitance and high isolation between the primary and secondary.

Etymology
It is named after its inventor, Arthur O. Austin, who graduated from Stanford University in 1903 and who obtained 225 patents in his career.

Background
AM radio stations that broadcast in the medium frequency (MF) and low frequency (LF) bands typically use a type of antenna called a base-fed mast radiator.  This is a tall radio mast in which the steel mast structure itself is energized and serves as the antenna.  The mast is mounted on a ceramic insulator to isolate it from the ground and the feedline from the transmitter is bolted to it.  Typically the mast will have a radio frequency AC potential of several thousand volts on it with respect to ground during operation.

Aviation regulations require that radio towers have aircraft warning lights along their length, so the tower will be visible to aircraft at night.  The high voltage on the tower poses a problem with powering the lights.  The power cable that runs down the tower and connects to the utility line is at the high voltage of the mast.  Without protective equipment the current from the mast would flow down the cable to the power line ground, short-circuiting the mast.  To prevent this, a protective isolator device is installed in the lighting power cable at the base of the mast which blocks the radio frequency power while allowing the 50/60 hertz AC mains power for the lights through.

Use and mechanism
The Austin transformer is a specialized type of isolation transformer made specifically for this use, in which the primary and secondary windings of the transformer are separated by an air gap, wide enough so the high voltage on the antenna cannot jump across.  It consists of a ring-shaped toroidal iron core with the primary winding wrapped around it, mounted on a bracket from the mast's concrete base, connected to the lighting power source.  The secondary winding which provides power to the mast lights is a ring-shaped coil which circles the toroidal core through the center, like two links in a chain, with an air gap between the two. The magnetic field created by the primary winding induces current in the secondary winding without the necessity of a direct connection between them.  The wide gap of several centimeters between the coils also insures that there is minimal interwinding capacitance, to prevent RF voltage being induced in the supply wiring by capacitive coupling.

References

External links

Electric transformers
de:Austin Transformator


Tadeusz Iwaniec (born October 9, 1947 in Elbląg) is a Polish-American mathematician, and since 1996 John Raymond French Distinguished Professor of Mathematics at Syracuse University.

He and mathematician Henryk Iwaniec are twin brothers.

Awards and honors
Iwaniec was given the Prize of the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 1980, the Alfred Jurzykowski Award in Mathematics in 1997, the Prix 2001 Institut Henri-Poincaré Gauthier-Villars, and the 2009 Sierpinski Medal of the Polish Mathematical Society and Warsaw University. In 1998 he was elected as a foreign member of the Academia di Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, Italy  and in 2012 as a foreign member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.

References

Polish mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Polish emigrants to the United States
People from Elbląg
Polish twins
1947 births
Living people
Syracuse University faculty
Mathematicians from New York (state)
20th-century American mathematicians


Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted in July 2009. On July 4, 2009, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the DPRK, or North Korea) launched seven short range missiles into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), after previously launching four missiles two days earlier on July 2. The missiles were launched in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874.

Events
Missiles have been fired from the launch site at the port of Wonsan on the east coast of the country. Based on information from an anonymous government representative in Seoul, Korean agency Yonhap reported that the missiles are of the Scud type with a range of around 400 kilometers.

During the week North Korea announced upcoming military exercises in the Sea of Japan, and with it declared an area closed to navigation around the port of Vonsan and into the Sea of Japan and covering an area of 450 by 110 kilometers. The planned military exercises were announced to cover the period from June 25 to July 10.

The latest round of missile launches were timed for the United States' Independence Day as a show of military might and came on the heels of UNSC Resolution 1874. Sanctions and penalties were declared in the wake of the May 25 underground test of a nuclear explosive device by Pyongyang, and what the DPRK insist was an attempt to peacefully place a satellite in orbit but what the United States, Japan and South Korea  see as cover for the development of a long-range ballistic missile.

The North Koreans have previously warned that any attempt to enact sanctions will be seen as an act of war.

The United Nations Security Council condemned the launches expressing "grave concern" and urged all countries in the region to refrain from any action that could escalate tensions.

International reaction
: Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang urged relevant sides to remain calm and exercise restraint.
: Chief Cabinet Secretary Takeo Kawamura condemned the launches, saying they were a "serious act of provocation against the security of neighboring countries" and violated U.N. Security Council resolutions.
: The Russian Foreign Ministry expressed regret at the launches.
: South Korea condemned the launches and called them "deeply deplorable".
: State Department spokesman Karl Duckworth said the tests were "not helpful" and warned North Korea not to aggravate tensions.

See also
 2009 North Korean nuclear test
 2009 North Korean satellite rocket launch
 2006 North Korean nuclear test
 2006 North Korean missile test
 1998 North Korean missile test
 1993 North Korean missile test

References

Missile test
Guided missiles of North Korea
2009 North Korean missile tests
Nuclear program of North Korea
North Korean missile tests


Stoislaw may refer to:

 Stoislaw I, a Slavic prince of Rügen
 Stoisław, West Pomeranian Voivodeship


Stojka may refer to:

Places:
 Stójka, Podlaskie Voivodeship, village in Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland
 Stójka, Lublin Voivodeship, village in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland

People:
 Andre Stojka (born 1944), American voice actor
 Ceija Stojka (1933–2013), Austrian-Romani writer, painter and musician
 Harri Stojka (born 1957), Austrian jazz guitarist

See also
Stoica (disambiguation)


San Esteban de Pravia is one of two parishes (administrative divisions) in Muros de Nalón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Population

Parishes in Muros de Nalón


Charles William “C.W.” Dickey (6 July 1871 – 25 April 1942) was an American architect famous for developing a distinctive style of Hawaiian architecture. He was known not only for designing some of the most famous buildings in Hawaii—such as the Alexander & Baldwin Building, Halekulani Hotel, Kamehameha Schools campus buildings—but also for influencing a cadre of notable successors, including Hart Wood, Cyril Lemmon, Douglas Freeth, Roy Kelley, and Vladimir Ossipoff.

Biography
Dickey was born in Alameda, California. His maternal grandfather, William P. Alexander, was an early missionary to Hawaii. His mother was Anne Alexander (1843–1940), whose brother Samuel Thomas Alexander founded Alexander & Baldwin with Henry Perrine Baldwin who was married to his aunt Emily Alexander. His father was Charles Henry Dickey (1841–1932). He grew up in Haikū on Maui, but he returned to California for schooling. After finishing high school in Oakland, California, he obtained a B.A. in architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894, then worked with Clinton Briggs Ripley (1896–1900) and E.A.P. Newcomb (1901–1905) in Honolulu, Hawaii, before returning to open his own firm in Oakland. He died in Honolulu, Hawaii

Work
His initial designs in Hawaii were eclectic. Influences of the then popular Richardsonian Romanesque style can be seen in Punahou School's Pauahi Hall (1894–96), the Bishop Estate Building on Merchant Street (1896), the Irwin Block (Nippu Jiji building) on Nuuanu Street (1896), and Progress Block on Fort Street (1897) in Downtown Honolulu, the last now occupied by Hawaii Pacific University. One of his finest early designs was the Italianate Stangenwald Building (1901) on Merchant Street. Many of these are contributing properties to the Merchant Street Historic District.

Even while in Oakland, Dickey continued to design for clients in Hawaii. Dickey’s California firm designed the plantation office building for the Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S) at Puunene, Maui in 1917 (and his Honolulu firm designed renovations to the building ten years later).  HC&S, a division of Alexander & Baldwin, Inc., was the last remaining sugar plantation in Hawaii when it closed in 2016.  In 1920, he reopened an office in Honolulu, in partnership with Hart Wood, and then returned for good in 1925. This time he felt a stronger need to adapt his buildings to the local environment, declaring in 1926: "Hawaiian architecture is a type distinctive to itself and Mediterranean styles must be adapted to fit local conditions before they are at all suited to the islands." He favored larger open spaces and fewer walls, to allow the tradewinds to circulate, and roofs with projecting eaves in order to keep rain out without having to close the windows.

The shape of the roof and the projecting eaves became such a Dickey trademark that it became known locally as the "Dickey roof": a hip roof with a "double-pitch", that is, a shallower pitch at the eaves, as can be seen on the house he constructed in 1926. So many other architects have adapted this roof style over the years that it has now become a stereotypical feature of a "Hawaiian sense of place."

During the 1920s, Dickey designed guest cottages in Waikiki for the Halekulani Hotel that attempted to replicate the charm of Hawaiian grass houses. In 1930, he completed the hotel's Honeymoon Cottage, and in 1931 its main building. In 1931, he designed the Immigration Station (construction completed in 1934) at Honolulu Harbor while a young architect from California and new to Honolulu, Val Ossipoff, was working for Dickey. He designed the Waikiki Theatre in 1936. In 1940, he designed another new hotel at the edge of the Kīlauea volcano for Greek businessman George Lycurgus called the Volcano House.

Gallery

Family tree

References

Further reading

1871 births
1942 deaths
20th-century American architects
Architects from Hawaii
Architects from California
People from Alameda, California
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni


Alan Johnson (born 13 March 1947) is an English former footballer who played on the right-wing for Port Vale and Stafford Rangers in the 1960s.

Career
Johnson graduated through the Port Vale youth side to sign professional forms at Vale Park in September 1964. He scored on his debut in a 2–2 draw with Barrow at Holker Street on 6 November 1965. However, he only played one more Fourth Division game in the 1965–66 season before being transferred to local non-League side Stafford Rangers by manager Jackie Mudie in November 1966.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Port Vale F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
1947 births
Living people


The Water Tower was built in 1897 by Challenge Wind and Feed mill Company of Batavia, Illinois.  This is a rare wooden tank atop a brick tower type of water tower.  Built on a limestone foundation, it is  tall and about  in diameter.  The brick walls are  thick.

The original tank was replaced by the Challenge Company in 1924.  The tank is made of horizontal battens of cypress, held in place by metal binder rings. The Water Tower and Town Hall, constructed in 1897. Remington, the largest community in Carpenter Township.  The town has of approximately 1250 people, founded in 1860. The area is predominantly agricultural.  The early stimulus for the growth was the Toledo, Logansport & Burlington Railroad line, established in 1859. The water tower was in use until 1984 when a new water tower was built.

The Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill Company of Batavia, Illinois constructed the water tower and town hall. Built with a limestone foundation, common bond brick tower and cypress wood tank measure  high and  in diameter.  The brick walls are  thick. The water tank holds . The double semicircular header bond arched opening holds two ledged batten doors that open out. A dedication plaque from the Challenge Wind Mill and Feed Mill Company is affixed above the door. Spiraling up the water tower are a series of eight arched wood frame windows with limestone sills. There are two windows on each "side" facing the cardinal points.

The water tank is constructed of horizontally curved cypress battens and dates to 1927. The roof of the water tank was originally cedar shingles but it was replaced in 2003 with plywood and rolled shingles. The  single story brick structure on the east side may have housed the town hall. It sits on a limestone foundation and is constructed of painted common bond brick. The low pitched gable roof is covered with asphalt shingles and conforms on the west end to the curve of the water tower.

Interior
The interiors of the tower and the town hall are covered with parging. The semicircular arch connecting the two has been altered to accommodate a rectangular door. Several pipes encumber the first floor of the water tower. There is a wood staircase leading up to the second floor. The floor itself was constructed of wood and repaired after a 1905 fire. From the second floor a narrow staircase spirals through the tower along the interior wall for about . The staircase and floors were constructed from the scaffolding the
workers used to build the tower. Then the exterior metal ladder and walkway must be used to access the tank. The town hall retains the pressed metal ceiling and cornice.

History
The small farming community of Remington dates its founding to 1860. By 1870, the population reached 390. The needs of the town were growing and soon after there were three churches, a school, and several commercial buildings. Around 1887, a forty-foot tower was built near the town jail to house the fire bell. By 1890 when the town government had outgrown its jail building, the jail was sold to purchase a lot and school.

It was in the 1870s–80s that water systems spread rapidly across the country. The city of Rensselaer, the county seat of Jasper County, had a population of 4000 before it had the infrastructure to provide regular city water in 1900. In 1897 the Remington water tower made wells and cisterns obsolete for firefighting and drinking water.

Awards
American Water Landmark – from the American Water Works Association, 1986
National Register of Historic Places, 2003, (Water supply infrastructure)

References

Bibliography
Atkinson, Ray E. "Remington Centennial Scrapbook, 1860–1960" Remington: Atkinson Studio, 1960.
Challenge Wind Mill & Feed Mill Company Archives. Batavia Historical Society. Batavia, Illinois, 2003.
Davis, Marsh. "Indiana Observed" Indiana Preservationist. July/August 1995.
Hamilton, Louis H. & William Darroch, editors. A Standard History Jasper & Newton Counties, Indiana: An Authentic Narrative of the Past, With an Extended Survey of Modern Developments in the Progress of Town and Country. Volumes I and II. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1916.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Jasper County Interim Report: Indiana Historic Sites & Structures Inventory. Published May 2002.
National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Benton Stone Water Tower, Lafayette County, Wisconsin, 1998.
National Register of Historic Places nomination for the H. Black & Company Building, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 2002.
National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Ohio Hospital for Epileptics Stone Water Towers, Gallia County, Ohio, 1978.
National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Ransom Water Tower, Ransom, Illinois, 1990.
National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Sun Prairie Water Tower, Dane County, Wisconsin, 2000.
Ohio Historic Preservation Office. Historic Inventory Cards for Water Towers. Columbus, Ohio, 1977–78.
Remington Centennial Steering Committee. "Remington Centennial Historical Souvenir Book: 1860–1960"
Royalty, James H. History of the Town of Remington & Vicinity, Jasper County, Indiana. Logansport, IN: Press of Wilson, Humphreys, & Co, 1894.
Shearer, Robert B. "Remington, Then and Now" taken from History of Jasper County, Indiana. Jasper & Newton Counties Genealogical Society, 1985.
Walker, Amy. Series of interviews with Mark Jones & Kay Brown in Remington, Indiana. July 6, 2000; July 14, 2000; August 1, 2000.
Watermann, Earle L. Elements of Water Supply Engineering, New York: Wiley, 1934.
Wealing, Stephanie. Interview with Bob Popeck, Batavia City Engineer. May 14, 2003.

Towers in Indiana
Government buildings completed in 1897
Buildings and structures in Jasper County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Jasper County, Indiana
Government buildings in Indiana
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Water towers on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin


Vojtěch Filip (; born 13 January 1955) is a Czech politician and former leader of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM).

Early life and legal career
Filip was born in 1955, in Jedovary near České Budějovice. After graduating from the gymnasium in Trhové Sviny, he studied law at the University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Brno (now Masaryk University).

Before entering military service, Filip worked as a lawyer at the former national firm Sfinx Budweis. He returned to work there in September 1979 after completing his military service in Prague, and continued working there until 1990. In 1993 Filip started his own law firm.

Political activities
Filip worked for the Socialist Union of Youth (; SSM) from 1970 to 1986. He joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in 1983, and from 1990 was a member of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM), where he worked in the Central Auditing Commission and was later the chairman of the IP KSČM in České Budějovice and the UV KSCM. From 1996, he was a member of the party's Central Executive Committee. He also worked as Chairman of the Commission for Legislation and Human Rights of UV KSČM.

Filip was politically active at a local level from 1984, when he was elected in a by-election for Members of the Municipal National Committee in České Budějovice. His mandate as a Member of the Municipal National Committee ended in November 1990, and he later ran successfully for České Budějovice City Council on the KSČM list in 1994, and was re-elected in 1998 and in repeated elections in 1999.

From 1990, he was also politically active at the national level. He was a member of the House budget plan of the people, and between June 1992 and December 1992 the Secretary of the Constitutional and Legal Committee House of the people. In 1996 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the KSČM. At the same time, he was elected President of the Club Members in the PS KSČM Senate. In his second term, he worked in the Committee for Defense and Security. After elections in 2002 and 2006 he was elected twice as vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies.

After the poor performance of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM) in the 2021 Czech legislative election, in which the party failed to meet the 5% voting threshold and was thus disqualified from parliament for the first time in its history, Filip resigned as leader of the party.

Personal life

He married Ludmila in 1979, and they have two children, son Robin (born 1982) and daughter Darina (born 1985). His wife is a doctor, who acquired her own private practice in 1993. Filip's hobbies include music (particularly rock), nature, fishing and travelling.

Controversies
In November 2014, Filip travelled to Moscow at the invitation of Sergei Zheleznyak. The Czech Parliament distanced themselves from Filip's trip and the statements he made while in Russia. Consequently, a vigorous debate took place about the financing of the trip, and Filip was criticized by the Parliament, who accused him of undermining Czech foreign policy interests and providing the Kremlin with useful propaganda.

In August 2018, around the 50th anniversary of the Prague Spring, Filip commented that Russia should not be held responsible for the invasion, as Leonid Brezhnev and many of the soldiers involved in the military action were from Ukraine.

In 2019, a delegation led by the China Tianjin Communist Party secretary Li Hongzhong visited Prague and met with Filip, along with Jan Hamáček (ČSSD) Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, and Radek Vondráček (ANO), President of the Chamber of Deputies. The meeting was one of a series of meetings held in secret, and was not known to the public until it was reported by Czech investigative website Hlídací pes and Sinopsis, using Chinese language sources.

References

Životopisy Filip Vojtěch JUDr.

1955 births
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia MPs
Czechoslovak lawyers
Living people
Masaryk University alumni
Leaders of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
Czech communists
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (1996–1998)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (1998–2002)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2002–2006)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2006–2010)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2010–2013)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2013–2017)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–2021)
20th-century Czech lawyers


Stradun may refer to:
Stradun (street), the main street in Dubrovnik, Croatia
Straduń, a village in Poland


Topa is a village in Mendhar Tehsil, Poonch district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Battle of Topa was fought here by 5 Gorkha Rifles.

History

Battle of Topa (1965)

From anti-infiltration operations conducted by the battalion from 5 August 1965 onwards in Rajouri and Mendhar Sectors of Jammu and Kashmir, it was evident that many strong infiltrating columns of the Pakistani Army had been sent into our territory as part of Pakistan's ‘Operation Gibraltar’. By the third week of August 65, Headquarter 52 Mountain Brigade (Brigadier later Lieutenant General R D Hira, MVC) had been inducted into the sector for clearance of infiltrators from Mendhar, Surankot and Krishna Ghati area. For the operations, 4/5 GR (FF), 14 Kumaon and 3/11 GR were put under command of the brigade and made responsible for anti-infiltration operations in Mendhar in the South and Krishna Gati (KG) area of 93 Infantry Brigade Sector. Reports of major infiltration in Mendhar and Balnoi had been received and some of the roads had been blocked by Paki troops. Closer to Mendhar, Paki's had occupied Topa feature, which effectively dominated fair weather road Mendhar - Balnoi, thus cutting off Balnoi and Krishna Ghati (93 Infantry Brigade). They had also established defences at a place called OP Hill, on the ridgeline across Mendhar River. The first priority of the brigade was to cut off maintenance routes of these Paki troops and clearance of road to Balnoi and KG. Alfa Company of 21 AK Battalion Pakistan Army, with additional troops and Razakars, were reported to be occupying Topa Height (Pt 4571) and had effectively interdicted road communications in the area.

Topa feature, Pt 4571, a dominating hill, was about 1.5 kilometres away from the Mendhar – Balnoi Road. The position had three hubs; Point 4571 (Topa Top); Gujar Kotha, a feature on its southern slopes; and a Ring Contour further to the south, called Jungle Tekri overlooking the road. It was, therefore, decided to launch a deliberate attack to capture these positions and open the road. The task of capturing Topa was given to 4/5 GR (FF). The battalion concentrated on 25 August 1965 at Mendhar for the task.

On 26 August, after having concentrated in the area, own troops were fired upon from Jungle Tekri and Gujar Kotha. In the initial operations, launched the same day, the area of Jungle Tekri was captured by B Coy led by Major (later Colonel) Sunit Singh, and 2 POWs, apart from the recovery of weapons and ammunition. This position, apparently, was a forward element of Topa defences. It was decided to launch a deliberate attack the next day, 27 August, to capture the feature. The task of the capture of Topa Top was given to Delta Company (Captain (later Colonel) Bikram Katoch) with Bravo Company (Sunit Singh) and Charlie Company (Major later Major General Ashok Mehta, AVSM, FRGS) as a firm base and reserve company respectively. The orders to Bikram Katoch by Commanding Officer (CO) late Lieutenant Colonel (Later Colonel) M L Bhatia were; "'Topa lai capture Gariyo Bhane Kasto Hola'" followed by brief orders (Translated from Gorkhali: ‘How about capturing Topa?’). Colonel Bhatia did not restrict himself with brief orders for the attack but was all along with the leading Company, just behind the leading Platoon.

On 27th, Captain Bikram Katoch led the assault of his company. CO, Lieutenant Colonel (Later Colonel) M L Bhatia, followed the leading platoon of D Company. As soon as the troops reached closer to the Gujar Kotha, they were fired upon. They unsheathed their Khukri's and amidst the war cry of Ayo Gorkhali assaulted the position. By about by 27th-afternoon area Gujar Kotha, position below Pt 4571 (Topa Top) was captured. The defences had mostly been captured but Pt 4571 (Topa Top) was still held. D Company pressed on and by evening Topa Top was also captured. Battalion thereafter firmed in, reorganised on the objective and road communication was opened. Two more POWs, many dead bodies of Paki soldiers and a lot of arms and ammunition were found. On 28 August 1965, during further combing operations towards the north of the ridge, Senior Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO - Subedar) of the Pak Company (JC 824 Subedar Abdul Rahman of A Coy 21 AK Battalion) was captured from a Gujjar Hut, with an injury to his right arm. He revealed that the injury was by a direct hit of a 2-inch mortar bomb, fired by mortar detachment of D Company under Naik Bir Bahadur Pun. However, Naik Bir Bahadur Pun had gallantly laid down his life, when he was hit by a bullet in the head. C Company was thereafter tasked to hold the area as the battalion less C Company moved out of the area, for further operations in the sector, which continued till the ceasefire on 22 September 1965.

Geography
Topa is located at . It has an average elevation of 1,126 metres (3,694 feet). The village is located 55 kilometres from district headquarters Poonch and 1 km from tehsil headquarters Mendhar.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Topa had 313 households. The literacy rate of Topa village is 63.59%. In Topa, Male literacy stands at 77.45% while the female literacy rate was 51.29%.

Transportation

Air
Poonch Airport is a non-operational airstrip in the tehsil headquarters Poonch. The nearest airport to Poonch is Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport in Srinagar, located 175 kilometres from Topa.

Rail
There is no railway connectivity to Topa. There are plans to construct a Jammu–Poonch line which will connect Jammu with district headquarters Poonch via railways. The nearest major railway station is Jammu Tawi railway station located 210 kilometres from Topa.

Road
The village is well-connected to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the NH 144A and other intra-district roads.

See also
Poonch
Jammu and Kashmir
Rajouri
Surankote
Jammu

References

Villages in Mendhar tehsil