I-15 was an Imperial Japanese Navy B1 type submarine commissioned in 1940 that served during World War II. She supported the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, operated off the United States West Coast, and took part in Operation K-1, the Aleutian Islands campaign, and the Guadalcanal campaign, including the Battle of the Eastern Solomons and the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, before she was sunk in November 1942 during her fourth war patrol.

Construction and commissioning

I-15 was laid down on 25 January 1938 by the Kure Naval Arsenal at Kure, Japan, with the name Submarine No. 37. She had been renamed I-15 by the time she was launched on 7 March 1939. She was completed and commissioned on 30 September 1940.

Service history

September 1940–December 1941
Upon commissioning, I-15 was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District. On 15 November 1940, she and the submarine  were assigned to Submarine Division 1 in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 6th Fleet.

As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy for the upcoming conflict in the Pacific, Submarine Squadron 1 was assigned to the Advance Force, and I-15 departed Yokosuka, Japan, on 21 November 1941 in company with the submarines , , and , bound for the waters of the Hawaiian Islands to participate in Operation Z, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that would bring Japan and the United States into World War II. While the submarines were en route, they received the message "Climb Mount Niitaka 1208" () from the Combined Fleet on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the Allies would commence on 8 December 1941 Japan time, which was on 7 December 1941 on the other side of the International Date Line in Hawaii.

World War II

First war patrol
On 7 December 1941, the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, I-15 was on patrol north of Oahu with orders to reconnoiter Hawaiian waters and attack any American ships that sortied from Pearl Harbor. On 10 December, the submarine  reported sighting a U.S. Navy task force including a  and two cruisers steaming northeastward from Oahu, and I-9, I-15, I-17, I-25, and the submarines , , and  received orders to intercept and sink the aircraft carrier and set out in pursuit of it at full speed. Their search for it was unsuccessful.

On 13 December 1941, Japanese Imperial General Headquarters ordered the submarines of the 6th Fleet to bombard the United States West Coast. The 6th Fleet′s commander, Vice Admiral Mitsumi Shimizu, in turn ordered I-9, I-15, I-17, I-19, I-21, I-23, I-25, and the submarines  and  each to fire 30 rounds at targets on the U.S. West Coast on the evening of 25 December 1941, with the commander of Submarine Squadron 1, Rear Admiral Tsutomu Sato aboard his flagship I-9, in overall command of the bombardment. I-15 received these orders on 14 December 1941 and proceeded to her designated patrol area west of the Farallon Islands. She surfaced off the Farallons around midnight on the night of 17–18 December 1941 to recharge her batteries, and her commanding officer permitted her crew to come on deck to see the lights of San Francisco, California, which were visible to the south.

On 22 December 1941 the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, postponed the bombardment until 27 December. On 27 December 1941, with most of the submarines tasked with carrying out the bombardment low on fuel and amid concerns on the Naval General Staff that a bombardment of populous areas such as San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, would inflict significant civilian casualties and invite retaliation by the United States, Shimizu cancelled the bombardment. I-15 headed for Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands, concluding her patrol with her arrival there on 11 January 1942, apparently sighted by the U.S. Navy submarine , which reported seeing three Japanese submarines arrive at Kwajalein that day.

Operation K-1

On 1 February 1942, planes from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier  raided Kwajalein, and I-9, I-15, I-17, I-19, and I-25 submerged to the harbor bottom at a depth of  to avoid attack. Two hours after the air raid ended, 6th Fleet Headquarters ordered Submarine Squadron 1, including I-9, I-15, I-17, I-19, I-23, I-25, I-26, and the submarines  and , to put to sea to find and attack Enterprise.

After an unsuccessful search for Enterprise, I-15, I-19, I-23, and I-26 were recalled to Kwajalein on 3 February 1942 to participate in Operation K-1, an attack on Pearl Harbor in which two Imperial Japanese Navy Kawanishi H8K (Allied reporting name "Emily") flying boats were to fly from Wotje Atoll in the Marshall Islands to the French Frigate Shoals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, refuel from I-15, I-19, and I-26 there, and then fly on to attack Pearl Harbor  to the east-southeast. I-23 was to patrol south of Hawaii to provide weather reports and an air-sea rescue capability if either or both of the flying boats were forced down, while I-9, which remained at sea without returning to Kwajalein, was to operate in an area halfway between Wotje Atoll and the French Frigate Shoals to transmit a radio beacon signal to help the flying boats navigate during the first leg of their flight. On 5 February 1942, I-15 arrived at Kwajalein, where she, I-19, and I-26 disembarked their Yokosuka E14Y (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplanes to make room for six fuel tanks each in their hangars for the storage of aviation gasoline with which to refuel the flying boats.

I-15 got underway from Kwajalein on 20 February 1942 to intercept U.S. Navy Task Force 11, centered around the aircraft carrier , which had aborted a planned raid on the Japanese base at Rabaul after its detection by Japanese reconnaissance aircraft. I-15 did not find Task Force 11, and on 2 March 1942 abandoned her search to proceed to the French Frigate Shoals to support Operation K-1. She and I-19 arrived at the French Frigate Shoals on 4 March and, while I-26 waited at sea as a reserve, refueled the H8K flying boats when they arrived after sunset. The two aircraft soon took off again, and in the predawn hours of 5 March 1942 dropped eight  bombs over Honolulu, inflicting little damage and no casualties due to the overcast conditions, before flying back to the Marshall Islands. I-15, I-19, and I-26 subsequently returned to Japan, arriving at Yokosuka on 21 March 1942 to begin an overhaul.

March–May 1942

While I-15, I-19, I-25, and I-26 were in drydock at Yokosuka, 16 United States Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell medium bombers launched from the aircraft carrier  struck targets in Japan on 18 April 1942 in the Doolittle Raid. One B-25 bombed and damaged the light aircraft carrier , which was undergoing conversion from the submarine tender Taigei in a nearby drydock. I-15 suffered no damage or casualties in the raid.

Second war patrol

With her overhaul complete, I-15 got underway from Yokosuka on 15 May 1942 to begin her second war patrol. She reached Ōminato in northern Honshu on 17 May, then departed in company with I-9, I-17, and I-19 to proceed to the Aleutian Islands. She was reassigned to the Northern Force on 20 May, and on 25 May conducted a reconnaissance of Adak Island. On 26 May, she was diverted to provide support to the aircraft carriers  and  as they deployed to the Aleutians area, then returned to her patrol area south of the Aleutians.

On 27 May 1942, the Japanese began the preliminary stages of Operation AL, the invasion of the Aleutian Islands, and that day I-15 conducted a periscope reconnaissance of Kodiak on Kodiak Island. The Aleutian Islands campaign began with an attack on Dutch Harbor on Amaknak Island by planes from Ryūjō and Jun'yō on 3–4 June 1942, and on 5 June Japanese forces occupied Attu in the western Aleutians without opposition. Early on the morning of 7 June, I-15 reconnoitered Kiska, and Japanese forces occupied that island as well later in the day, also without opposition. Meanwhile, I-9, I-15, I-17, and I-19 formed a patrol line west of Kiska to search for a force of U.S. Navy cruisers reportedly in the area, moving from south to north in their search but finding no American ships.

I-15 conducted a periscope reconnaissance of Dutch Harbor on 19 June 1942. Reassigned to Submarine Division 2 in Submarine Squadron 1 as well as to the Advance Force on 30 June, she headed back to Japan, arriving at Yokosuka on 7 July 1942.

Third war patrol

The Guadalcanal campaign began on 7 August 1942 with United States Marine Corps landings on Guadalcanal in the southeastern Solomon Islands. Submarine Division 2, consisting of I-15, I-17, and I-19, received orders to proceed to the waters east of the Solomons, and I-15 got underway from Yokosuka accordingly on 15 August 1942 to begin her third war patrol. Arriving in their assigned area east of the Santa Cruz Islands on 23 August 1942, the submarines of Submarine Division 2 formed a patrol line to cover the landing of Japanese troops on Guadalcanal in Operation KA.

The Battle of the Eastern Solomons began on 24 August 1942, and at 01:45 local time on 25 August I-15 sighted a U.S. Navy task force which she identified as consisting of the aircraft carrier Enterprise, the battleship , two cruisers, and five destroyers. Hoping to mount a coordinated attack with I-17, I-15 attempted to contact I-17 with sonar pings using Morse code, but was unsuccessful. Two of the U.S. destroyers detected I-17 and attacked her with depth charges. After the depth-charge attack on I-17 ended, I-15 surfaced and maintained contact with the U.S. task force until 03:00. I-15 and I-17 then received orders to pursue the task force.

The Battle of the Eastern Solomons ended on 25 August 1942. On 26 August, the Advance Force ordered I-15, I-17, I-19, I-26, and the submarines , , , and  to deploy from the south to the east of San Cristobal in the southeastern Solomons to interdict American supplies and reinforcements for Guadalcanal. Around midnight on 28 August, I-15 was east of San Cristobal when she sighted what she identified as an American aircraft carrier steaming south. I-15, I-17, and I-33 received orders to pursue  it, but made no further contacts with U.S. ships.

I-9, I-15, I-17, I-19, I-21, I-26, I-33, and the submarine  took up patrol stations between Ndeni in the Santa Cruz Islands and San Cristobal on 10 September 1942. On 13 September, an H8K flying boat reported an Allied task force  south-southeast of Tulagi, and I-9, I-15, I-17, I-21, I-24, I-26, I-33, and the submarine  received orders to form a patrol line to intercept it. At 11:45 on 15 September, I-19 fired a spread of six torpedoes at the aircraft carrier , two of which hit her and inflicted fatal damage. Three of the torpedoes that missed Wasp continued their runs to nearly the limit of their range; one of them hit the battleship North Carolina, one hit the destroyer , and one barely missed the aircraft carrier Hornet.  Several accounts of the action credit I-15 with torpedoing North Carolina, but I-19 fired  all the torpedoes. I-15 was nearby, however, and was able to confirm that I-19 sank Wasp.

On 20 September 1942, I-15, I-17, I-19, I-26, I-33, I-174, and I-175 left the patrol area. I-15 concluded her patrol with her arrival at Truk on 25 September 1942.

Fourth war patrol

Reassigned to the 2nd Reconnaissance Unit — and later directly to Submarine Squadron 1 — I-15 departed Truk on 5 October 1942 to begin her fourth war patrol. She arrived in Indispensable Strait in the Solomon Islands on 12 October, and that day refueled an Imperial Japanese Navy Aichi E13A1 (Allied reporting name "Jake") floatplane of the "R" Area Air Force based at Shortland Island and Rekata Bay; the aircraft sighted a U.S. Navy task force centered around the aircraft carrier Hornet east of Malaita on the morning of 13 October. On 14 October, she refueled an E13A1 based on the seaplane carrier . She again fueled an E13A1 on 16 October, and the aircraft went on to sight Hornet, allowing the Japanese to order I-26 into an area that would give her a chance of intercepting Hornet. On 18 October 1942, I-15 departed Indispensable Strait.

On 19 October 1942, Submarine Squadron 1 received orders to patrol west of Espiritu Santo. On 22 October, I-15, I-17, and I-26 received assignments to patrol west of San Cristobal to prevent U.S. supplies and reinforcements from reaching Guadalcanal.

The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands broke out on 26 October 1942. Operating  west of Espiritu Santo at 03:50 on 27 October, I-15 sighted a large U.S. task force steaming south from the Santa Cruz Islands. When the task force took evasive action to avoid a submarine contact — probably a detection of I-15 — the battleship  and destroyer  suffered major damage when they collided with one another at 04:14. Later on 27 October, I-15 moved to a new patrol area southwest of San Cristobal, from which she transmitted a routine situation report at 17:01 on 3 November 1942. The Japanese never heard from her again.

Loss
During a voyage from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal with a cargo of supplies, the U.S. Navy fast minesweeper  sighted I-15 on the surface recharging her batteries off Cape Recherche on San Cristobal at 02:30 on 10 November 1942. Southard closed the range and at 02:31 opened  gunfire on I-15, which crash-dived. I-15 fired two torpedoes at Southard, both of which missed. Southard gained sonar contact on I-15 at 02:42, and over the next several hours made six depth-charge attacks. The crew of the Japanese submarine  was patrolling in the vicinity and heard the depth charges explode.  Damage from the depth-charge attacks forced I-15 to surface at the south end of Indispensable Strait at 10:03, and Southard opened gunfire on her at a range of . She quickly hit I-15′s conning tower, and I-15 sank by the bow at  with the loss of her entire crew of 91.

On 5 December 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared I-15 to be presumed lost with all hands in the Guadalcanal area. The Japanese removed her from the Navy list on 24 December 1942.

Southard sometimes is credited with sinking the submarine  rather than I-15 on 10 November 1942, but this appears to be in error. On 14 December 1942, almost five weeks after Southard sank I-15, the U.S. Navy submarine  claimed the sinking of a Japanese submarine which she misidentified as I-15.

Notes

Sources
 Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander. IJN Submarine I-15: Tabular Record of Movement.  http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-15.htm.  Retrieved on March 15, 2009.

 Morison, Samuel Eliot.  The Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 131–34, 233.  Volume 5 of The History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (1949).  Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2001.
 .

Type B1 submarines
Ships built by Kure Naval Arsenal
1939 ships
World War II submarines of Japan
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Japanese submarines lost during World War II
Submarines sunk by United States warships
Warships lost in combat with all hands
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in November 1942
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean


Events in the year 1816 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles II

Events
 26 May -  Norwegian Bible Society, the oldest interchurch organization in Norway is founded.
 14 June - Norges Bank, the central bank of Norway is founded.

Full date unknown
 Bodø was granted township status.
 Grimstad received city rights.
 Carl Carlsson Mörner is appointed Governor-general of Norway.

Arts and literature
The oldest theatre building in Scandinavia; Trøndelag Teater was built.

Births

5 January – Jens Zetlitz Kielland, consul and artist (d.1881)
16 March – Vilhelmine Ullmann, proponent for women's rights (d. 1915)
30 May – Jacob Smith Jarmann, firearms designer (d.1894)
6 June – August Thomle, jurist and politician (d.1889)
30 July – Johan Sverdrup, politician and first Prime Minister of Norway (d.1892)
16 October – Christian Torber Hegge Geelmuyden, navy officer and politician (d.1885)
16 December – Adam Hiorth, merchant and industrial pioneer (died 1871).

Full date unknown
Paul Peter Vilhelm Breder, politician (d.1890)
Erik Jonsson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (d.1868)
Wilhelm Nielsen, politician

Deaths
26 March – Johan Ernst Mowinckel, merchant and consul (b. 1759).
26 July – Johan Nordahl Brun, poet, dramatist, bishop and politician (b.1745)

See also

References


William, Will, Bill or Billy Dean may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 William Dean Howells (1837–1920), American novelist and playwright
 Bill Dean (1921–2000), British actor
 Billy Dean (born 1962), American country music singer
 Billy Dean (album), his 1991 album

Sports
 William Dean (Hampshire cricketer) (c. 1882–?), Australian cricketer
 William Henry Dean (1887–1949), English water polo player
 Dixie Dean (William Dean, 1907–1980), English footballer
 William Dean (Somerset cricketer) (1926–1994), English cricketer
 Bill Dean (baseball) (), American baseball player
 Will Dean (rower) (born 1987), Canadian rower
 Will Dean (footballer) (born 2000), English footballer

Others
 William Dean (priest) (died 1588), English priest and martyr
 William Dean (engineer) (1840–1905), British railway engineer
 William Reginald Dean (1896–1973), British applied mathematician
 William F. Dean (1899–1981), United States Army general
 William D. Dean (born 1940), American politician and television producer
 Billy Dean Anderson (1934–1979), American criminal
 Will Dean (entrepreneur) (born 1980), English business founder
 Bill Dean (politician), American legislator

Other uses
 William Dean Chocolates, American confectioner

See also
 William the Dean, 13th century Scottish bishop
 William Deane (born 1931), Governor-General of Australia from 1996 to 2001
 Billy Deans (disambiguation)


The  (“Leaders Reserve” or "Reserve for Leaders") was set up in the German Armed Forces during World War II in 1939 as a pool of temporarily unoccupied high-ranking military officers awaiting new assignments. The various military branches and army groups each had their own pools that they could use as they saw fit. The officers were required to remain at their assigned stations and be available to their superiors but could not exercise any command function, which was in effect equivalent to a temporary retirement while retaining their previous active income. Especially in the second half of the war, more and more politically problematic, troublesome, or militarily incompetent officers were assigned to the .

Etymology
The name does not allude to Adolf Hitler. The first compound, , refers in plural to the members themselves as an officer (the leaders) reserve.  in this case is not used possessively to indicate that this was Hitler’s reserve.

References

Wehrmacht
1939 establishments in Germany


Events in the year 1894 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Oscar II
Prime Minister –

Events
 The Norwegian Museum of Cultural History is founded.
 The 1894 Parliamentary election takes place.

Arts and literature
Erika Nissen, pianist, is granted an artist's scholarship by the Norwegian state
The periodical For Kirke og Kultur is founded.

Notable births

1 January – Otto Aasen, Nordic skier (died 1983)
4 January – Hans Nikolai Stavrand, politician (died 1980)
7 January – Anton Beinset, journalist, newspaper editor, short story writer, crime fiction writer and politician (died 1963).
15 January – Jacob Opdahl, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1938)
1 March – Sigurd Maseng, diplomat (died 1952)
2 March – Halldis Stenhamar, journalist (died 1983).
4 March – Arne Rostad, politician (died 1969)
9 March – Jørgen Leonard Firing, politician (died 1977)
18 March – John Anker Johansen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1986)
21 March – Hannah Ryggen, textile artist (died 1970).
31 March – Svein Rosseland, astrophysicist (died 1985)
2 April – Jørgen Bjørnstad, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1942)
13 April – Ludvig Irgens-Jensen, composer (died 1969)
5 May – Johan Sigurd Karlsen, politician (died 1967)
19 May  – Carl Søyland, Editor-in-chief of Nordisk Tidende (died 1978)
4 June – Alv Kjøs, politician (died 1990)
15 June – Trygve Gulbranssen, novelist (died 1962)
18 June – Ernst Ullring, naval officer (died 1953).
5 July – Eivind Holmsen, sport shooter (died 1990)
13 July – Aani Aanisson Rysstad, politician (died 1965)
25 July – Otto Johannessen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist
20 August – Snefrid Eriksmoen, politician (died 1954)
8 September – Arne Damm, publisher and military officer (died 1968).
12 September – Endre Kristian Vestvik, politician (died 1956)
27 September – Johan Clementz, boxer (died 1952)
28 September – Thorleif Haug, skier and Olympic gold medallist (died 1934)
29 September – Ludvig Ellefsrød, politician (died 1983)
7 October – Ola Torstensen Lyngstad, politician (died 1952)
16 October – Ingvald Haugen, trade unionist and politician (died 1958)
30 October – Halvor Birkeland, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1971)
5 November – Erling Wikborg, politician (died 1992)
12 November – Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe, zoologist
25 November – Håkon Ellingsen, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1971)
11 December – Martin Linge, actor and military commander (died 1941)
26 December – Håkon Evjenth, jurist and children's writer (died 1951).

Full date unknown
Anders Beggerud, civil servant (died 1957)
Arne Dagfin Dahl, military officer (died 1990)
Mikkjel Fønhus, writer (died 1973)
Leif Grung, architect (died 1945)
Johan Peter Holtsmark, physicist (died 1975)
Olav Larssen, newspaper editor (died 1981)
Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Jr., Lutheran theologian, author and bishop (died 1980)
Carl Søyland, newspaper editor (died 1978)

Notable deaths

7 January – Søren Jaabæk, politician and farmer (born 1814)
29 March – Jacob Smith Jarmann, firearms designer (born 1816)
13 July – Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, physician (born 1815)
25 December – Julius Nicolai Jacobsen, businessperson and politician (born 1829)

Full date unknown
Hans J. C. Aall, politician (born 1806)
Svend Foyn, whaler (born 1809)
Niels Petersen Vogt, politician and Minister (born 1817)
Gisle Johnson, theologian (born 1822)

See also

References


Cow Island is an island on Rice Lake in Ontario, Canada, just west of the mouth of the Otonabee River.

There are approximately 50 privately owned lots of land on the island. The majority of settlements on Cow are located on the north and west parts of the island, as much of the east is marsh, and cannot be easily accessed by boat.

History
Cow Island was once a marshy peninsula. In 1819, the southern section was called Fothergill Point. It was the location of Charles Fothergill's hunting lodge, Castle Fothergill. It was renamed Jubilee Point in 1887, by steamboat entrepreneur Henry Calcutt, to honour the 50th anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign. The island was named for the Cow (now Cowie) family of Hiawatha.  Other places in Peterborough County have been named for members of this family, such as Jack's Lake near Apsley, named for "Handsome" Jack Cow, and Polly Cow Island below Young's Point, named for his daughter. In 1867, part of Cow Island, along with others mentioned, was purchased by Alfred Harris. It has always been a popular spot to trap muskrats. It is said that Rice Lake muskrats possess the finest skins in the world. Victor Harris, a great-great grandson of Alfred Harris carries on the operation of the Rice Lake Fur Company at this location.

The early Mississauga name for Rice Lake was Pem-e-dash-cou-tay-ang or Lake of the Burning Plains. This refers to the hunting grounds on the southern shore where native peoples burned the vegetation each spring to encourage the growth of a type of grass relished by deer. The Mississaugas, according to records "by a provisional treaty signed on November 5, 1818, and later confirmed, surrendered a large tract of land to the British Crown, including the Otonabee region." When the native settlements of the Rice Lake Indian Village (later Hiawatha) and Alderville (named for the Rev. Robert Alder, English secretary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society) were established in 1829 and 1837, respectively, the colonial government referred to the Rice Lake islands by number. The Mississauga's influence, however, is evident in some of the names of the islands such as Cow, Paudash and Sugar, named by and for native people. Most retain these names today.

Several of the present islands, particularly near the northern shoreline, were former marshy peninsulas. These peninsulas became flooded during the construction of the Trent Canal system starting in 1838 when a dam was built at Hastings. It is said the present lake level is about six feet higher than earlier. In 1913, compensation was given by King George V to some owners for damage caused by the Trent Canal.

Around 1867, according to Registry Office records, the superintendent-general of Indian Affairs, on behalf of the Crown, began to sell the Rice Lake islands. A few  were retained by the Crown and reserved for the native peoples. The proceeds from some sales were to benefit the Alnwick or Alderville natives and some the Mississaugas of the Rice Lake Indian Village and Mud Lake.

Islands of Rice Lake

Cow Island is one of several islands on Rice Lake. Other islands include:  Black, Foley (Upper and Lower), Grasshopper, Grape (East and West), Harmony, Harris, Hickory, Long, Margaret, Paudaush or Paudash, Rack, Sheep, Spook or Spooke, Sugar (East and West), Tic, and White's.

Web site
Official web site for Cow Island, including portal for owners: cowisland.ca

There is also a Facebook fan page for Cow Island, Rice Lake:

Notes

Lake islands of Ontario


Peter Cunningham (13 July 1906 – 3 September 1934) was a Scottish footballer who played as a centre-forward for Clyde, Partick Thistle, Cork City, Barnsley, Port Vale, and Crewe Alexandra.

Career
Cunningham played for Clyde, Partick Thistle, Cork City and Barnsley, before joining Port Vale in May 1933. He played just two Second Division games before leaving The Old Recreation Ground and dropping down to the Third Division North to play for Crewe Alexandra in November 1933. He died less than a year later on 3 September 1934, at the age of 28.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Clyde F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
Cork City F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
1906 births
1934 deaths


Hilary Green (born 29 December 1951) is a British former competitive ice dancer. With her skating partner, Glyn Watts, she became the 1974 World silver medalist and a two-time European silver medalist (1974, 1975). They represented Great Britain at the 1976 Winter Olympics, where they placed 7th.

In 1973, they competed at the inaugural Skate Canada International and won the event.

Competitive highlights
(with Watts)

References

1951 births
British female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Great Britain
Living people
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists


In statistics, non-sampling error is a catch-all term for the deviations of estimates from their true values that are not a function of the sample chosen, including various systematic errors and random errors that are not due to sampling. Non-sampling errors are much harder to quantify than sampling errors.

Non-sampling errors in survey estimates can arise from:

 Coverage errors, such as failure to accurately represent all population units in the sample, or the inability to obtain information about all sample cases;
 Response errors by respondents due for example to definitional differences, misunderstandings, or deliberate misreporting;
 Mistakes in recording the data or coding it to standard classifications;
 Pseudo-opinions given by respondents when they have no opinion, but do not wish to say so
 Other errors of collection, nonresponse, processing, or imputation of values for missing or inconsistent data.

An excellent discussion of issues pertaining to non-sampling error can be found in several sources such as Kalton (1983) and Salant and Dillman (1995),

See also

 Errors and residuals in statistics
 Sampling error

References

Survey methodology
Errors and residuals
Auditing terms


Paul Paviot (11 March 1926 – 23 November 2017) was a French film director and screenwriter. He directed 17 films between 1952 and 1974.

Selected filmography
 A Slice of Life (1954)

References

External links

1926 births
2017 deaths
French film directors
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
Writers from Paris


The Association of Independent Methodists (AIM) is a fellowship of independent Methodist congregations that are aligned with the holiness movement. The Association is based in the United States, being founded in 1965 by churches who left the mainline Methodist Church because of disagreements on church government and doctrinal matters. As of 2023, the denomination has 76 churches in 8 U.S. states, concentrated mostly in the Southern United States.

Beliefs

The Association of Independent Methodists maintains a statement of faith similar to other denominations of a Wesleyan-Holiness orientation with a Methodist heritage.

According to AIM's Statement of Faith: "The Bible is the infallible Word of God, inerrant in the originals. There is one God, eternally existent in three Persons—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit," and "Jesus Christ alone is Man's Redeemer and is the only way to salvation and everlasting life." Furthermore, the Association believes in Jesus' "full deity, virgin birth, atoning death, bodily resurrection, heavenly ascension, and imminent return".

Salvation is "by grace through faith in the atonement and merits of Christ, appropriated through the repentance of sins and a lively trust in Him".

Evangelical in belief, the Association states: "There is to be a resurrection of both the saved and the lost, the saved to everlasting life and the lost to everlasting damnation." True to the Wesleyan position, the Association adheres to a belief in entire sanctification: "The believer can be cleansed from all sin through the sanctifying power of the blood of Christ applied to the heart of him who believes by the work of the Holy Spirit." This is reflected in the theme of the small band of churches: "free salvation for all people and full salvation from all sin".

In terms of man's origins, the Association maintains: "The Biblical account of creation and all other supernatural acts of God recorded in the Scriptures are true," holding to an Arminian position that "man was created to be a free moral agent and remains so all the days of his life, with the God-given freedom to embrace or reject God throughout one's life in response to God's offer in prevenient grace."

The Association celebrates two Sacraments, common to other Methodist bodies: the Lord's Supper and Baptism, by method of choice.

Polity

AIM is strictly congregational, stating, "We do not own the property of any local church; neither do we so desire." Ministers are screened and credentialed but not appointed to charges or pastorates and are subject to the vote of local congregations. Headquarters, camps, and missions are voluntarily supported by member churches (i.e., 'Associates') of AIM. There are no bishops, as President and an elected board (i.e., 'Executive Committee') oversee the affairs of the connection of churches.

Affiliations

AIM has affiliations with Wesley Biblical Seminary and Kentucky Mountain Bible College and keeps fraternal relations with the Congregational Methodist Church, the National Association of Wesleyan Evangelicals, and the Methodist Protestant Church, as well as the missionary-sending organization World Gospel Mission and is a member of the Global Wesleyan Alliance.

See also
Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches

References

External links
Association website

Christian organizations established in 1965
Methodist denominations
Methodist denominations in North America
Fundamentalist denominations


The Video and Image Retrieval and Analysis Tool (VIRAT) program is a video surveillance project funded by the Information Processing Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

The purpose of the program was to create a database that could store large quantities of video, and make it easily searchable by intelligence agents to find "video content of interest" (e.g. "find all of the footage where three or more people are standing together in a group") -- this is known as "content-based searching".

The other primary purpose was to create software that could provide "alerts" to intelligence operatives during live operations (e.g. "a person just entered the building").

The focus of VIRAT is primarily on footage from UAVs such as the MQ-1 Predator. As of the writing of the project solicitation in March 2008, most analysis of drone footage is done in a very labor-intensive manner by humans, who have to do manual "fast-forwarding" searches through video, or perform search queries of metadata or annotations added to videos earlier. The goal of VIRAT is to change all of this and have a large portion of the burden taken off of humans, and automating the analysis of surveillance video.

VIRAT will focus heavily on developing means to be able to search through databases containing thousands of hours of video, looking for footage where certain types of activities took place, such as:

Single person: Digging, loitering, picking up, throwing, exploding/burning, carrying, shooting, launching, walking, limping, running, kicking, smoking, gesturing
Person-to-person: Following, meeting, gathering, moving as a group, dispersing, shaking hands, kissing, exchanging objects, kicking, carrying an object together
Person-to-vehicle: Driving, getting-in (out), loading (unloading), opening (closing) trunk, crawling under car, breaking window, shooting/launching, exploding/burning, dropping off, picking up
Person-to-facility: Entering (exiting), standing, waiting at checkpoint, evading checkpoint, climbing atop, passing through gate, dropping off
Vehicle: Accelerating (decelerating), turning, stopping, overtaking/passing, exploding/burning, discharging, shooting, moving together, forming into convoys, maintaining distance
Other: VIP activities (convoy, parade, receiving line, troop formation, speaking to crowds), riding/leading animal, bicycling

There are already highly developed object detection systems (e.g. programs that can determine whether an object in video footage is a "car" or a "person wearing a backpack"). VIRAT will utilize what is currently available for object detection. It is not within the scope of VIRAT to fund research in object detection, unless it is somehow related to identifying certain types of activities, like those mentioned above.

The DARPA program manager for the VIRAT project is Dr. Mita Desai.

See also
 Biometrics
 Human identification at a distance
 Information Processing Technology Office
 MALINTENT
 Cameras

References

External links
 DARPA solicitations
 Listing of VIRAT team members
 FBO contracting awards and solicitations

Surveillance
Computer vision software


Glynn Robin "Glyn" Watts (born 16 March 1949) is a British former competitive ice dancer. With his skating partner, Hilary Green, he became the 1974 World silver medalist and a two-time European silver medalist (1974, 1975). They represented Great Britain at the 1976 Winter Olympics, where they placed 7th.

In 1973, they competed at the inaugural Skate Canada International and won the event.

Competitive highlights
(with Green)

References

1949 births
British male ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Great Britain
Living people
Figure skaters from London
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists


accessaphone, first introduced in 2005 is CTI (Computer Telephony Integration) enabled software that provides better user access to desk and soft phones via the keyboard, mouse and/or voice commands. The application is specifically useful for users with various vision and mobility abilities.

How  it is used
As an example, when using an enterprise phone from Cisco, NEC or Tadiran Telecom, functions like Dial, Hold and Transfer can be executed via keyboard hot keys D, H and T (preceded with the ALT key) respectively. accessaphone uses Microsoft Windows Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI) to communicate with the Enterprise Phone System.

Accessibility compliance
One of the ways in which accessaphone makes phone systems accessible and Section 508 compliant is by providing Audible Caller ID. This is a requirement on the Voluntary Product Accessibility Template. This is specifically useful for users with vision loss as the identification of an incoming call gets announced with the use of the software. The United States Access Board - the agency who is responsible for Section 508 - deployed accessaphone along with a Cisco phone system for their employees who required certain access to specific phone features like Audible Caller ID or those employees with physical impairments who needed voice access to the phone.

In 2009, The American Foundation for the Blind did a case study and determined that accessaphone was compliant with Section 508 and did in fact enhance Voice over IP telephony equipment for users needing certain access to that equipment.

References

External links
 accessaphone website
 United States Access Board: Section 508

Disability software


Mattos Nascimento (born 2 June 1954) is a Brazilian musician, singer, composer and trombonist. In the 1980s he used to perform with the famous Brazilian band Os Paralamas do Sucesso. Since he became a follower of Jesus Christ on 19 November 1989 he's been dedicating himself exclusively to a solo career, recording dozens of albums. He has his own music label called "Mattos Nascimento Discos" and was the pioneer in his family to get into the gospel music scene.

Discography
Oh Glória!
Rei dos reis
Especial Ao Vivo
Céu de Luz
Você já Imaginou?
Jesus é o Rei
Muito Feliz
Sou vencedor
In Concert (vol 1 & 2)
Parece até um Sonho
À Sombra do Onipotente Descansará
Levanta a Bandeira
Jesus tem Misericórdia
Jesus Salva e dá Vitória
Jesus de Nazaré
Jesus El Nazareno
Vem
Liberdade
Harpa Cristã vol. 1
Harpa Cristã vol. 2
Na Unção do primeiro amor
Em Àguas Profundas
Canções Imortais
As primeiras canções
Grite para Todo Mundo Ouvir
Arma Poderosa
Inéditas – Ao Vivo
Grite para todo o mundo ouvir
Filho Pródigo

References

External links
 Official website
 Song lyrics

Living people
Brazilian gospel singers
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
Brazilian trombonists
1954 births
21st-century trombonists
21st-century Brazilian male singers
21st-century Brazilian singers


Ryan McGee is a senior writer for ESPN The Magazine and formerly a television producer with ESPN, Fox Sports Net, and NASCAR Media Group. He covers a variety of American sports, but is best known for his motorsports work, particularly NASCAR, and college football. Before joining ESPN The Magazine he was a columnist for FoxSports.com. He was also editor-in-chief at NASCAR Media and wrote the script for the documentary Dale, that was narrated by Paul Newman.

In 2006 he published his first book, ESPN Ultimate NASCAR: 100 Defining Moments in Stock Car Racing History and his second, The Road To Omaha: Hits, Hopes, and History at the College World Series which was published in May 2009. The paperback version was published in May 2010. In 2018, he co-authored the Dale Earnhardt Jr. book and New York Times bestseller "Racing to the Finish." In 2020 he co-authored "Sidelines and Bloodlines" with father Dr. Jerry McGee and brother Sam McGee about Dr. McGee's longtime career as a college football official.

McGee was also an analyst/contributor to ESPN2's night studio show NASCAR Now before the show was canceled in early 2014. He is currently a commentator on ESPNU and the SEC Network, where he frequently guest hosts on The Paul Finebaum Show.

McGee co-hosts Marty & McGee alongside Marty Smith. In 2015 the podcast was promoted to a regular weekend time slot on ESPN Radio and in 2018 a TV version of the show began on the SEC Network.

McGee also writes a column for ESPN.com called the Bottom 10, where he ranks and explains the ten worst teams in College Football. The column is updated weekly.

See also
Totally NASCAR

References

External links

Living people
American sportswriters
ESPN people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Alexander Alexandrowitsch Maximow (;  – December 4, 1928) was a Russian-American scientist in the fields of Histology and Embryology whose team developed the hypothesis about the existence of "polyblasts". Maximow is renowned for his experimental work on the unitarian theory of hematopoiesis: all blood cells develop from a common precursor cell. Maximow served as a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Biography
Alexander A. Maximow was born into an old and wealthy merchant family in Saint Petersburg in Russia. From 1882 onwards he was a pupil of Karl May School in Saint Petersburg and in 1891 he entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy in Saint Petersburg, aged 17. During this time he completed his first scientific works, and he was awarded the gold medal for research on the "Histogenesis of experimentally induced amyloid degeneration of the liver in animals" published in the journal Russian Archives of pathology, clinical medicine and bacteriology. In 1896, he earned a degree as a medical doctor from the same institution. Subsequently, he studied for two years in Germany at Freiburg and Berlin. Returning to Saint Petersburg, he served as professor of histology and embryology from 1903 until 1922. While he could teach and pursue his research after the Russian Revolution he could not arrange himself with living in communist Russia. He fled 1922 with his sister, his wife and his adopted son to the USA.  From 1922 until his death in 1928, he served as a professor of anatomy at the University of Chicago and conducted his research with his sister Claudia as congenial lab technician and co-worker at his side ("...(stand) ihm seine Schwester Claudia als kongeniale Laborantin und Mitarbeiterin zur Seite...")

From 1896 until 1902, Maximow authored numerous papers, concerning a variety of histologic problems, which established the background for his future work. In the later stages of his career, Maximow was primarily interested in the blood and the connective tissues. After demonstrating that all blood cells develop from a common precursor cell, Maximow confirmed the unitarian theory of hematopoiesis. His other experimental work provided evidence confirming that lymphocytes of the blood and lymph nodes are undifferentiated cells.

Maximow wrote "the world's most respected textbook in histology," a book that became a standard text for medical students and ran to 12 editions. He also developed and introduced a unitarian theory of hematopoiesis, a theory upon which the modern concept of blood cells' origin and differentiation is based.

For four years before Maximow's death, fellow histologist William Bloom worked closely with him on the Textbook of Histology. Bloom ultimately completed the work, which was first published in 1930.

He died on December 4, 1928, in his sleep in Chicago after of a long-standing history of severe coronary arteriosclerosis.

Works
Maximow, Alexander A. (1905). "Über Zellformen des lockeren Bindegewebes". Arch mikr Anat 67: 680–757.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1906). 'Über experimentelle Erzeugung von Knochenmarkgewebe". Anat Anz 28: 608–612.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1909). "Untersuchungen über Blut und Bindegewebe I. Die frühesten Entwicklungsstadien der Blut- und Bindegewebszellen beim Säugetierembryo, bis zum Anfang der Blutbilding in der Leber." Arch. Mikroskop. Anat. 73, 444–561.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1909). "Der Lymphozyt als gemeinsame Stammzelle der verschiedenen Blutelemente in der embryonalen Entwicklung und im postfetalen Leben der Säugetiere". Folia Haematologica 8.1909, 125–134. Translation into English: The Lymphocyte as a stem cell common to different blood elements in embryonic development and during the post-fetal life of mammals,
Maximow, Alexander A. (1910). "Untersuchungen über Blut und Bindegewebe. III. Die embryonale Histogenese des Knochenmarks der Säugetiere". Arch mikr Anat 76: 1–113.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1924). "Relation of blood cells to connective tissues and endothelium." Physiological Revue 4 (4): 533–563.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1926). "Über undifferenzierte Blutzellen und mesenchymale Keimlager im erwachsenen Organismus". Klin Wochensch 5: 2193–2199.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1927). "Morphology of the mesenchymal reactions". Arch Pathol 4: 557–606.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1927). "Development of non-granular leucocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) into polyblasts (macrophages) and fibroblasts in vitro". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 24: 570–572.
Maximow, Alexander A. (1928). "Cultures of blood leucocytes. From lymphocyte and monocyte to connective tissue". Arch Exp Zellforsch 5: 169–268.
Maximow, Alexander A. and William Bloom (1930). A textbook of histology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

References

External links
Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, Volume 1, Number 3, December 2009 - Focus: Maximow 1909 centenary
Novik A.A., Ionova T.I., Gorodokin G., Smolyaninov A., Afanasyev B.V. The Maximow 1909 centenary: A reappraisal
Friedenstein A. Stromal-hematopoietic interrelationships: Maximov's ideas and modern models. Republished from Modern Trends in Human Leukemia VIII (1989), Ed. R. Neth, with kind permission by Springer Science and Business Media. Cell Ther Transplant. 2009;1:e.000033.01.
Friedenstein A. On stromal-hematopoietic interrelationships: Maximov's ideas and modern models [Lecture at Wilsede Meeting 1988, Audio & Transcript]
Guide to the Alexander Maximow Papers 1902-1936 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1874 births
1928 deaths
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni
Academics from the Russian Empire
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Pathologists from the Russian Empire
University of Chicago faculty
Soviet emigrants to the United States


Karambar Pass (el. 14,250 ft.) is a high mountain pass in Pakistan.  It connects the Yarkhun River valley in Pakistan's upper Chitral District to the Karambar river valley in Ishkoman tehsil of Ghizer district in Hunza Valley.  Sometimes it is misspelled as Karomber or Kromber pass.

The pass is one mile to the west of Karambar lake and two miles to the south of Dupsuk peak (5748m), which is the meeting point of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan Kashmir. Approximately 15 miles to the west of the pass lies the prominent Broghol pass. The Karambar River flows out of the Karambar lake in an initially southeast direction. South of Imit it is known as the Ishkoman river and joins the Ghizar river at Gahkuch to become the Gilgit river.

Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Mountain passes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mountain passes of the Hindu Kush


A Slice of Life may refer to:

 Slice of life, a genre of art depicting mundane experiences
 A Slice of Life (1914 film), an American silent film
 A Slice of Life (1954 film), an Italian-French film
 "Slice of Life" (song), by Bauhaus
 A Slice of Life (1983 film), an Australian comedy film
 "A Slice of Life" (short story), by P. G. Wodehouse
 "Slice of Life" (My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic), a television episode
 "The Slice of Life", an episode of Roseanne


Matthew Kidd (born 27 October 1979) is a freestyle swimmer from Great Britain.

Swimming career
Matthew competed in the 100 metre freestyle at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, finishing 23rd fastest overall. He combined with the British squad to place 8th in the 4×100 metre medley relay final in a time of 3 minutes 37.77 seconds. His anchor split was 49.14 seconds, marginally slower than his preliminary split time of 49.05 seconds.

He won the 2002 and 2004 British Championship in 100 metres freestyle.

See also
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

External links
British Swimming athlete profile

1979 births
English male swimmers
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Living people
People educated at Ewell Castle School
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Universiade medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Great Britain
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games


The Jurkat–Richert theorem is a mathematical theorem in sieve theory. It is a key ingredient in proofs of Chen's theorem on Goldbach's conjecture.
It was proved in 1965 by Wolfgang B. Jurkat and Hans-Egon Richert.

Statement of the theorem
This formulation is from Diamond & Halberstam.
Other formulations are in Jurkat & Richert, Halberstam & Richert,
and Nathanson.

Suppose A is a finite sequence of integers and P is a set of primes. Write Ad for the number of items in A that are divisible by d, and write P(z) for the product of the elements in P that are less than z. Write ω(d) for a multiplicative function such that ω(p)/p is approximately the proportion of elements of A divisible by p, write X for any convenient approximation to |A|, and write the remainder as

Write S(A,P,z) for the number of items in A that are relatively prime to P(z). Write

Write ν(m) for the number of distinct prime divisors of m. Write F1 and f1 for functions satisfying certain difference differential equations (see Diamond & Halberstam for the definition and properties).

We assume the dimension (sifting density) is 1: that is, there is a constant C such that for 2 ≤ z < w we have

(The book of Diamond & Halberstam extends the theorem to dimensions higher than 1.) Then the Jurkat–Richert theorem states that for any numbers y and z with 2 ≤ z ≤ y ≤ X we have

and

Notes

Sieve theory
Theorems in analytic number theory


Bittium editum is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cerithiidae, the cerithiids. This species is found only in New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Cerithiidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1930


Feminism in Ireland has played a major role in shaping the legal and social position of women in present-day Ireland. The role of women has been influenced by numerous legal changes in the second part of the 20th century, especially in the 1970s.

History

1870–1910s: before independence

The women's movement in what was to become the Republic of Ireland started in the second half of the 19th century. The pioneer of the women's movement on Ireland was Anna Haslam, who in 1876 founded the pioneering Dublin Women's Suffrage Association (DSWA), which campaigned for a greater role for women in local government and public affairs, aside from being the first women's suffrage society (after the Irish Women's Suffrage Society by Isabella Tod in 1872).

The DSWA was followed by the Irish Women's Franchise League (1908) and the Irish Catholic Women's Suffrage Association (1915), as well as the Irish Women's Suffrage Federation (IWSF), founded to unite scattered suffrage societies in Ireland. Another important association for women's rights were the Irish Women Workers' Union, which was set up on 5 September 1911 because other trade unions of the time excluded women workers.

1910–1920s: revolution and suffrage

Women participated actively in the Easter Rising of 1916, the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798 and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, a voting rights activist, told audiences during a speaking tour in 1917 that "it is the only instance I know of in history when men fighting for freedom voluntarily included women.

Approximately 300 women took part in the subsequent Irish War of Independence, many of whom were members of the Irish republican paramilitary group Cumann na mBan. In advance of the 2016 commemoration of the Rising, several historians worked to raise awareness of women's roles. We Were There – 77 Women of the Easter Rising by Mary McAuliffe and Liz Gillis documents the stories of 77 women who were jailed for participating in the uprising. They were typically activists who had fought for social justice and equality in a variety of ways: land reform, labor organizing and women’s suffrage.

From 1918, with the rest of the United Kingdom, women in Ireland could vote at age 30 with property qualifications or in university constituencies, while men could vote at age 21 with no qualification. From separation in 1922, the Irish Free State gave equal voting rights to men and women. ["All citizens of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) without distinction of sex, who have reached the age of twenty-one years and who comply with the provisions of the prevailing electoral laws, shall have the right to vote for members of Dáil Eireann, and to take part in the Referendum and Initiative."] Promises of equal rights from the Proclamation were embraced in the Constitution in 1922, the year Irish women achieved full voting rights.

1930s: loss of freedoms

While the first Irish Free State government supported women's rights, over the next ten years Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, who was not a supporter of women's emancipation, together with the church, enshrined Catholic and socially conservative teachings in law. De Valera’s conservative government passed legislation that eliminated women's rights to serve on juries, work after marriage, and work in industry. In 1932, the marriage bar was introduced in Ireland; it prevented any married woman from working in the public sector. Contraception in Ireland was made illegal in 1935 under the 1935 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act. Divorce was banned in Ireland in 1937.

The 1937 Constitution of Ireland guaranteed women the right to vote and to nationality and citizenship on an equal basis with men, but it also contains a provision, Article 41.2, which states:

1970s: second-wave feminist movements

Second-wave feminism in Ireland began in the 1970s, fronted by women such as Nell McCafferty, Mary Kenny, June Levine and Nuala O'Faolain. At the time, the majority of women in Ireland were housewives.

The Irish Women's Liberation Movement was an alliance of a group of Irish women who were concerned about the sexism within Ireland both socially and legally. They first began after a meeting in Dublin's Bewley's Cafe on Grafton Street in 1970. They later had their meetings in Margaret Gaj's restaurant on Baggot Street every Monday. The group was short-lived, but influential.  It was initially started with twelve women, most of whom were journalists. One of the co-founders was June Levine.

In 1971, a group of Irish feminists (including June Levine, Mary Kenny, Nell McCafferty, Máirín Johnston, and other members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement) travelled to Belfast, Northern Ireland, on the so-called "Contraceptive Train" and returned with condoms, which were then illegal in Ireland.

In 1973, a group of feminists, chaired by Hilda Tweedy of the Irish Housewives Association, set up the Council for the Status of Women, with the goal of gaining equality for women. It was an umbrella body for women's groups. During the 1990s the council's activities included supporting projects funded by the European Social Fund, and running Women and Leadership Programmes and forums. In 1995, following a strategic review, it changed its name to the National Women's Council of Ireland.

Legal rights

Also in 1973, the marriage bar was removed in Ireland. It had been introduced in 1932, and had prevented any married woman from working in the public sector.

McGee v. The Attorney General [1974] IR 284 was a case in the Irish Supreme Court in 1974 that referenced Article 41 of the Irish Constitution. It concerned Mary McGee, whose condition was such that she was advised by her physician that if she would become pregnant again her life would be endangered. She was then instructed to use a diaphragm and spermicidal jelly that was prescribed to her. However, Section 17 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1935 prohibited her from acquiring the prescription. The Supreme Court ruled by a 4 to 1 majority in favor of her, after determining that married couples have the constitutional right to make private decisions on family planning.

Prior to the Family Home Protection Act, 1976, a husband could sell or mortgage the family home, without the consent or even knowledge of his wife.

The Employment Equality Act of 1977 prohibited most gender discrimination in employment.

In 1979, the Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 allowed the sale of contraceptives in Ireland, upon presentation of a prescription.

A setback for second-wave feminism in Ireland occurred in 1983, when the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed, which recognized "the unborn" as having a right to life equal to that of "the mother". As such, abortions could only be legally conducted in Ireland if they occurred as the result of a medical intervention performed to save the life of the pregnant woman, and later due to legislation, this risk to the woman's life also included risk from suicide. However, in 2018 the Eighth Amendment was repealed by referendum.

Ireland acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1985.

Also in 1985, the Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1985 allowed the sale of condoms and spermicides to people over 18 in Ireland without having to present a prescription.

The Domicile and Recognition of Foreign Divorces Act 1986, abolished the dependent domicile of the wife.

The Family Law Act 1988 abolished the legal action for restitution of conjugal rights.

Employment

The marriage bar was introduced in Ireland in 1932, and prevented any married woman from working in the public sector. It was abolished in 1973.

The Employment Equality Act 1977 prohibited most gender discrimination in employment.

The Employment Equality Act 1998 upholds gender equality in employment.

In Ireland, the female employment rate stretched to 60.6% in 2007 before decreasing to 57.6% in 2009 and it continued to reduce over the next three years to rest at 55.2% by 2012. However, there was a small growth within the female employment rate to 55.9% in 2014, but men worked an average of 39.2 hours a week in paid employment in 2013 in contrast to women with 31.2 hours per week.

Marriage and divorce
Divorce was banned in Ireland in 1937.

Prior to the Family Home Protection Act 1976, a husband could sell or mortgage the family home,  without the consent or even knowledge of his wife. Prior to 1981, criminal conversation existed in Ireland, and meant a man could sue any person who had sexual relations with his wife, regardless of whether the wife consented, except that if the couple was already separated the husband could only sue if the separation was caused by the person he was suing. In Murphy v Attorney General [1982] IR 241, a married couple successfully challenged the constitutionality of sections 192-198 of the Income Tax Act 1967, which had declared the income of a married woman who was living with her husband was counted as her husband's income for tax purposes, rather than being counted as her own. Other important legal changes made to the family law include the Domicile and Recognition of Foreign Divorces Act, 1986, which abolished the dependent domicile of the wife; and the Family Law Act 1988, which abolished the legal action for restitution of conjugal rights. Marital rape was outlawed in 1990.

In 1996, Ireland repealed its constitutional prohibition of divorce; this was effected by the Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which was approved by referendum on 24 November 1995 and signed into law on 17 June 1996.

Contraception and abortion

Contraception in the Republic of Ireland was made illegal in 1935 under the 1935 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act.

McGee v. The Attorney General [1974] IR 284 was a case in the Irish Supreme Court in 1974 that referenced Article 41 of the Irish Constitution. It concerned Mary McGee, whose condition was such that she was advised by her physician that if she would become pregnant again her life would be endangered. She was then instructed to use a diaphragm and spermicidal jelly that was prescribed to her. However, Section 17 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 prohibited her from acquiring the prescription. The Supreme Court ruled by a 4 to 1 majority in her favor, after determining that married couples have the constitutional right to make private decisions on family planning.

In 1979, the Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 allowed the sale of contraceptives in Ireland, upon presentation of a prescription.

In 1983, the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed, which recognized "the unborn" as having a right to life equal to that of "the mother". As such, abortions could only be legally conducted in Ireland if they occurred as the result of a medical intervention performed to save the life of the pregnant woman, and later due to legislation, this risk to the woman's life also included risk from suicide. (See below events in 2012/2013). However, in 2018 the Eighth Amendment was repealed by referendum. (See below events in 2018.)

In 1985, the Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act, 1985 allowed the sale of condoms and spermicides to people over 18 in Ireland without having to present a prescription.

In 1992, the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed, specifying that the protection of the right to life of the unborn does not limit freedom of travel in and out of the state.

Also in 1992, the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed, specifying that the protection of the right to life of the unborn does not limit the right to distribute information about services in foreign countries.

Also in 1992, Attorney General v. X (the "X case"), [1992] IESC 1; [1992] 1 IR 1, was a landmark Irish Supreme Court case which established the right of Irish women to an abortion if a pregnant woman's life was at risk because of pregnancy, including the risk of suicide. However, Supreme Court Justice Hugh O'Flaherty, now retired, said in an interview with the Irish Times that the X Case was "peculiar to its own particular facts", since X miscarried and did not have an abortion, and this renders the case moot in Irish law. (See below events in 2012/2013).

In 1993, the Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act, 1992 allowed the sale of contraceptives in Ireland without prescription.

In 2012 the death of Savita Halappanavar, four days after a complete miscarriage, on 28 October at University Hospital Galway in Ireland, led to nationwide protests—which spilled over into India, Britain and many other countries—calling for a review of the abortion laws in Ireland. Partly in response to the death of Savita Halappanavar, the Irish government introduced the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 (. Having passed both Houses of the Oireachtas in July 2013, it was signed into law on 30 July by Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland; it commenced on 1 January 2014. The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013  Act No.35 of 2013; previously Bill No.66 of 2013) is an Act of the Oireachtas which defined the circumstances and processes within which abortion in Ireland could be legally performed. The Act gave effect in statutory law to the terms of the Constitution of Ireland as interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1992 judgment Attorney General v. X (the "X case"). That judgment (see above events in 1992) allowed for abortion where pregnancy endangers a woman's life, including through a risk of suicide. The provisions relating to suicide were the most contentious part of the bill. In 2013 Ireland's first legal abortion was carried out on a woman who had an unviable 18-week pregnancy and whose life was at risk.

In 2018, the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which recognized "the unborn" as having a right to life equal to that of "the mother", was repealed by referendum. Feminist campaigning contributed to a positive outcome in the referendum, which resulted in a majority 'Yes' vote.

The Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (Act No. 31 of 2018; previously Bill No. 105 of 2018) came into effect in 2019, and is an Act of the Oireachtas which defines the circumstances and processes within which abortion may be legally performed in Ireland. This law permits terminations to be carried out up to 12 weeks of pregnancy; or where there is a risk to the life, or of serious harm to the health, of the pregnant woman; or where there is a risk to the life, or of serious harm to the health, of the pregnant woman in an emergency; or where there is a condition present which is likely to lead to the death of the fetus either before or within 28 days of birth.

Other women's rights issues
Ireland acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1985. The Criminal Justice (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 2012 bans FGM in Ireland.

Women in Irish politics
In 1990, Mary Robinson was elected as the first female President of Ireland. The second female president, Mary McAleese, was president between 1997 and 2011.

In December 2008, Senator Ivana Bacik organised an event in Leinster House in which all the women elected to the Oireachtas over the years were honoured. 131 women have been elected to Dáil Éireann, the first being Constance Markievicz in 1919. Directly prior to this, in 1918, she became the first woman elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, although in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy she did not take her seat.

Following the 2011 Irish general election and a re-shuffle in 2014, four women were appointed cabinet ministers (the highest number of women in senior ministerial positions ever in Ireland): Joan Burton, Frances Fitzgerald, Jan O'Sullivan and Heather Humphries.

Women are a small minority of political office-holders in Ireland. The main factors are the role of traditional Catholicism in Irish political culture and the role of localism in party politics. Ann Marie O'Brien has studied the women in the Irish Department of External Affairs associated with the League of Nations and United Nations, 1923–1976. She finds that women had greater opportunities at the UN.

Mary Lou McDonald has been the Leader of the Opposition since June 2020.

Further reading
 "Coping With the Womb and the Border", by Nell McCafferty, in Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Robin Morgan (1984)
 Sisters, by June Levine, a personal history of the Irish feminist movement (Dublin, Ward River Press, 1985)

References

Society of Ireland
Ireland, Republic of


Sealcoating, or pavement sealing, is the process of applying a protective coating to asphalt-based pavements to provide a layer of protection from the elements: water, oils, and U.V. damage.

The effects of asphalt sealers have been debated. Asphalt sealing is marketed as increasing the life of the asphalt, but there is no independent research that proves these claims. Asphalt sealing can also make the asphalt more slippery and impact the environment.

Detriments to Sealcoat

Pavement sealcoat products come in a variety of standards.  For example, refined tar-based sealer offers the best protecting against water penetration and chemical resistance.  Asphalt-based sealer typically offers poor protection against environmental, chemical and harsher climates (salt water).  Petroleum-based sealer offer protection against water and chemicals somewhere between the other two sealers.  Another difference between coatings is in terms of wear.  Again, refined tar-based sealer offers the best wear characteristics (typically 3–5 years) while asphalt-based sealer may last 1–3 years.  Petroleum-based sealer falls between refined tar and asphalt.

There are concerns about pavement sealer polluting the environment after it is abraded from the surface of the pavement.  Some states in North America have banned the use of coal tar–based sealants primarily based on United States Geological Survey studies.

Types
There are primarily five types of pavement sealers.

These are commonly known as:

 Refined tar-based (coal tar based)
 Asphalt-based
 Acrylic (Paint)
 Fast Dry
 Oil-based

All five have their advantages and disadvantages, but are typically chosen by the preference unless otherwise specified.

Application methods
Prior to application the surface must be completely clean and dry using sweeping methods and/or blowers.  If the surface is not clean and dry, then poor adhesion will result. Pavement sealers are applied with either pressurized spray equipment, or self-propelled squeegee machines or by hand with a brush. Equipment must have continuous agitation to maintain consistency of the sealcoat mix. The process is typically a two-coat application which requires 24 to 48 hours of curing before vehicles can be allowed back on the surface. Once the surface is properly prepared, then properly mixed sealer will be applied at about 1.5 square meters per liter (60 sq ft per U.S. gal; 72 sq ft per Imp gal) per coat.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Some studies that suggest that refined coal tar sealants are a significant contributor to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in streams and creek beds and that the continual application of sealcoats may be a significant factor. As a result, more than 100 units of government in the United States have banned this material. The same studies also suggest that it can be harmful if ingested before curing and ingesting soil or dust contaminated by eroded coal tar sealant. It is also known to have effects on fish and other animals that live in water.

See also
 Road surface

References

Pavements
Petroleum products
Asphalt


Bodo nationalism is an ideology that supports self-determination by the Bodo people. The Bodo people have been increasingly the victims of alleged aggression at the hands of Muslim groups in the Indian state of Assam. Many Bodo nationalists support the establishment of Bodoland as a separate state of India and a homeland for the Bodo people.

See also
Naga nationalism
Assamese nationalism
Tripura nationalism
Tamil nationalism
Tripura Rebellion
Assam conflict

References


Julien's Auctions is a privately held auction house based in Beverly Hills, California founded in 2003 by Darren Julien and co-owned with Martin Nolan. They specialize in auctions of film memorabilia, music memorabilia, sports memorabilia, Fashion and street and contemporary art. Julien's Auctions has received attention for their auctions of various high-profile items. They have handled collections and estates from entertainers such as Marilyn Monroe, John Lennon, Ringo Starr, Banksy, Cher, Bob Mackie, Michael Jackson, Tompkins and Bush, Slash, Ronnie Wood, Bill Wyman, Frank Zappa, Greta Garbo, Nirvana, Hugh Hefner, Sharon Tate, Pele, Elvis Presley, Burt Reynolds, Johnny Cash, Neil Young, Sylvester Stallone, Frank Sinatra, Whitney Houston, Prince, Madonna, Olivia Newton-John, Bette Midler, Mae West, Barbra Streisand, Jane Fonda, Aretha Franklin, Janet Jackson, Amy Winehouse, Elizabeth Taylor, Doris Day, Betty White, Don McLean and Fleetwood Mac. The auction house's first placement was in 2009 for the sale of one of Michael Jackson's bejeweled white gloves which sold for $420,000.

Notable auctions and sales records
In 2009, Michael Jackson's signature white glove sold for $420,000 and his white socks sold for $65,000; in 2011 the jacket he wore in his 1983 "Thriller" music video sold for $1,800,000.

In October 2010, the 'Most Expensive Basketball' is sold from a Michael Jackson and Michael Jordan video for $304,000.
In December 2011, a 1915 prototype for Coca-Cola's iconic bottle sold for $240,000 with its original concept drawing selling for $228,000.
In November 2015, a Gibson J-160E guitar that was stolen from John Lennon in the late 1960s sold for $2,410,000. The same auction also sold Ringo Starr’s 1964 drumhead from The Ed Sullivan Show for $2,050,000.
In December 2015, Ringo Starr's drum kit achieved a World Record for "Most Expensive Drum Kit" when it sold for $2,110,000; in that same auction, Starr's personal copy of The Beatles White Album sold for $790,000.
In June 2016, world association football icon Pelé auctioned off his personal career-related memorabilia totaling over $5,000,000.
In November 2016, Marilyn Monroe's "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" dress sold for $4,800,000. As of 2022, it remains the most expensive gown ever bought at an auction.
In December 2017, Neil Young’s 1953 Buick Roadmaster sold for $400,000.
In June 2020, the guitar used by Kurt Cobain on Nirvana's MTV Unplugged in New York sold for US$6 million.

References

External links

American auction houses
American companies established in 2003
Retail companies established in 2003


James McLean (3 April 1934 – 27 August 1995) was a Scottish footballer who played at inside-right for Port Vale, Southport, Wellington Town, and Witton Albion.

Career
Mclean played for Alva Rangers, before joining Port Vale in March 1958. He played three Third Division South games under Norman Low in the 1957–58 season. He did not play another game for the club, and a two-month loan spell with Fourth Division side Southport in January 1960 could not revitalize his career. After being released from his contract at Vale Park at the end of the 1959–60 season, he moved on to Wellington Town of the Southern League, and then Cheshire County League club Witton Albion. He made his Witton debut on 21 January 1961 and ended the 1960–61 season with nine goals in eighteen games. Upon his retirement from the game, he became a keen Port Vale supporter.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Stirling
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Alva Albion Rangers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Witton Albion F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
1934 births
1995 deaths


Bittium exile is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Cerithiidae, the cerithiids. It occurs only in New Zealand.

References

Cerithiidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Taxa named by Frederick Hutton (scientist)
Gastropods described in 1873


Olga Semenova (ne Olga Tchoukina) is a Paralympian athlete from Russia competing mainly in category P13 sprint events. She formerly competed in P11 pentathlon events.

Career
Olga competed in the pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Paralympics winning the silver medal behind American Marla Runyan who set a new world record to win. She competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.  There she won a gold medal in the women's Pentathlon - P13 event.  She also competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.    There she won a gold medal in the women's 100 metres - T13 event and a gold medal in the women's 400 metres - T13 event.  She also competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China.  There she did not finish in  the women's 100 metres - T13 event and went out in the first round of the women's 400 metres - T13 event

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Paralympic athletes for Russia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic silver medalists for Russia
Paralympic gold medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Russian female sprinters
Russian pentathletes
Visually impaired sprinters
Paralympic sprinters
21st-century Russian women


Edward Delaney or DeLaney may refer to:
Edward Delaney (1930–2009), Irish sculptor
Edward DeLaney, American politician elected 2009
Edward Leo Delaney (1885–1972), American broadcaster of Nazi propaganda during World War II
Edward J. Delaney (born 1957), American film-maker and journalist
Edward K. Delaney, Mayor of St Paul, Minnesota, USA 1948–1952


La Macaza is a municipality and village in the province of Quebec, Canada. The village is located in the Laurentian Mountains, in the Laurentian region, in Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality. Its population was 1094 in the 2021 Canadian census.

It is home to the La Macaza – Mont Tremblant International Airport that serves the region. A medium security federal penitentiary is located next to the airport.

There is a covered bridge that runs over the Macaza River, built in 1904, and is an international tourist attraction. There are many lakes and beaches in the municipality.

According to the Geographic Names of the Province of Quebec (1921), "Macaza is the name of a native chief from the region", possibly the name of an old Amerindian who camped on the shores of Lake Macaza.

History
Although indigenous peoples had lived in the area, the first European settlers arrived circa 1866. In 1904, La Macaza was established when the parish of Notre-Dame-du-Divin-Pasteur (Our Lady of Divine Shepherd) was founded. In 1930, the municipality was formed when its territory was detached from the municipality of Marchand (now part of Rivière-Rouge).

It was first a farming community and later on its inhabitants worked mostly in logging, but today La Macaza receives a flood of vacationers each year.

On December 18, 2002, La Macaza was merged into the new town of Rivière-Rouge when the Québec government forced certain province-wide mergers that were alleged to save citizens money. In 2004 the residents voted to separate from the city and on January 1, 2006, the municipality was reinstated.

Demographics

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 2%
 French as first language: 92%
 English and French as first language: 1%
 Other as first language: 6%

Climate

Local government

List of former mayors:

 Christian Bélisle (2006–2013)
 Céline Beauregard (2013–2021)
 Yves Bélanger (2021–present)

Education

Sainte Agathe Academy (of the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board) in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts serves English-speaking students in this community for both elementary and secondary levels.

See also
List of municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec


Rüdiger Pipkorn (19 November 1909 – 25 April 1945) was an Oberst (Colonel), and a temporary Standartenführer (Colonel) in the Waffen-SS during World War II. He was killed in action in 1945, while in command of the 35th SS Police Grenadier Division.

In the spring of 1945, he was given command of the 35th SS Police Grenadier Division, which by April was in positions on the Neisse River near Guben, southeast of Berlin. The Soviet Berlin offensive had started on 16 April. He was killed on 25 April 1945 while attempting to break out of the Halbe pocket.

References

Further reading

1909 births
1945 deaths
SS-Standartenführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Waffen-SS personnel killed in action


Anne Kronenberg is an American political administrator and LGBT rights activist. She is best known for being Harvey Milk's campaign manager during his historic San Francisco Board of Supervisors campaign in 1977 and his aide as he held that office until he and mayor George Moscone were assassinated. As an openly lesbian political activist, Kronenberg was noted for her instrumental role in the gay rights movement, both for Milk's campaign and in her own right, though she has since married a man.

Kronenberg appeared in the 1984 documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk and her role in Milk's life was portrayed in the Academy Award-winning 2008 film Milk. Kronenberg was one of the grand marshals of the 2009 New York City LGBT Pride parade, joining the film's writer Dustin Lance Black and AIDS activist Cleve Jones who also worked with Milk.

Kronenberg was the executive director of the San Francisco Department of Emergency Management, and she is known globally through her public appearances in her role as co-founder of the Harvey Milk Foundation.

Response to Milk's assassination

Kronenberg was on a plane flying to Seattle when Milk was assassinated on November 27, 1978. At the airport, her family told her Milk had been shot, and she immediately got on the next plane back to San Francisco.  She said later that they did not know at the time that the murderer was Dan White, and had feared that a gunman was simply targeting gays. "It was a scary, very sad, horrible day," she said. Kronenberg participated in the candlelight vigil honoring Milk and was the keynote speaker at his memorial service at the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House.

Following Milk's assassination, Kronenberg received "an immense base of broad support" to replace Milk on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, but was passed up for Harry Britt by Dianne Feinstein.

Work after Milk's campaign
Kronenberg began chairing the San Francisco Board of Supervisors' Single Room Occupancy Task Force at its inception in 1998, a role she continues to this day. She worked with the administration and planning of the San Francisco Department of Public Health for nearly 15 years, being elevated to the position of deputy director. Kronenberg has also worked at the local, state, and federal levels for such politicians as Senator Ted Kennedy and Assemblyman John Vasconcellos.

Work in State and San Francisco government
Following work in the State Legislature, Kronenberg was deputy director for Administration and Planning of the San Francisco Department of Public Health and is a former executive director of the SF Department of Emergency Management.  She also served as a board member appointed by the Governor to the State Board of Podiatric Medicine (BPM) during this period.

While Kronenberg identified as a lesbian in the 1970s, she has since fallen in love with a man she met in Washington, D.C. in the 1980s, whom she later married. She currently lives in California with her husband, stepson, daughter and son.

Kronenberg was one of the official grand marshals of the 2009 NYC LGBT Pride March, produced by Heritage of Pride joining Dustin Lance Black and Cleve Jones on June 28, 2009.

Kronenberg co-founded the international (NGO) non governmental non-profit Harvey Milk Foundation with Harvey's nephew, a global human rights advocate, Stuart Milk and currently serves as co-chair of the annual Harvey Milk Day celebration coordinated by the Foundation.

Portrayal in Milk
Kronenberg was portrayed in Milk by Canadian actress Alison Pill. Pill played the role of Kronenberg as she was during the campaign; leather-wearing, bike-riding, and helping to ease some of the social and political barriers between gay men and lesbians.

Kronenberg's response to the film was very positive.  At the premiere of Milk, she said in an interview:

... Milk highlights the struggles of the lesbian and gay movement and the inner workings of the man who changed the entire nature of the movement. Harvey is loving this — I have felt his presence through the entire production of Milk. I could almost see him walking down the red carpet at the premiere, bowing, throwing kisses, and generally entertaining the masses. Harvey's life was theatre and Tuesday's premiere was the ultimate stage.

Kronenberg served as an adviser for the film and made a cameo appearance as a stenographer.

See also
 LGBT culture in San Francisco

References

External links
 Interview with Queerty

Living people
California Democrats

LGBT people from California
American LGBT rights activists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Harvey Milk
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians


Bittium laevicordatum is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cerithiidae, the cerithiids. It is known to occur only at the Three Kings Islands of New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Cerithiidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1937


Acantopsis dialuzona is a loach native to the swift, clear streams and rivers of mainland and archipelagic Southeast Asia, from India to Indonesia through the Chao Phraya and Mekong river basins. It can also be found in flooded fields.

The horseface loach or horsehead loach, formerly known as Acantopsis choirorhynchos, is now recognized as belonging to this species.

Taxonomy
Under Maurice Kottelat's review and revision of the loaches in 2012, this species name is considered to be a junior synonym of A. dialuzona.

In aquaria
A very similar species is the unofficially named longnose loach, Acantopsis octoactinotos, from which the horseface can be distinguished by the latter's down-turned (horse-like) nose. Additionally, the horseface loach buries itself in the bottom substratum (if silt or fine sand); the longnose loach does not. The horseface loach is fast moving; the longnose is rather slow. However, the longnose is more aggressive, regularly feeding on juvenile fishes.

The horseface loach's native substrate is one of sand or gravel, wherein it will characteristically burrow itself. These loaches spend much of their time buried in the substrate, leaving only their eyes uncovered. Due to this incessant burrowing, any live plants should be potted to avoid uprooting. The use of floating plants is recommended, as these loaches prefer subdued lighting. Horseface loaches are not picky eaters, but live food (such as tubifex) is relished.

The horseface loach is most active at night and mostly keeps to itself. It attains a maximum size of  in length, but is considered mature from . , it had not been bred in captivity. It was first imported into Europe in 1929 by Edmund Riechers of Hamburg, Germany.

Local names
 Laotian: ອິດ
  .

See also

 List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

Bibliography
 Baensch, Hans A., and Riehl, Rudiger. (1997). Baensch Aquarium Atlas, Vol. 1. (6th ed.), p. 366. Microcosm Ltd.; Shelburne, Vermont.

External links
 Oijen, M.J.P. van & G.M.P. Loots, An illustrated translation of Bleeker's Fishes of the Indian Archipelago Part II Cyprini; Zoologische Mededelingen, 86 (May 2012)

Cobitidae
Fish of the Mekong Basin
Fish of Myanmar
Fish of Cambodia
Freshwater fish of India
Freshwater fish of Indonesia
Fish of Laos
Freshwater fish of Malaysia
Fish of Thailand
Fish of Vietnam
Freshwater fish of Asia
Fish of Southeast Asia
Fish described in 1823
Brackish water organisms
Taxa named by Johan Conrad van Hasselt


Franklin Metcalfe Carpenter (July 23, 1847 – September 25, 1907) was a farmer and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Wentworth South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1896 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Saltfleet Township, Canada West. He served on the council for Saltfleet Township from 1872 to 1874 and was reeve from 1874 to 1883; he also served as warden for Wentworth County. Carpenter was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1878 federal election, losing to Joseph Rymal. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1879 but the election was declared void later that year. In 1880, he married Catherine H. Gardiner. Carpenter was also a major in the militia.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 AJ Gemmill

External links
 Franklin M. Carpenter, Erland Lee (Museum) Home, Stoney Creek, Ontario
 Erland Lee Museum

1847 births
1907 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs


Qinhuai Lantern Fair, also known as Jinling Lantern Fair, Jinling Lantern Festival, and officially named Lantern Fair on Qinhuai River, is a popular folk custom celebration of the Lantern Festival in the Nanjing area.

Modern usage refers to the large-scale fair held yearly at the Confucius Temple of Nanjing between Spring Festival and Lantern Festival. There have been 25 fairs held up to date, and it is one of the most famous celebration of Lantern Festival in China. On the day of Lantern Festival, the fair reaches its climax. An old Nanjing saying, "If you don’t see the New Year lanterns at Confucius Temple, you have not celebrated the new year; if you go to Confucius Temple but don’t buy a lantern, you haven’t celebrated the new year properly." demonstrates the popularity of this fair. On June 2, 2006, the fair was named as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of China by the government of People's Republic of China
The most recent lantern festival took place on February 17, 2011.

History

Early fairs
The origin of the fairs can be traced back to Eastern Wu. During that time, the act of hanging lanterns was used in festivals and celebrations. When armies returned in triumph, government officials and civilians would gather to hang up lanterns around the city to welcome them home. Back then, embroidery techniques were passed into Eastern Wu from Shu Han, which stimulated the growth of the textile industry in the region and provided the basis for lantern manufacturing. Nanjing (then Jinling) was the capital during Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. Many nobles and members of the gentry lived on the banks of Qinhuai River. When Lantern Festival came, these people would hang up lanterns and decorations, mimicking the Palace. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song, the development of paper technologies resulted in low prices of paper, which made it a replacement for many textiles and contributed to the development of colored lanterns.

From the Sui on, hanging lanterns on Lantern Festival became a tradition. By Tang Dynasty, lantern fairs on Lantern Festival became a regular practice.  This time saw an increase in the scale of the festival as well as the number of days from one day on the Lantern Festival to three days between fourteenth and sixteenth of the first month of the Lunar Calendar. Curfew restrictions were relaxed on these days. The festivals were very fancy, and many professional lantern artisans set up shops on the banks of Qinhuai River.

During Northern Song Dynasty, the number of nights for hanging lanterns increased to a total of five, adding the seventeenth and eighteenth of the first month. The tradition of writing "Lantern Riddles" on lanterns was also formed. In 1243, the thirteenth of the first month was also added to the festival, which increased the duration to six nights.

Fairs in Ming, Qing, and Republic of China era
After establishing the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor made Nanjing his capital. In order to create an ambiance of prosperity, he actively supported the holding of Lantern Festival. Afterward, the duration of the festival was increased to ten nights, making it the longest lantern festival in Chinese history. Every year, the Hongwu Emperor spent large amounts of money, material, and manpower in order to produce a substantial number of lanterns to draw people to the lantern fair.

After the Manchu people entered into China Proper and established Qing dynasty, they continued and developed the local tradition. The classic, Dream of the Red Chamber, describes the bustling view of lanterns. Every year on Lantern Festival, hordes of people gathered in the vicinity of the Confucius Temple with gongs and drums making ear-piercing noises, the liveliness surpassed even the celebrations in Ming dynasty.

In 1864, the Xiang Army sieged and took Nanking, destroying much of the infrastructure in the process. This greatly hampered the traditions of the Lantern Festival in Nanking. Tseng Kuo-fan attempted to have celebrations reach their former glory by dredging the Qinhuai River and rebuilding the Confucius Temple in 1865. His efforts brought in a recovery of the tradition.

At that time, businessmen from Huizhou enjoyed their fame in lantern making. Soldiers of the Xiang Army encamped in Nanking at that time also were adapt at making lanterns, which also contributed to the wide variety of lanterns. During Republic of China era, the area around the Confucius Temple was known for its lantern markets. However, due to perennial civil warfare, lantern fairs frequently suffered. In 1937, the invading Imperial Japanese Army occupied Nanking, causing great damage to the Confucius Temple. Lantern fairs were suspended due to warfare once more. It was not until after 1939 that a small number of lantern merchants would occasionally be in the vicinity of the Confucius Temple. After 1945, due to the hyperinflation caused by the Chinese Civil War, regular civilians did not have the ability to put on such celebrations, and the tradition of Lantern fairs nearly disappeared.

Fairs in the People's Republic of China
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the fairs were being revived slowly. In the 1960s, the fair had more or less reached its former scale. After the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, folk arts such as traditional lanterns were seen as part of the Four Olds. Thus, the lantern market and fairs became prohibited. In 1977, the lantern market  around the Confucius Temple opened for the first time after the Cultural Revolution. In 1984, the government appropriated funds for the repair of the Confucius Temple as well as the surrounding landscapes. In 1985, the government of Qinhuai District in Nanjing started holding officially sponsored fairs during Spring Festival and Lantern Festival time around the Confucius Temple. In 1984, Qinhuai Lantern Crafts Association was formed, and many civilian craftsmen started making lanterns with modern techniques. In 1988, a museum of Lantern Arts was built in the Confucius Temple, which brought the appearance of large-scale sets of lanterns in the fairs.

Lantern Art

The production of Qinhuai lanterns integrates traditional Chinese handicrafts such as weaving, painting, calligraphy, paper cutting, shadow puppetry, embroidery, sculpture and so on. As far as its production materials are concerned, the materials for making skeletons are mainly bamboo, trees, rattan, wheat straw, animal horns, metals, etc.; The materials that make up the light source vary from the use of pine resin, animal and vegetable oil, lacquer, paraffin, kerosene and other fuels, with bamboo, grass, cotton cores, etc. as the wick, to the use of electric light sources. Its surface translucent materials have also developed with the development of the times, including various colors of translucent paper, silk veil, painting yarn, cotton, as well as synthetic silk forging, plastic film, special glass and so on. Its production process has integrated a series of process techniques and production methods such as carpentry, lacquer, painting, carving, clay sculpture, knotting, mounting paste, welding, mechanical transmission, sound and light sound, electronic program control, etc. From a historical point of view, from the traditional single lamps such as lotus lamps, lion lamps, rabbit lamps, goldfish lamps, toad lamps, yuanbao lamps, to a variety of combination lights, large flower lanterns, and with the progress of the times, including ocean-going ships, carrier rockets and reflect the urban construction, mountain landscape of various lights, its categories have reached more than 400 kinds. In addition to the display of illuminations, the Qinhuai Lantern Festival also includes other folk culture and art categories in Nanjing, such as Nanjing paper-cutting, empty bamboo, knots, carving, shadow puppetry, animal dance, song, trembling, stilt walking, etc.

Current fairs
Since 2007, Fuzi temple scenic area has worked on a large-scale transformation and upgrading, the inner and outer Qinhuai river water system has been integrated, opening up a new qinhuai river cruise route. In 2009,Qinhuai Lantern Fair introduced large-scale lanterns from Zigong, Sichuan province, and for the first time, light-colored art was mainly held. In 2010, in cooperation with Taiwan tourism agencies in the name of the Jiangsu lantern festival, Taiwan lanterns were displayed and sent to participate in the Chiayi lantern festival for lantern exchange activities. In 2011, for the first time, the first Ming Wall International Light Festival named, invited the United States, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and other foreign lanterns to participate in the exhibition.

In 2017, during the lantern festival, the Qinhuai Lantern Fair set a record of more than 600,000 tourists visited.

Notes

Tourist attractions in Nanjing
Festivals in China
Lantern Festival