The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP), also called The Match, is a United States-based private non-profit non-governmental organization created in 1952 to place U.S. medical school students into residency training programs located in United States teaching hospitals.  Its mission has since expanded to include the placement of U.S. citizen and non-U.S. citizen international medical school students and graduates into residency and fellowship training programs.  In addition to the annual Main Residency Match that in 2021 encompassed more than 48,000 applicants and 38,000 positions, the NRMP conducts Fellowship Matches for more than 60 subspecialties through its Specialties Matching Service (SMS). The NRMP is sponsored by a board of directors that includes medical school deans, teaching hospital executives, graduate medical education program directors, medical students and residents, and one public member.

NRMP International, a subsidiary of the National Resident Matching Program, was established in 2010 to provide medical matching services outside the United States and Canada.

History
From shortly after the first residency programs were formally introduced in the 1920s, the hiring process was "characterized by intense competition among hospitals for (an inadequate supply) of interns." In general, hospitals benefited from filling their positions as early as possible, and applicants benefited from delaying acceptance of positions.  The combination of those factors led to offers being made for positions up to two years in advance of the start of postgraduate training.

In 1945, medical schools decided not to release any transcripts or permit any letters of recommendation to be written until a particular date. In that way, they managed to move the date of residency selection back to the fourth year of medical school. However, the competition for residents simply took on another form. Programs began to issue offers with a time limit for reply. The time limit rapidly decreased from 10 days in 1945 to less than 12 hours in 1950. Students were being issued "exploding" offers that required them to make a decision about training before hanging up the telephone.

In the early 1950s, the National Interassociation Committee on Internships (NICI) examined existing matching plans and chose the Boston Pool Plan, utilized at the time by Boston-area programs, as the model for a trial run of a new centralized system. In October 1951, student representatives from 79 medical schools formed the National Student Internship Committee (NSIC) to discuss the findings of the NICI trial Match and consider an NICI proposal to replicate the Boston Pool Plan at the national level. NSIC petitioned to have the algorithm modified to more equitably represent applicants, and the modified algorithm was adopted and used for the first Match on 1952. That Match was a success, and the NICI recommended the creation of an organization to administer and oversee the running of the Match. The organization, known as the National Intern Matching Program (NIMP), was established in 1952 at the request of medical students.

Modifications to the algorithm proposed by students in 1951 were based on concerns that the matching process favored hospitals over applicants. The students believed the algorithm gave them incentives to misrepresent their true preferences. A publication in 1962 by David Gale & Lloyd Shapley noted that there always exists a stable solution when colleges are matching with students, but that it is possible to favor colleges as a group over applicants as a group (and vice versa). That is, Gale and Shapley found that there is a college-optimal stable match and an applicant-optimal stable match. Lloyd Shapley along with Alvin Roth, would go on to win the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics for their work on stable allocations.

A debate arose regarding whether the matching program was susceptible to manipulation or unreasonably fair to programs.  Indeed, it was shown that in simple cases (i.e. those that exclude couples, second-year programs, and special cases for handling unfilled slots) that had multiple "stable" matchings, the algorithm would return the solution that preferred the preferences of programs over applicants.  A correspondence in New England Journal of Medicine in 1981 recognized that the algorithm in use was program-optimal for individual applicants.

Later researchers, such as Marilda Sotomayor in 1983, Alvin Roth in 1984, and Klaus et al. in 2007, found that when couples are allowed to match together, there may exist no stable matching.

The NRMP algorithm saw only minor and incremental changes after its institution in 1952. However, in the fall of 1995 the NRMP Board of Directors commissioned a preliminary research study to evaluate the current algorithm and recommend changes to be considered in its operation and description, as well as a study comparing a new algorithm with the existing one. A new applicant-proposing algorithm was adopted in May 1997 and has been in use since its first application in March 1998, although the study showed that the net effect of the change on actual matches has been minimal.

Matching algorithm
Matching applicants to programs is a generalization of the stable marriage problem; as a result, the solutions are very similar. A simplified version of the algorithm that is used to perform the matching process is described below and on the NRMP website. However, this description does not include the handling of couples (pairs of applicants who participate in a Match together, perhaps to stay in the same geographic location), second-year positions, or special handling of residency positions that remain unfilled. The full algorithm is described in .

Inputs
The application process for residency training begins prior to the opening of the Main Residency Match in September.  Applications usually are sent to programs through the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), a service of the Association of American Medical Colleges.  After applicants apply to programs, programs review applications and invite selected candidates for interviews held between October and February. After the interview period is over, programs and applicants each compile "rank order lists" that they submit to the NRMP.  Programs list applicants, ranked in order from most to least preferred, whom they wish to train.  Similarly, applicants rank programs where they wish to train.  For applicants matching as a couple, the rank order lists include pairs of program choices that are considered simultaneously by the matching algorithm.  Applicants' rank order lists can include a combination of categorical programs (training that is 3–5 years in length and begins in the first post-graduate year); preliminary programs (training that is one year in length and begins in the first post-graduate year); or advanced programs (training that is 3–4 years in length and begins after one or more years of preliminary training).  For advanced programs on the rank order list, applicants can append a supplemental list of preliminary programs to attempt to match to a full course of training.

Simple case
The matching process begins with an attempt to match an applicant to the program most preferred on that applicant's rank order list (ROL).  If the applicant cannot be matched to that first choice program, an attempt is made to place the applicant into the second choice program, and so on, until the applicant is tentatively matched to a program that has an open position and who prefers that applicant or all the applicant's choices on the ROL have been exhausted. This process is carried out for all applicants until each applicant has either been tentatively matched to the most preferred choice possible or all choices submitted by all applicants have been exhausted.  Tentative matches then become final.

To understand how the current NRMP algorithm works, it is helpful to begin by considering the simpler case where there are no couples or secondary programs.

As in the stable marriage problem, the basic goal is to match applicants to programs so that the results are "stable". "Stability" in this case means that there is no applicant A and program P such that both of the following are true:
 A is unmatched or would prefer to go to P over the program to which A matched
 P has a free slot or would prefer A over one of the other applicants matched to the program.

It can be shown that for any instance of the problem, there is at least one valid solution.  Under the old (pre-1995) NRMP algorithm that favored programs' preferences over applicants', programs could benefit in certain cases from lying about their preferences.  This is no longer possible under the current algorithm.  Applicants cannot benefit by lying about their preferences, even if they have perfect knowledge of everyone's preferences.

Under the current system, it also is impossible for an applicant to be harmed by including more residency programs at the bottom of a list if those programs are indeed preferable to not being matched.

Couples
Couples' rank order lists are processed simultaneously by the matching algorithm, which complicates the problem.  In some cases there exists no stable solution (with stable defined the way it is in the simple case).  In fact, the problem of determining whether there is a stable solution and finding it if it exists has been proven NP-complete.  Also, while there is no randomization in the NRMP algorithm—so it will always return the same output when given exactly the same input—different outcomes can be produced by changing trivial features of the data such as the order in which applicants and programs are processed. However, in initial testing of the algorithm over 5 years of residency match data and a variety of different initial conditions, the current NRMP algorithm always terminated quickly on a stable solution.  Testing also showed that "none of [the trivial] sequencing decisions had a large or systematic effect on the matching produced"—the maximum number of applicants ever observed to be affected in a single run was 12 out of 22,938.

In general once the programs' rank order lists have been set, there is no way for an applicant to match into a better position by deciding to match as part of a couple.  For example, if a very strong applicant and a very weak applicant match as a couple, there is no mechanism in the algorithm that allows the stronger applicant to somehow improve the desirability of the weaker applicant. (Of course, if the programs know prior to processing the matching algorithm that the stronger and weaker applicant are participating in the Match as a couple, they are free to change their lists accordingly, which could affect the outcome.)

Failure to match
It is possible for an applicant not to match to a program. Until the 2010 Main Residency Match, applicants who did not obtain a position went through a process called the Scramble. At 12:00 p.m. on Monday of Match Week, the NRMP notified applicants whether they had matched to a program (but did not release the name of the program) and released a list of unfilled programs. Applicants then applied en masse to programs that had unfilled positions, frequently having to change their preferred specialty in the process. The Scramble was widely recognized to be chaotic, disorganized, and lacking in transparency. The Scramble ended on Match Day, which was Thursday of Match Week. Most positions filled within the first few hours, and nearly all in the first 48 hours. Scrambling was extremely competitive: in 2008, roughly 10,600 applicants, many of whom were foreign-trained, scrambled for only 1,392 residency positions.

After the 2010 Main Residency Match, the Scramble was replaced by the Supplemental Offer and Acceptance Program, or SOAP. In SOAP, unmatched applicants are offered positions in unfilled programs through a series of rounds, creating a systematic way for applicants to find training positions without the chaos of the Scramble. In SOAP, all appointments are made through the NRMP (no direct matching allowed, unlike the Scramble), and unmatched applicant data and unfilled program data are released at the same time on Monday of Match Week.  Match Day is now Friday of Match Week.

Results
Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016, 75.6% (26,836) were able to find PGY-1 (R-1) matches. Out of the total active applicants, 51.27% (18,187) were graduates of conventional US medical schools; 93.8% (17,057) were able to find a match. In comparison, match rates were 80.3% of osteopathic graduates, 53.9% of US citizen international medical school graduates, and 50.5% of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates.

In 2021, there were a total of 48,700 registered applicants. A total of 38,106 positions were offered in the match. 94.9% of them were filled. 92.8% U.S. MD seniors matched to PGY1 positions, while the percentage for U.S. DO seniors was 89.1%.

International medical graduates
To participate in the NRMP, an international medical graduate must meet the requirements for ECFMG certification (not required of M.D. graduates of Canadian medical schools, who are not considered IMGs in the U.S.) by the "Rank Order List Certification Deadline" in February of the year of the Match.

In comparison, students and graduates from medical schools in the United States are bound to the graduation requirements of their individual schools.  Both U.S. and foreign-trained applicants can participate in the NRMP while completing their final year of medical school before acquiring their medical diplomas.

Lawsuit

In 2002, 16 law firms filed a lawsuit on behalf of 3 residents seeking to represent all residents matching through the NRMP.  The plaintiffs put forward a case which sought to show that the NRMP colluded with other national medical and medical education organization and with residency-sponsoring institutions to depress resident wages, operating in violation of United States antitrust legislation.

In 2004, after a lobbying effort by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Hospital Association, a rider that granted specific immunity to the NRMP was added to a pension act signed into law by President George W. Bush.  The provision was sponsored by Senators Edward M. Kennedy, Democrat of Massachusetts, and Judd Gregg, Republican of New Hampshire. Subsequently, a federal district court dismissed the case.

Implementations in software packages
 Python: A variant of the Roth-Peranson algorithm, as presented in Roth (1984), is available as part of the matching library.
 R: The Roth-Peranson algorithm used in the NRMP is available as part of the matchingMarkets package.
 API: The MatchingTools API provides a free application programming interface for the Roth-Peranson algorithm used in the NRMP.

See also
 National Matching Service

References

Sources

External links
Official website
A SIAM Mathematics Society article

Combinatorics
Stable matching
Medical education in the United States


Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning "to this".

Ad hoc or Ad Hoc may also refer to:

 Ad Hoc at Home, a 2009 cookbook by Thomas Keller and Dave Cruz
 Ad hoc hypothesis, a sometimes dubious method of dealing with anomalies in philosophy and science
 Ad hoc network, a type of technology which allow network communications on an ad hoc basis
 Ad Hoc (restaurant), a restaurant in Yountville, California
 ADHOC, the Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association, Cambodia's oldest human rights NGO


John Doyle McQuade (June 4, 1895 – December 24, 1980) was an American professional football player who spent two years of the National Football League (NFL) with the Canton Bulldogs. McQuade won an NFL championship with the Bulldogs in the 1922 season. He played college football for Georgetown University.

References

1895 births
1980 deaths
Sportspeople from Manchester, New Hampshire
Players of American football from New Hampshire
Canton Bulldogs players
Georgetown Hoyas football players
American football quarterbacks


Neel Burton (born in Mauritius) is a British psychiatrist, philosopher, writer, and educator. He is an author of several books, including Psychiatry (2006), Living with Schizophrenia (with Phil Davison, 2007), The Meaning of Madness (2008), Master your Mind (2009), The Art of Failure – The Anti Self-Help Guide (2010), Growing from Depression: A Self-Help Guide (2010), Hide and Seek: The Psychology of Self-Deception (2012), Heaven and Hell: The Psychology of the Emotions (2015), and Hypersanity: Thinking Beyond Thinking (2019).

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
British psychiatrists


Tell Me Why is Bobby Vinton's eighth studio album, released in July 1964. The title track is the album's only single. Cover versions include "Somewhere Along the Way", "When I Lost You", "Some of These Days", "Maybe You'll Be There", "If You Love Me (Really Love Me)" and "I Wanna Be Loved".

Track listing

Personnel
Robert Morgan - producer
Stan Applebaum - arranger, conductor

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

Singles - Billboard (United States)

References

1964 albums
Bobby Vinton albums
Epic Records albums


`Abd al-Karim ibn Abu Bakr was the Emir of Harar, Ethiopia  (1825 - 1834). According to the British explorer Richard F. Burton, he was the brother of `Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad.

On the death of his brother, Emir Ahmad II ibn Muhammad, `Abd al-Karim and his other brother `Abd ar-Rahman quarreled over who would succeed, and `Abd ar-Rahman gained the throne first with the help of the Babille Oromo who dwelled to the east of Harar. However, while returning from an unsuccessful campaign to extract tribute from the Ala Oromo in 1825, he was betrayed to these people and `Abd al-Karim made himself Emir. Abd al-Rahman appealed for help from his Babille allies, who helped him resist his deposition. In the end, `Abd ar-Rahman was deposed and forty villages are listed as having been destroyed by the Oromo to the north, west and south of Harar, as well as in Babille country during this civil war.

According to Richard F. Burton, `Abd al-Karim had recruited 60 or 70 Arab matchlockmen, under one Haydar Assal the Auliki, to wage war against the neighboring Oromo who were threatening Harar. However, the battle went against the Harari and the Arab mercenaries, the latter suffering twenty casualties before retreating within the walls of the city. The Oromo managed to enter Harar, captured both `Abd al-Karim and `Abd ar-Rahman, and aided by the inhabitants of the city attempted to slaughter the remaining Arab mercenaries. "These, however," writes Burton, "defended themselves gallantly, and would have crowned the son of Abd al-Rahman, had he not in fear declined the dignity; they then drew their pay, and marched with all the honours of war to Zeila." R.A. Caulk explains that this was a garbled version of the fraternal battle for the throne.

According to Harari tradition, the reign of `Abd al-Karim was a golden age. "Abd al-Karim is popularly depicted as a
wise and just ruler and a militant proselytizer of the Oromo," writes Caulk. "He made himself so respected outside the walls, it is claimed, that the Qottu regularly paid their taxes and even the leaders of the independent Oromo gave ready redress for all injuries done to the townspeople."

According to Caulk, having no son he married his eldest daughter Fatima to the son of his brother Abd al-Mannan (who was his prisoner), Abu Bakr, whom he also made his heir and successor.

See also
List of emirs of Harar
Harar

Notes

Emirs of Harar


Peter Selwyn Gummer, Baron Chadlington FCIPR FIoD FCinstM FRSA (born 24 August 1942) is an English businessman and former head of Huntsworth, one of the largest lobbying firms in the United Kingdom.

He is currently President of the Witney Conservative constituency association, and is a PR adviser, long-standing supporter and donor to the Conservative Party.

Early life and education
Gummer was born on 24 August 1942 to Selwyn Gummer, a Church of England priest, and his wife Margaret Mason. Gummer has two brothers: John Gummer, Baron Deben, former Chairman of the Conservative Party, and Mark Selwyn Gummer. He was educated at The King's School, Rochester before matriculating to Selwyn College, Cambridge, where he read Moral Science and Theology, with the aim of becoming a priest. Reading the works of philosophers such as Albert Camus led him to change his mind, and after gaining a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts he instead went into journalism.

Career
Gummer's first job after university was at Portsmouth and Sunderland Newspaper, where he worked 1964-65. Later, while writing for a trade press department Gummer found that he enjoyed the business side of things far more than the journalism, and decided to go into business. After several years working for other companies he founded a public relations (PR) firm called Shandwick in 1974, serving as its chairman. Within seven years Shandwick was the largest PR company in the United Kingdom, and in 1984 it became publicly listed. In 1998 it was sold to the Interpublic Group of Companies, and is now part of Huntsworth. Initially chairman of Huntsworth, Gummer was appointed chief executive on 25 September 2005 after the resignation of Richard Nichols, the group's previous chief executive. In 2006, Huntsworth bought Quiller Consultants, a lobbying firm that represents major financial, retail and telecoms companies. Huntsworth also owns Graylings, which lobbies for some of Britains leading companies, like National Grid and BT, and has carried out PR work for Belarus. At Hunstworth, Gummer personally lobbied for several clients, including the Stock Exchange, Associated British Foods and the Carlyle Group. In 2009, The Guardian reported Lord Chadlington earned "an estimated £30,000 for advising private equity companies on issues currently being examined by the Commons Treasury Select Committee".

Following falling profits and share prices and increasing discontent from shareholders (30 percent of shareholders abstained from voting for Gummer's re-election to the board), Gummer left his position at Huntsworth in April 2015, instead becoming an executive director, and left the company the following year.

As well as his public relations work, Gummer is also a non-executive director of Britax, a former director of Halifax and a visiting fellow at the University of Gloucestershire. He has been made a fellow of the Chartered Institute of Public Relations, the Institute of Directors, The Chartered Institute of Marketing and the Royal Society of Arts.

Gummer worked for the Arts Council from 1991 to 1996 and was head of the Council's lottery panel, deciding how funds should be distributed - for example, issuing £78.5 million to the Royal Opera House and £80 million to the British film industry.

In September 1996 Gummer became chairman of the Royal Opera House. Following a report by the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee led by Gerald Kaufman, which described the management of the Royal Opera House as "abysmal" with "incompetence, disastrous financial planning and misjudgement", Gummer resigned in December 1997.

Politics
Chadlington is president of the Witney Conservative constituency association, and is a PR adviser, long-standing supporter and donor to the Conservative Party. His brother, John Gummer, was a Conservative politician and cabinet minister. Chadlington was John Major's most trusted advisor during his premiership and advised him and the Foreign Office on media relations during the Gulf War. Chadlington is an adviser, donor, close friend and political ally of David Cameron, supporting him during his successful bid to become leader of the Conservative party in 2005, when Cameron was MP of Chadlinton's constituency. Chadlington was also close to Chris Patten when he was chair of the Conservative party.

Chadlington ran the United Kingdom's largest lobbying firm, Huntsworth, and, before that, Shandwick, described by The Times in 1991 and The Independent in 1997 as the world's largest public relations business. On his personal books at Huntsworth were the Stock Exchange, Associated British Foods and the Carlyle Group, among others. Chadlington and Huntsworth are major donors to the Conservative party: for instance, the peer and his company donated £77,000 to the party between 2005 and 2010.

Chadlington and his PR firms have been instrumental in devising Conservative election campaigns, including those in 1992 and 1997.

On 16 October 1996, Gummer was created a Conservative working peer, with the title of Baron Chadlington, of Dean in the County of Oxfordshire.

Charitable work
From 1999 until 2007, Gummer was a Director of the original Action on Addiction in London, a charity and addiction research centre investigating drug and alcohol dependence. He also served on their board of trustees. In 2007, the original Action on Addiction (established in 1989) merged with The Chemical Dependency Centre (established in 1985) and Clouds (established in 1987). The single charity, dedicated to the research and treatment of drug and alcohol dependence, took on the name Action on Addiction. He also founded the charity Action Against Gambling Harms, and lobbied the UK government to tighten gambling laws.

Personal life
He married Lucy Dudley-Hill on 23 October 1982. They met after she came to his PR firm Shandwick for a job interview, and after five days they were engaged. They have four children: Naomi, Chloe, Eleanor and James.

On 16 October 1996, Gummer was created a Conservative working peer, with the title of Baron Chadlington, of Dean in the County of Oxfordshire.

Gummer is an advisor, neighbour, longstanding friend of politician David Cameron. While prime minister, Cameron attended the 2012 wedding of Gummer's daughter Naomi to Henry Allsop, son of Charles Allsopp, 6th Baron Hindlip. Allsop's godmother, then Duchess of Cornwall Camilla Parker Bowles, and Jeremy Hunt, then Culture Secretary and Naomi's former boss, also attended.

Controversies

Mismanagement of the Royal Opera House
In September 1996 Gummer became chairman of the Royal Opera House (RHO). He had previously chaired the Arts Council's lottery panel, which had issued £78.5 million to the ROH. According to Dan Glaister, arts editor at The Guardian, public perception was that Chadlington had "written a cheque, walked around the table and pocketed it". Under Chadlington's leadership, there was also a turnover of senior staff, including Jeremy Isaacs and his replacement as house director Genista McIntosh - the latter of whom lasted four months, citing ill-health as the reason for her departure, although there were rumours that she had been driven out by Chadlington and another board member, Vivien Duffield, because she wanted to lower ticket prices to attached a new audience. Later, it emerged McIntosh objected to liberties members of the board were taking, using their privilege to, for instance, rearranged the casting for the ballet for the nights when they were bringing guests. Chadlington appointed his friend and former colleague at the Arts Council Mary Allen as McIntosh's replacement, but the position had not been advertised. When secretary-general of the Arts Council, Allen had authorised the award of £78 million of lottery money to the RHO. The RHO made £750,000 deficit in two months of its 1997 touring programme. A number of reports commented on outdated practices and poor management at the RHO. Chadlington didn't appoint a financial director for a year and the RHO did not keep regular accounts; the RHO was in £7 million of debt. In July 1997, the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee, led by Gerald Kaufman, opened an investigation into the management of the RHO. The committee released its report in December 1997, which described the management of the Royal Opera House as "abysmal" with "incompetence, disastrous financial planning and misjudgement". Gummer resigned that month.

Priming private equity leaders before parliamentary inquiry
In 2007, Chadlington helped senior figures from several large private equity firms prepare for an appearance before the Treasury Select Committee, which was investigating the activities of the private equity industry. The peer, a PR expert, did not lodge a contact with the House of Lords for this work for Permira, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, 3i and the Carlyle Group, which was in breach of the Lords Code of Conduct.

Daughter's appointment to Whitehall
In 2010, then culture secretary Jeremy Hunt gave Chadlington's daughter, Naomi, a civil service post in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). Doing so was considered by people in Whitehall as "highly unusual" and "not normal" and Hunt was criticized for giving the role to a close business associate (between 2000 and 2004, Chadlington was director of Hotcourses, a company Hunt founded), a major donor to the Tory party (Chadlington having given more than £77,000 to the Tories between 2005 and 2010), and one of prime minister David Cameron's political allies (as president of Witney Conservative association, Cameron's constituency, Chadlington was a major supporter of Cameron's campaign to become Tory leader in 2005). The appointment came weeks after the government announced there would be a freeze on hiring in the civil service. Mark Serwotka, the leader of the PCS union, which represents civil servants, questioned whether the appointment was made because of "nepotism and privilege".

Sale of land to the prime minister
In 2011, Chadlington sold land to the then prime minister David Cameron. The previous year, Chadlington had bought a property adjoining Cameron's constituency home and the property remained empty. Initially, Chadlington offered the land to Cameron but then sold land to him for £137,000, the market rate plus extra to allow for the increase in value the land would bring to Cameron's home. The newly bought land increased the value of Cameron's property by approximately £250,000. In the opinion of Sir Alistair Graham, former chairman of the Committee of Standards in Public Life, Cameron should have declared the transaction to parliament's registry of interest as Chadlington was the head of one of the largest lobbying firms in the country. The year before the transaction, Cameron's government had pledged to crack down on lobbying, with Cameron making a speech that it was time to shine "the light of transparency onto lobbying in our country" and force "our politics to come clean about who is buying power and influence". Downing Street said there was no need for the sale to be listed in the registry of interests because there was a land registry record from the transaction that already put it into the public public domain. Chadlington said, "To avoid any perception of a conflict, we instructed an independent surveyor to value the garages and land. We did not negotiate on price – the Prime Minister paid the market rate as recommended by the surveyor."

UK-China investment fund
In 2017, David Cameron lobbied the Chinese government on behalf of Chadlington in order to establish a £500 million private investment fund. Chadlington, who initiated and was the main driver behind the fund, had been working on the fund for three years and travelled to China with Cameron, where the former prime minister met with Ma Kai, a Chinese vice-premier who headed Beijing's finance ministry, to discuss the proposal. Cameron had also lobbied the then British chancellor, Philip Hammond, about setting up the fund. Cameron's meetings with Ma and Hammond did not break any parliamentary rules and did not have to be cleared with the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments because the fund had not yet been set up. They did, however, raise questions about the robustness of parliamentary lobbying rules, which usually ban former ministers from lobbying for two years, with Peter Dowd, then shadow chief secretary to the Treasury, commenting, "it appears the former prime minister's status and personal relationships have allowed him ministerial contact without having to go through adequate motions of transparency".

COVID-19 PPE contact
In 2020, Chadlington gave SG Recruitment chief executive and owner David Sumner the email address of Lord Andrew Feldman, who was advisor to the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) during the early stages of the government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Feldman referred the company, which recruited nurses for the NHS from countries overseas, to the "VIP lane" that gave priority to politically connected firms offering personal protective equipment (PPE). SG Recruitment (later renamed Sumner Group Health Limited) was awarded two government contracts, worth £50 million, to supply PPE. Chadlington, listed by the DHSC as the "source of referral" for SG Recruitment's referral to the government, was also a director and shareholder of SG Recruitment's  parent company, Sumner Group Holdings. At the time of Chadlington's referral, SG Recruitment was "a small, loss-making company that supplied healthcare workers to the NHS, and appears to have had no experience providing PPE", with its parent company having faced recent financial difficulties (it liquidated in October 2022).

In January 2022, following a challenge from the Good Law Project, the "VIP lane" was ruled unlawful as it gave unequal treatment to companies by the government. In May 2022, the House of Lords standards committee announced an investigation into Chadlington for "alleged involvement in procuring contracts for SG Recruitment UK", leading to potential breaches of two rules in peers' code of conduct: that peers must not accept or agree to accept "payment or other incentive or reward in return for providing parliamentary advice or services", and that peers "must not seek by parliamentary means to confer exclusive benefit" on a company in which they have a financial interest. In July 2022, Chadlington was cleared of lobbying for the contracts as he had not directly approached the government about SG Recruitment. Following the ruling, the Labour party called for a review of the Lords watchdog's rules, Labour peer George Foulkes commenting that the ruling "indicates that the code needs revision to take account of more subtle approaches."

In July 2023, the Lords standards committee opened a new inquiry into Chadlington, reinvestigating potential breaches of lobbying rules, following potential discrepancies between accounts from Chadlington and from his lawyers regarding the extent of Chadlington's involvement in government procurement of PPE through SG Recruitment. Foulkes, who called for the reinvestigation, said the standards commissioner should also investigate whether Chadlington had misled the watchdog. In 2023, the government were in dispute with SG Recruitment over one of its contracts, a source telling The Guardian some of the PPE had allegegly not been supplied and some was substandard.

Arms

References

1942 births
Living people
British businesspeople
Chadlington
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
People educated at King's School, Rochester
British lobbyists
English public relations people
Life peers created by Elizabeth II


Leavenworthia stylosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common names cedar gladecress or long-styled gladecress. It is found only in the Central Basin of Tennessee, where it grows in cedar glades, ditches, and low-lying fields.

Leavenworthia stylosa typically blooms from March to May. The flowers are about 1 inch wide and are white or yellow in color with a yellow center. The tips of the petals are notched. Yellow varieties are found more commonly north of Nashville, while white varieties are found more commonly south.

Habitat
As the common name suggests, Leavenworthia stylosa grows only in cedar glades and adjacent habitat. Cedar glades are sites in the central eastern United States where limestone lies on the surface resulting in an unusual ecosystem. Along with Eastern red cedar, for which the glades are named, Leavenworthia stylosa is one of the characteristic plants.

References

stylosa
Flora of Tennessee
Plants described in 1880


ApexKB (formerly Jumper), is a discontinued free and open-source script for collaborative search and knowledge management powered by a shared enterprise bookmarking engine that is a fork of KnowledgebasePublisher. It was publicly announced on 29 September 2008. A stable version of Jumper (version 2.0.1.1) was publicly released under the GNU General Public License and made available on SourceForge on 26 March 2009.

ApexKB empowers users to compile and share collaborative bookmarks by crowdsourcing their knowledge, experience and insights using knowledge tags. Users may tag, link, and rate structured data and unstructured data sources, including relational databases, flat file databases, medical imaging, content management systems, and any network file system. It is an interactive, user-submitted recommendation engine that uses peer-to-peer and social networking principles to reference any information located in distributed storage devices and capture the collective knowledge about it.

Features
 Search any content, media, data, or people
 Reference data in any distributed storage system
 Create true Global Namespaces
 Build faceted classification systems
 User published data profiling
 Hyperdata linking of distributed data
 Group-based permissions
 Object-level access controls
 User and role management
 Descriptive tagging

Function
ApexKB is enterprise web infrastructure for tagging and linking information resources. It can search and share contents across remote locations using knowledge tags to capture knowledge about the information in distributed storages. It collects these tags in a tag profile. The tag profiles are stored in an interactive knowledge base and search engine.

The app represents a fundamentally new approach to searching structured and semi-structured data using a Web 2.0 front-end where user-created tag profiles bookmark quality information resources, user contributed experiences add real-world knowledge about the information resources, and user-created reviews sort out the worthy resources from the inadequate

ApexKB is free and open-source, licensed under the terms of GPLv2. Users can purchase installations and support contracts under commercial, educational, or nonprofit licenses.

ApexKB is a web app written in PHP and JavaScript. It runs on a web server, such as Apache HTTP Server, Internet Information Services, Lighttpd, Hiawatha, Cherokee, and Zeus Web Servers. By default, it supports storing the tag profile and associated knowledge tags in a MySQL database, but can be configured to use an IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, or Oracle database instance. In addition, it can integrate with LDAP for user and group management.

Users access ApexKB via a web browser, although remote access can be open to the public or restricted to registered user accounts. The search engine in is the first thing users see when they open it. By clicking on a search result, users can view the full tag profile. The "tag profile" is a reference to an information resource located in a remote storage device. The tag profile captures knowledge about this resource using social tagging. The full tag profile is returned with the search results. Much like a card in a card catalog, it is a central reference point to collect and discover information associated with and about distributed information resources. With certain privileges a user can add a comment to the tag profile, expand upon the description, add new knowledge, or link the profile to another information resource. In addition, viewers can rate the value, accuracy or completeness of the tag profile. They can also choose to create a new tag profile that references content, media, or data regardless of format or location.

Advantages
Jumper is a specialized Enterprise Social Search tool.
 leverages bookmarking to create a user-submitted index engine
 allows users to tag any data, not just web pages
 provides keyword and description tags
 also provides expanded knowledge tags
 knowledge tags can be customized to meet specific requirements
 tag terms can be aligned with corporate taxonomies or data dictionary
 a tag term is highlighted if it exists in the dictionary – user can click through to read the term
 group based permissions and easy integration with LDAP
 it does not deploy a tool bar in your web browser
 users do not share web page bookmarks from their browser
 bookmark tags are not standard but can be customized
 bookmarks more than web pages
 it does not provide user profiles or ask an expert features
 there are no discussion groups, no blogs or wikis

History
Jumper was originally created as a project for the Sun Microsystems Jini Community. The software was first presented at the 6th annual JCM Sessions. Project Jump created a name server storing persistent names for data objects using a system of "natural language addressing" based on descriptive metrics, which have since been adopted by JXTA. It was originally developed by Steve Perry from his work as a data integration consultant.

The Jumper Open Source Project is a community effort, led by Jumper Networks, devoted to building and maintaining the open source version of Jumper.

Jumper Networks Inc., the company that provided commercial support for the Jumper Collaborative Search Engine, and the related company website were closed in September 2011.

See also
 Comparison of enterprise bookmarking platforms
 Metadata discovery

References

External links

 Jumper Sourceforge website
 Jumper 2.0 Developers Group –

Knowledge management
Collaborative software
Content management systems
Free software programmed in PHP
Search engine software
Document management systems
Social cataloging applications


Bobby Doyle may refer to:

 Bobby Doyle (Scottish footballer) (1953–2019), former professional association footballer
 Bobby Doyle (Gaelic footballer), former Gaelic football player for Dublin
 Bobby Doyle (jazz vocalist) (1939–2006), jazz singer from Houston, Texas, who toured with Kenny Rogers

See also
Robert Doyle (disambiguation)
Bob Doyle (disambiguation)


(Amos) Henry Chilver, Baron Chilver FRS FREng (30 October 1926 – 8 July 2012) was a British engineer and politician.

Early life and career
Chilver was born in Barking, Essex, to Amos Henry Chilver and his wife Annie E. Mack. After attending Southend High School for Boys , he took up a place at the University of Bristol, where he gained a BSc in Mechanical Engineering in 1947. He gained a PhD in Civil Engineering in 1951, and a DSc in 1962. From 1952 to 1954, he was a lecturer at the University of Bristol, and between 1958 and 1961 he taught at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Between 1961 and 1969, he was Chadwick Professor of Civil Engineering at University College London. Between 1970 and 1989 he was Vice-Chancellor of Cranfield University.

In the early 1980s, he was Chairman of the Northern Ireland Higher Education Review Group, which was tasked with producing a report called the Chilver Report on how to unify the Initial teacher education (ITE) used in Northern Ireland. He was the Chairman of the Post Office between 1980 and 1981. In 1983, he succeeded Lord Campbell as Chairman of the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC). Between 1992 and 1995 he was Chairman of English China Clays, and on 25 February 1993, he was appointed Chairman of RJB Mining. He has also been a director of ICI.

Awards
He was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1977 and the Royal Society in 1982. In 1978 he was made a Knight Bachelor. He held honorary DScs from the University of Leeds (1982), the University of Bristol (1983), the University of Salford, the University of Strathclyde (1986), the University of Buckingham, the University of Bath (1986) and the University of Technology of Compiègne.

In 1987, he was made a life peer as Baron Chilver, of Cranfield in the County of Bedfordshire, and he was introduced to the House of Lords on 15 July.

Personal life
In 1959 he married Dr Claudia Grigson, the sister of Christopher Grigson and they had five children: Helen, Sarah, John, Mark and Paul.

Published works
Problems in Engineering Structures with R S Ashby (1958)
Strength of Materials with J Case (1959)

See also
 University of Ulster – History

References

Bibliography

1926 births
2012 deaths
English civil engineers
Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Academics of Cranfield University
Academics of University College London
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Bristol
People educated at Southend High School for Boys
People associated with Cranfield University
Chairmen of Post Office Limited
People from Barking, London
Life peers created by Elizabeth II


The 2005 United Nations Security Council election was held on 10 October 2005 during the 60th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections were for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2006. The countries elected were the Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Peru, Qatar, and Slovakia with Qatar and Slovakia being elected for the first time.

Geographic distribution
In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats were allocated as follows:
Two for Africa (then held by Algeria and Benin)
One for Asia (then held by the Philippines)
One for Eastern Europe (then held by Romania)
One for Latin America and the Caribbean (then held by Brazil)

Results
The five members (elected by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly, in as many rounds of voting as it takes to achieve that majority) served on the Security Council for the 2006–07 period.

There were six candidates for five spots on the Council: Congo, Ghana, Nicaragua, Qatar, Peru, and Slovakia.

There was a total of 191 ballots in each of the three elections. For each geographic group, each member state could vote for as many candidates as were to be elected. Voting was done by secret ballot.

African and Asian States (three to be elected)
Congo 188
Ghana 184
Qatar 186
Indonesia 1
abstentions 2

Eastern European States (one to be elected)
Slovakia 185
abstentions 6

Latin American and Caribbean States (one to be elected)
Peru 144
Nicaragua 43
abstentions 4

See also
List of members of the United Nations Security Council
European Union and the United Nations

References
UN Document GA/10401 General Assembly press release
UN News Centre

2005
2005 elections
2005 in international relations
Non-partisan elections
October 2005 events


The Pensacola Museum of Art is the only art museum in the city of Pensacola, Florida. It was founded in 1954 by a group of women from the American Association of University Women. Since 2016, it is a University of West Florida Art Museum.

History
In 1906, the City of Pensacola built a two-story building to hold its first permanent jail. In 1954, due to a growing population, the city decided to build a new structure and vacate the original jail. The Pensacola Art Association (PAA), formed by members of the American Association of University Women in 1954, leased the building from the city.

The structure itself was suitable for an arts center because the jail was already fireproof, secure and centrally located in Pensacola’s Historic Downtown District. The City allowed the group to lease the old jail for $1 per year. The PAA turned the jail cells into exhibition spaces. The PAA became the Pensacola Museum of Art in 1982 and in 1988 the Museum purchased the building.

Collections
Establishment of the Museum’s permanent collection began soon after incorporation in 1954.

The museum's permanent collections focus on 20th century, modern and contemporary art, including painting, sculpture and works on paper.  The museum also features decorative arts collections of European and American glass and African tribal art.

The collection contains 20th and 21st century works by artists such as Alexander Calder, Andy Warhol, Pablo Picasso, Leonard Baskin, Salvador Dalí, Thomas Hart Benton, Louis Comfort Tiffany and Käthe Kollwitz. Other artists in the collection include John Marin, Miriam Schapiro, Fairfield Porter, Hunt Slonem, Alex Katz, Lynda Benglis, Milton Avery and Alexander Calder.

References

External links
Pensacola Museum of Art Official Website

Pensacola metropolitan area
Museums in Pensacola, Florida
Art museums and galleries in Florida
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Art museums established in 1954
1954 establishments in Florida
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in Florida


is a Japanese phonetician and phonologist. He is currently an associate professor in the linguistics institute at Keio University. Before he moved to Keio, he worked for the University of Georgia and Rutgers University.

He was awarded his BA (liberal arts) from International Christian University in 2002 and Ph.D. (Linguistics) from University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2007 under the supervision of John Kingston.

Research
Kawahara primarily investigates phonetic bases of emergent phonological patterns. In addition to issues on the phonetics-phonology interface, he also works on the experimental investigations of phonological judgments, syntax-phonology interface as well as the phonology-morphology interface. He has also studied verbal art patterns including Japanese rap rhymes and puns.

Major publications
Kawahara, Shigeto and Kazuko Shinohara (2010) Calculating vocalic similarity through puns. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan 13.
Kawahara, Shigeto and Matthew Wolf (2010) On the existence of root-initial accenting suffix: An elicitation study of Japanese [-zu]. Linguistics 44.
Kawahara, Shigeto and Kazuko Shinohara (2009) The role of psychoacoustic similarity in Japanese puns: A corpus study. Journal of Linguistics. 45: 111-138.
Kawahara, Shigeto (2009) Faithfulness, correspondence and perceptual similarity. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan 13: 51-60.
Kawahara, Shigeto and Takahito Shinya (2008) The intonation of gapping and coordination in Japanese: Evidence for Intonational Phrase and Utterance. Phonetica 65: 62-105.
Kawahara, Shigeto (2008) Phonetic naturalness and unnaturalness in Japanese loanword phonology. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17: 317-330.
Kawahara, Shigeto (2007) Half rhymes in Japanese rap song lyrics and knowledge of similarity. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16: 113-144.
Kawahara, Shigeto (2006) A faithfulness ranking projected from a perceptibility scale: the case of Japanese [+voice]. Language 82: 536-574

References

External links

Linguists from Japan
Phonologists
Living people
1980 births
International Christian University alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Humanities and Fine Arts alumni


Christine Mary Crawley, Baroness Crawley FRSA (born 9 January 1950) is a British politician for the Labour Party.

Early life
Crawley was educated at the Notre Dame High School School in Plymouth before going to Digby Stuart College (University of Roehampton) to train as a teacher. After graduation she began teaching children aged between 9 and 15, and also ran the local youth theatre.

Political career
Her work to gain funding for the youth theatre brought her into contact with local politicians, and she became involved in politics, joining the Labour Party. Soon after joining the party she became secretary of the local branch, and then Social Secretary for the local Women's Branch. She was elected as a District Councillor for the South Oxfordshire District Council, at a time when the Labour Party was a minority party on the council.

In 1983, she ran for a seat in the House of Commons but was not elected, instead spending a year working on local issues before she was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Birmingham East constituency). As an MEP Crawley was active on the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and helped push their Maternity Leave Directive through, becoming Chair of that committee in 1989. She stepped down as an MEP in   1999, and is now a member of the West Midlands Regional Assembly and a sponsor of the National Women's Network.

She was Chair of the Women's National Commission between 1999 and 2001, and in 1998 was created Baroness Crawley, of Edgbaston in the County of West Midlands. Between 2002 and 2008 she served as a Party Whip in the House of Lords. She is a member of Labour Friends of Israel.

Honours
In 2013, Baroness Crawley was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Health from Plymouth University

Personal life
The ancient historian Josephine Crawley Quinn is her daughter.

References

External links
Profile at New Statesman

1950 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Roehampton
British people of Irish descent
Councillors in Oxfordshire
Labour Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Labour Party (UK) MEPs
Labour Friends of Israel
MEPs for England 1984–1989
MEPs for England 1989–1994
MEPs for England 1994–1999
Politicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century women MEPs for England
Women councillors in England


Raymond Frederick Miller (June 7, 1898 – November 3, 1988) was a professional football player who spent two years of the National Football League with the Canton Bulldogs and the Racine Legion. Miller was a part of the Bulldogs' 1922 NFL championship team. In 1923, he played for the Legion's 4-4-2 team.

1890s births
Players of American football from Indiana
Canton Bulldogs players
Racine Legion players
Purdue Boilermakers football players
People from Fulton County, Indiana
1986 deaths


Key management may refer to:
 Key management, in cryptography
 Key management (access control), the management of physical keys and access devices
 Key Management, Inc., part of Forcht Group of Kentucky


John Kasaipwalova is an author of Papua New Guinea.  He was born in 1949 of indigenous parentage in Okaikoda Village on Kiriwina Island of the Trobriand Islands, Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.  He was originally destined to be a tribal chief, but he was instead sent to Catholic school where he earned an academic scholarship to attend University of Queensland, to study veterinary medicine.  Before finishing that degree he enrolled at the University of Papua New Guinea, where he began his literary career and gained a reputation as an anti-colonial radical.

After his time at University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) he moved into various business enterprises and the Boards of public enterprises and bodies including the National Cultural Commission. He also served on the Council of UPNG for 8 years. In local government he was with the Milne Bay Area Authority and the Kiriwina LLG. Since 1995 he is one of the 12 member Kiriwina Council of Chiefs. He is now returning to writing and is a writer in residence at the UPNG Press and Bookshop.

Published works
Hanuabada (a compilation of poetry) (1972)
Reluctant Flame (a compilation of poetry) (1972)
Yaulabuta, Kolupa, deli lekolekwa (pilatolu kilivila wosimwaya) (1978)
Yaulabuta, the passion of Chief Kailaga : an historical poem from the Trobriand Islands (translated into English with Ulli Beier) (1978)
Kanaka's Dream (satirical play)
The Rooster in the Confessional (satirical play)
The Naked Jazz (satirical play)
My Brother (satirical play)
My Enemy (satirical play)
Sail the Midnight Sun (co-author with Greg Murphy) (folk opera) (1980)
Betel Nut is Bad Magic for Airplanes (short story)

Other work
Kasaipwalova also developed the grass-roots co-operative and cultural movement in Trobriand Islands.

References

Papua New Guinean poets
Living people
1949 births
Papua New Guinean dramatists and playwrights
20th-century poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
People from Milne Bay Province
University of Papua New Guinea alumni


Rocco Morabito (November 2, 1920 – April 5, 2009) was an American photographer who spent the majority of his career at the Jacksonville Journal.

Morabito, born in Port Chester, New York, moved to Florida when he was 5, and by age 10 was working as a newsboy, selling papers for the Jacksonville Journal. He served in World War II in the Army Air Forces as a ball-turret gunner on a B-17. After the war, he returned to the Jacksonville Journal and started his photography career shooting sporting events for the paper. He worked for the Journal for 42 years, 33 of them as a photographer, until retiring in 1982.

The news photographer won the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography for "The Kiss of Life", a Jacksonville Journal photo that showed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation between two workers on a utility pole. Randall G. Champion was unconscious and hanging upside down after contacting a low voltage line; fellow lineman J.D. Thompson revived him while strapped to the pole by the waist. Thanks to Thompson's intervention, Champion survived and lived until 2002, when he died of heart failure at the age of 64; Thompson was still living as of 2017.

Morabito died on April 5, 2009, while in hospice care.

References

1920 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American photographers
Artists from Jacksonville, Florida
People from Port Chester, New York
Pulitzer Prize for Photography winners
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers


Esko Olavi Ahonen (born June 13, 1955 in Evijärvi) is a Finnish politician and member of the parliament from the Centre Party. He was elected to Parliament of Finland in 2003 for the constituency of Vaasa. In the 2011 election he was dropped out of the parliament.

References

1955 births
Living people
People from Evijärvi
Centre Party (Finland) politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–2007)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)


Jan Krogh Jensen (23 August 1958 – 16 July 1996), nicknamed "Face", was a Norwegian-born Danish outlaw biker and gangster who was a member of the Hells Angels and Bandidos motorcycle clubs.

Outlaw biker
Born in Norway and raised in Denmark, Jensen became a member of the Helsingør chapter of the Hells Angels, led by Michael Garcia "Lerche" Olsen, during the 1980s. Olsen had previously been president of the Copenhagen chapter, but left that post in 1985 as a result of an internal dispute within the club. Initially, an attempt was made to resolve the disagreements by allowing Olsen to head the newly-formed Helsingør chapter. The arrangement did not last, however, and the following year, the chapter was disbanded and Olsen was expelled from the club. After the dissolution of the Hells Angels in Helsingør, Jensen became associated with the biker community across the Øresund strait in Sweden. Initially, he was a member of the White Trash MC in Scania, where he had the role of leader and organizer in collaboration with Michael Ljunggren. At the time, the White Trash's ambitions were moving toward admission into the Hells Angels. The club disbanded following a police operation which resulted in Ljunggren's imprisonment, and both Jensen and Ljunggren later joined the newly-founded Morbids MC in 1991. The Morbids were offered a path to Hells Angels membership on the condition that they merge with the Rebels MC, a rival biker group with whom they had previously clashed. Rejecting the offer, they instead aligned with the Bandidos, whose only chapters in Scandinavia at the time were in Zealand. Jensen formally moved to Sweden in 1993, residing at an address in Vallåkra near Helsingborg. The Morbids became a probationary Bandidos chapter in January 1994 before formally patching over on 28 January 1995. The Morbids' refusal to capitulate to the larger Hells Angels was part of a chain of events that led to the beginning of the Nordic Biker War. Michael Garcia Olsen became president of the Bandidos' Helsingborg chapter, which was based out of a dairy farm-turned-clubhouse in nearby Kattarp, following the murder of Michael Ljunggren in July 1995.

Murder
Jensen and Michael Garcia "Lerche" Olsen were on a visit to Norway when, at approximately 4:00 pm on 15 July 1996, they, along with two members of the Drammen Bandidos chapter, were involved in a brawl with members of the Hells Angels prospect club Customizers MC on Karl Johans gate in central Oslo. The fight began after a Customizers member overturned the Bandidos' parked motorcycles. Police quickly arrived on the scene and halted the violence before it could escalate. The Bandidos bikers were ordered away from the scene, while the police took personal details of the other party. At around 8:00 pm that evening, the four Bandidos were ambushed north of Mjøndalen while on a motorcycle run. Jensen was struck in the head with a bullet fired from a semi-automatic 7.65 caliber pistol, which penetrated his temple and became lodged five centimeters behind his right eye. He fell from his motorcycle and an ambulance was called at 8:22 pm. Jensen was unconscious but still alive when he was taken from the scene in ambulance to Ullevål University Hospital in Oslo, where he was pronounced dead two hours later. He was 37-years-old.

Police believe that the prior incident in Oslo was the cause of the shooting. It is suspected that Olsen, to whom Jensen was serving as a bodyguard, was the intended target. On 19 July, a car occupied by a Customizers member and a companion was targeted in a drive-by shooting in Oslo city centre. No injuries were reported. Two people associated with the Bandidos were charged in the case, and police believe the attack was carried out in retaliation for the killing of Jensen. The Customizers were granted full membership to the Hells Angels later that year, becoming the club's Oslo chapter.

A Hells Angels member from Drammen was charged with Jensen's murder in December 1997. Telecommunications data revealed that the suspect's mobile phone was in the vicinity of Jensen's whereabouts on the evening of 15 July 1996, moving from Oslo to Sollihøgda and Hønefoss. At 8:24 pm, two minutes after an ambulance was called to attend to Jensen, an incoming call was registered. The mobile phone struck the base station at Krokstadelva, which covered the scene of the murder. Upon a search of the suspect's car, an Audi 80, police discovered a spent cartridge underneath the driver's seat. Kripos concluded that four shell casings found at the scene of the murder originated from shots fired with the same pistol. The Hells Angel denied having used the car on the day of the shooting, and claimed it was parked for sale at a car company. However, the police discovered that the car had stopped by a petrol station near the Customizers' clubhouse in Strømsveien, Oslo on the day in question. Although the court found that it had been proven that the accused was in the area, and that the discovery of the empty cartridge in the car could link him to the killing, he benefitted from reasonable doubt and was acquitted of premeditated murder, and of complicity in Jensen's death, on 11 June 1998. The investigation into the murder was closed in 2000.

See also
List of unsolved murders

References

Further reading
 Ole Martin Kristiansen : Norsk mafia: Organisert kriminalitet i Norge (2008)
 Matti Larsson and Lasse Wierup: Svensk maffia: en kartläggning av de kriminella gängen (2010)

1958 births
1996 deaths
1996 murders in Europe
20th-century Danish criminals
Bandidos Motorcycle Club
Danish expatriates in Sweden
Danish gangsters
Danish male criminals
Danish murder victims
Danish people murdered abroad
Deaths by firearm in Norway
Hells Angels
Male murder victims
Murdered gangsters
People murdered in Norway
Unsolved murders in Norway


Ulrik Schmidt (born 19 August 1962) is a Danish curler. He is the former skip for the Danish national team, and he threw third stones.

Schmidt's first international appearance was at the 1984 World Junior Curling Championships, where he skipped the Danish team to a 9th-place finish. He was then picked up by Sören Bang to play lead at the 1987 European Curling Championships, placing fourth. He was the team's alternate at the 1991 Euros, skipped by Gert Larsen, placing 6th.

Schmidt skipped his own team beginning in 1996. That season, he finished 5th at the European Championships and 6th at the 1997 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. Later that year, he won a silver medal at the 1997 European Championships, where he lost to Germany (skipped by Andy Kapp) in the final.

Schmidt didn't return to international competition until the 1999 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, where he placed 6th. Later in the year, he won another silver at the Euros, losing to Scotland this time in the final, skipped by Hammy McMillan. At the 2000 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, he placed 5th. In 2000, he won another European silver medal, losing to Finland (skipped by Markku Uusipaavalniemi) in the final. He did not play in the Worlds that season.  Schmidt was an alternate at the following European championship, for Lasse Lavrsen, who finished 6th.

Schmidt represented Denmark at the 2002 Winter Olympics, skipping the team to a 7th-place finish. At the 2002 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, he finished in 5th. He finished 5th at the 2002 European Championship as well. At the 2003 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, he finished 6th.

At the 2003 European Championship, Schmidt won his last international medal to date- a bronze medal. In 2004, he finished 6th and 2005 he finished 6th once again. He did not return to a World Championship until 2006, where he finished 8th. By this time, he was facing competition in his home country from Johnny Frederiksen. He teamed up with Frederiksen at the 2008 World Men's Curling Championship has his lead, finishing 9th. At the 2008 European Curling Championships, Schmidt would return as the team's skip, with Frederiksen as third. They finished in 5th. They switched positions for the 2009 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, but with Schmidt still holding the broom.

External links

2010 Olympics profile

Danish male curlers
1962 births
Living people
Curlers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
Olympic curlers for Denmark
Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Danish curling coaches
21st-century Danish people


Julia Frances Cumberlege, Baroness Cumberlege,  ( Camm; born 27 January 1943) is a British Conservative Party politician and businesswoman. She was created a life peer on 18 May 1990 as Baroness Cumberlege, of Newick in the County of East Sussex.

Early life and education
Daughter of Dr Lambert Ulrich Camm (né Kamm; d. 1997), of Appleton, Newick, East Sussex, general practitioner, the first medical officer for Plumpton Racecourse and formerly of the Indian Medical Service, and Mary Geraldine (née Russell), she was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart School, at Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Career
After her marriage in 1961 and raising her three sons, Cumberlege served in local government as a justice of the peace for East Sussex from 1973 to 1985, and a member of East Sussex County Council from 1974 to 1985. She was appointed CBE in 1985, and served as a Deputy Lieutenant of East Sussex from 1986 to 1991.

As chair of a review team commissioned by the Department of Health and Social Security, Cumberlege produced a report in 1986 which, among other things, recommended that nurses should be able to prescribe some drugs. From 1987 to 1989, she was a member of the DHSS Expert Advisory Group on AIDS.

In 1992 she was appointed a Junior Health Minister and for five years covered all health and social services matters in the House of Lords. Two years later, she vetoed a major Health Education Authority campaign on condom use, "the first attempt for two years to target the general population at risk of HIV", on the grounds that the poster, press and cinema ads "could cause offence" although there had been no evidence of that when testing the campaign.

She was also the Sponsor Minister for the city of Plymouth responsible for regeneration and a budget of £45 million per year. In 1997 she was Opposition Spokesperson for Health.

In the House of Lords in 2000 on the subject of the Britain's National Health Service, remarking that "We are all trapped in a marvellously pure ideology, the ideal socialist dream", she advocated removing the requirement that the NHS be free at the point of use, replacing it with "an NHS insurance premium", and that "allowances could be made for those with private insurance and private expertise could be used". She also said that "The NHS ought not to exclude as a matter of principle the private sector" stating that "Competition is both a spur and a discipline". She said that "some might advocate putting a hospital or two under private management if only to prove that the Government can do it better." She later went on to say, "I am not advocating privatising the NHS. An undiluted private health insurance scheme is not the answer. With current schemes, so much seems to be excluded. And just when the need is greatest the premiums become unaffordable."

In 2006–07, Cumberlege chaired a commission reviewing the approach of the Catholic Church in England and Wales to child protection.

In 2010 she was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the Royal College of Nursing.

She conducted a review of maternity services for NHS England in 2015. Better Births, the report of the review, recommended that all women should have the choice to give birth where they want, with the support of the same midwife throughout pregnancy, labour and the early weeks of motherhood, with control over a personal maternity care budget of £3,000 to be spent on the NHS care they choose.

In February 2018, she was appointed by the Health Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, to chair the Independent Medicines and Medical Devices Security Review, investigating reports from women patients about harmful side effects from medicines and medical devices, and how the health service had responded. The Review was reported in July 2020. It dealt with oral pregnancy test Primodos, anti-epilepsy drug sodium valproate and pelvic mesh repairs. The Review described "a culture of denial, institutional resistance to responding to safety concerns, and an absence of accountability".

Business ventures
In 2001 she launched Cumberlege Connections Ltd.; this became Cumberlege Eden and Partners in 2013. These companies specialized in health sector training and consultancy.

Affiliations
Trustee, Cancer Research UK
Senior Associate, The King's Fund.
Co-chair, Associate Parliamentary Health Group and the All Party Parliamentary Osteoporosis Group
Secretary, Dying Well Parliamentary Group
Vice President, Royal Society for Public Health
Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Physicians
Vice President of the Royal Colleges of Nursing and Midwives
Chair of Trustees, Chailey Heritage School
President, Age UK East Sussex
Patron, National Kidney Federation
Patron, Pregnancy Sickness Support
Patron, Education for Health
Patron, The MASIC Foundation
Patron, The Iolanthe Midwifery Trust

Personal life
In 1961, she married Patrick Francis Howard Cumberlege, of Vuggles Farm, Newick, Lewes, Sussex, sometime chairman of the Newick Village Society and formerly of the Royal Navy, grandson of Sir Alexander Doran Gibbons, 7th Baronet. They have three sons.

A Roman Catholic, she spoke at the Catholic Medical Association (formerly the Guild of Catholic Doctors) conference in Bristol in April 2009, officiated by Archbishop Peter Smith.

References

External links
Interview
"Education for Health" website

1943 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
British businesspeople
English Roman Catholics
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Deputy Lieutenants of East Sussex
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Living people
People from Newick
Honorary Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing
Dames of St. Gregory the Great
National Health Service people


The sexual abuse scandal in Los Angeles archdiocese covered events that were documented beginning in the 1930s, but most publicity was related to events of the 1970s through 1990s. Priests accused of molesting children or adults in the parish were typically reassigned, without informing new parishes of charges against them, as the church protected its staff. Changes in policy took place, a dozen priests were dismissed in 2002, the church issued an apology and detailed report in 2004, and in 2007, the Archdiocese reached a settlement with 508 victims of $660 million, a recordbreaking amount. More lawsuits are expected when the California statute of limitations will be temporarily lifted on January 1, 2020.

Challenging aspects of investigations of sexual abuse
Although Cardinal Roger Mahony released a detailed report in 2004 on numerous cases of abuse in the archdiocese, he resisted releasing records on additional priests for which documentation had not been collected during investigation. Under his leadership, the Archdiocese appealed attempts by the Los Angeles County District Attorney to gain access to these church documents relating to sexual abuse all the way to the US Supreme Court. The Court refused to hear the appeal.

In 2006 the decision required the archdiocese to comply with a subpoena from the Los Angeles County District Attorney for letters to the former priests and notes from counseling sessions conducted by the church.

Settlement
In July 2007 the Los Angeles Archdiocese settled 508 cases for $660 million. On July 16, 2007, the day before he was to testify under oath, Mahony and the Roman Catholic Church in Los Angeles apologized for abuses by priests after 508 victims reached a record-breaking settlement worth $660m (£324m), with an average of $1.3m for each plaintiff. Mahony described the abuse as a "terrible sin and crime", as a series of trials into sex abuse claims since the 1940s were to begin. The agreement, if approved by a judge, will settle all 15 upcoming pedophilia trials against the Los Angeles archdiocese and avoids the threat of Mahony being forced to testify about how the Church dealt with abuses in the period from the 1940s to 1990s.

Since 2002 nearly 1,000 people have filed sexual abuse claims in California. The archdiocese agreed to pay out $60,000,000 to settle 45 lawsuits it still faces over two pending cases of sexual abuse. According to the Associated Press, a total of 22 priests were named in the settlement, with cases going as far back as the 1930s. 20 million dollars of this was paid by the insurers of the archdiocese.

Rita Milla
Rita Milla, an American citizen who was sexually abused by seven priests as a girl and young adult, was paid a $500,000 (€339,190) settlement on December 4, 2007, from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, as a result of her 23-year legal fight. Milla, 46, was one of the plaintiffs in a $660-million-dollar (€447.73 million) global settlement paid by the diocese reached for past abuse victims of molestation by priests. At 16, she was first abused by Fr. Santiago Tamayo at Los Angeles. She said the Roman Catholic Church's failure to help her caused her loss of faith: "It felt like God hanging up the phone on me. I'll never escape the memories and I'll always be fighting the after effects of the trauma I went through, but now I can work on healing." She sued the church in 1984, and Tamayo apologized to her in 1991. Tamayo, who died in 1999, was paid by the church to remain in the Philippines.

Effects on the diocese
On January 22, 2008, Tod Tamberg announced that the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles had sold its 12-story Archdiocesan Catholic Center on Wilshire Boulevard to Jamison Properties of Los Angeles for $31 million to raise funds to pay for its $660 million 2007 settlement on sex abuse by clergy. The building had been donated in 1995 by Thrifty PayLess.

2019 legal action
From May to December 2019, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles provided numerous documents to California State Attorney General Xavier Becerra in preparation for a series of pending lawsuits which are expected to be filed after a new California law which will temporarily remove the statute of limitations goes into effect on January 1, 2020. In January 2020, it was reported that the Archdiocese of Los Angeles had paid $1.9 million to settle a sexual abuse case against a former priest who served in the Archdiocese. In February 2020, a lawsuit was filed against not only the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, but also former Los Angeles ArchBishop Cardinal Roger Mahony and convicted ex priest Michael Baker.

RICO lawsuit
On December 31, 2020, a RICO lawsuit alleged that the Archdiocese of Los Angeles used the Diocese of Tucson as a "dumping ground" for clergy who were accused of sexual abuse while serving in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. In March 2021, it was revealed that another plaintiff was added to the federal lawsuit, which had filed against both Dioceses.

See also
Child sexual abuse
Religious abuse
Sexual abuse
Sexual misconduct
Spiritual abuse
St. John's Seminary (California)

References

Crimes in Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Incidents of violence against girls


Blink of an Eye is the second studio album by American country music band Ricochet. It was released in 1997 via Columbia Records. The album includes three singles, all of which charted on Billboard Hot Country Songs: "He Left a Lot to Be Desired", the title track, and "Connected at the Heart", at #18, #39 and #44 respectively. "Can't Be Good for Your Heart" was co-written by Porter Howell of Little Texas, and "The Last Love in This Town" was co-written by Don Ellis, formerly of the duo Darryl & Don Ellis.

Track listing

Personnel
As listed in liner notes.
 Bruce Bouton - steel guitar
 Mike Brignardello - bass guitar
 Joe Chemay - bass guitar
 Larry Franklin - fiddle, mandolin
 Paul Franklin - steel guitar
 John Hobbs - keyboards
 Paul Leim - drums
 Brent Rowan - electric guitar
 Biff Watson - acoustic guitar
 Lonnie Wilson - drums

Chart performance

References

1997 albums
Columbia Records albums
Ricochet (band) albums
Albums produced by Ron Chancey


Renata Mauro (born Renata Maraolo; 17 May 1934 – 28 March 2009) was an Italian singer, actress and television presenter for RAI, the Italian state broadcaster.

She became known to international audiences for hosting game show Jeux Sans Frontières 1967 to 1970 and the  when it was held in the Italian city of Naples in 1965.

Filmography

Move and I'll Shoot (1958)
The Naked Maja (1958)
The Wastrel (1961)
The Shortest Day (1963) (uncredited)
 (1963, TV miniseries)
Biblioteca di Studio Uno: La primula rossa (1964, TV)
Biblioteca di Studio Uno: Al Grand Hotel (1964, TV)

See also
List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters

References

External links

1934 births
2009 deaths
Italian television presenters
Italian women television presenters
Mass media people from Milan
Italian film actresses


A dual flush toilet is a variation of the flush toilet that uses two buttons or a handle mechanism to flush different amounts of water.

The purpose of this mechanism is to reduce the volume of water used to flush different types of waste. The design takes advantage of the fact that liquid waste requires a lesser amount of water to flush than solid waste.

Development
The system was developed by Japanese sanitary product manufacturer TOTO in 1960. It was equipped with two levers and built-in hand-washer, and also notable in that it reused the water in the hand-washer for flushing. However, it was not very commercially successful either in Japan or internationally. In 1976, American industrial designer Victor Papanek proposed the dual flush system in his book Design for the real world, but the first practical implementation was designed in 1980, by staff at the Australian sanitary-ware company Caroma, with flush volumes of 11 and 5.5 litres. The design caught on, and a redesign in 1994 cut water usage to 6 and 3 litres.

The dual-flush toilet has become almost universally adopted in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, Israel and many other countries, with its use in new buildings often mandated by legislation in those countries. The more complex dual-flush mechanism is more expensive than many other types of low-flush toilets.

Mechanism
Push-button
Due to being a development of the traditional Australian flush toilet, the dual-flush toilet differs from siphon-flush toilets in that it relies on gravity to remove waste from the toilet. The lack of siphoning also means that the toilet requires less water to operate. Due to this, the waterline is considerably lower than that in siphon-flush toilets.

The toilet has two buttons on the cistern rather than the single-flush one; one button delivers a lesser amount of water (eg. 3 litres) and the other a greater amount (eg. 6 litres). It also uses a larger 10 cm trapway in the bowl, allowing for water to come out faster and clear the bowl efficiently.

Lever
There are also dual-flush toilets that use a siphon valve operated by a lever rather than buttons, with a ≤ 6L full flush, and a ≤ 3L half-flush if the flush handle is held down or released immediately after flushing.

Tipping bucket
The tipping bucket cistern can operate in a dual flush mode when the lever is rotated halfway 2.5/5 litre.

Advantages
The dual-flush toilet typically uses less water, resulting in lower running costs and less environmental impact. It was promoted by the Australian Government under its "Target 155" campaign. The first dual-flush toilets had a 4.5 litre (half) and 9 litre (full) flush, but innovations by Caroma brought that down to 3 litres and 4.5 litres respectively, achieving a WELS rating of 4 and 5 stars in Australia.

Australian governments have used rebates to encourage the replacement of old single-flush toilets with more water-efficient ones. For dual-flush toilets, with a star rating of 4 or higher, owners may be able to qualify to claim a rebate from the State Government in Victoria, New South Wales, The ACT or South Australia.

In Britain, the cost of a dual-flush mechanism which can be retro-fitted to an existing toilet was estimated to be from about £15 in 2007.

Disadvantages
While dual flush reduces running cost, the initial purchase price is higher, and replacing a toilet entails installation cost. In many cases it is possible to replace the flushing mechanism of an existing installation; such retrofitting can cost about US$30.

In the United States the Energy Policy Act was signed into law in 1992 and took effect in 1994, requiring that toilets sold use no more than 6 litres (1.6 US gal) per flush. Fixtures that use a maximum of 20% less than the federally mandated maximum of 6 litres (1.6 US gal) receive the WaterSense label, a US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program designed to encourage water efficiency in the United States.

For dual-flush toilets to receive this label, the average flushing volume of two reduced flushes and one full flush must be below 4.8 litres (1.28 US gal).

While all dual-flush toilets are commonly seen as water-saving, this does not apply to all designs. In the US some dual-flush toilets have flushes of , which do not fulfill criteria for the WaterSense label and thus cannot be classified as high-efficiency toilets. Based on the WaterSense averaging rule over two reduced flushes and one full flush, a dual-flush toilet with a full flush at the US legal maximum of  must have a reduced flush of  or less to meet the WaterSense standard of  on average. A common combination for dual-flush toilets meeting the WaterSense standard is a reduced flush of  and a full flush of .

Dual flush mechanisms are also more likely to develop leaks than a traditional siphon; the UK supplier Thames Water claimed in 2020 that dual flush toilets were likely to be wasting more water than they save due to a combination of leaks and confusion over which button to press.

References

Toilet types
Australian inventions


Dennis Edwin Showalter (February 12, 1942 – December 30, 2019) was a professor emeritus of history at Colorado College. Showalter specialized in German military history. He was president of the American Society for Military History from 1997 to 2001. In addition, Showalter was an advising fellow of the Barsanti Military History Center at the University of North Texas.

Career
Showalter began teaching at Colorado College in 1969. Showalter also previously taught at the United States Air Force Academy, the United States Military Academy, and the Marine Corps University. He wrote extensively on the wars of Frederick the Great, the German Wars of Unification, World War I, and World War II.

Awards and honors
1992 Paul Birdsall Prize for best new book given by the American Historical Association, for Tannenberg
2005 Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History
2018 Pritzker Literature Award

Selected works
"Manifestation of Reform: The Rearmament of the Prussian Infantry, 1806–13", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 44, No. 3, September 1972
Railroads and Rifles: Soldiers, Technology, and the Unification of Germany. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon/Shoe String, 1975.
Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon, 1991. . Repr. Washington: Brassey's, 2004.
The Wars of Frederick the Great. London/New York: Longman, 1996.
The Wars of German Unification. London: Arnold, 2004.
Hindenburg: Icon of German Militarism. Military Profiles. Washington: Potomac, 2005.  (with William J. Astore)
Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berkley Caliber, 2005.
Armor and Blood: The Battle of Kursk: The Turning Point of World War II. Random House, 2013.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
American military historians
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University alumni
Colorado College faculty
Historians of Germany
University of Minnesota alumni


Riders in the Sky may refer to:

 "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend", a 1948 country and cowboy-style song
 Riders in the Sky (band), named after the song
 Riders in the Sky (David and the Giants album), 1983
 Riders in the Sky (film), a 1949 film directed by John English
 Nebeští jezdci (Riders in the Sky), a 1968 Czech film
 Riders in the Sky (TV series), 1991
 Riders in the Sky, Live, a 1984 album by Riders in the Sky
 Riders in the Sky, an album by Matchbox


Bibles for Children is a charity in the United Kingdom registered with the Charity Commission. It was established in 1997 by Ted Hudson with the aim of advancing the understanding of the Christian religion through the provision of The Children's Bible Story Book (1991) by Anne de Graaf to every Primary School child in Great Britain. During its first thirteen years of operation, the charity provided Children's Bibles to 264,000 pupils in over 1100 schools in 102 Local Education Authorities throughout England, Wales and Scotland. Bibles for Children works closely with the headteachers of Primary Schools.

See also
Bibles for children, general topic
Christianity

References

External links
 Official Bibles for Children website

Christian charities based in the United Kingdom


is a 2005 feature film by Japanese writer/director Satoshi Miki.

Plot
Suzume Katagura (Juri Ueno) is an ordinary housewife whose spouse is sent overseas on business. She keeps regular contact by phone, but is more concerned with the welfare of his pet turtle, Taro. She dreams of being able to escape from her mundane existence one day. On one occasion, she accidentally floods her apartment, causing her to send in a plumber. Her best friend, Kujaku Ogitani (Yū Aoi) leads a much more interesting life than her and still wants more, namely a husband in Paris with a house with a view of the Eiffel Tower. Later on, while she is on some steep steps, a cart filled with apples accidentally unloads, prompting her to duck, and notice a tiny flyer advertising for spies wanted. After trying (and failing) to make her life more interesting, she replies to the advert and goes into a ramshackle home to meet the spy masters, unemployed couple Shizuo Kugitani (Ryō Iwamatsu) and Etsuko Kugitani (Eri Fuse), who work for an organization that is never referred to by name. They instruct her that her job is to remain completely boring and ordinary. She has this re-iterated to her when she buys a pair of sunglasses to make herself feel more like a spy. At one point, Suzume meets Kujaku in line for a chance to spin a wheel and win marvelous prizes (including a trip to France, hence Kujaku's excitement). While they miss out on a trip to France, they do win a fishing trip, which Suzume is more excited about than Kujaku. Suzume explains that she can never say "no" to Kujaku, because, when they were young, Kujaku cut off the power in the village so that Suzume could see her childhood sweetheart, Kato, in his pajamas, electrocuting herself in the process. The fishing trip is cut short when a body is discovered in the water. An unnamed group takes notice of the fact that the corpse did not belong to a Japanese, and was probably a spy, which starts an investigation to look for more spies. Meanwhile, Suzume meets Kato only to discover, to her horror, that he is bald. While he meets her again the next day, his son comes looking for him, takes him away, and he is never seen again. Eventually, the spies are contacted by the government of their group, who instruct them to return to their country. Suzume is told to say goodbye to all of her friends and family, as she may never see them again. However, Kujaku is missing, and the mysterious group appear outside her door. As Suzume prepares to throw her old life away (symbolized by throwing Taro the Turtle into the river), she sees Kato's son drowning in the river, and as an instinct reaction, rescues him. Witnesses report their statement to the news, and soon artist's impressions of her face appears all over the news. When the order is given for the spies to return, the mysterious group are already patrolling the streets, making escape impossible. To make sure her fellow spies can return safely, Suzume cuts the power in the same fashion that Kujaku did when they were young. When the spies all finally meet at the rendezvous point, Shizou tells Suzume that the government say it would be best for her to remain at home. An old lady on a bench (previously referred to as a "bench hag") reveals herself to be the leader of the operation, and opens a trap door beneath her bench. Suzume waves goodbye to everyone as they walk inside. Suzume then explains that Kujaku got her wish of living in France with a view of the Eiffel Tower, as she has been arrested for espionage in a prison overlooking the tower. The film ends with Suzume walking into the distance to rescue her friend.

Cast
Juri Ueno as Suzume Katakura
Yū Aoi as Kujaku Ogitani
Jun Kaname as Kato
Masatō Ibu as Nakanishi
Yutaka Matsushige as Ramen Chef
Ryō Iwamatsu as Shizuo Kugitani
Eri Fuse as Etsuko Kugitani

Reception
Emma Slawinski of Eye for Film panned the film when she wrote "(the film) is a miscellany of characters, scenes and events that studiously avoids a plot", and "There are moments of wit and the odd thoughtful comment, but they turn into dead ends; the result is disappointingly ordinary".  Conversely, Kevin Gilvear of DVD Times praised the director and the film in comparison to Satoshi Miki's debut film In the Pool by saying "(the film) retains the kind of skewed psychological underpinnings and energy that made the former so enjoyable" and that "...thanks to a sprightly and diverse cast playing a bunch of locals with unlikely talents that we can come away with a huge smile on our face".

Release
The film was first released in Japan July 2, 2005. It was released in South Korea on October 19, 2006. It screened in the United Kingdom at the Raindance Film Festival on October 28, 2008, and in Taiwan on November 7, 2008.

References

External links
 Film website
 Kame wa igai to hayaku oyogu at the Internet Movie Database
 Turtles Are Surprisingly Fast Swimmers at Nippon Cinema

2005 films
Japanese comedy films
2000s Japanese-language films


Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid state (solid-phase) process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity through the use of chemical explosives.  This process is often used to clad carbon steel or aluminium plate with a thin layer of a harder or more corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel, nickel alloy, titanium, or zirconium). Due to the nature of this process, producible geometries are very limited. Typical geometries produced include plates, tubing and tube sheets.

Development
Unlike other forms of welding such as arc welding (which was developed in the late 19th century), explosion welding was developed relatively recently, in the decades after World War II. Its origins, however, go back to World War I, when it was observed that pieces of shrapnel sticking to armor plating were not only embedding themselves, but were actually being welded to the metal. Since the extreme heat involved in other forms of welding did not play a role, it was concluded that the phenomenon was caused by the explosive forces acting on the shrapnel.  These results were later duplicated in laboratory tests and, not long afterwards, the process was patented and put to use.

In 1962, DuPont applied for a patent on the explosion welding process, which was granted on June 23, 1964 under US Patent 3,137,937  and resulted in the use of the Detaclad trademark to describe the process. On July 22, 1996, Dynamic Materials Corporation completed the acquisition of DuPont's Detaclad operations for a purchase price of $5,321,850 (or about $ million today).

The response of inhomogeneous plates undergoing explosive welding was analytically modeled in 2011.

Advantages and disadvantages
Explosion welding can produce a bond between two metals that cannot necessarily be welded by conventional means. The process does not melt either metal, instead plasticizing the surfaces of both metals, causing them to come into intimate contact sufficient to create a weld. This is a similar principle to other non-fusion welding techniques, such as friction welding. Large areas can be bonded extremely quickly and the weld itself is very clean, due to the fact that the surface material of both metals is violently expelled during the reaction.

Explosion welding can join a wide array of compatible and non-compatible metals, with more than 260 metal combinations possible.

A disadvantage of this method is that extensive knowledge of explosives is needed before the procedure may be attempted safely. Regulations for the use of high explosives may require special licensing.

See also
Magnetic pulse welding

References

Further reading

 L.R. Carl. (1944). "Brass welds made by detonation impulse". Metal Progress 102-103 46 - brief publication on the explosion welding of metallic plates.
 US patent 3,137,937 G. R. Cowan, J. Douglas, and A. Holtzman, (1960). "Explosive bonding" -  published a patent on the explosive welding process

Welding
Explosions