The roughtail stingray (Bathytoshia centroura) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, with separate populations in coastal waters of the northwestern and southwestern Atlantic Ocean. This bottom-dwelling species typically inhabits sandy or muddy areas with patches of invertebrate cover, at a depth of . It is seasonally migratory, overwintering in offshore waters and moving into coastal habitats for summer. The largest whip-tail stingray in the Atlantic, the roughtail stingray grows up to  across and  in weight. It is plain in color, with an angular, diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc and a long, whip-like tail bearing a subtle fin fold underneath. The many thorns on its back and tail serve to distinguish it from other stingrays that share its range.

Often found lying on the bottom buried in sediment, the roughtail stingray is a generalist predator that feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates and bony fishes. It is aplacental viviparous, with the embryos receiving nourishment initially from yolk, and later from histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. The venomous tail spine of the roughtail stingray is potentially dangerous to humans. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as vulnerable overall.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The first description of the roughtail stingray was published by American naturalist Samuel Mitchell in one of the earliest North American works on ichthyology, a short treatise on the fishes of New York in the 1815 first volume of Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York. Mitchell based his account on specimens caught off Long Island, though did not designate any types, and named the new species Raja centroura, from the Greek centoro ("pricker") in reference to its thorns. Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus Dasyatis. This ray may also be referred to as rough-tailed stingray, rough-tailed northern stingray, or thorny stingray.

The taxonomy of the roughtail stingray is not fully resolved, with the disjunct northwestern Atlantic and southwestern Atlantic populations differing in life history and perhaps representing a complex of different species. Lisa Rosenberger's 2001 phylogenetic analysis of 14 Dasyatis species, based on morphology, found that the roughtail stingray is the sister species to the broad stingray (B. lata), and that they form a clade with the southern stingray (Hypanus americanus) and the longtail stingray (H. longa). The close relationship between the roughtail and southern stingrays was upheld by a genetic analysis published by Leticia de Almeida Leao Vaz and colleagues in 2006. The roughtail and broad stingrays are found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans respectively, and therefore likely diverged before or with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama (c. 3 Ma).. A Molecular phylogenetic review in 2016 led to the eastern Atlantic B. centroura being redesignated as Bathytoshia lata.

Distribution and habitat

The roughtail stingray is broadly but discontinuously distributed in the coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean. It occurs from the Georges Bank off Cape Cod southward to Florida, the Bahamas, and the northeastern Gulf of Mexico; there are also scattered reports from Venezuela to Argentina and on the Barrier reef in Belize. A single record from Kollam, India was likely a misidentification.

One of the deepest-diving stingrays, the roughtail stingray has been recorded to a depth of  in the Bahamas. However, it is most common at a depth of . This bottom-dwelling species favors live-bottom habitat (patches of rough terrain that are densely encrusted by sessile invertebrates), and also frequents adjacent open areas of sand or mud. Rays in the northwestern Atlantic do not usually enter brackish water.

The favored temperature range of the roughtail stingray is , which is the most important factor determining its distribution. It conducts seasonal migrations off the eastern United States: from December to May, this ray is found over the middle and outer parts of the continental shelf from Cape Hatteras in North Carolina to Florida, with larger rays occurring further south than smaller ones. In the spring, the population moves north of the Cape and towards the coast into bays, inlets, and saltier estuaries, though preserving the north-south gradient of body sizes. Pregnant females tend to be found apart from other individuals.

Description

The roughtail stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disk 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, with straight to gently sinuous margins, rather angular outer corners, and a moderately long, obtuse snout. The eyes are proportionally smaller than other stingrays in its range and immediately followed by larger spiracles. There is a curtain of skin between the nostrils with a finely fringed posterior margin. The mouth is bow-shaped with a row of six papillae (nipple-like structures) across the floor. The seven upper and 12–14 lower tooth rows at the center are functional, though the total number of tooth rows is much greater. The teeth are arranged with a quincunx pattern into flattened surfaces; each has a tetragonal base with a blunt crown in juveniles and females, and a pointed cusp in adult males.

The pelvic fins have nearly straight margins and angular tips. The tail is long and whip-like, measuring some 2.5 times the length of the disc. A long, saw-toothed spine is placed atop the tail at around half a disc length back from the tail base; sometimes one or two replacement spines are also present in front of the existing one. Behind the spine, there is a long ventral fin fold that is much lower than that of the southern stingray. Individuals under  across have completely smooth skin. Larger rays develop increasing numbers of distinctive tubercles or bucklers (flat-based thorns) over the middle of the back from the snout to the tail base, as well as dorsal and lateral rows of thorns on the tail. The bucklers vary in size, with the largest of equal diameter to the eye, and may bear up to three thorns each. This species is a uniform dark brown or olive above, and off-white below without dark fin margins. Among the largest members of its family, the roughtail stingray can reach  across,  long, and  in weight. Females grow larger than males.

Biology and ecology

The roughtail stingray is reportedly not highly active, spending much time buried in the sediment. It is a generalist predator whose diet generally reflects the most available prey in its environment. It mainly captures prey off the bottom, but also opportunistically takes free-swimming prey. A variety of invertebrates, as well as bony fishes such as sand lance and scup, are known to be consumed. Off Massachusetts, the main prey are crabs (Cancer), bivalves (Mya), gastropods (Polinices), squid (Loligo) and annelid worms. In Delaware Bay, most of its diet consists of the sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa and the blood worm Glycera dibranchiata; the overall dietary composition there is nearly identical to that of bluntnose stingrays (Hypanus say) that share the bay. The shrimp Upogebia affinis is a major food source off Virginia. Off Florida, crustaceans (Rananoides, Ovalipes, Sicyonia brevirostris, and Portunus) and polychaete worms are the most important prey.

Sharks and other large fishes, in particular the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), prey upon the roughtail stingray. The live sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) is sometimes found attached to its body. Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium woodsholei, Anthocephalum centrurum, Lecanicephalum sp., Oncomegas wageneri, Polypocephalus sp., Pterobothrium senegalense, and Rhinebothrium maccallumi, the monogenean Dendromonocotyle centrourae, and the leech Branchellion torpedinis.

Like other stingrays, the roughtail stingray is aplacental viviparous: the developing embryo is initially sustained by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk", containing proteins, lipids, and mucus) delivered by the mother through finger-like projections of the uterine epithelium called "trophonemata". Only the left ovary and uterus are functional in adult females. Off the eastern United States, reproduction occurs on an annual cycle with mating in winter and early spring. After a gestation period of 9–11 months, females give birth to 4–6 (typically five) young in fall or early winter. The newborns measure  across. Males and females mature at 130–150 cm (51–59 in) and 140–160 cm (55–63 in) across respectively,

Human interactions

With its large size and long, venomous spine, the roughtail stingray can inflict a severe wound and can be very dangerous for fishers to handle. However, it is not aggressive and usually occurs too deep to be encountered by beachgoers. It has been reported to damage farmed shellfish beds. The pectoral fins or "wings" are sold for human consumption fresh, smoked, or dried and salted; the rest of the ray may also be processed to obtain fishmeal and liver oil. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the roughtail stingray as of Least Concern worldwide, while noting that as a large, slow-reproducing species it is susceptible to population depletion.

In the northwestern Atlantic, the roughtail stingray is listed under Least Concern; it is not targeted or utilized by commercial fisheries, though inconsequential numbers are captured incidentally in trawls and on demersal longlines. Historically, it was sometimes ground up for fertilizer. Though no specific data is available on this species, declines of other species and its intrinsic susceptibility to depletion have led it to be assessed as Near Threatened in the region. In the southwestern Atlantic, the roughtail stingray and other large rays are heavily fished using demersal trawls, gillnets, longlines, and hook-and-line; this fishing pressure is liable to increase due to growing commercial interest in using large stingrays for minced fish products. Anecdotal reports suggest that landings of this species are decreasing, leading to an assessment of Vulnerable.

References

External links

 Dasyatis centroura, Roughtail stingray at FishBase
 Dasyatis centroura (Roughtail Stingray) at IUCN Red List
 Biological Profiles: Roughtail Stingray at Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department

roughtail stingray
Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
roughtail stingray


"You Can't Turn Me Off (In the Middle of Turning Me On)" is the debut single by R&B girl group High Inergy, released in 1977. The song was written by Pam Sawyer and Marilyn McLeod and was produced by Kent Washburn and arranged by Sylvester Rivers. It was the first single off their debut album, Turnin' On.

The song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Black Singles chart, and No. 12 on the Hot 100 chart in December 1977.

The flipside, "Save It for a Rainy Day" was co-written by James Ingram.

References

1977 debut singles
Songs written by Pam Sawyer
1977 songs
Gordy Records singles
Songs written by Marilyn McLeod


Events in the year 1730 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Frederick IV (until 12 October); then Christian VI

Events

Arts and literature

Births

Full date unknown
Kristofer Sjursson Hjeltnes, farmer and businessperson (died 1804)

Deaths


Dennis is an unincorporated community in Murray County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

History
A post office called Dennis was established in 1882, and remained in operation until 1906. The community was named after Dennis Johnson, a local merchant.

References

Unincorporated communities in Murray County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)


The West Kent Football Club was a short-lived 19th century rugby football club that was notable for being one of the twenty-one founding members of the Rugby Football Union, as well as producing a number of international players in the sport's early international fixtures.

History
West Kent were founded in 1867 by a core of Old Rugbeians including Arthur Guillemard. They used the ground of West Kent cricket club. The cricket club had been founded many years previously after members of the Prince's Plain Cricket Club from Bromley lost their ground in 1821 due to the enclosure of Bromley Common. They were saved by the Lord of the Manor of Chislehurst who gave them leave to create a new ground on eight acres of Chislehurst Common. Their first game took place on 20 July 1822. It played its home matches on the outlying part of the cricket ground. Initial objections to the playing of football on the cricket pitch due to fears of it injuring the turf were allayed by reports that the playing of football improved the turf by destroying the short heather.

West Kent at first played football using both Association rules and Rugby School rules. They used the Imperial Arms at Chislehurst as their headquarters. However, in 1874 it became exclusively a rugby football club and changed its colours from orange and black to white jerseys with a Kentish Horse badge, white knickerbockers and blue stockings. The club changed its colours in 1881 to blue and white jerseys and in 1882 to blue and amber. Opponents on its extensive season list included Blackheath FC, Richmond FC, The Gipsies and Ravenscourt Park. In 1886 the members decided to give up rugby and played Association Football only.

Foundation of the RFU

On 26 January 1871, 32 members representing twenty-one London and suburban football clubs that followed Rugby School rules (Wasps were invited by failed to attend) assembled at the Pall Mall Restaurant in Regent Street. E.C. Holmes, captain of the Richmond Club assumed the presidency. It was resolved unanimously that the formation of a Rugby Football Society was desirable and thus the Rugby Football Union was formed. A president, a secretary and treasurer, and a committee of thirteen were elected, to whom was entrusted the drawing-up of the laws of the game upon the basis of the code in use at Rugby School. A. G. Guillemard represented West Kent and was one of the thirteen original committee members. He later became president of the RFU from 1878 to 1882.

The First Internationals
The first international rugby match was played between Scotland and England in 1871 and West Kent provided two players, A. G. Guillemard and Joseph Fletcher Green. A. G. Guillemard also played in the second match in 1872 along with former Blackheath player C. W. Sherrard.

Notable players
A number of West Kent players represented England:

 A. G. Guillemard (first capped 1871)
 Joseph Green (first capped 1871)
 Charles Sherrard (first capped 1871, but for West Kent in 1872)

References

Rugby union clubs in London
Rugby clubs established in 1867
Defunct rugby union teams in England
Association football clubs established in 1867
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1886
Defunct football clubs in England
1867 establishments in England
1886 disestablishments in England
Sport in the London Borough of Bromley


Zaireichthys brevis is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Congo River Basin.  It reaches a length of 3.4 cm.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1915


XXIII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War.

It was originally formed with 107th, 108th and 109th Batteries, and attached to 3rd Division. In August 1914 it mobilised and was sent to the Continent with the British Expeditionary Force, where it saw service with 3rd Division until 1917. 109th Battery left the brigade in mid-1916 to join CCLXXXI Brigade in 56th (London) Division.

In 1917 it was withdrawn from 3rd Division, to operate under higher unit control, and served out the rest of the war in this role.

Notes

References

Sources
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .

External links
Royal Field Artillery Brigades
3rd Division Order of Battle

Royal Field Artillery brigades
Artillery units and formations of World War I


Zaireichthys camerunensis is a species of loach catfish found in Cameroon and Guinea in the Niger River basin.  It reaches a length of 3.3 cm.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is short and without denticulations.  The neural and hemal spines tend to be simple and slender.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Fish described in 1963


Zaireichthys dorae, the Chobe sand catlet, is a species of loach catfish endemic to Angola where it is only found in the Rio Luachimo.  It reaches a length of 2.7 cm.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is moderately long with poorly developed or fine denticulations.  The neural and hemal spines tend to be simple and slender.  This species occurs over sand and is usually buried with just the eyes protruding.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Endemic fauna of Angola
Fish described in 1967


Paul III Šubić of Bribir (; † 1356.), was a member of the Croatian Šubić noble family.

Family Connections
Paul III Šubić was son of Juraj II Šubić, and grandson of Paul I Šubić of Bribir who was the most powerful Croatian noble at the end of the 13th century and beginning of the 14th century. His sister Jelena Šubić was married to Regent of Bosnia Vladislav Kotromanić. He married Venetian Catherina Dandolo.

Paul III Šubić died in 1356 and was probably buried like his brother Mladen III Šubić in the Cathedral of St. Lawrence in Trogir.

See also
 Šubić
 Klis Fortress

References

Šubić
Subic
Subic
1356 deaths
Year of birth unknown


Zaireichthys flavomaculatus is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is only found in the Lulua River.  It reaches a length of 3.9 cm.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is moderately long with poorly developed or fine denticulations.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1926


The Chipstone Foundation is a Wisconsin-based foundation dedicated to promoting American decorative arts scholarship. Originating from the private collection of Stanley and Polly Stone, the foundation uses its objects and resources to support decorative arts projects and publications at other institutions, seeking to find "newer ways to look at old things.".

Cataloging Chipstone's collection: In 1984 Chipstone published a book by Oswaldo Rodriguez Roque, American Furniture at Chipstone. As the title suggests this publication catalogs the American Furniture that the Stones had collected up to that point with two essays, one by Stanley Stone. The other catalogs styles from 1680 to 1820.

In 1999, the Chipstone Foundation partnered with the Milwaukee Art Museum, thereby making many of Chipstone's significant holdings on view for public display.

An exhibit at the Milwaukee Art Museum Chipstone Galleries calls out the fake furniture, The truth Lies Within, that was sold to the Stones and shows how antique dealers would fool unsuspecting buyers of high priced antique objects. The exhibit has examples of furniture with upholstery removed to show construction comparisons of real antiques verses ones that have been faked. The Chipstone Foundation owns many true antique historic objects in spite of the original collectors being swindled but this exhibit uses the fake examples to educate the public on how objects and our eyes can be manipulated.

The Chipstone Foundation publishes two significant annual scholarly journals: American Furniture and Ceramics in America. The foundation also has an association with the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Together they created an academic program that explores multiple approaches to the study of American material culture by bringing together scholars from other departments at the university, including history, art, African studies, design, and literature.

In 2012, the foundation, in conjunction with the Victoria & Albert Museum, funded ceramic artist Michelle Erickson during her artist in residence work in London at the V& A. They have continued to engage contemporary artists to create works and respond to their collection in new and interesting ways.

April 1, of 2022, Chipstone launched a new quarterly publication series on materials. Material Intelligence, Each issue highlight a specific material used to make or in the making of objects we use in everyday life and or the history of the material and what it has been used for in history. The publication is an online publication with a possibility of becoming a small edition of the issues in print.

Material Intelligence is a digital magazine that celebrates the human capacity to understand and shape the physical world around us. Each issue takes a deep dive into one commonplace material with contributors who come from every discipline and walk of life. Together, the stories they tell illuminate vital, at times unexpected connections: between art and science, history and contemporary life, the tangible and the intangible. Material Intelligence is published by the Chipstone Foundation.

References

External links
Official website
https://art.newcity.com/2020/06/26/the-chipstone-foundation-offers-a-quiet-remove-for-examining-american-material-culture/

Organizations based in Milwaukee
Arts foundations based in the United States


Zaireichthys heterurus is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Lualaba River.  It reaches a length of 3.5 cm and has a broad, black collar just behind the head.  The barbels are attenuate, with the maxillary barbels extending posteriorly to middle to end of the pectoral fin spine and the caudal peduncle is slender.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is long and stout without denticulations.  The caudal fin is deeply forked, with the upper lobe much shorter and smaller than the lower lobe; also, the fin rays in lower lobe noticeable thicker than those in upper lobe.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 2003


Baron Johann Ludwig von Knoop (15 May 1821, in Bremen – 14 August 1894, in Bremen) was a cotton merchant and entrepreneur from the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, who became one of the richest entrepreneurs in his time. He was created a Baron by Alexander II of Russia in 1877.

Early life
He was born as son of Gerhard Knoop (1782-1862) and Anna Rebecca Frerichs (1793-1878). He had three sisters and five brothers.

Life
He studied in Bremen, and learned the cotton business at Manchester with the Bremen-born cotton exporter Johan Frerichs's company De Jersey & Co. He went to Moscow as assistant to the firm's agent Franz Holzhauer in 1840. That year he established the first power-driven cotton mill in Russia.

In 1842, the British ban on the export of cotton machinery, imposed in 1775 to protect the country's head start in technology, was lifted, allowing the manufacture of cotton to expand in Russia.  Knoop used English credit to build and fit out mills with English equipment. The commissioning in 1847 of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov's Nikolskoye mill at Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Knoop's sixth, was seen as a landmark in the industry's development in Russia.

In 1852, he founded L Knoop & Co, in association with De Jersey and the machinery manufacturer Platt Brothers of Oldham, Lancashire. In 1857, he built the largest cotton spinning mill in Europe on the island of Kreenholm at Narva, Estonia, which employed 4500 people. The Kreenholm Manufacturing Company's factory in Narva had nearly half a million spindles driven by water-power. It paid low wages, but took its responsibilities to its workforce seriously, introducing a health insurance scheme and supplying workers with dwellings, kindergartens, and schools.

Eventually, he was responsible for equipping 187 cotton mills on Russian territory. However, Knoop came under attack from the Russian Technical Society for retarding industrial development in the country. This was because he relied exclusively on English machinery and also supplied the factories with English managers, technicians, and supervisors.

Personal life
He was married to Luise Mathilde Hoyer (1824-1894). They had 3 sons and 3 daughters:
Louise Dorothea Betty von Knoop (1844-1899), settled in Bremen where she married George Alexander Albrecht
Carl Albrecht (1875–1952), their son was a major cotton merchant in Bremen. Their descendants  include Ernst Albrecht, Hans-Holger Albrecht  and Ursula von der Leyen.
Baron Johann Knoop (1846-1918), managed the London office of the building and became a noted collector of violins.
Theodor Julius von Knoop, (1848-1931), managed various enterpreises in Imperial Russia, died in Berlin
Adele Mathilde Wolde, (1853-1932), married Johann Georg Wolde of Bremen, art collector
Johann-Andreas Knoop, (1855-1927), left Moscow after the October Revolution and died in England
Emilie Anna Kulenkampff (1858-1920), married Heinrich Wilhelm Kulenkampff of Bremen

Death
He died on 16 August 1894 at St Magnus, Bremen, where a city park created from his estate is named after him.

References

 The Russian Technical Society and British Textile Machinery Imports, by Stuart Thompstone

19th-century businesspeople from the Russian Empire
Businesspeople from Bremen (city)
1821 births
1894 deaths
German emigrants to the Russian Empire
Barons of the Russian Empire


Zaireichthys mandevillei is a species of loach catfish found in the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Congo River Basin.  It grows to a length of 2.6 cm and has a broad, black collar just behind the head and a spotted colour pattern.  The barbels are attenuate, with the maxillary barbels extending posteriorly to middle to end of the pectoral fin spine and the caudal peduncle is slender.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is short and without denticulations.  The caudal fin is deeply forked, with the upper lobe much shorter and smaller than the lower lobe; also, the fin rays in lower lobe noticeable thicker than those in upper lobe.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Fish described in 1959
Taxa named by Max Poll


Zaireichthys rotundiceps, the Spotted sand catlet, is a species of loach catfish that occurs in the countries of Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe with uncertain records from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  This species may actually consist of several species.  It reaches a length of 3.8 cm.  The colouration of Z. rotundiceps is highly variable, from abundant dark spots in several rows to a light pale spotting pattern; marks are often present on the head and fins as well as the body.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is moderately long with poorly developed or fine denticulations.  The caudal fin shape is variable, from slightly forked through, emarginate, truncate, or even slightly rounded, but not deeply forked.  The dorsal and pectoral fins have strong and stout spines.  It inhabits fairly shallow water where it occur over sand, usually buried with just the eyes protruding.  Its eggs are few (12–16) and large (3–5 millimetres diameter), which suggests that the parents may care for the eggs and young.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Fish of Tanzania
Taxa named by Franz Martin Hilgendorf
Fish described in 1905


Zaireichthys wamiensis is a species of loach catfish endemic to Tanzania. It grows to a length of  SL. Its natural habitat is rivers.|

Threats
Increased susceptibility to local habitat degradation is a consequence of its limited distribution.

References

Zaireichthys
Endemic freshwater fish of Tanzania
Fish described in 1989
Taxa named by Lothar Seegers


The Hotel Waverly was a four-storey low-rise hotel in downtown Toronto. Opened in 1900, the hotel was built for J.J. Powell. It was one of the oldest Toronto hotels in continuous operation.

Location
Hotel Waverly was at 484 Spadina Avenue on the northwest corner of Spadina Avenue and College Street, adjacent to Toronto's Chinatown. It was adjacent to The Silver Dollar Room, which was added to the hotel in 1958. The Scott Mission was next door.

The hotel's central location was close to major attractions such as the Art Gallery of Ontario, Queen's Park, The Royal Ontario Museum and Kensington Market, making it a prime target for redevelopment.

Accommodations
The Waverly's interior rooms were modest but comfortable. This accommodation provided low-cost housing benefiting Toronto's transient community as well as monthly residents. Its proximity to the mission kept rental rates low, attracting customers who were looking for a deal in downtown.  The hotel offered 24-hour laundry facilities, free parking and a snack counter.

Notability
Though he denied it, evidence points towards James Earl Ray staying at the Waverly while hiding out in Toronto after shooting Martin Luther King Jr. It was also the longtime home of poet Milton Acorn; several of his most acclaimed works depict the life in the neighbourhood. In popular culture the hotel was the setting for the opening scene of the Elmore Leonard novel Killshot and was also featured in the film version. The hotel is also briefly pictured in the music video for "Games for Days" by Julian Plenti (a.k.a. Paul Banks), and the music video for "Man I Used to Be," by Canadian musician k-os. Also used in the Canadian movie "Code 8" written by Jeff Chan and starring Robbie and Stephen Amell. It was also featured in the song "Devil's Eyes" by Buck 65.

Closure and Demolition
The Wynn Group, a Toronto-based rental group and building developer, have proposed to construct a 20-storey building with 202 rental units aimed at Toronto's university students. The Silver Dollar Room would be reopened on the first floor.

The hotel permanently closed in 2017. In March 2018, Fitzrovia Real Estate acquired the approved plans and site, confirming that the new purpose-built rental tower would be called "The Waverley"  The hotel was demolished that summer.

References

External links
 Waverly Hotel

Hotels in Toronto
Demolished hotels
Demolished buildings and structures in Toronto
Buildings and structures demolished in 2018
2017 disestablishments in Ontario
Buildings and structures completed in 1900
Defunct hotels in Canada


Ballycarney () is a small village in County Wexford in Ireland. It is located on the R745 regional road on the east bank of the River Slaney. It is centred on All Saints Ballycarney Church of Ireland chapel, which sits on a height overlooking the river. Ballycarney is about  west of Ferns and  north of Enniscorthy.

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Towns and villages in County Wexford


Zaireichthys zonatus is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the rapids just below Pool Malebo.  It grows to a length of 2.5 cm.  Its body has vertical bands with darkened margins.  The humeral process of the pectoral girdle is short and with a few fine denticulations at its tips.  The dorsal and pectoral fins have strong and stout spines.  Z. zonatus is found only at the edges of a sandy areas, although their habitat is very rocky.

References

Zaireichthys
Fish of Africa
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1967


Dennis is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, Georgia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 453 feet (138 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Putnam County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)


The following is a list of notable Danish composers:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Thorvald Aagaard
Truid Aagesen
David Abell
Hans Abrahamsen
Aksel Agerby
Harald Agersnap
Georg Frederik Ferdinand Allen
Robert William Otto Allen
Arthur Ivan Allin
Birgitte Alsted
Herman Amberg
Johan Amberg
Aksel Andersen
Arvid Andersen
Benny Andersen
Daniel Andersen
Eyvin Andersen
Hakon Andersen
Joachim Andersen
Johannes Andersen
Fritz Andersen
Kai Normann Andersen
Sophus Andersen
Lotte Anker

B

Erik Bach
Kasper Bai
Frans Bak
Carl Christian Nicolaj Balle
Harald Balslev
Emilius Bangert
Christian Barnekow
Sigurd Barrett
Christian Frederik Barth
Frederik Philip Carl August Barth
Wilhelm Herman Barth
Johan Bartholdy
Rudolph Bay
Julius Bechgaard
Victor Bendix
Jørgen Bentzon
Niels Viggo Bentzon
Nicolai Berendt
Gunnar Berg

Andreas Peter Berggreen
Ilja Bergh
Rudolph Sophus Bergh
Niels Bernhart
Viggo Bielefeldt
Ludvig Birkedal-Barfod
Erling Bjerno
Thomas Blachman
Georg Carl Bohlmann
Elisabeth Boisen
Jørgen Ditleff Bondesen
Helge Bonnén
Melchior Borchgrevinck
Kim Borg

Axel Borup-Jørgensen
Hans Brachrogge
Steffen Brandt
Ivar Bredal
Erling Brene
Viggo Brodersen
Nicolaus Bruhns
Kai Aage Bruun
Peter Bruun
Ole Buck
Michael Bundesen
Carl Busch
Volkmar Busch
Dietrich Buxtehude
Erik Bøgh
Hakon Børresen

C
Camillo Carlsen
Henrik Carlsen
Bernhard Christensen
Asger Lund Christiansen
Henning Christiansen
Karl Clausen
Niels Clemmensen
Carl Cohn Haste
Victor Cornelius
Fritz Crome
Simoni Dall Croubelis

D
Balduin Dahl
Nancy Dalberg
Johan Darbes
Christian Debois
Søffren Degen
Nathanael Diesel
Jean Baptiste Édouard Du Puy
Otto Dütsch

E

Adolph Julius Eggers
Søren Nils Eichberg
Niels Eje
Henning Elbirk
Ejnar Emborg
Harald Bjerg Emborg
Jens Laursøn Emborg
Jørgen Emborg
Aage Emborg
August Enna
Poul Allin Erichsen
Morten Eskesen

F
Jacob Christian Fabricius
Bent Fabricius-Bjerre

Frederik Foersom
Peter Christian Foersom
Johan Foltmar
Ida Henriette da Fonseca
Julius Foss
John Frandsen
Axel Frederiksen
Johan Henrik Freithoff
Ivar Frounberg
Carl Johan Frydensberg
Johannes Frederik Frølich
Frederik Christian Funck
Peter Ferdinand Funck
Fuzzy
Johanne Fenger
Carl Gottlob Füssel

G

Ingolf Gabold
Axel Gade
Jacob Gade
Niels W. Gade
Johann Christian Gebauer
Christian Geisler
Christian Geist
Carl Ludvig Gerlach
Georg Gerson
W.H.R.R. Giedde
Lennart Ginman
Nicolo Gistou
Christian Henrik Glass
Louis Glass

Franz Joseph Glæser
Joseph Glæser
Peder Gram
Axel Grandjean
Lars Graugaard
Tekla Griebel-Wandall
Michael Ehregott Grose
Heinrich Ernst Grosmann
Jacob Groth
Georg Grothe
Launy Grøndahl
Peter Grønland
Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen
Bo Gunge
Cornelius Gurlitt
Hugo Gyldmark
Sven Gyldmark
Birger Wøllner Gaarn

H

Sophus Hagen
Mads Hak
Andreas Hallager
Sophus Halle
Povl Hamburger
Asger Hamerik
Ebbe Hamerik
Margaret Hamerik
Jodle Birge
Christian Julius Hansen
Frants Johannes Hansen
Nicolaj Hansen
Robert Emil Hansen
Thorvald Hansen
Hans Hansen
Egil Harder
Knud Harder
August Wilhelm Hartmann

Emil Hartmann
Emma Hartmann
J.P.E. Hartmann
Johan Ernst Hartmann
Johann Hartmann
Lars Hegaard
Anton Hegner
Ludvig Hegner
Jørgen Heide
Peter Heise
Paul Hellmuth
Thomas Helmig
Carl Helsted
Edvard Helsted
Gustav Helsted
Edgar Henrichsen
Roger Henrichsen
Fini Henriques

Bent Hesselmann
Christian Hildebrandt
Niels Peter Hillebrandt
Bjørn Hjelmborg
Ludvig Holm
Mogens Winkel Holm
Vilhelm Christian Holm
Vagn Holmboe
Bo Holten
C.F.E. Horneman
Emil Horneman
Bjarne Hoyer
Johan Hye-Knudsen
Otto Hænning
Georg Høeberg
Finn Høffding

I
Johannes Erasmus Iversen

J
Ejnar Jacobsen
Jens Bjerre Jacobsen
Niels Peter Jensen
Knud Jeppesen
Jørgen Jersild
Axel Jørgensen
C.V. Jørgensen

K

Leif Kayser
Axel Kjerulf
Charles Kjerulf
Povl Kjøller
Paul von Klenau
Werner Knudsen
Jesper Koch
Anders Koppel
Herman D. Koppel
Thomas Koppel
Søren Kragh-Jacobsen
Peter Casper Krossing
Hans Ernst Krøyer
Friedrich Kuhlau
F.L.Æ. Kunzen
Jesper Kyd
Morten Kærså

L

Niels la Cour
Peter Erasmus Lange-Müller
Rued Langgaard
Kim Larsen
Søren Sebber Larsen
Thomas Laub
Bernhard Lewkovitch
Axel Liebmann
Nanna Liebmann
Lars Lilholt
Anne Linnet
Martin Lohse
Bent Lorentzen
Jakob Lorentzen
Hans Christian Lumbye
Tom Lundén

Frederikke Løvenskiold

M
Frederik Magle
Otto Malling
Marilyn Mazur
Carl Viggo Meincke
Sextus Miskow
Benna Moe
John Mogensen
Otto Mortensen
Erik Moseholm

N

Joachim Neergaard
Franz Xaver Neruda
Ulrik Neumann
Andreas P. Nielsen
Carl Nielsen
Ludolf Nielsen
Erik Norby
Heinrich von Nutzhorn
Cora Nyegaard
Per Nørgård
Ib Nørholm

O
Morten Olsen

P
Else Marie Pade
Steen Pade
Holger Simon Paulli
Gunner Møller Pedersen
Ivan Pedersen
Mogens Pedersøn
James Price

R

Christian Joseph Rasmussen
Karl Aage Rasmussen
Emil Reesen
Jascha Richter
Knudåge Riisager
Oluf Ring
Kjell Roikjer
Leopold Rosenfeld
Poul Ruders
Frederik Rung
Henrik Rung
P. S. Rung-Keller
Hanne Rømer

S
Thomas Sandberg
Sanne Salomonsen
Claus Schall
Peder Schall
Johann Adolph Scheibe
Poul Schierbeck
Poul Christian Schindler
Svend S. Schultz
Sebastian
Rudolph Simonsen
Svenn Skipper
Niels Skousen
Kira Skov
Bent Sørensen
Aage Stentoft
Bo Stief
Henrik Strube
John Sund

T

John Tchicai
Michael Teschl
Carl August Thielo
Knud Vad Thomsen
Kenneth Thordal
Peter Thorup
Leif Thybo

V
Karsten Vogel
Herman Friedrich Voltmar
Johan Voltmar

W

Morten Wedendahl
Flemming Weis
Tue West
Svend Westergaard
C. E. F. Weyse
Henriette Wienecke
K.A. Wieth-Knudsen
August Winding

Z
Hardenack Otto Conrad Zinck

Danish


High Gothic followed Early Gothic architecture and was succeeded in France by Late Gothic in the form of the Flamboyant style. This timetable is not used by French scholars; they divide Gothic architecture into four phases, Primary Gothic, Classic Gothic, Rayonnant Gothic and Flamboyant Gothic. Therefore, in French terms, a few first examples of High Gothic are Classic, but most examples are Rayonnant. High Gothic is often described as the high point of the Gothic style.

It started with Reims Cathedral, first stone in 1211, world's first bar tracery between 1215 and 1220. Amiens Cathedral was begun with the western parts in 1220, the eastern parts were built after 1236 to a slightly different design. Beauvais Cathedral was begun in 1225); the transept of  Chartres Cathedral, after a fire in 1194  rebuilt in the new style until 1225. The great western rose of Chartres Cathedral still consists of Early Gothic plate tracery. The upper parts of the northern tower were completed as late as 1510. The most notable example of German High Gothic, or Hochgotik, is Cologne Cathedral, begun in 1248.

The style first appeared in the second decade of the 13th century. One distinctive characteristic was the use of tracery, or thin ornate ribs of stone, to divide windows and walls and emphasize verticality. another was the elimination of the tribune between the lower arcades and the upper windows. This was made possible by the development of advanced forms of the rib vault and flying buttress. These developments made  making possible much greater height and larger windows which filled the churches with light.

Origins
The new style illustrated the ambitions of the French kings of the Capetian dynasty, and particularly Philip II of France, who reigned from 1180 until 1223. He gradually extended his power beyond the Ile-de-France to assume dominance over Normandy, Burgundy, and Brittany. He defeated a coalition of English, German, and Flemish forces at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, making France the most powerful and prosperous state in Europe. In the process, he reduced the power of the French nobles and granted status to wealthy merchants and other bourgeoisie, who became important sponsors of cathedrals. He founded the University of Paris and was a great builder. He paved the Paris streets and built the first wall around the city, continued the construction of Notre Dame de Paris, and constructed the fortress of the Louvre.

The royal patronage of cathedrals and other Gothic architecture was continued by Louis VIII of France and especially Louis IX of France, or Saint Louis; who paid for the transept rose windows of Notre-Dame and built Sainte-Chapelle as his royal chapel.

Some funding for cathedrals came from the royal treasury, and from surprising foreign sources. The construction fund for Chartres Cathedral received contributions both from the French King and Richard the Lion-Hearted of England. A large part of the cost was donated by wealthy merchants and other members of community. The guilds of craftsmen also contributed, and their contributions are often indicated by small panels showing workers in those professions. Windows at Charters Cathedral have panels that illustrate and honour the shoemakers, the fishmongers, water-carriers, the vine-growers, the tanners, the masons, and furriers.

Examples

Reims Cathedral (begun 1211)

Reims Cathedral was the traditional site of the coronation of the Capetian dynasty and for that reason was given special grandeur and importance. A fire in 1210 destroyed much of the old cathedral, giving an opportunity to build a more ambitious structure, the work began in 1211, but was interrupted by a local rebellion in 1233, and not resumed until 1236. The choir was finished by 1241, but work on the facade did not begin until 1252, and was not finished until the 15th century, with the completion of the bell towers.

Unlike the cathedrals of Early Gothic, Reims was built with just three levels instead of four, giving greater space for windows at the top. it also used the more advanced four-part rib vault, which allowed greater height and more harmony in the nave and choir. Instead of alternating columns and piers, the vaults were supported by rounded piers, each of which was surrounded by a cluster of four attached columns that received the weight of the vaults. In addition to the large rose window on the west, smaller rose windows were added to the transepts and over the portals on the west facade, taking the place of the traditional tympanum. Another new decorative feature, blind arcade tracery, was attached to both interior walls and the facade. Even the flying buttresses were given elaborate decoration; they were crowned by small tabernacles containing statues of saints, which were topped with pinnacles. More than 2300 statues covered both the front and the back side of the facade.

Amiens Cathedral (1220–1266)

Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220 with the ambition of the builders to construct the largest cathedral in France, and they succeeded. It is  long,  wide at the transept, and has a surface area of }. The nave was finished by 1240 and the choir built between 1241 and 1269. Unusually, the names of the architects are known: Robert de Luzarches, and Thomas and Renaud Cormont. Their names and images are found in the labyrinth in the nave.

The immense size of the cathedral required foundations  deep. The nave has three parts and six crossings, while the choir has double collaterals, and ends in a semicircular disambulatory with seven radiating chapels. The three-level elevation of Amiens, like that of Reims, preceded Chartres Cathedral, but was notably different. The great arcades have a height of eighteen meters, equalling the combined heights of the triforium and the high windows above them. The triforium was more complex than Chartres, and had triple bays with trefoil windows, composed of two slender pointed lancet windows topped with a clover-like rose window. The high windows also had a strikingly complex design; in the nave, each was composed of four tall lancet windows, topped by three small roses; while in the transept the upper windows have as many as eight separate lancets.

The vaults have the exceptional height of . They are supported by massive piers composed of four columns which give the nave a striking sensation of verticality. The height of the walls, particularly in the chevet, was made possible by the tall flying buttresses, making two leaps to the wall with the support of an elegant system of arches.

On the exterior, the most remarkable High Gothic feature is the quality of the sculpture of the three porches, decorated altogether with fifty-two statues in their original condition. The most celebrated are on the central portal on the west, dedicated to the Last Judgement, and dominated by the statue of Christ giving a blessing which forms the central column of the doorway. During the intense cleaning of the Cathedral in 1992, traces of paint were discovered indicating that all of the sculpture of the exterior was originally painted with vivid colors. This is now sometimes reproduced by projecting colored light onto the cathedral at night.

Beauvais Cathedral (begun 1225)

Beauvais Cathedral in Picardy is in its principle structures an example of Rayonnant Gothic. It was the most ambitious and most unfortunate of High Gothic projects. Its ambition was to become the tallest of all cathedrals. The choir was built with a height of 48.5 meters (159 ft) However, due most likely to an inadequate foundation and support, the choir vaults fell in 1284. The choir was modified and rebuilt, the polygonal apse and Flamboyant transepts were finished, and in 1569 a new central tower was added, 153 meters (502 feet) high, which made Beauvais for a time the tallest structure in the world. However, in 1573 the central tower collapsed. Some parts were modified or reconstructed, but the tower was never rebuilt and the nave was never finished. Today supports are in place to stabilise the transept. Beauvais remains a majestic but unfinished piece of High Gothic architecture.

Cologne Cathedral (choir 1248–1322, western parts 1880)
The construction of the Gothic cathedral of Cologne was started in 1248 by the same Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden, who promoted the election of William of Holland for ruler of the Holy Roman Empire to finish the rule of Hohenstaufen dynasty, this way. The similarity with Amiens Cathedral is limited to the choir. The towers were projected to a tall height, whereas in Amiens the towers are little higher than the roof of the nave. The choir was completed in 1322 and the decoration of the ambulatory in 1360, but in 1528 the construction ceased until 1823, and the western parts of the Cathedral were completed as late as in 1880.

Utrecht Cathedral

The bishopric of Utrecht was a suffragan of Cologne. In 1456, bishop Henry I van Vianden, who had been a capitular of Cologne Cathedral, laid the first stone for Utrecht Cathedral. Its ambulatory was finished in 1295. The Gothic replacement of the old Romanesque nave began as late as in 1467, and the Late Gothic nave was destroyed by a storm, in 1674. Though the Cathedral was up to date in most stylistic matters, and its transept has immensely large windowes, the triforium of the choir has no windows.

Characteristics

Plans
The plans of the High Gothic Cathedrals were very similar. They were extremely long and wide, with a minimal transept and maximum interior space. This made possible much larger ceremonies and the ability to welcome larger numbers of pilgrims. One curiosity of the plan of Chartres Cathedral was the floor, which slightly sloped. This was done to facilitate the cleaning of the cathedral after the departure of pilgrims who slept inside the church.

Elevations
Thanks largely to the efficiency of the flying buttress and six-part rib vaults, all of the major High Gothic cathedrals except Bourges used the three-level elevation, eliminating the tribunes and keeping the ground floor grand gallery, the triforium, and the clerestory, or high windows. The upper windows in particular grew in size to cover almost all of the upper walls. The arcades also grew in height, occupying half the wall, so the triforium was just a narrow band. The upper windows were often made of translucent grisaille glass, which allowed more light than colored stained glass.

Vaults, piers and pillars
All of the High Gothic Cathedrals except Bourges Cathedral used the newer four-part rib vault, which allowed more even weight distribution to the piers and columns in the nave. Early Gothic churches used alternating piers and columns to support the varying weight from the six-part vaults,

In 1192 Notre Dame, which had six-part vaults, had introduced a new kind of support; a central pillar surrounded by four engaged shafts. The pillars supported the gallery, while the shafts continued upwards as colonettes attached to the walls and supported the vaults. Variations of this kind of support gave greater harmony to the appearance of the nave. They frequently had capitals which were decorated with floral sculpture. They appeared at Chartres and then were found, in various forms, in all of the High Gothic Cathedrals.

Flying buttress
The flying buttress was an essential feature of High Gothic architecture; the great height and large upper windows would have been impossible without them. Buttresses with arches apart from the walls had existed in earlier periods, but they were generally small, close to the walls, and were often hidden by the outer architecture. In High Gothic, the buttresses were nearly as tall as the building itself. massive, and meant to be seen; they were decorated with pinnacles and sculpture.

Flying buttresses had been used to support the upper windows of the apse in the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, completed in 1063 and then at Notre-Dame de Paris. They were then used in a more ambitious way to support the upper walls of Chartres Cathedral. The first flying buttresses of Chartres were built atop the wall abutments of the nave and choir of the earlier cathedral. They had a double arch reinforced with small columns like the spokes of a wheel. Each small column, with its base and capital, was carved from a single block of stone, Each arch had a sort of stone pyramid on top to add extra weight. Later a second set of arches was added to the nave and choir above the spoked arches, which reached longer and added greater strength.

Similar buttresses were added to each of the High Gothic Cathedrals. The buttresses of each cathedral were unique, and had its own distinct form and decoration. The buttresses of Beauvais Cathedral, the last and tallest High Gothic cathedral, are so high and numerous that they practically hide the cathedral.

Stained glass and The Rose Window
A type of small round window, called an oculus, had been used in Romanesque churches. The facade of the Basilica of Saint Denis featured an early rose window on its west front. This was made with plate tracery, where the design was formed by a group of variously shaped openings that appeared to be cut out of the wall. A more ambitious model, with the armature of a wheel made of stone mullions, appeared at Senlis Cathedral in 1200. A similar early Gothic window was constructed for the facade of Chartres Cathedral in 1215. It was soon followed by the High Gothic window of the facade of Laon Cathedral (1200-1215). In 1215, the two great transept windows of Chartres Chathedral were completed. These became the model for many similar windows in France and beyond. The amount of stained glass in Chartres was unprecedented – 164 bays, with  of stained glass. A remarkably large amount of the original glass is still in place.

Not long after the introduction of the High Gothic rose window, Gothic architects, fearing that the interiors of the cathedrals were too dark, began experimenting with grisaille windows, which emphasized the important figures in the windows, and also brightened the interiors. These were used at Poitiers Cathedral in 1270 and then by Chartres Cathedral around 1300. Large bands of translucent gray glass were put around the fully colored figures of Christ, The Virgin Mary, and other prominent subjects.

Tracery
Tracery is the term for the intricate designs of slender stone bars and ribs which were used to support the glass and to decorate rose windows and other windows and openings. It also was used increasingly on exterior and interior walls, in the form of stone ribs or molding, to create increasingly intricate forms such as blind arcades. This form was called blind tracery.

The west window of Chartres Cathedral used an early form called plate tracery, a geometric pattern of openings in the stonework filled with glass. Prior to 1230, the builders of Reims Cathedral used a more sophisticated form, called bar tracery, in the apse chapel. This was a pattern of cusped circles, made with thin pointed bars of stone projecting inward. This model was followed and developed in the transept windows of Chartres Cathedral, at Amiens Cathedral and the other High Gothic cathedrals. After the middle of the 13th century, the windows began to be decorated with even larger and complex designs, resembling light shining outwards, which gave the name to the Rayonnant style.

Sculpture
Sculpture was an integral part of High Gothic. It decorated the facades, the walls, the columns, and other architecure,inside and out.  It was not considered deocorative; it was designed to serve as a visual Bible for the many parishioners who could not read.

It is probable that some of the sculptors who made the sculpture of the transepts of Chartres travelled north to Reims, where work began in 1210, and possibly also to Amiens Cathedral, where work began in 1218. Nonetheless, the sculpture of each church has its own distinct characteristics. The sculpture of Amiens shows the influence of ancient Roman sculpture, particularly in the realistically modelled drapery of their clothing. The expressions are passive, and the gestures minimal, giving a sense of calm and serenity. The sculpture of Reims showed a similar calm.

The entirely different and more naturalistic High Gothic style of sculpture appeared on the west front Reims Cathedral in the 1240s. This was the work of the sculptor known as Joseph of Reims, named for the vivid smiling statue of Saint Joseph he made for the facade. He also created the Smiling Angel. This famous work was knocked off the Cathedral by a bombardment in World War I, but was carefully reassembled and is now back in its original place. Reims is also noted for the Gallery of Kings, a sculptural depiction of the French Kings crowned at Reims, which begins on the facade and continues on the inside of the facade.

The vegetal decoration of the capitals of the columns of the nave were another distinctive feature of High Gothic sculpture. They were made in finely crafted vegetal forms, complete with birds and other creatures. This followed an ancient Roman model and had been used at Saint-Denis, but at Reims they became much more realistic and detailed. As the work continued toward the west in the nave, the foliage became more abundant and filled with life. This model was copied in Gothic cathedrals first in France, and then across Europe.

References

Bibliography

In English

In French

 Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe, Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier, (2006), Gisserot, (in French);
 Wenzler, Claude (2018), Cathédales Gothiques - un Défi Médiéval, Éditions Ouest-France, Rennes (in French)
 Le Guide du Patrimoine en France (2002), Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux (in French)

Gothic architecture
Church architecture


William Leslie Hooper (August 2, 1855 – October 3, 1918) was the acting president of Tufts College (later Tufts University) from 1912 to 1914, between the terms of the fourth and fifth elected presidents.

Early life and education
Hooper was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1855. He received a bachelor of arts degree from Tufts in 1877, and a master of arts degree from Tufts in 1878. He also received an honorary Ph.D. in 1898 and an LL.D. in 1915, both from Tufts. Hooper was instructor of Mathematics and Applied Physics at the Bromfield School and became its principal in 1880. While at Tufts, Hooper was initiated into Theta Delta Chi.

Career
Hooper became assistant professor of physics at Tufts in 1883, and then professor of electrical engineering in 1890. In 1902, Hooper published "Electrical Problems" upon which he based many lectures, as described by Vannevar Bush.

Following the resignation of Frederick W. Hamilton, Hooper was made acting president in 1912, having been commended by the Trustees for his contributions to the engineering department and his successful fundraising abilities. He served in this role through the end of 1914 until Hermon Carey Bumpus took office, at which point he returned to the department of electrical engineering.

Hooper built a residence at 124 Professors Row in 1892, known today as Hooper House, which currently houses the University Health Services. Additionally, the home of the department of electrical engineering was dedicated as the Hooper Laboratories for Electrical Engineering on June 5, 1940, and held that name until 1983, when it was rededicated as Halligan Hall.

Hooper built by hand a cottage on an island in Brompton Lake, Quebec, about which he wrote several poems. Hooper's poem "A Legend of Outunwitti" helped scholars study indigenous oral tradition and Brompton Lake geographical place name origins.

References

Additional sources

1855 births
1918 deaths
Tufts University alumni
20th-century Christian universalists
19th-century Christian universalists
Members of the Universalist Church of America
Presidents of Tufts University


LeRoy S. Wirthlin (born 1935) was a professor at Harvard Medical School and later a practicing surgeon.

Biography
Wirthlin received his bachelor's degree from the University of Utah and his medical degree from Harvard Medical School.

Wirthlin is a Latter-day Saint.  From 2002 to 2005 he served as president of the Germany Munich Austria Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Wirthlin and his wife Mary are the parents of 17 children.

Writings
Wirthlin has published papers on high altitude effects and also on the surgeries performed on Joseph Smith, Jr.  This included an article about Nathan Smith published in the journal BYU Studies in 1977, followed by an article for more general readers in the Ensign magazine.  Wirthlin got involved in the study of Smith's surgery due to interactions with his stake president Richard L. Bushman, who was an expert on Smith's life.

Notes

Sources
 Scientific Commons entry
 Archives of Surgery article co-authored by Wirthlin
 Wirthlin's BYU studies article
 Mormon Times, Jul 21, 2008

1936 births
21st-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in Austria
American surgeons
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Living people
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
American Mormon missionaries in Germany
University of Utah alumni
Latter Day Saints from Michigan


Belonoglanis brieni is a species of loach catfish that is probably endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found around Pool Malebo with questionable occurrence in the Republic of the Congo. It reaches a length of 5 cm.

References

Doumeinae
Fish of Africa
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Taxa named by Max Poll
Fish described in 1959


Perić or Peric is a surname, very common in Croatia, Serbia, and the Czech Republic.
Notable people with the surname include:

Borislava Perić (born 1972), Serbian table tennis player
Darko Perić (born 1978), Croatian football player
Dragan Perić (born 1964), retired Serbian shot putter and discus thrower
Janko Peric (born 1949), former Canadian politician
Milan Perić (born 1986), Serbian footballer
Nedjeljko Perić (born 1950), Croatian engineer
Nicolás Peric (born 1978), Chilean goalkeeper of Croatian origin
Ozren Perić (born 1987), Bosnian footballer
Ratko Perić (born 1944), Bishop of Mostar-Duvno and Apostolic Administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan
Sladan Peric (born 1982), Danish professional football player
Stjepan Perić (born 1983), Croatian actor
Valter Perić (1919–1945), resistance leader in Sarajevo during World War II

Another version of the same surname is Perich:
 Anton Perich (born 1945), Croatian-American filmmaker, photographer, and video artist
 Cheryl Perich, American teacher whose wrongful termination lawsuit was the impetus for the U.S. Supreme Court case of Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC
 Guillermo Perich, Cuban violinist
 Tristan Perich (born 1982), American contemporary composer

See also
 Peri (name)

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin
Patronymic surnames


Belonoglanis tenuis is a species of loach catfish found in the Congo Basin where it occurs in the Congo River basin.  It reaches lengths up to 17.2 cm.

Species Information

Size
The Belonoglanis tenuis usually measures at around 17 centimeters.

Identification
There is a single row of bony plates from the dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle on the top of the fishes body. The Belonoglanis tenuis is long and thin. They are toothless.

References

 https://www.aquaticrepublic.com/common/species.php?species_id=360

Doumeinae
Congo drainage basin
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Fish described in 1902


Syn og Segn is a Norwegian quarterly cultural and political periodical published in Oslo, Norway.

History and profile
Syn og Segn was founded in 1894, and Rasmus Flo and Arne Garborg were the first editors. The magazine is published in Nynorsk quarterly by Det Norske Samlaget, and has been important for the development of the Nynorsk as a cultural language. Olav Midttun was the editor-in-chief for over fifty years, from 1908 to 1960. Fagernes-based Knut Aastad Bråten has edited the magazine since 2014; succeeding Bente Riise who had served in the post since 2006.

The number of subscribers was largest in the 1960s when it reached about 13,000. In 2004 the number of subscribers was about 2,500. The circulation in 2004 was about 3,100.

In 2010 the magazine was named "Periodical of the Year" in Norway by the Norwegian Association of Journals.

See also
 List of magazines in Norway

References

External links
 Official website

1894 establishments in Norway
Cultural magazines
Magazines established in 1894
Magazines published in Oslo
Nynorsk
Norwegian-language magazines
Political magazines published in Norway
Quarterly magazines published in Norway


Olav Midttun (8 April 1883 – 5 January 1972) was a Norwegian philologist, biographer, magazine editor, and the first national program director of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK).

He was born in Mauranger as a son of teacher Jørgen Midttun (1855–1938) and Marta Øvrehus (1847–1920). He was a brother of Gisle Midttun. He was married twice, first from October 1909 to Mietze Bentsen, née Sandkuhl (1877–1942), then from 1950 to Borghild Skarmann.

He edited the cultural magazine Syn og Segn for more than fifty years, from 1908 to 1960. He was program manager of NRK from its start in 1933. He was fired in 1940 by the Nazi regime during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, and returned after the Second World War as program manager from 1945 to 1947. He was later a professor at the University of Oslo, and wrote several biographies. He was also a member of Bærum municipal council.

References

1883 births
1972 deaths
People from Kvinnherad
Norwegian philologists
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Norwegian magazine editors
Norwegian biographers
Norwegian male writers
Male biographers
NRK people
Bærum politicians
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century philologists


Nedre may refer to:

Nedre Eggedal, village in Sigdal municipality, Norway
Nedre Eiker, municipality in Buskerud county, Norway
Nedre Elvehavn, borough of Trondheim, Norway
Nedre Fagervollvatnet, Norwegian lake that lies in Rana municipality in Nordland
Nedre Fiplingvatnet, Norwegian lake that lies in Grane municipality in Nordland
Nedre Heimdalsvatnet, lake which lies in Vågå and Øystre Slidre municipalities in Oppland county, Norway
Nedre Roasten, lake in Femundsmarka National Park in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway
Nedre Stjørdal, former municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway
Nedre Veikvatnet, Norwegian lake that lies in Sørfold municipality in Nordland


Congoglanis alula is a species of loach catfish found in the Congo River Basin in Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and possibly in Zambia.  It reaches lengths up to  SL.

References

 Ferraris, C.J. Jr., Vari, R.P. & Skelton, P.H. (2011): A new genus of African loach catfish (Siluriformes: Amphiliidae) from the Congo River basin, the sister-group to all other genera of the Doumeinae, with the description of two new species.  Copeia, 2011: 477–489.

Doumeinae
Fish of Africa
Fish described in 1917
Taxa named by John Treadwell Nichols
Taxa named by Ludlow Griscom


Doumea angolensis is a species of loach catfish endemic to Angola where it is found in the Benguela interior and the Kwanza River system.

It reaches lengths of 7 cm.

References

Doumea
Endemic fauna of Angola
Freshwater fish of Angola
Catfish of Africa
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Fish described in 1906


Trofeo (Italian and Spanish for trophy) may refer to:

 Trofeo Maserati, a one-make racing series
 Maserati Trofeo, a type of car raced in the series mentioned above
 Oldsmobile Troféo, a variant of the fourth generation Oldsmobile Toronado


Doumea chappuisi is a species of loach catfish found in the coastal rivers of Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia and Guinea-Bissau.  It reaches a length of 11.4 cm.

The fish is named in honor of French-born Swiss zoologist and biospeleologist Pierre-Alfred Chappuis (1891-1960), who collected the type specimen.

References

Doumea
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin
Fish described in 1933


Doumea thysi is a species of loach catfish found in Nigeria where it is found in the Cross River and Cameroon where it is found in that country's section of the Cross River and Ndian Department.  It reaches a length of 6.5 cm.

the fish is named in honor of ichthyologist Dirk Thys van den Audenaerde (b. 1934) who is the Director at the Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Tervuren, Belgium), where the type specimen is housed.

References

Doumea
Fish of Africa
Taxa named by Paul Harvey Skelton
Fish described in 1989


II is the second studio album by the American country music duo The Kinleys. It was released in 2000 (see 2000 in country music) as their second and final album for Epic Records.

Background
The Kinleys worked with the producers of their debut album, Russ Zavitson and Tony Haselden, for their follow-up album, and released the single "My Heart Is Still Beating" in July 1999. The single, however, failed to reach the Country top 40, and the album, which was to be self-titled and released on October 6, 1999, was put on hold by Epic Records, who decided to bring in Country artist Radney Foster to produce songs on the album in order to broaden the duo's sound and regain chart appeal. In the end, half of the album was produced by Foster and the other half by Zavitson and Haselden.

The record includes two songs co-written by Jennifer Kinley's husband, Adam Hughes, and also has the first lead vocal performance of Jennifer Kinley in a Kinleys song on "I Need You Now", the duo's usual way of singing consisting of Heather Kinley on lead with Jennifer on harmony vocals. The duo recorded a song titled "If I Can Only Win Your Love" with Vince Gill, but it was ultimately not used on the album as they felt it wasn't good enough.

"My Heart Is Still Beating" was eventually not included on the album and the first single, the Foster-produced "She Ain't The Girl For You" was released in the Spring of 2000. It peaked at #34 in the Country charts.

The next single, "I'm In" peaked at #35 in the Country charts. It was previously a single in 1998 for Foster from his album See What You Want to See, and was covered by Keith Urban on his 2009 album Defying Gravity. Also included on II is "Somebody's Out There Watching", a Top 20 hit for The Kinleys in 1998, which was previously included on the television soundtrack for the series Touched by an Angel.

Track listing

Personnel
Compiled from liner notes.

Tracks 1-6
 Sam Bush — fiddle
 Chad Cromwell — drums
 Steve Fishell — pedal steel guitar, Dobro, Weissenborn
 Pat Flynn — acoustic guitar
 Tony Harrell — keyboards
 Byron House — bass guitar
 Craig Krampf — percussion
 James Maddox — keyboards
 Dennis Matkotsky — keyboards
 Michael McAdam — electric guitar
 Joe Pisapia — electric guitar
 Chely Wright - background vocals on "She Ain't the Girl for You"

Tracks 7-13
 Joe Chemay — bass guitar
 Shannon Forrest — drums, percussion
 Larry Franklin — fiddle
 Sonny Garrish — steel guitar, Dobro
 John Hobbs — synthesizer
 Jerry Kimbrough — acoustic guitar, bouzouki
 Marc Kunkel — harmonica
 Steve Nathan — piano, Hammond B-3 organ
 Michael Rhodes — bass guitar
 Brent Rowan — electric guitar
 Mitchell Shedd — percussion
 Biff Watson — acoustic guitar, bouzouki
 John Willis — electric guitar, banjo

Strings on "If Ever I Needed You"
 Anthony LaMarchina, John Catchings — cello
 David Davidson, Conni Ellisor, Mary Kathryn VanOsdale, David Angell — violins

Strings arranged by John Darnell.

Tracks 1-6 produced by Radney Foster; tracks 7-13 produced by Tony Haselden and Russ Zavitson.

Chart performance

References

2000 albums
Epic Records albums
The Kinleys albums


Kate Stith, also known as Kate Stith-Cabranes, is the Lafayette S. Foster Professor of Law and the former acting dean of Yale Law School. Her appointment was announced on March 23, 2009, by Yale University President Richard Levin, when former dean Harold Koh was nominated to serve as Legal Adviser of the Department of State. Stith is a former Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York.

Education
Stith received a B.A. degree from Dartmouth College in 1973, a J.D. degree from Harvard Law School in 1977 and a Masters of Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government also in 1977. She clerked for Judge Carl McGowan of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and for Supreme Court Justice Byron R. White.

Career
From 1979 to 1980, Stith was a staff economist for Jimmy Carter's Council of Economic Advisers.
From 1980 to 1981, she served as a Special Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division at DOJ.
From 1981 to 1984, Stith was an Assistant United States Attorney in the Southern District of New York under John S. Martin Jr. and Rudy Giuliani, and focused on white collar and organized crime.

Stith began teaching at Yale Law School (YLS) in 1985.

Her interest in criminal procedure has led her to serve as an adviser to the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code Sentencing and, following an appointment by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, on the Advisory Committee for the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. She has also participated in the National Research Council's Committee on Law and Justice, the state of Connecticut's Professional Ethics Committee; the Permanent Commission on the Status of Women in Connecticut; the Women's Campaign School at Yale; and the Connecticut Bar Foundation (as President). Stith served on the Dartmouth College Board of Directors and as Deputy Dean of Yale Law School.

On March 23, 2009, Stith was named Acting Dean of the Yale Law School, the first woman ever to be appointed to lead YLS.  She was one of the witnesses who testified in favor of Sonia Sotomayor during her Supreme Court confirmation hearings. She served on the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College from 1989 to 2000.

Works
Stith has published extensively in law journals.  Her book, Fear of Judging, written with her husband, José Cabranes, won a  Certificate of Merit from the American Bar Association in 1999.

Personal life
Stith is married to Judge José A. Cabranes of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and is the sister of Laura Denvir Stith, who served on the Missouri Supreme Court from 2001 to 2021.

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American academic administrators
American women lawyers
American lawyers
American legal scholars
American legal writers
Assistant United States Attorneys
Dartmouth College alumni
Deans of Yale Law School
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Women deans (academic)
American women legal scholars
Yale Law School faculty
American women academics
21st-century American women


Raymond de Roon (born 1 September 1952 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch politician and former prosecutor. As a member of the Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid) he has been an MP since 30 November 2006. He focuses on matters of foreign policy, military operations and the European Union.

In the 2006 general elections De Roon was third on the party list and in the 2010 general elections he was fourth.

Biography
De Roon studied law at VU University Amsterdam and Leiden University. Afterwards, he was employed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1983 he was deputy prosecutor in Leeuwarden. Later, he operated as a prosecutor in The Hague, the Netherlands Antilles, and Zutphen. His last job before his election to the House was as Advocate General at the Amsterdam court.

De Roon currently lives in Almere, and is also a member of the city council there. He was the local list puller for his party. The PVV went on to become the biggest party in Almere, with 21.6% of the vote and 9 seats in the council.

References
  Parlement.com biography
  Geerts stille opportunisten (Gerectificeerd), de Volkskrant, 16 December 2006

External links
  House of Representatives biography

1952 births
Living people
Dutch civil servants
Dutch prosecutors
Leiden University alumni
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Party for Freedom politicians
Municipal councillors of Almere
Politicians from Amsterdam
21st-century Dutch politicians
20th-century Dutch people


Doumea typica is a species of loach catfish found in the Dja River and coastal rivers in Cameroon, the Republic of Congo and Gabon as well as possibly in the Democratic Republic of Congo.  It reaches a length of 13.2 cm.

References

Doumea
Freshwater fish of Central Africa
Taxa named by Henri Émile Sauvage
Fish described in 1879


Thorvald Aagaard (8 June 1877 in Rolsted, Faaborg-Midtfyn – 22 March 1937 in Ringe) was a Danish composer, organist and college teacher.

He wrote the music to several continually popular songs, such as "" (The sparrow sits in silence behind a twig) and "" (I see the light beech islands). Alongside such composers as Carl Nielsen, Oluf Ring and Thomas Laub, he is considered one of the innovators of Danish popular music.

In memory of Aagaard, a statue was designed by Søren West and erected in Th. Aagaard Square, by the  (Voluntary Congregation) of Ryslinge where Aagaard served as organist for several years.

Biographies
 Ring, Frands Johann (1954). Thorvald Aagaard : Mennesket, Musikeren. Odense: Fyns Boghandels Forlag.  (in Danish)
 Balslev, Povl Chr. (2009). Thorvald Aagaard: komponist og musikformidler i den folkelige sangs tjeneste. Odense : Odense Bys Museer.  (in Danish)

External links

Article at the Odense Museum

1877 births
1937 deaths
People from Faaborg-Midtfyn Municipality
Danish classical composers
Danish male classical composers
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
Pupils of Carl Nielsen


Beale Cottage is situated on the corner of Beale and Grey street in Hamilton, New Zealand. Constructed in 1872, it stands as one of Hamilton's oldest surviving homes. It was designed by one of Hamilton's first European settlers, Dr. Bernard Beale, and used as his family residence, surgery and registry office. Its importance derives from its connection with Beale and the beginnings of modern medical practices in Hamilton, thus giving reason for the Hamilton City Council to later declare the cottage as an Historic Reserve in 1994. It is also a Category I listing with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.

Bernard Charles Beale

Bernard Charles Beale was born in London on 10 September 1830 to Thomas and Sophia Beale. Beale was a student at London Hospital from 1849 to 1852. Emigrating to Nelson, New Zealand in 1861, Beale arrived and settled in Hamilton four years later as fourth regiment of Waikato militia. During this time, militia men were granted land in return for their services and on 3 July 1872, Beale purchased land which is the site where Beale Cottage stands today. Beale became a member of Hamilton Borough Council in 1878, and later became Mayor. However, his role as Mayor was short lived due to a confrontational and temperative attitude. Beale was declared bankrupt in 1879, and in 1880, Beale Cottage was sold to Edward Aeneus Harker in 1881. Beale left Hamilton in 1886, along with his wife and nine children for Auckland, where he retired and died in 1910, aged 79.

Beale was a well-respected and honorable man. His efforts in his profession were noticed by the hundreds he treated throughout his time serving as a practitioner.

Design
Designed by Beale, the cottage reflects a typical colonial cottage of the early settlement period.  Since its erection Beale Cottage has stood the test of time and has conquered all environmental conditions. It's fair to say the house is in good condition, with most of its first structural fittings still remaining today. Designed by Beale himself, the home reflects the way of life of an early medical practitioner in his profession and home. The original layout is believed to have been a square plan with four rooms with a central hallway. The bedroom and lounge was located in the front two rooms with the surgery and kitchen located in the back rooms. Beale Cottage, was larger to that of most settlers' cottages of that period, which would usually have smaller sized rooms.

History of site and owners
1872 — 3 July. Land granted to Bernard Charles Beale.
1881 — Transfer of ownership to Edward Aeneus Harker.
1887 — Transfer of ownership to John Sloper Edgecumbe.
1919–1927 — Original allotment of land subdivided into four lots. Beale cottage is located on lot 4.
1920 — Transfer of ownership to George Earnest Forrest.
1927 — Transfer of ownership to G F E Edgecumbe and J H Edgecumbe.
1927 — Transfer of ownership to George Earnest Forrest.
1959 — Transmission to George Fredrick Forrest and Thomas Christopher.
1961 — Transfer of ownership to Louisa May Forrest.
1992 — Transfer of ownership to Hamilton City Council.

Heritage information
In 1994 Hamilton City Council declared the site Beale cottage stands on as an Historic Reserve. This requires the council to ensure the land is preserved in its original state.

Future
Hamilton City Council will focus on the historical development of the place and people associated with it. The cottage could be used as a historical educational tool and low scale events.

Tour
The cottage is open to the public by appointment only.

References

External links
Hamilton City Council
Waikato Museum

Houses completed in 1872
Buildings and structures in Hamilton, New Zealand
Tourist attractions in Hamilton, New Zealand
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in Waikato
Museums in Waikato
Historic house museums in New Zealand
1870s architecture in New Zealand
Wooden buildings and structures in New Zealand
Historic homes in New Zealand


10 Years or Ten Years may refer to:

Decade, a period of ten years

Film
10 Years (2011 film), a film starring Channing Tatum
Ten Years (2015 film), a Hong Kong film

Music
10 Years (band), an American alternative metal band
10 Years (Armin van Buuren album)
10 Years (Banco de Gaia album)
Ten Years (EP), by Aly & AJ
"10 Years" (song), a song by Daði Freyr and Gagnamagnið, 2021, representing Iceland in the Eurovison Song Contest
Ten Years, an album by Petra Haden and Woody Jackson
"Ten Years", a song by Jack Clement, 1958
"Ten Years", a song by Buddy Williams, 1960

History
The Ten Years, a period of the Eighty Years' War

See also
Decade (disambiguation)
10 Años (disambiguation)
Ten Years Later (disambiguation)


Peltura is a genus of trilobites from the Upper Cambrian. The type specimen of Peltura scarabaeoides, the type species of the genus, was discovered in the Alum Shale Formation of Sweden and described by the Swedish naturalist Göran Wahlenberg in 1818. Species of this genus have now been found throughout the Scandinavian and Baltic regions.

References

Olenina
Ptychopariida genera
Fossil taxa described in 1818
Taxa named by Henri Milne-Edwards


Mayra or Mäyrä is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Mayra Andrade (born 1985), Cape Verdean singer who lives and records in Paris, France
Mayra Conde (born 1969), professional Personal Trainer and mixed martial artist
Mayra Flores (born 1986), American politician
Mayra Gómez Kemp (born 1948), movie star
Mayra García (born 1972), female beach volleyball player from Mexico
Mayra González (born 1968), female rower from Cuba
Mayra Huerta, (born 1970), female beach volleyball player from Mexico
Mayra Matos (born 1988), beauty pageant contestant from Puerto Rico
Mayra Mendoza (born 1983), Argentine politician who served as National Deputy from 2011 to 2019
Mayra Montero (born 1952), Cuban-Puerto Rican writer
Mayra Rosales (born 1980), was one of the heaviest living people in the world
Mayra Santos-Febres (born 1966), Puerto Rican professor of literature, poet, novelist, and critic
Mayra Verónica (born 1977), Cuban-American model who worked in the United States


The Arboretum Curie, also known as the Arboretum du Col des Trois Soeurs, is a small arboretum located at 1470 metres altitude in the Col des Trois Soeurs near La Panouse, Lozère, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It was created circa 1975 to study conifers suitable for reforestation, and according to Arbez et al., now contains 77 taxa (primarily conifers).

See also
 Arboretum de Born
 List of botanical gardens in France

References
 Michel Arbez et al., Les Ressources génétiques forestières en France, Bureau des ressources génétiques, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (France), Editions Quae, 1987, pages 29–30.

Curie, Arboretum
Curie, Arboretum


The Arboretum de Born is a small arboretum located at 1400 metres altitude on the Plateau du Roi near Le Born, Lozère, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It was created between 1964 and 1967 to study conifers suitable for reforestation, and according to Arbez et al., now contains 38 taxa (primarily conifers).

See also
 Arboretum Curie
 List of botanical gardens in France

References
 Michel Arbez et al., Les Ressources génétiques forestières en France, Bureau des ressources génétiques, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (France), Editions Quae, 1987, pages 29–30.

Born, Arboretum de
Born, Arboretum de


El Año de la Peste () is a Mexican film categorized as drama, thriller and sci-fi. It was filmed in 1978 and released in 1979. The production counted with the famous Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez for the adapted screenplay from the novel of Daniel Defoe A Journal of the Plague Year published in March 1722.

Synopsis
A dreadful sickness is found in a Mexican town. A doctor tries to alert the authorities when he discovers its epidemic nature. No one listens to him and soon the illness spreads. The government tries to manage the information in order to prevent terror.

Cast
 Alejandro Parodi as Dr. Pedro Sierra Genovés
 José Carlos Ruiz as Dr. Jorge Martínez Abasolo
 Rebeca Silva as Eva Aponte
 Tito Junco as President of Mexico
 Ignacio Retes as Dr. Mario Zermeño
 Eduardo Alcaraz as Dr. Luis Mario Zavala
 Héctor Godoy as Luis Armando Torreros
 Humberto Elizondo as R. C. Jiménez
 Leonor Llausás as Álvaro's widow
 Zully Keith as Magadalena
 Nora Larraga as Health inspector
 Arlette Pacheco as News reporter
 María Barber as President's wife
 Daniela Romo as Laura

Awards

References

External links

1978 films
1970s Spanish-language films
1978 drama films
Films set in Mexico
Films directed by Felipe Cazals
Films based on British novels
Mexican science fiction drama films
Films about viral outbreaks
1970s science fiction drama films
1970s Mexican films


Swamp kauri, sometimes marketed as "ancient kauri", are prehistoric kauri trees (Agathis australis), buried and preserved in peat up to 50,000 years ago in New Zealand's North Island. Buried under a peat swamp by an unexplained act of nature at the end of the last Ice Age, the trees have survived the centuries underground, sealed in a chemically balanced environment that has preserved the timber in almost perfect condition.

The trees grew for nearly 2000 years before they were buried. Some have a girth of around 40 feet, and a total height of nearly 200 feet.

Only the lower trunk section and ball-root structure is predominantly found. The trunk tends to taper to a "V" shape as the portion of the log lying above ground has decayed to ground level. Some logs are on a 20-degree angle into the ground suggesting they have fallen over with force, probably under a larger tree that has fallen on top. For this reason complete round logs lying deeper in the ground are occasionally found.

Extraction of the logs is time consuming, expensive and technically difficult, requiring skilled operators of heavy machinery working in wet conditions. Each log must be carefully brought to the surface. If the log is salvaged from native forest or wetlands then after the log has been removed, the area is then restored to its original contours.

The extracted kauri has become an alternative source for old-growth wood supply and often finds its way to furniture builders, boat makers, and wood artisans.

A trademark of swamp kauri is deep, shimmering streaks of iridescence, called "white bait", found in some of the wilder grain patterns. This particular grain is named after schools of New Zealand whitebait fish that emit a similar pattern when swimming in one direction.

Notes

References

Agathis


Trachyglanis ineac is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Congo, Tshuapa, Lomela and Lomami Rivers. It grows to a length of .

References

Doumeinae
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Taxa named by Max Poll
Fish described in 1954


Trachyglanis intermedius is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Lulua River.  It grows to a length of 9.0 cm.

References

Doumeinae
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1928
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin


Trachyglanis minutus is a species of loach catfish found in the Ubangi River in the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  It grows to a length of 5.0 cm.

References

Doumeinae
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Fish described in 1902


David Abell or Abel Ebel (died c. 1576) was a Danish-German composer and organist. He worked in the Kantoriet (the choir and orchestra of the Danish king) of Christian III.

From 1555 to 1572 he was employed by the Marienkirche in Lübeck, after which he returned to Copenhagen on Frederick II's insistence. In the Kantoriet's records from 1541, there are four choral works by him.

External links
Article at the Odense Museum

Danish classical composers
German male classical composers
Danish classical organists
German classical composers
German classical organists
German male organists
Renaissance composers
Year of birth missing
1570s deaths
Year of death uncertain
Male classical organists


"You Don't Mess Around with Jim" is a 1972 strophic (all verses have the same tune) story song by Jim Croce from his album of the same name. It was Croce's debut single, released on ABC Records as ABC-11328. ABC Records promotion man Marty Kupps took it to KHJ 930 AM in Los Angeles, CA where it first aired. It made the KHJ "30" chart (at #27) that week of June 6, 1972. After spending 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, the song peaked at No. 8 the week ending September 9. Croce performed the song on American Bandstand on August 12, 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 68 song for 1972.

Content
The lyrics are set around an underground pool hall on 42nd Street in New York City. "Big" Jim Walker, a pool hustler who is not too bright but is respected because of his tough reputation, his considerable strength and size, and his skill at pool, has formed a sort of gang of "bad folks" who regularly gather at night in the pool hall. Their recurring words of advice is as follows:

You don't tug on Superman's cape
You don't spit into the wind
You don't pull the mask off the old Lone Ranger
And you don't mess around with Jim

A fellow pool player named Willie "Slim" McCoy comes from south Alabama to the pool hall to get his money back from Jim after being hustled out of it the previous week. When Jim comes in, McCoy ambushes and kills him, stabbing him in "about a hundred places" (to the point where "the only part that wasn't bloody was the soles of the big man's feet") and shooting him "in a couple more". It is implied that McCoy now has his money back as well as the respect formerly granted to Jim, and the regulars at the pool hall have now changed their advice to strangers: "You don't mess around with Slim".

The song is noted for its spoken recitation, which is heard following the third verse and chorus:
Yeah, Big Jim got his hat
Find out where it's at
And it's not hustlin' people strange to you
Even if you do got a two-piece custom-made pool cue
This is followed by the repeat of the Chorus and the repeated Coda before the song's fade.

Croce tells a similar story— a much-feared tough guy who gets his comeuppance from someone even tougher— in his later hit single "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown".

Reception
Cash Box described it as being "perfectly polished and honed for super Top 40/ MOR/ FM impact" despite being Croce's first single. Record World said that the song "is just fine, and it appears another star is born."

Live performances
Live versions of the song have been released on both of Croce's live albums, Have You Heard: Jim Croce Live and Jim Croce Live: The Final Tour.

Track listing
7" single (ABC-11328)
 "You Don't Mess Around with Jim" – 3:00
 "Photographs and Memories" – 2:03

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Poison cover
American glam metal band Poison covered the song (under the name ''Don't Mess Around With Jim (demo)''). It is included as a bonus track on the 2006 remaster of their 1986 debut album Look What the Cat Dragged In. It is the 13th track on the album.

Josh Turner cover
Josh Turner covered "You Don't Mess Around with Jim" on his 2003 debut album ''Long Black Train.

See also
 Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972

References

1971 songs
1972 debut singles
Jim Croce songs
Songs written by Jim Croce
ABC Records singles
Songs about fictional male characters
Songs about New York City


Trachyglanis sanghensis is a species of loach catfish endemic to the Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Sangha River near Ouesso.  It grows to a length of 5.0 cm.

References

Doumeinae
Endemic fauna of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1925
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin


Storo is a neighborhood in the boroughs of Sagene and Nordre Aker in Oslo, Norway. It is located east of Nydalen, south-west of Grefsen and north of Sandaker. In addition to block housing, it hosts the Storo Storsenter shopping center. There are also many car dealerships in the area. The Ring 3 trunk road runs through Storo, and the area is served by Storo station on the Oslo T-bane and Oslo Tramway.

The name
The neighbourhood is named after the farm Storo. This farm was the big (store) part of the old farm O. The farm O is first mentioned in 1279 ("Oo"), and the name is identical with the Norse word ó, a sideform of á f 'river' (here Akerselva river).

The farm was divided into two parts around 1550 AD: Storo ("Store O") and Lillo ("Lille O" - lille means 'little').

Neighbourhoods of Oslo


Vaona may refer to:
Ancharius brevibarbis, fish
Ancharius fuscus, fish