The Lola-Aston Martin B09/60, also known as the Aston Martin DBR1-2, is a Le Mans Prototype sports car built by Lola Cars International and co-developed with Prodrive for use by Aston Martin Racing.  It is the first prototype to bear the Aston Martin name since the AMR1 in 1989. Aston Martin's internal name for the car, DBR1-2, refers to the specific DBR1 chassis which won six races in 1959 en route to clinching the World Sportscar Championship as well as that year's 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Development

The B09/60 is an evolution of the Lola B08/60 LMP1 design used by Aston Martin Racing in 2008.  As before it uses the same racing prepared  V12 engine from the Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 car, but with larger air restrictors allowing for an increase of  due to using a production-based engine. This V12 is a little heavier, taller and longer than custom-built prototype racing engines. The standard Lola gearbox was replaced by a more compact Xtrac 6-speed which is operated with paddle-shifting. An unusual feature to the car is the rearward brake cooling, which feeds the air to the brakes through two fans, and eliminates brake ducts on the body.

Racing history

Two B09/60s  competed in the full Le Mans Series season, while a third car entered under the AMR Eastern Europe banner for Charouz Racing Systems also competed at the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the last three races of the LMS. The number 007 car won the Le Mans Series overall, and the number 009 finished fourth.

At Le Mans the B09/60 of Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke finished fourth behind the factory entries of Peugeot and Audi, as well as being the highest finishing petrol-fuelled car. The 008 car was running as high as 3rd overall in the morning until Anthony Davidson had a collision with a GT1 Aston Martin. Subsequent repairs and a 5-minute stop and go penalty—for causing the collision—dropped the car out of contention.

A Lola Aston Martin competed at the 2010 12 Hours of Sebring, which marked the first time the Lola - Aston Martin entered a race in the United States. The Lowe's-sponsored car finishing the race in 3rd position, three laps behind the two winning Peugeots. No factory cars were entered into the 2010 1000 km of Spa. Three cars were also entered into the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans, although only the 007 and 009 cars were run by Aston Martin Racing; the 008 car was scheduled to be run by the French team Signature-Plus. Both the 008 and 009 cars suffered from problems and had to be retired, leaving only the 007 to finish 6th overall and completing 365 laps, less than it did in 2009. It was the third highest petrol finisher behind Oreca and the LMP2 winner Strakka HPD.

At the 1000 km of Silverstone, the Lola-Aston Martin finished 4th and the highest petrol finisher.

In 2011, the car was raced by Team Cytosport in the American Le Mans Series with regular drivers Klaus Graf and Lucas Luhr. The team failed to finish the first round at the 12 Hours of Sebring, but rebounded by overtaking the polesitting Dyson Racing car at Long Beach to take the win. The team went on to win again at Mosport, Mid-Ohio and Road America and finished the season in second place in the LMP1 category behind Dyson Racing.

With Aston Martin Racing switching to their new car, the AMR-One for the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans, a B09/60 was entered by Kronos Racing in cooperation with fellow Belgian outfit Marc VDS Racing Team. The car was driven by Vanina Ickx, Bas Leinders and Maxime Martin and finished the race seventh overall, twenty-seven laps behind the race winning Audi R18 TDI.

After suffering reliability problems and a lack of speed with its new AMR-One prototype, Aston Martin Racing reverted to using a B09/60 for the final three rounds of the 2011 Intercontinental Le Mans Cup as well as round eight of the 2011 American Le Mans Series season, the American Le Mans Monterey at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca.. The lone factory Aston started third behind the two Dyson Lola machines, but the race would end with the Aston winning by three laps, notching up another victory for the car. The car also got a surprise podium finish at Petit Le Mans after 3 of the 4 factory cars (Audi and Peugeot) crashed.

Gallery

References

External links

 Aston Martin Racing

Aston Martin racing cars
Le Mans Prototypes
Aston Martin LMP1
Sports prototypes


Brenton Roy Best (born 13 November 1963) is an Australian politician. He was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in 1996 as a Labor member for Braddon.

Biography
Best was born on 13 November 1963 in Devonport, Tasmania.

At the age of 17 he began working as an engine driver, and was elected in 1987 to be the Tasmanian organiser of the Federated Engine Drivers and Fireman's Association of Australasia, and in 1994 to the Tasmanian Trades & Labor Council and Alderman Devonport City Council.

Electoral history
He was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly on 24 February 1996 for the Labor Party, and was defeated on 15 March 2014.

In 2017, Best lost a recount in Braddon after nominating as an Independent Labor candidate.  He later ran in the 2018 state election and received 593 votes.

References

1963 births
Living people
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania
21st-century Australian politicians


EditDV was a video editing software released by Radius, Inc. in late 1997 as an evolution of their earlier Radius Edit product. EditDV was one of the first products providing professional-quality editing of the then new DV format at a relatively affordable cost ($999 including Radius FireWire capture card) and was named "The Best Video Tool of 1998". Originally EditDV was available for Macintosh only but in February 2000 EditDV 2.0 for Windows was released. With version 3.0 EditDV's name was changed to CineStream.

Features

Originally bundled with a FireWire card, EditDV 1.5 got updated into a less expensive software only package for use with the newer PowerMac G3 that came with a FireWire interface. Later, a scaled down version named EditDV 1.6.1 Unplugged was released as a freeware version next to EditDV 2.0.

Unlike many other applications at the time which transcoded video to M-JPEG for editing, EditDV provided lossless native editing of the DV format. Only transitions (such as dissolves or wipes), effects (such as rotating or scaling the video, adjusting the audio level, or adding titles) and filters (such as changing the brightness or color balance) needed to be rendered. This also had the disadvantage to not work with analogue video capture.

EditDV was built on top of QuickTime and supported QuickTime filters as well as its own built-in effects and transitions. Effects could be animated using keyframes. EditDV 2.0 worked natively with Quicktime MOV format. For Microsoft Windows users, where the standard was AVI, this required the use of a provided external conversion tool afterwards when AVI was wanted.

The user interface had a Project window for organising clips into bins, a Sequence window with a multi-track timeline for arranging clips into a program using three-point editing, and Source and Program monitor windows. A finished program could either be exported as a QuickTime movie or written back to DV tape using the "print to video" command.

Version 3.0, then renamed CineStream, shifted towards web designers who wanted to add video streaming interactivity to a website. The new feature called EventStream allowed setting clickable hot spots to link to another location, either to another page with a URL or to another video. This feature distinguished CineStream from the rest of the competition.

Product line

The EditDV product family included a number of related products, all sharing a similar name:

 EditDV	Video editing software (Mac and Windows)
 SoftDV	A QuickTime software codec for playing DV media, included as part of EditDV (Mac and Windows)
 MotoDV	PCI-based FireWire interface with DV capture software (Mac and Windows)
 PhotoDV	Software to capture high-quality stills from a DV tape using MotoDV hardware (Mac and Windows)
 RotoDV	Software for rotoscoping (painting over video), released in Sept 1999 (Macintosh only)

Name changes and eventual demise

In 1999, the company Radius Inc. changed its name to Digital Origin. In 2000, Digital Origin Inc (and EditDV) was bought by Media 100. In early 2001, Media 100 released an updated version of EditDV under the new name CineStream 3.0. Later that year (October 2001) Media 100 was bought by Autodesk's Discreet Division.

CineStream for Macintosh required  classic Mac OS. It was never ported to Mac OS X and faced increasing competition on that platform from Apple's own Final Cut Pro application. Development of EditDV/Cinestream was officially discontinued in 2002.

References

Further reading
   a review of EditDV 1.5

1997 software
Film and video technology
Video editing software


"Hanging Tree" is the second track on Counting Crows' 2008 album Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings.

Song Meaning

Duritz has cited in interviews that the angst he felt not being around his grandmother for a long time due to frequent touring, up until her death while he was in Perth, Australia, inspired this song:

Duritz explained in an April 2008 interview the broader meaning of the song:

As with the tracks "Sundays" and "Insignificant", imagery pertaining to the Greek myth of Icarus appears in the song, specifically in the lyric: "I got a pair of wings for my birthday and I'll fall down through the sun this evening."

Duritz reportedly preferred having either this song or "When I Dream of Michelangelo" released as the lead single, as he believed either one of those tracks better represented the album as a whole thematically, in contrast to "You Can't Count on Me".

References

Counting Crows songs
2008 songs
Songs written by Adam Duritz
Songs written by Dan Vickrey


A sessile serrated lesion (SSL) is a premalignant flat (or sessile) lesion of the colon, predominantly seen in the cecum and ascending colon.

SSLs are thought to lead to colorectal cancer through the (alternate)  serrated pathway.  This differs from most colorectal cancer, which arises from mutations starting with inactivation of the APC gene.

Multiple SSLs may be part of the serrated polyposis syndrome.

Signs and symptoms
SSLs are generally asymptomatic. They are typically identified on a colonoscopy and excised for a definitive diagnosis and treatment.

Serrated polyposis syndrome

The serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a relatively rare condition characterized by multiple and/or large serrated polyps of the colon. Serrated polyps include SSLs, hyperplastic polyps, and traditional serrated adenomas. Diagnosis of this disease is made by the fulfillment of any of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) clinical criteria.

Diagnosis
SSLs are diagnosed by their microscopic appearance; histomorphologically, they are characterized by (1) basal dilation of the crypts, (2) basal crypt serration, (3) crypts that run horizontal to the basement membrane (horizontal crypts), and (4) crypt branching.  The most common of these features is basal dilation of the crypts.

Unlike conventional colonic adenomas (e.g. tubular adenoma, villous adenoma), they do not (typically) have nuclear changes (nuclear hyperchromatism, nuclear crowding, elliptical/cigar-shaped nuclei).

Treatment
Complete removal of a SSL is considered curative.

Several SSLs confer a higher risk of subsequently finding colorectal cancer and warrant more frequent surveillance.  The surveillance guidelines are the same as for other colonic adenomas.  The surveillance interval is dependent on (1) the number of adenomas, (2) the size of the adenomas, and (3) the presence of high-grade microscopic features.

Epidemiology
Sessile serrated lesions account for about 25% of all serrated polyps. Advanced SSLs with cytological dysplasia are rare in younger patients, and progression of SSLs appears to be linked with ageing.

History
Sessile serrated adenomas were first described in 1996. In 2019, the World Health Organization recommended the use of the term "sessile serrated lesion," rather than sessile serrated polyp or adenoma.

See also
 Polyp table
 Colonic polyps
 Colorectal polyps
 Colorectal carcinoma
 Microsatellite instability

References

External links
 Pathology of Serrated Colon Adenomas - Medscape

Digestive system neoplasia
Histopathology


Samuel Baum (4 May 1914 – 19 June 2002) was an English footballer who played as a right winger for Bolton Wanderers, Darwen, South Shields, and Port Vale.

Career
Baum played for Bolton Wanderers in two spells, Darwen (on loan) and South Shields, before joining Port Vale in March 1938 with just two minutes of the transfer window remaining. He played just three Third Division North games before being handed a free transfer away from The Old Recreation Ground at the end of the 1937–38 season in May 1938.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1914 births
2002 deaths
Footballers from Sunderland
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Darwen F.C. players
Gateshead United F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players


Heather Rose Butler  (born 6 November 1947) is a former Australian politician. Born in Hampton in Melbourne, Victoria, she was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly as a Labor member for Lyons in 2005 in a recount caused by the resignation of Ken Bacon. She was defeated in 2010.

In 2005 Butler was inducted to the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women for service to tourism and to the community.

Butler had previously been awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia before she was advanced to a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2012 Queen's birthday honours.

References

1947 births
Living people
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania
University of Melbourne alumni
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
University of Melbourne women
Women members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
People from Hampton, Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian schoolteachers


The 2011 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 20, 2011, during the National Basketball Association's (NBA) 2010–11 season. It was the 60th edition of the NBA All-Star Game, and was played at Staples Center in Los Angeles, home of the Los Angeles Clippers and the Los Angeles Lakers. The Western Conference defeated the Eastern Conference, 148–143. Kobe Bryant was named the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player.

The Clippers and Lakers were both awarded the All-Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on June 9, 2009. This was the second time that the Staples Center had hosted the All-Star Game; the arena had previously hosted the event in 2004. This will be the fifth time that Los Angeles had hosted the All-Star Game; before Staples Center opened in 1999, the city had previously hosted the event in 1963, 1972, and 1983. Rihanna, Kanye West, and Drake were the halftime performers, while Keri Hilson, Lenny Kravitz and Bruno Mars were the entertainment for pre-show festivities.

All-Star Game

Coaches

The coaches for the All-Star Game are the head coaches of the teams with the best winning percentage in each conference through the games of February 6, two weeks before the All-Star Game. However, an NBA rule also prohibits a coach from being selected for consecutive All-Star Games, even if his team again holds the conference's best record. Because George Karl and Stan Van Gundy coached in the 2010 All-Star Game, they were not eligible for selection.

The coach for the Western Conference team was San Antonio Spurs head coach Gregg Popovich. This was the second time Popovich was selected to be an All-Star coach, after previous selection in 2005. The coach for the Eastern Conference team was Boston Celtics head coach Doc Rivers. This was the second time Rivers was selected to be an All-Star coach, after previously being selected in 2008.

Players

The rosters for the All-Star Game are chosen in two ways. The starters were chosen via a fan ballot. Two guards, two forwards and one center who receive the highest vote were named the All-Star starters. The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences. The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players. The reserves consists of two guards, two forwards, one center and two players regardless of position. If a player were unable to participate due to injury, the commissioner would select a replacement.

Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers topped the All-Star Ballots with 2,380,016 votes, which earned him a starting position in the Western Conference team. Carmelo Anthony, Kevin Durant, Chris Paul and Yao Ming completed the Western Conference starting position. Anthony, Duncan and Bryant are all starters for the previous year's Western Conference team. The Western Conference reserves feature 3 first-time selections, rookie Blake Griffin, Kevin Love, and Russell Westbrook. Griffin became the first rookie since Yao Ming to play in the All-Star game.

The Eastern Conference leading vote-getter was Dwight Howard with 2,099,204 votes. LeBron James, Derrick Rose, Amar'e Stoudemire and Dwyane Wade completed the Eastern Conference starting position. Howard, Miami Heat teammates James and Wade all started for the East in the previous year's game. The Eastern Conference reserves includes 4 Celtics: Ray Allen, Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce and Rajon Rondo. Al Horford, Rondo and Rose were selected to the All-Star game for the second times.

Yao missed the game due to injury; he was replaced by NBA commissioner David Stern with Love. Western Conference coach Gregg Popovich selected Tim Duncan to replace Yao in the starting lineup.

Roster

 Yao Ming was unable to participate due to injury.
 Kevin Love was named Yao Ming's replacement by NBA commissioner David Stern.
 Gregg Popovich selected Tim Duncan to start in place of Yao.

Game

Kobe Bryant, selected to his 13th straight All-Star game after becoming the leading vote-getter, had 37 points, 14 rebounds, and three steals and won his fourth All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award, tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All-Star MVP awards. LeBron James had the second triple-double in All-Star Game history with 29 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists. Blake Griffin is the first rookie to play in the All-Star since Yao Ming in 2003.

All-Star Weekend

T-Mobile Rookie Challenge

The T-Mobile Rookie Challenge featured a team of standout first-year players ('Rookies') against a team of standout second-year players ('Sophomores'). The game was divided into two twenty-minute halves, similar to college basketball. The participating players were chosen by voting among the league's assistant coaches. The Rookie team included five of the top ten picks from the 2010 NBA draft: DeMarcus Cousins, Derrick Favors, Wesley Johnson, Greg Monroe and John Wall. 2009 first overall pick Blake Griffin, who missed the  due to injury, was also selected to the rookie team. The Sophomores team featured six players from the previous Rookie Challenge game: DeJuan Blair, Stephen Curry, Tyreke Evans, Taj Gibson, James Harden and Brandon Jennings. However, Evans was later replaced by Harden due to injury.

The head coaches for the Rookies and Sophomores teams were the lead assistants from the All-Star Game coaching staffs, Mike Budenholzer from the San Antonio Spurs and Lawrence Frank from the Boston Celtics. They were assisted by two All-Stars and two veterans who served as assistant coaches: Carmelo Anthony, Amar'e Stoudemire, Steve Kerr and Kevin McHale. Budenholzer, McHale and Stoudemire coached the Rookie team while Frank, Anthony and Kerr coached the Sophomore team.

 Tyreke Evans was unable to participate due to injury.
 James Harden was named Tyreke Evans' replacement.

The Rookies defeated the Sophomores 148–140, extending their winning streak to two games. Rookie's John Wall, who scored 12 points and notched a record 22 assists, was named MVP. He is joined by his former Kentucky teammate DeMarcus Cousins, who scored a game-high 33 points and had 14 rebounds. James Harden, who was born in LA, led the Sophomores with 30 points and DeJuan Blair had 28 points and a game-high 15 rebounds. Rookie's Blake Griffin, who also participated in the Slam Dunk contest and the All-Star game, only played 13 minutes and had 14 points. Both teams started the first half strong; the Rookies only had a 2-point advantage at halftime. The game remained close in the second half and the Rookies eventually came out with a victory.

Sprite Slam Dunk Contest

On January 5, 2011, the four contestants for the dunk contest were announced. Blake Griffin, JaVale McGee, Serge Ibaka, and Brandon Jennings were all chosen to participate. On January 20, it was announced that DeMar DeRozan would replace Jennings due to his foot injury. For this edition, the contestants were also provided with a 'dunk coach': Griffin was mentored by Kenny Smith, McGee was paired with Chris Webber, Ibaka was mentored by teammate Kevin Durant, and DeRozan paired up with Darryl Dawkins as his mentor.

During the first round, McGee made two perfect score dunks, including a dunk that had him dunk three basketballs at once, sending him to the finals. Griffin, who scored a total of 95 points in the first round, also entered the finals. In the second round, McGee and Griffin each made their two dunks, but Griffin won with 68% of the fans votes after he dunked over the hood of a car, with an assist by Baron Davis.

 Unable to participate due to injury. DeMar DeRozan was named as a replacement for Brandon Jennings.

Foot Locker Three-Point Contest

The Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout featured six players: defending champion Paul Pierce returned to defend his title, competing against Celtics teammate Ray Allen, Kevin Durant, Daniel Gibson, James Jones, and Dorell Wright.Jones won the contest with a score of 20 points in the final round, ahead of Pierce with 18 and Allen who scored 15.

Taco Bell Skills Challenge

The Taco Bell Skills Challenge was contested by five players. Chris Paul, a three-time contestant, have been automatically selected to participate. He went against Stephen Curry, Derrick Rose, John Wall, and Russell Westbrook, who were voted in by the fans from a pool of 8 candidates. In this contest, the contestants had to complete an "obstacle course" consisting of dribbling, passing and shooting stations. The contestant who finished the course with the fastest time wins the contest. All contestants had to comply with basic NBA ball-handling rules while completing the course. Curry won the event with 28.2 seconds in the final round against Westbrook who finished with 44.2 seconds.

Haier Shooting Stars Competition

BBVA Celebrity All-Star Game

The BBVA Celebrity All-Star Game featured two teams composed of retired NBA and WNBA players, actors, comedians, singers, celebrities, and others. The game was divided into four eight-minute quarters. The head coaches were NBA Hall of Famers Bill Walton and Magic Johnson. Their assistants were comedians Ty Burrell and Jason Alexander. Each team featured fake "general managers" who simulated to have chosen the team.

The game's MVP was chosen by voting of the audience through text messaging. At the end of the game, Justin Bieber was announced the MVP. Bieber scored eight points (3–11 FG), and had two rebounds and four assists. NBA legend Chris Mullin said of Bieber, "He's got a nice little game... but more importantly, he's got great passion. It looked like he loves the game."

D-League All-Star

D-League All-Star Game
The Eastern Conference All-Stars defeated the Western Conference All-Stars 115–108 in the game held at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Courtney Sims of the Iowa Energy won the All-Star MVP honors by scoring 25 points on 10/13 field goal shooting.

 Dexter Pittman did not participate due to injury.
 Scottie Reynolds was named as Pittman's replacement.
 Cedric Jackson, Marcus Landry and Jerel McNeal were named as replacements for Dowdell, Johnson and Shakur.
 Zabian Dowdell, Trey Johnson and Mustafa Shakur were currently called up by the Phoenix Suns, Toronto Raptors and Washington Wizards, respectively.

D-League Dream Factory Friday Night

Slam Dunk Contest
For the second straight year, Dar Tucker won the D-League Dream Factory Slam Dunk Contest, beating Chris Johnson in the finals. In the final round, Tucker got the assist from Bakersfield Jam's Jeremy Wise then dunked over New Mexico teammate Shane Edwards for the score of 50.

 Latavious Williams did not participate due to injury.
 Derrick Byars was named as Williams' replacement.

Three-Point Shootout
Booker Woodfox won the NBA D-League Dream Factory Three-Point Shootout, defeating Scottie Reynolds 16–7 in the final round. Woodfox advanced to finals after defeating Marcus Landry 20–17 in the tie-breaker shootoff (both players were tied at 16 at the end of the first round).

International broadcasting rights

References

External links

 2011 NBA All-Star Game at Basketball Reference
 2011 NBA All-Star Game at ESPN

2011
All-Star Game
NBA All-Star Game, 2011
NBA All-Star
ABS-CBN television specials


Lu Hao (; born 21 June 1967) is a Chinese politician, serving as party branch secretary of Development Research Center of the State Council since June 2022. Previously, he was the head of the Ministry of Natural Resources, and the youngest provincial governor in China, as the Governor of Heilongjiang from 2013 to 2018. Lu has also served as the first secretary of the Communist Youth League, and vice-mayor of Beijing.

Early life
Lu was born in Xi'an, but traces his ancestry to Shanghai (some sources say he was born in Shanghai). His father was a university professor. Lu was an only child. He attended Xi'an No. 85 High School. In high school, Lu played volleyball and was captain of the school team for three years in a row. In school, his favourite subjects were history and politics. He consistently ranked as one of the top three students in his classes.

Lu joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1985 at 18 years of age. Due to his high grades, he was guaranteed entrance to the School of Economics and Management at Peking University. He was soon involved in student politics, and at age 20 was elected the head of the university student union, becoming the first student union president elected by popular vote since the Cultural Revolution. In early 1989, he gained admittance without sitting an exam to pursue graduate studies in economics at Peking University.

While in graduate school, Lu worked under the direction of renowned Chinese economic Li Yining, who also taught Li Keqiang and Li Yuanchao. Lu also worked part-time as assistant to the manager of a wool production plant. By the age of 28, he was promoted general manager of the Beijing Wool Factory, directing the work of some 5,000 employees. While leading the plant, Lu shuttled between Xi'an and Beijing trying to win further business. He streamlined operations and increased revenue, turning the plant into a profit-generating business; the plant would eventually converted into a corporation. In 1998 he was named one of the "Ten Outstanding Youth of Beijing" for his work at the wool factory, and was received by then Premier Zhu Rongji.

Political career
Lu became head of the Zhongguancun Administrative Office in 1999, beginning his career in public administration. The Zhongguancun area of Beijing was known as "China's silicon valley", rich in start-up technology companies. In February 2003, he began working part-time as assistant to the chief executive of the Three Gorges Dam project. In January 2003, Lu was named vice mayor of Beijing, overseeing the city's Industry Work Commission and Economic Commission, overseeing the broad portfolios of state assets supervision, industry, and information technology.

In May 2008, Lu was named First Secretary of the Communist Youth League. He also served ex officio as the president of the China Youth University for Political Sciences. Prior to Lu, various political heavyweights, including former party leaders Hu Yaobang and Hu Jintao, and Premier Li Keqiang, had served in this position. At age 40, Lu became the youngest provincial-ministerial level official in the country.

In 2009, Lu in his capacity as a member of the CPC Central Committee attended the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of Greece and personally met with its leader, Aleka Papariga.

He was appointed acting governor of Heilongjiang on March 25, 2013, replacing Wang Xiankui, who had been promoted to Heilongjiang party chief. Lu was then elected as governor on June 5, 2013, during the second session of the 12th Heilongjiang Provincial People's Congress.

In 2012, Lu became the youngest full member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. In 2017 he remained the youngest full member of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

In March 2018 he was made Minister of Natural Resources in the central government.

In June 2022, he was appointed party branch secretary of Development Research Center of the State Council, succeeding Ma Jiantang.

References

External links
Peking University article profiling Lu Hao upon his appointment to Heilongjiang governorship, March 2013

1967 births
Living people
Peking University alumni
Governors of Heilongjiang
Politicians from Xi'an
First Secretaries of the Communist Youth League of China
Deputy mayors of Beijing
Ministers of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China politicians from Shaanxi
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shaanxi


The Golden Gloves Story is a 1950 American film noir sports film directed by Felix E. Feist. It tells the story of boxer Nick Martel as he competes in the Golden Gloves tournament. During the competition he falls in love with Patti, the daughter of Joe Riley, a boxing referee.

Plot

Cast
James Dunn as Joe Riley
Dewey Martin as Nick Martel
Gregg Sherwood as Iris Anthony
Kevin O'Morrison as Bob Gilmore
Kay Westfall as Patti Riley
Fern Persons as Mrs. Burke

See also
 List of boxing films

References

External links
The Golden Gloves Story at IMDb

1950 films
Films directed by Felix E. Feist
Eagle-Lion Films films
1950 drama films
American drama films
Films scored by Arthur Lange
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films


George Clark Fairfield (24 June 1912 – 9 November 1978) was a Progressive Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a physician and surgeon by career, after graduating from the University of Manitoba.

He was first elected at the Portage—Neepawa riding in the 1957 general election and re-elected for a second term in the 1958 election, serving in the 23rd and 24th Parliaments. He served as a backbench supporter of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's government. After finishing his second term, Fairfield did not campaign for further terms in federal office.

References

External links

1912 births
1978 deaths
Canadian surgeons
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
University of Manitoba alumni
20th-century Canadian physicians
20th-century surgeons


The Gorontalo–Mongondow languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Languages
The Gorontalo–Mongondow languages are divided into two branches:

Gorontalic: Bolango, Buol, Bintauna, Gorontalo, Kaidipang, Lolak, Suwawa
Mongondowic: Mongondow, Ponosakan

Classification
Similarities between Mongondow and the languages of the Philippines were already recognized in the first half of the 20th century. Noorduyn (1982) presented phonological and morphological evidence for a close connection between Gorontalo and Mongondow, while the full extent of the subgroup including all other Gorontalic languages was established by Usup (1986). Blust (1991) has shown that the Gorontalo–Mongondow languages link up with many languages of the central and southern Philippines in the Greater Central Philippine subgroup. The following table exemplifies the close relationship, listing Greater Central Philippine innovations which are found in Mongondow (representing the Gorontalo–Mongondow languages) and Tagalog (the northernmost member of the Greater Central Philippine subgroup):

Reconstruction
The lexicon and phonology of Proto-Gorontalo-Mongondow has been reconstructed by Usup (1986). Proto-Gorontalo-Mongondow pronouns have been reconstructed by Lobel (2011).

See also
Languages of Sulawesi
Minahasan languages
Sangiric languages

References

Languages of Sulawesi
Greater Central Philippine languages


The 1994 Ukrainian Cup Final is a football match that took place at the Republican Stadium on May 29, 1994. The match was the 3rd Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by FC Chornomorets Odesa and SC Tavriya Simferopol. The 1994 Ukrainian Cup Final was the third to be held in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. Chornomorets won on penalty kicks 5:3 after the score was tied 0:0.

Remarkably, no yellow cards were issued at this game.

Road to Kyiv

Both teams started from the first round of the competition (1/16). Unlike Chornomorets who met almost no resistance up to the final, defeating Dnipro at its home ground 3:0 along the way; Tavriya had a little bit of trouble when it traveled to Western parts of Ukraine. The Crimeans almost yielded to Skala Stryi in the first round of the competition pulling an extra-time win in Simferopol. Tavriya also managed to defeat Veres followed, surprisingly, by knocking Dynamo out of the competition. The most effort the Odesans needed was against the Carpathian Lions managing to pull a home win in the last minutes of playing time while being tied at one all.

Match details

Match statistics

See also
 Ukrainian Cup 1993-94

References

External links
 Calendar of Matches - Schedule of the 1994 Ukrainian Cup on the Ukrainian Soccer History web-site (ukrsoccerhistory.com).

Cup Final
Ukrainian Cup finals
Ukrainian Cup Final 1994
Ukrainian Cup Final 1994
Ukrainian Cup Final 1994
Ukrainian Cup Final 1994


State Route 192 (SR 192) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways.  It runs  from an intersection with U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Machias to an intersection with SR 9 in Wesley.  The route is also known as Northfield Road in Machias and Junior Williams Road in Wesley.

Major junctions

References

External links

Floodgap Roadgap's RoadsAroundME: Maine State Route 192

192
Transportation in Washington County, Maine


Captain David Grief (also known as The Jack London Stories) is an American action/adventure television series that aired in syndication from October 1957 to 1960. The program was based on a series of Jack London short-stories centered on the South Seas tradesman and adventurer David Grief, collected in A Son of the Sun.

Overview
Captain David Grief was a half-hour filmed series.

The cast included the Irish-born actor Maxwell Reed as Captain Grief, Tudor Owen as Elihu Snow, Mickey Simpson as Boley, Mel Prestidge as Jackie-Jackie, and Maureen Hingert as Anura. Stuart Heisler was the director, and the producer was Duke Goldstone.

Captain David Grief ran for two seasons with a total of 39 episodes. The first nine episodes were shot in Hawaii. The production later moved to southern California and then Cuba, before the final episodes were shot in Mexico. The series was distributed by Guild Films.

The program was the first TV series to be filmed on location in Hawaii. The three-masted barquentine California was used for scenes shot aboard ship. It was renamed The Rattler in the show. The Pioneer Inn in Lahaina, Hawaii, was used for scenes filmed on land.

The program's budget was $1,912,000. Sponsors varied by region of the country. As of February 1957, they included West End Brewing Company, Utica, New York; Stroh Brewery, Detroit; Pearl Brewing Company, Texas; Standard Oil of California; and D-X Sunray Oil, Tulsa.

Guest stars
Among the series guest stars were boxers Rocky Marciano and Buddy Baer. Other guest stars include:

 Allison Hayes
 Ruta Lee
 Lois Nettleton
 J. Pat O'Malley

Critical response
A review in the trade publication Variety found that the program's "beautiful color" and "beautiful scenery" were offset by a "script that was most ordinary". Although the original story was by Jack London, the program's writers "showed their grasp of corny dialog". Overall, the review found the show to be "adequate . . . to fill the demands of the syndication-starved tv stations around the country."

References

External links

1957 American television series debuts
1960 American television series endings
1950s American drama television series
1960s American drama television series
American action television series
American adventure television series
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States


The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.

Classification
The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).

North Sangiric
Talaud
Sangirese (two variants: Sangir in Indonesia and Sangil in the Philippines)
South Sangiric
Bantik
Ratahan

The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the  northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.

Reconstruction

Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).

Phonology

The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil , Sangir, Ratahan , Talaud , Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil .

Vocabulary
The comparison table (a small selection from ) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.

See also
Minahasan languages
Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
Languages of Sulawesi

References

External links
 Sangiric at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).

Philippine languages
Languages of Sulawesi


"Enough" is the third and final single by Finnish vocalist Tarja Turunen from her debut album My Winter Storm, composed by Tarja and Michelle Leonard.

The single was released on March 9, 2009 by Universal Music as a digital download exclusive to the United Kingdom. The track is also available on the Fan Edition of My Winter Storm.

The single includes a new song (also available on the My Winter Storm Fan Edition) called "Wisdom of Wind". The song was composed by Jeff Rona and Lisa Gerrard, and recorded in China. It includes the participation of the Beijing Philharmonic and Qingdao Symphony orchestras.

"Enough" did not chart due to lack of promotion.

The song was brought back to live setlists for Tarja's 2023 Living the Dream Tour for the first time after 13 years of not being performed live.

Music video
A music video for "Enough" was intended to be filmed following the South American tour, but because the director was in a car accident, its release was canceled.

Prior to that incident, the director mentioned the story of the video would be an autobiographical piece. In September 2008, a preview of the video appeared on YouTube, with Tarja singing in front of a green screen.

Track listing
 "Enough" (Single Version) - 4:00
 "Enough" (Album Version) - 5:14
 "Wisdom Of Wind" - 6:34

2009 singles
Songs written by Michelle Leonard
Tarja Turunen songs
Songs written by Tarja Turunen
2007 songs
Universal Music Group singles


Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) is an X-ray exposure termination device.  A medical radiographic exposure is always initiated by a human operator but an AEC detector system may be used to terminate the exposure when a predetermined amount of radiation has been received. The intention of AEC is to provide consistent x-ray image exposure, whether to film, a digital detector or a CT scanner. AEC systems may also automatically set exposure factors such as the X-ray tube current and voltage in a CT.

Operation

Projectional Radiography
In projectional radiography an AEC system uses one or more physically thin radiation ionization chambers (the "AEC detector") which is positioned between the X-ray source and the x-ray receptor. Where low energy x-rays are used such as in mammography the AEC detector is placed behind the image receptor to avoid creating a shadow.

In early radiographic AEC systems, a large paddle (17" x 17") of transparent lucite was sandwiched between rare earth screens, which emitted photons when excited by X-rays. The individual lucite sections were open on one end, and a solenoid was used to select one of three, or a combination of shutters that allowed the generated light into a Photomultiplier tube. The output of the PMT was then converted to a signal, which ramped in the positive direction until a preprogrammed threshold was reached. At this point, the X-ray generator terminated the exposure. This method is no longer used, and has been replaced by the iontomat.
In an iontomat, a weak ionization signal resulting from the radiographic X-rays passing through it are integrated as a ramp shaped voltage waveform.  This ramp signal rises until it matches a pre-set threshold. At this point the x-ray exposure is terminated by the X-ray generator.
AEC devices are calibrated to ensure that similar exams have linearity in optical density.

Computed Tomography
Modern computed tomography (CT) scanners have AEC systems which aim to maintain image quality for patients of varying sizes, whilst keeping doses as low as reasonably practicable. The systems are also designed to maintain quality with the varying size and attenuation of an individual patient over their length. Implementations vary between manufacturers, some systems are based on a desired noise level in the image, while others are based on a specified reference output (milliampere second, mAs).

CT AEC systems use the initial "scanogram", a fixed angle planning view, to determine the relative size of the patient, and variation over their length. The tube output is then adjusted for overall size. The output is also typically modulated for each rotation in response to changes in attenuation over patient length. Some systems adjust output during each rotation, which is known as rotational modulation, based on measured attenuation in the previous rotation.

Advantages
Because patients vary in size and shape, an AEC device is very useful in achieving consistent x-ray film densities, which can be difficult when manually setting exposure factors without AEC.

Disadvantages
AEC devices are susceptible to operator error (usually due to mispositioned anatomy or having the incorrect AEC chamber selected). Prosthetic devices such as total hip hardware can also cause the selected ionization chamber to overexpose the image receptor. This is due to the absorption of the X-ray beam into the metal of the hardware as opposed to exposing the ionization chamber.

References

Further reading

Radiography


Broadway Plaza is a skyscraper located in Rochester, Minnesota, United States. It is  tall with 29 floors, and was completed in 2004. It is the tallest building in Rochester, and upon completion was the tallest residential building in a US city with a metropolitan area with a population less than 200,000. It is the 30th tallest building in Minnesota, and the tallest in the state outside of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Rochester, Minnesota

References

Skyscrapers in Rochester, Minnesota
Residential skyscrapers in Minnesota

Buildings and structures completed in 2004


Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya () is a Palestinian town in the northern West Bank, located north of Ramallah in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate. It was formed as a result of a merger of the villages of 'Arura, Mazari al-Nubani, and Abwein, although the latter separated from the municipality. Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya is  north of Ajjul and other nearby localities include Deir as-Sudan to the southeast, Kafr Ein to the east, and Abwein to the southwest.

History

Both Arura and Mazari al-Nubani were part of the Bani Zeid subdistrict in the Sanjak of Jerusalem. The two villages produced a combined 99 qintars of olive oil, the chief agricultural product of the Bani Zeid, and adult males in were taxed a combined 649 akçe.

'Arura

'Arura (, ‘Arūrā)   (Palestine grid 166/160) is situated  above sea level.

History
Pottery sherds from the  IA I, IA II, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman,  Byzantine and   Crusader/Ayyubid  eras have been found here.

Near, and within the village are three shrines dedicated to Sheikh Radwan, Sheikh Ahmad, and al-Khidr. Al-Khidr's shrine, in the center of the village, has no relation to al-Khidr, and his simply dedicated to a holy man with the same name. Al-Khidr or Saint George is revered throughout Palestine in several towns and villages. Sheikh Ahmad's shrine is to the west of 'Arura.

The Shrine of Sheikh Radwan bin 'Ulayl al-Arsufi, built during the Ayyubid rule of interior Palestine, is located to the southwest of the village situated on a hill roughly  above sea level. Not much is known about Radwan, except that his family was from Arsuf and he was an important man in the area that died in Egypt and was transferred to 'Arura for his burial. Muslim scholars suggested that Sheikh Radwan was from the 'Ulayl family. An Arabic inscription written in typical rural Ayyubid style, on the shrine's surface reads that he was transferred to "blessed Syria" (in early Islamic times, Palestine was a province of Syria). A mosque was constructed adjacent to the shrine.

Pottery sherds from the  Mamluk era have also been found here.

Ottoman era
In 1596 'Arura  appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds.  It had a population of 62  households, all Muslim, who paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and/or beehives; a total of 12,000  akçe. 1/6 of the revenue went to a Waqf.

In 1838 'Arurah was noted as a Muslim village, part of the Beni Zeid area, located north of Jerusalem.

Victor Guérin  visited the village in the late 19th century,  and found it to have about  350-400 inhabitants. He also observed fragments of columns and other indications of an ancient town. There were also threshing-floors which appeared  ancient.

Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870  that  Arura had a total of 91 houses and a population of 300, though the population count included men, only.

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine  described the village, called Arara, as being a small, on high ground, and remarkable for  having five sacred places on the west side of the village.

In 1896 the different parts of  Arura  was estimated to have about 237, 99 and  204 inhabitants; in all a population of 540 persons.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities,  'Arura had a population of 426 Muslim, increasing in the   1931 census to 566 Muslim, in 131  houses.

The 1945 statistics found 660 Muslim inhabitants, with a  total land area of  10,978 dunams.  Of  this,  7,095  were used for plantations and irrigable land, 787 for cereals, while 26 dunams were classified as built-up areas.

Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Arura  came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of 'Arura was  1,337.

Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967,  'Arura  has been under Israeli occupation.

There was a sharp decrease in the population from 1961 to 1982, caused by nearly half of 'Arura's inhabitants fleeing the village in the 1967 Six-Day War. In 1997, 'Arura had a population of 2,087, of which 30 residents (1.4%) were Palestinian refugees. The gender make-up was 1,069 males and 1,018 females. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, it had a population of approximately 2,967 in mid-year 2006.

Mazari al-Nubani

Mazari al-Nubani ()  , (Palestine grid 165/161) is situated along the same height as 'Arura.

History
Mazari al-Nubani was by  earlier scholars (Röhricht, Prawer and Benvenisti)  identified with the Crusader village called Mezera, but  newer  scholars (Finkelstein et al.) disputes this.

Ottoman era
In 1596 the village, under the name of Mazra'at al-'Abbas, appeared  in the Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds.  It had a population of 60  households and 21 bachelors, all Muslim. Taxes were paid  on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and/or beehives; a total of 6,910  akçe. 1/3 of the revenue went to a Waqf.

In 1838 el-Mezari'a was noted as a Muslim village, part of the Beni Zeid area, located north of Jerusalem.

When Guérin passed by the village in 1870,  he estimated it had  a population of about 600.  An Ottoman village list from about the same year  showed Mazari with a population of 560, in 163 houses,  though the population count included men only. It was also noted it was located east of Qarawat Bani Zeid.

In 1882, the  PEF's Survey of Western Palestine  described the village, then called Mezrah, as being of moderate size, on high ground.

In 1896 the population of  Mezra‘a  was estimated to be about 1,008 persons.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted  by the British Mandate authorities,  Mazarie' al-Nubani had a population of 611 Muslims,   increasing in the 1931 census to 864 Muslims, in  193  houses.

The 1945 statistics found  1,090 Muslim inhabitants  with a total of 9,631 dunam of land.  Of  this,  7,399  were used for   plantations and irrigable land, 445  for cereals, while 59 dunams were classified as built-up areas.

Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Mazari Nubani came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Mazari al-Nubani was 1,358.

Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Mazari al-Nuban has been under  Israeli occupation.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of approximately 2,510 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.

Local government
The municipality was formed after a merger of 'Arura, Mazari al-Nubani, and Abwein prior to the Palestinian municipal elections in 2005. During the elections, Fatima Taher Sihweil from Abwein won and the municipality fell apart with only 'Arura and Mazari al-Nubani remaining.

The municipality separated in 2020.

References

Bibliography

External links
Welcome To 'Arura
 Welcome To Mazari' al-Nubani
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14:  IAA, Wikimedia commons

Towns in the West Bank
Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine


SupaRed is an album by SupaRed, a band led by ex-Helloween vocalist Michael Kiske. It was released on Helloween's former record label Noise Records.

Background
Kiske both produced and mixed the album by himself. The album was recorded in Kiskes own studio. It was a songwriting process and then the band members gradually recorded it. The guitars were recorded live at times.

He said in 2003: "Rock music as such is just a band story. With the solo albums I just had a lot to do with myself, had to sort and redefine a lot. At that point it was just fine to do solo records, but rock music is not for solo artists."

Kiske wanted a name that cannot be defined immediately, that has no special meaning, but just sounded good. Translated, it actually means nothing, except strong red.

He also said 2003: "I think it's unfair to compare Supared to Helloween, I know that people will compare it no matter what I think of it. It goes with the territory. You can't really compare the music, because it's an entirely different band."

Sandro Giampietro played guitar on Kiske's solo works Kiske (2006) and "Past In Different Ways" (2008), and was a co-songwriter for Unisonic on the songs "Blood" and "Manhunter" on the album "Light of Dawn" (2014).

Track listing
 "Reconsider" - 4:12
 "Can I Know Now?" - 4:46
 "Let's Be Heroes" - 4:16
 "He Pretends" - 3:56
 "Freak-Away" - 3:46
 "Hey" - 4:55
 "Boiling Points Of No Reburn" - 4:00
 "Ride On" - 5:00
 "Hackneyed" - 3:33
 "That's Why" - 3:00
 "A Bit Of Her" - 4:02
 "Overrated" - 3:33
 "Dancers Bug" - 2:34
 "Turn It" - 3:24
All songs are written by Kiske. Except 1. Kiske/Taraxes, and 10. Kiske/Giampietro.

Credits

Band members
 Michael Kiske – vocals, guitar, keyboard
 Sandro Giampietro – guitars
 Aldo Harms – Bass
 Jurgen Spiegel – drums

References

2003 albums
Michael Kiske albums
Noise Records albums
Sanctuary Records albums


The Land Dayak languages are a group of dozen or so languages spoken by the Bidayuh Land Dayaks of Borneo.

Languages

Glottolog
Glottolog classifies the Land Dayak languages as follows.

Benyadu-Bekati: Bekati (Bekatiq), Sara, Lara (Rara), Benyadu
Bidayuh:
Bukar–Sadong (Serian)
Biatah–Tringgus, Jagoi (Bau and Jagoi Babang district of Bengkayang Regency)
Southern: Djongkang, Kembayan (both in Sanggau Regency), Semandang (mainly in northern part of Ketapang Regency), Ribun, Sanggau
Rejang languages

In 2020, Semandang was split into Beginci, Gerai, and Semandang for ISO 639-3 by SIL International.

Smith (2017)
Smith (2017) classifies the Land Dayak languages as follows.
Banyadu-Bekati (Banyadu, Bekati, Rara, Lara)
Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak
Bidayuh (Bau-Jagoi, Bukar-Sadong, Sungkung, Hliboi, Biatah)
Southern Land Dayak (Golik, Jangkang, Ribun, Sanggau, Simpang)

West Kalimantan groups

List of Bidayuh-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Group !! Subgroup !! Language !! Regency
|-
| Angan ||  || Mali || Landak
|-
| Badat ||  || Badat || Sanggau
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Kanayatn Satango || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Kuma || Bakati' || Bengkayang?
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Lape || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Lumar || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Palayo || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Payutn || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Rara || Bakati' || Sambas, Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Riok || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Sara || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Sebiha' || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Subah || Bakati' || Sambas, Bengkayang
|-
| Bakati' || Bakati' Tari' || Bakati' || Bengkayang
|-
| Balantiatn ||  || Balantiatn-Banyadu' || Sanggau, Landak
|-
| Banyadu' ||  || Banyadu' || Bengkayang, Landak
|-
| Bi Somu ||  || Bi Somu || Sanggau
|-
| Bubung ||  || Bubung (Badeneh) || Landak
|-
| Butok ||  || Butok || Bengkayang
|-
| Dosatn ||  || Dosatn || Sanggau
|-
| Entabang ||  || Entabang/Entebang || Sanggau
|-
| Golik ||  || Golik || Sanggau
|-
| Gun ||  || Gun || Sanggau
|-
| Hibun ||  || Hibun || Sanggau
|-
| Jagoi ||  || Jagoi (Bidoi') || Bengkayang
|-
| Jangkang || Jangkang Benua || Jangkang || Sanggau
|-
| Jangkang || Jangkang Engkarong || Jangkang || Sanggau
|-
| Jangkang || Jangkang Jungur Tanjung || Jangkang || Sanggau
|-
| Jangkang || Jangkang Kopa || Jangkang || Sanggau
|-
| Kanayatn || Padakng || Bakambai || Landak
|-
| Kancikng ||  || Kancikng (Bemedeh) || Ketapang, Sanggau
|-
| Keneles ||  || Keneles (Bekay) || Sanggau
|-
| Keramay ||  || Keramay || Sanggau
|-
| Kodatn ||  || Kodatn || Sanggau
|-
| Koman ||  || Koman || Sekadau
|-
| Kowotn ||  || Kowotn || Bengkayang
|-
| Laur ||  || Laur || Ketapang
|-
| Laya ||  || Laya || Sanggau
|-
| Liboy ||  || Liboy || Bengkayang
|-
| Mali ||  || Mali || Sanggau, Landak, Ketapang
|-
| Mentuka' ||  || Mentuka' || Sekadau
|-
| Muara ||  || Muara || Sanggau
|-
| Mudu' ||  || Mudu' || Sanggau
|-
| Pandu ||  || Panu || Sanggau
|-
| Pantu ||  || Pantu Bamak || Landak
|-
| Paus ||  || Paus || Sanggau
|-
| Pompakng ||  || Pompakng || Sanggau
|-
| Pruna' ||  || Mali || Sanggau
|-
| Pruwan ||  || Pruwan || Sanggau
|-
| Punti ||  || Punti || Sanggau
|-
| Rantawan ||  || Rantawan Baaje' || Landak
|-
| Sami ||  || Sami || Sanggau
|-
| Sapatoi ||  || Sapatoi || Landak
|-
| Sekajang ||  || Sekajang || Sanggau
|-
| Selibong ||  || Selibong (Bamak) || Landak
|-
| Senangkatn ||  || Senangkatn || Sanggau
|-
| Sengkunang ||  || Baaje' || Landak
|-
| Sikukng ||  || Sikukng || Bengkayang, Sanggau
|-
| Simpakng || Banyur || Banyur || Ketapang
|-
| Simpakng || Kualatn || Kualatn || Ketapang
|-
| Simpakng || Sajan || Sajan || Ketapang
|-
| Simpakng || Semanakng || Semanakng || Ketapang
|-
| Sontas ||  || Sontas || Sanggau
|-
| Suruh ||  || Suruh || Sanggau
|-
| Suti ||  || Suti Bamayo || Bengkayang
|-
| Taba ||  || Taba || Sanggau
|-
| Tadietn ||  || Tadietn || Bengkayang
|-
| Tameng ||  || Tameng || Bengkayang
|-
| Tawaeq ||  || Tawaeq || Bengkayang
|-
| Tengon ||  || Tengon || Landak
|}

Some possible Bidayuh-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Group !! Subgroup !! Language !! Regency
|-
| Daro' ||  || Daro' || Sanggau
|-
| Mayau ||  || Mayau || Sanggau
|-
| Sisang ||  || Sisang || Sanggau
|-
| Sum ||  || Sum || Sanggau
|-
| Tinying ||  || Tinying || Sanggau
|-
| Joka' ||  || Randau Joka' || Ketapang
|}

References

Bibliography
Noeb, Jonas; Rensch, Calvin R.; Rensch, Carolyn M.; Ridu, Robert Sulis. 2012. The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (Revised and Expanded). SIL Electronic Survey Report. SIL International.

External links
Digitized works on Land Dayak at the SOAS Library

Greater North Borneo languages


Charlotte Dupuy, also called Lottie (), was an enslaved African-American woman who filed a freedom suit in 1829 against her enslaver, Henry Clay, who was then Secretary of State. The case went to court 17 years before Dred Scott filed his more famous legal challenge to slavery. Then living in Washington, D.C., Dupuy sued for her freedom and that of her two children, based on a promise by her previous enslaver. The case was one of the many freedom suits filed by enslaved people in the decades before the American Civil War.

Although the Circuit Court's ruling in 1830 went against Dupuy, she had worked for wages for 18 months and lived in the household of Martin Van Buren, the succeeding Secretary of State, while it was decided. Clay had returned to his home in Kentucky in 1829. After the ruling, Clay had Dupuy renditioned to the home of his daughter and son-in-law in New Orleans, and she remained enslaved for another decade.

Finally in 1840, Henry Clay freed Dupuy and her daughter Mary Ann. Four years later he freed her son Charles Dupuy. By 1860 her husband Aaron Dupuy was listed on the census as a free man living with her at Ashland.

Early life
Charlotte Dupuy was born into slavery in Cambridge, Maryland. She was brought to Kentucky in 1805 by the tailor James Condon, who had purchased her as a child from Daniel Parker in Cambridge. She was said to have been born about 1787. In about 1806 she met and married Aaron Dupuy, a young man held by Henry Clay on his Ashland plantation in Lexington, Kentucky. Condon sold Charlotte to Henry Clay in May 1806, perhaps to allow the young couple to live together. Charlotte and Aaron had two children, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy.

Clay went to Washington, D.C. for his congressional term beginning in 1810 and took the Dupuys with him. They lived with Clay and served in the house he rented, originally built for Stephen Decatur. Located at Lafayette Square across from the White House, today the Decatur House is a museum and a designated National Historic Landmark.

Petition for freedom
Charlotte Dupuy and her family enjoyed the relative freedom of living in Washington, D.C., where they met other enslaved people and joined some of the activities of the city. Clay allowed Charlotte Dupuy to visit her mother and family on the Eastern Shore. Following his Congressional career, Henry Clay served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.

As Clay began making preparations in 1829 to leave the capital when his service ended, Dupuy filed a petition for her freedom and that of her children. She based this on her mother's being free and her previous enslaver Condon's promise to free her and her children. Clay thought his political enemies had persuaded her to do it and decided to fight it, as he was embarrassed by the publicity.

On February 13, 1829, her attorney Robert Beale wrote a petition on her behalf to the judges of the District of Columbia. The petition asked the courts to use their power to keep Clay from removing Charlotte Dupuy from the District of Columbia while her lawsuit for freedom was underway. The Court granted this petition.

Beale argued that Dupuy and her children were “entitled to their freedom” based on a promise by her previous master James Condon, but were “now held in a state of slavery by one Henry Clay (Secty of State) contrary to the law and your petitioners just rights.” Clay wanted to remove the Dupuys from their DC residence and return them to Kentucky. There, Beale argued, they would “be held as slaves for life." While the Court allowed Charlotte Dupuy to stay in Washington while the case was heard, it permitted Clay to take her husband Aaron and children Mary Ann and Charles back to Kentucky.

Case
Charlotte Dupuy's petition to stay in the District temporarily was granted, but her writ for freedom was denied. Clay's attorney showed that her mother had been freed after Charlotte was born, which did not affect her status as a slave.  Her case was taken seriously for, according to a letter by Henry Clay, Dupuy stayed in DC "upwards of 18 months" after he left for Kentucky, awaiting the results of the trial. During these 18 months, Clay described her as acting as "her own mistress". Dupuy worked for wages for the succeeding Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, who also lived at Decatur House. The letter shows that Dupuy never willingly left DC. On the first page, Clay mused, "How shall I now get her ...?" He approved of his agent's having Dupuy arrested when she refused to return to Kentucky.

Although Dupuy was fighting for her freedom, the courts, in order to hear her case, had to assume her status as a free negro or a free person of color, since enslaved people had no legal standing in the courts. Such actions began to create political space for slaves' freedom. The Court determined that the agreement between Dupuy and Condon was not applicable to any new ownership, and rejected her claim against Clay.

Aftermath
Clay's agent arranged for Dupuy to be held in prison in Alexandria, which was part of the District of Columbia at the time, while he decided what to do. Clay had Dupuy removed from Washington and transported to New Orleans, to the home of his daughter and son-in-law Martin Duralde. She was enslaved there for another decade.

Finally on 12 October 1840, Henry Clay freed Charlotte Dupuy and her daughter Mary Ann in New Orleans. He retained her son Charles Dupuy, who traveled with him to speaking engagements.  Clay frequently used him as an example of how well he treated slaves. He eventually freed Charles in 1844.

Either Clay before his death in 1852 or by his will, or his descendants freed Charlotte's husband Aaron Dupuy, or "gave him his time".  The couple reunited to live again in Kentucky, where Aaron worked for John M. Clay at Ashland after his father's death. While no deed of emancipation was found for Aaron Dupuy, according to the 1860 census, he and Charlotte Dupuy were listed as living together as free persons in Fayette County, Kentucky.  An obituary of Aaron Dupuy said he died February 6, 1866, and was survived by his widow, although she was not listed by name.

Legacy
 Dupuy's struggle for freedom has been recognized by new exhibits in the Decatur House, where she lived and worked for nearly two decades. The Decatur House has been designated a National Historic Landmark and operates as a museum.
 The story of Charlotte and Aaron Dupuy is also featured at the Isaac Scott Hathaway Museum of Lexington, Kentucky, and in their online exhibits.
 Her suit has made Decatur Place a site in accounts of the historic civil rights movement and its "trail" in Washington, DC.

See also
 Polly Berry
 Lucy Delaney
 List of slaves

Notes

References

18th-century births
19th-century deaths
Year of birth uncertain
18th-century American slaves
Free Negroes
Legal history of the United States
Freedom suits in the United States
United States slavery case law
Martin Van Buren
Henry Clay
People from Cambridge, Maryland


Uri Fineman (, born 1959) is an Israeli singer and composer who has released several album.

Biography
Fineman was born in 1959 in Tel Aviv, Israel. He won first prize at a major music competition at age 11 singing Nissim Gelding's "איני יכול". He plays the guitar as well as sings. In addition to music he also practices karate. He joined the Israel Defense Forces in 1977.

In 1987, two years after beginning work on his first album, he released the first song "את אינך" to radio where it quickly became a hit. In 1990, he released his second album, מלח הארץ, with Tamir Klisky. In 1990 and 1991, he participated in the Hanukkah contest קדם אירוויזיון, singing the songs "הבה נגילה" and "האור".

In 1993, he released his third album, אהבה מחודשת which went platinum. By 1994, he had released three more albums in the אהבה מחודשת series, which also went platinum. In 1996, he released his seventh album, "ים של אהב which was written by a mix of other composers and himself. In 1995–96, he released אם רק תביני – אוסף הלהיטים הגדולים, a collection of songs from previous albums as well as two new ones. In 1997–98, he released לך בנשיקה, which contained 1960s songs in Hebrew. It went gold.

In ,he spent eight months in jail due to infringement of a Microsoft copyright. In 2009, he worked on a collaboration with several other artists on his first album in 12 years.

References

External links
 official site

1959 births
Living people
Musicians from Tel Aviv


Laurier Arthur Régnier (31 August 1903 – 8 August 1990) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Saint-François-Xavier, Manitoba and became a barrister and farmer by career.

After unsuccessful attempts to win a House of Commons seat at Selkirk in the 1949 election, and at St. Boniface in 1957, Régnier won St. Boniface in the 1958 election. He served one term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, until his defeat there in the 1962 federal election.

Electoral history

External links

1903 births
1990 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
20th-century Canadian farmers
Lawyers in Manitoba
Franco-Manitoban people
20th-century Canadian lawyers


The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. They belong to the Philippine subgroup.

Considerable lexical influence comes from Spanish, Portuguese, and Ternate, a historical legacy of the presence of foreign powers. The Minahasan languages are distinct from the Manado Malay (Minahasa Malay) language, which is Malayic in origin, and has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.

Classification
The languages are Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu and Tonsea.

The Minahasan languages are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.

The Bantik, Ratahan, and Ponosakan languages, although also spoken in the Minahasa region, are more distantly related, thus not covered by the term in a genealogical sense.

Reconstruction

Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978). The comparison table (a small selection from ) illustrates the correspondences between the Minahasan languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Minahasan innovations.

See also
Sangiric languages
Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
Languages of Sulawesi

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Minahasan at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
 Classification of Sulawesi Languages

Minahasan languages
Philippine languages
Languages of Sulawesi


The California Battalion (also called the first California Volunteer Militia and U.S. Mounted Rifles) was formed during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) in present-day California, United States. It was led by U.S. Army Brevet Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont and composed of his cartographers, scouts and hunters and the California Volunteer Militia formed after the Bear Flag Revolt. The battalion's formation was officially authorized by Commodore Robert F. Stockton, commanding officer of the U.S. Navy Pacific Squadron.

Formation
Hostilities between U.S. and Mexican forces had been underway in Texas since April 1846 resulting in a formal declaration of war on 13 May 1846, by the U.S. Congress. On 17 May 1846, unofficial word reached the U.S. Navy fleet of four vessels at anchor in the harbor of Mazatlán, Mexico, and that hostilities had begun between Mexico and the United States. Commodore John D. Sloat, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, dispatched his flagship, the frigate , and the sloop  to Monterey harbor where they arrived on 2 July 1846. The Pacific Squadron captured Monterey, California on 7 July 1846 and began taking over the ports in Alta California. The Bear Flag Revolt was converted into a U.S. occupation of California and the Bear Flag was replaced by the Stars and Stripes.

In 1846, U.S. Marine Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie was sent by President James K. Polk with secret verbal messages to the U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin in Alta California's Capital in Monterey, Commodore John D. Sloat commanding the Pacific Squadron and U.S. Army Captain John C. Frémont doing cartography work in California. Traveling secretly across Mexico, Lt. Gillespie caught a ship from Mexico to Monterey, California where he delivered his messages to Thomas Larkin and Sloat. Finding that Frémont was on his way to Oregon he borrowed a horse and hurried north where he caught up with Frémont's party near what is now the Oregon border. After delivering his messages, Gillespie and Frémont with his about 30 U.S. Army Cartographers, etc. and 30 scouts and hunters turned around and headed back to California where Frémont spurred on and took over the command of the Bear Flag Revolt of California. Frémont signed up American immigrants into California at Sutter's Fort who were willing to fight for independence from Mexico. Frémont was the only army officer in California after the outbreak of the Mexican–American War. He and his volunteer California battalion took over Sonoma, followed by the creation of the Bear Flag Republic. When it became clear that the U.S. Navy was taking action to secure California, the Bear Flag Revolt was converted into a U.S. military action.

Since there was no U.S. Army present in Alta California except Frémont's few cartographers (and wouldn't be until December 1846), Stockton needed additional men to garrison and help keep the peace in the various California towns rapidly coming into U.S. control. Stockton had three frigates with a crew of 480 each, three to four sloops with a crew of 200 men each plus three store ships at his disposal. The marines on his ships were used mostly to board or repel boarders or engage in close in ship to ship fighting and were trained in infantry tactics. The marines and some sailors could be reassigned shore duties and while leaving the ships short handed but still functional. He looked to employ his reassigned 300-400 marines and blue-jacket sailors only where needed.

Battalion in Mexican American War
The California Battalion was officially authorized a few days later on 23 July 1846 under Commodore Robert F. Stockton (U.S. Navy), the senior military officer in California who replaced Sloat in July 1846. Frémont was given the (brevet) rank of Lieutenant Colonel with U. S. Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie, second in command, promoted to major. Commodore Stockton was in charge of the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy that occupied Monterey, California on 7 July 1846 and Yerba Buena (to be renamed San Francisco) on 9 July 1846.

A compact was drawn in early July 1846 for all volunteers to sign, which in part read: "Not to violate the chastity of Women; conduct their revolution honorably; and pledge obedience to their officers." With the signatures or marks of the men, the California Battalion was formed. On formation of the battalion, Frémont requested the Battalion's volunteers to elect their officers from the ranks. Most were emigrants over the California Trail of 1845 and members of Frémont's own exploration party. Frémont's men were officially mustered into the armed forces on 23 July 1846 and authorized $25.00/month pay. The approximate 34 Mission Indians eventually part of the battalion's roster were paid with trade goods as was customary then. The men in the battalion were all volunteers formed from the 60 men of Captain Frémont's Corps of Topographical Engineers (roughly half were soldiers the rest Indians and mountain men) and initially from the Bear Flag Republic members from Sutter's Fort who had started the rebellion in California. There were volunteers from several nationalities including several Californios and a company of Indians from Sutter's Fort who were more than happy to get rid of the dysfunctional Mexican and Californios government.

The first job given to the California Battalion and was to assist in the capture of San Diego and Pueblo de Los Angeles.  On 26 July 1846 Lt. Col. J. C. Frémont's California Battalion of about 160 boarded the sloop , under the command of Captain Samuel Francis Du Pont, and sailed for San Diego. They landed 29 July 1846 and a detachment of Marines and blue-jackets, followed shortly by Frémont's California Battalion from Cyane, landed and took possession of the town without firing a shot. Leaving about 40 men to garrison San Diego, Frémont continued on to Los Angeles where on 13 August, with the Navy band playing and colors flying, the combined forces of Stockton and Frémont entered Pueblo de Los Angeles, without a man killed nor shot fired. Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie, Frémont's second in command, was appointed military commander of Los Angeles with from 30 to 50 troops stationed there to keep the peace.

In Pueblo de Los Angeles, the largest city in California with about 3,000 residents, things might have remained peaceful, except that Major Gillespie placed the town under martial law, greatly angering some of the Californios. On 23 September 1846, about 200-300 Californios under Gen. José María Flores staged a revolt, the Siege of Los Angeles, and exchanged shots with the Americans in their quarters at the Government House. Gillespie and his men withdrew from their headquarters in town to Fort Hill which, unfortunately, had no water. Gillespie was caught in a trap, badly outnumbered by the besiegers. John Brown, an American, called by the Californios Juan Flaco, meaning "Lean John", succeeded in breaking through the Californio lines and riding to San Francisco Bay (a distance of almost 400 miles) in an amazing 52 hours where he delivered to Stockton a dispatch from Gillespie notifying him of the situation. Gillespie, on 30 September, finally accepted the terms of capitulation and departed for San Pedro with his forces, weapons and flags plus two cannon (the others were spiked and left behind), accompanied by the exchanged American prisoners and several American residents. It would take about four months of intermittent sparing before Gillespie could raise the same American flag again in Los Angeles.

After news of the Los Angeles revolt reached northern California, Frémont was asked to enlarge his battalion and head for Los Angeles to join with Stockton's men to retake the city. Volunteers rapidly enlarged his force to about 450 men plus more stationed in various northern California towns to keep the peace. The California Trail by this time was starting to deliver a new collection of American colonists and potential recruits—an estimated 1,500 would arrive in 1846.

San Juan Bautista was the marshaling area for Frémont's forces of about 450 men of the California Battalion en route to joining up with Commodore Robert Stockton's and General Stephen W. Kearny's forces (about 500 men) converging on Los Angeles to put down a sputtering revolt there. An American scouting party was attacked by a force of mounted Californios on the Rancho La Natividad in the Salinas Valley. The Californios were attempting to capture some horses being herded by the Americans. A battle ensued in which the Californio force killed four Americans and wounded more. The American volunteers were buried on the Rancho Los Vergeles. The Californios reported no dead and 5 wounded. The Americans reported several Californios killed and wounded. As the Californios retreated the Americans did not give chase. The Walla Walla and Delaware Indian detachment fighting with the Americans fought aggressively and bravely, displaying two scalps they had taken during the conflict.

Commodore Stockton and (brevet) Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny met at San Diego in December 1846 after being rescued by Stockton's men. Kearny, wounded and with only about 60 unwounded men after the fiasco of the Battle of San Pasqual was ambiguous as to his status. The rank of Commodore and Brigadier General were roughly equivalent (both one star titles) so it was not clear who had superior rank.

In late 1846 Frémont, acting under orders from Commodore Robert F. Stockton to retake the California cities as he marched overland to Los Angeles, led the California Battalion, now expanded to about 400 men, to capture Santa Barbara, California. Frémont led his unit over the Santa Ynez Mountains at San Marcos Pass, in a rainstorm on the night of 24 December 1846.  In spite of losing many of his horses, mules, and cannon, which slid down the muddy slopes during the rainy night, his men regrouped in the foothills the next morning, and recaptured the Presidio without bloodshed.  Stockton and Kearny by ship went to San Diego and from there marched on Los Angeles with a combined force of about 500 sailors, marines and Army Dragoons. A few days later Fremont led his men southeast towards Los Angeles, accepting the surrender of Andrés Pico on the Cahuenga Plain on 13 January 1847.

Frémont specifically quoted his title as California Battalion commander in the Treaty of Cahuenga: To All Who These Presents Shall Come, Greeting: Know Ye, that in consequence of propositions of peace, or cessation of hostilities, being submitted to me, as Commandant of the California Battalion of the United States forces, which have so far been acceded to by me as to cause me to appoint a board of commissioners to confer with a similar board appointed by the Californians, and it requiring a little time to close the negotiations; it is agreed upon and ordered by me that an entire cessation of hostilities shall take place until to-morrow afternoon (13 January), and that the said Californians be permitted to bring in their wounded to the mission of San Fernando, where, also, if they choose, they can move their camp to facilitate said negotiations.

Both Kearny and Stockton though out-ranking Frémont wanted to avoid further hostilities and accepted the treaty negotiated by Frémont. On 16 January 1847, Commodore Stockton appointed Frémont military governor of California following the Treaty of Cahuenga signed by Frémont and Andrés Pico which ended the Mexican–American War in California.  However, U.S. Army Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny, who outranked Frémont (and was nominally of the same rank as Commodore Stockton) said he had orders from the President and Secretary of War to serve as governor and demanded that Frémont give up the position of California governor. Frémont, with conflicting orders, stubbornly refused to do this. As Kearny's forces steadily built up with the arrival of Colonel Jonathan D. Stevenson and his about 600 men in the 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers in March 1847 along with the departure of Commodore Robert Stockton left Frémont with almost no supporters. On 31 May 1847 Col. Richard B. Mason was appointed military governor of California by Kearny as he prepared to go back east over the California Trail. Kearny ordered Frémont to order his men to either sign up in the regular army or disburse.  Frémont said they would happily disburse as soon as they were paid—which was difficult since almost nobody had any cash money. Somehow money was secured and nearly all California Battalion members mustered out.

Kearny ordered Frémont to accompany him back east over the route of the California Trail. They were accompanied East by about 19 of Frémont's original scouting party who wanted to return home and a group of Mormon Battalion men who had re-enlisted to get back to their families and homes in Salt Lake City, Iowa and Nebraska. They went back East over the California Trail in reverse direction that most immigrants took. They buried some of the Donner party who had died in 1846 in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) mountains. When Kearny and Frémont arrived at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in August 1847, Kearny told Frémont to consider himself under arrest and to report to Washington, D.C. for court martial. There after an almost three-month trial he was finally convicted of mutiny but recommended for remediation to President James K. Polk. Polk quickly commuted Frémont's sentence of dishonorable discharge in light of his service in the war and offered him reinstatement of his army commission. Frémont however, considered his conviction an injustice and resigned his commission and moved back to California with his family settling on Rancho Las Mariposas that Thomas O. Larkin had bought for him at his request. Reportedly there was $10,000,000 worth of gold found on this Mariposa ranch in later years although Frémont had to fight with the many squatters who mined much of the gold.

Battalion Organization

Commanding officer: Lt.-Colonel John C. Frémont US Army
Second in command: Major Archibald Gillespie USMC

The battalion was organized into eight companies:

Co. A. Capt. Richard "Dick" Owens (Owens Valley; Owens River) Wm. N. Loker, 1st lieutenant, appointed adjutant, 10 Feb. 1847; B.M. Hudspeth, 2d lieutenant, appointed captain, Feb. 1847, Wm. Findlay, 2nd lieutenant, appointed captain, Feb. 1847.
Co. B. Capt. Henry L. Ford (nephew of Mary Todd Lincoln); Andrew Copeland, 1st lieutenant.
Co. C. Capt. Granville P. Swift; Wm. Baldridge, 1st lieutenant; Wm. Hartgrove, 2nd lieutenant.
Co. D. Capt. John Sears; Wm. Bradshaw, 1st lieutenant.
Co. E. Capt. John Grigsby; Archibald Jesse, 1st lieutenant.
Co. F. Capt. Lansford W. Hastings (Hastings Cut-Off fame); Wornbough, 1st lieutenant; J.M. Hudspeth, 2nd lieutenant.
Co. G. Capt. Bluford K. "Hell Roaring" Thompson; Davis 1st lieutenant; Rock, 2nd lieutenant.
Co. H. Capt. Richard T. Jacob; Edwin Bryant, 1st lieutenant (afterwards alcalde at San Francisco); Geo. M. Lippincott, 2nd lieutenant (of New York). About 34 Indians were in this company. The Indians typically were employed as scouts and guards in front and in back of the column while transiting.
Co. Artillery. Capt. Louis McLane U.S. Navy, (in charge of their two small cannons) (promoted to major); John. K. Wilson, 1st lieutenant, (appointed captain in January, 1847); Wm. Blackburn, 2nd lieutenant. (later alcalde of Santa Cruz).
And outriders, hunters, couriers, and scouts, including Delaware, Cosumnes River, 10 Walla Walla and Chinook Indians, scouts Kit Carson (enrolled as a Lieutenant) and Scout Alexis Godey, captain (appointed by Stockton);.

Officers on detached Service and doing Duty at the South.–Samuel J. Hensley, captain; S. Gibson, captain (lanced through the body at Battle of San Pasqual); Miguel Pedrorena, captain, Spaniard (appointed by Stockton); Santiago Argüello, captain, Californian (appointed by Stockton); Bell, captain (appointed by Stockton), old resident of California (Los Angeles); H. Rhenshaw, 1st lieutenant, (appointed by Stockton); Jas. Barton, captain (appointed by Stockton); L. Arguello, captain, Californian (appointed by Stockton).

The complete roster of the California Battalion is given by the following two references.

References

Conquest of California
Military units and formations of the Mexican–American War
1846 establishments in Alta California
Military history of California
History of Los Angeles County, California
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
1847 in Alta California
1848 in Alta California
1848 in California


The Ontario Cottage is a style of house that was commonly built in 19th century Ontario, Canada. The Ontario Cottage became popular in the 1820s and remained a common style until the end of that century. They were mainly built in rural and small town areas, less so in larger cities. This was the period in which European settlers first populated the interior of the province, and throughout it Ontario Cottages are some of the oldest houses.

The Ontario Cottage is essentially a Regency-style structure, with symmetrical, rectangular plans. The style was efficient and easy to build for settlers with limited resources. The typical cottage had one-and-a-half storeys and large windows, made possible by relatively cheap mass-produced glass. The most distinctive feature of the Ontario Cottage was the single gable above the door in the centre of the building. By the second half of the 19th century Gothic had become the most popular architectural style in Canada. Many Ontario Cottages built during this era incorporate Gothic ornamentation, most often added to the gable.

References
 Kalman, Harold D. A History of Canadian Architecture. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994.
 Robert Mikel. Ontario House Styles. James Lorimer & Company, 2004

Housing in Canada
House types
Regency architecture in Canada
Culture of Ontario


The 2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships were held between 12 March and 15 March 2009 in the Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, BC, Canada.

Schedule

Medal summary

Men's events

Note: TR = Track record

Women's events

Note: TR = Track record

Medal table

References
 Official results

2009 World Single Distance
2009 in speed skating
World Single Distance, 2009
Sport in Vancouver
World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships


True to Life may refer to:

True to Life (Ray Charles album), 1977
 True to Life (film), a 1943 film directed by George Marshall
 "True to Life", a song by Roxy Music on the 1982 album Avalon
True to Life (Lisette Melendez album), 1994


Pirates of Tortuga is a 1961 DeLuxe Color American swashbuckler film which invented an alternate history for the actual Welsh privateer Henry Morgan. It was released in October 1961 in the United States in CinemaScope.

Plot
In the 17th century, a Welsh captain (Ken Scott) and his crew are dispatched to the Spanish-controlled island of Tortuga, where famed privateer Henry Morgan (Robert Stephens) has defected from his support of the English empire and is running a strictly piratical venture, stopping any and all vessels, including British carriers. Since the captain cannot attack the island without incurring the wrath of the Spanish government, he must go one-on-one with Morgan himself.

A comely female (Leticia Roman) inadvertently stows away on the captain's vessel and becomes the de facto central focus of the story (Morgan doesn't appear until the latter half of the film). She is initially deposited on the nearby island of Jamaica, where she makes a halfhearted play for the colonial governor, but eventually readjusts her sights on the captain himself. In the meantime, the captain fully engages in pursuing the pirate Morgan.

Cast

Production
The film was made by Sam Katzman's unit at 20th Century Fox. Their first film had been The Wizard of Baghdad. He did this under a verbal agreement with Buddy Adler then in September 1960 Robert Goldstein signed him to a three-picture contract. These were to be Gentlemen Pirates written by Mel Levy, a film about Mississippi gamblers written by Jesse Lasky Jr. and Pat Silver, and Cypress Gardens by Lou Morheim. In the end he wound up making only one movie at Fox, Pirates of Tortuga (1961).

Robert Webb signed to direct in December 1960. The same month, singer Dave King was signed to play a support role. Robert Stephens was then also under contract to Fox and was put in the cast. So too was Rafer Johnson. It was the first lead for Ken Scott who had been under contract to Fox for five years.

Filming started 11 January 1961. The film was shot entirely on the Fox backlot in Los Angeles, using the water tank that had been created for the TV series Adventures in Paradise. Johnson later recalled filming scenes of steering the boat "as a lot of fun, as were the scenes of fencing and hand to hand combat."

Reception
The Los Angeles Times called the film "pure costume".

References

External links

 Pirates of Tortuga at TCMDB

Pirates of Tortuga at BFI

 Pirates of Torutga at British Film Institute

1961 films
20th Century Fox films
Pirate films
CinemaScope films
Films set in Haiti
Films directed by Robert D. Webb
Films set in the 17th century
Cultural depictions of Henry Morgan
1960s historical films
American historical films
Films scored by Paul Sawtell
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


William Murray Smith (23 October 1930 – 1 October 2010) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born at Cardale, Manitoba and became a barrister by career.

After an unsuccessful attempt in the 1957 election, Smith was elected at the Winnipeg North riding in the 1958 general election and served one term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, before his defeat at Winnipeg North in the 1962 election. He was also unsuccessful in his campaign at Winnipeg North Centre in the 1974 election.

During the 1990s, Murray Smith became a key player in Royal Club International and then Chateau World where he was named as the President of that corporation.

Smith died at the Agape Hospice in Calgary from cancer, aged 79.

References

External links

1930 births
2010 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Deaths from cancer in Alberta


In mathematics, the concept of a relatively hyperbolic group is an important generalization of  the geometric group theory concept of a hyperbolic group. The motivating examples of relatively hyperbolic groups are the fundamental groups of complete noncompact hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume.

Intuitive definition

A group G is relatively hyperbolic with respect to a subgroup H if, after contracting the Cayley graph of G along H-cosets, the resulting graph equipped with the usual graph metric becomes a δ-hyperbolic space and, moreover, it satisfies a technical condition which implies that quasi-geodesics with common endpoints travel through approximately the same collection of cosets and enter and exit these cosets in approximately the same place.

Formal definition

Given a finitely generated group G with Cayley graph Γ(G) equipped with the path metric and a subgroup H of G, one can construct the coned off Cayley graph  as follows:  For each left coset gH, add a vertex  v(gH) to the Cayley graph Γ(G) and for each element x of gH, add an edge e(x) of length 1/2 from x to the vertex v(gH). This results in a metric space that may not be proper (i.e. closed balls need not be compact).

The definition of a relatively hyperbolic group, as formulated by Bowditch goes as follows. A group G is said to be hyperbolic relative to a subgroup H  if the coned off Cayley graph  has the properties:
 It is δ-hyperbolic and
 it is fine: for each integer L, every edge belongs to only finitely many simple cycles of length L.
If only the first condition holds then the group G is said to be weakly relatively hyperbolic with respect to H.

The definition of the coned off Cayley graph can be generalized to the case of a collection of subgroups and yields the corresponding notion of relative hyperbolicity. A group G which contains no collection of subgroups with respect to which it is relatively hyperbolic is said to be a non relatively hyperbolic group.

Properties

 If a group G is relatively hyperbolic with respect to a hyperbolic group H, then G itself is hyperbolic.

 If a group G is relatively hyperbolic with respect to a group H then it acts as a geometrically finite convergence group on a compact space, its Bowditch boundary

 If a group G is relatively hyperbolic with respect to a group H that has solvable word problem, then G has solvable word problem (Farb), and if H has solvable conjugacy problem, then G has solvable conjugacy problem (Bumagin)

 If a group G is torsion-free relatively hyperbolic with respect to a group H, and H has a finite classifying space, then so does G (Dahmani)

 If a group G is relatively hyperbolic with respect to a group H that satisfies the Farrell-Jones conjecture, then G satisfies the Farrell-jones conjecture (Bartels).

 More generally, in many cases (but not all, and not easily or systematically), a property satisfied by all hyperbolic groups and byH can be suspected to be satisfied by G

 The isomorphism problem for virtually torsion-free relatively hyperbolic groups when the peripheral subgroups are finitely generated nilpotent (Dahmani, Touikan)

Examples

 Any hyperbolic group, such as a free group of finite rank or the fundamental group of a hyperbolic surface, is hyperbolic relative to the trivial subgroup.
 The fundamental group of a complete hyperbolic manifold of finite volume is hyperbolic relative to its cusp subgroup.  A similar result holds for any complete finite volume Riemannian manifold with pinched negative sectional curvature.
 The free abelian group Z2 of rank 2 is weakly hyperbolic, but not hyperbolic, relative to the cyclic subgroup Z: even though the graph  is hyperbolic, it is not fine.
 The free product of a group H with any hyperbolic group, is relatively hyperbolic, relative to H
 Limit groups appearing as limits of free groups are relatively hyperbolic, relative to some free abelian subgroups.
 The semi-direct product of a free group by an infinite cyclic group is relatively hyperbolic, relative to some canonical subgroups.
 Combination theorems and small cancellation techniques allow to construct new examples from previous ones.
 The mapping class group of an orientable finite type surface is either hyperbolic (when 3g+n<5, where g is the genus and n is the number of punctures) or is not relatively hyperbolic with respect to any subgroup.
 The automorphism group and the outer automorphism group of a free group of finite rank at least 3 are not relatively hyperbolic.

References

 Mikhail Gromov, Hyperbolic groups, Essays in group theory, Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ., 8, 75-263, Springer, New York, 1987.
 Denis Osin, Relatively hyperbolic groups: Intrinsic geometry, algebraic properties, and algorithmic problems, arXiv:math/0404040v1 (math.GR), April 2004.
 Benson Farb, Relatively hyperbolic groups, Geom. Funct. Anal. 8 (1998), 810–840.
 Jason Behrstock, Cornelia Druţu, Lee Mosher, Thick metric spaces, relative hyperbolicity, and quasi-isometric rigidity, arXiv:math/0512592v5 (math.GT), December 2005.
 Daniel Groves and Jason Fox Manning, Dehn filling in relatively hyperbolic groups,  arXiv:math/0601311v4 [math.GR], January 2007.

Geometric group theory


Problem-Oriented Development is an emerging paradigm of computing that emphasises problems (as opposed to requirements) as the primary subject of scrutiny by software engineers. As such, Problem-Oriented Development is concerned with:
 Investigating the structure of organisational problems as addressed by Software Engineering;
 Providing formalisms for modelling and representing problems;
 Providing guidance and frameworks for problem analysis and decomposition;
 Defining techniques for formally justifying solutions (e.g. by associating problem components with solution components);
 Supporting knowledge reuse during problem analysis (e.g. through problem patterns).

Specific Approaches
 Problem-Oriented Software Engineering provides a formal definition of problems, and a framework for associating problems with solutions through formal, logical arguments;
 Problem Frames provide a framework for defining empirical models of software engineering problems which are grounded in the physical world. The Problem Frames approach also provides a set of elementary problem patterns;
 The Domain Theory  hypothesises a set of cognitive "deep structures" corresponding to components of domain knowledge and draws on these to provide a framework for modelling software problems.

Research Influences of Problem-Oriented Development

Knowledge Engineering is a field of computer science which offers a significant body of work on problem-solving methods. Problem-solving methods are patterns of reasoning that are applied to solve specific problems. The work on problem abstractions within knowledge engineering can therefore provide a basis for research in software engineering.

Cognitive Science, which may be defined as the study of the nature of intelligence, offers a basis for studying the cognitive structures that domain experts develop of problems, as well as for better understanding human approaches to problem solving. The Domain Theory is one example of the influence of cognitive science in Problem-Oriented Development research.

Events
 The First International Workshop on Problem-Oriented Development (POD-2009) will be hosted by the TOOLS-EUROPE 2009 conference.

References

Software development process