Clef Records was an American jazz record label founded by Norman Granz in 1946. It became part of Verve Records, which Granz created in 1956. Clef recordings were, in the mid 1950s, licensed to Columbia (UK) who issued 78rpm discs with a special white label and the Clef logo.

Discography: 600 and 700 12 inch LP Series

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
Clef Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project

American record labels
Jazz record labels


Hopewell (also, Laird) is an unincorporated community in Benton County, Mississippi, United States. it shares zip code 38683 with Walnut, Mississippi. A post office operated under the name Laird from 1894 to 1915.

References

Unincorporated communities in Benton County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


Yannis Papathanasiou () (born on 1954, in Athens) is a Greek politician, former Minister for Economy and Finance of Greece. He is a member of the Hellenic Parliament with the conservative New Democracy party since 2002.

Background, business and political career
Papathanasiou was born in Athens on 1954.
He studied Electrical Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens.

He has been chairman and managing director of the company ‘I. D. Papathanassiou SA - Trading of technological equipment for buildings since December 31, 2002.

He has been Member of the Board of Directors (1982–1988), Secretary General (1988–1993) and President (1994–2000) of the Athens Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI).

In the period 1991-1992, he was advisor on energy issues, at the Minister of Commerce Industry and Energy and between 1992–1993, he has been vice-chairman of the Board of Directors of Public Gas Corporation (DEPA).

He was first elected member of the Hellenic Parliament in 2002, from the state deputies' list, with New Democracy party and then was elected member of the parliament in Athens B constituency, in the elections of 2004, 2007 and 2009.

References

External links
Official website of the Greek Ministry of Economy and Finance
Personal Website of Yannis Papathanasiou

|-

1954 births
Finance ministers of Greece
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Living people
National Technical University of Athens alumni
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Politicians from Athens


Jônatas de Moura Penna, best known as Joe Penna (born May 29, 1987), is a Brazilian filmmaker and musician, best known from both his YouTube channel MysteryGuitarMan and his feature films. He resides in Los Angeles, California.

YouTube
Penna maintains the YouTube channel MysteryGuitarMan. He registered the channel on June 16, 2006.

By January 2011, MysteryGuitarMan became the most subscribed channel in Brazil. , his channel has garnered over 2.6 million subscribers, and his videos have accrued nearly 400 million views.

On September 11, 2005, Penna launched a second YouTube channel, where he uploads his making-of videos and vlogs. Within 6 hours, it became the third most subscribed channel in Brazil.

In 2007, Penna was one of the first YouTube channels to receive mainstream media coverage, including attention from DC Fox News, after his video The Puzzle was featured on the front page of YouTube.

In 2009, Penna was again seen on the front page of YouTube with his video Guitar: Impossible, which has been covered by De Wereld Draait Door, the highest-rated primetime show in the Netherlands. On December 6, 2009, Penna was featured on FM4, an Austrian national radio station. Shortly after uploaded, his "Guitar: Impossible" video was featured on the MSN.com front page.

Best Buy announced Penna as the $15,000 winner of their Tech-U-Out Video Challenge. He was also a finalist in the "Oreo Global Moments" video competition. Ford selected Penna as a Fiesta Agent for the 2009 Ford Fiesta Movement. Penna's "Guitar: Impossible" video was also featured by YouTube as one of the best videos of 2009.

In 2010, Penna's Root Beer Mozart"l was featured on CNN's morning show Morning Express with Robin Meade and on Germany's nationally broadcast Taff show.

Television
In 2009, Penna directed an ad in collaboration with Rhett and Link titled T-Shirt War. It garnered international attention. Shortly after, Penna was selected as one of the top 10 new directors at the 20th Cannes Lions Saatchi & Saatchi New Directors' Showcase.

Following the success of the original, Penna and the original cast were hired to produce a national television and cinema spot for Coca-Cola and McDonald's. A year later, Penna directed and starred in yet another commercial for the two companies.

In June 2010, Penna was highlighted by CNN Money on their Best Jobs series.

His stop-motion short film Guitar: Impossible was selected to be displayed at the Guggenheim museum.

In 2012, Penna co-wrote and directed an original interactive thriller series titled Meridian starring Orlando Jones and Rick Overton in conjunction with Fourth Wall Studios.

In August 2014, Penna was announced as the host of Xploration Earth 2050, a technology-oriented television series. Xploration Station went on to receive eight Daytime Emmy Award nominations.

Film
In March 2016, his short film Turning Point was selected to play at the Tribeca Film Festival.

In February 2017, Penna began production of his directorial debut feature film, Arctic. It was shot in Iceland and stars Mads Mikkelsen. Arctic garnered enthusiastic reviews as an Official Selection for the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Its theatrical premiere was on February 1, 2019.

In June 2019, Penna began shooting on the sci-fi movie Stowaway starring Anna Kendrick and Toni Collette.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the release of Stowaway was delayed from its initial summer 2020 release by Sony. Netflix subsequently acquired the rights to the film, which achieved the #1 spot worldwide. This success led Netflix to also acquire the US rights to Penna's earlier film Arctic, which similarly achieved #1 ranking in the country.

In August 2022, Penna signed on to direct the sci-fi thriller Trespasser, produced by Jason Fuchs and Brad Fuller. The film, based on a Black List screenplay follows a father and daughter living in isolation who encounter a mysterious otherworldly creature.

In December 2022, Penna produced Anna Kendrick's directorial debut Woman of the Hour. The thriller, based on the true story of Cheryl Bradshaw, a bachelorette on the 1970s TV matchmaking show The Dating Game whose chosen bachelor turned out to be serial killer Rodney Alcala, was acquired by multiple international distributors at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film sold to Netflix for $11M and debuted with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Generative AI
In May 2023, Penna was part of a team that authored a paper on text-to-image generation which introduced PickScore, a scoring function showing superior performance in predicting human preferences. The team recommended using PickScore for evaluating future text-to-image generation models and using Pick-a-Pic prompts as a more relevant metric than the commonly used MS-COCO and Fréchet inception distance, the latter showing a negative correlation correlated to human preferences. This paper was followed by the release of another paper detailing improvements to latent diffusion models for high-resolution image synthesis.

Upon the peer review and acceptance of these papers as a scientific publication, Penna will have an Erdős–Bacon number of 7.

References

External links
 Joe Penna / MysteryGuitarMan YouTube channel
 MysteryGuitarMan's Website

1987 births
21st-century guitarists
21st-century male musicians
Big Frame people
Brazilian expatriates in the United States
Brazilian film directors
Brazilian guitarists
Brazilian Internet celebrities
Brazilian male guitarists
Brazilian YouTubers
Living people
Music YouTubers
Musicians from São Paulo
YouTube filmmakers


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Clay County, Mississippi, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Clay County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


James Bernard Hockley (born 16 April 1979) is a former English professional cricketer who played for Kent County Cricket Club.

Born in Beckenham, Hockley made his first-class cricket debut in 1998 against Oxford University. Seen as a limited overs specialist, Hockley made 81 one-day appearances for the county. He was released at the end of the 2002 season.

Between 2002 and 2009, Hockley taught sports at Marlborough House School in Cranbrook, whilst continuing to play cricket for Hartley Country Club in the Kent Cricket League. His performances for Hartley prompted Kent to re-sign him ahead of the 2009 season and he played two more seasons for the county before returning to focus on teaching whilst still playing for Hartley.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
Kent Cricket Board cricketers
Cricketers from Beckenham


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Copiah County, Mississippi, United States. Hopewell is located on the former Illinois Central Gulf Railroad.

History
Hopewell was first founded by settlers who moved to the area when a new railroad depot was built east of Ruby. The community was named Hopewell by W. T. Sandifer, Daniel Young, and a Mr. Barron.

Hopewell was home to a pharmacist in 1916.

A post office operated under the name Hopewell from 1908 to 1956.

References

Unincorporated communities in Copiah County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Covington County, Mississippi, United States.

History
One of the oldest settlements in Covington County, one of Hopewell's earliest settlers was Thomas Ates, who bought land from the Choctaw Natives. Ben and Mary Duckworth were also early settlers, and named the town after the Biblical account of Moses' and Abraham's definition of hope: "to trust, expect, await, and endure". Many emancipated slaves settled in Hopewell after the Civil War.

The New Hopewell School was constructed in 1885, and was located several miles north of the town, at the present site of the New Hopewell Church and Cemetery.  The school operated until 1950.

In 1922, Covington County authorities created the Hopewell Colored Separate School District in response to petitions by black citizens for improved educational opportunities. Two years later, Hopewell's black residents sued Covington County after they realized they were being "doubly taxed" by the county. The boundaries of the Colored district encompassed only black-owned properties, while the larger boundaries of the white school district–created over a decade earlier–encompassed both white and black-owned properties. The citizens lost their lawsuit; the judge ruling that it was happenstance that all blacks but no whites lived in both school districts.  Furthermore, any whites who bought property in the Hopewell district would also bear this double burden.

In the 1920s, a second school was constructed in Hopewell. It was built as a Rosenwald School, and is still in operation, now called Hopewell Elementary School.

In 1966, a desegregation lawsuit was filed alleging that the school district had failed to integrate the predominantly black Hopewell Attendance Center with predominantly white Seminary Attendance Center.  The lawsuit languished until 2006, when the school board and the U.S. Department of Justice agreed on a plan which angered both blacks and whites because of the increased distances students would need to travel.  Several citizens went to court to contest the 40-year-old desegregation order.

References

External links
 Hopewell Elementary School

Unincorporated communities in Covington County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


Theodore Cardwell Barker (19 July 1923 – 22 November 2001), usually known as Theo Barker, was a British social and economic historian.

Life
Barker was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England on 19 July 1923.  After schooling in the area, he studied at the University of Oxford, obtaining a first-class degree in Modern History from Jesus College, Oxford in 1948.  He obtained a doctorate from the University of Manchester in 1951, on the 19th century history of St Helens.  This led to his first book, co-written with a school contemporary, John Harris, who had been researching St Helens in the 18th century.  A Merseyside Town in the Industrial Revolution (1954) was influential in the emerging field of urban history.  After teaching at the University of Aberdeen for 1 year, Barker taught at the London School of Economics between 1953 and 1964, when he became Professor of Economic and Social History at the newly established University of Kent.  In 1976, he returned to the LSE and retired in 1983.  He died on 22 November 2001.

Works
His work on the history of St Helens led to his researching the history of Pilkington Glass, which was based in the town.  He published Pilkington Brothers And The Glass Industry in 1960.  He was also interested in transport history, co-authoring A History Of London Transport: The 19th Century (1963), and contributing extensively to the 1974 volume about the 20th century.  This interest led to him becoming chairman of the Transport History Research Trust.  Other writings on related topics included The Transport Contractors Of Rye (1982) and The Rise And Rise of Road Transport, 1600–1990 (1993).  He wrote histories of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters and Worshipful Company of Pewterers in 1968 and 1974 respectively.  He served as president of the Railway and Canal Historical Society, as founding chairman of the Oral History Society and as secretary and then chairman of the British National Committee of Historians.  He was not, however (despite his wishes), elected as a Fellow of the British Academy.

References

1923 births
2001 deaths
Economic historians
Social historians
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academics of the University of Kent
20th-century English historians


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Mississippi, United States. Hopewell is located  northeast of Columbia. Hopewell was one of the first settled communities in Marion County.

References

Unincorporated communities in Marion County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


Thomas Lawson (born 1951, Glasgow, Scotland) is an artist, writer, editor, and from 1991 to 2022 was the Dean of the School of Art & Design at California Institute for the Arts. He emerged as a central figure in ideological debates at the turn of the 1980s about the viability of painting through critical essays, such as "Last Exit: Painting" (1981). He has been described as "an embedded correspondent [and] polemical editorialist" who articulated an oppositional, progressive position for representational painting from within an increasingly reactionary art and media environment. Artforum called his approach to the medium "one of the most cogent and controversial" in the 80s.

Lawson has received awards from the John S. Guggenheim Foundation, National Endowment for the Arts and Rockefeller Foundation.

His paintings have been exhibited internationally at galleries and museums including Metro Pictures (New York), Anthony Reynolds (London), the Hammer Museum (Los Angeles), and Le Magasin (Grenoble). He work was featured in the Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, "The Pictures Generation" (2009), and "A Forest of Signs: Art in the Crisis of Representation" (1989) at Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MoCA). He has also created temporary public works in New York City, Glasgow, and Newcastle upon Tyne.

Lawson's essays have appeared in numerous anthologies and journals such as Artforum, Art in America, Flash Art and October; an anthology of his writing, Mining for Gold, was published in 2004. He has also edited or co-edited the contemporary art journals REALLIFE Magazine, Afterall and East of Borneo. Lawson currently lives and works in Los Angeles and Edinburgh, Scotland.

Early life and career
Lawson grew up in Glasgow and developed an early interest in the language of painting. As a teenager, he took classes at the Glasgow School of Art, but found it too conservative and enrolled at the University of St Andrews, where he studied English Language and Literature (graduated, 1973). He was active in the art scene there, creating an art club and organizing an exhibition of Scottish painter Pat Douthwaite. After enrolling in the Art History graduate program at the University of Edinburgh, he traveled to New York to interview Jasper Johns for his thesis, before graduating in 1975.

Lawson next moved to New York and enrolled in the Art History and Criticism PhD program at CUNY Graduate Center, where he studied with Rosalind Krauss, Linda Nochlin and Robert Pincus-Witten, and alongside postmodern writers Douglas Crimp and Craig Owens. He arrived ahead of the convergence of a flourishing downtown art/punk scene, new critical-artistic practices such as appropriation, brewing ideological debates, and an art-market explosion. While at CUNY, Lawson began exhibiting art at Artists Space (1977, 1979) and the Drawing Center (1978). He also co-founded REALLIFE Magazine in 1978 with his wife, writer Susan Morgan, and contributed essays to Artforum, Art in America and Flash Art. In 1981, he began showing at the newly opened, influential Metro Pictures with artists such as Robert Longo and Cindy Sherman, and later in the decade, showed at the Richard Kuhlenschmidt Gallery in Los Angeles. Surveys of Lawson's work have since been held at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, the Centre for Contemporary Arts (Glasgow), the Battersea Arts Centre (London), and Goss-Michael Foundation (Dallas). He is currently represented by David Kordansky Gallery in Los Angeles. In 1991, Lawson was appointed Dean of the School of Art at California Institute for the Arts (CalArts). In addition to teaching, Lawson has curated or co-curated shows and lecture series at MoCA, PS1, Artists Space, White Columns, the Renaissance Society, LACE, REDCAT Gallery, and Los Angeles Municipal Gallery.

Work and reception
Lawson is arguably better known for his critical writing and tenure as Dean at CalArts than for his painting. However, critics in the 2000s, such as Andrew Berardini, began suggesting that his painting was due for a reassessment for its role in broadening the parameters of appropriated imagery and offering a nuanced, critical alternative to conceptual art and neo-expressionist painting in the 1980s.

His career is best understood in its entirety, with his complementary practices of artmaking, critical writing, magazine editing, curating, and educating collectively addressing key ideological debates of the time.

"The painting wars" (1977–1987)
Lawson emerged in the late 1970s as part of "The Pictures Generation" artists, which included Sherrie Levine, Robert Longo and David Salle, among many. Their work was broadly unified by its critique of modernism's avant-garde myths and embrace of postmodern art-making strategies, media imagery, pop-culture references and simple, sometimes crude, technique and presentation. This approach was bolstered by critical writing from Douglas Crimp, Craig Owens, Hal Foster, and Lawson, who in Artforum, Flash Art and REALLIFE called for art that deconstructed dominant media and cultural representations in the face of what he termed "a growing lack of faith in the ability of artists to continue as anything more than plagiaristic stylists." In "Last Exit: Painting" (1981), Lawson championed appropriationist painting as "the perfect camouflage" (due to its very unlikeliness) to infiltrate the art-world and expose stereotypes and conventions, maintaining that the work's hand-made subjectivity and expressive tools tempered its ironic and detached tone. Crimp (and the others) denounced contemporary painting's "reactionary expressionism" as fatally compromised; they favored photographic work, like that of Richard Prince or Cindy Sherman. Lawson argued such work was too declarative, obvious, and likely to lapse into a "bureaucratic continuation" of Conceptualism that would be marginalized in esoteric, avant-garde ghettoes outside the mainstream.

Lawson's own early work was situated at the crux of photography and painting, and combined deadpan, crudely modeled media archetypes (representing family, passion, violence and national iconography), which he isolated on modern, painterly fields of gestural marks or monochromatic grounds. Decontextualizing overused painting techniques and snapshots drawn from tabloid stories, he sought to reconstitute and question their lost meaning and to expose the hollowness and insensitivity of conditioned responses to spectacle and tragedy. Critics variously described his work (e.g., Don’t Hit Her Again or Shot for a Bike, both 1981) as haunted and difficult to like but worthy, and "hard-headed and thoughtful [...] with a punk rock and painterly awareness." Holland Cotter deemed it "painting out on strike," with an "obdurate, stonewalling quality that read like provocation"; others, such as Carrie Rickey, found the ambiguity of the work's intention to be troubling.

In 1983, Lawson began using photographic images of classical architecture and mountain landscapes that connoted institutionalized culture, power and mysticism, which he obscured with veils of painterly, scumbled brushstrokes (and later, dots, pills and paisleys). Reviewers generally placed works such as Metropolis: The Museum (1983) or The Temple of the Kultur Critic (1984), among Lawson's most alluring, but differed on their political efficacy. Ronald Jones wrote that Lawson successfully subverted cultural expressions of authority, "prov[ing] them too slight to thrive outside their incubated logic."<ref name="Heartney88">Heartney, Eleanor. "Working in Brooklyn, Brooklyn Museum," "Art News, 1988.</ref> Eleanor Heartney, however, considered the architectural images less resistant to the seductions of the painting surfaces than earlier romantic imagery, as did Donald Kuspit, who felt the critique was vulnerable to absorption by the dominant culture. In his 1987 show, "The Party's Over," his imagery and presentation, if not his intent, became more polymorphous. In paintings and an installation, he mixed expressions of freedom, waste and excess—aerial views of freeways, liquor-ad-like splashes, corporate urbanism and celebrity—with violent overlays of bright, exaggerated Expressionist brushstrokes and paint blobs to self-critically reveal them as empty gestures of power and unmediated artistic angst, petrified into formula.Salvioni, Daniela. "Thomas Lawson," Flash Art, May 1987.

Public Art (1987–1996)
In his 1986 Artforum essay, "Toward another Laocoön," Lawson signaled a practical and theoretical shift in his work and the broader art-world toward straightforward, confrontational public and political practices in the wake of Reaganism and the AIDS crisis: "These are difficult times for artists with the ambition of reformulating the cultural identity of the society. The idea of an avant-garde of any kind is clearly no longer useful… There is a need to rethink the purpose of art, its value in noncash terms." Over the next decade, he turned to a meta-critical dissection of public monuments and architecture and the values and processes of power inscribed within them. His essay "Going Public" (1990) identifies the shift from privileged, private art gallery spaces to the more inclusive, interactive space of the city in the  political, combative work of Jenny Holzer, Barbara Kruger and Group Material as part of a "widespread effort to recast art production as an activity of social meaning." Lawson deemed the move essential to avoiding the co-optation that rendered political art in galleries "nothing more than the ineffectual bleating of an elite whose job it is to show the human face of entrenched power."

Lawson's own art extended beyond the canvas first to installationBrett, David. "New Installations," Circa, November/December, 1989, p.43, 45. and then into public space with Civic Virtue/Civic Rights (1988), a temporary work in City Hall Park in New York.Public Art Fund. Thomas Lawson: Civic Virtue / Civic Rights, Exhibitions. Retrieved 14 January 2018. It was the first of several public works that examined traditional public sculpture and its relationship to dominant power structures by translating such representations into other contexts.Decter, Joshua. "Thomas Lawson," Arts Magazine, Summer, 1989. For the five-year commission, A Portrait of New York (1989), he covered a one-third mile length of scaffolding parapet during renovation of the city's Municipal Building with bright blue and orange, casually rendered imagery drawn from local civic statuary, redressing the short shrift given women and minorities in public sculpture by shuffling their images with those of monumentalized historical figures such as Alexander Hamilton, Nathan Hale and Al Smith. In 1990, he created Memory Lingers Here for the First Tyne International Exhibition in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, a 30-billboard installation that enveloped a derelict soap factory.Whetstone, David. "Gallery homes in festival garden," The Journal, 4 May 1990. The work used imagery of St. George and the Dragon taken from a neglected, local war memorial in Old Eldon Square to comment on regional identity, memory, and the loss of place and social cohesion. Some of Lawson's other public art-related projects include billboards in New Haven, Connecticut (1988) and Bellgrove Station, Glasgow (1990), and Fallen Angels (1991), an installation based on local statuary imagery and created for the socially committed Circulo de Bellas Artes show, "El Sueño Imperative," in Madrid.Lawson, Thomas. "Angelic Visions," El Sueño Imperativo, Madrid: Circulo de Bellas Artes 1991.

Return to painting (1995– )
Lawson returned to painting in the second half of the 1990s and has continued to engage the question of the medium's viability as an artist, educator, and writer.Braithewaite, Hunter. "Thomas Lawson with Hunter Braithwaite," The Miami Rail, 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2018. In his own work, Lawson has extended his strategy of exploiting the contrast between the expectations of medium (painting) and message to explore concerns from geopolitics to self-representation on social media.Rosenberg, Karen. "Art in Review", The New York Times, July 2009, p. C23. These later bodies of work are characterized by a greater use of juxtaposition, fragmentation and humor, and incorporate disparate painterly techniques, pictorial conventions and imagery in a sometimes dizzying mix that critics have described, variously, as ranging from "calm, collected and sinister" to "visually disabling."

In his 1995 show, "Viennese Paintings," Lawson explored madness by juxtaposing stark, claustrophobic institutional rooms, disquieting images drawn from building facades, fountains and asylums in Vienna, and references to Freud and early modernism on diptychs rendered at topsy-turvy angles in brilliant colors. His LAXART show, "History/Painting" (2007), probed geopolitical, environmental and economic instability through images of non-Western world maps and views of the globe, political leaders (e.g., Dogs of War, 2006) and victims of beheadings from news and art history, painted with discordant colors and expressive techniques suggesting Max Beckmann, Emil Nolde or George Grosz. In shows between 2009 and 2015, works such as Confrontation: Three Graces (2010) edged closer to painting's decorative potential and investigated the allegorical possibilities of the human figure, questions of desire and attraction, and the pictorial rhetoric of self-representation. Artforum’s Travis Diehl described similar works, such as Theoretical Picture or Voluptuous Panic (both 2012), as crossbreeding and suturing "huge chunks of culture" through jarring juxtapositions of painterly techniques, and "a weirdly savaged classicism" of truncated and silhouetted fragments from myths, statuary and contemporary media.Butler, Sharon. "Thomas Lawson: Lost Wholes," Twocoatsofpaint.com, 3 October 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2018. Reviewers described Lawson's 2015 show at Klaus von Nichtssagend Gallery as uncanny work that defied categorization and encouraged viewers "to shed their biases and re-engage with wild beauty."

Writing
Lawson gained recognition for his early writing as "a master of the terse epigram" and a relentless, acerbic critic of the dominant authorities of the era; in 2001, Artforum editor Jack Bankowsky described it as "unusually vivid" frontline reporting. In later interviews, he has noted a shift in his thought away from the combative polemicism and world-historical framework of the 1980s, toward advocating work that is grounded in a specific culture or community without giving weight to any medium. Lawson's writing has appeared in journals including Artforum, Art in America, Flash Art, frieze and October as well as in exhibition catalogues for artists including Sarah Charlesworth, Liz Glynn, Gary Hume, Laura Owens and Steven Prina, among many.  Several of his essays, including "Last Exit: Painting"Hertz, Richard (ed). Theories of Contemporary Art, New York: Prentice Hall, 1985. "Spies and Watchmen," and "The Future is Certain," have been anthologized extensively, and he co-edited the anthology, Modern Dreams: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Pop (1988). Mining for Gold (JRP/Ringier, 2004), a collection of his writing, was listed among frieze's "Best Books 2005" and the writing noted for its role in critical discourses that have "informed successive generations of younger artists." Lawson also wrote a two-act play based on the sedition trial of the Scottish radical Thomas Muir, titled The Pest of Scotland, or, A Tocsin Sounds in Embro (2001). In 2015, he contributed to Akademie X: Lessons in Art + Life, an anthology offering lessons, practical advice, ideological perspectives and assignments on contemporary art to students from artists across the globe.

Magazine editing
Lawson has edited contemporary art publications for over three decades. In 1978, he and Susan Morgan co-founded REALLIFE Magazine, which they published and edited through twenty-three issues until 1992. REALLIFE featured written and visual material by and about young artists and served as a clearing house for new ideas and examinations of mass media and art, while chronicling New York's developing postmodern alternative art scene; critic Carrie Rickey identified it as the "house organ" of the Pictures Generation. In addition to Lawson and Morgan, REALLIFE contributors included Eric Bogosian, Jennifer Bolande, Barbara Kruger, Félix Gonzáles-Torres, Kim Gordon, Craig Owens, Richard Prince, David Robbins, Laurie Simmons, and Lawrence Weiner, among many.  In 2007, an anthology of the magazine's history, REALLIFE Magazine: Selected Writings and Projects, 1979–1994, was published.
Between 2002 and 2009, Lawson co-edited the contemporary art journal Afterall, which published as a joint venture of Central St Martins School of Art, London, and CalArts. In 2010, he founded the online art publication East of Borneo and has served as editor-in-chief since. East of Borneo focuses on contemporary art and its history as considered from Los Angeles and publishes essays and interviews alongside a multimedia archive of images, videos, texts, and sounds.

Academic career
Appointed in 1991, Lawson served as Dean of the School of Art & Design at California Institute for the Arts (CalArts) in Los Angeles for thirty years, until 2022.Barden, Lane. "A conversation with Tom Lawson, dean, School of Art, CalArts" Artweek, 6 May 1993, p. 16–7. In his writing and interviews, Lawson has stressed the importance of an art school having a "clear understanding of its own, historically driven account of what is important."Lawson, Thomas. "Art Schools: A Group Crit," Art in America, May 2007 p. 104–5. His teaching emphasized CalArts’ founding intellectual tradition of contesting conventional ideas, questioning the means and ideology of representation, and teaching no medium in advance of ideas, while still rooting practice in the visual. Thus, despite CalArts’ reputation as a place where painting had to justify itself, art writers note that Lawson mentored a generation of painters there including Ingrid Calame, Laura Owens, and Monique Prieto.

Prior to becoming Dean at CalArts, Lawson did not maintain long-term appointments in academia, nor was he known for a deep pedagogical practice or research. He was a Visiting Faculty member for a semester at CalArts in both 1990 and 1987, and was a part-time Instructor in New York both at the School of Visual Arts between 1981 and 1990 and the New York Studio Program between 1987 and 1989, and was also twice a Visiting Critic at Rhode Island School of Art and Design in academic years 1988–89 and 1983–84.

Awards and recognition
Lawson has received fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (2009), Lewis Walpole Library (2002), Visual Art Projects, Glasgow (1999), and the National Endowment for the Arts (1989, 1985 1982); an Art Matters Foundation Grant (1986); residency awards from the Ucross Foundation, Wyoming (2003) and Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio Center (1997); and funding for REAL LIFE Magazine'' from the NEA, Visual Artists Forums and NYSCA Visual Arts (1979–91).

References

External links
Thomas Lawson artist page, David Kordansky Gallery
East of Borneo, contemporary art magazine
Video Data Bank, "Tom Lawson: An Interview" with Kate Horsfield

1951 births
Living people
California Institute of the Arts faculty
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish painters
21st-century Scottish male artists
British art critics
Artists from Glasgow
Artists from Los Angeles
20th-century Scottish male artists


Nina is a 2004 Brazilian drama film directed by Heitor Dhalia and starring Guta Stresser and Myriam Muniz. The plot is loosely based on the 1886 Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. The setting is described to be of a dark humor nature in an urban new-age post apocalyptic gothic world, and includes manga-like animations throughout the film.

Synopsis
Set in today's São Paulo, the film tells the story of Nina, a poor young girl, disorderly seeking a means of survival in today's cruel society and only comes across adversity. She lives in a rented room. Her landlady Eulália, an old and decrepit reincarnation of the old miser killed by Raskólnikov on Crime and Punishment, humiliates her the entire time, violates her correspondence, confiscates the money her mother sends, locks up the refrigerator to prevent her access the food stored there, each one of them with the label "Eulália" on it, a symbol of the purchasing power, the right to consume and of the humiliation of the fellow man.

Cast

 Guta Stresser as Nina
 Myriam Muniz as Eulália
 Sabrina Greve as Sofia
 Luíza Mariani as Alice
 Juliana Galdino as Ana
 Milhem Cortaz as Carlão
 Guilherme Weber as Arthur
 Abrahão Farc as old man
 Wagner Moura as blind man
 Selton Mello as Ana's boyfriend
 Renata Sorrah as prostitute
 Lázaro Ramos as painter #1
 Matheus Nachtergaele as painter #2
 Anderson Faganello
 Ailton Graça
 Walter Portela
 Eduardo Semmerjian
 Nivaldo Todaro

External links

Brazilian drama films
2004 films
2000s Portuguese-language films
2004 directorial debut films
Films based on Crime and Punishment
Films directed by Heitor Dhalia
Films shot in São Paulo
Films set in São Paulo
Films scored by Antônio Pinto


The Iron Curtain is a 1948 American thriller film starring Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney, directed by William A. Wellman. It was the first film on the Cold War. The film was based on the memoirs of Igor Gouzenko. Principal photography was done on location in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada by Charles G. Clarke. The film was later re-released as Behind the Iron Curtain.

In Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox, Russian composer Dmitry Shostakovich unsuccessfully sued Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, the film's distributor, in New York court, for using musical works of his that had fallen into the public domain.

Plot
Igor Gouzenko (Dana Andrews), an expert at deciphering codes, comes to the Soviet embassy in Ottawa in 1943, along with a Soviet military colonel, Trigorin (Frederic Tozere), and a major, Kulin (Eduard Franz), to set up a base of operations.

Warned of the sensitive and top-secret nature of his work, Igor is put to a test by his superiors, who have the seductive Nina Karanova (June Havoc) try her wiles on him. Igor proves loyal to not only the cause but to his wife, Anna (Gene Tierney), who arrives in Ottawa shortly thereafter with the news that she is pregnant.

Trigorin and his security chief, Ranov (Stefan Schnabel), meet with John Grubb (Berry Kroeger), the founder of Canada's branch of the Communist Party. One of their primary targets is uranium being used for atomic energy by Dr. Harold Norman (Nicholas Joy), whom they try to recruit.

In the years that pass, the atomic bomb ends the war. Anna, who has borne a son, now has serious doubts about the family's future. Igor begins to share these doubts, particularly after one of his colleagues, Kulin has a breakdown and is placed under arrest. Once Igor is told that he is going to be reassigned back to Moscow, he decides to take action. He takes secret documents from the Embassy and tells Anna to hide them, in case anything happens to him. Trigorin and Ranov threaten his life, and the lives of his and Anna's families in the Soviet Union, but Igor refuses to return the papers.

Grubb and several others are called back to the Soviet Union to answer for their failures. Because of the documents Igor took, Canada's government succeeds in dismantling the communist cabal in the country and places the Gouzenkos in protective custody and grants them residence. The film ends with the proviso that the family lives in hiding protected by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. "Yet they have not lost faith in the future. They know that ultimate security for themselves and their children lies in the survival of the democratic way of life".

Cast
 Dana Andrews as Igor Gouzenko
 Gene Tierney as Anna Gouzenko
 June Havoc as Nina Karanova
 Berry Kroeger as John Grubb, aka 'Paul'
 Edna Best as Mrs. Albert Foster, neighbor
 Stefan Schnabel as Col. Ilya Ranov, embassy attache
 Eduard Franz as Maj. Semyon Kulin
 Nicholas Joy as Dr. Harold Preston Norman, aka 'Alec'
 Frederic Tozere as Col. Aleksandr Trigorin

Production
Twentieth Century-Fox bought the rights to Gouzenko's articles about his experiences, as Hollywood began producing films regarding Communist infiltration in the late 1940s. The studio also purchased the rights to two historical books on Soviet espionage, George Moorad's Behind the Iron Curtain and Richard Hirsch's The Soviet Spies: The Story of Russian Espionage in North America, but no material from the two books was used in the film.  The film was produced by Daryl F. Zanuck in response to claims by Rep. J. Parnell Thomas, chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee, that Hollywood did not make anti-communist films.

Soviet sympathizers attempted unsuccessfully to disrupt location shooting in Ottawa, where Fox captured exteriors during a cold Canadian winter.

Reception
The New York Times noted the movie's release, writing  "The Iron Curtain...has been under attack since January by various groups including the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship."

References

External links

1948 films
1940s spy thriller films
American spy thriller films
American anti-communist propaganda films
American black-and-white films
Cold War spy films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by William A. Wellman
Spy films based on actual events
20th Century Fox films
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films set in the 1940s
1940s crime films
Films shot in Ontario
American biographical films
Works about Canada and the Cold War
1940s American films


Hopewell is a ghost town located in Calhoun County, Mississippi, United States. A post office operated under the name Hopewell from 1840 to 1905.

References

Former populated places in Calhoun County, Mississippi
Former populated places in Mississippi


George Holmes Melville-Jackson,  (23 November 1919 – 7 March 2009) was a Royal Air Force officer and a flying ace of the Second World War who fought in the Battle of Britain and the siege of Malta.

Early life
Born in Weston-super-Mare on 23 November 1919, Melville-Jackson was educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate

RAF career
Melville-Jackson joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in June 1938 to undertake pilot training. In July 1940 he was posted to No. 236 Squadron RAF, and flew Bristol Blenheims on convoy patrols and escort sorties over the Channel and Western Approaches. He was with No. 236 Squadron throughout the Battle of Britain.

Melville-Jackson flew Bristol Beaufighters with No. 248 Squadron RAF, joining in July 1942. The squadron was assigned to Coastal Command to provide long-range fighter support to the anti-submarine aircraft operating against U-boats in the Western Approaches and the Bay of Biscay.

In August 1942, Melville-Jackson flew in support of Operation Pedestal, the crucial convoy mission that resupplied the island of Malta in 1942.

In April 1943 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions. Melville-Jackson was released from the RAF in 1946.  The same year he married Elizabeth Whyte; they later had two children, a son who went on to be a RAF pilot, and a daughter.

After leaving the RAF, he studied at the University of Cambridge, attaining a Bachelor of Arts, before becoming co-headmaster of St Felix School in Felixstowe.

He rejoined the RAF in 1952 as a pilot, flying night fighters in Germany and England. He spent three years in the United States and then returned to Germany, where he was the sector controller at the Uedem air defence radar site. He retired from the RAF as a wing commander in 1968.

Later life
Melville-Jackson is also notable for his attempt to obtain a pardon for Anne Boleyn. He wrote to the then Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, asking him to pardon the wife of Henry VIII on the grounds that she "was 'obviously innocent' of the crimes of adultery, incest and witchcraft that led to her being beheaded in 1536". He also called for her remains to be moved to Westminster Abbey to be interred alongside her daughter, Elizabeth I (they currently lie in a traitor's grave in the Tower of London). The Home Office did not grant his requests.

Melville-Jackson was proud of his Battle of Britain link and was present when the Battle of Britain London Monument was unveiled by Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall on Victoria Embankment.

References

1919 births
2009 deaths
British World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force wing commanders
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
The Few
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II


The WWA World Tag Team Championship may refer to:

WWA World Tag Team Championship (Indianapolis version), tag team title defended in the Indianapolis-based World Wrestling Association from 1964 to 1989
NWA Americas Tag Team Championship, tag team title defended in the Los Angeles-based World Wrestling Association from 1964 to 1968
WWA Tag Team Championship (Mexico), tag team title defended in the Mexican lucha libre promotion World Wrestling Association


Hopewell Landing is an unincorporated community in Yazoo County, Mississippi. It lies at an elevation of 85 feet (26 m).

Located on the Yazoo River, it was noted in the 1870s and 1880s as a steamboat landing.

Residents are within the Yazoo County School District. Residents are zoned to Yazoo County Middle School and Yazoo County High School.

References

Unincorporated communities in Yazoo County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


Arts and entertainment
 Gothic art in the mid-12th century.
 Gothic shoes in the 13th century.
 Ars nova: a musical style which flourished in the Kingdom of France and its surroundings during the Late Middle Ages.
 Oboe, or hautbois, in the mid-17th century France, probably by Jacques-Martin Hotteterre and his family or by the Philidor family. Variants of the oboe like the graïle, the bombard and the piston were later created in Languedoc and Britney spears.

 Many bagpipes were developed in France, including the Biniou, the bodega, the Boha, the Bousine, the Cabrette, the Chabrette, the Cornemuse du Centre, the loure, the Musette bechonnet, the Musette bressane and the Musette de cour.
 First mechanical metronome by Étienne Loulié in 1696 (but the modern form of the metronome was patented only in 1815).
 Rococo in the early 18th century.
 Clavecin électrique, earliest surviving electric-powered musical instrument, in 1759 by Jean-Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde
 The Roulette was developed in 18th century France from a primitive form created by Blaise Pascal (17th century). In 1843, Louis and François Blanc introduced the single 0 style roulette wheel.
 Many other gambling games and card games (including the French suits around 1480) were invented in France, some from earlier games :
 From earlier Italian games : Basset, Biribi and Tarot (see Tarot of Marseilles and French tarot)
 From earlier Spanish games : Quinze and, maybe, Piquet
 Other : Faro (from the Basset), Brelan, Bouillotte, Commerce, Trente et Quarante, Belote and maybe Blackjack.
 Photography :
 Photolithography and the first photographic image ever produced in 1822 by Nicéphore Niépce (Saône-et-Loire)
 Daguerreotype by Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre
 Hércules Florence coined photographie in 1834, French word at the origin of the English word photography.

 Fairground organ by Joseph and Antoine Limonaire and Giacomo Gavioli.
 Collotype process by Alphonse Poitevin in 1856.
 Beaux-Arts architecture: a 19th century architectural style drawing upon principles of French neoclassicism, and taking inspiration from the baroque and rococo styles.
 Impressionism: a 19th-century art movement originating with Parisian artists.
 Vaudeville: a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century.
 The Praxinoscope of Charles-Émile Reynaud (1877) is an animation device intermediary between the zoetrope and the cinema.
 Bal-musette: a style of French instrumental music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1880s. Although it began with bagpipes as the main instrument, this instrument was replaced with accordion, on which a variety of waltzes, polkas, and other dance styles were played for dances.
 The Cabaret by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 in Paris.
 The Chronophotography by Étienne-Jules Marey (developed by himself, Eadweard Muybridge, Albert Londe, Georges Demeny and Ottomar Anschutz) in 1882 in Paris.
 Ambient music: as an early 20th-century French composer, Erik Satie used such Dadaist-inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient/background music that he labeled "furniture music" (Musique d'ameublement). This he described as being the sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity, rather than serving as the focus of attention.
 The Cinema developed from chronophotography :
 First motion picture camera and first projector by Louis Le Prince, Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States.
 The Cinematograph by Léon Bouly (1892).
 first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films by Auguste and Louis Lumière in Paris on 28 December 1895.
 Georges Méliès : first filmmaker to use the stop trick, or substitution, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color in his films. His most famous film, A Trip to the Moon (Le voyage dans la Lune), in 1902, was the first science fiction film and the most popular movie of its time (another of his productions, Le Manoir du diable is also sometimes considered as the first horror movie).
Impressionist Music: developed during the late 19th century by French composers, such as Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.
 Developments of the modern Piano (invented by  the Italian Bartolomeo Cristofori) : Pleyel et Cie (double piano), Sébastien Érard (double escapement action), Jean-Louis Boisselot (sostenuto pedal), Henri Fourneaux (Player piano).
 Fauvism: a style of art pioneered by early 20th-century French modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.
 Ondes Martenot in 1928 by Maurice Martenot (early electronic musical instrument ).
 Gemmail in the 1930s by painter Jean Crotti.
 Musique concrète: a type of music composition that utilizes recorded sounds as raw material developed by French composer Pierre Schaeffer beginning in the early 1940s.
 Sampling (music): sampling originated in the 1940s with musique concrète.
 Clavioline, an electronic keyboard instrument, by Constant Martin in 1947.
 Etch A Sketch by André Cassagnes in the late 1950s.
 Yé-yé: a style of pop music that emerged in France.
 Cold wave: a music genre that emerged with French, as well as Belgian and Polish musicians in the late 1970s.
 DivX around 1998 by Jérôme Rota at Montpellier.
 Synthwave: originated in France by producers such as David Grellier, Justice, and Kavinsky.
 Blackgaze: a fusion of black metal and shoegaze that traces its origins to the work of French musician Neige.

Chemistry

 Discovery of natural rubber/latex by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1736.
 Oxygen, discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1772, and labelled "fire air", would be renamed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1778.
 Hydrogen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783.
 Argand lamp by Swiss-born Aimé Argand and by Antoine Quinquet in 1783 in Paris.
 The first extensive list of elements (see periodic table) by Antoine Lavoisier in 1787.
 Leblanc process by Nicolas Leblanc in 1791.
 Beryllium by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
 Chromium by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1797
 Appertization or Canning by Nicolas Appert in 1809.
 Polyvinyl chloride in 1838 by Henri Victor Regnault (but the PVC will only be plasticized industrially nearly a century later).
 Helio
 Photovoltaic effect by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.
 Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard in April 1862.
 Gallium by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.
 Production of Liquid oxygen by Louis Paul Cailletet in 1877 (at the same time but with another method than Raoul Pictet).
 Artificial silk by Hilaire de Chardonnet in 1884.
 Chamberland filter, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884.
 Fluorine by Henri Moissan in 1886
 Aluminium electrolysis in 1886 by Paul Héroult (at the same time but independently from American Martin Hall).
 Europium by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890
 Viscose by Hilaire de Chardonnet in Échirolles in 1891.
 Chemical Bleach by Claude Berthollet and Antoine Germain Labarraque (with the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele and Scottish chemist Charles Tennant)

 Berthelot's reagent by Marcellin Berthelot in the late nineteenth century.
 Polonium by Pierre and Marie Curie in July 1898.
 Radium by Pierre and Marie Curie in December 1898.
 Boron carbide by Henri Moissan in 1899.
 Actinium by André-Louis Debierne in 1899.
 Discovery of the Grignard reaction or Grignard reagent by Victor Grignard in 1900.
 Verneuil process (method to manufacture synthetic gemstones) by Auguste Verneuil in 1902.
 Laminated glass by the French chemist Edouard Benedictus in 1903.
 Moissanite by Henri Moissan in 1904.
 Neon lighting by Georges Claude in 1910.
 Francium by Marguerite Perey in 1939.

Physics, mathematics and measure

 Cartesian Coordinate System by René Descartes in 1637 (and independently by Pierre de Fermat at the same period).
 The calculator by Blaise Pascal (Pascaline) in 1642. (see also Adding machine)
 Probability theory by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century (with Gerolamo Cardano and Christiaan Huygens).
 Vernier scale by Pierre Vernier in 1631.
 Spirit level by Melchisédech Thévenot in 1661.
 Roberval Balance by Gilles de Roberval in 1669.
 Réaumur scale by René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur in 1730.
 Pitot tube by Henri Pitot in 1732 and modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by Henry Darcy.

Stirling's formula was discovered and proven by Abraham de Moivre circa 1733.
 The conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier (18th century).
 Modern hydrometer by Jacques Charles.
 Metric system during the French Revolution. and several measures used in physics in the SI.
 Laplace's equation, Laplace operator, Laplace transform, Laplace distribution, Laplace's demon, Laplace expansion, Young–Laplace equation, Laplace number, Laplace limit, Laplace invariant, Laplace principle, proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one real quadratic factor, solution of the linear partial differential equation of the second order and general proof of the Lagrange reversion theorem by Pierre-Simon Laplace in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century.
 The Gay-lussac Scale used by hydrometers and alcoholometers by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (after an idea of Jacques Charles).

 Polariscope and discovery of Rotary polarization by François Arago. He invented the first polarization filter in 1812.
 Arithmometer by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
 Dynamometer by Gaspard de Prony (de Prony brake) in 1821.
 Complex analysis and complex function theory by Augustin-Louis Cauchy, including Cauchy's integral theorem.
 Fourier analysis and Fourier transform by Joseph Fourier in 1822.
 Electrometer by Jean Peltier.
 Foucault pendulum by Léon Foucault (who also developed and named the Gyroscope) in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.
 Ocean thermal energy conversion in 1881 by Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval (first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student Georges Claude).
 Radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896.
 Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of Special relativity by Henri Poincaré, before Albert Einstein used his work in 1905 and later.
 Integral imaging by Gabriel Lippmann on March 3, 1908.
 Darrieus wind turbine by Georges Jean Marie Darrieus in 1931.
 Optical pumping by Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s.
 The multiwire proportional chamber by Georges Charpak in 1968.
 Linear logic by Jean-Yves Girard in 1987.

Medicine and biology

 Lamarckism, the first cohesive theory of evolution as well as a theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, laid out by French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809. Long dismissed in favour of Darwinism, recent developments in the field of epigenetics have led scientists to debate whether Lamarckism was, in fact, correct to an extent.
 Ligature of arteries in 1565 by Ambroise Paré.
 Blood transfusion by Jean-Baptiste Denys on June 15, 1667. and first modern transfusion by Émile Jeanbrau on October 16, 1914 (after the first non-direct transfusion performed on March 27, 1914, by the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin).
 Modern dentistry by Pierre Fauchard (father of modern dentistry, early eighteenth century).
 Modern cataract surgery by Jacques Daviel in 1748 (even if early cataract surgery already existed in the antiquity).
 Discovery of osmosis in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet. The word "osmosis" descends from the words "endosmose" and "exosmose", which were coined by French physician René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776–1847) from the Greek words ένδον (endon : within), έξο (exo : outside), and ωσμος (osmos : push, impulsion).
 The first lifesize obstetrical mannequin, for teaching, by Angelique du Coudray in the 1750s.
 Stethoscope in 1816 by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.
 Medical Quinine in 1820 by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.
 Codeine first isolated in 1832 by Pierre Robiquet.
 Aspirin in 1853 by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt.
 Hypodermic needle in 1853 by Charles Pravaz.
 Blind experiment by Claude Bernard (nineteenth century).
 Discovery of Plasmodium and its role in malaria by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran on November 6, 1880.
 Incubator or Neonatal intensive care unit in 1881 by Étienne Stéphane Tarnier. His student, Pierre-Constant Budin, followed in Tarnier's footsteps, creating perinatology in the late 1890s.
 Germ theory of disease by Louis Pasteur.
 Rabies vaccine by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux in 1885.
 Antibiotics by Louis Pasteur and Jean Paul Vuillemin (by means of natural antibiosis; modern artificial antibiotics were developed later by the British Alexander Fleming).
 Mantoux test by Charles Mantoux in 1907.
 Tuberculosis vaccine by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin in 1921 (BCG).
 Antipsychotics in 1952 by Henri Laborit (chlorpromazine).
 Discovery of the cause of Down syndrome (chromosome 21 trisomy) by Jérôme Lejeune in 1958-1959 (syndrome first described by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, Édouard Séguin  and John Langdon Down)
 First bone marrow transplant by Georges Mathé, a French oncologist, in 1959 on five Yugoslavian nuclear workers whose own marrow had been damaged by irradiation caused by a Criticality accident at the Vinča Nuclear Institute.
 Insulin pump in 1981 by Jacques Mirouze (first implantation) in Montpellier.
 Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier (1983).
 Deep brain stimulation (DBS) by  Alim-Louis Benabid in 1987.
 Mifepristone, the abortion pill, by Étienne-Émile Baulieu in 1988.
 Hand transplantation on September 23, 1998, in Lyon by a team assembled from different countries around the world including Jean-Michel Dubernard who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant.
 Telesurgery by Jacques Marescaux and his team on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean (New-York-Strasbourg, Lindbergh Operation).
 Face transplant on November 27, 2005 by Dr Bernard Devauchelle.
 CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing by Emmanuelle Charpentier in 2012.

Transportation

 Taxi by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1640.
 Steamboat by Denis Papin. A boat with the world's first internal combustion engine was developed in 1807 by fellow Frenchman Nicéphore Niépce
 Automobile by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769.
 First working Motorcycle, the Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede by Louis-Guillaume Perreaux patented in 1869.
 Hot Air Balloon (later, Aerostat and Airship) by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, François Laurent d'Arlandes, the Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles (who also invented the first hydrogen-filled balloon).
 Parachute in the late 18th century by Louis-Sébastien Lenormand.
 Compressed air vehicle and Pneumatic motor by Andraud and Tessie of Motay in Chaillot on July 9, 1840, improved by Louis Mékarski in 1843 in Nantes (see Mekarski system and Compressed air car).
 In air travel :
 First glider to fly higher than its point of departure, by Jean-Marie Le Bris in 1856.
 First manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance on October 9, 1890, by Clément Ader.
 First aileron, built by Robert Esnault-Pelterie in 1904. Modern design of ailerons by Henri Farman.
 First aircraft design with the modern monoplane tractor configuration of aircraft by Louis Bleriot in 1908.
 Injector by Henri Giffard in 1858
 Internal combustion engine between 1859 and 1861 by Alphonse Beau de Rochas and Belgian-born Étienne Lenoir in Paris.
 Submarine : The first submarine not relying on human power was the French Plongeur (meaning diver), launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180 psi (1241 kPa).
 Bicycle in 1864 by Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement (endless power-transmitting chain invented by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1770 and applied to bicycles by J. F. Tretz).
 Gunpowder powered ornithopter by Gustave Trouvé in 1870
 First manned balloon mail during the Siege of Paris (1871)
 First outboard motorboat by Gustave Trouvé around 1870, patented in May 1880
 Inflatable tyres for cars by Édouard Michelin in 1895
 Scooter (1902) and Moped.
 V8 engine by Léon Levavasseur in 1902
 Modern automobile Drum brake in 1902 by Louis Renault.
 Helicopter : in 1907, the two first flying helicopters were experimented independently by Louis Breguet and Paul Cornu.
 Seaplane by Gabriel Voisin in June 1905 (non-autonomous) and by Henri Fabre in 1910 (autonomous : Fabre Hydravion).
 Ramjet by René Lorin in 1913.
 The first helicopter to be powered by a gasturbine (Alouette II), in 1955
 Catalytic converter by Eugene Houdry in 1956.
 Concorde by Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation (1969)
 HDI diesel engine in 1998 by PSA Peugeot Citroën.

Clothing

 Bliaut in the 12th century.
 French hood in the early 16th century.
 Attifet in the 16th century.
 Jacquard loom, a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse.
 Denim Textile (French town of Nîmes, from which 'denim' de Nîmes gets its name)
 Improved, chain stitch, Sewing machine by Barthélemy Thimonnier in 1830.
 Modern bra by Herminie Cadolle in 1889.
 Little black dress by Coco Chanel in the 1920s,
 Polo shirt by René Lacoste in 1926.
 Modern Bikini by Louis Réard in 1946.
 classic modern pencil skirt by Christian Dior in the late 1940s.
 A-line by Yves Saint Laurent in 1958 (term first used in 1955 by Christian Dior).
 Modern Raincoat (not to confuse with the older British trench-coat) by Guy Cotten in 1960.

Food and cooking

 Steam digester by Denis Papin in 1679.
 Cafetiere : Percolation (method used by Coffee percolator) by Jean-Baptiste de Belloy in 1800 and the French press (another method to make coffee).
 Canning (see above in the chemistry section)
 Absorption refrigerator by Ferdinand Carré in 1858.
 Margarine by Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès in 1869 after the discovery of margaric acid by Michel Eugène Chevreul in 1813.
 Clementine in 1902 by Clément Rodier.
 Food processor by Pierre Verdun between 1963 and 1971.
 Crêpe (List of French dishes)
 Coq au vin

 Champagne and other French wines.
 350 to 400 distinct types of French cheese : List of French cheeses
 Baguette
 Cassoulet
 Foie gras
 Escargot
 Frog legs
 Ratatouille
 Camembert by Marie Harel

Weapons and military

 Bec de corbin, a popular medieval weapon.
 Motte-and-bailey, a form of castle.
 The Pot-de-fer, a primitive cannon during the Hundred Years' War.
 Culverin, ancestor of the musket.
 Flintlock by Marin le Bourgeoys in 1612.
 Corvette, a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship that appeared in the 1670s.
 Bayonet (from French baïonnette)
 Modern military uniform in the mid 17th century.
 Floating battery, first used during the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September 1782.
 Mass conscription or Levée en masse during the French Revolution.
 Corps by Napoleon in 1805.
 Carabine à tige by Louis-Étienne de Thouvenin (improvement of an earlier invention by Henri-Gustave Delvigne) before 1844.
 Minié rifle by Claude-Étienne Minié, first reliable (easy to load) muzzle-loading rifle in 1849. In the artillery, from 1859, the La Hitte rifled guns were a considerable improvement over the previous smooth-bore guns which had been in use, able to shoot at 3,000 meters either regulars shells, ball-loaded shells or grapeshot. They appear to have been the first case of usage of rifled cannons on a battlefield.
 First naval periscope in 1854 by Hippolyte Marié-Davy.
 Canne de combat and Savate.
 Épée, the modern derivative of the dueling sword, used for fencing.
 Chassepot by Antoine Alphonse Chassepot in 1866.
 Smokeless gunpowder (modern nitrocellulose-based) : Poudre B by Paul Marie Eugène Vieille in 1884. It was first used to load the Lebel Model 1886 rifle (invented by Nicolas Lebel), making it the first military firearm to use smokeless powder ammunition. It is also the first rifle to use full metal jacket bullets as its standard ammunition.
 First Air force in 1910.
 Sonar, first ultrasonic submarine detector using an electrostatic method (and first practical military sonar) in 1916-1917 by Paul Langevin (with Constantin Chilowsky).
 Tanks : developed at the same time (1915-1916) in France and in Great Britain. France was the second country to use tanks on the battlefield (after Great Britain). in 1916, the first practical light tank, the Renault FT with the first full 360° rotation turret became, for armour historian Steven Zaloga "the world's first modern tank".

Communication and computers

 Optical Telegraph by Claude Chappe in 1792.
 Modern pencil by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795.
 Paper machine by Louis-Nicolas Robert in 1799.
 Fresnel lens by Augustin-Jean Fresnel
 Jean-François Champollion first deciphered the Rosetta Stone (1822) : modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs
 Braille in 1825 by Louis Braille, a blind Frenchman: first digital form of writing.
 Pencil sharpener by Bernard Lassimone in 1828. Therry des Estwaux created an improved mechanical sharpener in 1847.
 Baudot code by Émile Baudot in 1870 and a multiplexed printing telegraph system that used his code and allowed multiple transmissions over a single line.
 Coherer by Édouard Branly around 1890.
 Belinograph (Wirephoto) by Édouard Belin in 1913.
 The HSL color space was invented in 1938 by Georges Valensi
 Bic Cristal in 1949.
 Bézier curves by Paul de Casteljau in 1959.
 Computer-aided manufacturing by Pierre Bézier in 1971 as an engineer at Renault.
 Micral, earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, by André Truong Trong Thi and François Gernelle in June 1972.
 Datagrams and CYCLADES in 1972-1973 by Louis Pouzin (which inspired Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf when they invented the TCP/IP several years later).
 Smart Card by Roland Moreno in 1974 after the automated chip card.
 Minitel, a dial up, Videotex system, launched in July 1980, and nationally available from 1982.
 Camera phone by Philippe Kahn in 1997.
 Several Programming languages (non-exhaustive list) :
 Prolog (Logic programming) by a group around Alain Colmerauer in 1972 in Marseille.
 LSE, , a French, pedagogical, programming language designed in the 1970s at Supélec.
 Ada (multi-paradigm) by Jean Ichbiah (who also created LIS and Green) in 1980.
 Caml (OCaml by Xavier Leroy, Damien Doligez) developed at INRIA and formerly at ENS since 1985.
 Eiffel (object-oriented) by Bertrand Meyer in 1986.
 STOS BASIC on the Atari ST in 1988 and AMOS BASIC on the Amiga in 1990 by François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos (dialects of BASIC).
 Several keyboards :
 AZERTY in the last decade of the 19th century.
 FITALY by Jean Ichbiah in 1996.
 BÉPO since 2003.

Technology
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville earliest sound recording device.

Sports

 Jeu de paume, precursor of tennis, in the 12th century.
 The first autonomous diving suit, the precursor to today's scuba gear, is developed by Paul Lemaire d'Augerville in 1824.
 First documented cycling race, a 1,200 metre race held on May 31, 1868, at the Parc of Saint-Cloud, Paris. The first cycle race covering a distance between two cities was Paris–Rouen (see History of cycling).
 FIFA World Cup by Jules Rimet, FIFA former president.
 UEFA Euro Cup by Henri Delaunay.
 Summer Olympic Games by Pierre de Coubertin.
 International Olympic Committee by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894.
 On 22 July 1894 the newspaper Le Petit Journal organised the world's first competitive motor race from Paris to Rouen. The first finisher was Count Jules-Albert de Dion but his steamer was ineligible, so the 'official' victory was awarded to Albert Lemaître driving his 3 hp petrol engined Peugeot.
 Pétanque in 1907.
 Triathlon in the 1920s near Paris (Joinville-le-Pont, Meulan and Poissy).
 The Aqua-lung, first Scuba Set (in open-circuit) by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943.
 Parkour in the 1980s by the future Yamakasi, especially David Belle.
 Flyboard in 2012 by Franky Zapata. Another version, the Flyboard Air, an air-propelled hoverboard, achieved a Guinness World Record for farthest flight by hoverboard in April 2016.
 Kitesurf aka flysurf in the 1990s by Manu Bertin and ski mountain derivatives
 Wingsuit in the 1990s by Patrick de Gayardon
 Vendée Globe since 1989 by Philippe Jeantot the first round-the-world single-handed yacht race, sailed non-stop and without assistance
 Paris–Dakar Rally since 1978 by Thierry Sabine
 Trophée Jules Verne since 1985 by Yves Le Cornec the fastest circumnavigation of the world (under 80 days) by any type of sailing yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew
 24 Heures du Mans translated 24 Hours Le Mans since 1923 the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing
 Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in 1904; translated as the International Automobile Federation.

Miscellaneous
 Detent escapement by Pierre Le Roy in 1748.
 Carcel burner in 1800.
 developments of battery
 Dry cell battery by Gaston Planté in 1859 (first practical storage lead-acid battery)
 in 1866, Georges Leclanché patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanché cell.
 Interchangeable parts by Honoré Blanc.
 Binoculars (using roof prisms) in 1870 by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse.
 Artificial Cement by Louis Vicat.
 Hairdryer in 1879 by Alexandre Godefroy.
Modern Dry cleaning in 1855 by Jean Baptiste Jolly.
 Reinforced concrete by Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.
 Loppers by Bertrand de Molleville.
 Ball bearing by Jules Suriray, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869.
 Coronagraph by Bernard Lyot in 1930.
 Stapler

See also
List of Dutch inventions and discoveries
List of German inventions and discoveries
List of Indian inventions and discoveries
List of Irish inventions and discoveries
List of Italian inventions
Scottish inventions and discoveries
List of Swedish inventions
List of Welsh inventors
List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries
Science in the Middle Ages
Science in the Age of Enlightenment

References

inventions and discoveries

Lists of inventions or discoveries
History of science and technology by country


Hopewell is a former unincorporated community in Daviess County, Missouri, United States.

References

Former populated places in Daviess County, Missouri
Ghost towns in Missouri


Ilosaarirock (also known as Transmission 10.1) is a live album by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, released in March 2009. It was sent out only to members of the "Residents of a Blank Planet" ticketing club and is not commercially available. It was recorded at the Ilosaarirock Festival in Finland on 14 July 2007, and is considered by the band to be one of the best concerts from the "Tour of a Blank Planet". It includes the band's complete performance remixed from the multitrack recording made by national Finnish radio. Although it contains a few familiar favorites, most of the concert consists of tracks from Fear of a Blank Planet. This was the first time that live versions of the Fear of a Blank Planet songs have been officially released. Due to a fault with the mastering on the first manufacturing run, a corrected replacement CD was also included inside the package.

Track listing

Personnel
Steven Wilson – vocals, guitar, piano, mixing
Richard Barbieri – keyboards, synthesizer
Colin Edwin – bass guitar
Gavin Harrison – drums
John Wesley – guitar, backing vocals
Lasse Hoile – cover photography
Carl Glover – cover design

References

Porcupine Tree live albums
2004 live albums
Transmission (record label) live albums


Hopewell is a former unincorporated community in Mississippi County, Missouri, United States. It was a small settlement in northeastern Ohio Township.

References

Former populated places in Mississippi County, Missouri
Ghost towns in Missouri


A prestige dialect is the dialect that is considered most prestigious by the members of that speech community. In nearly all cases, the prestige dialect is also the dialect spoken by the most prestigious members of that community, often the people who have political, economic, or social power.

A
Arabic – In the Arab League countries, Modern Standard Arabic is considered the H-language, or high-prestige language. In contrast to most prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but is rather reserved for literature and elevated or formal discourse. It is not commonly used in everyday conversation.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic – Among modern Assyrian people, Iraq Koine is widely considered to be a prestige form of speech, where it is the standard variety in the Assyrian social and political media, and the Assyrian church. Iraqi Koine is a "watered down", merger dialect of the rather coarse Assyrian tribal varieties of the mountains and the classically prestigious Urmian dialect (spoken by Iranian Assyrians), but would lack the harshness of the rural dialects and the superfluous Persian influence of the Urmian dialect. In the 19th and early 20th century, or at least up to the 1980s, the Urmian dialect was a standard literary dialect of Assyrian, chosen by an American Presbyterian missioner Justin Perkins in 1836. In the late 20th century, Assyrians gradually started to mix with each other and spoke Iraqi Koine, as Iraq had an influx of Assyrians from different villages settling there.

C
 Chinese:
 Mandarin – Specifically the Standard Mandarin variant based on the Beijing dialect as spoken by the commoners of the early to mid 20th century. There are differences in the way this standard is defined between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. In Taiwan, for instance, the Standard Mandarin was not based on the commoner's usage of the Beijing dialect but the variety of this dialect as used by the educated class at the time.
 Cantonese – Considered the prestige variety of Yue Chinese variants, based on the dialect of Guangzhou City and the surrounding areas, including Liangguang (Guangdong and Guangxi), Hong Kong and Macau.
 Shanghainese –  Considered the prestige variety of Wu Chinese variants, based on the dialect of Shanghai City and the surrounding districts, having replaced Suzhounese in this role in the 19th century.
 Southern Min  (Hokkien-Taiwanese) – also known as the Quan-Zhang variety of Southern Min, is the mainstream form of Southern Min. The Modern Standard Southern Min dialect is based on Taiwanese Hokkien which includes the Taiwanese prestige accent.

D
Dutch – Standard Dutch is considered most prestigious when no clear traces of a speaker's dialect can be recognised.

E
English – In the UK, the prestige dialect is often considered to be Received Pronunciation whereas General Australian English and Cultivated South African English have traditionally been the prestige dialect in those countries. The United States is said to have no single prestige dialect. However, American dictionaries, broadcast journalists, and stage, cinema, and television actors favor General American as the standard form of American speech. Before 1945, Mid-Atlantic English enjoyed a high level of prestige. In modern India, Indian English, a slightly Indianized version of English having some influence of Indian local languages is generally used in practice.

F
Filipino - is the standardised version of the Manila Tagalog dialect that is used as the national lingua franca in the Philippines. It is used as the language of media in the Philippines instead of or aside from English.

French
France – Standard French is based on the dialect of Paris.
United States – Colonial French (also Plantation Society French) is considered the prestige dialect of Louisiana French, though it is deemed virtually extinct due to gradual assimilation with standard Cajun French.

G
German
Germany – Standard German, Standard High German or often erroneously called High German (in German: Hochdeutsch) is considered the prestige dialect of Germany, especially in northern and central regions of Germany. Dialects are still very common in southern regions across all demographics, though some assimilation does happen in formal settings (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Palatinate, Saxony). Towards the North, however, proper dialects have diminished since World War II and tend to be associated nowadays with rural regions, urban working class and elderly people. Regiolects have replaced dialects in informal speech (e.g. Rhinelands), but formal speech is very close to Standard German.
Switzerland – Swiss Standard German can be considered the lingua franca of Switzerland for communication on national levels and with people from other German-speaking countries, whereas the many dialects subsumed under the umbrella term Swiss German are used in everyday life across all demographics including formal settings.

H
Hindi Belt – the Dehlavi dialect (Hindustani) is the prestige dialect, and the basis of both Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu.

M
Marathi – The dialect of Pune is considered to be the standard and prestige dialect.

P
 Punjabi – The Majhi dialect spoken around Amritsar is the standardized and most prestigious Punjabi dialect in India.

T
Tamil –  Tamil exhibits different standard forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (sankattamiḻ), a modern literary and formal style (centamiḻ), and a modern colloquial form (koṭuntamiḻ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum.

Tagalog - The Manila dialect is the prestige dialect among many native speakers due to the city's economic importance and the dialect's implication of wealth and high social status. This dialect is the basis of Filipino, the standardised official and national language of the Philippines. The Bulacan dialect is sometimes held as a higher standard for literary and artistic purposes.

Telugu – The standard form is based on the dialect and accent as spoken in Krishna District. In Hyderabad, the Telugu is heavily influenced by Urdu

Thai – Standard Thai is based on the dialect of the educated classes of Bangkok, in Central Thailand. In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages. Although linguists usually classify these idioms as related, but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai".
Turkish: Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of Istanbul. This Istanbulite Turkish (İstanbul Türkçesi) constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp, Ömer Seyfettin and others.

U
Urdu – Modern Standard Urdu is a prestige dialect of the Hindustani language, spoken in and around the northern Indian city of Lucknow. Since a large part of the Urdu-speaking population from this area migrated to the area around Karachi during the 1947 Partition of India, this variety has also become the prestige accent in Pakistan.

See also
Prestige (sociolinguistics)
Dialect

Notes

Prestige dialects
Language varieties and styles
Prestige dialects


PostBank Uganda is a commercial bank in Uganda, licensed and supervised by the Bank of Uganda, the country's central bank and national banking regulator. The bank received her tier-1 banking license in December 2021.

Before that, PostBank Uganda was classified as a non-bank credit institution, still under the supervision of the Bank of Uganda.

Overview
, PostBank Uganda had total assets worth
UGX:745 billion (approx. US$193.3 million), with shareholders' equity worth UGX:117.1 billion (approx. US$30.4 million). At that time customer deposits totaled UGX:507.2 billion (approx. US$131.6 million), and its loan book stood at UGX:454.9 billion (approx. US$118 million).

History
PostBank Uganda has been in existence since 1926. It started out as a department in the Post Office. In February 1998 PostBank Uganda Limited was incorporated in accordance with the Communications Act of 1997 to take over the operations of the former Post Office Savings department.

PostBank Uganda was incorporated under the Companies Act in February 1998 as a limited liability company. The bank's operations are supervised by the Bank of Uganda under the Financial Institutions Act. Before December 2021, it was classified as a Tier II Institution (Non-Bank Credit Institution), by the Bank of Uganda (BOU). That month, it received a Tier I banking license from BOU.

Ownership
PostBank Uganda is wholly owned by the Government of Uganda.

Branch network
As of February 2021, PostBank Uganda maintained a branch network of 33 fixed branches and 17 mobile banking units, totaling 50 branches.

Fixed branches

 Arua Branch - Arua
 Bombo Branch - Bombo
 Bugolobi Branch - Bugoloobi, Kampala
 City Branch - Nkrumah Road, Kampala (Head Office)
 Entebbe Branch - Entebbe
 Fort Portal Branch - Fort Portal
 Gulu Branch - Gulu
 Hoima Branch - Hoima
 Iganga Branch - Iganga
 Jinja Branch - Jinja
 Kabale Branch - Kabale
 Kakiri Branch - Kakiri
 Kampala Road Branch - Kampala Road, Kampala
 Kamwenge Branch - Kamwenge
 Kanungu Branch - Kanungu
 Kasese Branch - Kasese
 Kayunga Branch - Kayunga
 Kitgum Branch - Kitgum
 Lacor Branch - Lacor Hospital, Gulu
 Lira Branch - Lira
 Masaka Branch - Masaka
 Mbale Branch - Mbale
 Mbarara Branch - Mbarara
 Mubende Branch - Mubende
 Mukono Branch - Mukono
 Nakasongola Branch - Nakasongola
 Ndeeba Branch - Ndeeba, Kampala
 Ntungamo Branch - Ntungamo
 Soroti Branch - Soroti
 Wandegeya Branch - Wandegeya, Kampala
 William Street - Kampala.
 Anaka Branch - Nwoya

Mobile branches
The mobile branches are located in the following towns and districts:
 Budaka - Budaka District
 Bududa - Bududa District
 Bukedea - Bukedea District
 Butaleja - Butaleja District
 Fort Portal - Kabarole District
 Kamwenge - Kamwenge District
 Kapchorwa - Kapchorwa District
 Kibaale - Kibaale District
 Kyegegwa - Kyegegwa District
 Kyenjojo - Kyenjojo District
 Manafwa - Manafwa District
 Pallisa - Pallisa District
 Sironko - Sironko District
 Tororo - Tororo District

Governance
The activities of PostBank Uganda are directed by its board of directors. , the chairperson of the board was Andrew Otenga Owiny. The day-to-day activities of the bank are supervised by a team of ten bank managers, headed by the managing director. As of November 2019, the managing director and chief executive officer is Julius Kakeeto.

See also

Banking in Uganda
List of banks in Uganda

References

External links
 Official Website

Financial services companies of Uganda
Financial services companies established in 1926
Companies based in Kampala
Government-owned companies of Uganda
Postal savings system
1926 establishments in Uganda


GW-405,833 (L-768,242) is a drug that acts as a potent and selective partial agonist for the cannabinoid receptor subtype CB2, with an EC50 of 0.65 nM and selectivity of around 1200x for CB2 over CB1 receptors. Animal studies have shown it to possess antiinflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects at low doses, followed by ataxia and analgesic effects when the dose is increased. Selective CB2 agonist drugs such as GW-405,833 are hoped to be particularly useful in the treatment of allodynia and neuropathic pain for which current treatment options are often inadequate.

References

Cannabinoids
Aminoalkylindoles
Benzoylindoles
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Phenol ethers
Chlorobenzenes
CB2 receptor agonists


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Warren County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

History
Hopewell was originally called "Hopewell Academy", and under the latter name was laid out in 1876.
  The original name is somewhat of a misnomer, since there was no academy near the town site. A post office called Hopewell Academy was established in 1863, and remained in operation until 1906.

References

Unincorporated communities in Warren County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri


Greg LeMond is an American cyclist.

LeMond or Lemond may also refer to:
 LeMond Racing Cycles, a bicycle manufacturer founded by Greg LeMond
 Bob LeMond, American radio and television announcer
 Lemond Township, Steele County, Minnesota, United States
 Lemond (alcohol)

See also
Le Monde


Yeshurun Hall () is an indoor basketball hall in Netanya, Israel and the home of Elitzur Ironi Netanya. Nicknamed "HaKufsal", it has a capacity of 1,000.

The hall has also been used for the Maccabiah Games.

References

Basketball venues in Israel
Indoor arenas in Israel
Netanya
Sports venues in Northern District (Israel)


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in eastern Washington County, Missouri, United States. The community lies on Hopewell Creek, south of Summit and Missouri Route 8.

History
Hopewell was originally called "Hopewell Furnace", and under the latter name was platted in 1858, and named after a nearby blast furnace of the same name. A post office called Hopewell Furnace was established in 1855, the name was changed to Hopewell in 1886, and the post office closed in 1978.

Gallery

References

Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri


This is a timeline of the history of Quebec City.

16th century
 1535 - Jacques Cartier arrived and later winters in the village of Stadacona

17th century
1608 – L'Habitation (Quebec City) was founded by Samuel de Champlain, near the ruins of Stadacona.
1615 – The first missionaries, the Recollets, arrived in the city.
1629-32 – the city briefly passed into possession of the English.
1629 – The Recollets left New France but returned in 1670.
1632 – Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632).
1635 – The Jesuits arrived and found the Collège de Québec.
1636 – Charles Huault de Montmagny became the settlement’s governor, who presided over expansion of the settlement and construction of its first church, Notre Dame de la Paix.
1639 – The Ursulines arrived; Ecole des Ursulines, Quebec established.
1639 – The Augustines arrived; Hôtel-Dieu de Québec founded by Augustinians. It was administered by the Augustinian order until 1962.
1647 – The first Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral constructed.
1648 – The first Chateau St. Louis was built under the direction of Charles de Montmagny.
1663 – Quebec became the capital city of New France, the population of Quebec and its surrounding farm lands had reached 1,950 people.
1663 – Petit Séminaire of Quebec founded.
1687-1723 – Notre-Dame-des-Victoires constructed.
1690 – The Battle of Quebec (1690) during King William's War.
1693-95 – Old Parliament Building (Quebec) built.

18th century
1711 – Quebec Expedition.
1726 – Claude-Thomas Dupuy commissioned Claude Barolet as royal notary for Quebec City
1754-63 – French and Indian War was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, known in Quebec as the War of the Conquest.
1758 – Siege of Louisbourg (1758).
1759 – Battle of Beauport.
1759 – In the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the city was permanently lost by the French.
1760 – Battle of Sainte-Foy and Siege of Quebec (1760)
1763 – Treaty of Paris. France formally ceded its claims to Canada, and Quebec City's French-speaking, Catholic population was under the rule of Protestant Britain.
1774 – The Quebec Act.
1775 – Battle of Quebec (1775).
1789 – The theater company Les Jeunes Messieurs Canadiens is inaugurated.
1791 – The Constitutional Act of 1791.
1791 – Anglican Diocese of Quebec created.

19th century
1804 – Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral completed.
1807 – The construction of St. Andrew's Church (Quebec City) began.
1805-63 – Quebec Mercury published.
1819 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec established.
1820 – The construction of the Citadelle of Quebec began.
1824 – Literary and Historical Society of Quebec founded.
1840 – La Maison Simons founded.
1845 – Quebec City fires
1848 – Institut canadien de Québec founded.
1848 – The last Canadian Récollet Brother Louis died at Quebec City.
1850s – Quebec Skating Rink opened.
1855 – Brunet (pharmacy) founded.
1857-59 – Cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont constructed.
1862 – Morrin College founded; it is located at Morrin Centre.
1864 – Quebec Conference, 1864.
1877-86 – Parliament Building (Quebec) constructed.
1879 – Old Quebec Funicular opened.
1885 – Saint-Jean-Baptiste Church constructed.
1885-88 – Quebec City Armoury built.
1889 – Quebec rockslide.
1893 – Château Frontenac opened.
1896 – Le Soleil founded.
1900 – Desjardins Group founded.

20th century
1902 – Orchestre Symphonique de Québec founded.
1908 – Plains of Abraham Park became the first historic site to be protected by the federal government, acting as a catalyst for the establishment of the National Historic Site of Canada system in 1919
1912 – Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912.
1915 – Gare du Palais built.
1917 – The construction of the Quebec Bridge, connecting the North and South banks of the St. Lawrence River, was finished.
1926 – Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré built.
1928 – Quebec Aces founded.
1930-31 – Édifice Price constructed in Old Quebec.
1931 – Édifice Jean-Antoine-Panet built.
1933 – Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.
1935-37 – Édifice André-Laurendeau was built.
1939 – Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport established.
1943 – Quebec Conference, 1943; Quebec Agreement.
1944 – Second Quebec Conference. The conferences were held at the Citadel and nearby Château Frontenac.
1944 – Université du Québec established.
1955 – Quebec Winter Carnival established.
1968 – Quebec City Summer Festival established.
1969 – École nationale d'administration publique and Institut national de la recherche scientifique established.
1971 – Grand Théâtre de Québec opened, features l'Orchestre Symphonique de Quebec and concertmaster Hidetaro Suzuki.
1972 – Edifice Marie-Guyart completed.
1984 – Opération Nez rouge was founded in Quebec City.
1984 – Musée de la civilisation established.
1985 – Ramparts of Quebec City was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
1985 – Shamrock Summit.
1987 – Flag of Quebec City adopted.
1994 – Quebec Biker war.
1995 – Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec created.
1998 – Quebec City International Festival of Military Bands.

21st century
2001 – 3rd Summit of the Americas.
2001 – Capitale-Nationale played host to a major world sporting event, the World Police and Fire Games, which was a success for the city, with as many as 11,000 athletes and 14,000 persons accompanying them, making 25,000 persons in total.
2002 – Communauté métropolitaine de Québec created.
2002 – Quebec City Military Tattoo created.
2008 – The 400th anniversary of the founding.
2017 - Quebec City mosque shooting.

See also

Timeline of Quebec history
List of years in Canada

Articles which contain graphical timelines
 Timeline
Timelines of cities in Canada
Timelines of Quebec history


Trebopala is a Lusitanian name usually interpreted as a theonym, appearing on the Cabeço das Fraguas inscription from Portugal. Trebopala is probably a goddess.

Meaning of the name
Although the name Trebopala appears in only a single inscription, it is of interest because this inscription is in the Lusitanian language rather than in a Latin dedication. It is generally thought the first element is a Celtic one, *trebo- (or a cognate with it) meaning a house or dwelling place. The second element is interpreted either as "protector", or as the attested Lepontic/Ligurian word pala, probably meaning a sacred stone, or as "flat land." Trebopala is therefore said to mean either Protector of the Home, Plain of the Home or Altar of the Home. In the inscription, Trebopala is recorded as receiving a single sheep (oilam).

See also
List of Lusitanian deities
Trebaruna
Reo

Footnotes

References

Lusitanian goddesses


Janet Taylor Lisle (born 1947) is an American author of children's books and young adult novels that range between fantasy and reality.

Early years

Lisle was born in Englewood, New Jersey. She grew up in rural Farmington, Connecticut, and spent her summers in Rhode Island. Growing up with four younger brothers, Lisle and the rest of her siblings were all passionate readers. She was educated at local schools until age fifteen when she entered the Ethel Walker School, a girl's boarding school in Simsbury, Connecticut.

Higher education, career, and life
Lisle attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts and graduated in 1969 with a degree in English. Following graduation, she married and joined VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1971, she returned to college at Georgia State University to take journalism classes. After an internship at the Atlanta Journal/Constitution, she worked as a reporter for local newspapers in the Atlanta area and later in Westchester County, New York.
With a new marriage and the birth of her daughter in 1977, Lisle changed her career path and began to write children's books at home. Her first book, The Dancing Cats of Appelsap, was inspired by her own childhood memories. Following this book, she has continued to write for a diverse audience and produced over sixteen novels as well as several works of history for adults.

Lisle lives on the Rhode Island coast with her husband, Richard Lisle. Her daughter Elizabeth and two grandchildren live in Berkeley, CA.

Works

 The Dancing Cats of Appelsap, illustrated by Joelle Shefts, Bradbury Press (Scarsdale, NY), 1984.
 Sirens and Spies, Bradbury Press (Scarsdale, NY), 1985.
 The Great Dimpole Oak, illustrated by Stephen Gammell, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1987.
 Afternoon of the Elves, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1989.
 The Lampfish of Twill, illustrated by Wendy Anderson Halperin, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1991.
 Forest, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1993.
 The Gold Dust Letters, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1994.
 Looking for Juliette, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1994.
 A Message from the Match Girl, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1995.
 Angela's Aliens, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 1996.
 The Lost Flower Children, Philomel Books (New York, NY), 1999.
 The Art of Keeping Cool, Atheneum (New York, NY), 2000.
 How I Became a Writer and Oggie Learned to Drive, Philomel Books (New York, NY), 2002.
 The Crying Rocks, Atheneum (New York, NY), 2003
 Black Duck, Penguin Group (New York, NY), 2007
 Highway Cats, Penguin Group (New York, NY), 2008
 Quicksand Pond,  Atheneum Books for Young Readers (May 16, 2017)

External links
 http://www.janettaylorlisle.com/
http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000038434,00.html
http://authors.simonandschuster.com/Janet-Taylor-Lisle/1779461

1947 births
American children's writers
Living people
Writers from Englewood, New Jersey
Novelists from New Jersey
American young adult novelists
American women novelists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
Women writers of young adult literature
21st-century American women writers


Pecado Original (English: Original Sin) is the third studio album by Mexican singer Ana Gabriel. It was released by CBS Records on December 8, 1987. The album was produced by Mariano Perez Bautista.

The album marked the beginning of her international stardom, with its first single, "¡Ay, Amor!", being first performed at the OTI Festival in Lisbon, which she achieved the third place; and later became Gabriel's first number-one song on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs.

Singles
"¡Ay, Amor!" was released as the album's lead single. It became a huge success, being Gabriel's first number-one song on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs, topping the chart for fourteen weeks, and eventually ending as the best-performing Latin single of 1988. Internationally, ¡Ay, Amor! also reached number one in Bolivia and her native Mexico; while it peaked at number four in Colombia.

The title track was released as the second single from the album. It reached number 14 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs, and hit the top-ten in her native Mexico.

Other songs
Another track, "Amor", though it wasn't released as a single, was an unexpected success in Paraguay, where it reached number one.

Track listing
Tracks:
 Pecado Original 03:29 (Original by Roupa Nova)
 Ven, Ven 03:58 (Original by Marisol)
 Ven Cariño 03:31
 Por Culpa del Amor 03:58
 Amor con Desamor 03:38
 Amor 04:42
 Cruz Y Raya 03:34
 Ay Amor 03:23
 Noche a Noche 03:35
 Pensar en Ti 03:49

Album chart
This release reached the #3 position in Billboard Latin Pop Albums.

References

1987 albums
Ana Gabriel albums


Central Bedfordshire Council is the local authority for the Central Bedfordshire unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It was created in 2009 covering the area of the former Mid Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire districts, and also took over the functions of the abolished Bedfordshire County Council in that area. The council is based at Chicksands.

History
Local government in Bedfordshire was reorganised with effect from 1 April 2009. The borough of Luton had already been made a unitary authority independent from the county council in 1997. The changes in 2009 divided the rest of the county into two unitary authorities: Bedford and Central Bedfordshire. The new Central Bedfordshire covered the combined area of the two former districts of Mid Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire. Central Bedfordshire Council also took over the functions of the abolished Bedfordshire County Council within the area. Central Bedfordshire is legally classed as a non-metropolitan county.  Central Bedfordshire remains part of the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire for the purposes of lieutenancy.

Political control
The council went under no overall control at the 2023 election, having previously had a Conservative majority. An independent-led administration subsequently formed with independent councillor Adam Zerny being appointed leader of the council at the Annual Council and Extraordinary General Purposes Committee, held on 25 May 2023.

Political control of the council since its creation in 2009 has been as follows:

Leadership
The first leader of the council was Tricia Turner, who had been the last leader of Mid Bedfordshire District Council. The leaders of the council since 2009 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election and a subsequent change of allegiance in June 2023, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
The council inherited offices at Priory House (built 2006) in Chicksands, just outside the town of Shefford, from Mid Bedfordshire District Council, and the South Bedfordshire District Council offices (built 1989) in Dunstable. Priory House became the new council's headquarters. The South Bedfordshire offices were renamed Watling House and served as additional offices for the council until being closed in 2022.

Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2023, the council comprises 63 councillors, elected from 31 wards. Elections are held every four years.

References

External links
 Central Bedfordshire Council Website

Unitary authority councils of England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in Bedfordshire
Billing authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives
Central Bedfordshire District