The relations between Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism remained fairly good, although concerns were raised by Jewish leaders over the political impact of Traditionalists in the Church during the papacy of Benedict.

Election
When Benedict ascended to the Papacy his election was welcomed by the Anti-Defamation League who noted  "his great sensitivity to Jewish history and the Holocaust". However, his election received a more reserved response from the United Kingdom's Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks who hoped that Benedict would "continue along the path of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II in working to enhance relations with the Jewish people and the State of Israel." The Foreign Minister of Israel also offered more tentative praise, though the Minister believed that "this Pope, considering his historical experience, will be especially committed to an uncompromising fight against anti-Semitism."

Cologne synagogue
Shortly after his election the Pontiff visited the Cologne synagogue where, speaking to Jewish leaders, he condemned Nazi ideology as "insane" and committed to strengthening ties of "friendship" between the Catholic Church and Jews. However, despite much praise from Jewish leaders across Europe, Benedict received criticism from Israel for not "singling out the Jewish state as a victim of terrorism."

Auschwitz
In 2006 Pope Benedict visited Auschwitz where he recounted the vital historical tie between Christianity and Judaism. The Pope said the Nazis' aim was "By destroying Israel, they ultimately wanted to tear up the tap root of the Christian faith and to replace it with a faith of their own invention". While the visit was received as a warm gesture, one Rabbi noted "Will it make any difference to Jewish-Catholic relations?...No, because Jewish-Catholic relations anyway are no longer based upon our view of the past but on the nature of relations in the present, and from that perspective Benedict XVI is as good as it gets."

First 100 days
According to rabbi Gary Bretton-Granatoor, the "first 100 days" in the papacy of Benedict XVI were good for the Jews. Rabbi Bretton-Granatoor wrote that the facts on the ground are all that's needed to show that the improvement of relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the Jews—begun 40 years ago with the Second Vatican Council and a major legacy of Pope John Paul II—would continue during the tenure of the new pontiff.

Scholarly relationship with Jacob Neusner
Rabbi Jacob Neusner has written a number of works exploring the relationship of Judaism to other religions. His A Rabbi Talks with Jesus (Philadelphia, 1993; translated into German, Italian, and Swedish) attempts to establish a religiously sound framework for Judaic-Christian interchange. Neusner has earned the praise of Pope Benedict XVI and the nickname of "Pope's Favorite Rabbi". In his book Jesus of Nazareth, Benedict refers to it as "by far the most important book for the Jewish-Christian dialogue in the last decade."

US Synagogue
Despite deteriorating relations the Vatican claimed it was still dedicated to dialogue with the Jewish faith, and in what was called an "unprecedented outreach effort" Benedict visited Park East Synagogue in New York City, the United States, on the eve of Passover 2008. Rabbi Arthur Schneier, the leader of Park East, stated that the Pope's visit was a "tangible expression of his [the Pope] outreach to the largest Jewish community in the world outside of Israel. ...The very clear message is that Jews and Catholics and Christians, we are in the same boat, we have common concerns for humanity."

Pius XII
However, shortly after the Pope's visit to America speculation arose that the Pontiff intended to accelerate the canonization process of World War II pope Pius XII. Pius XII's role in the Second World War had been an underlying issue in Catholic-Jewish relations throughout Benedict's papacy, and indeed that of John Paul II. Many believe that Pius turned a blind eye to the Holocaust and did not confront Hitler's policies. Jewish groups across the world began to condemn Pius XII and any attempts to canonize him. Despite Jewish opposition Benedict maintained support for Pius XII, saying that the wartime pontiff "acted in a secret and silent way because, given the realities of that complex historical moment, he realised that it was only in this way that he could avoid the worst and save the greatest possible number of Jews."

Society of Saint Pius X
Catholic-Jewish relations suffered a setback when, in January 2009, Pope Benedict lifted the excommunications of four bishops of the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX). The SSPX has rejected all inter-religious dialogue with Judaism and is opposed to dual-covenant theology.  The society was reported to have perpetuated the Jewish deicide and Jewish world domination plot canards in its official newsletters and on several of its websites internationally (although the offending websites have been removed since the controversy surrounding the bishops' reinstatement).

Richard Williamson
One of the bishops whose excommunication was lifted was Richard Williamson, a bishop who believes that there were no gas chambers used in any concentration camp. From this much anger has arisen from Jewish communities, The Jewish Agency for Israel, Yad Vashem, Elie Wiesel (Nobel prize laureate and Holocaust survivor) and the Central Council of Jews in Germany have all condemned the decision to lift the excommunication and the chief Rabbinate of Israel decided to cut ties with the Vatican. The controversy also attracted attention from outside the Jewish community with German Chancellor Angela Merkel calling on Benedict to issue a "very clear" rejection of Holocaust denial.

The Vatican spokesman, Father Federico Lombardi, said that "the condemnation of statements that deny the Holocaust could not have been clearer and that the pope had made his position crystal clear in the past, e.g. in Cologne and Auschwitz. The British newspaper The Guardian reported in February 2009 that as a result of the events surrounding Williamson, Pope Benedict's judgment and ability were now being called into question by numerous voices both within and outside the Roman Catholic Church.

The Vatican officially responded to the row when Father Lombardi, the Pope's press secretary, denied that the lifting of the excommunication endorsed Williamson's stance. He stated that the repeal had "nothing to do with the highly criticisable statements of an individual." Also defending the Pope's actions was Monsignor Robert Wister, professor of church history at Seton Hall University in New Jersey.  He pointed out that "To deny the Holocaust is not a heresy even though it is a lie ...The excommunication can be lifted because he [Williamson] is not a heretic, but he remains a liar." As the coverage of the controversy escalated the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano reaffirmed that Pope Benedict XVI deplored all forms of anti-Semitism and that he called upon all Roman Catholics to follow suit. Benedict later personally declared "full and indisputable solidarity" with Jews, while the Vatican denied that they had any knowledge of Williamson's Holocaust denial.

Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev said: “When the highest moral authority of the Church states that Holocaust denial is unacceptable, that is a vital message for the entire world”.

Tridentine Mass
In 2007, Benedict issued Summorum Pontificum which is widely seen as an attempt to heal the rift with the SSPX. The decree allowed for wider use of the Tridentine Mass which includes a Good Friday prayer:

Let us pray also for the Jews: that almighty God may remove the veil from their hearts; so that they too may acknowledge Jesus Christ our Lord. Let us pray. Let us kneel. Arise. Almighty and eternal God, who dost also not exclude from thy mercy the Jews: hear our prayers, which we offer for the blindness of that people; that acknowledging the light of thy Truth, which is Christ, they may be delivered from their darkness. Through the same Lord Jesus Christ, who liveth and reigneth with thee in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God, for ever and ever. Amen.

The Anti-Defamation league described Benedict's decision as "a body blow to Catholic-Jewish relations". Some Jewish leaders "feared revival of the prayer would undo four decades of progress following Nostra aetate, the 1965 document that absolved the Jews of the killing of Jesus and marked a new period of Jewish-Catholic relations."

In response to these concerns, Pope Benedict revised the prayer and eliminated all references to the "blindness" and "darkness" of the Jews. David Rosen, chairman of the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations, told the Jerusalem Post that the removal of references to the “darkness” and the “blindness” of the Jews for refusing to recognize Jesus as the messiah was a sign Pope Benedict was "deeply committed to advancing the relationship with the Jewish Community."

Relations with Israel

Cardinal Renato Martino had been critical of the 2008-2009 war in Gaza, describing the Strip as a "big concentration camp". This caused a short-lived crisis in Vatican-Israel relations. The Yad Vashem Museum has also continued to display a very negative caption on Pope Pius XII, which has been strongly criticized by the Holy See. The Fundamental Accord of 1993 remains unsettled because of disputes over property rights and tax exemptions.

Visit to Israel
However, amid claims that the Pope was ruining Jewish-Catholic relations, the Israeli ambassador to the Holy See stated that "the climate is good" and said he believed there was "a lot of potential for the cooperation" between the Vatican and Israel. In May 2009, Pope Benedict XVI visited Israel to stress the shared roots of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He said that his pilgrimage to the Middle East was a reminder of the "inseparable bond" between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people. He spoke from Mount Nebo, the wind-swept hill overlooking the Jordan valley from where the Bible says Moses saw the Promised Land. The sun broke through the morning mist just before he arrived at the site.

The Government of Israel also inaugurated a special website dedicated to the Pope’s pilgrimage to Israel. The website, Pope Benedict XVI in Israel, presented in eight languages (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Italian, German and Hebrew), contains information and updates on the Papal pilgrimage, Israel-Vatican relations, Christian communities in Israel and Christian holy sites throughout the country.

The Pope made a speech at Yad Vashem, one of the world's foremost Holocaust museums.  The speech expressed "deep compassion" for the "millions of Jews killed," but did not implicate any Catholic guilt for the Holocaust, nor use the words "German", "Nazi", or "murder", nor did he discuss his own personal wartime experience in which he was "registered in the Hitler Youth". It was widely criticized for its banality and its omissions, including by the director of Yad Vashem.  The Pope also refused to go inside the museum because the museum paints an unflattering picture of Pius XII, the pope during the Holocaust, "for not doing enough to help save Jews."

Benedict later denounced the "brutal extermination" of Jews by "a godless regime" as he wrapped up his trip to Israel, although once again he didn't explicitly mention the name of that regime (the Nazis or Germans) or any possible guilt on the part of the Church.

According to journalist Richard Boudreaux, Benedict's farewell remarks from the tarmac at Tel Aviv's airport pleased both Israelis and Palestinians, many of whom had initially viewed him with skepticism. Some said later they felt vindication from portions of his carefully worded statements and a measure of respect for his moral authority. The World Jewish Congress subsequently praised the visit, calling it a milestone for understanding between Christians and Jews.

Great Synagogue of Rome
In October 2009, Benedict XVI indicated that he would celebrate the following day of Judaism in 2010 by paying a visit to the Great Synagogue of Rome, which has been similarly visited by Pope John Paul II during his pontificate.

Jews and Jesus
In his 2011 book Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week, Pope Benedict exonerated Jews of allegations they were responsible for Jesus Christ’s death, with details and a close comparison of various New Testament accounts of Jesus’ condemnation to death by the Roman governor Pontius Pilate. He concluded that the “real group of accusers” were the Temple authorities and not all Jews of the time, and he wrote that Jesus' death wasn't about punishment, but rather salvation. Jesus' blood, he said, "does not cry out for vengeance and punishment, it brings reconciliation. It is not poured out against anyone, it is poured out for many, for all."

References
General

Holding hands with Israeli religious leaders and singing for peace

Specific

Pope Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI


Market Bosworth Country Park is to the east of Market Bosworth town.

The  landscaped Country Park was formerly part of Bosworth Hall deer parkland. The park features a lake, a planted arboretum with many different exotic species, a wildflower meadow and a community woodland.
The park has been award the Green Flag Award.

Features & Activities
The park has a picnic area, lakes and fishing areas and play areas for children.
There is parking on site (Pay on exit) and toilet facilities both are open 365 days of the year.

The park is home to Market Bosworth Country Park parkrun, a free timed 5km running and walking event held every Saturday at 9am.

Access
Access off the former B585 east of Market Bosworth.
Market Bosworth Country Park has wide open spaces for recreation including horse riding.

External links
 http://www.leicscountryparks.org.uk/

Country parks in Leicestershire
Market Bosworth


Hooveria parviflora is a species of perennial herb known by the common name smallflower soap plant. It is a monocot, native to coastal southern California and Baja California, where it is a member of the coastal sage scrub flora. It resembles a smaller version of Chlorogalum pomeridianum, with wavy leaves and white flowers that open during the day.

Description

Hooveria parviflora is a perennial wildflower, growing from a bulb  wide. The bulb is covered in a dark brown, membranous coat. The leaves emerge from the top of the bulb, and are long and narrow, with wavy margins,  wide.

The inflorescence is  tall, with ascending to erect branches. There are several flowers or buds per node. The pedicels, which suspend the flowers, are  long. On the flower, the perianth parts spread from above the base, and are colored a white to pink, with a darker midvein. The perianth is  in length, and the stamens are  long. Atop the stamens are yellow anthers. The style is  long. The fruits are  large, with 1 to 2 black, ovoid seeds per chamber.

The flower opens in the morning, and is closed by the evening, only being open for a single day.

Taxonomy
This species was described as Chlorogalum parviflorum by Sereno Watson. Phylogenetic research placed this species in a new taxa, Hooveria, separating it from Chlorogalum.

Distribution and habitat
This species is native to California and Baja California. In California, it is primarily found on the coast of far Southern California, and is particularly common around San Diego. In Baja California, the plant is uncommon, and is only found in the extreme northwest of the state.

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Chlorogalum parviflorum (small flowered soaproot)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Chlorogalum parviflorum
USDA Plants Profile for Chlorogalum parviflorum (small flowered soaproot)
Flora of North America
UC Photos gallery — Chlorogalum parviflorum

parviflora
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Taxa named by Sereno Watson


DXCC-TV, channel 10, is a television station of Philippine television network Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. Its studios are located on Don Apolinar Velez St., Cagayan de Oro.

Areas of coverage
Cagayan de Oro
Misamis Oriental

See also
List of Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation channels and stations

Television stations in Cagayan de Oro
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation stations
Television channels and stations established in 1968


The 2007 Misano Superbike World Championship round was the eighth round of the 2007 Superbike World Championship. It took place on the weekend of June 15–17, 2007 at the Misano Adriatico circuit.

Superbike race 1 classification

Superbike race 2 classification

Supersport race classification

References
 Superbike Race 1
 Superbike Race 2
 Supersport Race

Misano Round
Misano


Adolf Markovich Petrovsky (; 1887, in Warsaw, Vistula Land, Russian Empire – 17 September 1937 in Soviet Union) was a Soviet diplomat.

Career
From 10 December 1924 until 31 January 1930, Petrovsky was the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Soviet Union in Estonia. From 31 January 1930 to 21 December 1930, he was the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in Lithuania. From 21 December 1930 until 1 April 1933, he was the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in Persia.

From 1 April 1933 until 10 November 1935, he was the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Soviet Union in Austria, with concurrent accreditation as the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in Hungary.

Petrovsky was arrested during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in 1937.

References

1887 births
1937 deaths
Diplomats from Warsaw
People from Warsaw Governorate
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania politicians
Communist Party of Poland politicians
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Austria
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Estonia
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Hungary
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Iran
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Lithuania
Great Purge victims from Poland
Polish emigrants to the Soviet Union


Pen y Gaer (or Pen-y-gaer) is the location of a Bronze Age and Iron Age hillfort near the village of Llanbedr-y-Cennin in the Conwy valley, Wales.

A natural defensive site, it had a long history of occupation, indicated by the complexity of the defences, which were amended over time.  There are two Bronze Age cairns on the north-west slope, and extensive prehistoric and later field systemsare nearby.  The remains as seen today are mostly of Iron Age origin, but further earthworks, probably of medieval origin, lie on the south-eastern slopes.

The remains of the two walls of stone can be seen, as can those of a chevaux-de-frise.  The entrance is to the west, and access can be gained from a car park, reached by the road from the village.

See also
 List of hillforts in Wales

External links
 Royal Commission site, with photos
 A BBC page

Caerhun
Archaeological sites in Conwy County Borough
Hillforts in Conwy County Borough
Mountains and hills of Conwy County Borough
Archaeological sites in Snowdonia
Hillforts in Snowdonia
Mountains and hills of Snowdonia
Iron Age Britain


The survival of wild salmon relies heavily on them having suitable habitat for spawning and rearing of their young. This habitat is the main concern for conservationists. Salmon habitat can be degraded by many different factors including land development, timber harvest, or resource extraction.  These threats bring about the traditional methods of protecting the salmon, but a new movement aims to protect the habitats before they require intervention.

History of salmon decline
Wild salmon in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia have been on a 160+ year downward trend and are now at very low levels. Efforts to reverse the decline have been extensive and expensive, but have not met with much success.

Salmon in the lower 48 states are well on their way to attaining the status enjoyed by some other notable species — wolves, condors, grizzlies, bison — wild animals that are unlikely to disappear entirely, but struggle to survive as remnants of once flourishing species in small portions of their original range. In California, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and southern British Columbia, many runs are reduced to less than 10% of their historical numbers; some have disappeared. Many salmon runs are dominated by hatchery-bred fish. In the Columbia River, once one of the largest salmon-producers, over 80% of the total run is now hatchery-bred fish.

The pattern of salmon decline is not unique to western North America. Of the Earth's four regions where salmon runs occurred historically (Asian Far East, Atlantic Europe, eastern North America, and western North America), it appears probable that salmon runs in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia, without a dramatic change in current and long-term trends, will emulate the other three: extirpated or much reduced runs. Since the late 1840s, an array of factors has caused the decline and a plethora of specific impediments has prevented their recovery. Throughout the region, many wild salmon stocks (a group of interbreeding individuals that is roughly equivalent to a "population") have declined and some have disappeared.

The status of salmon along the west coast of North America is not uniform. Some wild salmon and habitat restoration possibilities are better than others. There are still relatively healthy runs of wild salmon (and habitat) in some locations such as the coastal watersheds of Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and some areas of southern British Columbia. Runs in northern British Columbia, Yukon, and Alaska are in much better condition.

Past policy choices

1820–1840 — With the arrival of trappers in the Pacific Northwest in the early 19th century, a systematic, intense harvest of beavers began. Large numbers of beaver can considerably alter the aquatic environment, in most cases improving salmon rearing habitat. As beaver populations declined, many salmon runs were adversely affected. As competition intensified between the United States and Great Britain for control of the Pacific Northwest, the British Hudson's Bay Company adopted a policy of leaving no beaver in the watersheds they trapped, because without beavers, the American fur trappers (and settlers) would be less likely to come to the Pacific Northwest. The overall effect on West Coast salmon of nearly extirpating beaver is unknown, but it was likely great.

1848 — The most visible milestone in the two-century decline of wild salmon occurred with the discovery of gold in California. By 1849, the decline of salmon started in earnest and was widely reported in the newspapers of the day. By the 1850s, excessive harvest and the impacts of mining activities had decimated salmon in streams in and surrounding the California Central Valley. In response, there were regulations restricting some fishing and mining practices. Later, there were calls for the creation of salmon hatcheries to provide supplemental stocking to overcome the devastating effects of mining operations.

1870–1900 — In the Central Valley of California, after a 30-year decline in salmon runs, supplemental stocking from hatcheries was widely viewed by professional fisheries scientists and the public as the solution to declining salmon runs. By 1900, stocking from hatcheries had largely won out over preserving or restoring natural habitat as the preferred recovery strategy.

1905–1939 — The political goal to "reclaim the Klamath Basin" (along the Oregon/California border) reflected the values and priorities of the era. Creating productive farmland by irrigation was the public policy goal. In the competition between societal priorities, irrigated agriculture won out over salmon. Over the next several decades, millions of dollars were spent to develop an elaborate system of dams and canals in the Klamath Basin (and elsewhere).

1929–39 — The policy goal to "put people to work" dominated the political landscape as people debated how to counter the effects of the Great Depression. Massive public works projects, such the high dams of the Columbia Basin and elsewhere, were built even though the anticipated and ruinous effect on wild salmon was understood. A single dam, the Grand Coulee, completely and permanently blocked a quarter of the Columbia Basin to migratory salmon, a thousand miles of the mainstem river lost to salmon in a single action.

1941–45 — The posters adorning many public buildings proclaimed "America — the Arsenal of Democracy". Warplanes were needed in great quantities and in the shortest possible time. Thus, electrical generation in the Pacific Northwest was greatly increased to supply the voracious appetites of aluminum smelters. The hydro-power was there; the war-time demand for aluminum was acute; the public support was near universal. Turbines, operating at maximum capacity seven days per week, 24 hours per day, for four years, chewed up salmon at devastating rates. It was a war for survival and bombers won out over salmon.

1948 — Widespread floods caused disastrous effects across the region, and politicians heeded the public's call for protection. After the 1948 flood, many flood control dams were built in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia. Society collectively demanded that human life and property be protected from uncontrolled river discharges.

1955–65 – The technology for cheap, effective home and commercial air conditioning developed rapidly after World War II. By 1960, the indirect effect on salmon of widespread adoption of air conditioning was clear: (1) greatly increased demand for electricity; and (2) increased overall regional population growth because previously undesirable areas became, with the advent of air conditioning, more desirable places to live. Much of the West Coast is hot during summer months, thus air conditioners found a receptive market.  Directly relevant to salmon runs, electricity demand is now high for both winter and summer, necessitating more generating capacity and transmission lines.

1991–2011 — The first salmon "distinct population segment" was listed under terms of the Endangered Species Act. With this action, the policy debate shifted away from restoring salmon runs in order to support fishing, to protecting salmon runs from extinction, two very different policy objectives. A century ago there was not much concern over whether a salmon started life in a hatchery or in a stream. Now, according to some, hatchery-produced salmon are not the restoration solution, they are part of the restoration problem.

2001 — The California drought of 2001 was severe, and combined with ongoing California blackouts, provoked the U.S. Bonneville Power Administration to declare a power emergency, abandon previously agreed upon interagency salmon flow release targets, and generate electricity for transmission to California using water reserved to help salmon migrate.

Traditional protections
Traditionally salmon habitats have not been protected until they are severely degraded and the run is nearing extinction.  At that time, several steps might be taken to restore the population.  Fish hatcheries are a popular remedy that are successful in the short term.  However, they may just be masking a problem instead of getting to the root of it.  Other methods of conservation may include limiting or eliminating harvests of the run, protecting water quality or reducing water extraction for human consumption, and protecting the habitat. In the last 20 years, Washington State Fisheries, in cooperation with local tribes, has decreased the Puget Sound salmon harvest by as much as 90%.

Protection of habitat is addressed in a core/satellite model in which certain areas are identified as highly used "core" areas and less valuable "satellite" areas.  This model assumes that not all potential habitats will be used by the salmon.  The problem with this method is that the reaches between the core and satellite areas are given a low intrinsic potential, which may result in a lower priority for protection.  If these corridors become impassable due to damming or destruction of riparian habitat, the corresponding satellite region is lost as habitat.  If several of these reaches go unprotected, the total habitat area for the salmon can quickly dwindle.  This is considered by some to be a losing strategy, possible leading to the extinction of salmon.

Protective sanctuary strategy
A new method of conservation has been put forward by Rahr and Augerot of the Wild Salmon Center.  Their method takes a broader stance at protecting salmon habitat.  Instead of using the core/satellite approach, they propose protecting entire river basins as whole systems.  They call this the "Proactive Sanctuary Strategy", which aims to preserve the stream habitats in the western United States and Canada with particularly high values, areas considered "salmon strongholds".  There is an estimated four to six stream basins that would meet this requirement.  These high-value basins are irreplaceable and must be protected now while they are still mostly pristine.  Basins or "strongholds" in this category are expected to be able to sustain themselves for the next 100 years.  This method is not meant to be a replacement to the currently ongoing protections afforded by local, state, and federal governments, such as the methods discussed above.  Instead, it is a proactive method to reduce or prevent the need for these other methods.

The idea for this "headwaters to the sea" strategy was first proposed in 1892.  Due to the success of hatcheries on American rivers, the idea did not gain any momentum at the time.  The idea was revived in the early 1990s when conservationists realized the shortcomings and lack of coordination between efforts by federal, state, and local authorities.  The agencies in charge of the fisheries such as NOAA often lack the authority to act on existing threats.  The new conceptualization of salmon habitat conservation posited that we must protect the most intact or valuable drainages first by working from the headwaters downstream to create a continuous corridor of protected habitat.  Several of these sub-basin scale refuges would come together to protect an entire basin as a whole unit.  This does not mean that all of the land will be owned by governments or conservation organizations.  The plan envisions both public and private landowners working together on a sub-basin scale to preserve habitat.  This goal will be met using three main principles.  The first aims to create "a series of intact and diverse (in terms of life histories, genetics, and species) Pacific salmon populations in full basin sanctuaries."  These populations could be a source of individuals to transplant to other rivers if needed.  The second principle aims to "Ensure the maintenance of functional habitat connectivity from the headwaters to the estuary."  This connection of habitat helps to promote diversity in the population by providing several localized spawning locations.  The final principle establishes a "system of strongholds (regional priority sub-basins)" which would contain the most biologically significant populations and habitats.

These principles could be used to create the sub-basin strongholds and basin sanctuaries discussed above.  In regions where the habitat is currently highly fragmented due to high human populations, it may only be possible to create sub-basin level protections.  These areas include the regions at the southern end of the extent of salmon habitat such as northern California.  Full basin sanctuaries may only be possible in sparsely populated areas such as northern British Columbia and Alaska.  There likely would only be four to six of these basin scale sanctuaries.  These areas could be mixed use so as to provide value to local populations as well as salmon populations.  Mixed use would have limits though.  Such limits may include exclusions from areas of great value to salmon such as ideal spawning grounds or places where young fish may be vulnerable.  Strongholds would be determined by the value and practicality of connecting the often more intact headwaters with the often disturbed estuary zones.

This relatively new method of conservation does not advocate for the elimination of current conservation methods.  Instead, it builds a foundation for future salmon habitat that does not need such restoration and restriction.  These goals are large and will likely require funding that has never been seen in salmon conservation, but it has the potential to pay off better in the long term.  Until this kind of planning and funding is a reality, smaller scale projects like the one recently adopted in Puget Sound represent a bridge between old and new methods.

Puget Sound salmon recovery plan
In 2007, the National Marine Fisheries Service adopted a new plan for the recovery of salmon in Puget Sound.  It is estimated that currently 10% of the historic salmon runs still exist in the region.  Some individual runs have diminished to just one percent. The newly adopted plan combines specific efforts on the watershed level with more general legislation at the state level.  Focusing on watershed level management is similar to the ideas presented by Rahr et al., except that in the Puget Sound plan, all watersheds, no matter their value, have developed a plan of action.  However, by allowing each watershed group to customize their plan for conservation, higher value regions can adopt more of the principles set forth by Rahr et al.  Lower value watersheds will use more traditional methods to reach citizens and educate them about the ecology of their streams.

It may be that the Protective Sanctuary Strategy put forth by will be necessary to ensure the future of our wild salmon populations.  Unfortunately, large scale and high cost may prohibit it from becoming reality for some time.  In the meantime, efforts such as the Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Plan will slowly move toward that larger scale.  By combining the currently most practical basin sanctuary methods with proven legislation and community cooperation, salmon habitat in the Puget Sound will be well on its way to recovery and preservation.

Nigiri Project
Recently efforts in Northern California have been successful in increasing the size of very young salmon in a short period of time.  It is unclear what the long term results will be.  Rice fields near Davis California have been flooded in the wintertime to allow Salmon to eat on the remains of the fields.  Salmon have experienced substantial growth in just knee deep water.  The salmon appear to grow faster in these shallow fields instead of the deep rivers.

Simulating Rain upstream with Pulsing
Pulsing is being used as a method of attracting salmon upstream.  Cold dam water is released at certain times, which simulates rain from the mountains and attracts the salmon upstream.  Most recently this has been successful on the Mokelumne River which recently experienced its fifth largest salmon run in 74 years.

Hatcheries
There are debates over the effectiveness of hatcheries. Proponents of the plan argue that hatcheries are essential to the survival of salmon within the Puget Sound region and beyond. Other groups argue against the hatcheries because they claim that it offsets the environmental balance by introducing the artificially raised salmon populations and pitting them against the natural population.
The problem with hatcheries lies in the subtle connections between elements of the salmon system. The earliest hatcheries were simply egg-incubating that released small fry into the streams. Through this system, people tried to protect the eggs in the bottom of stream so that they would reduce the mortality of young salmon hoping to increase the salmon population. People raise them to fingerling size before turning them loose, and people put salmon in the tightly packed space. However, people feed them a mixture of fish offal, horse meat, tripe, and condemned pork and beef. As a result, it causes disease, furthermore, the disease infects from one salmon to others.

Habitat
Pacific salmon use a variety of freshwater and marine habitats and during migrations cross multiple international borders which makes effective conservation strategies difficult to organize and implement.  For example, native populations of these species are found in watersheds in Taiwan, China, Korea, Japan, Russia, Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California, as well as in much of the North Pacific Ocean. Their habitat must be fixed and monitored before we can even begin to think about conserving and protecting these magnificent creatures. Salmon are a very resilient species, but human causes are driving them to the brink of disaster as we continue to invade their habitat space. Dams, population growth, and other human factors are significantly affecting the abundance and distribution of salmon runs around the Pacific Rim.

Dam removal
The life cycle of salmon is a very important factor in conservation. They return to the same gravel bed where they were hatched to lay their eggs and then die, providing the surrounding environment with nutrients that they would otherwise not have.  A recent study documented 137 species that benefit from and utilize the ocean-origin nutrients that salmon deliver. The creation of many dams along the Snake and Columbia Rivers have blocked Salmon access to some of the most pristine habitats available, preventing them for being able to spawn effectively as they would've done without the dams being in their way.  Even though some dams have fish ladders to assist salmon in their journey up the river, many salmon often die on their return to their birthplace.  If the dams were to be removed, and the region convert to utilizing alternative energy sources such as wind and wave power, this would allow for wild salmon to return to pristine habitats in which they could lay eggs that would more likely hatch and grow into substantial wild salmon and also provide nutrients to the already pristine habitat that will make it an even better salmon breeding area.  In 2000, the Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society—representing hundreds of fishery professionals—passed a resolution that "The four lower Snake River dams are a significant threat to the continued existence of remaining Snake River salmon and steelhead stocks; and if society wishes to restore these salmonids to sustainable, fishable levels, a significant portion of the lower Snake River must be returned to a free-flowing condition by breaching the four lower Snake River dams, and this action must happen soon".  It is vital to salmon conservation that the remaining wild salmon be able to spawn in safe, quality habitats so that the populations of salmon can rise again.

Conservation versus Restoration

Conserving salmon broadly refers to saving, using with care, and taking precaution, whereas restoration refers to returning salmon runs back to a previous state. Restoration is more complicated than conservation and it has many meanings in river restoration at large.

Salmon Conservation Groups

There are many coalitions, councils, non-profits, and government-funded groups focused on conserving wild salmon. As Mindy Cameron wrote in a 2002 Seattle Times article, "billions of dollars have been spent to reverse declining salmon runs, with no guarantee of success. What's needed here is a new kind of public conversation about salmon and their place in our future."

See also
Nooksack Salmon Enhancement Association (NSEA)
 Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments
Wild Salmon Center

Notes

References
 Lackey, Robert T.; Denise H. Lach; and Sally L. Duncan.  Editors. 2006.  Salmon 2100:  The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon.  American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
 Frissell, Christopher A.;Peter H. Morrison; Susan B. Adams; Lindsey H. Swope; Nathaniel P. Hitt. 2000. Conservation Priorities: An Assessment of Freshwater Habitat for Puget Sound Salmon. The Wild Salmon Center.
 Rahr, Guido; Xanthippe Augerot. A Proactive Sanctuary Strategy to Anchor and Restore High-Priority Wild Salmon Ecosystems. The Wild Salmon Center. 2005
 Bland, Alastair, Nigiri Project shows that salmon and rice are a good match long before reaching sushi plate, http://plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov/wordpress/?p=5092
 Hamilton, Ken, Mokelumne River Salmon Defy the Drought. http://thepinetree.net/index.php?module=announce&ANN_user_op=view&ANN_id=43883

Salmon
Conservation


Gerard Soest ( – 11 February 1681), also known as Gerald Soest, was a portrait painter who was active in England during the late 17th century. He is most famous for his portraits of William Shakespeare and Samuel Butler, but painted many members of the English gentry.

Soest was traditionally thought to have come from Soest in Westphalia, but was probably from Soest, Netherlands, being Dutch by birth and training. He seems to have been in England by the late 1640s, and his paintings at this time show the influence of William Dobson. His earliest known work is dated 1646.

He had a moderately successful career, but was never fashionable and never managed to get commissions from courtiers and royalty.

Soest's portrait of Shakespeare was owned by Thomas Wright of Covent Garden in 1725 when it was engraved by John Simon. It was painted by Soest at least 30 years after Shakespeare's death. George Vertue states that it was based on a man who resembled Shakespeare, while the pose and costume suggest the influence of the Chandos portrait.

Notes

External links

Year of birth uncertain
1681 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
People from Soest, Netherlands
Portraits of William Shakespeare
17th-century Dutch people


The Courier was an ACP-EU development magazine published by the Development Directorate General of the European Commission, focusing on ACP-EU Development Cooperation. Financed by the European Development Fund (EDF), it was published every two months, till it came to end in 2011. Its last edition was nr 24 covering months of July and August 2011. Its overall stated objective is to communicate, explain, promote and support the development objectives and principles of the Cotonou Agreement (art 5).

History
The decision by the European Community and African countries to create a joint publication on development dates back to first Yaoundé Convention of 1963, linking the six countries of the recently formed European Community (Treaty of Rome, 1957) with 18 countries of the African Associated States and Madagascar, which foresaw boosting the capacity of African states in the field of information.

Originally entitled The ACP-EU Courier, the first issue of the magazine was published in 1970, but it was with the 1st Lomé Convention and the creation of the ACP Group in 1975 that that frequent publication took place.

The ACP-EU partnership was renewed in 2000 with the signing of the Cotonou Agreement, which was revised in 2005. According to article 5, the ACP-EU Courier had a role to increase understanding of the ACP-EU partnership's development policies. It also aimed to increase quality of information, awareness-raising and the sharing of experiences and good practices.

Production of the print publication was previously interrupted from December 2003 until July 2007. An interim electronic Courier (The e-Courier) was issued from June 2005 to January 2007. The magazine was then re-launched as The Courier, with its first edition in July 2007.

Goals
In addition to its role as a complementary tool for the Cotonou framework, other stated aims are to raise awareness of ACP countries and to stimulate exchange of good practices and innovative approaches among ACP and EU actors. It is geared towards helping readers from ACP partner countries learn about each other and provides information about the ACP-EU cooperation model to other readers.

Style
According to its website, the magazine is published in an “independent and self-critical” style, serving as “a tool for information, education and debate.” About 40% of the space is taken by the articles while 60% is reserved for illustrations and photographs.

Audiences
The magazine addresses audiences worldwide but particularly those in ACP and EU countries. Specific target groups are state and non state actors, development organizations and decision makers, citizens, schools, women groups, media, libraries and documentation centers.

Archive
The Courier is archived on http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/ but external listing of this directory is not allowed. However, you can access the Courier directly: for example, to access Issue 181 in English use the link http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/181_ACP_EU_en.pdf. The iCentre Search page  seems to return results from the eCourier.

See also
 List of magazines in Belgium
ACP-EU Development Cooperation
Directorate-General for Development (European Commission)
ACP Countries
Spore, magazine on ACP agriculture

References

External links
The Courier website
Archives of the ACP-EU Courier (published until December 2003) and e-Courier (published until June 2007)
Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
Directorate General Development and relations with ACP States

2007 establishments in Belgium
2011 disestablishments in Belgium
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
News magazines published in Belgium
Bi-monthly magazines
Defunct magazines published in Belgium
Magazines established in 2007
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Magazines published in Brussels
European Union foreign aid


Rap Is FrancisM is Francis Magalona's second album, released in early 1992 by OctoArts International Inc. (now PolyEast Records).

It features a remake of "Tayo'y Mga Pinoy," an original by Heber Bartolome of Banyuhay, as well as the hits "Man from Manila," was released in 1991. "Mga Praning" (a song about drug addicts and drug addiction), and "Halalan," a song specifically written for the 1992 national elections.

Track listing

References

1992 albums
Francis Magalona albums


The Humanitarian Futures Programme (HFP) was originally initiated at King’s College, London, as an action research programme based within the School of Social Science and Public Policy at King's College London and over a decade worked with a wide range of social and natural scientists, representatives of governments, international and non-governmental organisations, as well as the private and humanitarian sectors. Its purpose was to identify future humanitarian challenges and solutions.

This mission continues as Humanitarian Futures (HF), providing futures-oriented discussion papers and emerging perspectives when it comes to dealing with ever more complex humanitarian crises.

It attempts to help organisations with humanitarian responsibilities to prepare for future humanitarian threats. HF believes that these threats will be more complex and unpredictable than those of today, and that their impacts will be of an exponentially different order. The Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT), 24 May 2007, accessed 9 April 2009. HF also focuses upon solutions with a view to helping such organisations strengthen their prevention, preparedness and response capacities. These potential solutions come from a range of sources – including the natural and social sciences, the corporate sector and the military.

HF has developed a series of tools, methods and approaches to assess humanitarian organisations' futures capacities and the potential ways to strengthen them. In addition to its partner organisations, these resources have been created with the intention of aiding the wider humanitarian community in planning for the future.

The programme director is Dr. Randolph Kent, a former UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Somalia and several other East African crisis zones.

Programme Areas

HF has four main programme areas designed to help organisations with humanitarian responsibilities prepare for the future.

Programme Area 1: Diverse actors, diverse engagement

Capacity is the central challenge for dealing with the types, dimensions and dynamics of future humanitarian crises: capacity to innovate, capacity to strengthen operational impact, capacity to anticipate potential threats and solutions. Knowing how to engage in a systematic, sustained and strategic way with a range of diverse "non-traditional humanitarian" actors is key to providing such essential futures capacities.

Programme Area 2: Planning from the future - New approaches, new ways of working

For organisations with humanitarian roles and responsibilities, the challenges of the 21st century will require them to be far more anticipatory and adaptive than the vast majority are today. They will need to adopt different perspectives on collaboration, and will have to appreciate the importance of prioritising innovation and innovative practices. They, too, will have to provide an enabling environment for strategic leadership, for without that even the most compelling visions will remain constrained by rigid organisational structures, processes and behaviours.

Programme Area 3: Future vulnerabilities - New risks, new solutions

For organisations that have to deal with complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty, the art of speculation, of dealing with the what might be's, is essential. It provides means for them to look at how they seek information and understanding; and, in so doing, opens up opportunities for those same organisations to evaluate the sorts of networks and collaborating partners they should be engaging with and the sorts of innovations and innovative practices they should be assessing in order to prepare for the future.

Programme Area 4: Resources, tools and methodologies

Organisations need means to test their capacities for dealing with the challenges of the future and also need measures to embark upon preparing for the future in ways that capture the essence of change as well as ways to foster and implement it. Such means and measures have to be flexible in order to adapt to the different requirements of organisations of different sizes, resources and objectives.

Assessment frameworks and organisational self-assessment tool

HF tries to develop assessment frameworks for determining the anticipatory and adaptive capacities of humanitarian organisations. The overall assessment framework is designed for outside analysts and peer group reviews to assess individual organisations' capacities for dealing strategically with future threats and mitigation opportunities.

One instrument is the Organisational Self Assessment Tool (OSAT), a questionnaire which asks respondents to give their personal views on future humanitarian threats, the organisation's ability to anticipate future threats, to adapt to them, to innovate and to collaborate with new types of organisations.

Outputs and reports
 "Dimensions of Crisis: humanitarian needs by 2015", HFP, Humanitarian Futures Programme, 17 January 2007.

External links
 Humanitarian Futures Programme.

Research institutes in London
Humanitarian aid


The Portrait of Juan Martínez Montañés is an unfinished c.1635 oil on canvas portrait of the sculptor Juan Martínez Montañés by Diego Velázquez. It was in the Spanish royal collection, and is now in the collection of the Prado museum in Madrid.

History
Some art historians have suggested that the subject is Velázquez's brother-in-law Alonso Cano, which would date it to Cano's visit to Madrid in 1658, but most agree it depicts Juan Martínez Montañés based on the resemblance to other identified portraits.  On that basis, this portrait was probably painted while its subject called on Velázquez during his visit to Madrid between June 1635 and January 1636. The painting measures .

Montañés was called to the Spanish royal court in Madrid in 1635 to make a clay bust of Philip IV of Spain as the modello for the Florentine sculptor Pietro Tacca to make a bronze equestrian statue of Philip which is now in the Plaza de Oriente in Madrid.  The portrait shows the sculptor working on the bust of the king, shaping the clay with a stick, although the painting is unfinished and the bust is only shown in outline. At a time when artists were often seen as craftsman, Velázquez enhances the sculptor's social status by depicting him in formal black dress with white collar and cuffs, like a nobleman.

Like Cano and Velázquez, Montañés lived and worked in Seville, but he was from the previous artistic generation: at the time of the portrait, Velázquez was 36, but Montañés was 67.  Montañés was well known to Velázquez, as Velázquez's master and father-in-law, Francisco Pacheco, had painted many sculptures made by Montañés.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

References
 Juan Martínez Montañés, Museo del Prado
 "Juan de Pareja: Afro-Hispanic Painter in the Age of Velázquez", David Pullins, Vanessa K. Valdés, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2023, ISBN 1588397564, p.76

Montanes
Montanes
1635 paintings
Montanes
1630s in Spain
Montanes
Unfinished paintings


Bellinter House () is a large classic country house of Georgian heritage, recently renovated and opened as a 34-room luxury spa hotel. It is in 12 acres of parkland beside the River Boyne in County Meath, Ireland some 10 km (6 miles) from Navan. Bellinter takes its name from the Irish Baile an tSaoir, which means the home of the carpenter.

It is built in a Palladian style with six bays built over three floors (including basement) made of coarse rubble with fine limestone dressings. Adjoining the main part of the building and connected by single story arcades are two storey wings, creating a courtyard. In the grounds are stable block, ice house and other outbuildings.

History
Bellinter House was built in 1750 by Richard Cassels as a country house for wealthy Dublin brewer John Preston in an estate of around 600 acres of grazing and woodland. John had inherited the lands from his father John Preston, a former Lord Mayor of Dublin.

After John Preston's death the estate passed to John's grandson, John Preston, 1st Baron Tara, Member of Parliament for Navan for 17 years, who died in 1821.

In 1892 the property was bequeathed by John Joseph Preston to Gustavus Briscoe, a family friend and High Sheriff of Meath in 1897, who once rode a horse up the stairs at Bellinter which then refused to come down and had to be winched down three weeks later. In 1907 the property passed to his son Cecil and then George, who in 1955 sold it to the Holdsworth family. It was the residence of the Holdsworth family from 1957 to 1966, when it came into the control of the Land Commission, who sold off most of the land for farming.

After being left vacant for a time, the house itself, with 12 acres of land, became home to the Sisters of Sion.

In 2004 it was sold and transformed into the present hotel by publican and hoteliers Jay Bourke and John Reynolds for €2.3m. It opened in late 2006 after a reputed €16m refurbishment.

In 2016, the house was acquired for €3m by Broadreach Investments, an investment vehicle majority owned by Barry O'Sullivan.

Bellinter House has been determined by the Irish Government Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government as a building that is intrinsically of significant architectural interest for the purpose of section 482 of the TCA 1997.

See also
Ardbraccan House

References

Houses in County Meath
Houses completed in 1750
Hotels in County Meath
Country houses in Ireland
Richard Cassels buildings


Le Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret is a modern art museum in Céret, Pyrénées-Orientales, France, created by Pierre Brune and Frank Burty Haviland in 1950 with the personal support of their friends Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse who were involved in its creation.

Présentation
The Musée d’art moderne houses a permanent collection of both internationally famous and local artists, including 78 pieces by Pablo Picasso – 57 of which were gifts from the artist himself. From Cubism to the School of Paris, from Nouveau réalisme to Supports/Surfaces, the collections of the Museum show the intense relationship between the city of Céret and some of the major artists of the twentieth century: Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Chaïm Soutine, Marc Chagall, Raoul Dufy, Auguste Herbin, Henri Matisse, Miró, Antoni Tàpies, Claude Viallat, and Toni Grand.

Céret, "the Mecca of Cubism"

Cubism in the Pyrénées

In January 1910, the Catalan sculptor Manolo Hugué convinced the painter Frank Burty Haviland and the composer Déodat de Séverac to settle in Céret, a small Catalan village of the Pyrénées-Orientales near the border with Spain. They invited their friends from Montmartre to move in, and from 1911 to 1913, in the midst of Cubism.
Pablo Picasso discovered Céret in the summer of 1911 and invited his model and lover Fernande Olivier, and Georges Braque, also a friend of Manolo Hugué, to join him. In 1913, 1914 and 1915 his new lover Eva Gouel also stayed with Picasso and modelled for him in Céret.

André Masson, Auguste Herbin, Max Jacob, Juan Gris, Jean Marchand also moved to Céret, and soon a community of artists was established there.
Some, such as Othon Friesz, Albert Marquet, Raoul Dufy and Jean Cocteau returned after the First World War, and were joined later by a new wave of artists from Montparnasse.

Soutine in Céret

In 1919, Pierre Brune invited his former neighbour in the Cité Falguière, Chaïm Soutine, to settle in Céret. Soutine, who was struggling to make an income in Paris where foreigners were stared aggressively, accepted with enthusiasm. Léopold Zborowski, the art dealer of his friend Modigliani decided to support him, and paid for the trip.
Michel Kikoine came to visit him for some months. In January 1920, he learned of the death of Modigliani and the subsequent suicide of his pregnant girlfriend Jeanne Hébuterne. Shaken by the death of his friend, he stopped drinking and observed the recommendations of doctors to heal. However, it was too late for his ulcer. Soutine was hurt, angry and wild, and lived outside the arts community. For nearly two years, he painted enormously. In the summer 1920, Zborowski picked nearly two hundred paintings. Then, Soutine made frequent trips between Céret and Cagnes-sur-Mer until 1922.

Fleeing the Nazis in Céret
A third wave of artists fleeing the Nazis during the Second World War took refuge in the city, such as Tristan Tzara, Jean Dubuffet and Marc Chagall. Pierre Brune, Pinkus Kremegne and Frank Burty Haviland settled permanently in the city.

Collection

Major artists and works represented
 Pablo Picasso – le Portrait de Corina Pere Romeu (1902),   la Nature morte au crâne et au pichet (1943)
 Salvador Dalí
 Chaïm Soutine – Vue sur Céret, la vieille ville (1919),  Les platanes à Céret, place de la Liberté (1919)
 Georges Braque
 Juan Gris – Verre et Journal (1916), La Danseuse (1924), Arlequin (1922), Torero (1913)
 Marc Chagall – Les gens du voyage (1968),  La guerre (1943), La crucifixion (1925),  La vache à l'ombrelle (1942)
 Auguste Herbin
 Henri Matisse – Barques à Collioure (1905), Raccommodeuses de filets (1905)
 André Masson
 Pinchus Krémègne
 Joan Miró – Femme oiseau (1972), Personnage Oiseau (1979)
 Antoni Tàpies – Fenêtre ocre sur noir (1981), Le bocal (1981), Transformacio n°6327 (1990), Diptyque mural (1990)
 Claude Viallat
 Toni Grand
 Vincent Bioulès
 Tom Carr – the permanent outdoor sculpture group "I by Numbers" (2007)

See also
 List of museums in France

Notes

References
 Esti Dunow, Chaïm Soutine - Céret 1919-1922 - Musée d'art moderne de Céret, Céret, 2000,

External links

 Musée d'art moderne de Céret
 Tapies Foundation
 Musée Picasso

Art museums and galleries in France
Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret
Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret
Museums in Pyrénées-Orientales
Musee D'art Moderne De Ceret
Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret
Musee D'art Moderne De Ceret


Tarmo Teder (born 18 April 1958 in Kuressaare) is an Estonian writer, poet and critic.

Born on the island of Saaremaa, Teder studied from 1973-76. at the  Tallinn Polytechnic and 1976-78 at Kingissepa, now Kuressaare. He began work in Tartu and Tallinn, as a boiler worker.

From 1994-95. Teder was the culture editor for “Rahva Hääl”("People's Voice") and from 1995-1998 as an editor at "Eesti Päevaleht" (‘’Estonian Daily’’).

Teder is a member of the Estonian Writers Union.

Winner of the Friedebert Tuglas Award for his short story Viimase idealisti pildid (‘’Pictures of the Last Idealist’’, published in ‘’Looming’’ no 6 2004).

Works
Onanistid (‘’The Onanists’’) (novel)
Published by Tuum, 2006. pp. 223

Pööningujutud (‘’Stories from the Attic’’) (short stories)
Published by Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2002. pp. 256

Kurat kargas pähe (‘’Bedevilled’’) (novel)
Published by Eesti Raamat, 1995. pp. 180

Tumedad jutud (‘’Dark Stories’’) (short stories)
Published by Eesti Raamat, 1990. pp. 192

Luurejutud (‘’Spy Stories’’) (short stories)
Published by Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2004. pp. 184

Jutte kambrist 27-1 (‘’Stories from the Chamber 27-1’’) (short stories)
Published by Varrak, 2001. pp. 288

Igemest ja abemest (Of Gums and Beards’’) (essays)
Published by (self-published), 2008.

Angerjapõõsa varjud (Shadows of the Eel Bush'') (poetry)
Published by FC Boheem, 2001. pp. 70

External links
 Estonian Literature Centre Biography for Tarmo Teder
 Estonian Literature Centre Bibliography for Tarmo Teder
 Estonian Literature Centre ‘’Literary Awards 2004’’
 Fridebert Tuglas Short Story Award
  Estonian Writers’ Union Eesti Kirjanike Liit

1958 births
Living people
People from Kuressaare
Estonian male poets
Estonian male novelists
Estonian male short story writers
21st-century Estonian novelists
21st-century Estonian poets
Estonian National Independence Party politicians


Abdul Azeez Kolawole Adeyemo (June 14, 1941 – March 12, 2002), popularly known as 'Alhaji how are you', was a Nigerian and prominent Yoruba politician. He was born in Ado-Ekiti the Ekiti State capital to Sir. Rufai Adeyemo & Princess Adebolarin Agunsoye. Growing up as a Catholic during the British colonial era, he later converted to Islam. He became a politician early in his career. He joined the Western Region campaign of Egbe Omo Oduduwa founded by Chief Jeremiah Obafemi Awolowo. He was also a front-line member of Action Group political party which later metamorphosed into Unity Party of Nigeria. His main legacy was to secure democracy and good governance in post independent Nigeria.

Background and political life

A clergy, a painter, a successful business man, and an orator who assumed his first political office in the Second Republic as a Member of Parliament on October 1, 1979, when Alhaji Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first civilian President and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The government was later removed from power on New Year's Eve 1983 by Major General Muhammadu Buhari.

Alhaji A.A.K Adeyemo played a significant role as a Campaign Manager in the victory of the short lived government of Evangelist Bamidele Olumilua, Governor of old Ondo State  from 1991 to 1993 under the umbrella of the Social Democratic Party (Nigeria). He later served in that administration as the Ondo State Parliamentary Co-ordinator & Liaison Officer. The biggest problem that clogged the wheel of Nigeria's ride to social, economic and political self-actualization was epitomised by Military President Ibrahim Babangida's annulment of the June 12, 1993, presidential polls won by Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola in a free and fair election. The annulment coupled with the dissolution of the political parties invariably led to the demise of the civilian government in all individual states across the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Once again, the Nigerian dream of a democratic sovereignty to which 'how are you' remained absolutely committed was cut short in a carapace of indifference and cynicism; justice was debased to tokenism and cynical symbolism.

Elder statesman

Alhaji Adeyemo was also a renowned leader of the PAN Yoruba Elders Consultative  Forum popularly known as 'Afenifere'. He was also instrumental in the creation of Ekiti State in October 1996. Following the restoration of democracy in the late 1990s shortly after the sudden and mysterious death of the military dictator General Sani Abacha, Alhaji Adeyemo continued to be politically active and assumed the status of a 'Godfather' owing to his sphere of influence across the political terrain and oligarchy. This was demonstrated by his unquestionable role in the political aspiration of Otunba Adeniyi Adebayo as first Governor elect, Ekiti State, under the platform of the Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria), in 1999.

A shortlist of his political alliances includes Samuel Adekunle Ajasin JP, Alhaji Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Alhaji Baba Gana Kingibe, Chief Olu Falae, General Adeyinka Adebayo, Evangelist Bamidele Olumilua, Olusegun Kokumo Agagu, Alhaji Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa, Pa Abraham Adesanya, T.Y Danjuma, Alhaji Bamanga Tukur, Otunba Reuben Famuyibo, Adebayo Adefarati, Ebenezer Babatope, and Chief Bola Ige amongst others.

Demise

'Alhaji how are you' died in hospital on March 12, 2002, after being rushed to hospital following a protracted high blood pressure resulting from a long-standing cardiovascular disease.

References

Yoruba politicians
Nigerian former Christians
1941 births
2002 deaths
Converts to Islam from Roman Catholicism
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Ahmadis
People from Ekiti State


Asadullah Bhutto () is an incumbent Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Sindh. He belongs to the Bhutto tribe of Sindh

Political career
Bhutto is a lawyer by profession. He completed his LL.B in 1969 and Masters in Sociology in 1974 from University of Sindh. Bhutto has been a member of Pakistan Bar Association for 33 years and Human Rights Network of Pakistan for four years. He has traveled to Iran and Afghanistan.

References

External links
Official Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan website
Biography of Moulana Asadullah Bhutto

Living people
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan politicians
Sindhi people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Army of Two: The 40th Day is a third-person shooter video game developed by EA Montreal and published by Electronic Arts for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was also released for PlayStation Portable, which was developed by Buzz Monkey. It is the sequel to Army of Two. Army of Two: The 40th Day was released in 2010 worldwide.

The 40th Day focuses on two-player cooperative play and employs a cover system. It features Tyson Rios and Elliot Salem, the two protagonists from the original game, as combatant partners who, with the assistance of their handler Alice Murray, must fight to survive and prevail over invading forces that have engulfed Shanghai, China in a devastating terrorist attack.

A sequel to The 40th Day, entitled Army of Two: The Devil's Cartel, has been developed by EA Montreal and Visceral Games and was released in 2013.

Gameplay
Weapons and upgrades are available, with interchangeable upgrades between weapons such as adding the barrel of one assault rifle to another. The "pimped" option returns along with new camouflage schemes. Weapons can now also be obtained from dead enemies, increasing the player's arsenal to four weapons, along with grenades. Bullets will be able to penetrate weaker materials such as wood and sheet metal. Certain weapons and weapon lockers can only be unlocked by morality moments. Weapon parts can be obtained in the game for free, either by searching armored boxes (which are locked as soon as the enemy guarding it detects the player's presence), rescuing hostages, or simply exploring.

New Heavy enemy types appear as bosses. They wear thick armor and often require a special method of attack to defeat, such as shooting gas canisters or grenade bags that they carry. The Heavy enemies carry weapons such as a flamethrower and a Gatling gun that cannot be unlocked by the player, though they can be picked up and temporarily used after the Heavy is defeated.

Co-op playbook
The 40th Day expands on and refines the cooperative play featured in the original game. Players can use co-op moves at any time. The playbook allows players to scan enemies prior to engaging them in order to set up particular team-based tactics. For example, players can mock surrender or set up simultaneous sniper shots. This is in addition to using aggro as a mechanic for tactically engaging enemies in the midst of combat.

Aggro
Aggro is a system that allows two players to tactically control the target of their enemy's attacks and possibly change the outcome of a firefight. Aggro is measured by a HUD element that displays which player the enemy characters are currently focusing on. By performing aggressive actions, such as firing one's weapon at enemies, a player generates aggro and in turn causes enemies to focus more of their attention on that player, and less attention on the player with less aggro. While one player has aggro, the other is usually being ignored and as a result, can then freely perform actions such as flanking or sniping. In The 40th Day, additional non-aggressive actions can affect aggro. For example, by performing a mock surrender the enemy combatants will focus all of their attention on the player that is surrendering, allowing the other to perform a surprise attack. Some non-aggressive acts can be performed cooperatively as well.

Morality moments

In The 40th Day players are forced to make moral decisions that affect the story of the game. At pre-determined points in the game, players will be presented with a choice. For example, whether they should steal weapons from a mall security armory or vacate the premises. The decision is not a vote between two players, but instead either player must decide while the other player is forced to accept the ramifications of that decisions regardless of what their preference was. The outcome and presentation of these morality moments takes the form of comic panels created by the popular artists Chris Bachalo, Jamie Mendoza and Jock.

Multiplayer
Multiplayer in The 40th Day includes region-free play, client-server connections, and an increased number of participants.

The 40th Day maintains its focus on cooperative gameplay by requiring that players play in a partnership. Partners are a source for ammunition and are able to revive their fallen teammate. There are four multiplayer game modes:
Co-op Deathmatch pits teams of two against other partnerships.
Control awards points to teams for capturing and defending randomly spawned points.
Warzone has players battle over various objectives.
Extraction is a game mode where teams of four fight waves of increasingly powerful enemies in order to clear the map for extraction.

Downloadable content
A DLC titled Chapters of Deceit was released on Xbox Live and PlayStation Network on April 1, 2010. It features two new campaign levels: "The Assassination" and "Collateral Damage", which attempt to bridge the plot gap between Mission 004: The Hospital and 005: The Mall.

Plot
After establishing Trans World Operations (TWO), private military contractors Tyson Rios and Elliot Salem head to Shanghai, where they are tasked with meeting their contact, JB. He leads the two to a back alley to collect their gear and weapons before proceeding to plant locator beacons throughout strategic locations in Shanghai. After planting the last of the beacons and an encounter with overzealous security guards, they regroup on a rooftop of a building.

Handler Alice Murray radios in and tells them they will get extra cash for terminating JB; Rios and Salem can either choose to kill him or lie to Alice about his escape. Following JB's fate, Shanghai comes under attack by terrorists, ravaging the city. Rios and Salem barely escape the building and encounter the 40th Day Initiative mercenaries attempting to kill them. They manage to contact Alice, who informs them that she is alive but trapped in the South African Consulate. They head for the consulate, dispatching groups of mercenaries well as encountering civilian hostages, whom they either rescue or leave behind. Inside the consulate, Rios and Salem discover Alice being held hostage in an office. After freeing her, the three fight their way to the main hall, where a crashed helicopter allows them to escape into the underground tunnels.

Rios and Salem pass through the tunnels and a highway, rescuing hostages and fighting through the mercenaries. They manage to make their way to the Shanghai Zoo where they encounter more mercenaries and are guided by the zoo employees.

After leaving the zoo, Rios and Salem are contacted by Alice, who has managed to reach a safe area and instructs them to locate a communications tower to signal for help. Rios and Salem fight through rooftops to reach the communication tower, but they only find an empty room. They decide to continue searching and jump to an adjacent balcony, but it suddenly gives way, and Salem plummets down to the ground and is knocked unconscious. Salem awakens 24 hours later in a hospital, where they are met by Dr. Wu, who asks for their help in evacuating the patients. Rios and Salem defend the hospital from the mercenaries before heading to a nearby mall.

The pair are held captive at the mall until freed by a mercenary named Breznev, who then instructs Rios and Salem to plant bombs to disrupt the mercenaries' communication center. The two successfully plant the bombs and go their separate ways from Breznev. After exiting the mall, Alice contacts the pair that she has a helicopter en route to extract them. Despite their efforts in destroying the defending anti-aircraft guns, the extraction chopper is shot down and destroyed, and Alice is presumed dead.

As Rios and Salem bunker down to rest, they realize that they will not be able to escape and instead decide to exact revenge on the 40th Day Initiative by killing their leader, Jonah Wade. They manage to track him to a heavily fortified temple, and the pair fight through it until they reach the inner sanctum, finally meeting Jonah. Jonah then justifies his actions as a violent social experiment to force the world to turn back from the moral decay that is destroying it while holding a device that he claims is the trigger for a nuclear bomb located deep in the city.

He offers Rios and Salem a choice to make an "Act of Sacrifice" by having one shoot the other or choose to kill him and his invading force, which will detonate the bomb and kill seven million people. Regardless of choice taken, Jonah reveals that the bomb was a hoax. Killing one's partner ends the game with an epilogue where the surviving partner laments taking his friend's life, while killing Jonah ends the game with an epilogue of him reflecting on his motivations as UN forces begin to move into the city.

Weaponry and equipment

Weapon customization
A predominant feature is the ability to customize weapons using money that is earned through killing enemies and completing tasks. The official Army of Two blog described it as "like Lego with Guns […] every part of your weapon is customizable and interchangeable with parts from other weapons". The changes to weapons are not only for appearance but also affect the performance and the amount of aggro that they generate. Some weapon characteristics that can be changed are handling, accuracy, ammunition capacity, aggro, and power.

Weapon design contest
A community-oriented weapons design contest was run for The 40th Day. The contest challenged fans and enthusiasts from North America, Italy, France, and the UK to submit an image and brief description of a weapon that they designed. Two weapon designs (one from the North American and one from the European entries) were chosen as winners and will appear in the game for those players who have a saved game present on their game console from the original Army of Two.

The winning entries were chosen on August 6, 2009. The winning entries were the AS-KR1 "The Ass Kicker" Rifle (submitted by Angry Joe show) and the "Grand Pinger" Sniper Launcher (submitted by Uberblargh).

Reception

The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received above-average reviews, while the PSP version received "generally unfavorable reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the console versions were ported for release on March 25, 2010, followed by the PSP version on June 24, 2010, Famitsu gave it a score of three eights and one seven for the former, and 26 out of 40 for the latter, while Famitsu X360 gave the Xbox 360 version a score of two eights, one nine, and one eight for a total of 33 out of 40.

IGN said of the console versions: "The morality moments could have posed larger dilemmas and the AI still stumbles at times, but overall, The 40th Day is a great game to blast through." While Hardcore Gamer criticized the game's minor improvements and similarity to the original, it noted that "The 40th Day is more serious, lacking in the "what the hell" moments that peppered the first game."

Edge gave the Xbox 360 version a score of seven out of ten, saying, "As adequate an expression of the genre as it is, it somehow can't quite conjure those high notes of enthusiasm - akin to the way in which a whiteboard diagram of demographics and key features fails to inspire heart palpitations." The Daily Telegraph gave the same console version seven out of ten, calling it "An all out co-op shooter that does exactly what it says on the tin. What it sets out to achieve it succeeds with style, even if these ambitions are firmly rooted in B-movie territory. Whilst this stunted ambition and some minor gameplay niggles hold it back from being truly great, this is a full throttle, adrenalin fuelled, macho-fest which is dumb, fun and full of guns." Andrew Hayward and Mitchell Dyer of GamePro gave the same console version three stars out of five, with Hayward saying, "while The 40th Day has its moments, it just isn't consistent enough to keep my attention." However, Matt Cabral later gave the PSP version two-and-a-half stars, saying, "There is some mindless, bullet-whizzing fun and a few neat set pieces in this portable take. And, at its best, The 40th Day does recall the arcade action of classic quarter-munchers such as Commando and Contra. But for the most part the technical and visual achievements that make this title tick on consoles are all but absent here, leaving PSP players with a broken bro-mance." Dakota Grabowski of GameZone gave the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions six out of ten, saying, "Although it was mostly a bore, the combat was 'stupid' enough for two players to take pleasure from watching the train-wreck."

Chad Sapieha of Common Sense Media gave the game four stars out of five, calling it "a fun, witty, Hollywood-style action adventure that outdoes its predecessor in almost every way." Joe Roche of 411Mania gave the Xbox 360 version 7.5 out of 10, saying, "There are some other aspects of the game that might be appealing to some – the customization from the original title is back in full force this time around, right down to the ability to upload your own personalized face masks to the EA server to upload into your game. I'll admit that being able to throw a soda can silencer and a kitchen knife bayonet onto my zebra pattern AK-47 was enjoyable." However, David Jenkins of Teletext GameCentral gave the same console version six out of ten, saying, "The original was obnoxious and insensitive but this new shooter lacks even that much personality."

The 40th Day sold over 246,500 units during its first month of release.

Sequel

A sequel, Army of Two: The Devil's Cartel, was released in 2013 on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

References

External links
Army of Two: The 40th Day official site

2010 video games
Cooperative video games
Electronic Arts games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Third-person shooters
Unreal Engine games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Tyler Bates
Video games set in Shanghai
Xbox 360 games


Chorizanthe angustifolia is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name narrowleaf spineflower.

It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the coastline of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties, but is locally common.

Description
Chorizanthe angustifolia is small, hairy herb.

It sends out prostrate inflorescences along the sandy soil of its habitat, each no longer than about 10 centimeters. The inflorescence is a headlike cluster of several pink flowers, each surrounded by six bracts tipped in hooked spines. The flower itself is only 2 or 3 millimeters wide and white to pink in color.

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Chorizanthe angustifolia (Narrow leaf spineflower)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Chorizanthe angustifolia
UC Photos gallery: Chorizanthe angustifolia

angustifolia
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
Natural history of Santa Barbara County, California
Taxa named by Thomas Nuttall


Robert A. Kraft (March 18, 1934 – September 15, 2023) was an American religious historian who was the Berg Professor of Religious Studies Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. He is known for his pioneering work in the application of computing to the study of ancient literature (including the digitization and coding of ancient texts) and for his significant contributions to the study of early Judaism and early Christianity. Kraft was president of the Society of Biblical Literature in 2006.

Life
Robert A. Kraft was born March 18, 1934, in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was the son of Howard Russell and Marian (Northrup) Kraft. He married Carol Wallace (an elementary school teacher) on June 11, 1955, and they had four children. Kraft died on September 15, 2023, at the age of 89.

Education
In 1955, Kraft earned a Bachelor of Arts degree (in philosophy) and in 1957 a Master of Arts degree (in New Testament), both from Wheaton College. In 1961 he completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University in the History and Philosophy of Religion (Christian Origins). His doctoral supervisor was Professor Krister Stendahl.

Work

Teaching
From 1961 to 1963, Kraft was an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Manchester in England, and in 1963 he began teaching in the Department of Religious studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was made full professor in 1976 and Berg Chair in 1992. Kraft was also a visiting lecturer at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia in 1965-1966. Even in semi-retirement, Kraft continued to conduct one graduate level seminar each term.

Organizations
Kraft was a member of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas (SNTS), the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies (IOSCS) and the American Society of Papyrologists. He was also a member of the Society of Biblical Literature and served as its president in 2006. Kraft was a co-founder and coordinator of the Philadelphia Seminar on Christian Origins (PSCO), which he established upon coming to Penn in 1963. He was also on the Bible Translation Commission(s) for the Revised Standard (RSV) and New Revised Standard (NRSV) Versions of the Bible.

Field of work
In his scholarship, Kraft made contributions to study of the Apostolic Fathers, particularly the Epistle of Barnabas, as well as the history and literatures of Judaism in the Greco-Roman Period, particularly the Septuagint (LXX) and Old Greek (OG) translations and their textual histories, and also Philo of Alexandria and his world. Kraft has also produced significant work in manuscript studies (including Coptic texts), on so-called "Jewish Christianity" in antiquity, on the pseudepigrapha and on the Christian transmission of ancient Jewish writings. Under Kraft's leadership and co-editorship (with G. Krodel), the Philadelphia Seminar on Christian Origins produced an English translation, with updated annotation, of Walter Bauer's classic Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum (published as Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christianity by Fortress Press, Philadelphia, 1971).

Kraft also continued to work on various scholarly projects as noted on his home page, especially the computerization of the textual variants for the ancient Jewish scriptures in Greek (as part of the CATSS project) and the digitization and description of the papyri and related documents in the Penn collections (as part of the APIS project). Also of special interest for Jewish Studies is his "New M. R. James" project, to update and expand the Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament (published in 1920), or as Kraft preferred to say, "Parabiblical Literature and Traditions of Early Judaism" and similar materials from early Christianity.

Awards
Guggenheim Fellowship, 69-70
American Council Learned Societies fellow, 75-76

Select publications
Kraft's contribution to the study of religion in antiquity is voluminous. His publications include the following:
 The Apostolic Fathers: A New Translation and Commentary. Volume 3, The Didache and Barnabas (New York 1965)
 "Some Notes on Sabbath Observance in Early Christianity", Andrews University Seminary Studies 3 (1965) 18–33
 Épitre de Barnabé: introduction, traduction et notes par Pierre Prigent, texte grec établi et ptésenté par Robert A. Kraft (Sources chrétiennes 172; Paris 1971)
 "In Search of 'Jewish Christianity' and its 'Theology': Problems of Definition and Methodology", Recherches de Sciences Religieuse 60 (1972) (Festschrift for Jean Daniélou on Judéo-christianisme), 81–92
 with A. E. Purintun, Paraleipomena Jeremiou (Texts and Translations 1. Pseudepigrapha Series 1; Missoula, Mont., 1972)* Testament of Job (Texts and Translations 5. Pseudepigrapha Series 3; Missoula, Mont., 1974)
 "The Development of the Concept of 'Orthodoxy' in Early Christianity", in Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation, ed. G. F. Hawthorne (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1975), 47–59
 "The Multiform Jewish Heritage of Early Christianity", in Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults: Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty (Leiden 1975), 3.174–199
 Septuagintal lexicography (Chico, Calif., 1975)
 "An Unpublished Coptic/Sahidic Psalter Codex at the University Museum in Philadelphia: A Preliminary Report", in Biblical and Armenian Studies, ed. M. E. Stone (Jerusalem 1976), 81–89
 "Christian Transmission of Greek Jewish Scriptures: A Methodological Probe", in Paganisme, Judaisme, Christianisme: Influences et affrontements dans le Monde Antique (Melanges M. Simon), ed. A. Benoit (Paris 1978), 207–226
 with Emanuel Tov, "Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint Studies", Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies 14 (1981) 22–40
 with G. W. E. Nickelsburg, Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters (Atlanta 1986)
 "Towards Assessing the Latin Text of '5 Ezra': The Christian Connection", in Christians among Jews and Gentiles: Essays in Honor of Krister Stendahl on his Sixty-fifth Birthday (Philadelphia 1986), 158–169
 "Computer Assisted Identification and Reconstruction of Fragmentary Manuscripts (Papyri, Leather, Paper): Chester Beatty Greek Papyrus 5 (Genesis) = Rahlfs 962", in Bible et informatique: méthodes, outils, résultats. Actes du second colloque international de l'Association internationale Bible et informatique (AIBI) (Geneva 1989), 319–321
 "Philo and the Sabbath Crisis: Alexandrian Jewish Politics and the Dating of Philo's Works", in The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester, ed. B. A. Pearson (Minneapolis 1991), 131–41
 "The Use of Computers in New Testament Textual Criticism," in The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research (compiled in honour of Bruce M. Metzger), ed. Bart D. Ehrman and Michael W. Holmes (Studies and Documents 46; Grand Rapids, Mich., 1995), 268–282
 "The Papyri Collection at the Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia): An Overview", in Atti del XXII Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia (Firenze 23-29 agosto 1998) (Florence 2000), 2.749–752
 with Benjamin G. Wright, "Coptic/Sahidic Fragments of the Biblical Psalms in the University of Pennsylvania Museum", in The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honour of Albert Pietersma, ed. R. J. V. Hiebert, C. E. Cox and P. J. Gentry (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 332; Sheffield 2001), 163–177
 "Some Newly Identified LXX/OG Fragments among the Amherst Papyri at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City", in Emanuel: Studies in Hebrew Bible, Septuagint, and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov, edited by S. M. Paul, R. A. Kraft, L. H. Schiffman and W. W. Fields (Leiden 2003), 551–570
 "How I Met the Computer, and How It Changed My Life", SBL Forum (April 2004)
 "Daniel outside the Traditional Jewish Canon", in Studies in the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, and the Septuagint: Essays Presented to Eugene Ulrich on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. E. Tov, J. VanderKam and P. Flint (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 101; Leiden 2006), 121–133
 Exploring the Scripturesque: Jewish Texts and Their Christian Contexts (Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 137; Leiden 2009)
Kraft preferred to publish his works electronically, and many of his writings may be found on his homepage.

Commemorative publications
 Benjamin G. Wright (ed.), A Multiform Heritage: Studies on Early Judaism and Christianity in Honor of Robert A. Kraft (Atlanta, Ga., 1999)

References

External links
 Robert A. Kraft's faculty page for the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Pennsylvania
 Robert A. Kraft's faculty page for the Jewish Studies Program at the University of Pennsylvania
 Brief comment by Robert A. Kraft on "What is progressive Christianity?"

1934 births
2023 deaths
American historians of religion
Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
Harvard University alumni
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Translators of the Bible into English
American translators
Presidents of the Society of Biblical Literature
People from Waterbury, Connecticut


WFT may refer to:
 West Fraser Timber TSX code, a Canadian forestry company
 Weatherford International NYSE code
 Weighted Fourier Transform, a command in the vnmr NMR software
 Washington Football Team, former temporary name of the NFL team now known as the Washington Commanders


Bagworth Heath Woods is a 75-hectare (185-acre) country park on the location of the former Desford Colliery, in Leicestershire, England consisting of woodland, grassland, heathland, lakes and ponds. The site was built on the land of a reclaimed coal mine.

The site is linked to Thornton and Bagworth by the 100-mile circular walk around Leicestershire called the Leicestershire Round.

References

Tourist attractions in Leicestershire
Parks and open spaces in Leicestershire
Country parks in Leicestershire


Detroit City (5 April 2002 – 24 November 2007) was a thoroughbred racehorse, most famous as a two mile hurdler. He won five Class 1 races including the 2006 Triumph Hurdle, he also had success on the flat in the Cesarewitch Handicap. The grey died in November 2007, aged five, following a fall at Ascot. He was trained by Jeremy Noseda until his hurdling career began when Philip Hobbs took over. Six of his seven wins over hurdles came with Richard Johnson as jockey.

Racing career

Flat
Detroit City's racing career began in 2005 on all weather. He made his debut in January 2005, finishing ninth in a one-mile two furlongs maiden. A month later, he won a one mile four furlongs maiden at Wolverhampton and followed this with two handicap wins over the same distance. In May, he returned to turf and finished fifth and sixth in his first two runs. He won a one mile six furlongs handicap at Nottingham in June and was then entered in Bahrain Trophy, where he finished second.

After his first season of hurdling, he returned to the flat in October 2006 for the Cesarewitch. In a field of 31, he won by a length from Inchnadamph.

Hurdles
Detroit City made his hurdling debut in December 2005 in a juvenile novices hurdle at Warwick. Following an eighth place in that race, he went on a succession of wins. He won two juveniles over two miles one furlong before travelling to the Cheltenham Festival for the Triumph Hurdle. At odds of 7/2, he went into the race as favourite and the bookmakers were proved correct, he outstayed stablemate Fair Along to win by five lengths. He concluded the season with the Anniversary 4-Y-O Novices' Hurdle at Aintree, he won by eight lengths becoming the first horse since Pollardstown in 1979 to complete Triumph Hurdle/Aintree Hurdle double.

After the Cesarewitch success, Detroit City switched back to hurdles again with a run at Cheltenham in the Greatwood Handicap Hurdle. With no pacemakers, he set the pace himself and despite carrying top weight won by 14 lengths; the Racing Post described it as a "stunning performance". Following the race he was made favourite for the Champion Hurdle. He returned to Cheltenham a month later for the Boylesports.com International Hurdle and won, beating Hardy Eustace by a length. The success in a field of four failed to impress the Racing Post, who said he still had "plenty to prove" to justify being favourite for the Champion Hurdle.

Detroit's preparation run before the Champion Hurdle came in the Agfa Hurdle at Sandown. He won, beating Straw Bear by one and 3/4 lengths. He arrived at Cheltenham on the back of eight consecutive wins but was attempting to defy the poor record of five-year-olds in the Champion Hurdle, 71 horses of that age had tried since the last five-year-old winner, See You Then in 1985. He began the race as 6/4 favourite but struggled from the beginning, eventually finishing sixth of the ten runners. Racing Post noted it was a "huge disappointment". He ended the season with a run in the Aintree Hurdle but finished tenth out of ten finishers.

Over the summer of 2007, Detroit City had a wind operation; a back problem and stomach ulcers were also treated. He began the 2007/08 season with the Ascot Hurdle, moving up in trip to two miles and four furlongs. After he jumped the second fence, his back end collapsed. Jockey Richard Johnson held his head down as he thought the horse may have broken a leg on landing, but it was later revealed that a heart problem was the cause. Detroit City died on the track in the arms of Johnson. Afterwards, Johnson paid tribute to the horse, calling him "probably the best hurdler I've ridden".

References

2002 racehorse births
2007 racehorse deaths
Cheltenham Festival winners
Thoroughbred family 1-e
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Racehorses bred in Florida
National Hunt racehorses


The 2007 Brno Superbike World Championship round was the ninth round of the 2007 Superbike World Championship. It took place on the weekend of July 20–22, 2007, at the Masaryk Circuit located in Brno.

Superbike race 1 classification

Superbike race 2 classification

Supersport race classification

References
 Superbike Race 1
 Superbike Race 2
 Supersport Race

Brno Round
Superbike


The Banking Code was a voluntary code of practice agreed by banks in certain countries.  The code typically described how banks dealt with accepting deposits and withdrawals and with customer disputes on transactions.  Banking codes have in most countries been replaced by government imposed financial regulation governing banking practices.

United Kingdom
On 1 November 2009 the Financial Services Authority (FSA) Banking Conduct Regime commenced. It applies to the regulated activity of accepting deposits, and replaces the non-lending aspects of the Banking Code and Business Banking Code (industry-owned codes that were monitored by the Banking Code Standards Board).

The Banking Code had also regulated legal liability of banks for disputed debit and credit card transactions. On 1 November 2009 it was superseded by the FSA Payment Services Regulations 2009, amongst other things making banks legally liable for transactions unless they could prove that customers had authorised them.

Australia
In the wake of Australia's Financial Services Royal Commission , Australia's Banks updated its Banking Code. The voluntary Code was endorsed by the corporate regulator Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) on 31 July 2018.

The voluntary code has been criticised for its Banking Code Compliance Committee not being fully independent in its oversight because its members will be appointed by banks. For the Code to be effective, some have argued that it should include basic tenets recommended by the Royal Commissioner in his interim report and to make it strictly liable in law and breaches criminal.

See also

British Bankers' Association
Thinkmoney

References

Banking in the United Kingdom