Prairie Fire is a Canadian literary journal published quarterly by Prairie Fire Press.

About The Editor
Andris Taskans was the founding editor of Prairie Fire.  He studied at the University of Winnipeg. Taskans was a founding member of the Manitoba Writers' Guild (established in 1981) and helped start the Manitoba Magazine Publishers Association (established in 1988). In 2004, Taskans accepted the Artists Award, sponsored by The Great-West Life Assurance Company. In 2008, Taskans received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Western Magazine Awards Foundation on their 26th annual Western Magazine Awards in Richmond, BC. He was awarded the "Making a Difference Award" from the Winnipeg Arts Council in 2009 at the Mayor's Luncheon for the Arts in Winnipeg. Taskans died on September 27, 2019.

Taskans was also a writer, and published Jukebox Junkie in 1987 by Turnstone Press (a poetry chapbook).

History
Prairie Fire magazine was founded in 1978 as Writers News Manitoba. WNM arose out of a group called the Winnipeg Writers Workshop (W3). The founding editors were Katherine Bitney, Elizabeth Carriere and Andris Taskans. WNM completed its transition to a literary journal in 1983, at which time the name was changed to Prairie Fire. The Manitoba Writers’ Guild published Prairie Fire from 1983 to 1989. The current publisher, Prairie Fire Press, Inc., was established in 1989.

The local writing and publishing scene was not as developed in 1978 as it is today. The members of W3 felt isolated both from the established writers of the Canadian Authors Association and from the University of Manitoba crowd gathered at St. John's College. Writers News Manitoba was created with two goals in mind: to serve as a vehicle for the dissemination of information to prairie writers and to promote the idea that we needed a province-wide writers' organization. After a few false starts, the Manitoba Writers' Guild was founded in 1981 and soon thereafter began publishing a newsletter. It was at this juncture that WNM was freed of its advocacy duties to become fully a literary magazine. Even then, however, it continued to hold as a priority the publishing of work by Manitoba writers. As one critic put it, Prairie Fire's job was to map the local literary landscape.

Awards and Honours
Manitoba Magazine Publishers’ Association Awards
 2016 – for fiction, “Hole in the Wall” by Nadia Bozak (35.4); for suite of poems – Three Poems by Patrick Friesen (36.3)
 2015 – for fiction, “Red Egg and Ginger” by Anna Ling Kaye (35.3); for creative non-fiction, “Status Updates” by George Toles & Cliff Eyland (35.3)
 2014 – for fiction, “The Book about the Bear” by John O’Neill (34.3); for creative non-fiction, “The Moon in Scorpio” by Trevor Corkum (34.2)
 2013 – four awards, the most awards of any magazine: for fiction, “Frida Walks” by Alice Zorn (33.2); for poetry, “Plastic Bucket” by Louise Carson (33.1); for creative non-fiction, “Maxime’s” by Lorri Neilsen Glenn (33.2); for best single issue, art & literary, Volume 33, No. 3: “The Visionary Art of Sharon Butala”
 2012 – for fiction, “Go with Bob” by Margaret Sweatman (32.4); for poetry, “Harry Mayzell’s Suit” by Harold Rhenisch (31.4)
 2011  – for fiction, “Rabbit” by Théodora Armstrong (31.3)
 2010  – for fiction, “Hold Me Now” by Stephen Gauer (30.2)
 2009  – for most effective use of words: Two Poems by Barry Dempster (28.4); for best cover, image of Margaret Atwood (29.2)
Other Awards
 Sue Goyette won silver at the 2013 National Magazine Awards for her poem “Fashion” in Prairie Fire (33.2)
 Mary Horodyski won Gold Award Best Article – Manitoba  at the 2010 Western Magazine Awards  for her essay “The Geography of Ambiguity,”  published in (31.2)

See also
List of literary magazines

References

External links and further reading
 Prairie Fire
 Our Members - Manitoba Magazine Publishers Association

1978 establishments in Manitoba
Literary magazines published in Canada
Quarterly magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1978
Magazines published in Manitoba
Mass media in Winnipeg
English-language magazines


The Speaker of the House of Representatives of Egypt is the presiding officer of that body. From the creation of the Shura Council in 1980 until its abolition in 2014, the House of Representatives was the lower house of the Parliament of Egypt.

List of officeholders

Sources
 Official website of the People's Assembly of Egypt

Politics of Egypt
Egypt
Speaker list


Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai (What Is Happening?) is a 2002 Bollywood adult comedy film. Directed by Hansal Mehta, produced by Pammi Baweja and written by Suparn Verma. It stars Prashant Chianani, Aamir Ali Malik, Vaibhav Jalani, Yash Pandit, Deepti Daryanani, Payal Rohatgi, Samita Bangargi and Punarnava Mehta. Its basic premise is taken from the American film American Pie.

Plot
Four young men join a college and develop a friendship with each other. The four also meet various young ladies and romance them throughout their semester. The question remains that will they be able to follow through with love lives after this term and will they also get passing grades at the same time?

Cast
Prashant Chianani as Ranjeet
Aamir Ali Malik as Rahul
Vaibhav Jalani as Bunty
Yash Pandit as Johnny
Deepti Daryanani as Preeti
Payal Rohatgi as Esha
Gajraj Rao as Bunty's father
Samita Bangargi as Anu
Punarnava Mehta as Stella
Mumaith Khan (Cameo)

Soundtracks

The movie soundtrack has 6 songs composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.

References

2000s Hindi-language films
Indian sex comedy films
2002 films
2000s sex comedy films
Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
Indian remakes of American films
2002 comedy films


This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Charleston Battery since the establishment of the team in 1993. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (US Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions League, etc.) but never actually made an USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate.

A "†" denotes players who only appeared in a single match.

A
 Emmanuel Adjetey
 Brad Agoos
 Jon Akin
 Nelson Akwari
 Lazo Alavanja
 Chris Albrecht
 Osvaldo Alonso
 Byron Alvarez
 Daniel Alvarez
 Brian Alvero
 Edeh Ambrose†
 Alfredo Anderson
 Kevin Anderson
 Michael Anhaeuser
 Dan Antoniuk
 Craig Appelby
 Raúl Díaz Arce
 Stephen Armstrong
 Shaker Asad
 Jay Ayres
 Khalil Azmi

B
 Chris Bagley
 Seedy Bah
 John Ball
 Oumar Ballo
 David Banks
 Brian Bates
 Jamar Beasley
 Matt Behncke†
 Michael Behonick
 Glenn Benjamin†
 Ian Bennett
 Yeniel Bermudez
 Gabe Bernstein
 Álvaro Betancur
 Michael Behonick
 Brian Blair
 Matt Bobo
 Alvin Boisson
 Josh Bolton
 Eric Bossman
 Navion Boyd
 Clark Brisson
 Derick Brownell
 Chris Brunt
 Scott Buete

C
 Dan Calichman
 Josh Campbell
 Scott Cannon
 Chad Carithers
 Andrew Carleton
 Alex Caskey
 Juan Castillo
 Anthony Catalano
 Maikel Chang
 Gordon Chin
 Ted Chronopoulos
 Dominic Cianciarulo
 Michael Behonick
 Scott Clayton†
 Braeden Cloutier
 A.J. Cochrane
 Levi Coleman
 Paul Conway
 Judah Cooks
 Odisnel Cooper
 Kevin Corby
 Chris Corcoran
 Heviel Cordovés
 Mac Cozier
 Shane Crawford
 Brandon Curran

D
 Omar Daley
 Fred DeGand
 Davor Delic
 John Devereaux
 Chris Dias
 Linval Dixon
 Seamus Donnelly
 Christopher Dore
 Paul Dougherty
 Nick Downing
 Christopher Doyle
 Graham Dugoni
 Andrew Dykstra

E
 Gabe Eastman
 Jake Edwards
 Chris Errazuriz
 Justin Evans

F
 Colin Falvey
 Matt Farris
 Shawn Ferguson
 Marco Ferruzzi
 Willy Files
 Thomas Finlay
 Sean Flatley
 Jim Foley
 Jamie Franks
 Ian Fuller

G
 Mike Gailey
 Ricky Garbanzo
 Kenny Gasser†
 Jason Getz
 Gavin Glinton
 Jeremy Gold
 Chris Goos
 Christopher Gores
 Michael Green
 Quinton Griffith
 Jon Gruenewald
 Attaulah Guerra
 Alioune Gueye
 Jeremy Gunn
 Rivers Guthrie

H
 Neveal Hackshaw
 Chris Handsor
 Luc Harrington
 Wolde Harris
 Tom Heinemann
 Tyler Hemmings
 Josh Henderson
 Ezra Hendrickson
 Nigel Henry
 Todd Hoffard
 David Hoffman
 Ben Hollingsworth
 Jamie Holmes
 Bryan Hoy
 Dusty Hudock
 Jordan Hughes
 Lee Hurst

I
 Ivailo Ilarionov

J
 Kevin Jackson
 Vince Jajuga
 Nigel James
 Gilbert Jean-Baptiste
 Henrik Jensen
 John Jones
 Kelvin Jones

K
 Tim Karalexis
 Johnie Keene
 Josh Keller
 Dane Kelly
 Jonathon Kelly
 David Kenga
 Thabiso Khumalo
 Aaron King
 Ehren Kilian
 Steve Klein
 Andrew Kopp
 Aleksey Korol
 Steve Kraemer
 Wojtek Krakowiak
 Leonard Krupnik
 Ryan Kurtz
 Jason Kutney

L
 David Lara
 Forrest Lasso
 Billy Lesesne
 Troy Lesesne
 Andrew Lewis
 Peter Lewis
 Bernie Lilavois
 John Limniatis
 Rob Lindell
 Brian Loftin
 Mario Lone
 Alon Lubezky

M
 Dino Maamria
 J. C. Mack
 Dante Marini
 Nigel Marples
 Jesus Martinez-Morales
 Brandon Massie
 Jeffrey Matteo
 Rudolph Mayard
 Chris McClellan
 Craig McCully
 Ivan McKinley
 Teba McKnight
 Mike Mekelburg
 Tim Melia
 Wade Meyers
 Rashad Miller
 Todd Miller
 John Mills
 David Minihan
 Barry Moore
 Lester Moré
 Taylor Mueller

N
 Lamar Neagle
 Guy Norcott
 Caleb Norkus
 Amaury Nunes
 Kevin Nylen

O
 Kevin O'Brien
 Ugochukwu Okoye
 Patrick Olalere
 Bo Oshoniyi

P
 Keith Parkinson
 Ben Parry
 Nicki Paterson
 Randi Patterson
 Jonathon Payne
 Clint Peay
 Mike Peckich†
 Andres Perez-Matto
 Cole Peverley
 Terry Phelan
 Colin Phillips
 Reggie Pierre-Jerome
 Brian Piesner
 Jeremie Piette
 Eddie Pigford
 Ivan Polic
 Garth Pollonais
 Justin Portillo
 Jamie Posnanski
 Zach Prince

R
 Jukka Rantala
 Marco Reda
 Kyle Reynish
 Mike Richardson
 Damon Richvalsky
 Colin Rocke
 Edmundo Rodriguez
 Memo Rodriuguez
 Louie Rolko
 Armando Romero
 Jose Romero-Coreas
 Robert Rosario
 Andrew Rosenband
 Warren Russ

S
 Tim Sahaydak
 Shea Salinas†
 Manny Sanchez
 Brent Sancho
 Lee Sandwina
 Frankie Sanfilippo
 Amadou Sanyang
 Austin Savage
 Darren Sawatzky
 Andy Schmetzer
 Eric Schmitt
 Kevin Scott
 Blair Scoullar
 Justin Sells
 Dean Sewell
 Matthew Sheldon
 Toni Siikala
 Gregory Simmonds
 Gregory Smith
 Josh Smith
 Lawrence Smith
 Darren Spicer
 Nicky Spooner
 Terry St. Louis
 Morry Steinbach
 Temoc Suarez
 Kyle Swords

T
 Alexandros Tabakis
 Patrick Tate†
 Brian Taylor
 Evan Taylor
 Jeff Terry†
 Scott Thelen
 Sébastien Thurière
 Rick Titus
 Michael Todd
 Pearse Tormey
 Andre Toussaint
 Kenji Treschuk
 Ryan Trout
 Chris Tsonis
 Corey Turnage
 David Turner†
 Ryan Turner

U
 Kenny Uzoigwe

V
 Gabriel Valencia-Jimenez
 Jarad van Schaik
 Rob Vartughian†
 Usiel Vazquez-Garcia
 Tim Velten
 Luke Vercollone
 Chris Veselka

W
 Gerard Walker
 Ryan Walker†
 Diego Walsh
 Darren Warham *
 Jamie Watson†
 Mark Watson
 Pablo Webster
 Shane Weems
 Keith Wiggans
 Chris Williams
 Rob Williams
 Romario Williams
 John Wilson
 Mark Wiltse
 Stephen Winters
 O'Brian Woodbine
 Alex Woods

Y
 Tsuyoshi Yoshitake
 Velko Yotov
 Paul Young

Z
 Mike Zaher
 Morgan Zeba

Other competition
 Chris Riley - Played one game in the 1995 Carolina Challenge Cup.

Sources

Charleston Battery

Association football player non-biographical articles


The 1975 Brussels summit was the third NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time.  The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 29–30 May 1975.  This event was only the third meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.

Background
In this period, the organization faced a generational challenge; and the unresolved questions concerned whether  a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been.

Agenda
The general discussions focused on the need for affirming of the fundamental importance of the Alliance,  Other topics included,
 Allied cohesion in the face of international economic pressures following the 1974 oil crisis; and
 Support for successful conclusion of negotiations in the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References
 Thomas, Ian Q.R. (1997).  The promise of alliance: NATO and the political imagination. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ;

External links
  NATO update, 1975

1975 in politics
1975 Brussels summit
Diplomatic conferences in Belgium
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1975 conferences
1975 in international relations
1975 in Belgium
1970s in Brussels
Belgium and NATO
May 1975 events in Europe


The 2009 Spanish Grand Prix (officially the Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Telefónica 2009) was a Formula One motor race held on 10 May 2009 at the Circuit de Catalunya in Montmeló, Spain. It was the fifth race of the 2009 Formula One season.

It resulted in a one-two finish by Brawn GP drivers Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello, respectively.

Report

Background
Brawn GP driver Jenson Button led the Drivers Championship by 12 points from teammate Rubens Barrichello, who was a further point ahead of Sebastian Vettel of Red Bull. The top six drivers were from the top three teams of Brawn, Red Bull and Toyota.

Brawn GP led the Constructors' Championship by 22.5 points from Red Bull, who led Toyota by another point. McLaren were the only other team to reach double figures, having scored thirteen points.

The 2009 Spanish Grand Prix was widely anticipated as a restart to the season, with most teams bringing new developments to their cars. Brawn GP made their first upgrades to the BGP 001 in an attempt to remain at the front, whilst Ferrari introduced a new two-tier diffuser to the Ferrari F60, and reduced the weight of Kimi Räikkönen's car. Ferrari also ran KERS on both their cars, despite having reliability problems with it at previous races. Having run KERS on Nick Heidfeld's car for the first four races, and Robert Kubica's car in Bahrain, BMW Sauber raced without the system in Spain. This was due to a significant aerodynamic update to the F1.09 and the need to get the best out of it, which is limited with KERS' weight disadvantage. BMW's aerodynamic update included a new nose, front wing, revised sidepods, a new rear wing and an overall lightening of the chassis. In addition, BMW decided not to introduce a two-tier diffuser in Spain, claiming they would not have been able to exploit the performance benefit it gives. Force India also abandoned plans to run KERS to instead focus on aerodynamic developments, but may run the system later in the year according to team principal Vijay Mallya.

During the previous year's grand prix, McLaren driver Heikki Kovalainen suffered a large crash at turn nine of the circuit. After the race, Mark Webber, a director of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, said that standards at the track should have been better. Speaking in his regular BBC Sport column, Webber said the run-off area at turn nine was too tight, which could cause an even more serious accident in the future without improvements. In response to this, the FIA made modifications to the track, in order to minimise the chances of such a severe accident happening again. The far side of the gravel trap at the turn was raised by 1.5 metres to give a gradual upward incline to slow down cars, while the gravel trap itself has been renewed. Improvements were made to the tyre barriers, to minimise the chances of a car penetrating the barriers again. Also, the kerb and artificial grass behind the track at turn nine were extended by ten metres.

Practice and qualifying
Three practice sessions were held before the race; of which two were held on Friday May 8, 2009, with the first in the morning and the second in the afternoon. Both sessions lasted 90 minutes with weather conditions sunny throughout. The third session was held on Saturday morning, lasting for 60 minutes.

In the first practice session, Jenson Button of Brawn GP set the fastest time of 1:21.799. Jarno Trulli of Toyota was second, with the two BMW Sauber cars of Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld third and fourth fastest. In the second practice session, Williams' driver Nico Rosberg went quickest with a time of 1.21.588. His teammate, Kazuki Nakajima, was second, with Renault's Fernando Alonso third. The third practice session saw Ferrari leading the way, Felipe Massa ahead of Kimi Räikkönen, with the two Brawn cars over half a second slower in third and fourth.

Qualifying on Saturday afternoon was split into three parts. At the end of the first session, Kimi Räikkönen was knocked out from 16th place. He later admitted his fault, believing his first qualifying lap was good enough to secure passage to the next session. Also knocked out were the Force India's of Giancarlo Fisichella and Adrian Sutil, McLaren's Heikki Kovalainen, and the Toro Rosso of Sébastien Bourdais. The second part of qualifying saw the Toro Rosso of Sébastien Buemi, McLaren's reigning world champion Lewis Hamilton, BMW's Heidfeld, Renault's Nelson Piquet, and Williams' Nakajima all fail to progress. Jenson Button claimed pole position in the final part of qualifying, starting his lap just two seconds before the session ended to put in a time of 1.20.527, one tenth quicker than second-placed Sebastian Vettel in the Red Bull. Button's teammate Rubens Barrichello was third quickest, with Ferrari's Felipe Massa and Red Bull's Mark Webber in fourth and fifth. Toyota's Timo Glock and Jarno Trulli were sixth and seventh fastest, in front of Renault's Alonso, Rosberg in the Williams, and the BMW of Kubica.

Race

Rubens Barrichello made a good start from third on the grid and took the lead at the first corner. Jenson Button was running second, whilst the KERS-equipped Ferrari of Felipe Massa was able to gain one place from the start and was placed third ahead of Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel.

An accident on the first lap of the race caused the retirement of Jarno Trulli, Adrian Sutil and both Toro Rosso drivers. Four laps behind the safety car followed while marshals cleared debris from the track. Replays of the incident showed that Nico Rosberg ran wide at turn two, forcing Trulli into the gravel, where he lost control and spun back onto the track, hitting Sutil. Sébastien Buemi and Sébastien Bourdais collided in the aftermath of the initial carnage, when Buemi braked hard to avoid Trulli, and Bourdais ran into the back of his teammate. Lewis Hamilton had been forced onto the grass at the start by Nelson Piquet and had ended up at the back of the field, but was able to avoid the incidents in front of him. Shortly after the safety car pulled in and the race restarted, the McLaren of Heikki Kovalainen suffered from gearbox failure, forcing him to retire.

Barrichello pulled away from Button consistently during the first part of the race. After the first set of pit-stops, it was evident that Barrichello was running a three-stop strategy, while Button and the other front runners were making two stops. Barrichello, however, was unable to create enough of a gap to the chasing pack before his second pit-stop, and lost the lead to Button. After all the other drivers had pitted at least once, Barrichello found himself behind third-placed Massa and fourth-placed Vettel. After the last round of pit-stops were completed, Button was first, while Barrichello had moved up to second, and Red Bull's Mark Webber took third position – the result of a long second stint that Red Bull had opted for in order to emerge in front of the slower Ferrari of Massa. Button had originally been on the same three-stop strategy as Barrichello, but was switched to a two-stop strategy by the team to avoid exiting the pits into the dirty air of Rosberg's Williams.

Ferrari's problems continued as Kimi Räikkönen experienced hydraulic failure on his car, causing him to retire on lap 17. Massa had defended his position against Vettel throughout the afternoon, but late in the race, Ferrari identified a problem in that Massa was consuming more fuel than expected. As he could potentially run out of fuel before the end of the race, Massa was instructed to slow down and conserve fuel, and as a result he lost fourth place to Vettel, then fifth place to Fernando Alonso on the last lap.

Button took his fourth victory of the season, with Brawn GP claiming a one-two finish as Barrichello crossed the line 13 seconds later. Webber took the final podium position, with teammate Vettel behind him in fourth. Alonso was fifth, Massa sixth, Nick Heidfeld, who had significantly closed the gap to Massa in the final lap, had to settle for seventh but in the process breaking Michael Schumacher's record of  24 consecutive finishes, while Nico Rosberg claimed the final point in eighth place. Webber claimed that driving a long stint with a heavy fuel load "felt as though [he] was towing a caravan."

Classification

Qualifying
Cars that used KERS are marked with "‡"

Race

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

See also
 2009 Catalunya GP2 Series round

References

External links

 Official results from
 FIA
 Formula1.com

Spanish Grand Prix
Spanish Grand Prix
Grand Prix
May 2009 sports events in Europe


The all elements rule or all limitations rule (often written with a hyphen after "all") is a legal test used in US patent law to determine whether a given reference shows that a patent claim lacks the novelty required to be valid. The rule is also applicable to an obviousness analysis. Under the rule, a single reference (for anticipation) or the combination of references relied upon, plus the ordinary knowledge of persons skilled in the art (for obviousness), must provide each claimed element. For anticipation, and under certain circumstances for obviousness, the doctrine of inherency may be relied on to meet this test.

See also
 Claim (patent)

References

United States patent law


AM 1316-241 is a pair of overlapping galaxies in the constellation Hydra. It is notable for having recently been discovered to have revealed visible dust by the back light from the more distant galaxy of the two.

It is believed the pair are interacting.

References

External links

University of Alabama Astronomy
THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 121:1442-1455, 2001 March
NASA Extragalactic Database
The Astrophysical Journal, December 10, 2000
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, September 2003
Space.com

See also
 2MASX J00482185-2507365 occulting pair - a similar pair

Overlapping galaxies
Interacting galaxies
46461
Hydra (constellation)


Celón (in Asturian: Zalón) is a parish in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It is located  from the parish capital of La Puela.

The parish elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size.  The population is 117 (INE 2011).

Villages and hamlets
La Vega ("La Vega de Truelles")
Presnas
Pumar
San Martin de Beduledo ("Samartín de Beduledo")
Villaverde

References

External links
 Allande

Parishes in Allande


Marcus Terrell Thornton (born June 5, 1987) is an American professional basketball player, who most recently played for the Motor City Cruise of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for Kilgore College and LSU before being drafted in the second round of the 2009 NBA draft by the Miami Heat. He has played in the NBA for the New Orleans Hornets, Sacramento Kings, Brooklyn Nets, Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, Houston Rockets and Washington Wizards.

College career
Thornton played two years at Kilgore College, a junior college in Kilgore, Texas. As a freshman in 2005–06, he averaged 14.5 points while shooting at 65 percent from the field. He averaged 26.9 points in his second season at Kilgore in 2006–07, earning first-team Junior College All-American honors and MVP honors for Region XIV.

Following his sophomore season, Thornton transferred to Louisiana State University. As a junior in 2007–08 playing for the Tigers, he averaged 19.6 points (second in the SEC) and shot 81.7 percent from the free-throw line, the second-best percentage in the conference. As a senior in 2008–09, he averaged 21.1 points, 5.5 rebounds and 2.1 assists per game, subsequently earning the 2009 Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year. In two seasons at LSU, he finished with 1,347 points, 21st all-time and with a 20.4 scoring average, he ranked sixth all-time. He also finished eighth in school history with 168 three-pointers.

Professional career

New Orleans Hornets (2009–2011)
Thornton was selected with the 43rd overall pick by the Miami Heat in the 2009 NBA draft, but his rights were traded to the New Orleans Hornets. On February 23, 2010, in a loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers, he tied a Hornets' franchise record for points scored by a rookie (37), and set a franchise record for points in a quarter (23) and points off the bench (previous, 33, Dell Curry). His 37 points also tied for the third most points by an NBA rookie off the bench since the 1976–77 season. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team in 2009–10 after averaging 14.5 points, 2.9 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 25.6 minutes per game in 73 games (started 17) with New Orleans. He also set a franchise rookie record with 117 three-pointers in a season.

Sacramento Kings (2011–2014)

On February 23, 2011, Thornton was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Carl Landry. On March 14, 2011, he scored a career-high 42 points against the Golden State Warriors.

In the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, Thornton averaged a team-leading 18.7 points, 3.7 rebounds, 1.9 assists, 1.4 steals and 34.9 minutes in starting all 51 games he played in.

On January 24, 2014, Thornton tied his career-high of 42 points in an overtime loss to the Indiana Pacers.

Brooklyn Nets (2014)
On February 19, 2014, Thornton was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for Jason Terry and Reggie Evans. His best game for the Nets came on March 9, as he scored 27 points in a win over the Kings.

Boston Celtics (2014–2015)
On July 10, 2014, Thornton was traded to the Boston Celtics in a three-team deal involving the Nets and the Cleveland Cavaliers. On December 7, he scored a season-high 21 points in the Celtics' 101–93 win over the Washington Wizards.

Phoenix Suns (2015)
On February 19, 2015, Thornton was traded, along with a 2016 first-round pick, to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Isaiah Thomas. He completed the 2014–15 season with the Suns playing in just nine games. He did not manage game time in 18 of a possible 27 games with the Suns, largely thanks to an Achilles' tendon injury and being a non-rotation player on a non-playoff team.

Houston Rockets (2015–2016)
On July 25, 2015, Thornton signed with the Houston Rockets. On December 8, he scored a season-high 32 points in a loss to the Brooklyn Nets. On February 18, 2016, Thornton and Donatas Motiejūnas were traded to the Detroit Pistons in a three-team trade involving the Rockets and the Philadelphia 76ers. However, four days later, the Pistons rescinded their trade following a failed physical by Motiejūnas. Thornton didn't play again following his return to Houston, and on February 26, he was waived by the Rockets.

Washington Wizards (2016–2017)
On March 9, 2016, Thornton signed with the Washington Wizards. Two days later, he made his debut with the Wizards in a 114–93 loss to the Utah Jazz, recording two points, one assist and one steal in 20 minutes off the bench.

On July 28, 2016, Thornton re-signed with the Wizards.

On February 22, 2017, Thornton was traded, along with Andrew Nicholson and a 2017 first round draft pick, to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for Bojan Bogdanović and Chris McCullough. He was waived by the Nets the next day.

Grand Rapids Drive (2017–2018)
On December 13, 2017, Thornton was acquired by the Grand Rapids Drive of the G-League.

Beijing Ducks (2018)
On February 4, 2018, Thornton signed with the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association.

Return to the Drive (2018–2019)
On December 11, 2018, Thornton was reacquired by the Grand Rapids Drive of the G-League. On March 3, 2019, Thornton scored 42 points to go along with 5 rebounds, 4 assists and 4 blocks in a 102-97 win over the Maine Red Claws.

Motor City Cruise (2022)
On January 8, 2022, Thornton was acquired via available player pool by the Motor City Cruise of the NBA G League, but was waived on January 21, after appearing in only 4 games.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
| 73 || 17 || 25.6 || .451 || .374 || .814 || 2.9 || 1.6 || .8 || .2 || 14.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
| 46 || 0 || 16.2 || .410 || .376 || .758 || 2.8 || .9 || .4 || .1 || 7.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Sacramento
| 27 || 23 || 38.1 || .450 || .361 || .805 || 4.7 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .2 || 21.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Sacramento
| 51 || 51 || 34.9 || .438 || .345 || .865 || 3.7 || 1.9 || 1.4 || .2 || 18.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Sacramento
| 72 || 8 || 24.0 || .429 || .372 || .881 || 2.5 || 1.3 || .8 || .1 || 12.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Sacramento
| 46 || 26 || 24.4 || .381 || .318 || .808 || 2.7 || 1.0 || .7 || .2 || 8.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 26 || 1 || 23.8 || .414 || .380 || .800 || 2.8 || 1.2 || 1.0 || .1 || 12.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 39 || 0 || 16.4 || .416 || .419 || .824 || 1.9 || .9 || .5 || .2 || 8.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 9 || 0 || 9.0 || .325 || .105 || .800 || 1.4 || .2 || .7 || .0 || 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Houston
| 47 || 6 || 18.8 || .400 || .338 || .879 || 2.4 || 1.4 || .7 || .1 || 10.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 14 || 2 || 16.0 || .393 || .333 || .762 || 2.5 || 1.4 || .9 || .1 || 8.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 33 || 1 || 17.4 || .400 || .350 || .852 || 2.3 || 1.4 || .6 || .1 || 6.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Career
| 483 || 135 || 23.4 || .425 || .358 || .830 || 2.8 || 1.4 || .8 || .1 || 11.9

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 10 || 0 || 12.4 || .389 || .238 || .667 || 1.9 || .1 || .2 || .1 || 5.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Career
| 10 || 0 || 12.4 || .389 || .238 || .667 || 1.9 || .1 || .2 || .1 || 5.9

Personal life
Thornton's fiancée, Lyndsey Duplessis, gave birth to their first child on January 1, 2016, a daughter named Maleia. Thornton is a cousin of former NBA player Al Thornton.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in China
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Beijing Ducks players
Boston Celtics players
Brooklyn Nets players
Grand Rapids Drive players
Houston Rockets players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Kilgore College alumni
LSU Tigers men's basketball players
Miami Heat draft picks
New Orleans Hornets players
Phoenix Suns players
Sacramento Kings players
Shooting guards
Washington Wizards players
20th-century African-American people


NCAA student-athlete recruiting adheres to a strict process set forth by the NCAA, which includes timetables, regulations, and consequences for violations.

Process
Coaches are allowed to contact players by sending questionnaires, sports camp brochures, and NCAA educational information to prospects as young as the seventh grade. This can lead to a prospect accepting an unofficial visit to a college campus. During these visits prospects can accept up to three complimentary admissions to sporting events, but may only talk to college coaches on school premises. High school student-athletes can verbally commit to attend a university when they feel comfortable with the program. This commitment is a non-binding agreement, and is not binding until the player signs a National Letter of Intent.

Regulations
The NCAA posts the recruiting rulebook on-line.

Division I coaches may not initiate phone calls with high school freshmen, sophomores, or juniors. However, these student-athlete prospects are allowed to initiate phone calls with Division I coaches if they please. July 1 following a prospect's junior year of high school officially starts the period in which coaches are allowed to initiate phone calls to prospects.

Men's Basketball and Football have exceptions to this rule. September 1 of the prospect's senior year begins the period in which football coaches may initiate phone calls to prospects; with a one call per week limit. Men's Basketball coaches are allowed to make one phone call per month to a prospect after June 15 of their sophomore year. Following August 1 of the prospect's senior year, Men's Basketball coaches may make two phone calls per week.

The NCAA Division I Committee on Infractions hands out punishment for rules violations. In the instance of the football program at the University of Colorado at Boulder, hearings were held between NCAA's infractions committee and university officials to determine how serious the infractions were and to decide fair punishment. On October 8, 2002, Colorado's football program was placed on two years' probation and the school's available football scholarships were cut from 25 to 20.

References

External links
Scout.com
RecruitHouse.com
FieldLevel.com

Recruiting


Hai Ying Wu (also known as Jason Wu) is a Chinese American sculptor best known for his firefighter memorials. and his memorial commemorating the Auto-Lite Strike in Toledo, Ohio.

A native of China, Wu received his degree in sculpture from the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute, and became staff sculptor for the city of Chengdu on the Chengdu Public Arts Commission. He worked primarily in public art and in the "socialist realist" genre. A large number of his public art works can be seen in Chengdu. He participated in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and was caught in the square when the Chinese military attacked the demonstrators. He emigrated to the United States later that same year, and in time became a U.S. citizen. He worked in construction and as a dishwasher before enrolling in the University of Washington School of Art. He graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. For his master's thesis, he designed a memorial to 19th-century Chinese railroad workers which was later installed in a park in Tacoma, Washington.

As of 2007, he divided his time between his home in Everett, Washington, and China.

Wu is best known for sculpting the Seattle Fallen Fire Fighters Memorial in Seattle's Pioneer Square. A design competition was held among all interested students in the UW School of Arts, and Wu's design was chosen. He has erected similar memorials throughout the Pacific Northwest.  He also created the Auto-Lite Strike Memorial in Toledo, which commemorates the violent United Auto Workers strike of 1934. His work for Compass Health in Everett, Washington, was his first sculpture to focus on children.

Public works
Among Wu's public works are:
"Crane and Turtle" located at North Shore Health Center, Bothell, Washington
"Dance" in Lynnwood, Washington
"Emerging" in Renton, Washington
"The First Pitch" in Redmond, Washington
"Hide and Seek" at Imagine Children's Museum Collection, Everett, Washington
"Children Crossing a Stream" at Luther Children's Crisis Facility at Compass Health, Everett, Washington
"Migration" in Bend, Oregon
"Mushroom Lanterns” (four separate pieces), a collaboration with Michiko Tanaka, in Seattle, Washington
"Northglenn Veterans Memorial" in Northglenn, Colorado
"Seattle Fallen Firefighter's Memorial" in Pioneer Square, Seattle, Washington
"Team Work" in Glendale, Arizona

References

People from Everett, Washington
Artists from Chengdu
American sculptors
Socialist realist artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute alumni
University of Washington School of Art + Art History + Design alumni
Chinese sculptors
American people of Chinese descent


Averitt Express is a privately owned transportation and supply chain management company based in Cookeville, Tennessee.

History
The company was founded as Livingston Merchant's Co-op in 1958 and incorporated as Averitt Express in 1969. Averitt is owned by Gary Sasser, who purchased the company from its original owner, Thurman Averitt, in October 1971 at the age of 20. At the time of Sasser's purchase, Averitt operated 3 trucks and 5 trailers.

, the company claims to be "one of the nation's leading freight transportation and supply chain management providers". In 2021, Averitt purchased a 25,000 square-feet distribution center in Amarillo and opened new locations in Grand Prairie, Houston, and Laredo, TX.

In 2022, Averitt Express opened a new distribution and fulfillment facility in the Memphis area. The new center is a 260,000 square-feet, adding to their 2.4 million square-feet of space over their 40+ locations.

In, 2023 Averitt Express donated $1,200,001 to St. Jude Children's Hospital. Most of the funds were donated through an employee program in which about 94% of Averitt employees donated minimum of $1 per week to the Averitt Cares for Kids fund. Averitt opened another distribution and fulfillment center in Louisville, KY, that spans over 340,000 square-feet.

Service area
Averitt Express runs primarily in 18 states in the Southeast United States, including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana.  They also have single terminals in California, Ohio, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Illinois.

Transportation services
Averitt Express provides the following services:

Climate controlled
Cross-border (Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands)
Dedicated
Expedited/time critical
Intermodal
International (ocean/air, Asia-Memphis Express)
Less than truckload shipping (LTL) (regional, nationwide, distribution/consolidation)
Portside
Retail services (general retail, retail distribution)
Transportation management
Truckload (dry van, flatbed, truckload brokerage)
Air charter
Value-added services (national call center)
Warehousing
Supply chain
Integrated services

Charity work
Averitt Cares for Kids is a non-profit organization that is funded by associates of Averitt Express and is managed by the company. associated with St. Jude's Children's Hospital.

Awards
Averitt Express has won many quality awards for environmental responsibility, publication service, and safety, as well as many customer service awards from companies including Walmart, Dollar General, General Motors, Jack Daniels, etc.

References

Further reading
  (Preview page).

External links
Official website

Companies based in Tennessee
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Trucking companies of the United States
Transportation companies based in Tennessee


Fritz Freitag  (28 April 1894 – 10 May 1945) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era. During World War II, he commanded the 2nd SS Infantry Brigade, the SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer, and the SS Division Galicia. Freitag committed suicide in May 1945.

Career
Fritz Freitag was born in Allenstein, East Prussia, the son of a railroad official. After passing his high school examinations he joined the 1st (East Prussian) Grenadier Regiment of the Prussian Army. During World War I, Freitag served on both the Eastern Front and the Western Front. In 1919, Freitag joined the Freikorps and in 1920, the Schutzpolizei. By the time of World War II, Freitag had been promoted to Police Colonel. During the invasion of Poland, he was the Chief of Operations of the 3rd Police Regiment and the Chief of Staff to the senior police commander in the 14th Army, Udo von Woyrsch.

In September 1940, Freitag joined the SS and was posted onto the staff of Heinrich Himmler. He was then posted to the 1 SS Infantry Brigade as chief of staff. During the invasion of the Soviet Union, he organized rear-security operations in Belarus and assisted the Einsatzgruppen in rounding up the Jewish population in the occupied territories.

Freitag was appointed commander of 2nd SS Polizei Infantry Regiment still serving on the Eastern Front. He was promoted to Standartenführer for his performance in command of a kampfgruppe during the fighting in the Volkhov pocket. In January 1943, he was given temporary command of the SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer being replaced when becoming ill. From April to August 1943 he commanded the 2 SS Infantry Brigade, and from 18 August 1943 till 20 October 1943 the 4th SS Polizei Division. He was then given command of the SS Division Galicia. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in September 1944.

Freitag shot himself in the village of St. Andrä on 10 May 1945.

Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 September 1944 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS, and commander of the 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (gal. Nr. 1).

References

Citations

Bibliography

1894 births
1945 suicides
1945 deaths
People from Olsztyn
Military personnel from East Prussia
German Army personnel of World War I
Suicides by firearm in Austria
SS-Brigadeführer
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Waffen-SS personnel
Nazis who committed suicide in Austria
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Holocaust perpetrators in Belarus


Xu Yang () (born 5 June 1979 in Shenyang, Liaoning) is a former Chinese footballer who mainly played for Shenyang Haishi as a defender.

Club career

Shenyang Haishi
Xu Yang started his football career playing for was his local youth team Shenyang Haishi and would graduate to their senior team in the 1999 league season to begin his professional football career. He would slowly establish himself as a squad regular until the 2001 league season when he played in 13 league games to establish himself within the squad. The following seasons would see him as a first choice regular able to play as a defensive midfielder or a centre-back and when the club moved away from Shenyang to Changsha as well as renaming themselves Changsha Ginde, he would join them.

Shanghai Shenhua
After eight seasons with his previous club Xu would transfer to top tier football club Shanghai Shenhua as a reliable replacement for existing centre-back Li Weifeng half-way through the 2008 league season. At the beginning of the 2009 league season the manager Jia Xiuquan would decide to make Du Wei and Yanko Valkanov as the preferred first choice centre back pair after they were chosen together in the club's debut game of the season against Singapore Armed Forces FC on 11 March 2009 in the 2009 AFC Champions League. As the season progressed Xu would only make a handful appearances before being dropped to the reserve team in the 2010 league season before leaving.

References

External links

Xu Yang at Football-Lineups.com

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Shenyang
Chinese men's footballers
Changsha Ginde players
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
China men's international footballers


Baibakov Art Projects is a non-profit organization that aims to provide platforms for cultural production primarily within Moscow.

History

Founded in 2008, the initiative was the first to make use of the former Red October Chocolate Factory in the center of Moscow. Baibakov Art Projects inaugurated its 3000m2 space with an exhibition called invasion : evasion, which challenged 22 Russian artists and collectives (including Gosha Ostretsov, Ira Korina, Dmitry Teselkin and Alina Gutkina) to launch a creative invasion of the exhibition space.  It followed this exhibition with "Natural Wonders: New Art from London," a show which likewise featured a showcase of 22 artists and collectives based in London (among them Idris Khan, Conrad Shawcross, Ryan Gander and Shezad Dawood.) Later, Baibakov Art Projects would go on to host exhibitions of artists like Luc Tuymans, Paul Pfeiffer, and Olga Chernysheva as well as group shows like FIVE, which featured Walead Beshty, Matthew Brannon, Wade Guyton, Sterling Ruby and Kelley Walker.

In April 2010, Baibakov Art Projects relocated to a former House of Culture at Paveletskaya Naberezhnaya 2/18, where it hosted the exhibition Perpetual Battles, curated by Baibakova with Kate Sutton and Jean-Max Colard. The show featured work by artists including Thomas Hirschhorn, Cyprien Gaillard, Latifa Echakhch and Saadane Afif. Concurrently, Baibakov Art Projects hosted 032c's Workshop Report an exhibition that displayed works by Cyprien Gaillard, Andro Wekua, Gosha Rubchinskiy and Carsten Holler on Konstatin Grcic tables, set up on a Missoni carpet.  Following the exhibition, Baibakov Art Projects began to operate using pop-up spaces, such as Dom Spiridonov, where they hosted a launch for Visionaire's Fairy Tales in October 2010.

References

External links
BAIBAKOV art projects website
Art in America – Making Your Market: Baibakov's Moscow Project
Newsweek-Modern Day Medicis
Making Your Market: Baibakov's Moscow Project
Flash Art Online: Baibakov Art Projects
Artnet, Simon Todd Talks with Maria Baibakova
T Magazine, Russian Doll: Moscow's New Art Doyenne
The New Yorker, Garage Mechanics

Russian art


Jacob Weiss (August 21, 1750 - January 9, 1839) was a Revolutionary War officer and an early coal businessman. During the Revolution, Weiss served as the Quartermaster-General under General Nathanael Greene. After the war, he and several business partners ran coal mining operations in the Lehigh Valley.

Early life
Jacob Weiss was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 21, 1750. He was the son of native German physician John Jacob Weiss, who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1740. His father became a citizen on September 27, 1740. He later married Rebecca Cox on October 14, 1746, and purchased land in the area of Fort Allen, which would become later known as Lehighton and Weissport.  They had 11 children, one of whom was Jacob Weiss.

Military career
Early in his military career, Jacob Weiss served for the first company of the Philadelphia Volunteers under Captain Cadwalader. He was then appointed acting Quartermaster-General by General Mifflin. After only serving one tour of duty, he was appointed Quartermaster-General and served under General Nathanael Greene of the Continental Army.  After  serving under Gen. Greene, Weiss was assigned a post in 1780 as the Deputy Quartermaster General in Easton, Northampton County, Pennsylvania.  This was under considerable recommendation of his previous post served under General Greene.  His last move of the service was in 1780 to a place called Nazareth, Pennsylvania, with his family.  Weiss then concluded service there in 1783.  He returned to his home in the Lehigh Valley and purchased a tract of land next to the Lehigh River, then called New Gnadenhuetton, from the Moravians who lived there.

Coal Industry founding father
According to local historians, Philip Ginder, often called Ginter, made the early discovery of coal in this remote area in 1791. Ginder was a local miller who was out hunting along "Sharpe Mountain" and found an outcrop of a hard rock that was called "stone coal", or anthracite, which he recognized as possibly being coal.  To verify this discovery, Mr. Ginder gave it to Col. Weiss the very next day. Col. Weiss said he would give Mr. Ginder  of land if he showed where the coal was found, and Mr. Ginder agreed to the deal.  Col. Weiss took the specimen by horseback to Philadelphia and had it further inspected by John Nicholson, Michael Hillegas, and brother-in-law Charlie Cist; Hillegas had been the Treasurer of the United States under the Continental Congress through the American Revolution.  Upon authentication, Weiss was authorized to grant Ginter what he propositioned for his discovery upon pointing out the exact location where it was found. Ginter built a mill on the tract of land he acquired but was later deprived of it by the owner who had filed a prior claim at the US patent office.

Weiss, Hillegas, and Nicholson in 1791-92 were some of the original investors in the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LCMC) which was later part of the historic merger which formed the influential and historically important Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LC&N)—anthracite was known of, but it was not known well. How to get 'Stone Coal' to burn easily or reliably was another question, yet the Eastern Seaboard was suffering the same sort of deforestation that had occasioned the use of coal in Great Britain.
Unlike Europe, the young American nation did not have millennium of commerce to wear cart navigable, if poor and muddy, roads between cities. Most roads were still trails unfriendly to any vehicle with axles. Travel by water was the only fast way to get anywhere, and the only effective way to ship heavy or bulky goods, and anthracite coal was both.

Meanwhile, infant American industries and the wealthy in the other former colonies were importing fuels. Companies were even shipping coal from England and Virginia for American cities to use for heat or power. Early on in 1792 this new LCMC company attempted to be the first that regularly brought coal down from Summit Hill, Pennsylvania across Pisgah Ridge in the rough terrains typical of the ridge channeled mountainous areas of the Southern Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania. The trip down from the mine necessitated the use of pack mules and then later with some road improvements, oxen and carts to transship the sacks or baskets of coal down hill 8–9 miles (12.9–14.5 km) to load the coal into sturdy boats, probably along the river banks now occupied by the village of Packerton at the mouth of Beaverdam Run or along the nearly parallel Mahoning Creek (which bisects nearby Lehighton)—both are right bank tributaries on the Lehigh River on the opposite shore from Colonel Weiss's Weissport, Pennsylvania.

Getting the anthracite mined and then down to the Lehigh River; a right bank tributary of the Delaware River, and so a way down to Philadelphia or even the relatively nearby Iron foundries of Allentown and Bethlehem was only part of the transportation problem & solution— for the river had spates of rapids and was infamously treacherous. As recently as 1817 3 of 5 barges foundered on their way down the river, an event which triggered the founding of the 'Lehigh Navigation Company', and occasion a new management team taking over the LCMC in 1818—this eventually led (1820) to the formation of the company which built the Lehigh Canal and the America's second railroad when the LCMC couldn't deliver coal regularly nor reliably.

Later life
Weiss died in Weissport, Pennsylvania on January 9, 1839.

References

1750 births
1839 deaths
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Continental Army officers from Pennsylvania
American people of German descent
Coal in the United States


The 2010 ICC World Twenty20 was the third Men's T20 World Cup  competition, an international Twenty20 cricket tournament that was held in the West Indies between 30 April and 16 May 2010. It was won by England, who defeated Australia in the final. Kevin Pietersen was named as player of the tournament.

Although the tournament was held every two years beginning in 2007, the scheduled ICC Champions Trophy, One Day International tournament to be held in the West Indies in 2010 was revised to a Twenty20 format because the 2008 Champions Trophy tournament in Pakistan was postponed due to security concerns and there was a need to correct the international cricketing tournament calendar.

This ICC World Twenty20 took place only 10 months after the last one. As before, the tournament featured 12 teams – the Test-playing nations and two qualifiers. Matches were played at three grounds – Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, Barbados; Providence Stadium in Providence, Guyana; and Beausejour Stadium in Gros Islet, Saint Lucia. The tournament was organised in parallel with the women's tournament, with the men's semi-finals and final each being preceded by the semi-finals and final from the women's event.

This competition also saw Afghanistan make their first ever appearance in a major ICC international cricket tournament, and was made even more remarkable as at the time they only held Affiliate Membership and subsequently became the only Affiliate member ever to compete in a major ICC international cricket tournament.

Qualification

The ICC World Twenty20 qualifier was won by Afghanistan who defeated Ireland by 8 wickets in the final with both sides qualifying for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. This was the first major tournament Afghanistan qualified for, while leading associates the Netherlands and Scotland failed to qualify this time.

Venues
All matches were played at the following three grounds:

Rules and regulations
During the group stage and Super Eight, points are awarded to the teams as follows:

In case of a tie (i.e. both teams score exactly the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings), a Super Over decides the winner. This is applicable in all stages of the tournament.

Within each group (of both group and Super Eight stages), teams are ranked against each other based on the following criteria:

 Higher number of points
 If equal, higher number of wins
 If still equal, higher net run rate
 If still equal, lower bowling strike rate
 If still equal, result of head-to-head meeting.

Groups
The groups were announced on 4 July 2009. The initial four group format is the same as that used at the 2009 tournament. Team seed in brackets.

Group A
 (1)
 (9)
 (10)

Group B
 (2)
 (5)

Group C
 (3)
 (7)

Group D
 (4)
 (6)

Notes
 Afghanistan and Ireland qualified via the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier.
 As Zimbabwe withdrew from the 2009 competition, they failed to achieve a seed for the 2010 competition.
 As Ireland reached the Super Eight stage of the 2009 competition, they would have been the eighth seed if they were a Test-playing nation. Therefore, an eighth seed is missing from the competition.

Squads

Warm-up matches

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Super 8s
The Super 8s stage consists of the top two teams from each group of the group stage. The teams are split into two groups, Groups E and F. Group E will consist of the top seed from Groups A and C, and the second seed of groups B and D. Group F will consist of the top seed from Groups B and D, and the second seed of groups A and C. The seedings used are those allocated at the start of the tournament and are not affected by group stage results, with the exception of if a non-seeded team knocks out a seeded team, the non-seeded team inherits the seed of the knocked-out team.

Group E

Group F

Knockout stage

Semi-finals

Final

The final, played in Barbados on 16 May 2010, featured the game's oldest rivalry less than six months before the Ashes in Australia. England won by seven wickets with three overs to spare to seal its first International Cricket Council world championship after losses in three World Cup finals – 1979 against the West Indies at Lord's, 1987 against Australia and 1992 against Pakistan – and a loss in the 2004 Champions Trophy final to the West Indies on home soil. Australia batted first and scored 147 runs for the loss of six wickets, with David Hussey's top score of 59 proving crucial after England had reduced the Aussies to 8/3 after 2.1 overs and then removed captain Michael Clarke. England bettered Australia's total with 18 balls to spare, reaching 148 runs for the loss of three wickets, with Craig Kieswetter (63 runs) and Kevin Pietersen (47 runs) combining for a 111-run partnership for the second wicket before captain Paul Collingwood hit the winning run. Pietersen was subsequently named Man of the Tournament having scored 248 runs, while Kieswetter was named Man of the Match having scored his first T20 international half-century in the final.

Media coverage

Television

Radio

Internet

References

External links
 ICC World Twenty20 Cricket – Yahoo!
 Tournament page on Cricinfo

2010 in West Indian cricket
ICC Men's T20 World Cup
World Twenty20


eFileCabinet is a SaaS-based company headquartered in Lehi, Utah, selling document management software to manage and store documents, content, and records, either on-site or in the cloud.

It was founded in 2001 by James Blaylock to serve clients in the accounting industry where Blaylock worked before founding the company. It has since expanded to service many other industries, including construction, banking, healthcare, insurance, law, manufacturing, retail, oil & gas, transportation, and education. As of January 2016, eFileCabinet had over 160,000 users.

History
eFileCabinet software began as an internal product designed to store digital records at founder James Blaylock's accounting firm. Word spread about Blaylock's new software, generating demand for the software among other accounting firms. In response to this demand, Blaylock founded eFileCabinet in 2001 to build upon, improve, and market the software.

On July 21, 2007, Matt Peterson replaced James Blaylock as president and CEO of the company. Peterson had served as chief operating officer since joining the company in January 2007. Blaylock moved to serve as chairman of the board.

In 2008, eFileCabinet received $1 million in venture capital from Canopy Ventures, an early-stage venture capital firm. This allowed eFileCabinet to expand from servicing only accounting firms to various other industries, including government, healthcare, finance, and insurance. In June 2015, the company received a combined $14 million in Series B venture capital funding from California-based venture capital firm Allegis Capital and Signal Peak Ventures in Utah, bringing the company's total funding to $26.05 million. In 2020, they closed a Series C funding round with $11.5 million.

Products
eFileCabinet provides a suite of proprietary software products and services in the form of paperless document management.

In 2016, eFileCabinet opted out of Microsoft Silverlight as its framework of choice for its products, using HTML 5 instead to increase integration with the company's web sharing portal, SecureDrawer, and other third-party software like Sage, Foxit, Caselle, and QuickBooks.

eFileCabinet released the SideKick (a supporting application for the eFileCabinet software) in 2016. eFileCabinet also released an updated version of Enterprise Access (a satellite/remote access tool for larger organizations), and zonal optical character recognition (OCR), which enables users to scan and read specific portions of documents. eFileCabinet also released software in 2016 that is Mac OS X compatible.

Below is a list of products, including their main functions:

 eFileCabinet Desktop 2016: An on-premise document management solution
 eFileCabinet Online 2016: A cloud-based document management solution
 SecureDrawer: A web and client sharing portal for exchanging sensitive information
 The eFileCabinet SideKick: A connector of eFileCabinet software and the desktop that comes with a computer's operating system
 Enterprise Access: A satellite/remote access tool for organizations with multiple branches, and or office locations
 Rubex: The latest iteration of the eFileCabinet Online document management solution, which includes the file-sharing functionality of SecureDrawer within the interface.

See also

Document management system
Records Management
Business process management
Document imaging
Enterprise content management
Cloud software
Paperless office

References

Further reading
 U.S. Tax Season: What Accountants Should Take to the Trenches to Survive and Thrive

 "10 Ways Document Management Saves the World's Workforce" HR.com

Companies based in Utah
Software companies based in Utah
Business software companies
Companies established in 2001
Document management systems
2001 establishments in Utah
Software companies of the United States


Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they are to all insects, which have external mouthparts.

Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the control of soil microbial communities. The word Collembola is from the ancient Greek   "glue" and   "peg"; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces to stabilize the creature.

Some DNA sequence studies suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree; this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods. The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflect the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.

Morphology

Members of the Collembola are normally less than  long, have six or fewer abdominal segments, and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with reversible, sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. It is believed to be associated with fluid uptake and balance, excretion, and orientation of the organism itself. Most species have an abdominal, tail-like appendage known as a furcula (or furca). It is located on the fourth abdominal segment of collembolans and is folded beneath the body, held under tension by a small structure called the retinaculum (or tenaculum). When released, it snaps against the substrate, flinging the springtail into the air and allowing for rapid evasion and travel. All of this takes place in as little as 18 milliseconds.

Springtails also possess the ability to reduce their body size by as much as 30% through subsequent ecdyses (moulting) if temperatures rise high enough. The shrinkage is genetically controlled. Since warmer conditions increase metabolic rates and energy requirements in organisms, the reduction in body size is advantageous to their survival.

The Poduromorpha and Entomobryomorpha have an elongated body, while the Symphypleona and Neelipleona have a globular body. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, except for the two families Sminthuridae and Actaletidae, which exhibit a single pair of spiracles between the head and the thorax, leading to a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system. The anatomical variance present between different species partially depends on soil morphology and composition. Surface-dwellers are generally larger, have darker pigments, have longer antennae and functioning furcula. Sub-surface-dwellers are usually unpigmented, have elongated bodies, and reduced furcula. They can be categorized into four main forms according to soil composition and depth: atmobiotic, epedaphic, hemiedaphic, and euedaphic. Atmobiotic species inhabit macrophytes and litter surfaces. They are generally 8-10 millimeters (about ⅓") in length, pigmented, have long limbs, and a full set of ocelli (photoreceptors). Epedaphic species inhabit upper litter layers and fallen logs. They are slightly smaller and have less pronounced pigments, as well as less developed limbs and ocelli than the atmobiotic species. Hemiedaphic species inhabit the lower litter layers of decomposing organic material. They are 1-2 millimeters (about 1/16") in length, have dispersed pigmentation, shortened limbs, and a reduced number of ocelli. Euedaphic species inhabit upper mineral layers known as the humus horizon. They are smaller than hemiedaphic species; have soft, elongated bodies; lack pigmentation and ocelli; and have reduced or absent furca.

Poduromorphs are characterized by their elongated bodies and conspicuous segmentation – three thoracic segments, six abdominal segments, including a well-developed prothorax with tergal chaetae, while the first thoracic segment in Entomobryomorpha is clearly reduced and bears no chaetae.

The digestive tract of collembolan species consists of three main components: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut is surrounded by a network of muscles and lined with a monolayer of columnar or cuboidal cells. Its function is to mix and transport food from the lumen into the hindgut through contraction. Many species of syntrophic bacteria, archaea, and fungi are present in the lumen. These different digestive regions have varying pH to support specific enzymatic activities and microbial populations. The anterior portion of the midgut and hindgut is slightly acidic (with a pH of approximately 6.0) while the posterior midgut portion is slightly alkaline (with a pH of approximately 8.0). Between the midgut and hindgut is an alimentary canal called the pyloric region, which is a muscular sphincter.

Systematics and evolution

Traditionally, the springtails were divided into the orders Arthropleona, Symphypleona, and occasionally also Neelipleona. The Arthropleona were divided into two superfamilies, the Entomobryoidea and the Poduroidea. However, recent phylogenetic studies show Arthropleona is paraphyletic. Thus, the Arthropleona are abolished in modern classifications, and their superfamilies are raised in rank accordingly, being now orders Entomobryomorpha and the Poduromorpha. Technically, the Arthropleona are thus a partial junior synonym of the Collembola.

The term "Neopleona" is essentially synonymous with Symphypleona + Neelipleona. The Neelipleona was originally seen as a particularly advanced lineage of Symphypleona, based on the shared global body shape, but the global body of the Neelipleona is realized in a completely different way than in Symphypleona. Subsequently, the Neelipleona were considered as being derived from the Entomobryomorpha. Analysis of 18S and 28S rRNA sequence data, though,  suggests that they form the most ancient lineage of springtails, which would explain their peculiar apomorphies. This phylogenetic relationship was also confirmed using a phylogeny based on mtDNA and whole-genome data.

The latest whole-genome phylogeny supporting four orders of Collembola:

Springtails are attested to since the Early Devonian. The fossil from , Rhyniella praecursor, is the oldest terrestrial arthropod, and was found in the famous Rhynie chert of Scotland. Given its morphology resembles extant species quite closely, the radiation of the Hexapoda can be situated in the Silurian,  or more. Additional research concerning the coprolites (fossilized feces) of ancient collembolans allowed researchers to track their lineages back some 412 million years.

Fossil Collembola are rare. Instead, most are found in amber. Even these are rare and many amber deposits carry few or no collembola. The best deposits are from the early Eocene of Canada and Europe, Miocene of Central America, and the mid-Cretaceous of Burma and Canada. They display some unexplained characteristics: first, all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belong to extinct genera, whereas none of the specimens from the Eocene or the Miocene are of extinct genera; second, the species from Burma are more similar to the modern fauna of Canada than are the Canadian Cretaceous specimens.

There are about 3,600 different species.

Ecology

Eating behavior
Specific feeding strategies and mechanisms are employed to match specific niches. Herbivorous and detritivorous species fragment biological material present in soil and leaf litter, supporting decomposition and increasing the availability of nutrients for various species of microbes and fungi. Carnivorous species maintain populations of small invertebrates such as nematodes, rotifers, and other collembolan species. Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria.

Predators
Springtails are consumed by mesostigmatan mites in various families, including Ascidae, Laelapidae, Parasitidae, Rhodacaridae and Veigaiidae.

Cave-dwelling springtails are a food source for spiders and harvestmen in the same environment, such as the endangered harvestman Texella reyesi.

Distribution
Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material, where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms. In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100.

In sheer numbers, they are reputed to be one of the most abundant of all macroscopic animals, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground, essentially everywhere on Earth where soil and related habitats (moss cushions, fallen wood, grass tufts, ant and termite nests) occur. Only nematodes, crustaceans, and mites are likely to have global populations of similar magnitude, and each of those groups except mites is more inclusive. Though taxonomic rank cannot be used for absolute comparisons, it is notable that nematodes are a phylum and crustaceans a subphylum. Most springtails are small and difficult to see by casual observation, but one springtail, the so-called snow flea (Hypogastrura nivicola), is readily observed on warm winter days when it is active and its dark color contrasts sharply with a background of snow.

In addition, a few species routinely climb trees and form a dominant component of canopy fauna, where they may be collected by beating or insecticide fogging. These tend to be the larger (>2 mm) species, mainly in the genera Entomobrya and Orchesella, though the densities on a per square meter basis are typically 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than soil populations of the same species. In temperate regions, a few species (e.g. Anurophorus spp., Entomobrya albocincta, Xenylla xavieri, Hypogastrura arborea) are almost exclusively arboreal. In tropical regions a single square meter of canopy habitat can support many species of Collembola.

The main ecological factor driving the local distribution of species is the vertical stratification of the environment: in woodland a continuous change in species assemblages can be observed from tree canopies to ground vegetation then to plant litter down to deeper soil horizons. This is a complex factor embracing both nutritional and physiological requirements, together with behavioural trends, dispersal limitation and probable species interactions. Some species have been shown to exhibit negative or positive gravitropism, which adds a behavioural dimension to this still poorly understood vertical segregation. Experiments with peat samples turned upside down showed two types of responses to disturbance of this vertical gradient, called "stayers" and "movers".

As a group, springtails are highly sensitive to desiccation, because of their tegumentary respiration, although some species with thin, permeable cuticles have been shown to resist severe drought by regulating the osmotic pressure of their body fluid. The gregarious behaviour of Collembola, mostly driven by the attractive power of pheromones excreted by adults, gives more chance to every juvenile or adult individual to find suitable, better protected places, where desiccation could be avoided and reproduction and survival rates (thereby fitness) could be kept at an optimum. Sensitivity to drought varies from species to species and increases during ecdysis. Given that springtails moult repeatedly during their entire life (an ancestral character in Hexapoda) they spend much time in concealed micro-sites where they can find protection against desiccation and predation during ecdysis, an advantage reinforced by synchronized moulting. The high humidity environment of many caves also favours springtails and there are numerous cave adapted species, including one, Plutomurus ortobalaganensis living  down the Krubera Cave.

The horizontal distribution of springtail species is affected by environmental factors which act at the landscape scale, such as soil acidity, moisture and light. Requirements for pH can be reconstructed experimentally. Altitudinal changes in species distribution can be at least partly explained by increased acidity at higher elevation. Moisture requirements, among other ecological and behavioural factors, explain why some species cannot live aboveground, or retreat in the soil during dry seasons, but also why some epigeal springtails are always found in the vicinity of ponds and lakes, such as the hygrophilous Isotomurus palustris. Adaptive features, such as the presence of a fan-like wettable mucro, allow some species to move at the surface of water (Sminthurides aquaticus, Sminthurides malmgreni). Podura aquatica, a unique representative of the family Poduridae (and one of the first springtails to have been described by Carl Linnaeus), spends its entire life at the surface of water, its wettable eggs dropping in water until the non-wettable first instar hatches then surfaces.

In a variegated landscape, made of a patchwork of closed (woodland) and open (meadows, cereal crops) environments, most soil-dwelling species are not specialized and can be found everywhere, but most epigeal and litter-dwelling species are attracted to a particular environment, either forested or not. As a consequence of dispersal limitation, landuse change, when too rapid, may cause the local disappearance of slow-moving, specialist species, a phenomenon the measure of which has been called colonisation credit.

Relationship with humans

Springtails are well known as pests of some agricultural crops. Sminthurus viridis, the lucerne flea, has been shown to cause severe damage to agricultural crops, and is considered as a pest in Australia. Onychiuridae are also known to feed on tubers and to damage them to some extent. However, by their capacity to carry spores of mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza helper bacteria on their tegument, soil springtails play a positive role in the establishment of plant-fungal symbioses and thus are beneficial to agriculture. They also contribute to controlling plant fungal diseases through their active consumption of mycelia and spores of damping-off and pathogenic fungi. It has been suggested that they could be reared to be used for the control of pathogenic fungi in greenhouses and other indoor cultures.

Various sources and publications have suggested that some springtails may parasitize humans, but this is entirely inconsistent with their biology, and no such phenomenon has ever been scientifically confirmed, though it has been documented that the scales or hairs from collembolans can cause irritation when rubbed onto the skin. They may sometimes be abundant indoors in damp places such as bathrooms and basements, and incidentally found on one's person. More often, claims of persistent human skin infection by springtails may indicate a neurological problem, such as delusional parasitosis, a psychological rather than entomological problem. Researchers themselves may be subject to psychological phenomena. For example, a publication in 2004 claiming that springtails had been found in skin samples was later determined to be a case of pareidolia; that is, no springtail specimens were actually recovered, but the researchers had digitally enhanced photos of sample debris to create images resembling small arthropod heads, which then were claimed to be springtail remnants. However, Steve Hopkin reports one instance of an entomologist aspirating an Isotoma species and in the process accidentally inhaling some of their eggs, which hatched in his nasal cavity and made him quite ill until they were flushed out.

In 1952, China accused the United States military of spreading bacteria-laden insects and other objects during the Korean War by dropping them from P-51 fighters above rebel villages over North Korea. In all, the U.S. was accused of dropping ants, beetles, crickets, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, lice, springtails, and stoneflies as part of a biological warfare effort. The alleged associated diseases included anthrax, cholera, dysentery, fowl septicemia, paratyphoid, plague, scrub typhus, small pox, and typhoid. China created an international scientific commission for investigating possible bacterial warfare, eventually ruling that the United States probably did engage in limited biological warfare in Korea. The US government denied all the allegations, and instead proposed that the United Nations send a formal inquiry committee to China and Korea, but China and Korea refused to cooperate. U.S. and Canadian entomologists further claimed that the accusations were ridiculous and argued that anomalous appearances of insects could be explained through natural phenomena. Springtail species cited in allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War were Isotoma (Desoria) negishina (a local species) and the "white rat springtail" Folsomia candida.

Captive springtails are often kept in a terrarium as part of a clean-up crew.

Ecotoxicology laboratory animals
Springtails are currently used in laboratory tests for the early detection of soil pollution. Acute and chronic toxicity tests have been performed by researchers, mostly using the parthenogenetic isotomid Folsomia candida. These tests have been standardized. Details on a ringtest, on the biology and ecotoxicology of Folsomia candida and comparison with the sexual nearby species Folsomia fimetaria (sometimes preferred to Folsomia candida) are given in a document written by Paul Henning Krogh. Care should be taken that different strains of the same species may be conducive to different results. Avoidance tests have been also performed. They have been standardized, too. Avoidance tests are complementary to toxicity tests, but they also offer several advantages: they are more rapid (thus cheaper), more sensitive and they are environmentally more reliable, because in the real world Collembola move actively far from pollution spots. It may be hypothesized that the soil could become locally depauperated in animals (and thus improper to normal use) while below thresholds of toxicity. Contrary to earthworms, and like many insects and molluscs, Collembola are very sensitive to herbicides and thus are threatened in no-tillage agriculture, which makes a more intense use of herbicides than conventional agriculture.
The springtail Folsomia candida is also becoming a genomic model organism for soil toxicology. With microarray technology the expression of thousands of genes can be measured in parallel. The gene expression profiles of Folsomia candida exposed to environmental toxicants allow fast and sensitive detection of pollution, and additionally clarifies molecular mechanisms causing toxicology.

Collembola have been found to be useful as bio-indicators of soil quality. Laboratory studies have been conducted that validated that the jumping ability of springtails can be used to evaluate the soil quality of Cu- and Ni-polluted sites.

Climate warming impact
In polar regions that are expected to experience among the most rapid impact from climate warming, springtails have shown contrasting responses to warming in experimental warming studies. There are negative, positive and neutral responses reported. Neutral responses to experimental warming have also been reported in studies of non-polar regions. The importance of soil moisture has been demonstrated in experiments using infrared heating in an alpine meadow, which had a negative effect on mesofauna biomass and diversity in drier parts and a positive effect in moist sub-areas. Furthermore, a study with 20 years of experimental warming in three contrasting plant communities found that small scale heterogeneity may buffer springtails to potential climate warming.

Reproduction
Sexual reproduction occurs through the clustered or scattered deposition of spermatophores by male adults. Stimulation of spermatophore deposition by female pheromones has been demonstrated in Sinella curviseta. Mating behavior can be observed in Symphypleona. Among Symphypleona, males of some Sminthuridae use a clasping organ located on their antenna. Many collembolan species, mostly those living in deeper soil horizons, are parthenogenetic, which favors reproduction to the detriment of genetic diversity and thereby to population tolerance of environmental hazards. Parthenogenesis (also called thelytoky) is under the control of symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, which live, reproduce and are carried in female reproductive organs and eggs of Collembola. Feminizing Wolbachia species are widespread in arthropods and nematodes, where they co-evolved with most of their lineages.

See also

 Hexapoda

References

External links

 Checklist of the Collembola of the World
 Summary information about the distribution and ecology of Collembola (springtails) in the UK and Ireland
 General information on Collembola
 General information on Collembola
 A small lecture from Steve Hopkin
 General information on Collembola, with many macrophotographs from Dutch springtails
 Collembola species currently recorded from South Africa

Articles containing video clips
Extant Early Devonian first appearances
Taxa named by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury


This is the filmography of Joseph "Erap" Estrada, Filipino actor and 13th President of the Philippines. His film career spans 33 years, from 1956 to 1989. He played the lead role in more than 100 movies, and was producer of over 70 films. He was the first FAMAS Hall of Fame awardee for Best Actor (1981) and also became a Hall of Fame award-winner as a producer (1983).

He often played heroes of the downtrodden classes, which gained him the admiration of a lot of the nation's many unschooled and impoverished citizens. This later proved advantageous to his political career. In 1974, he founded the Movie Workers Welfare Foundation (Mowelfund) which helps movie makers through medical reimbursements, hospitalization, surgery and death benefits, livelihood, and alternative income opportunities and housing. Its educational arm, the Mowelfund Film Institute, has produced some of the most skilled and respected producers, filmmakers, writers and performers in both the independent and mainstream sectors of the industry since its inception in 1979. He also founded, together with Dr. Guillermo De Vega, the first Metro Manila Film Festival in 1975.  Erap returned to the big screen in 2009 in Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round, his comeback movie after a 20-year hiatus.

Filmography

Film

References

External links

Philippine filmographies
Male actor filmographies


The 1985 Brussels summit was the 7th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time.  The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 21 November 1985. This event was only the seventh meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Lord Carrington was Secretary General of NATO at the time, and he chaired the meeting.

Background
In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been. Generational change in the leadership of the Soviet Union brought Mikhail Gorbachev to the international stage.

Carrington wrote for EUROPÄISCHE WEHRKUNDE a briefing paper entitled "Challenges to the Alliance".

North Atlantic Council meeting summary
President Reagan told the North Atlantic Council about his recent meeting with Gorbachev. The meeting happened in the wake of the 1985 Geneva summit and was simply a report on developments there. Carrington remarked on the Ministerial meeting that was scheduled to occur in December.

Ministerial meeting
The Defence Planning Committee of NATO met in Ministerial Session in Brussels over three days from 3 December 1986; day one of the meeting was devoted to a briefing on the Reagan-Gorbachev summit, while the discussion over the final two days centred on the Annual Defence Review and the adoption of the NATO Force Plan 1987-1991, which "reflected our determination to give these Alliance priority areas special emphasis in our national plans and programmes."

Of special note was the attention paid to the December 1984 decision to acquire more ammunition stocks for selected battle decisive systems. The objective was for each ally to maintain 30 days worth of munitions in order to prepare battle readiness.

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References
 Thomas, Ian Q.R. (1997).  The promise of alliance: NATO and the political imagination. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ;

External links
  NATO update, 1985

1985 in politics
1985 Brussels summit
Diplomatic conferences in Belgium
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1985 conferences
1985 in international relations
1985 in Belgium
1980s in Brussels
Belgium and NATO
November 1985 events in Europe
Events in Brussels


Lago (Asturian: Llago) is a parish (administrative division) in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size.  The population is 26.

Villages and hamlets
 Armenande
 Carcedo
 Castaedo
 Llago
 Montefurao
 San Pedro
 El Villar
 Villardexusto

References

External links
 Allande

Parishes in Allande


Sebastian Niedziela (born 1975) is a Polish contemporary classical composer, graduated with honors from The Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music in Katowice, Poland.

He first became famous in Europe in 1998, when he was awarded the Assembly of European Regions Award in the 1st European Union Young Composers Contest held in Strasbourg by the Cercle d'Orchestre.  The Jury consisted of more than twenty famous composers representing all European countries, and included Sophia Gubaidulina and Mauricio Kagel.

The awarded symphonic poem is entitled "Sur l'Esperance". He received official congratulations from the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Bronisław Geremek, and from other members of Polish authorities. He was in the news on every Polish TV channel, some (TVN) broadcasting live from his home. He was not only on the first pages of Rzeczpospolita and Dziennik Polski, but also featured in popular magazines like Elle, that rarely (if ever) cover contemporary classical music.
The awarded composition, which in its original form is a concerto for electric guitar, was scheduled to be performed in Strasbourg and in Polish cities by one of renowned guitar virtuosos. Steve Vai, Yngwie Malmsteen and John Petrucci were contacted by organizers of the contest. Because of unknown matters, the premiere performance has been postponed indefinitely.

He worked with Polish Idol finalists, including the first season winner, a World Idol competitor, Alicja Janosz.
In the second season of Polish Idol he participated as a vocalist, but was rejected by the jury in the first round.

He is also an accomplished rock guitar player (in 1994 recorded a TV program about virtuoso techniques for TVP), and is a mixing engineer.

He is also the first Polish translator of Baguazhang gongfu instructional materials. He translated for YMAAPublications, Boston - "Emei Baguazhang" by Liang Shou-Yu, and six other items released by the YMAA publishing house.

Selected works
 "String Quintet" for the string orchestra
 "The Virtuoso String Quartet"
 "Say" for the SO
 "Sur l'Esperance" for the SO (a concerto for electric guitar)
 "Missa Brevis" for a chamber choir
 "Anhelli" - music for a TV spectacle directed by Grzegorz Królikiewicz

References

http://www.warsawvoice.pl/cgi/search/search.pl?Terms=Sebastian+Niedziela&imageField2.x=0&imageField2.y=0 - Warsaw Voice note on the results of the Young Composers Contest
http://www.conservatoire-strasbourg.fr/editions-du-conservatoire/partitions.html (The score of "Sur l'Esperance" in a library of the Strasbourg conservatory).
http://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php/513289 FilmPolski database entry for "Anhelli"
http://www.teatry.art.pl/!inne/nagrody/zlotemaski/intryga.htm ("Złote Maski" nomination 1999 for "Anhelli")

1975 births
Living people
Polish classical musicians


Brian Causey (also known as Star Crunch) is an American musician, composer and singer. He is a founding member of surf rock band Man or Astro-man? and was the main songwriter and guitarist in the band from 1991 to 1998, and from 2006 to present. He currently runs the record label Warm Electronic Recordings. His stage name is a reference to the popular snack item made by Little Debbie, Star Crunch. Previously preformed with the band Bowling for Soup until 2003 before leaving the band to focus on his solo project.

Television work
In 1996, Man or Astro-man? recorded new music for the Cartoon Network show Space Ghost Coast to Coast, which was mostly used as an ending theme for the show in the late 1990s. During his departure from Man or Astro-man?, Causey composed and performed the theme song for Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, for which he was awarded a BMI Cable Award in 2003 and 2004.

Equipment
In the early 1990s, Brian Causey mostly used a Gretsch Tennessean, sometimes opting for a Mosrite Mark I. More recently, Brian has been using Hallmark Custom 60s exclusively and has his own Hallmark "Man or Astroman?" Star Crunch signature model.

References

External links
 Interview with Performer Magazine

 Warm Electronic Recordings official site

American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Auburn High School (Alabama) alumni
Living people
Man or Astro-man? members
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American male musicians


Pieter Anton Tiele (18 January 1834, Leiden22 January 1889, Utrecht) was for many years the librarian of Utrecht University.

Life
He was distinguished himself by his bibliographical studies, more especially by his several works on the history of colonization in Asia.

Among these the most noteworthy are: De Opkomst van het nederlandsch Gezag in Oost-Indie (1886); De Vestiging der Portugeezen, in Indie (1873), and other books on the early Portuguese colonization in Maritime Southeast Asia.

Family
Cornelis Petrus Tiele was his brother.

References

Attribution:

External links

1834 births
1889 deaths
19th-century Dutch historians
People from Leiden


Walter John Lawrance (1840 – 1914) was a priest in the Church of England at the end of the 19th century and the very first part of the 20th.

Lawrance was born in 1840 and educated at St Paul's and Trinity College, Cambridge, before he became ordained deacon in 1863 and priest in 1864. His first position was as a curate in St. Paul's, Chatham, then at Aylesford, both in Kent. He later moved to St Albans where he became the church's rector, then from 1883 the Archdeacon of St Albans. In March 1900 he was appointed the first Dean of St Albans. He was an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1896, and Chaplain in Ordinary from July 1898.

Lawrance died on 12 August 1914.

References

Archdeacons of St Albans
Honorary Chaplains to the King
Deans of St Albans
1840 births
1914 deaths
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge


Charles Simms (12 February 1859 – 20 July 1935) was an English professional footballer who made nine appearances in the Football Alliance and one in the Football League playing for Small Heath. He played as a centre half or wing half.

Simms was born in Birmingham in 1859. He played for Calthorpe and Mitchell St George's before joining Small Heath Alliance in 1884. His first FA Cup match for the club came in the same year, and in the 1885–86 season he played in all their games up to and including the semi-final, which Small Heath lost 4–0 to West Bromwich Albion. By the time Small Heath became involved in league football, in the Football Alliance in the 1889–90 season, injury problems meant he could play only rarely, though he continued until 1892–93, the inaugural season of the Football League Second Division. He made his only appearance in the Football League on 7 January 1893, in a 4–3 win at Lincoln City, as a late replacement for Caesar Jenkyns who had missed his train.

When he retired as a player Simms became the club's trainer, and when the new St Andrew's ground opened in 1906, he was appointed head groundsman, a post he held until January 1914, at which point he retired from football after 30 years' service to the club.

Simms died in Birmingham in 1935 at the age of 76.

References

1859 births
1935 deaths
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Calthorpe F.C. players
Birmingham St George's F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Football Alliance players
English Football League players
Birmingham City F.C. non-playing staff


The Hinsberg reaction is a chemical test for the detection of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. The reaction was first described by Oscar Hinsberg in 1890. In this test, the amine is shaken well with the Hinsberg reagent (benzenesulfonyl chloride) in the presence of aqueous alkali (either KOH or NaOH). A primary amine will form a soluble sulfonamide salt. Acidification of this salt then precipitates the sulfonamide of the primary amine. A secondary amine in the same reaction will directly form an insoluble sulfonamide. A tertiary amine will not react with the original reagent (benzene sulfonyl chloride) and will remain insoluble. After adding dilute acid this insoluble amine is converted to a soluble ammonium salt. In this way the reaction can distinguish between the three types of amines.

Tertiary amines are able to react with benzenesulfonyl chloride under a variety of conditions; the test described above is not absolute. The Hinsberg test for amines is valid only when reaction speed, concentration, temperature, and solubility are taken into account.

Reactions
Amines serve as nucleophiles in attacking the sulfonyl chloride electrophile, displacing chloride. The sulfonamides resulting from primary and secondary amines are poorly soluble and precipitate as solids from solution.

PhSO2Cl + 2 RR'NH → PhSO2NRR' + [RR'NH2+]Cl−

For primary amines (R' = H), the initially formed sulfonamide is deprotonated by base to give a water-soluble sulfonamide salt (Na[PhSO2NR]).

PhSO2N(H)R + NaOH → Na+[PhSO2NR−] + H2O

Tertiary amines promote hydrolysis of the sulfonyl chloride functional group, which affords water-soluble sulfonate salts.

PhSO2Cl + R3N + H2O → R3NH+[PhSO] + HCl

References

External links

 Laboratory procedure: science.csustan.edu

Chemical tests


National Wholesale Liquidators is a Brooklyn, New York-based company that operates warehouse-style closeout discount stores. It offers a mix of brand-name items, everyday household items, and furniture. National Wholesale Liquidators carries over 120,000 items. The company also offers appliances, automotive products, bath towels, bedding, carpets and floor covers, detergents and cleaning products, electrical hardware, electronics, food products, furniture outdoor, giftware, health and beauty aids, holiday decorative, and household storage products. In addition, it offers indoor furniture, jewelry, kitchen towels-linens, luggage, men's apparel and fragrances, paint and sundries, paper goods and supplies, personal umbrellas, pet supplies, sporting goods, vacuums and accessories, video games, and women's fragrances.

At its peak, the company operated more than 50 stores in  Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. The chain filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 2008. and, following a bankruptcy court auction, moved to close 35 of its 45 stores in December 2008. The Chapter 11 reorganization was converted to Chapter 7 liquidation on February 26, 2009. Some of NWL's assets were acquired out of bankruptcy by NSC Wholesale Holdings Inc., operated by former NWL executives. As of February 2018, NWL operated 12 retail locations in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.

The company filed for bankruptcy again in October 2018 and closed its 11 remaining stores. A group of former managers purchased the name and intellectual property, and opened two stores: its longtime location in Brooklyn and the previous incarnation's location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a former Kmart, in early 2019.  The company opened an additional store on Long Island in Massapequa, NY (a former Toys R Us) in November, 2019.

References

External links and further reading
National Wholesale Liquidators website at nwl.me

Discount stores of the United States
American companies established in 1984
Retail companies established in 1984
Madison Dearborn Partners companies
Companies based in Nassau County, New York
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008
Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2009
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2018
Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy