This article lists the prime ministers of Suriname from 1949 to 1988. In 1988 the position of Prime Minister of Suriname was abolished and replaced by a vice president, who chairs the Council of Ministers ex officio.

List of prime ministers

Political parties

Status

Timeline

See also
 Politics of Suriname
 List of deputy prime ministers of Suriname
 List of colonial governors of Suriname
 President of Suriname
 First Lady of Suriname
 Vice President of Suriname

Notes

References

External links
 World Statesmen – Suriname

Suriname
Prime ministers
Main


JellyCar (originally known as JelloCar) is the first in a series of 2D driving and side scrolling platform games developed by Tim FitzRandolph and released under the pseudonym Walaber. Initially released independently through Xbox Live Indie Games and later ported to devices using Apple's iOS operating system, JellyCar requires players to drive a car across a two-dimensional landscape while maintaining balance by means of (in the case of platforms on which it is supported) accelerometers. The game features soft body physics that give it its distinctive gameplay and style. JellyCar's success led FitzRandolph's employer at the time, Disney Interactive Studios, to pick up the series and release two sequels for multiple platforms. As of December 8, 2022, FitzRandolph, now an independent developer, has released a new sequel, JellyCar Worlds, with permission from Disney.

Gameplay

In JellyCar, players drive a small car across various platforms and through obstacles in order to reach the goal. The player's car is made out of a gelatinous substance (hence the name), giving it both flexibility and durability. As the player advances through the level, a meter begins to fill; when it fills to capacity, the player can make the car expand and grow into a monster truck, allowing it to traverse larger obstacles for a short period of time.

Development
JellyCar designer Tim FitzRandolph began developing the game in his spare time at home while working with Disney Interactive Studios. His first version of the game (and a level editor) was created using Microsoft's XNA development tools and released through the Indie Games community on Xbox Live for the Xbox 360 gaming console in February 2008. In a November 2011 interview, FitzRandolph explained his intentions with JellyCar:

After Apple unveiled the App Store, FitzRandolph purchased an iPod Touch with the intent of porting the game to the device. The iOS version was first released in October 2008.

Reception of JellyCar
JellyCar has received generally positive reviews. Zach Okkema, reviewing the iOS version for Macworld.com, said the game was "a fun way to pass the time—particularly for kids". Jeff Noble of appadvice.com said that JellyCar was "charming, fun, simple and crazily addictive".

JellyCar 2

Soon after the release of the original JellyCar on the Apple App Store, FitzRandolph approached Disney Mobile, the mobile gaming division of Disney Interactive Studios, about producing a sequel to the game. Disney Mobile, in need of a new gaming property, agreed to help develop and publish the game. The sequel was codeveloped by Disney Mobile Games Studios that is based in Beijing. New features offered in the sequel included additional abilities for the car, such as balloons and adhesive tires, and the addition of a built in level editor. FitzRandolph would later describe the experience as "exciting" and "overwhelming":

JellyCar 2 was first released on iOS devices in November 2009, but was later ported to other devices. An iPad-enhanced version launched day-and-date with the iPad itself in April 2010. That November, JellyCar 2 was released as a PlayStation Mini on Sony's PlayStation Portable system. In 2011, JellyCar 2 was ported to Nintendo's two major download services, WiiWare (in January) and DSiWare (in March).

Reception of JellyCar 2
The reviews of JellyCar 2 have been generally positive. Lisa Cowdell of Gamezebo said that the iOS version was "a tasty title you probably want to give a spin", but that the controls could sometimes be "downright frustrating". PSPMinis.com said that the PlayStation Portable version was "a well conceived game that is simple but 'non-frustratingly' challenging".

The reviews for the two Nintendo versions were more mixed. In its review of the DSiWare version, Nintendo Life's Jacob Crites said that JellyCar 2 was "DSiWare done right: fun, pick-up-and play-style gameplay with a variety of options and tons of replay value", but that "the DSiWare size limitations haven't been kind", noting that the level editor was removed to conserve space. As to the WiiWare version, Patrick Elliott, also writing for Nintendo Life, said the game was "a sweet little port that spreads it on thick". However, IGN's Audrey Drake said the WiiWare version was "a downgrade from its mobile predecessors thanks to wonky controls, barely upgraded graphics, and no online connectivity".

JellyCar 3

A second sequel to the original game, JellyCar 3 was released in February 2011 on the Apple App Store. As before, JellyCar 3 added more features to the game, such as replays/ghost replays, car customization, and secret goals. A rewind feature was also added, allowing players to back up on the current level and resume at a chosen point; a total of ten rewinds were available, with extra rewinds as in-app purchases. A March 2011 update added new car shapes, new customization options, leaderboards, and the ability to race ghost replays of other players.

Reception of JellyCar 3
Reviews of JellyCar 3 have been generally favorable, with a Metacritic rating of 84, based on seven reviews. Steve McCaskill of Pocket Gamer said the game was "an addictive combination of driving and physics-based platforming that manages to overcome one or two minor control issues". In the review for SlideToPlay.com, Chris Reed said that JellyCar 3 was "a bouncy, wildly creative romp" and that the March 2011 update "brings more value to an already great game".

Discontinuation and removal of JellyCar 2 & 3
Disney Interactive Studios retired JellyCar 2 & 3, along with many other applications in Spring 2014. They are no longer available for download.

JellyCar Worlds

In June 2021, for the first time since 2010, Walaber announced on his Twitter page and website that a new installment in the series known as JellyCar Worlds was now in development. Progress on updates is broadcast via Twitch. Walaber also posts videos relating to JellyCar Worlds on his TikTok and Twitter accounts, and makes devlogs on his YouTube channel. The game is currently available for $7.99 on Nintendo Switch and Steam, and is included with Apple Arcade on Apple iOS.

References

External links
JellyCar for iPhone and iPod touch (App Store link)

Android (operating system) games
Disney Interactive franchises
DSiWare games
iOS games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Portable games
Indie games
WiiWare games
Video games developed in China
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox 360 Live Indie games
Racing video games
Platformers
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2008


Giuseppe Berto (27 December 1914 – 1 November 1978) was an Italian writer and screenwriter.  He is mostly known for his novels Il cielo è rosso (The Sky Is Red) and Il male oscuro.

He was a prisoner at Camp Hereford from 1943 to 1946.

Selected works
 Il cielo è rosso a novel, published in 1947, about a group of displaced teenagers during World War II (The Sky Is Red – translation by Angus Davidson)
 Opere di Dio short stories, published in 1948 (The Works of God and Other Stories – translation by Angus Davidson)
 Il brigante a novel, published in 1951 (The Brigand – translation by Angus Davidson)
 Il male oscuro a "novel of neurosis and psychoanalysis", which in 1964 won him the Viareggio Prize and the Campiello Prize (Incubus – translation by William Weaver)
 La cosa buffa a novel, published in 1966 (Antonio in Love – translation by William Weaver)
 Anonimo Veneziano a novel, published in 1971 (Anonymous Venetian – translation by Valerie Southorn)
 La Passione secondo noi stessi (The Passion According to Ourselves), a 1972 play (not translated into English)
 La gloria a novel, published in 1978, about Judas's betrayal of Jesus (not translated into English)

Selected filmography
 Eleonora Duse (1947)
 La tua donna (1954)
 The Wanderers (1956)

Screenwriter
Partial list of screenplays written by Berto:

 "Il cielo è rosso" (The Sky is Red), film directed by Claudio Gora
 "La cosa buffa" (The Funny Thing), film directed by Aldo Lado
 "Salvo D'Acquisto", film directed by Romolo Guerrieri (1974)
 "Il male oscuro" (Dark Illness), film directed by Mario Monicelli
 "Anonimo veneziano" (The Anonymous Venetian), film directed by Enrico Maria Salerno (1970)
 "Oh, Serafina!", film directed by Alberto Lattuada (1976)

References

External links

 "The girl goes to Calabria" at The Short Story Project.

1914 births
1978 deaths
People from Mogliano Veneto
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Viareggio Prize winners
Bancarella Prize winners
Premio Campiello winners
Italian male novelists
Italian male screenwriters


Teatret Vårt is a regional theatre for Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It was established in 1972 and is based in Molde. The theatre cooperates with the annual Molde International Jazz Festival. Carl Morten Amundsen has been the theatre director since 2000.

References

Theatres in Norway
Culture in Møre og Romsdal
1972 establishments in Norway
Buildings and structures in Molde


The Cake Sale is a 2006 charity album involving the collected works of a group of Irish and international musicians calling themselves The Cake Sale. The album features artists such as Snow Patrol's Gary Lightbody, Lisa Hannigan, Damien Rice, Josh Ritter, Glen Hansard, Neil Hannon, members of Bell X1 and Nina Persson of The Cardigans. These were brought together by Brian Crosby, a member of Bell X1 at the time. The album had sold 35,000 copies and raised over €250,000 in Ireland by November 2007. That month it was announced that the album would be released globally to increase donations. It peaked at #3 in the Irish Albums Chart, having spent eighteen weeks there.

Album information
The album was recorded by a group of Irish and international musicians to raise funds for the charity Oxfam Ireland's Make Trade Fair campaign. Proceeds are added to the charity's “unrestricted fund” to support projects in ten African countries, countries such as Tanzania, Malawi, Uganda and Sudan. Crosby said the album's success “completely exceeded expectations”, with the artists hoping it would go gold to cover their costs. All the publishing royalties raised by the album benefit Oxfam as well, an unusual occurrence for a charity album. Worldwide rights were negotiated and a label, Oxfam Publishing, was established to administer the royalties. Oxfam Ireland had little experience in such dealings and left it to the musicians to negotiate the project. Crosby says the album's success has raised the charity's profile and it was released digitally in the United Kingdom on 10 September in the United States on Yep Roc Records on 16 October 2007.

Track listing
The album contains nine tracks and is thirty-five minutes in length.

Reaction
The national broadcaster RTÉ gave the album a five star rating, describing it as "a commendable effort by a large group of musicians who genuinely want to help" and saying it was deserving of its rating "if not always for the music then definitely for the effort". "Some Surprise" and "Too Many People" were deemed the type of songs most of the artists would be happy to have as singles. However, RTÉ questioned some of the album's weaknesses such as "Vapour Trail" – described as "not Paul Noonan's best song nor is it Josh Ritter's best performance" – and the Conor Deasy–penned "Good Intentions Rust" – dismissed as "just as lightweight as anything The Thrills have produced".

Live performances
Plans for a full live performance of the album proved difficult to negotiate, with so many artists involved and so much difficulty with scheduling. However, Gary Lightbody and Lisa Hannigan performed an exclusive live duet of the song "Some Surprise" at the 2008 Meteor Awards in Dublin.

Chart performance
The Cake Sale spent eighteen weeks in the Irish Albums Chart, peaking at #3.

References

2006 albums
Albums by Irish artists
Charity albums


Chris Rossouw is a South African rugby union player, born 14 November 1976 in Bellville (South Africa). He has played for the South Africa national rugby union team and plays as fly half for the Free State Cheetahs (1.87 m and 92 kg). He is the brother of ex-Springbok wing and current backline coach of the Bulls, Pieter Rossouw.

Career

Club
 2005 - 2008 : RC Toulonnais

Province
 1997-2005 : Western Province (1997- under 21, 1998 and 1999- reserves, played in Currie Cup)
 Since 2008 : Free State Cheetahs

Franchise
 2001-2005 : Stormers (Super 12)

Honours

Club
 Rugby Pro D2 : 2008

Province
 Winner of Currie Cup : 2000, 2001 with Western Province

National team
 5 caps for South Africa national rugby union team

External links
  Player profile at lequipe.fr
  Statistics at itsrugby.fr

South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
1976 births
Living people
Stormers players
Western Province (rugby union) players
Free State Cheetahs players
Alumni of Paarl Gimnasium
Rugby union players from the Western Cape


Janet Beaton, Lady of Branxholme and Buccleugh (1519–1569) was an aristocratic Scottish woman and a mistress of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell.
She had a total of five husbands. One of her nieces was Mary Beaton, one of the four ladies-in-waiting of Mary, Queen of Scots, known in history as the four Marys. In her lifetime, she was accused of having been a witch. Janet was immortalised as Sir Walter Scott's Wizard Lady of Branxholm in his celebrated narrative poem "Lay of the Last Minstrel".

Family
Janet was born in 1519, one of the eleven children of Sir John Beaton, 2nd Laird of Creich and Janet Hay, daughter of John Hay, provost of Dundee by his wife Elizabeth Crichton. Her father was the hereditary keeper of Falkland Palace. Her brother was Robert Beaton, 4th Laird of Creich, and her sister, Elizabeth Beaton was a mistress of King James V of Scotland, by whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Jean Stewart. Her niece was Mary Beaton, one of the celebrated ladies-in-waiting of Mary, Queen of Scots, known as "the four Marys". Janet was also related to Cardinal David Beaton and Mary's ambassador to France, James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow.

Marriages and children
Janet married her first husband, Sir James Crichton of Cranston Riddell in 1538 when she was nineteen years of age. In 1540, a year after Sir James's death, she married Sir Simon Preston of Craigmillar Castle; they were divorced in 1543 on grounds of consanguinity and her own admitted adultery with her future third husband. Sometime before June 1544 Janet married, as his third wife, Sir Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, Chief of the Clan Scott (1495- 4 October 1552), by whom she had five children:
 Walter Scott
 David Scott
 Grisel Scott (born 1552), married firstly, William Borthwick, 6th Lord Borthwick (d. 1599), by whom she had five sons; she married secondly, Walter Cairncross.
 Janet Scott, married in 1565 firstly John Cranstoun of Cranstoun, by whom she had issue; she married secondly, Robert Scott of Haining.
 Margaret Scott, said to have married Robert Scott of Thirlestane, by whom she had issue.

In 1550, Janet's husband Walter Scott was appointed Warden of the Middle March and the following year, Warden and Justiciar of Liddesdale. On 4 October 1552 he was killed in a skirmish in Edinburgh's High Street with members of his clan's rivals, the Clan Kerr who ran him through with swords.

Janet Beaton had rights over the mills in Musselburgh inherited from her first husband. During the war of the Rough Wooing the mills were damaged by an English sympathiser, an "assured Scot", Peter Durie from Saltoun. Beaton was awarded compensation for her losses in 1554 and Durie was executed.

In 1558, Janet marched at the head of an armed party consisting of two hundred members of her clan to the Kirk of St. Mary of the Lowes in Yarrow, where she knocked down the doors in an attempt to apprehend Sir Peter Cranstoun. Janet was brought before the Justice; however a warrant issued by the regent Marie of Guise brought the proceedings against her to a halt.

Janet had a total of five husbands.

Affair with Bothwell
Janet had many love affairs throughout her life, the most significant of these began sometime around  the year 1558 with James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. He was twenty-four at the time and she was almost forty. Janet was described as having possessed "an unfading beauty", combined with audacity, determination and sexuality. Her ageless beauty was attributed to Janet's practice of sorcery, and it was rumoured that she and Bothwell may have gone through a form of "hand-fasting" ceremony.

Janet Beaton was immortalised by Sir Walter Scott in his narrative poem "Lay of the Last Minstrel" as Wizard Lady of Branxholm,  who could '"bond to her bidding the viewless forms of air". Bothwell would go on to marry in 1566 Lady Jean Gordon a wealthy Highlander heiress, the sister of the 5th Earl of Huntly; immediately following his divorce from Jean in 1567, he became the third husband of Queen Mary of Scotland.

In 1567, following the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Janet Beaton's name was written on a placard in Edinburgh accusing her of having used witchcraft to influence the queen in consenting to her second husband's murder by Bothwell and the other conspirators. The same sorcery perpetrated by Janet was allegedly used against Queen Mary which caused her to become enamoured of Earl Bothwell. At Dunbar Castle, Janet was one of the three attendants of Queen Mary following the latter's abduction by Bothwell. The other two women were Bothwell's widowed sister, Jean Hepburn, and Janet's younger sister Margaret Beaton.

Janet Beaton died in January 1568/9.

Janet's sister Margaret Beaton, born about 1526, married Arthur Forbes, 4th Laird of Rires in the parish of Kilconquhar and had two sons with him before his death in 1586. She was one of the ladies of Mary, Queen of Scots. When the queen had gone into labour with her son James VI and I on 19 June 1566, by the magic of the Countess Atholl, Margaret bore her pains by proxy. She may have acted as wet-nurse to the future king.

References

 Antonia Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, Dell Publishing Co., Inc., New York, March 1971, originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969
 Stirnet.com

1519 births
1569 deaths
16th-century Scottish people
History of the Scottish Borders
16th-century Scottish women
People from Fife
Witchcraft in Scotland
Women in European warfare
Women in 16th-century warfare


The Southwest Grassfields, traditionally called Western Momo when considered part of the Momo group or when Momo is included in Grassfields, are a small branch of the Southern Bantoid languages spoken in the Western grassfields of Cameroon.

The languages are Manta (Tanka, Batakpa), Balo (Alunfa), Osatu, Busam, Menka–Atoŋ.

Several of these have been classified as Tivoid, a position reflected in Ethnologue.

Classification
Blench (2010) recognises five coordinate subgroups within Southwest Grassfields.
Southwest Grassfields
Busam
Menka, Atong
Tanka, Bantakpa, Manta
Osatu
Alunfa, Balo

Footnotes

References
Blench, Roger (2010) Classification of Momo and West Momo
Roger Blench (2010) The Tivoid Languages

Grassfields Bantu languages
Languages of Cameroon


The Momo languages are a group of Grassfields languages spoken in the Western High Plateau of Cameroon.

The languages are:
Meta' (Moghamo)–Ngamambo, Mundani, Ngie (Mengum), Ngoshie, Ngwo (Basa, Konda), Njen, Amasi

Ethnologue 16 adds Menka, but that is a Southwest Grassfields (West Momo) language.

Blench (2010) notes there is little evidence that Momo belongs among the Grassfields languages as it has been traditionally classified. (The erstwhile West Momo languages are clearly in the Grassfields family.) Momo may actually be closer to the poorly established Tivoid group, though that may be an effect of contact.

See also
Momo word lists (Wiktionary)

References

Blench, Roger. 2010. The Momo and 'Western Momo' languages: branches of Grassfields.

Languages of Cameroon
Southern Bantoid languages


Rogaland Teater is a theatre in Stavanger, Norway.

Background
The theatre building was built in 1883 on a parcel of Kannik prestegård. It was designed by architect Hartvig Sverdrup Eckhoff, and initially held close to 500 seats. The building housed Stavanger Faste Scene from 1914 to 1921, and Stavanger Teater from 1921 to 1926. Several changes have been made to the building over the years, including enlargements and modifications in 1951, 1974, 1980, and 2001.

Rogaland Teater opened on 9 September 1947. A working committee had been established in 1946, and after subscription for shares and financial support from Rogaland county administration and several of the municipalities in Rogaland, the theatre was established on 6 June 1947. Its first director was Øistein Børke, from 1947 to 1949. Later directors were Jens Bolling, from 1949 to 1951 and Kjell Stormoen, from 1951 to 1952. Claes Gill was theatre director from 1952 to 1956 and during his period, the venue got a new profile, with lower ticket prices and a new marketing strategy. His interpretation of Jeppe in Holberg's Jeppe på Bjerget became part of Norwegian theatre history.

Gisle Straume was theatre director from 1956 to 1958. During his tenure, the theatre staged Andreas Jacobsen's (artist name "Ajax") play De' smedle på Skansen, and Liv Ullmann had her breakthrough as Anne in Anne Franks dagbok. During Straume's leadership, the children's theatre () was established, initiated by Bjørn Endreson, with children playing the leading roles. Bjørn Endreson was director from 1960 to 1970, and he established the small stage "Mandagsteatret", which put on plays by contemporary dramatists, such as Eugène Ionesco and Samuel Beckett, and was a forerunner of "Intimscenen" from 1974. Arne Thomas Olsen directed the theatre from 1970 to 1976.

Kjetil Bang-Hansen was director from 1976 to 1982. During this period, the venue became one of the most central theatres in Norway. His adaption of Ibsen's verse play Peer Gynt received much acclaim, and it was also played at the Belgrade International Theatre Festival, gaining Bang-Hansen international recognition. He also staged a theatre adaption of Leo Tolstoj's  story "Kholstomer".

Later directors have been Alf Nordvang (1982–1986 and 1990–1991), Bentein Baardson from 1986 to 1989, Hans Rosenquist from 1989 to 1990, Ketil Egge from 1991 to 1994, Ola B. Johannessen from 1994 to 1997, Eirik Stubø from 1997 to 2000, Ingjerd Egeberg from 2000 to 2004, and Hanne Tømta from 2005 to 2008. Arne Nøst took on the role in 2008.

Awards
Actor Even Stormoen received both the Hedda Award for best stage performance and the Norwegian Critics Prize for Theatre for his role as Harpagon in Molière's Den gjerrige in 1998. The staff at Rogaland Teater received the Hedda Award in 2005 for their professional skill, while Nina Ellen Ødegård received the award for best stage performance, for her role as Josie in the play Måne for livets stebarn, also in 2005.

References

External links

Theatres completed in 1883
Theatres in Norway
Buildings and structures in Stavanger
Culture in Rogaland
1947 establishments in Norway
Tourist attractions in Stavanger
1883 establishments in Norway


Back to Front is the tenth album by English progressive rock band Caravan, released in 1982. Back to Front featured the original lineup of Richard Coughlan, Pye Hastings, Richard Sinclair and David Sinclair after 1971's In the Land of Grey and Pink and is the last studio album to feature that lineup.

Track listing
Side one

Side two

Personnel
Caravan
 Pye Hastings – lead vocals (tracks A2, B2-4), guitar; guitar solo (track B4)
 Dave Sinclair – piano, organ, Minimoog and Prophet synthesizers; lead vocals (track B1)
 Richard Sinclair – lead vocals (tracks A1, A3 & A4), bass guitar; guitar solo on "A.A. Man" (track A3)
 Richard Coughlan – drums and percussion; talking voice (track B4)

Additional personnel
 Saxophone solos by Mel Collins
 Recorded by Graeme Quinton-Jones and Jeremy Darby

Release information
 LP Kingdom 5011    (1982)
 CD Eclectic 1010   (2004 remaster)
 CD Eclectic 230448 (2005 remaster)

References

External links
 Caravan - Back to Front (1982) album review by Peter Kurtz, credits & releases at AllMusic.com
 Caravan - Back to Front (1982) album releases & credits at Discogs.com
 Caravan - Back to Front (1982) album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com

Caravan (band) albums
1982 albums


A Defence Review is the process by which government of the United Kingdom decides upon its overall defence policy and upon the means and resources devoted to achieving its defence objectives. Such reviews can happen when political or economic factors dictate, such as upon a change of Government. The Defence Review will normally result in the publication of a policy document, styled a White Paper and released to parliament as a Command paper, setting out the broad aims, objectives, and rationale for the policy and strategy.

Post World War II Defence Reviews

The United Kingdom governmental carries out Defence Reviews infrequently, usually upon a change of government or major political event, such as just after the Collapse of Communism. They can also be necessitated by economic crises, as in 1974 and 2010.

British Defence Reviews since the end of World War II include:

 The Harwood Review, 1949 (Labour). This was neither announced nor published. It was an attempt by Labour to keep the defence estimates at an average of £700 million a year over 1950-1951-1952. It was discarded when the Korean War broke out in June 1950 leading to rearmament.
 The Chiefs of Staff Report on Defence Policy and Global Strategy, 1952. The Chiefs stressed to the Conservative government the primacy of the Cold War threat, stating, "The Free World is menaced everywhere by the implacable and unlimited aims of Soviet Russia." Predicting a prolonged Cold War it urged three priorities: action to win the Cold War, deterring the Cold War, preparing for war.
 1957 Defence White Paper foreshadowed the end of national service, cut conventional forces, relied more on nuclear deterrence.
 1966 Defence White Paper canceled the BAC TSR2 strike and reconnaissance warplane as a replacement for V-bombers; announced plan to purchase American F-111 warplanes instead.
 1968 Healy, Mark II, announced a withdrawal from East of Suez, and cancellation of orders for F111.
 1974 Defence White Paper (also known as the Mason review) labor announced plans to concentrate on NATO central front, anti-submarine warfare, home defense, and nuclear deterrence, with a resumption of cuts to forces East of Suez after a hiatus on such cuts from 1970 to 1974 during the Heath Government.
 1981 Defence White Paper (also known as the John Nott review)
 1990 Options for Change
 1994 Front Line First
 1998 Strategic Defence Review
 Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010
 Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
 2021 Integrated Review and Defence in a Competitive Age

Other Defence Policy Statements

United Kingdom governments have also conducted policy reviews which cover specific aspects of defence but do not purport to be fundamental reappraisals of overall defence policy and strategy. Examples of these include:

 Front Line First
 SDR New Chapter
 Delivering Security in a Changing World
 Defence Industrial Strategy

Comparison with the United States
The main difference between the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence and the United States Department of Defense as pertains to the review cycle is frequency.  The U.S. DoD carries out its review, styled the Quadrennial Defense Review, on a set four-year cycle, whereas the UK MoD has no set timetable for any such review.

References

Further reading
 Baylis, John. (1995). Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1964 (Clarendon Press).
 Cornish, P. and A.M. Dorman. (2008) "Blair’s wars and Brown’s budgets: From strategic defence review to strategic decay in less than a decade"  International Affairs 85#2: 247–261 online
 Hennessy, Peter. (2012) Distilling the Frenzy: Writing the History of One's Own Times (Biteback Publishing) pp 23-36.
 Thomson, Catarina P., and David Blagden. "A Very British National Security State: Formal and informal institutions in the design of UK security policy." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20.3 (2018): 573-593. online
 UK Government. "A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews"  House of Commons. International Affairs and Defence Section. (19 October 2010). online by By Claire Mills, Louisa Brooke-Holland and Nigel Walker

British defence policymaking
Defence reviews and defence white papers


Rosebud Summit is a  peak that constitutes the northeasternmost point in the Rosebud Ridge of the White Mountains in central Alaska. The mountain is traversed by the trail of the annual Yukon Quest 1,000-mile sled dog race. It lends its name to nearby Rosebud Creek.

Notes

Mountains of Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
Mountains of Alaska
Landforms of Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
Yukon Quest
Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska


The Office of the Vice President includes personnel who directly support or advise the vice president of the United States. The office is headed by the chief of staff to the vice president of the United States, currently Lorraine Voles. The office also provides staffing and support to the second gentleman of the United States. It is primarily housed in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building (containing the vice president's ceremonial office), with offices for the vice president also in the West Wing, the U.S. Capitol, and in the vice president's official residence.

History
The vice president has three constitutional functions: to replace the president in the event of death, disability or resignation; to count the votes of electors for president and vice president and declare the winners before a joint session of Congress; and to preside over the Senate (with the role of breaking ties). According to Roger Sherman, a Connecticut congressional cabinet member and Founding Father, if the vice-president did not maintain the role of president of the Senate, then another member would have to occupy the neutral position and thus would make the Senate disproportionate.  Vice presidents had few official duties in the executive branch, and were thus considered part of the legislative branch for purposes of salary. Salary for staff of the Office of the Vice President continues to be funded through both legislative and executive branch appropriations.

For the first century and half of its history, the vice president had no staff other than a secretary and a personal assistant or two. This began to change with the 1939 Reorganization Act, which included an "Office of the Vice President" (who at the time was John Nance Garner), under the Executive Office of the President.

Vice President Henry Wallace was given actual executive duties during World War II, as was Alben Barkley, who became a member of the National Security Council in 1949.

The Office of the Vice President has been located in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building since the 1950s. The room in the EEOB was redesigned and included emblems of the Navy Department, coinciding with the office's original purpose, the process was spearheaded by a Boston interior designer, William McPherson. The vice president individually has also been provided an office in the West Wing since 1977. Much of the Office of the Vice President centers around the offices once provided to the secretary of the Navy when the Eisenhower building was first constructed.

Current staff

Office of the Vice President

 Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Vice President: Lorraine Voles
Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President: Erin Wilson
Assistant to the Chief of Staff: Yael Belkind
Personal Aide to the Vice President: Opal Vadhan
 Deputy Assistant to the President and Counsel to the Vice President: Erica Songer
Deputy Counsel to the Vice President: Nasrina Bargzie
Associate Counsel to the Vice President (detail): Stacey Young
Senior Counsel to the Vice President: Brandon Rios
Legal Advisor to the Vice President: Mat Hernandez
 Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor to the Vice President: Philip Gordon
 Deputy National Security Advisor to the Vice President: Rebecca Lissner
Executive Secretary and Special Advisor for Defense: James Martin
Special Advisor to the Vice President for National Security and Foreign Policy speechwriter: Dean Lieberman
Special Advisor to the Vice President for Southeast Asia and Oceania: Adam Farrar
Special Advisor to the Vice President for Africa: Cecily Brewer
Special Advisor for the Western Hemisphere: Heera Kamboj
Special Advisor to the Vice President for Europe and Russia: Robin Brooks

 Deputy Assistant to the President & Senior Advisor to the Vice President: Stephanie Young
Deputy Communications Director and Associate Counsel for the Vice President: Rachel Palermo
Senior Advisor for Digital: Sarah Kendrick
 Press Secretary for the Vice President: Kirsten Allen
 Deputy Press Secretary: Ernesto Apreza
Director of Press Operations: Tate Mitchell
 Director of Speechwriting: Dave Cavell
Deputy Director of Speechwriting: Steven Kelly
Associate Director of Speechwriting: Alexandra Robinson
 Photographer to the Vice President: Lawrence Jackson
Digital Content Producer/Videographer for the Vice President: Azza Cohen
 Deputy Assistant to the President and Domestic Policy Advisor to the Vice President: Carmel Martin
Chief Economic Advisor to the Vice President: Deanne Millison
 Policy Advisor to the Vice President: Dr. Ike Irby
Policy Advisor to the Vice President: Michael C. George
Labor Policy Advisor to the Vice President: Dan Pedrotty
Special Assistant to the President and Director of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs for the Vice President: Megan Jones
Associate Director of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs for the Vice President: Lillian Sanchez
Coordinator of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs for the Vice President: Jacob Blas
Deputy Director of Research: Tyler Lykins
Vetting Researcher: Silas Woods III
Director of Scheduling and Advance for the Vice President: Kelsey Smith
Deputy Director of Scheduling for the Vice President: Olivia Hartman
Assistant Scheduler to the Vice President: Thilee Yost
Assistant Scheduler to the Vice President: Danielle Campbell
Deputy Director of Advance for the Vice President: Juan Ortega
Director of Legislative Affairs for the Vice President: Grisella Martinez
Senior Advisor for Legislative Affairs: Drew Spence
Staff Secretary, Office of the Vice President: Rebecca Cooper
Associate Director/ Staff Secretary, Office of the Vice President: Maria Restrepo
Associate Director/ Staff Secretary, Office of the Vice President: Saige Wenik
 Director of Management and Administration for the Office of the Vice President: Cynthia Bernstein
Deputy Director of Operations for the Vice President: Michael deForest
Director of West Wing Operations to the Vice President: Shannon Myrics
Social Secretary & Residence Manager to the Vice President: Storm Horncastle
Deputy Social Secretary: Amanda Trocola

Office of the Second Gentleman

 Deputy Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Second Gentleman: Jessica Killin
Director of Public Engagement and Policy to the Second Gentleman: Zaina Javaid
Deputy Director for Scheduling to the Second Gentleman: Elizabeth Ivey Purcell
Deputy Assistant to the President and Communications Director to the Second Gentleman: Liza Acevedo
Communications Assistant, Office of the Second Gentleman: Darcy Palder
Associate Director of Projects and Special Assistant to the Second Gentleman: Mitchell Rosenberg

See also
 Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations

References

Executive Office of the President of the United States
United States Senate
Vice presidency of the United States


The Castel Volturno massacre (Italian: Strage di Castel Volturno or Strage di San Gennaro) is the name given by the Italian press to a mass shooting perpetrated by the Casalesi clan in which seven people were killed on 18 September 2008. The massacre outside the Ob Ob Exotic Fashion tailor shop on the Via Domitiana was widely characterized as part of a growing conflict between the native Camorra and the immigrant African drug gangs. Murdered were Antonio Celiento, the owner of an arcade next to Baia Verde, and six African immigrants: Samuel Kwaku, 26 (Togo); Alaj Ababa (Togo); Francis Antwi, 31 (Ghana); Eric Affum Yeboah, 25 (Ghana); Alex Geemes, 28 (Liberia) and Cristopher Adams, 28 (Liberia). Joseph Ayimbora (Ghana), 34, survived by feigning death; he later helped identify the killers.

The murders sparked violent protests from Castel Volturno's immigrant community the following day, which culminated in the signing of measures launched by the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Defense on combating organized crime and illegal immigration to Caserta.

The Africans' killers were identified as Alfonso Cesarano, Alessandro Cirillo and Oreste Spagnuolo. A further three people, Francesco Cirillo, Emilio Di Caterino and Giovanni Letizia, have been suspected of involvement in the murders, which were ordered by Giuseppe Setola, affiliated with the Casalesi clan.

Arrests
On 22 September 2008, the first arrest was made in connection with the massacre. Alfonso Cesarano, a Casalesi triggerman, was found in his parents' home in Baia Verde, where he was under house arrest on drug charges next to the arcade where the first victim, Celiento, had been killed.

The Italian government deployed 400 troops into the area. A huge anti-Camorra operation conducted in that same month by the Carabinieri dealt a devastating blow on the Casalesi clan, resulting in the arrests of 107 people including prominent members of the association, some of whom were on the list of 30 most wanted fugitives in Italy. Among those arrested were Alessandro Cirillo and Oreste Spagnuolo, the main co-ordinators of the attack. On January 14, 2009, Setola was finally arrested in Mignano Monte Lungo after a week on the run. During this period, he was included in the list of 30 most dangerous fugitives in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia after being convicted on charges of ordering several killings and massacres, including that at Castel Volturno.

Convictions
In 2011, the court in Santa Maria Capua Vetere (Caserta) sentenced Giuseppe Setola, Davide Granato, Alessandro Cirillo, Giovanni Letizia to life imprisonment and Antonio Alluce to 23 years. The Court recognized the existence of aggravating circumstances such as racial hatred and terrorist purposes.

References

External links

2008 mass shootings in Europe
2008 murders in Italy
2010s trials
21st century in Campania
21st-century mass murder in Europe
Casalesi clan
Crime in Campania
Deaths by firearm in Italy
History of the Camorra in Italy
Mass murder in 2008
Mass shootings in Italy
Massacres in 2008
Massacres in Italy
Murder trials
Organized crime events in Italy
People murdered by the Camorra
September 2008 crimes
September 2008 events in Europe
Trials in Italy
Violent non-state actor incidents in Italy


Cecilia Carmen Linda Brækhus (born 28 September, 1981) is a Norwegian professional boxer and former kickboxer. She reigned as the undisputed female welterweight boxing champion from 2014 to 2020, and is the first woman in any weight class to hold the WBA, WBC, IBF and WBO titles simultaneously. Brækhus is also one of only 11 boxers in history, female or male, to hold all four major world titles simultaneously.

In 2017, the Boxing Writers Association of America named Brækhus their inaugural Female Fighter of the Year. Guinness World Records awarded her with three recognitions in 2018: the Longest Reigning Female Boxing Champion, the Longest Reign as a Four-Belt Undisputed Boxing Champion, and the Most Bouts Undefeated by a Female World Champion Boxer. As of September 2020, she is ranked as the world's second best active female welterweight by The Ring and BoxRec, and the third best active female, pound-for-pound, by The Ring, fifth by ESPN, and sixth BoxRec.

Early life
Born in Cartagena, Colombia, Brækhus was adopted as a two-year-old by Norwegian parents and raised in Sandviken, Bergen. She started kickboxing at the age of fourteen and soon began competing in amateur boxing competitions, achieving an amateur record of 75-5-0 before turning professional.

Kickboxing career (semi-contact)
 2003 WAKO World Champion, Semi Contact 65 kg
 2002 WAKO Euro Champion, Semi Contact 65 kg
 3 National Championships
 2 H.M. The King's Trophy

Amateur boxing career
Brækhus fought 80 matches and won 75 of them.
 Silver medal at the 2005 World Championships
 Gold medal at the 2005 European Championships
 Silver medal at the 2004 European Championships

Professional boxing career
In November 2007, Brækhus signed a pro contract with German promoter Wilfried Sauerland, who announced his intention of making her the first Norwegian female World Champion. Her first fight was against Croatian boxer Ksenija Koprek on 20 January, 2007. On 14 March, 2009, she became the WBC World Champion in welterweight against Danish boxer Vinni Skovgaard and also claimed the vacant WBA female welterweight title. Brækhus successfully defended her titles on later that year on 30 May against Amy Yuratovac in Helsinki, Finland, and on 12 September, 2009, against Lucia Morelli in Herning, Denmark.

Eight months later, on 15 May, 2010, Brækhus successfully defended her WBA and WBC titles against American boxer Victoria Cisneros in Herning, Denmark, while winning the WBO title. In a unanimous decision, the judges declared the fight for Brækhus, having won all 10 rounds. On 30 October, 2010, Brækhus successfully defended her WBA, WBC and WBO titles in Rostock, Germany against Mikaela Laurén from Sweden, while winning the World Professional Boxing Federation (WPBF) title. Brækhus won by knockout in the 7th round.

In 2010, Brækhus was voted the "Female Boxer of the Year" by German boxing magazine BoxSport. On 14 September, 2014, after defeating Croatian Ivana Habazin, Brækhus became the first Norwegian and the first woman to hold all major world championship belts in her weight division (welterweight) in boxing history.

On 5 May, 2018, HBO broadcast its first women's bout, between Brækhus and Kali Reis, where Brækhus successfully defended her titles.

Professional boxing record

See also
List of female boxers
List of female kickboxers

Notes

References

External links

Cecilia Brækhus profile at Awakening Fighters
Cecilia Brækhus profile at Women Boxing Archive Network

1981 births
Living people
Norwegian women boxers
Colombian emigrants to Norway
Norwegian adoptees
Sportspeople from Bergen
Sportspeople from Cartagena, Colombia
Welterweight boxers
Norwegian female kickboxers
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
World Boxing Association champions
World Boxing Council champions
International Boxing Federation champions
World Boxing Organization champions
International Boxing Organization champions
Light-welterweight boxers
World welterweight boxing champions
Norwegian people of Colombian descent
AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists


FilmAffinity is a movie recommendations website created in 2002 in Madrid, Spain, by the film critic Pablo Kurt Verdú Schumann and the programmer Daniel Nicolás. In 2016, the site listed 125,000 movies and series and had 556,000 reviews written by its users.

Registered users can rate movies, find recommended films based on their personal ratings, create any kind of movie lists and – in the Spanish version – write reviews. The site also includes information about contents of the main streaming services, such as Netflix, HBO, Movistar+, Filmin and Rakuten TV. This feature is currently limited to Netflix in the English version.

It has been noted that FilmAffinity users tend to rate films more severely than IMDb users, resulting in consistently lower average scores.

The site has 3 million unique users in Spain, which accounts for 70% of its total traffic, and serves more than 47 million pages per month worldwide. Advertisements are the site's only income, totaling more than half a million dollars annually.

International expansion
In 2016, the site launched adapted versions for the US, Mexico, Argentina and Chile, offering specific information about release dates for movies, local critics, box office and cinemas. A UK version was later added.

The English version is more limited than the Spanish, not offering the chance for users to write reviews.

References

External links

Internet properties established in 2002
Film websites
Spanish websites


Klaus-Uwe Gerhardt (born 1955) is a German economist, columnist, and author. His scientific work concentrates on labour economics and social policy. He works as economic teacher und scientist.
Through several books and articles he contributes to the sociopolitical discourse.
Gerhardt was a pioneer in the German debate on Guaranteed minimum income (GMI) in the early 1980s. GMI is a proposed system of social welfare provision that guarantees a basic income for all citizens or families.

Life and profession
Klaus-Uwe Gerhardt holds a degree in commerce and a doctorate in economics, studied at the Johann Wolfgang-Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, at the Technical University of Darmstadt and a doctorate at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), (University of Potsdam). Research areas: Labour market, social and educational policy. Focus most recently on economic and social history.

Books

 Hartz plus. Lohnsubventionen und Mindesteinkommen im Niedriglohnsektor, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, , 2006 (Dissertation)
 Das Speenhamland-System als frühes Grundeinkommen. Vorgeschichte, Wirkungen und Erkenntnisse, , 2020
 Erwachsenenbildung und Neue Techniken. Auswirkungen der veränderten Sozial- und Wirtschaftsstruktur auf Qualifikationsanforderungen, Kursteilnehmer und Volkshochschule, Offenbach/M.: Eigenverlag, , 1986
 Die sozialen Auswirkungen der Integration von CAD und CAM. Vorstudie für ein empirisches Hauptprojekt. Teilprojekt II des RKW-Projekts A148/83 „Wirtschaftliche und soziale Auswirkungen des Einsatzes von integrierten CAD/CAM-Systemen“ (mit Hoß, D./Kramer, H./Weber, A.), Frankfurt/Main: Institut für Sozialforschung, 1983

Articles

 Das dicke Ende kommt noch. Ist Schwarz-Gelb gut für ein Grundeinkommen?, in: AKP - Fachzeitschrift für Alternative Kommunal Politik, 6/2009, 30. Jhg., S. 48-50, Bielefeld, ISSN 0941-9225, 2009
 Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und Grundeinkommen. Strukturveränderungen in der Krise, in: AKP - Fachzeitschrift für Alternative Kommunal Politik, 3/2009, 30. Jhg., S. 61-63, Bielefeld, ISSN 0941-9225, 2009
 Garantiertes Mindesteinkommen - eine Forderung für alle(s)? In: Widersprüche 103, S. 103-117, , 2007
 Mindesteinkommen - Konservativ oder libertär (mit Arnd Weber), in: T. Kreuder und H. Loewy (Hg.), Konservativismus in der Strukturkrise,S. 462-483, Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, , 1987
 Garantiertes Mindesteinkommen als Möglichkeit sozialrechtlicher Absicherung alternativer Arbeitsformen. Am Beispiel Telearbeit, ETH-Zürich, Grin-Verlag, , E-Book , 1987[2008]
 Garantiertes Mindesteinkommen. Für einen libertären Umgang mit der Krise (mit Arnd Weber), in: T. Schmid (Hrsg.), Befreiung von falscher Arbeit. Thesen zum garantierten Mindesteinkommen, 2. erheblich veränderte Auflage, S. 18-70, Berlin: Wagenbach-Verlag, , 1986
 Eigeninitiative und Sozialpolitik. Zur Diskussion eines garantierten Mindesteinkommens, in: Widersprüche 14, S. 61-69, , 1985
 Garantiertes Mindesteinkommen (mit Arnd Weber), Alemantschen. Materialien für radikale Ökologie, Ökologische Berufspraxis, hrsg. von der Gesellschaft für Kultur und Ökologie e. V., Band 3, Maintal, S. 69-99, 1983
 Die Problematik der negativen Einkommensteuer, Frankfurt/Main, Diplomarbeit, Grin-Verlag, [www.hausarbeiten.de], , E-Book , 1980[2007])

External links

 Archiv Grundeinkommen.
 Webside Guaranteed Income.
 Election to the German Bundestag 2009.

German economists
1955 births
Living people


The Moorabbin Football Club, nicknamed the Kangaroos, was an Australian rules football club best known for its premiership success in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) during the 1950s and 1960s. During their time in the VFA, the club played its home matches at Moorabbin Oval and wore blue and white striped guernseys. It previously achieved success in the Federal Football League, winning 12 premierships.

History

Federal Football League (1909–1950)
The club initially played in the Federal Football League (FFL), making their debut in 1909 and competing until 1950. The club wore a black and white striped jumper in the style of . During this time the club won 12 premierships, including winning all six premierships staged over the nine years between 1940 and 1948 (the FFL was in recess from 1942 until 1944).

Switch to VFA (1951–1959)
The club entered the Victorian Football Association (VFA) in 1951. A clash of jumpers with Brunswick meant the team had to change its colours, and so chose blue and white in the style of . The club's Federal League home ground, Dane Road Reserve, was not up to VFA standards; so, in 1951 the club played at Cheltenham, and in 1952 moved into Moorabbin Oval, which the Moorabbin Council had developed during 1951.

The Kangaroos made the 1954 and 1955 finals series without success, but in 1957 they helped eliminate premiership favourite Williamstown after defeating them by two points in the semi-final. Moorabbin, who were coached by Bill Faul, took on Port Melbourne in the grand final, whom they had not once beaten since joining the league. In another upset, Moorabbin won comfortably to claim their maiden VFA premiership.

In 1958, Moorabbin reached the grand final once more, but were forced to return the following weekend after drawing with Williamstown. The replay was won by Williamstown, the first and only instance of a grand final replay in the VFA.

More premiership success (1960–1963)
By the 1960s, the club was one of the strongest both on and off the field in the VFA. Its 1962 match payments to players of £12 for a win and £6 for a loss were the highest in Association history. The club was minor premier in three consecutive years from 1961 until 1963, and reached the 1962 and 1963 grand finals. It lost in remarkable fashion to Sandringham in 1962 – despite trailing by 44 points at three-quarter-time, Sandringham put on an eight-goal final quarter to win by a single point. Moorabbin exacted its revenge the following year, beating Sandringham twice in the finals in 1963, including a 64-point win in the grand final under coach Graham Dunscombe, who was appointed mid-season.

Suspension and disbandment (1964–1965)
In the early 1960s, the Moorabbin Council was very keen to bring a Victorian Football League (VFL) team to Moorabbin Oval. The council was the main driving force, but the extent to which the club supported the council in its ambitions put the club in dispute with the VFA over its loyalty. In November 1963, Moorabbin survived by a single vote a motion to have it expelled from the Association over its role in the council's approaches that year to VFL clubs  and . Then, in March 1964, the council secured a deal with , who moved to Moorabbin Oval starting in 1965; although the club had not been involved in negotiations, it publicly pledged its support for the council, and was suspended from the Association for its disloyalty by a 30–12 vote on 3 April, less than three weeks from the start of the season. The club originally intended to seek readmission for the 1965 season, but in July the club committee decided to withdraw permanently from the Association, and disbanded.

Honours
VFA premierships (2)
 1957, 1963
J. J. Liston Trophy winners (1)
 Les Moroney (1955)
Federal Football League premierships (12)
1914, 1926, 1927, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948.

References

Moorabbin Football Club
Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
1909 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1909
1964 disestablishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs disestablished in 1964


Diamond Wave is the sixth studio album by Japanese recording artist Mai Kuraki. It was released on August 2, 2006.

Background
The album was released in two formats: CD+DVD limited edition and CD only standard edition. On August 11, a limited revamped (cover and booklet) standard edition was released. Diamond Wave is Kuraki's first album to be released in various formats. A limited blog called "Diamond Web" was opened in commemoration of the release. To view the blog two passwords enclosed in both the Diamond Wave album and single were needed. To date this is the last studio album released in Giza Studio.

Chart performance
Diamond Wave debuted on the Oricon albums chart at #3 with 78,228 copies sold. The album charted for a total of 12 weeks. Diamond Wave was the 101st best selling album of 2006.

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

Release history

References

External links

2006 albums
Mai Kuraki albums
Being Inc. albums
Giza Studio albums
Japanese-language albums
Albums produced by Daiko Nagato


The 2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 17–19 July 2009 at the Sachsenring, located in Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Germany.

The MotoGP race was won by Valentino Rossi who finished ahead of teammate Jorge Lorenzo.

MotoGP classification

250 cc classification
The 250cc race was originally scheduled to run for 29 laps, but due to heavy rain it was red-flagged and then restarted, with the new distance consisting of 19 laps only.

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round nine has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

German motorcycle Grand Prix
German
Motorcycle Grand Prix
German motorcycle Grand Prix


Kadettangen is a small peninsula outside of Sandvika in Bærum, Norway. Originally named Sandvikstangen, it got its current name from the cadet training conducted by the Norwegian Military Academy for the better part of the nineteenth century. The peninsula is now used mainly for boating, beach life and sports, being the home ground of association football club Bærum SK.

Geography
The peninsula is located slightly south of the town of Sandvika, at the outlet of the river Sandvikselva, at the opposite shore of Kjørbo. To the south lies the island of Kalvøya, to which Kadettangen is connected to with a suspension bridge. The southern end of Kadettangen is now used for leisure purposes, with its beach and beach volleyball facilities. Because of its low altitude and consequent problems with flooding, the peninsula was reinforced with fill dirt. The practice of filling around Kadettangen continues to this day, with proposals to increase the land area with leftover material from the excavation of the Løkkeås Tunnel as a part of Norwegian National Road 164.

History
It was formerly a crop field under Kjørbo Manor, and was originally named Sandvikstangen. Some time between 1820 and 1825 the Norwegian Military Academy started using it as a bivouac camp for summer training of cadets, hence the name change. The military bought the outer parts of the peninsula for 657 Norwegian speciedaler at an auction in 1869. It was in use by the academy until 1894, after which His Majesty The King's Guard used it for summer training for two seasons. From 1902 it was rented by Bærum Municipality for 400 Norwegian krone (NOK) per year, including use of the military buildings. A quarter of the rental sum was to be used for maintaining the facility, and the military retained the right to use the site two months each year. The municipality started negotiating a purchase of the land in 1911, initially bidding NOK 20,000. A sales agreement was reached in 1916, when a price of NOK 50,000 was accepted. When the municipality took over, parts of Kadettangen was used as a playground; arenas for organized sport were later built.

The inner parts of the peninsula were sold by Kjørbo Manor's owner, Erich Waller, to Christiania og Omegns Dampskibsselskab in 1857. The steamship company went under five years later and the docks they had established at Kadettangen were auction beck to Waller for 40 speciedaler. The inner parts of the peninsula continued to be used as a harbor, and was eventually owned by Anthon Walle. The municipality bought this section from his estate in 1912, following his death. The area received permission to operate as a port in 1916. The municipality hired a harbor-master to run the facility. The steamship company's office and expedition building from 1858 was converted to a harbor master's office. The municipality established a volunteer fire corps in 1876, which was stationed in a dockside building at Kadettangen.

Because of the food shortage caused by the First World War, the police in Sandvika converted the former military dining hall as a distribution point for food. The skating rink at Kadettangen opened in 1916. The rowing club Bærum RK, founded in 1917, moved its headquarters from Kalvøya to Kadettangen in 1925, as it found the location on the island too isolated. The club house was also commonly used for revues and from 1935 it also hosted a kayak club. The rowing club fell into financial difficulties through the 1930s, and was forced to auction away their club house in 1936. The municipality won the bid, paying NOK 5000. A new fire station was built in 1927. For a period there was also a cement molding factory on Kadettangen, owned by Waldemar Michelsen.

Norske Luftruter stated in 1930 that they would have preferred Gressholmen Airport, the water aerodrome serving Oslo, to have been replaced with a new airport, and mentioned Kadettangen as a suitable location for a water aerodrome. However, the issue was never considered by the authorities. The beach was constructed in the 1930s, which included reinforced the peninsula with fill dirt. The stadium was upgraded in 1938, receiving a new grass pitch and locker rooms. The military returned briefly during the German occupation of Norway from 1940 to 1945. IL Tyrving's shed with inventory burned down in 1955, lashing a major blow to the club as they had not insured their assets.

The bridge across to Kalvøya opened in 1963. Prior to this, the military had occasionally built pontoon bridges across the island. Tyrving installed a workman's shed as club house in 1963, followed by a second shed in 1970. The locker rooms were upgraded in 1967, followed up with an upgrade of the running track the following year, for the first time giving it a circumference of . Bærum SK completed Bærumshallen 1970, followed by their club house in 1984.

Former mayor of Bærum, Gunnar Gravdahl (Conservative), has stated that the sports facilities should be removed and replaced with a public baths. His successor as mayor, fellow party member Odd Reinsfelt denounced the idea, stating that there was no viable replacement location for the sporting activities. In 2009, Bærum SK chairman Jan Erik Aalbu suggested that the sports field be renamed Sandvika stadion. The new name was taken into use the following year. The stadium received a NOK 8-million upgrade in 2012, with the installation of new artificial turf and new stands, allowing Bærum SK to meet the stadium criteria for the Norwegian First Division.

Sports

The northern part of Kadettangen is used for sports. An artificial grass pitch with a tribune along the western sideline serves as the home ground of the football club Bærum SK, which plays in the First Division as of 2014. The stadium has a pitch which measures  and has under-soil heating. There is seating for 602 spectators, of which 400 are under a roof. The attendance record is 1,819 people from a Norwegian Football Cup match in 2004 Norwegian Football Cup, when Bærum SK beat Vålerenga in the third round.

Bærum SK was founded in 1910 as Grane, changing its name to Mode in 1946 and taking the current name in 1969. As of 2011 it had 725 members and 40 teams in football. The club has previously played bandy, ice hockey, athletics and handball. The elite football team played in the Second Division in 1980 and again at the second tier in the 2003, 2012 and 2014 seasons.

Bærum SK's club room, raised in 1984, is located in an adjacent building which is shared with the athletics and orienteering club IL Tyrving. Bærum SK also has an indoor football arena, Bærumshallen, which is used for exhibitions and sales in addition to sports. The 1947 Norwegian Athletics Championships were held at Bislett Stadion in Oslo, although the decathlon event was organized by Tyrving at Kadettangen. The site of the indoor arena was used for three ice hockey matches at the 1952 Winter Olympics. This involved the United States beating Germany 8–2, Switzerland beating Norway 7–2 and Czechoslovakia beating Finland 11–2. During the 1950s and 1960s, speedway was regularly contested at Kadettangen. Other former activities at the sports field are speed skating and bandy.

Transportation
Kadettangen is a starting point for island-hopping in the local section of the Oslofjord. The company Sandvika Fjordturer operates out of an office at Kadettangen, and its two ships, Rigmor and Rigfar, are in quay at the western shore of the peninsula. Since 1963 Kadettangen is also connected to the island Kalvøya by bridge. On the eastern shore, there is a calling port for medium-sized ships.

In terms of public transportation, Kadettangen is served by the lines 705 and 706 of the Ruter bus network; the bus station is named Sandvika rådhus. The proximate railway station is Sandvika. The European Road E18 runs through Sandvika, more or less separating Kadettangen from the town.

References

Bibliography

Geography of Bærum
Peninsulas of Viken
Ferry quays in Viken
Sports venues in Bærum
Football venues in Norway
Defunct athletics (track and field) venues in Norway
Speedway venues in Norway
Bandy venues in Norway
Ice hockey venues in Norway
Olympic ice hockey venues
Venues of the 1952 Winter Olympics
Bærum SK


The Lakhtinsky crossover is a railroad line that crosses the Lakhtinsky Razliv lake in Saint Petersburg, Russia. For the first stage of the Primorskaya line on the route from Novaya Derevnya to Lakhta, it was necessary to cross lake Lakhtinsky Razliv.

Construction
Engineer P. A. Avenarius  constructed the crossover in 1894. It was a  pile bridge which paralleled the Lakhtinsky dam on which there was a road. Near to the bridge, Shunting loop Dum and Shunting loop 2 verst were constructed. The bridge opened July 12, 1894.

Destruction and rebuilding
Catastrophic flooding on September 23, 1924 completely destroyed the bridge. It was restored in 1925 at its current location.

Current structure
As of 2009, the bridge is a metal one-span girder bridge, constructed from box-shaped beams on stone foundations.

References

Railway bridges in Saint Petersburg


Carl Morten Amundsen (born 11 January 1961 in Bergen) is a Norwegian dramaturg and theatre director.

He was dramaturg for Nationaltheatret from 1993 to 2000, and was theatre director at Teatret Vårt in Molde from 2000 to 2011. He has been manager for Norsk Teaterlederforum from 2003. He has also worked for the Carrousel Theater an der Parkaue in Berlin.

References

1961 births
Living people
Norwegian theatre directors


Erin Township may refer to:

Canada
 Erin, Ontario, formerly Erin Township

United States
 Erin Township, Stephenson County, Illinois
 Erin Township, Hancock County, Iowa
 Erin Township, Rice County, Minnesota
 Erin Township, Michigan, a former township in Macomb County

Township name disambiguation pages


Between 1945 and 2007, Nepalese banknotes of Nepalese rupee were issued with the portraits of four different kings. Starting in October 2007 the king’s portrait was replaced by Mount Everest on all notes which have been issued since.

1945 - 1955

The early banknotes which were issued between 1945 and 1955 during the rule of King Tribhuvan were not put into circulation by a Central Bank which did not exist in Nepal at that time. The issuing authority was the treasury which had the name Sadar Muluki Khana. Therefore, the notes of king Tribhuvan were not signed by a bank governor, but by a Kajanchi (head of the treasury) who was a high Hindu priest in the same time. Nepal’s early paper currency probably includes the only notes of the world which were signed by a high priest. These early notes were printed by the Indian Security Press in Nashik and do not have any security features, except for the water marks and the special paper on which they are printed.

1955 - 1972

Starting with King Mahendra who succeeded to his father Tribhuvan in 1955, the banknotes were issued by Nepal Rastra Bank (Nepal National Bank) which was founded in April 1956. The signature of the governors of this institution is found on the banknotes which were issued after this date.
Under king Mahendra the Nepalese Government became “His Majesty’s Government” (expressed by "shri 5 ko sarakar" which literally means “the government of the five times honoured”) and remained this way during the rule of Birendra and Gyanendra.
Two series of banknotes were issued during the rule of king Mahendra: The first series shows the king in civilian clothes wearing the Nepalese “topi” while on the notes of the second series the king is shown in military uniform. The second series comprised for the first time notes of the high value of 500 and 1000 rupees.

1972 - 2001

During King Birendra’s rule one can also distinguish between two major series of banknotes. The first series features the king wearing military uniform while on the notes of the second series the king is wearing the traditional Nepalese crown adorned with feathers of the bird of paradise. During this period regular banknotes of 2 and 20 rupees and special banknotes of 25 and 250 rupees were issued for the first time.

2001 - 2007

The banknotes issued during this period have the same basic design as those of King Birendra whose portrait was simply replaced by that of his younger brother and successor Gyanendra. The low values of 1 and 2 rupees, and the special values of 25 and 250 rupees were not issued any more.

The legends found on the last issues of Gyanendra revert to Nepal sarkar (“Nepalese Government”), thus omitting the reference to the king.

2007/2008

In October 2007, a 500 rupee note was issued on which the king’s portrait was replaced by and image of Mount Everest. This reflects the historical change from kingdom to republic which took place in May 2008 in Nepal. Further notes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000 rupees with Mount Everest and without references to the king in their legends followed in 2008. The first issues of the 500 and 1000 rupees notes were printed on paper which still had the king's crowned portrait as a watermark in the "window" on the right part of the face of the notes. It was decided to print a red Rhododendron flower (Nepal's national flower) on top of the watermark. Notes of these denominations which were issued in 2009 and thereafter are printed on paper which has a rhododendron flower as watermark instead of the royal portrait and were therefore released without the additional overprint in red.

2012-2019
In 2012, Nepal Rastra Bank issued a revised banknote series that are similar to the 2007 series, but now include inscriptions in English and the date of issue on the back.

Currency unit
The currency unit of the Tribhuvan and early Mahendra notes was the mohar (spelt moru on the banknotes), which originally was a silver coin which weighed about 5.4 grams and represented about half an Indian Rupee. The later notes of Mahendra and the issues of the subsequent rulers Birendra and Gyanendra were issued with the denomination rupee (spelt rupaya[n] on the notes).

Printers
The banknotes with the portrait of The King Tribhuvan were printed in Nashik (India). The later issues were supplied by firms such as De La Rue and Giesecke & Devrient.

See also

Nepalese rupee
Mohar

References
Agrawal (Giriya), Shyam and Gyawali, Kamal Prasad: Notes and Coins of Nepal. Nepal Rastra Bank Golden Jubilee Year 2005/06, Kathmandu, 2006.

Jha, Hari Jaya: An Overview of Nepalese Paper Money. Manjeeta Jha, Lalitpur (Patan), B.S. 2058 (= A.D. 2001).

Shrestha, Ramesh: Nepalese Coins & Bank Notes (1911 to 1955). Kazi Mudhusudan Raj Bhandary, Kathmandu, 2007.
Wittmann, Hans: Die Banknoten des Königreichs Nepal. Unpublished, Wiesbaden, 2002.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120226020850/http://red.nrb.org.np/publications/golden_jubilee/Golden_Jubilee_Publications--Notes_and_Coins_of_Nepal.pdf
 http://www.nuphil.com/BankNotesofNepal.html

Currencies of Nepal
Nepal


The 2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 24–26 July 2009 at Donington Park. It was to be the final motorcycle Grand Prix at Donington, with the race moving to Silverstone for the 2010 season.

MotoGP race report

This race was most notable for the wet-weather conditions the race took place in, Andrea Dovizioso's shock win and Colin Edwards' and Randy de Puniet's shock podiums.

After nine rounds, Valentino Rossi is narrowly leading the title hunt with 176 points. A close second is Jorge Lorenzo with 162 points and a bit further back in third is Casey Stoner with 148 points.

Indicating the end of an era, this was to be the final race at the famous Donington Park circuit as it would be the Silverstone Circuit that would host the MotoGP race from 2010 onwards.

Valentino Rossi took pole position on Saturday - the fourth of the season - with a time of 1:28.116. Second is Dani Pedrosa who is +0.095 seconds behind and third is Rossi's teammate Jorge Lorenzo who is +0.286 behind. The second row of the grid consists out of Casey Stoner, Andrea Dovizioso and Colin Edwards in fourth, fifth and sixth place.

While the 250cc was a wet-dry race and it had stopped raining for a while, the rain started to fall again as soon as the pit lane was opened. The bikes are all going out on slicks on the sighting lap but many riders are uncertain given the now mixed conditions. Riders are also waiting for race control whether they will declare the race wet or dry. As the race is eventually declared 'wet', one rider who takes the gamble is Stoner, who has changed his tyres to full wets on both the front and the rear. Rossi chooses the Soft - Soft tyres, Pedrosa the Medium - Soft and Lorenzo also goes with the Soft - Soft combination. Stoner has the Rain - Rain combination instead.

All riders except Pedrosa get away without problems on the warm-up lap. The Spaniard needs help from his Repsol Honda team as his bike has stalled. Eventually, all the riders line up on their respective grid slots. As the lights go out, Rossi has a good start and maintains his lead heading into Redgate (Turn 1). His teammate Lorenzo swoops around the outside to dive into second position, Pedrosa fighting with Toni Elías though Redgate and Hollywood (Turn 2) for third place. Fifth is Dovizioso and sixth is Marco Melandri, who has gained one position from the start of the opening lap. The biggest loser is Stoner, who has lost five places and is now down in ninth position as it looks like his tyre gamble does not pay off for now. At the Craner Curves, Lorenzo takes a tighter line and passes Rossi for the lead, followed by a surprising Elías who not only manages to pass Pedrosa at the outside of Hollywood but also blasts past Rossi on the outside, outbraking him at the Old Hairpin (Turn 4). Entering Starkey's Bridge (Turn 5) and the Schwantz Curve (Turn 6), the duo at the front has now opened up a gap to Rossi already, though he manages to close it relatively quickly. Elías then dives down the inside of Lorenzo at McLean's (Turn 7), surprising the Spaniard and taking over at the front halfway into the first lap. Both Repsol Honda riders - Pedrosa and Dovizioso - then pass Rossi on the short straight before Coppice (Turn 8). 'The Doctor' has now been demoted from the lead of the race to fifth position in just half a lap. James Toseland makes a move at Starkey's Straight for sixth position as Pedrosa has a moment and runs wide upon entry of The Esses (Turn 9). This allows fourth place Dovizioso to try and take him around the outside but he rides upon a damp kerb and loses traction, not allowing him to make the move. At the Melbourne Hairpin Rossi lunges down the inside of Dovizioso and with Pedrosa avoiding the Italian, he passes both and moves up into third spot. Pedrosa then loses out to teammate Dovizioso as well, the Spaniard being demoted to fifth in just one turn. Behind him, Toseland also goes up the inside of Randy de Puniet, who has made progress from tenth on the grid, to overtake him for sixth position. At Goddards (Turn 11), Toseland goes up the inside of Pedrosa and takes fifth position from him, with Melandri doing likewise on de Puniet for seventh place.

On lap two, Pedrosa retakes fifth from Toseland at the Wheatcroft Straight. It now starts to rain at the start/finish straight, the conditions now really being mixed as another part of the circuit is still dry enough for slick tyres. At the Old Hairpin, Melandri goes up the inside of Toseland for fifth, running wide upon exit and gifting the place back to the Englishman. Dovizioso has closed up to Rossi and tries a very daring move down his inside at the entry of Starkey's Bridge, running on the damp kerb and having a moment as a result. This allows Rossi to keep his lead going into Schwantz Curve, Pedrosa trying to take fourth from him as well but failing. Elías, who by now has opened up a gap to second place Lorenzo, looks back at Starkey's Straight to see how far behind he is. Dovizioso has a look at the outside of Rossi but does not make a move.

Lap three and Pedrosa sets the fastest lap of the race. Stoner has dropped further down the order and is now in a lowly thirteenth place. Dovizioso again has a look up on the outside of Rossi upon entry of Redgate but decides to stay behind for now. Pedrosa has also opened up a gap to sixth place Toseland. At the Old Hairpin, Dovizioso goes up the inside of Rossi and snatches third place from him. He then overtakes Lorenzo for second at McLean's as well. Pedrosa then lines up a pass on Rossi as he takes a wider line going into Coppice, then goes up his inside at the exit of the corner and promotes himself up into third. At Starkey's Straight, Dovizioso then takes the lead as he goes side-by-side with and easily overtakes Elías. Lorenzo does likewise at the end of the straight, snatching second going into The Esses. Behind them, de Puniet also makes a lunge up the inside of Alex De Angelis and takes eighth place. At the Melbourne Hairpin, Pedrosa dives down the inside of Elías and overtakes him for third.

Lap four and Dovizioso sets the fastest lap of the race. By now, Stoner has dropped another two places and is fifteenth, behind Chris Vermeulen. Rossi is now right behind Eliás, stalking him for a few corners and then passing him for fourth spot at the Old Hairpin. Pedrosa has opened up a gap to Rossi, who was held up by Elías. Toseland is also being shadowed by Melandri and de Puniet at the exit of Coppice but neither makes a move at Starkey's Straight. Toseland now has created a train of four riders whom he is holding up, consisting of Melandri, de Puniet, de Angelis and Loris Capirossi.

On lap five, Lorenzo takes over at the front thanks to a dive down Dovizioso's inside at Redgate. Stoner has lost another position on the previous lap, being overtaken by Gábor Talmácsi and now lingering at the bottom in sixteenth position, only ahead of his teammate - also on rain tyres - which is Nicky Hayden.

Lap six and Pedrosa makes a move on teammate Dovizioso, going up his inside to pass him at Redgate and promote him up to second. Elías in fifth now has a gap of +1.707 seconds over sixth place Toseland. Lorenzo has opened up a gap to Pedrosa, who himself is now coming under pressure from Dovizioso, Rossi and Elías - who has closed the gap to the Italian.

On lap seven, Lorenzo is in the lead with Pedrosa chasing him. Elías is now losing ground to Rossi but still has a gap of +2.996 seconds back to de Puniet, who has passed Toseland for sixth. All the teams are warming up their second bikes, with the Ducati Marlboro Team preparing theirs with slick tyres whilst everyone else is preparing them with rain tyres. At the Old Hairpin, both Dovizioso and Rossi lunge past the inside of Pedrosa, demoting him from second to fourth in one corner. Elías has caught right up to the back of Pedrosa at Starkey's Bridge, stalking him but not making a move for now. Rossi then makes a pass on Dovizioso for second at the end of Starkey's Straight, entering The Esses ahead of him.

Lap eight and Rossi is now making up ground on teammate Lorenzo, taking Dovizioso with him. Eliás now has a +3.856 second gap back to de Puniet in sixth. Behind the trio, Elías passes Pedrosa for fourth at the exit of the Craner Curves. It is now drizzling on most parts of the circuit, making the conditions very tricky. This is shown when Elías goes a bit wide entering Starkey's Bridge, gets on the damp kerb, loses the bike and highsides out of contention and into the gravel at high speed. The Spanish rider walks away unhurt but disappointed as he is being assisted by a marshall, with the other marshalls removing his bike from the grass. Capirossi overtakes Toseland for seventh meanwhile. Melandri also passes Mika Kallio at the Melbourne Hairpin for eighth position, diving down his inside and hitting him slightly in the process.

On lap nine, Lorenzo gap back to Rossi is +0.449 seconds. The top six is as follows: Lorenzo, Rossi, Dovizioso, Pedrosa, de Puniet and de Angelis. Just before Lorenzo enters Goddards, he touches the white line and immediately loses the bike, sliding him out of contention. He runs to his bike to see if he can continue on, the marshalls checking it for him but upon realisation that it is damaged, he was away disappointed as a marshall assists him.

Lap ten and Rossi now leads in the tricky conditions, followed by Dovizioso in second. Pedrosa is in a lonely third, having dropped off the pace from the group a few laps ago.

On lap eleven, Dovizioso's gap back to teammate Pedrosa is +6.169 seconds. The Spaniard meanwhile is coming under threat from a rapidly closing de Puniet, who is only +1.181 seconds behind. Exiting Coppice and coming onto Starkey's Straight, de Puniet is very close to Pedrosa. At the end of the straight, the Frenchman goes up the inside of Pedrosa, taking third from him at The Esses. Toseland has also passed Capirossi and is up into sixth place.

Lap twelve and the gap Dovizioso has to de Puniet is +8.994 seconds. Pedrosa then retakes third by going up the inside of de Puniet at Redgate. Entering the Old Hairpin, it is de Puniet's turn as he repasses Pedrosa and retakes the position. The rain in the pitlane is now intensifying and a big, dark cloud is slowly moving towards the circuit. At Starkey's Straight, Pedrosa closes up on de Puniet again but does not make a move at the entrance of The Esses. At the short straight before the Melbourne Hairpin however, he blasts past and takes back third place.

On lap thirteen, the second bikes in the pit lane are being readied just in case the riders decide to enter. Rossi is still leading, followed by Dovizioso. De Puniet has also overtaken Pedrosa for third, taking the position by going up the inside at the entrance of Starkey's Bridge.

Lap fourteen and Pedrosa blasts past de Puniet again at the exit of the Wheatcroft Straight, retaking the position in the process. De Puniet then tries to fight back around the outside but the Spaniard pushes him wide onto the kerb, forcing him to stay behind. Rossi's gap back to Dovizioso is +0.341 seconds and the top six is as follows: Rossi, Dovizioso, Pedrosa, de Puniet, de Angelis and Toseland. At the exit of Hollywood and the entrance of the Craner Curves, the Frenchman stays right behind Pedrosa and manages to sneak up his inside to take third back again. At the front, the duo of Rossi and Dovizioso now lap the struggling Ducati's of Stoner and Hayden.

On lap fifteen - the halfway point of the race -, Dovizioso is now right behind Rossi who is still in the lead. After overtaking Pedrosa, de Puniet is now slowly starting to ride away from him.

Lap sixteen and Dovizioso now has a whopping +12.854 second gap back to Pedrosa, who has repassed de Puniet. Further back, de Puniet has a +2.334 second gap back to de Angelis. Dovizioso is now all over the back of Rossi but does not make a move on him.

On lap seventeen, Rossi has a +0.112 second gap to Dovizioso. Pedrosa now has opened up his own gap to de Puniet as de Angelis laps Hayden. Colin Edwards meanwhile has moved up the order and is now seventh, behind teammate Toseland. At Redgate, Kallio dives down the inside of Capirossi and snatches eighth place from him. The group of Toseland, Edwards, Kallio, Capirossi and Melandri all lap a struggling Stoner at Hollywood and the Craner Curves as he slows down. At Starkey's Bridge, Edwards closes right up on Toseland, easily overtaking him for sixth spot at McLean's. At the entrance of The Esses, Capirossi outbrakes Kallio and retakes eighth position exiting the chicane. Melandri then tries a move up the inside but fails as Capirossi blocks him and Kallio tries to get back at the Italian around the outside.

Lap eighteen and Kallio passes both Capirossi and Toseland, shooting past at Redgate and taking seventh. At the Old Hairpin, Melandri then dives down Capirossi's inside and snatches ninth place from him. The rain is now slowly intensifying, making the conditions even trickier than before. At the entrance of The Esses, Melandri goes a bit wide as he has a slight moment but doesn't lose too much time or any positions as a result of it.

On lap nineteen, Dovizioso has an +11.893 second gap back to de Puniet as Rossi is still ahead, being harassed by him all throughout the lap.

Lap twenty and the gap Dovizioso has to de Puniet has decreased, it now only being +10.618 seconds. His gap back to Pedrosa has increased however to +2.105 seconds after overtaking him. Sixth place Edwards has meanwhile also caught up to de Angelis and is all over the back of him. In the middle of The Esses, Rossi then loses the rear of his bike and slides out of the lead, gifting Dovizioso first place and a wide gap back to second. He immediately runs to his bike to try and get it restarted, the marshalls helping him get it pushed and lucky for him, the bike does restart and he is able to continue on, albeit being overtaken by multiple riders by now.

On lap twenty-one Dovizioso leads the race as de Puniet is now starting to chase him down, Pedrosa being in third. Rossi rejoins behind of Canepa in eleventh and begins his hunt to salvage his race.

Lap twenty-two and Rossi has it all to do as Dovizioso is out in front, de Puniet still closing down on him. The rain in pit lane is now intensifying which makes the circuit more slippery. Rossi is now slowly catching up to the rear of

On lap twenty-three, Dovizioso has a +12.571 seconds back to de Puniet. Edwards has passed de Angelis for fourth right now and is only +1.284 seconds adrift of third place Pedrosa by now. De Angelis' gap back to Toseland is +5.051 seconds. Seventh place Melandri has entered the pits, as well as Capirossi to change bikes. Rossi is now only +2.096 seconds behind tenth place Kallio. At Hollywood, Edwards passes a now struggling Pedrosa and moves up third. Not far behind is de Angelis, who also manages to overtake the Spaniard at the entrance of Starkey's Bridge around the outside, him almost losing his bike as he has a moment. Vermeulen has also entered the pits to swap bikes.

Lap twenty-four and Dovizios is still out in front, taking the gamble by staying out and going slowly to avoid falling like his rivals Rossi and Lorenzo have done. Kallio has entered the pits to swap bikes The top six is now as follows: Dovizioso, de Puniet, Edwards, de Angelis, Pedrosa and Toseland. As Kallio rejoins, Melandri passes him as well and is now ninth.

On lap twenty-five, Edwards is now rapidly closing up on de Puniet and is taking de Angelis with him. Pedrosa is now being hounded by Niccolò Canepa's Pramac Racing Ducati for seventh. Rossi meanwhile is ahead of the Spaniard in sixth thanks to the riders in front all pitting for wet weather tyres. At The Esses, de Puniet also loses the rear of his bike but manages to catch it just in time.

Lap twenty-six and Dovizioso's gap to de Puniet is +7.811 seconds. This decreases to +7.288 seconds in sector one, decreasing again in sector two to +5.654 seconds. Edwards has now closed up even more on de Puniet as the gap Dovizioso has to the Frenchman drops again in sector three to +4.409 seconds.

On lap twenty-seven, Dovizioso's gap to de Puniet is now +4.011 seconds. Edwards' gap to de Angelis is +1.261 seconds and Toseland's gap to Rossi is +4.332 seconds. Edwards has quickly caught de Puniet and is right up on his rear at Coppice. Dovizioso's gap back to de Puniet has decreased to +3.477 seconds in sector one, then to +2.609 seconds in sector two. In sector thee, the gap shrinks even further to +1.464 seconds. De Puniet has a look back to see where Edwards is exiting the Melbourne Hairpin.

Lap twenty-eight and Dovizioso's gap to de Puniet is only +1.660 seconds. At the Wheatcroft Straight, Edwards is right behind the Frenchman but does not make a move entering Redgate. Edwards has a +2.611 second gap back to de Angelis as Toseland's gap to Rossi has now increased to +3.967 seconds. At the Old Hairpin, Edwards goes up the inside of de Puniet and takes second from him. Dovizioso's gap to Edwards was +1.723 seconds at the beginning of the lap and has since dropped to +1.594 in sector two, +1.179 seconds in sector two and +0.987 seconds in sector three. De Puniet then dives down the inside of Edwards at the Melbourne Hairpin, taking second from him as they tiptoe into the corner.

On lap twenty-nine, the penultimate lap of the race, Dovizioso's gap to de Puniet has now increased slightly to +1.410 seconds. Edwards' gap to de Angelis is now +3.759 seconds and Toseland's gap back to Rossi is +3.408 seconds. Pedrosa has also been passed by Canepa as he moves up to seventh. In sector one, Dovizioso's gap to de Puniet has shrunk to +1.196 seconds and shrinks again in sector two - it now only being +0.880 seconds. However, the gap in sector three increases again to +0.995 seconds.

Dovizioso crosses the line to start the final lap - lap thirty - and his gap to de Puniet has increased to +1.409 seconds. Edwards closes up on the Frenchman exiting Coppice. Rossi makes a very late lunge up the inside of Toseland at the end of Starkey's Straight, initially taking fifth but running wide entering The Esses, allowing Toseland to retake the place upon exit. Edwards meanwhile passes de Puniet at the final corner - Goddards - by diving up his inside in a do-or-die pass and snatches second from him. Dovizioso meanwhile has no troubles and crosses the line to win the race - his first ever win in the MotoGP class. A close second is Edwards and a celebratory de Puniet, who does a big wheelie, comes home third. A bit further behind is de Angelis in fourth, also doing a wheelie. Fifth is Rossi who managed to overtake Toseland making a do-or-die lunge up his inside at the Melbourne Hairpin, with the Brit coming home in sixth spot.

On the parade lap back to parc-fermé, an ecstatic Dovizioso celebrates by punching up in the air multiple time. As he rides back, many fans have invaded the track and are cheering him on, waving at them and the fans in the grandstands. Edwards also waves at the fans and de Puniet waves the French flag in what they would consider being 'enemy territory' for centuries. Rossi talks to Dovizioso whilst still on the bike, then shaking hands and Rossi happily waving at the crowd. Dovizioso casually waves at the fans standing on the track, the marshalls keeping them from swarming them and Pedrosa - who has now come next to him and rides ahead of him. Many fans cheer and clap for the Italian's first win in the premier class. Toseland, who has finished sixth, gets many applauses and cheers, many fans also giving him a pat on the arm and back. Some even running after him in support of their home hero.

De Puniet is the first to arrive back at parc-fermé, being hugged by one of his LCR Honda crewmembers before stepping off. Another one then gleefully hugs him as the Frenchman still has the French flag in his hands, running to his crew to celebrate as well. Edwards is the second person to arrive at parc-fermé, his team clapping for him as he takes off his helmet and puts on his cap, then steps off a puts his thumb in the air. He then celebrates with his team. Last is race winner Dovizioso who arrives at parc-fermé, the Repsol Honda crew congratulating him on his maiden win. He steps off the bike, then calmly walks over to his crew as they all hug him in joy. Dovizioso then talks to his team as de Puniet behind him gets interviewed by the press. All the riders by now are being interviewed by the media as Toseland takes his time to greet all the home fans and greet them.

All the riders make their way onto the podium, Dovizioso and de Puniet having a quick chat before the Frenchman steps on the podium, followed by Edwards and Dovizioso. All the riders shake hands and Simon Gillett, then CEO of Donington Park Leisure ltd, hands out the third place trophy to de Puniet, who lifts it up in glee. Next up is Jorge Viegas, a representative of FIM to hand out the second place trophy to Edwards. The crowd cheers loudly as his name is mentioned and he receives the trophy, cheekily sticking out his tongue as he raises the trophy to signify the victory. Then it's the turn of Jean Mesquida, Spanish Minister for Tourism, to hand out the winners trophy to a delighted Dovizioso, lifting the big trophy up his head as he smiles. The Italian national anthem plays for Dovizioso and as it stops, the podium girls hand out the champagne. De Puniet immediately sprays the crowd upon receiving it, followed by Edwards and then Dovizioso before they spray each other. They then toast their champagne bottles before drinking some out of it. The riders climb upon the podium and pose for the group photo.

Despite Rossi crashing out from the lead and only finishing fifth, Lorenzo's retirement and Stoner's fourteenth position means that 'The Doctor' extends his lead in the championship. He has 187 points, followed by Lorenzo with 162 points in second and Stoner in third with 150 points.

MotoGP classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification
The 125cc race was stopped after 13 full laps due to rain. It was later restarted for 5 additional laps, with the grid determined by the running order before the suspension. The second part of the race determined the final result.

Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round ten has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

British motorcycle Grand Prix
British
Motorcycle Grand Prix