The Dresden Armoury or Dresden Armory (German: Rüstkammer), also known as the Dresden Historical Museum (German: Historisches Museum Dresden), is one of the world's largest collections of ceremonial weapons, armour and historical textiles. It is part of the Dresden State Art Collections and is located in Dresden Castle in Dresden.

The Turkish Chamber (German: Türkische Kammer) is a separate collection within the Dresden Armoury that is focused on art from the Ottoman Empire.

History

The oldest weapons collection in Dresden, the City Armoury (Städtische Harnischkammer) was founded in 1409, containing the weapons used by the citizens to defend the city. It existed until the 17th century when it became obsolete. Besides this, two further armouries were established shortly after. One was the Ducal Armoury (Herzogliche Harnischkammer), founded after Duke Albert was granted an independent dukedom in 1485. Housed in Dresden Castle, it contained the personal weapons of the ruling House of Wettin. Furthermore, Prince Elector Augustus founded the Arsenal of the Saxon State (Kurfürstliches Landeszeughaus) containing Saxony's weapons of war, such as cannons.

The Ducal Armoury (Herzogliche Harnischkammer) is the direct predecessor of today’s Rüstkammer. It was founded after Albert III, Duke of Saxony, ("Albert the Bold") established Meissen as the centre of Albertine Saxony and named himself Margrave of Meissen in 1485. A continuous growth in the collection of parade weapons occurred during the reign of his son, George, Duke of Saxony ("George the Bearded"), who named Dresden the capital of his realm. After George's grandson, Duke Maurice, gained the title of Saxon prince elector in 1547, the Ducal Armory was renamed Electoral Armory (Kurfürstliche Rüstkammer) and thus gained electoral status. It was located on the ground floor of the Hausmannsturm, the tower of Dresden Castle.

Prince Elector Augustus initiated the museum era of the armoury by taking an inventory of the electoral holdings. The inventory of 1567 mentions several buildings with holdings of the armoury, listing more than 1,500 weapons. Much of the armoury was displayed on carved wooden horses. The amory moved into the newly established Stable Building ("Stallgebäude", today’s Johanneum) in 1591, where it remained until 1722.

When Prince Elector Frederick Augustus I was made King of Poland in 1697, the armoury acquired royal status. Now named Augustus II ("Augustus II the Strong"), he faced increased needs for representation, leading to the establishment of his treasure chamber, the Green Vault. As a result, richly adorned weapons were moved into the new museums, spoiling the integrity of the armoury’s holdings. Furthermore, the armoury had to be moved again, this time into the Secret War Chancellery (Geheime Kriegskanzlei) where it was housed from 1722 until 1832. Nevertheless, the armoury remained a favorite among visitors at this time. The son of Augustus II the Strong, Augustus III, established the Firearms Gallery in the Long Corridor of the Stallhof (Stall Courtyard), which links the castle complex with the adjacent Johanneum. At the time, the Firearms Gallery was the most valuable of its kind in Germany; today, its more than 3,000 firearms are an important part of the Rüstkammer.

After the armoury was acquired by the state in 1831, it was renamed the Royal Historic Museum (Königliches Historisches Museum) and moved into the Zwinger building in 1832. It remained there until 1877, when it was moved again into the Johanneum. In 1913/14, the parade weapons which had been placed in the Green Vault, were reintegrated into the armory collection.

The artefacts from the Firearms Gallery and the Historic Museum were taken to Königstein Fortress during World War II. At the end of the war in 1945, the collections were confiscated by the Red Army and transported to Leningrad. Since their return to Dresden in 1958, part of the collection, now again named the Dresden Armoury (Rüstkammer), had been on display in the Semper Gallery of the Zwinger until September 2012. After completion of the Riesensaal in Dresden Castle in February 2013, the armoury's collection has been exhibited there.

Exhibition

Today’s exhibition comprises around 1,300 artefacts, representing less than 10 percent of the entire holdings. They are arranged in 121 showcases and six pedestals. The exhibition is centered around knighthood. It includes parade and tournament weapons, firearms from the Firearms Gallery, racing and jousting equipment, and paintings of tournaments. Usually, the pieces shown were once in use by the Saxon Electors, his family and the court. The displayed items span three centuries, from the 15th to the 18th century.

Turkish Chamber

The holdings of the Dresden Armoury include objects belonging to the Turkish Chamber (German: Türckische Cammer) which formed a separate collection within the armoury from at least 1591. Over the course of several centuries, diplomatic gifts, purchased objects, and booty gained in various battles against the Ottomans were assembled, creating one of the oldest and most significant collections of Ottoman art outside Turkey.

The roots of the oriental collection in Dresden can be traced back as far as 1591. At that time, the Turkish Chamber was still called Ungerische Cammer (Hungarian Chamber), probably because Saxony at that time had primarily come into contact with the Ottoman Empire in Hungary. The first recorded use of the name Turkish Chamber dates from 1614.

The first inventory of the oriental holdings of the Rüstkammer was compiled on request of Elector Johann Georg II of Saxony. The inventory was completed in July 1674 and revised in August 1677. It listed 385 items, divided into four groups: defensive weapons, reflex bows, pole weapons and flags, and finally saddles, bridles and caparisons.

After the dramatic years of the Great Northern War, August the Strong decided to reorganize his troops and renew their equipment. A military review of the 27,000-men-strong army was scheduled for June 1730, requiring an encampment near Zeithain north-west of Dresden with large tents. The biggest tent in the current exhibition was brought to Dresden specifically for this event in 1729. Originally, it consisted of a large roof section, two side walls and parts of an awning. One of the sidewalls and parts of the awning have been missing since the end of World War II. Nevertheless, it is one of the most magnificent surviving Ottoman tents in the world.

Today's collection
Today's exhibition presents more than 600 individual pieces of art. The largest object in the Turkish Chamber is the three-mast tent brought to Dresden for the Zeithain encampment in 1730. This  long,  wide and  high tent gives the viewer a sense of being under a second sky of gold and silk. The tent is made of satin, cotton and gilt leather; its restoration lasted 14 years.  In addition, there are eight life-sized, carved wooden horses and a group of reflex bows with original strings, the oldest of which dates from 1586. Also shown are weapons, suits of chain mail, helmets, flags and costumes.

See also
 List of museums in Saxony
 Bundeswehr Military History Museum

Notes and references

External links

 Dresden & Sachsen. Historisches Museum (Rüstkammer)
 Dresden Armoury within Google Arts & Culture

History museums in Germany
Military and war museums in Germany
Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden
1400s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1409 establishments in Europe


Vincent-Paul Lavallée (March 27, 1839 – October 15, 1931) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Joliette in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1885 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Berthier-en-Haut, Lower Canada, the son of Paul Lavallée and Marie Laférière. Lavallée was educated at the Collège de Berthier and the École de médecine et de chirurgie at Montreal, qualified to practise medicine in 1860 and set up practice in Saint-Félix-de-Valois. He was also commissioner for the trial of small causes. He was married twice: to Henriette Chalut in 1861 and to Élie Crépeau in 1870. In 1885, he was named to the Legislative Council of Quebec for Lanaudière division, serving until 1888. Lavallée was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the House of Commons in 1896.

References

1839 births
1931 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Conservative Party of Quebec MLCs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
People from Lanaudière


The Sharda River, also called Kali River and Mahakali River, originates at Kalapani in the Himalayas at an elevation of  in the Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand, India. It flows along Nepal's western border with India and has a basin area of . It joins Ghaghra River, a tributary of the Ganges. It takes the name Kali River from the union of the two streams at Gunji as it flows through the hills. After Brahmadev Mandi near Tanakpur, it enters the Terai plains, where it is called Sharda River.

It offers potential for hydroelectric power generation. The river is also proposed as source for one of the many projects in the Himalayan component of the Indian Rivers Inter-link project.

Etymology and naming
It is named after Śāradā, which is another name for Saraswati, the goddess of learning. It is called Mahakali River in , ,  in Hindi, and Kali Gad (Kumaoni: काली गाड़, kālī gād) or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.

Hydrology

Sources of river

The sources of the Sharda river have seen much debate through history. The tradition believes that the river originates from a collection of springs near the Kalapani village. The Almora District Gazetteer states:

In the British definition of 1911, the Sharda River is formed by the union of two headwaters: the Kalapani River that originates below the Lipulekh Pass and the Kuthi Yankti river that rises below the Limpiyadhura range. But both the streams have been termed "Kali River" on different occasions.

The Sharda River serves as the boundary between Uttarakhand's Kumaon Division and Nepal from "a little below the Kalapani encamping ground" (). The Lipulekh pass as well as the Limpayadhura pass (or Limpiya pass) are on Uttarakhand's border with Tibet.

Course

The Sharda River receives from the right, the Darma River at Tawaghat (). It passes Dharchula and receives Gori Ganga at Jauljibi, after which it exists the high mountains that reach into the alpine zone.  At   the first important left-bank (L) tributary from Nepal, the Chameliya  joins after flowing southwest from Nepal's Gurans Himal (including Api). A bazaar town Jhulaghat () is on both sides of the river.  Then the Kali receives the Sarju River (R) at .  The area around Pancheshwar is called Kali Kumaon.

The Sharda River exits the Hill Region at Jogbudha Valley and receives two tributaries: Ladhiya (R)  at   and Ramgun (L) at . Then it enters the lower Shivalik Hills. Tanakpur (R) town is just above the dam of Sharda Reservoir at . Here water is diverted into an irrigation canal.  Finally, the river exits the last hills into the Terai plains, passing the towns Banbasa (R) and Mahendranagar (Bhim Datta) (L). It flows southeast for another  in Uttar Pradesh to join the Ghaghara River as a right-bank tributary at , some 30 km. NNW of Bahraich.

Basin

In Nepal, the Sharda River lies entirely in the Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal and in the Mahakali Zone which has four administrative districts – Baitadi District with Baitadi as its headquarters, Dadeldhura District with Dadeldhura as its headquarters, Darchula District with Darchula as its headquarters and Kanchanpur District with Mahendranagar as its headquarters.

In India it lies along the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand state, Pithoragarh district, Champawat district and part of Udham Singh Nagar district fall under the Sharda basin. No large tributary joins the Sharda between Upper Sharda and Lower Sharda barrages in India. In Uttar Pradesh, part of Lakhimpur Kheri district is also under the Sharda basin.

Mahakali (Sharda in India) is one of the five major river basins of Nepal which is shared with India and has a total basin area of 14871 km up to Upper Sharda Barrage, about 34 per cent of which lies in Nepal. The total catchment area is 17,818 km up to Lower Sharda Barrage.

Development and resource utilisation

Mahakali Treaty

The Treaty on Integrated Development of Mahakali River was signed by the Prime Minister of His Majesty's Government of Nepal and the Prime Minister of the Government of India in February 1996 and which came into effect in June 1997. It concerns with the Integrated Development of the Mahakali (Sharda in India) River including Sharda Barrage (existing), Tanakpur Barrage (existing) and Pancheshwar Project (Proposed – under Planning). Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) on the river Mahakali is the centerpiece of the Treaty.

The Treaty has 12 Articles with a preamble. As per the Treaty principles both sides are committed to design and operate the project as a single, integrated scheme to yield, "the maximum total net benefits accruing to them". The power benefit is to be assessed on the basis of saving in costs as compared with the relevant alternatives available. As per the Treaty "equal entitlement in the utilisation of the waters of the Mahakali River "without prejudice to their respective existing consumptive uses" is also planned to be ensured from the PMP.

The concluding Article 12 states as under:
 Following the conclusion of this Treaty, the earlier understandings reached between the parties concerning the utilisation of the waters of the Mahakali River from the Sharda Barrage and the Tanakpur Barrage, which have been incorporated herein, shall be deemed to have been replaced by this Treaty.
 This Treaty shall be subject to ratification and shall enter into force on the date of exchange of instruments of ratification. It shall remain valid for a period of seventy-five (75) years from the date of its entry into force.
 This Treaty shall be reviewed by both the parties at ten (10) years interval or earlier as required by either party and make amendments thereto, if necessary.
 Agreements, as required, shall be entered into by the parties to give effect to the provisions of this Treaty.

As per a submission by the DDP Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on Dams and Development Project, on the Mahakali Treaty it is stated that "the Treaty emphasizes an integrated approach to the development of water resources and, more importantly, attempts to validate past activities taken to develop water resources on the Mahakali River." UNEP has in conclusion observed that "the signing of the Mahakali Treaty has indeed provided India and Nepal with an opportunity for meaningful cooperation to benefit the millions of people in the two countries whose livelihood depends on the waters of the Mahakali River."

Dams
The Pancheshwar Dam, a joint venture of India and Nepal for irrigation and hydro-electric power generation was proposed on this river, in 1995, named as Sarayu or Kali River. However, Nepal and India have been unable to reach a decision on the 5,600-MW Pancheshwar multipurpose dam project, in part because of political changes both in Nepal and India. The project became a priority again in 2013, and negotiations restarted.

The Tanakpur Hydroelectric Project (120MW) was commissioned in April 1993 by the NHPC, with a barrage on the Sharda River near the town of Tanakpur in the district of Champawat.

Irrigation

Sharda Barrage (Upper Sharda Barrage) Irrigation Project
The Sharda Barrage on the Sharda River (Mahakali River), the first irrigation project on the river, was built in the 1920s under an Agreement signed between British India and Nepal (Sharda Agreement Letters of Exchange dated 23 August 1920 and 12 October 1920) to exchange 4000 acres (for a compensation of Rs 50,000 to Nepal) of the eastern flank of West Nepal. It still regulates the diversion of the (Sharda) Mahakali River exclusively for the purpose of irrigation and power in Uttar Pradesh in India. Before 1920 the Mahakali was a border river with the left bank in Nepal and the right bank in India. The Sharda Agreement of 1920-transferred ownership of part of the left bank area (in the vicinity of the Barrage) from Nepal to India and the Sharda Barrage belongs to India. This agreement has been subsumed in the Mahakali Treaty signed in February 1996 (referred above) and ratified on 27 November 1996. which entails the following supply from the Sharda Barrage to Nepal.

Although the Sharda Agreement was made in 1920, Nepal could utilise her share of the water only after the construction of the Mahakali Irrigation Project in 1975.

Water is diverted from the Barrage to the Sharda Right Bank Canal, (with a capacity of about 396 m³/s) (2), for irrigation in India. In addition to the irrigation facilities, India also generates hydropower with an installed capacity of 41 MW from the canal head power station. An extensive effort for developing irrigation potential and for the maintenance of the canal with its branches, feeders, tributaries, channels and drain was undertaken by Engineer Abinash Chandra Chaturvedi during 1961–65 in Sitapur District of Uttar Pradesh. It has since served as a model scheme for irrigation engineers.

Lower Sharda Barrage

The Lower Sharda Barrage is constructed on the Sharda River, about 163.5 km downstream of the Upper Sharda Barrage, and nearly 28 km from Lakhimpur city.

This project is part of the Sharda Sahayak Pariyojana (SSP) and primarily depends on water diverted from the Karnali (Ghaghra) at Girjapur through the Sharda Sahayak link canal of 28.4 km length for over eight months in the year during the lean season; but it indents on Sharda supplies during the monsoon between July and October when the Karnali carries a lot of silt.

The SSP aims at irrigating culturable command area (CCA) of 16,770 km2 with 70 per cent irrigation intensity. The 258.80 km long feeder channel of SSP takes off from the right bank of Sharda Barrage with discharge of 650 m3/s. Supplies are then fed into the different branches of the Sharda canal system, namely, the Daryabad branch, the Barabanki branch, the Haidergarh branch, the Rae Bareli branch and the Purva branch.

SSP provides protective canal irrigation for cultivable area of 2 m ha to lakhs of farmers in 150 development blocks of 16 districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The project was commissioned in 1974, and completed in 2000 with an estimated cost of Rs. 13 billion.

Hydropower
In Nepal, Karnali and Mahakali rivers together have hydropower potential of 36,180 MW (economically exploitable is 25,000 MW) out of a total potential of 83,000 MW.

In the Indian state of Uttarakhand, which adjoins the Sharda (Mahakali river), the power generation envisaged is likely to be 6400 MW at 60% load factor (about 24,000 MW at 16% load factor) out of which 2400 MW (9000 MW at 16% load factor) is from the right bank tributaries of the Sharda (Mahakali), excluding the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.

Some of the projects built/under construction/planned are as under.

Tanakpur Barrage and Hydroelectric Project
Tanakpur HEP is a run of the river scheme on the Sharda River (Mahakali River in Nepal) located near the town of Tanakpur in the district of Champawat. It has a Barrage across the Sharda River for diverting river flows into a 6.2 km long power channel of 566 m³/s capacity for utilisation of 24 m head available between the Barrage at Tanakpur and the existing Sharda canal i.e. 0.6 km down stream of Banbasa Barrage. The power station with 3 units of 40 MW (3x40 MW=120 MW) is located near the existing Banbasa Barrage. The tail race channel joins directly the Sharda River. The project is designed to produce 460 million units of power on 90% availability. The construction of the Barrage was started in 1988. In the spirit of furthering co-operation within the Mahakali River area, the Governments of India and Nepal entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), commonly referred to as the Tanakpur Agreement, on 6 December 1991. The Agreement provided for the construction of the left afflux bund (the retaining wall) on Nepalese territory for which the Nepalese provided 2.9 hectares of land to construct the left afflux bund of 577 m length. As a quid pro quo, the Agreement provided for the installation of a head regulator (main part of the reservoir regulating the water flow) at the Tanakpur Barrage with a capacity of , and required India to construct a canal so that  of water could be delivered to Nepal. India was also required to provide 10 million kWh of power to Nepal with, free of charge.
The Tanakpur Project was commissioned in April 1993. But the seething discontent entrenched for nearly five years in Nepal on benefits agreed to be provided by India to Nepal under the agreement of 1991 continued till the Mahakali Treaty between the two countries for the integrated development of water resources on the Mahakali River was signed on 12 February 1996. The Mahakali Treaty has subsumed the regime established by the Sharda Treaty, has validated the controversial Tanakpur Agreement, and endorsed the idea of a new multipurpose project – The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) – the details of which, are being worked out. As per the Treaty, Nepal is now entitled to an annual supply of 70 million kWh of power from Tanakpur HEP on a continuous basis, free of cost, from the effective date of the Mahakali Treaty. For this purpose, India also agreed to construct a 132 kV transmission line all the way to the Indo-Nepalese border from the Tanakpur Power Station. There is provision for the supply of  of water for the irrigation of Dodhara Chandni area. India has also agreed to construct a road linking Tanakpur to Nepal's East–West highway.

Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) & Purnagiri Re-regulating Dam (Indo–Nepal)
In compliance of the Treaty provisions mentioned above, the scope of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) is being actively discussed and defined by Nepal and India to enable finalisation of the Detailed Project Report. The proposed project, which straddles the border that lies along the median point of the river, envisages a 293 m high rock fill dam (to be the largest rock fill dam in the world), just downstream of the confluence of the Mahakali and Sarju river, having a live storage capacity of 9.24 BCM and a dead storage capacity of 2.15 BCM. In the project area, the river forms the border between India and Nepal, dividing the Sudurpashchim Province province of Nepal from the Uttarakhand State in India. The PMP also envisages a re-regulating dam for which two alternatives at Purnagiri (1020 MW) and Rupaligad (500 MW) have been considered, to hold the waters passing through the turbines and provide regulated back season release to irrigate designated commands in Nepal and India. Two power stations are projected, one on either bank, with an overall installed peaking capacity, between 5,500 and 6,480 MW at 20 per cent load factor. As per the Treaty principles both sides are committed to design and operate the project as a single, integrated scheme to yield, "the maximum total net benefits accruing to them". The power benefit is to be assessed on the basis of saving in costs as compared with the relevant alternatives available. As per the Treaty "equal entitlement in the utilisation of the waters of the Mahakali River "without prejudice to their respective existing consumptive uses" is also planned to be ensured from the PMP.

Chameliya Hydroelectric Project
Chameliya Hydroelectric Project, in Nepal (in the Far Western Development Region), a daily peaking run-off-river (PROR) scheme with an installed capacity of 30 MW, has been taken up for construction during January 2007. The Project lies about 950 km west of Kathmandu on Chameliya river, a tributary of Mahakali river in Darchula district. The Main features of the Project are 54 m high concrete dam, 4.06 km long headrace tunnel, surge tank, penstocks and semi- underground powerhouse with two units of each 15.3 MW vertical shaft Francis turbines. The generated power from the Project will be evacuated through 131 km long 132 kV transmission line, connecting Attariya Substation at Kailali district.

Tourism

National parks in the basin
Notable national parks are Shuklaphanta National Park in Nepal and Dudhwa National Park in India.
Shuklaphanta National Park was established in 1976 as a wildlife reserve and covers an area of  in Kanchanpur District, Far-Western Region, Nepal. The protected area supports a wide range of nationally and globally important biodiversity, including 46 mammal species.
It has a common boundary with the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in the south and west which is formed by the Mahakali River, and is bordered on the east by the Chaudhar River and in the north by a forest belt and cultivations. The prevalent vegetation is grassland. Forest stands comprise sal, khair and sissoo. This protected area hosts the worldwide largest herd of swamp deer, and 423 bird species including the largest population of Bengal florican.

Dudhwa National Park is located in Uttar Pradesh, India. The northern edge of the park lies along the India-Nepal border, and the southern boundary is formed by the Suheli River. The terrain of the park varies from mosaic grasslands, dense sal forests and swampy marshes. It has diverse wildlife population. In 1987 Dudhwa National Park and Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary were merged to form Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. Although the tigers at the park are numerous, sightings are rare due to the thick forest cover of the area. Besides tigers, leopards, hispid hares, swamp deer and Indian rhinoceros, it harbours 400 species of resident and migratory birds, 37 species of mammals and 16 species of reptiles.

Water rafting in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand

As the river flows down from the Nepal border through Kumaon hills and as the Kali and Gori Rivers meet at Jauljibi, with increased water volume, it offers great river rafting adventure to professionals, for a length of 117 km, from Jauljibi to Tanakpur. In rafting parlance, in this stretch, the rapids in the river are of Grade IV and more, which could be covered in 3 days. Below Tanakpur, Lower down among the frosted slopes, the river becomes calmer offering the amateur a sporting challenge.

Places of religious interest

Both sides of the Mahakali valley, the Indian and the Nepali, are rich in sacred natural sites. These include certain bugyals (high-altitude pastures) that are considered sacred, sacred forests and water bodies, and sacred mountains. Some famous sacred mountains in this region include Adi Kailash, Om Parvat, and Gwalek Kedar.

In the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in India every peak, lake or mountain range is somehow or the other connected with some myth or the name of a God or Goddess, ranging from those associated with the Shaiva, Shakta and Vaishnava traditions, to local Gods like Haim, Saim, Golu, Nanda, Sunanda, Chhurmal, Kail Bisht, Bholanath, Gangnath, Airi and Chaumu. Referring to the rich religious myths and lores associated with Uttarakhand, E. T. Atkinson has said: 'To the beliefs of the great majority of Hindus, the Kumaon (Himalaya) is what Palestine is to the Christians.'

In Kumaon, famous temples are the Kali temple at Kalapani, Shiva temple of Singhphal in Dudhwa reserve, the Baleshwar temple (in South Indian architectural style) at Champawat , an Indian National Heritage Monument of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) since 1952, and Nagnath temple in Champawat

Issues

Human and fish conflict

The river attracted media attention in 2007, over the Kali river goonch attacks that cost three lives, probably by an exceptionally large catfish of the Bagarius yarrelli species. Efforts to capture the offending fish were shown in episodes of a documentary television program River Monsters.

See also
 Indo-Gangetic Plain

References

External links

International rivers of Asia
Rivers of Sudurpashchim Province
Border rivers
Rivers of Uttar Pradesh
Rivers of Uttarakhand
India–Nepal border
Geography of Lakhimpur Kheri district
Pilibhit
Tourist attractions in Lakhimpur Kheri district

sv:Kali (flod)


Ayere (Uwu) is a divergent Volta–Niger language of Nigeria, closely related only to Ahaan.

It is named after Ayere village in Ijumu LGA, Kogi State. The village of Ayere roughly consists of 10,000 people, according to the census.

Distribution
According to Ethnologue, Ayere is spoken in:
Ondo state: Akoko North West LGA
Kogi state: Ijumu LGA (in Ayere village)

See also
Ayere-Ahan word lists (Wiktionary)

References

External links
 ELAR archive of Documentation of Uwu (Ayere)

Ayere–Ahan languages
Languages of Nigeria


"Thunder" is a song recorded by English boy band East 17, released as the first single from their third album, Up All Night (1995), on 23 October 1995. It achieved success in many countries, including Belgium (Wallonia), Germany, Ireland, Norway, Scotland, Switzerland and the UK, where it was a top-10 hit.

Critical reception
British magazine Music Week rated the song three out of five, writing, "A bland, lyrically-lacking rehash of all the elements which has made East 17 so successful. But it's catchy enough to create a stir."

Track listings
 CD single
 "Thunder" (Radio Edit) – 4:16
 "E-17 - Overture Medley" * (Live Steam Tour '95) – 9:28

 CD maxi
 "Thunder" (Radio Edit)
 "E-17 - Overture Medley" (Live Steam Tour '95)
 "Thunder" (Video Mix)
 "Thunder" (Lightning Mix)

 Cassette
 "Thunder" (Radio Edit) – 4:16
 "E-17 - Overture Medley" * (Live Steam Tour '95) – 9:28

* Contains "Let It Rain", "Stay Another Day", "House of Love", "Gold", "It's Alright", "Be There"

Credits
 Written by Anthony Mortimer
 Artwork by E.17/Form
 Photography of the band by Lawrence Watson
 Photography of the Cloud by Comstock, Inc.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1994 songs
1995 singles
East 17 songs
Songs written by Tony Mortimer


Alfred Scott may refer to:

Alfred Scott (New Zealand cricketer) (1901–1984), New Zealand cricketer
Alfred Scott (West Indian cricketer) (born 1934), West Indian cricketer
Alfred Angas Scott (1875–1923), motorcycle designer, inventor and founder of the Scott Motorcycle Company
Alfred Henry Scott (British politician) (1868–1939), British Liberal politician
Alfred Henry Scott (Canadian politician) (1840–1872), bartender and politician in Manitoba

See also
Al Scott (disambiguation)


North Akoko, usually abbreviated as Akoko and also known as Arigidi, is a dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria. It appears to form a branch of the "Yoruba–Edo–Akoko–Igbo" () group of Niger–Congo languages. It is spoken in the LGAs of Akoko North East, Akoko North West, Ekiti East, and Ijumu (Ethnologue).

Varieties
Akokoid varieties include Arigidi, Erúṣú, Oyín, Ìgáṣí Eṣé, Urò, Ọ̀jọ̀, Àfá, Ògè, Ìdò, and Àjè.

Below is a list of Arigidi language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).

Internal classification
The internal classification of Akokoid language varieties is given by Fadoro (2010) as:

Akokoid
Arigidi
Arigidi
Erushu
Ọ̀wọ̀n
varieties in Oke Agbe
Afa
Aje
Udo
Oge
varieties outside Oke Agbe
Oyin
Igashi
Uro

Arigidi and Erushu are mutually intelligible with each other; varieties spoken in Oke Agbe with each other; and varieties spoken outside Oke Agbe with each other. However, these three groups are not mutually intelligible with each other.

Reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Akokoid reconstructions is from Blench (n.d.).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Proto-Akokoid
|-
| head || *igírí
|-
| hair || *icírí
|-
| eye || *íjù
|-
| ear || *útó
|-
| nose || *úwɔ̃́
|-
| mouth || *odòrũ
|-
| tooth || *eɲĩ
|-
| tongue || *írɛ̃́
|-
| jaw || *àmgbà
|-
| chin || *ùlɛ, *olò
|-
| beard || *ìlɛ̀
|-
| neck || *ògúgɔ̀
|-
| breast || *íkpɔ
|-
| heart || *ɛ̀gɛ̀, *ɔkɔ̃̀
|-
| belly || *ìgɔ
|-
| stomach ||
|-
| navel || *ípɔ̃́
|-
| back || *òsũ
|-
| arm, hand || *úwɔ́
|-
| nail || *íŋgà
|-
| buttocks || *imbɔ̃̀
|-
| penis || *ìndù
|-
| vagina ||
|-
| thigh || #koko
|-
| leg || *ùhò
|-
| knee || *igɔ̀
|-
| body || *ìji
|-
| skin || *àla
|-
| bone || *íkpĩ
|}

See also
List of Proto-Akokoid reconstructions (Wiktionary)

References

Blench, Roger. Comparative Akokoid.

Volta–Niger languages


Abraham Bogardus (November 29, 1822 – March 22, 1908) was an American daguerreotypist and photographer who made some 200,000 daguerreotypes during his career.

He was trained in the daguerreotype process by New Yorker George W. Prosch, who in 1839 had made a camera for Samuel F.B. Morse. Bogardus opened a studio and gallery at 363 Broadway in New York in 1846, becoming very successful. In 1868, he helped in the founding of the National Photographic Association of which he was president for five years. He worked as a clerk in a dry goods store in the late 1830s, and exhibited a painting at the American Institute in 1845.

From 1847 to 1852, he was listed as a daguerreotypist at 217 Greenwich Street. His residence was in Newark, New Jersey, from 1849 to 1851, returning to Grove Street, New York City, between 1851 and 1852. His success enabled a branch gallery at 126 Washington Street, Newark, in 1849, which moved to 8 Clinton Street, Newark, in 1850. His New York City gallery was moved to 229 Greenwich Street in 1851 and the old Root Gallery at 363 Broadway refitted in 1862. He opened a new studio at 1153 Broadway in 1869, maintaining the 363 Broadway address.

That same year he became an important witness at the trial of William H. Mumler, a spirit photographer who had been accused of fraud by, among others, P. T. Barnum. Barnum hired Bogardus to fabricate a photograph of him with the supposed "ghost" of Abraham Lincoln; this photograph was then tendered in evidence at Mumler's trial to demonstrate to the court how easy it was to conjure fake images of ghosts.

In 1871 to 1873, he was in partnership with Daniel and David Bendann, brothers from Baltimore, Maryland, at 1153 Broadway in New York. In 1873, Bogardus produced daguerreotypes of bank note designs for the American Bank Note Co.

Wanting to retire in 1884, Bogardus advertised in the Philadelphia Photographer: "Wishing to retire from the photographic business, I now offer my well-known establishment for sale, after thirty-eight years' continuous existence in this city. The reputation of the gallery is too well known to require one word of comment. The stock of registered negatives is very valuable, containing a large line of regular customers, and also very many of our prominent men, Presidents, Senators, etc., and for which orders are constantly received. They include Blaine and Logan. Entire apparatus first-class; Dallmeyer lens, etc. For further information, address Abraham Bogardus & Co., 872 Broadway cor. 18th St., New York."

References

External links

The Daguerreotype - Abraham Bogardus
The Lost Art of the Daguerreotype - Abraham Bogardus
Leaves From the Diary of a Photographer - Abraham Bogardus

American portrait photographers
1822 births
1908 deaths
19th-century American photographers


Lexitropsins are members of a family of semi-synthetic DNA-binding ligands.  They are structural analogs of the natural antibiotics netropsin and distamycin. Antibiotics of this group can bind in the minor groove of DNA with different sequence-selectivity. Lexitropsins form a complexes with DNA with stoichiometry 1:1 and 2:1. Based on the 2:1 complexes were obtained ligands with high sequence-selectivity.

See also
 Hoechst 33258
 Pentamidine
 DNA binding ligand
 Single-strand binding protein
 Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software

References

Molecular biology
DNA-binding substances


The Last Gangster (also called Another Public Enemy) is a 1937 American crime drama film directed by Edward Ludwig and starring Edward G. Robinson and James Stewart. The supporting cast features Rose Stradner, Lionel Stander and John Carradine.

Plot
During Prohibition, gangland kingpin Joe Krozac returns from Europe with a new wife, Talya, who is unaware of his criminal background. The Kile brothers have muscled in on his territory in his absence, so he orders their assassinations. Three are killed, but "Acey" Kile survives. Soon after, Talya becomes pregnant, much to Krozac's delight.

Krozac is sent to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary for ten years for income tax evasion before their son is born. After Talya visits her husband with their child, reporter Paul North plays a dirty trick on her, putting a gun in the baby's hands for a photograph. When Talya goes to his newspaper to plead to be left alone, his editor refuses to do so, but Paul is so ashamed of himself, he quits his job and strikes up a relationship with Talya. She gets a divorce and marries Paul. They move away and change their names to start a new life.

When Krozac is released from prison, he is determined to take his son, now named Paul Jr., and punish his former wife. However, his old assistant, Curly, persuades him to take charge of his old gang first. It turns out to be a trap. Curly and the others only want to learn where Krozac hid his money before going to jail.  When Krozac resists their torture, the gang kidnaps his son to apply pressure. Krozac gives in. The gang drives off with the loot (only to be killed by the police), leaving Krozac and his son on foot.

He is unable to convince the boy that he is his father, but they get along all right on the journey home. After the boy is reunited with his parents, Krozac has a change of heart and leaves without his son.  However, Acey Kile is waiting for him. Acey taunts Krozac at gunpoint, saying he is going to tell the newspapers who the boy's father really is after he guns down Krozac. To stop that, Krozac rushes him and manages to kill Acey before dying.

Cast

 Edward G. Robinson as Joe Krozac
 James Stewart as Paul North
 Rose Stradner as Talya Krozac
 Lionel Stander as "Curly"
 Douglas Scott  as Paul North Jr./Joe Krozac Jr.
 John Carradine as Caspar, an inmate who tries to bully Krozac
 Sidney Blackmer as San Francisco editor
 Grant Mitchell as Warden
 Edward Brophy as "Fats" Garvey, a prisoner who supports Krozac
 Alan Baxter as Frankie "Acey" Kile
 Frank Conroy as Sid Gorman
 Louise Beavers as Gloria, Talya's servant

Production
Despite the presence of Robinson and young Stewart, the picture fared poorly at the box office.

A protege of European director Max Reinhardt, Rose Stradner subsequently married writer/director Joseph L. Mankiewicz in 1939 and committed suicide in 1958 at age 45.

Reception
Time Out Film Guide noted that Edward G. Robinson was his typically edgy character and that James Stewart looked much younger than his (then) 29 years, remarking that the film was "an absorbing exercise in contrasting styles".

References

External links

1937 films
1937 crime drama films
American crime drama films
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Edward Ludwig
American gangster films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Alcatraz Island in fiction
1930s American films


Oko (ɔ̀kɔ́), also known as Ogori-Magongo and Oko-Eni-Osayin, is a dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria. It appears to form a branch of the "Nupe–Oko–Idoma" () group of Niger–Congo languages. Most Oko speakers also speak Yoruba as a second language. The language is spoken in and around the towns of Ogori and Magongo in southwestern Kogi State, close to the Ondo and Edo state borders.

Classification
Oko is one of the Volta–Niger languages.

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) grouped Oko within the Idomoid languages.

Distribution
According to Ethnologue, Oko is spoken in:
Edo State: Akoko-Edo LGA
Kogi State: Okene LGA, Magongo, and Ogori towns

Varieties
Oko is a dialect cluster consisting of (Ethnologue):
Oko (Ogori, Uku)
Osayin(Magongo, Osanyin)
Eni

Below is a list of Ọkọ–Eni–Ọsayin language cluster names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Each vowel also has a nasal equivalent.

See also
Oko word list (Wiktionary)

References

Volta–Niger languages


Narcisse Lecavalier (July 3, 1827 – April 30, 1892) was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Jacques-Cartier from 1867 to 1882 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Saint-Laurent, Lower Canada, the son of Guillaume Lecavalier and Marie-Louise Groulx. Lecavalier studied theology at the Séminaire de Sainte-Thérèse. In 1853, he qualified as a notary and set up practice in Saint-Laurent. He married Marie-Émilie Grevier in 1856. Over the years, Lecavalier was secretary-treasurer for the municipal councils and for the school boards of Saint-Laurent, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Côte-des-Neiges. He resigned his seat in the Quebec assembly after he was named registrar for the counties of Hochelaga and Jacques-Cartier in 1882. He died at Saint-Laurent at the age of 64.

References

1827 births
1892 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
People from Saint-Laurent, Quebec


Chen Mengjia (; 20 April 1911, in Nanjing – 3 September 1966, in Beijing) was a Chinese scholar, poet, paleographer and archaeologist. He was considered the foremost authority on oracle bones and was Professor of Chinese at Tsinghua University in Beijing.

He was married to the poet and translator Zhao Luorui (aka Lucy Chao, 1912–1998). Chen died in 1966, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution after being labeled a "capitalist intellectual" and Rightist and being persecuted by officials.

Life
Chen was born and raised in Nanjing, Jiangsu province. His father was a Presbyterian minister.

In his youth Chen had been a poet, under the pen name Wanderer, his first poem was published when he was 18. He was a member of the Crescent Moon Society in Shanghai, a group of romantic poets during the early 20th century. In 1932 he joined the resistance against Japanese aggression in Shanghai during the January 28 Incident. At that time he also studied law in Nanjing, but in 1932 began to research classical Chinese literature and religion, before turning to the study of Chinese writing and archaeology at Yenching University in Beijing, where he specialised in the study of oracle bones and ancient Chinese bronzes. Chen and his wife moved to Kunming in the mid-1930s, where had a position at the National Southwest Associated University.

In 1936, Chen published an influential article on the religion and magic of the Shang dynasty, in which he compared the list of the kings of the Xia dynasty (the first dynasty of China in the traditional recorded history, often thought to be legendary) with that of the Shang dynasty that followed it, and argued that the (legendary) Xia were just a "duplication" of the (real) Shang. He also argued that the Yellow Emperor and Yu the Great were originally the same personage.

In 1944 Chen and his wife Lucy Chao were both awarded humanities fellowships by the Rockefeller Foundation to study at the University of Chicago in the United States. Chen also received financial support from the Harvard-Yenching Institute. Chen traveled around the United States, as well as making trips to Canada and Europe studying both private and public collections of ancient Chinese bronzes. He completed the project with the support of C. T. Loo, a famous art dealer. His study, with descriptions of over 850 bronze vessels, was turned into a draft for a book, possibly to be published in the United States. In 1947 Chen returned to China (his wife the following year), and he sent the manuscript to Harvard University before. After Korean War broke out, Chen was disconnected with Harvard. However, the book remained unpublished in the United States. According to Edward L. Shaughnessy, Chen's manuscript left in Harvard has been found.

The book was eventually published in China in 1962 under the title Our country’s Shang and Zhou Bronzes Looted by American Imperialists, edited by the Chinese Institute of Archaeology. Chen himself, however, did not choose the title, and indeed his name is not written on the cover. The book had been considered important to publish, even though its author was a "Rightist", who were not allowed to publish. Among the "American imperialists" listed in the book are the Saint Louis Art Museum, Mrs. W.K. Vanderbilt of New York, Miss Doris Duke of New York, Avery Brundage of Chicago, and Alfred F. Pillsbury of Minneapolis. The book is going to be republished under its original title signed with the name of Chen in China in 2016.

Before his problems with the Chinese authorities Chen published in 1956 the work A comprehensive study of the divination inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin. The inscriptions, made on oracle bones at Yin, the last Shang capital near today's Anyang (Henan), were recognized at the time (and, largely, still are) as the earliest examples of Chinese writing.

Chen Mengjia's work has long been well known to Shang scholars worldwide. His life and achievements  became known to wider audience outside China with the publication in 2006 of Peter Hessler’s book Oracle Bones.

Politics
In the 1950s, Chen opposed the Communist government's proposal to simplify more than 2,000 Chinese characters. After the Anti-Rightist Movement began in 1957, Chen was labeled a Rightist and an enemy of the Communist Party, and was sent to a labour camp. In 1966, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, he was again severely persecuted and committed suicide in Beijing.

Chen Mengjia and his wife Lucy Chao collected Chinese antiques, especially furniture. Before his suicide, Chen wrote a letter to Ma Chengyuan of the Shanghai Museum, declaring his intent to donate the furniture to the museum. However, after the deaths of the couple, Chao's brother-in-law Zhao Jingxin refused to donate the collection, instead selling it to the museum.

Memorials
Wang Shixiang's magisterial book Classic Chinese Furniture: Ming and Early Qing Dynasties (the first book about Chinese classical furniture written by a Chinese author) is dedicated to Chen Mengjia, who was his good friend, and a fellow collector of Chinese classical furniture.

References

External links

1911 births
1966 suicides
1966 deaths
Chinese archaeologists
20th-century Chinese poets
Suicides by hanging in China
Educators from Nanjing
Writers from Nanjing
Academic staff of Yenching University
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Suicides during the Cultural Revolution
Scientists from Nanjing
Poets from Jiangsu
Chinese palaeographers
Academic staff of the National Southwestern Associated University
University of Chicago alumni
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
20th-century archaeologists


Plinacro is a natural gas transmission system operator in Croatia.

History
Plinacro was founded on 1 February 2001 as a subsidiary of INA. Since March 2002, Plinacro is a fully state-owned company.

Operations
Plinacro operates  of high pressure gas pipelines. On 3 March 2009, Plinacro signed an agreement with FGSZ Zrt, a subsidiary of MOL Group, to build a   natural gas interconnector between Croatia and Hungary, which would allow two-way shipments after the Adria LNG terminal is built on the island of Krk. Plinacro was also invited to the consortium building Adria LNG terminal. After failure of Adria LNG terminal, Plinacro participated in LNG Hrvatska project where they own 16% of stocks.

Plinacro is participating in the work of creation of the New European Transmission System, a project to unite Central and South Eastern Europe's natural gas transmission networks.

In January 2009, it was decided that Plinacro will buy the Okoli gas storage facility from INA as a result of the INA's takeover by MOL.

References

External links

Oil and gas companies of Croatia
Natural gas pipeline companies
2001 establishments in Croatia
Companies based in Zagreb
Government-owned companies of Croatia


Jonas Žukas (12 November 1907 in Švėkšna, Lithuania – 8 December 2004 in Towson, Maryland) was a Lithuanian organ player and teacher. He performed for more than 50 years in Lithuania, Germany, United States, and Canada. Since 2006, an organ competition of his name is held annually in Lithuania.

Žukas was born to a family of an organist. From 1926 to 1933, he studied organs with Juozas Naujalis and fortepiano with Balys Dvarionas in Kaunas. With a stipend from the Ministry of Culture, Žukas continued his studies at the Conservatoire de Paris with Marcel Dupré and École Normale de Musique de Paris. After his return to Lithuania in 1937, he lectured at the Kaunas Conservatoire. His first public concert of works by Bach, Mendelssohn, Franck, and Widor was held on November 28, 1937. After St. Michael the Archangel Church acquired modern organs, Žukas held a series of concerts.

In 1944, he retreated to Germany, where he played at various churches and studied composition with Wolfgang Fortner. In 1949, he emigrated to the United States and settled in Woodhaven, Queens. His first show in the U.S. was held in 1950 at the Annunciation Church in Brooklyn. Later he performed in a variety of venues, including The Town Hall and Carnegie Hall in New York, Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in Baltimore. In 1984, on the 500th anniversary of Saint Casimir, he performed at the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul, Philadelphia. In 1987, his concert for the 600th anniversary of the Christianization of Lithuania from Immaculate Conception Church in Washington DC was broadcast by Voice of America to Lithuania.

References

1907 births
2004 deaths
Lithuanian organists
Male organists
American people of Lithuanian descent
20th-century organists
20th-century male musicians
People from Woodhaven, Queens


Francesco Anile (born 12 February, 1962 in Polistena) is an Italian tenor. He regularly sings in Italy and abroad, performing in theatres such as the Teatro Massimo in Palermo and San Carlo in Naples. Turandot, Norma and Otello are some of the works of his repertory which he plays enthusiastically. In March 2009, he was Manrico in Verdi's Il trovatore, and he has performed Canio in Pagliacci, directed by Franco Zeffirelli.

Biography
Graduated in clarinet and singing at the "F. Cilea" Conservatory of Reggio Calabria, Francesco Anile completed his studies with the baritone Aldo Protti in Cremona, and later as a tenor with Ottavio Taddei in Firenze. In 2001, he took a high-specialization course at Opera Verdi Festival in Parma, under the supervision of Renata Scotto.

Anile made his New York City Opera debut on the NYCO's Opening Night for the 2016-17 season, on September 8, 2016 in a new production double bill of two operas that both premiered in May 1892. He debuted as Canio in Pagliacci directed by Lev Pugliese with conductor James Meena leading the NYCO Orchestra at Rose Theater at Jazz at Lincoln Center's Rose Hall.  New York Classical Review wrote: "Anile ... has the voice: a clear, expressive instrument that pleasantly “pings” above the orchestra, and equally, what appears to be a fountain of acting chops. In the famous scene in which Canio realizes that Nedda has been unfaithful, the soft sobbing into his costume was undeniably affecting. And when he leaped onstage to open the traveling show, his drunkenness was believable, not overdone." The Huffington Post wrote: "Anile’s Canio was a virile, force of nature performance."

Awards
Finalist in several nationwide competitions, he won the first prize "E. Bastianini" at the Grandi Voci Toscane in Campi Bisensio and the third prize at the "M. Del Monaco" in Marsala.

Conductors and directors
Francesco Anile has worked with some of the more notable international conductors, such as Nello Santi, Maurizio Benini, Evelino Pidò, Maurizio Arena, Gianandrea Noseda, Massimo Pradella, Niksa Bareza, Loris Voltolini, Stefano Ranzani, Peter Mianiti, Antonio Pirolli, Giampaolo Bisanti, Patrick Fourniller, and Julian Kovatchev. He also worked with several internationally renowned directors, such as Eimuntas Nekrosius, Roberto De Simone, Gianfranco de Bosio, Federico Tiezzi, Plamen Kartalof, Henning Brockhaus, Pierfrancesco Maestrini, Aldo Tarabella, and J. Peter Messner.

Repertoire
Over a number of few years, Francesco Anile's repertory has gradually grown enriched by major roles, such as: Cavaradossi (Tosca), Pinkerton (Madama Butterfly), Luigi (Tabarro), Ishmael (Nabucco), Manrico (Il trovatore), Duke of Mantua (Rigoletto), and Radamès (Aida).

His vocal timbre has recently improved, changing him into a lyric and dramatic tenor. He has reached a heavier vocal weight, enabling his voice to be "pushed" to dramatic climaxes without strain. It is the reason why he now prefers roles such as Calaf (Turandot), Cavaliere Des Grieux (Manon Lescaut), Canio (Pagliacci), Pollione (Norma) and Otello.

He made his Metropolitan Opera debut on April 23, 2016 in the role of Otello, replacing Aleksandrs Antonenko, who lost his voice near the end of the opera.

He also interprets the Messa di Requiem by Verdi, the Messa di Gloria by Puccini and the Messe à S. Cecile by Bizet.

Performances

References

External links

 Francesco Anile Operabase
 Francesco Anile's pictures on Flickr

1962 births
Living people
Italian operatic tenors
People from the Province of Reggio Calabria
20th-century Italian  male  opera singers
21st-century Italian  male opera singers


József Madaras (16 August 1937 – 24 April 2007) was a Hungarian film actor. He appeared in more than 80 films between 1958 and 2006.

Selected filmography
 Tales of a Long Journey (1963)
 The Round-Up (1965)
 The Red and the White (1967)
 Silence and Cry (1968)
 The Confrontation (1969)
 Horizon (1971)
 Electra, My Love (1974)
 Budapest Tales (1976)
 Man Without a Name (1976)
 Nobody's Daughter (1976)
 My Father's Happy Years (1977)
 A ménesgazda (1978)
 Hungarian Rhapsody (1979)
 The Fortress (1979)
 Köszönöm, megvagyunk (1981)
 Season of Monsters (1987)
 Howling V: The Rebirth (1989)
 The Summer Guest (1992)
 Relatives (2006)

External links

1937 births
2007 deaths
Hungarian male film actors
People from Mureș County


Andrew Downing Saunders (22 September 1931 – 13 March 2009) was an internationally recognised expert in artillery fortifications and Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings in England between 1973 and 1989.

Early life
Andrew Saunders was born at St Austell, Cornwall, on 22 September 1931.  He was educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford, which was followed by his National Service in the RAF.  On returning to civilian life Saunders read History at Magdalen College. During his time at university Saunders was president of the Archaeology Society, played rugby, and rowed for his college.

Professional career
Saunders joined the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate in 1954 where his work revolved around the conservation and guardianship of castles and monastic buildings.  He also took part in archaeological excavations such as that at Castle Gotha near St Austell.  As part of his work, in 1956 he carried out a rapid assessment of the mainly 19th-century fortifications vacated that year by the army with the abolition of Coastal Artillery.  The report Saunders submitted lead to the decision to take into care certain important examples of military architecture such as Fort Brockhurst and the Western Heights at Dover.  The survey started what became a lifelong specialisation of Saunders' work in the study of artillery fortification.

In 1964 Saunders was promoted to Inspector of Ancient Monuments for England becoming responsible for the care of over four hundred monuments throughout England.  In 1973 Saunders was promoted again to Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings, a position he held until his retirement in 1989.

Saunders was an influential figure in the field of castle studies, and directed excavations at Launceston Castle and Lydford Castle (both in Devon).

Later life
Saunders was an active member of a number of historical and archaeological groups both during his working life and after his
retirement in 1989.  His roles included president of the Cornwall Archaeological Society (1968–1972), founder member and later chairman of the Fortress Study Group (1995–2001), and founder and editor of the  quarterly publication, 'Fortress'.  Saunders was also a long serving council member of the Royal Archaeological Institute and president between 1993 and 1996 and chairman of the advisory panel for the Defence of Britain Project.  The international reputation Saunders held led to him being appointed chairman of the International Fortress Council between 1995 and 1998.

Publications

  Amended edition (1977)

Book of Channel Defences, English Heritage, London, 1997,
Fortress Builder: Bernard de Gomme: Charles II's Military Engineer, University of Exeter Press, 2004,
"Upnor Castle and gunpowder supply to the navy 1801-4," The Mariner's Mirror, 91 (2) May 2005, 160-74

References

Casemate, (85), 2009, pg6

British military historians
1931 births
2009 deaths
People from St Austell
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
English archaeologists
Castellologists
Presidents of the Royal Archaeological Institute


Limerick City was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

Members of Parliament
 1559 Edward Arthur and Clement Fanning
 1585 Thomas Arthur and Stephen White
 1613 Sir Nicholas Arthur and James Galway
 1634 Sir Geffrey Galwey, 1st Baronet and Dominick White
 1639 Peter FitzAndrew Creagh and Dr Dominick FitzDavid White
 1654 Protectorate Parliament - (Limerick City and Kilmallock) William Purefoy and Walter Waller
 1658 Protectorate Parliament - (Limerick City and Kilmallock) Sir George Ingoldsby and Standish Hartstonge
 1661 Sir Standish Hartstonge, 1st Baronet and Gerald Fitzgerald

1689–1801

Notes

References

Historic constituencies in County Limerick
Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Politics of Limerick (city)
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


Drums Across the River  is a 1954 American Technicolor Western film directed by Nathan Juran and starring Audie Murphy, Walter Brennan and Lyle Bettger.

Plot
Gary Brannon, is a peaceful homesteader living a quiet existence with his father Sam. Frank Walker is hoping to open up the Ute Indian territory for gold-mining purposes and tries to foment a war between the Utes and the local whites, while he steals a gold shipment and pins the blame on Gary. Gary starts off hating the Utes because they were responsible for killing his mother but gradually comes to be on their side and wants to expose the machinations of Walker.

Cast

Production
The film was shot mostly on the Universal backlot, with location filming at Barton Flats, California. This was Murphy's last film with Nathan Juran.

References

External links

1954 films
1954 Western (genre) films
Audie Murphy
Films set in Colorado
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by Nathan Juran
American Western (genre) films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language Western (genre) films


Kristoffer Paulsen Vatshaug (born Kristoffer Paulsen, 3 June 1981) is a retired Norwegian footballer. He played for IL Sverre, Steinkjer FK, Levanger FK, FK Bodø/Glimt, IK Start and Molde FK.

He retired after the 2013 season, and was hired as a developer in the Football Association of Norway.

Career statistics

Source: nifs.no

Honours
Molde
 Tippeligaen (2): 2011, 2012
 Norwegian Football Cup (1): 2013

References

  Player profile on official club website

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Levanger
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
FK Bodø/Glimt players
IK Start players
Molde FK players
Eliteserien players
Steinkjer FK players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Trøndelag


Pamphile-Gaspard Verreault (September 6, 1832 – February 7, 1906) was a farmer, notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented L'Islet in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1878 as a Conservative member.

He was born at Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, the son of Antoine Gaspard Verreau and Hélène Fournier. Verreault was educated there and at the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière. He qualified to practise as a notary in 1860 and practised in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli and Monmagny. In 1863, he married Paméla Couillard Dupuis, the daughter of Jean-Baptiste Couillard Dupuis. Verreault was mayor of Saint-Jean-Port-Joli from 1880 to 1893 and warden for L'Islet County from 1882 to 1893. He also helped found the Société d'horticulture de L'Islet and was a founder and secretary-treasurer of the Institut littéraire et scientifique de Saint-Jean-Port-Joli. He died in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli at the age of 73.

His nephew Louis-Auguste Dupuis also served in the Quebec assembly.

The community of Saint-Pamphile was named in his honour.

References

1832 births
1906 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec


Jack Bryan Whitt (born April 12, 1990) is an American pole vaulter. His personal best jump indoors is , achieved in June 2012 in Tulsa, OK. His best outdoor jump of  came in May 2013 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He represented the United States at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow.

High school career
Whitt went to high school at Norman North High School in Norman, Oklahoma. He was coached by Tim McMichael of McMichael Athletics of Oklahoma City. In 2007, he cleared  and was a runner up at the 2007 AAU nationals in Knoxville Tennessee vaulting . In 2008, he cleared  and also won the 2008 Junior Olympics in Omaha, Nebraska with a jump of . While a senior in high school, he cleared .

Whitt won the 2009 USATF Junior National championships in pole vault with a jump of , qualifying him for the 2009 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships held in Trinidad and Tobago. He won the gold medal with a vault of  at the 2009 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships. At the age of 18, Whitt vaulted 18 feet, making him the sixth high schooler to ever do so.

Whitt attended Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma and was coached by Joe Dial, the No. 1 U.S. vaulter in 1985 and nationally ranked for 10 years. He is a three-time Oklahoma state champion and holds the record at the Golden South Meet of 17 ft 10 in, the Texas Relay's 18 ft  in, and the New Balance outdoor (Nike) 17 ft 8.

College career
 2010 Indoor All-American as a freshman at Oral Roberts University. Finished sixth at the championships vaulting .
 2010 Jack also was selected to Team USA for the NACAC games in Miami.
 2010 Jack qualified for the US National Championships. He finished fifth at the age of 20.
 2011 Jack won the elite division of the Reno Pole Vault Summit jumping  becoming the youngest to do so at age 20
 2011 Jack placed third at the NCAA Indoor National meet with a vault of  becoming an Indoor All-American
 2011 Jack won the Texas Relays with a jump of . It was Jack's third Texas Relays win. He won two in high school.
 2011 Jack placed second at the NCAA National outdoor meet with a jump of  to become an All-American.
 2011 Jack placed 6th at the US nationals jumping
 2011 Jack finished with a number 7 US ranking and a number 27 ranking in the world at 21 years of age.
 2012 Jack finished 3rd at the NCAA indoor championships with a vault of
 2012 Jack wins his 2nd Texas Relay Championship his 4th overall with a vault of
 2012 Jack finished 1st at the 2012 outdoor NCAA National Championships with a vault of
 2012 Jack made the final at the Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon and finished as the alternate for the games.
 2012 Jack finishes with a number 6 ranking in the US
 2013 Jack won the Southland Conference indoor championship vaulting  setting the meet record.
 2013 Jack finished 2nd at the NCAA Indoor Nationals vaulting .
 2013 Jack finished 1st at the Southland Conference outdoor championship vaulting  setting the meet record
 2013 Jack finished 2nd at the Outdoor National Championships vaulting
 Jack was a seven-time All-American while at Oral Roberts University.

Pro career
2013 Jack turned pro and signed with Jeff Hartwig as his agent and with Nike, UCS Spirit, Dial Athletic's, C.B Athletic's and P.W. Enterprises as his major sponsors.
2013 Jack vaulted  and made the 2013 World Team going to Moscow where he finished 3rd.
 2013 Jack won his first pro meet in Belgium vaulting  to set a new meet and stadium record.
 2013 Jack finished with a #3 ranking in the US and 25th in the world.

Personal
Whitt was born in Norman, Oklahoma in 1990, the son of Kevin and Ki Whitt. At his father's urging, Whitt started pole vaulting in the seventh grade.  "My dad talked me into vaulting in the seventh grade. I was tall for my age and he thought a non-team sport would be better for me," said Whitt. "I did play football, basketball and baseball until the tenth grade. I was actually a pretty good pitcher." Whitt married Reagan Russell in July 2012.

References

External links

Oral Roberts University profile for Jack Whitt

1990 births
Living people
American male pole vaulters
Sportspeople from Norman, Oklahoma
Oral Roberts Golden Eagles athletes


St Mary the Virgin is a 13th-century Anglican parish church in Northolt, London Borough of Ealing. It is on a slope shared with Belvue Park, the site of a 15th-century manor house — both overlooked the old village of Northolt. It is one of London's smallest churches, its nave measuring  by . The church was built around 1290 and was expanded over the centuries, with the chancel being added in 1521, the spired bell tower in the 16th century, and a gallery at the west end of the church in 1703. Twin buttresses were erected against the west wall around 1718 to alleviate concerns that the church could slip down the hill. The internal beams are original and the bells date from the 17th century. The church was constructed from a variety of materials; the nave incorporates clunch (a type of limestone), flint and ironstone, and the mouldings of the doors and windows are made from Reigate Stone.

The church has been important ecclesiastically. From the 13th century to 1873 its rector was the Bishop of London, delegating the benefice (living, role as priest) to a vicar during that time. In the late 20th century it became the first Anglican parish to appoint a female rector,  Pamela Walker.

It is one of two churches in the parish; the second, dedicated to St Richard, is large and modern. The churches share the same most senior cleric (rector) who conducts morning Sunday service at St Mary's Church, assists with the Sunday School, and then another service at 5pm at St Richard's Church.

Building and contents
The small south porch was partly rebuilt in 1909, and a south vestry added in 1945. The nave dates substantially from the 14th century, but incorporates late-13th-century fragments. The chancel and nave roof were rebuilt in the early 16th century, and the square bell turret, which is weather-boarded and finished with a broach spire, dates from the same period. Buttresses, including the massive ones of brick at the west end, were added in the 18th century, and the church was among the majority "restored", i.e. considerably rebuilt in the 19th century. The octagonal stone font dates from the 14th century. The bowl is decorated with simple relief carving, and the wooden cover is dated 1624. There are four early 17th-century bells, the sanctus (tonic bell) cast in 1626. A wooden gallery of three bays, supported on Doric columns and said to have been constructed in 1703, is built across the west end of the nave. Other fittings include an 18th-century painting of the Adoration of the Magi on the north wall of the chancel, and a 17th-century carving of the Stuart arms, executed in painted wood, on the east wall of the nave. There are brasses with figures to Henry Rowdell (d. 1452) and Isaiah Bures (vicar 1596–1610). A 16th-century palimpsest brass commemorates the Gifford family. Wall tablets in the chancel and nave commemorate 18th and 19th century vicars and members of the Shadwell family.

The plate consists of a silver paten and cup dated 1702, and an electroplate dish of 1839. The registers record baptisms from 1560, marriages from 1575, and burials from 1583, transcribed to large databases.

History

Styles of liturgy and modernisations
Little is written of the religious history before the 17th century. Some of the medieval and later vicars seem to have been pluralists (spread across parishes). In 1302 the vicar was included in a list of Middlesex incumbents excommunicated for nonpayment of the papal tenth. Staunchly Protestant moves imposed nationally during the rule of Oliver Cromwell saw some opposition. George Palmer (vicar 1638–43) was sequestered (bankrupted) in 1643 on the grounds that he spoke against Parliament, "enjoyed incestuous relations" with his sister-in-law, and had "deserted" his cure to join the "Royalist Army". Palmer seems to have enjoyed considerable popularity among the parishioners, who described his successor, Robert Malthus (vicar 1643–61), as "a factious preacher". The parishioners petitioned Cromwell for his removal, alleging that he was an unsatisfactory speaker, preached against the army in Scotland, and failed to observe national thanksgiving, Malthus retained the living until the Restoration. The years after 1661 are marked by laxity in the administration of the cure and in the maintenance of the church fabric. William Brabourne (vicar 1661–84) was frequently absent from the parish. During which the cure was served by a curate whose office is first mentioned in 1617. By 1664 parts of the church were falling into disrepair. There was no chalice, and the plate consisted of one silver cup and a pewter plate. The churchyard was unfenced, so that pigs entered. In 1685 it was ordered that adequate plate be provided and the churchyard be new-railed. The churchyard was still open to incursions by pigs and sheep in 1715, but the church was said to be in reasonable repair. Pews had recently been installed and a new gallery erected at the west end for the use of singers and servants. Several 18th-century vicars were absentees, relieved by the curate. Goronwy Owen, Welsh poet, served as curate from 1755 to 1758. During this period services were held twice on Sundays, and there were between 5 and 7 Communions a year. By 1790 the annual number of Communions had fallen to 4, and there were only 10 communicants. In 1965 evensong and Communion were celebrated daily, and there were four Sunday services.

Daughter parish and churches
Rapid increases in population during the 1930s and extensive council development after 1945 led to the formation of three daughter churches between 1940 and 1960, two sharing a southern new parish carved out of Northolt (St Joseph and St Hugh's).

St Joseph the Worker for the southwest, West End, area, first met in 1942 in temporary premises off Watery Road demolished in 1944 to make way for houses, and the congregation continued to meet in a variety of buildings. In 1957 services were being held in Arundell School and in the church-house in Hawtrey Avenue. Then followed a brick-built dual-purpose hall behind the 'White Hart' in Ruislip Road, dedicated in 1959. In 1963 land in Yeading Lane had been purchased for the erection of a new church.
in south-east Northolt from about 1948 occasional services were held in a builder's hut . A semipermanent hut at the junction of Kensington Road and Ruislip Road was dedicated in 1954 as the church of St Hugh, later rebuilt.
In 1958 services began being held in a youth club hut on the Northolt Park housing estate in the north. The hut was burnt down in 1959, and the congregation then met in Vincent School. A dual-purpose hall-church in Haydock Avenue was consecrated in 1960 as the church of St Richard.

Appointments and assets
A priest is recorded at Northolt in 1086. A church is mentioned c. 1140. The oldest parts of the present building are consistent with the 13th century. The church served the whole of the parish until 1954 when the new parish of St. Barnabas was formed from a north-east area and part of the Greenford parish of Holy Cross.

The church formed part of the endowment of Walden Abbey (priory), founded by Geoffrey de Mandeville about 1140. The abbey continued to exercise its rights to it until some time between 1241 and 1251 when the prior's claims were disputed by St. Paul's Cathedral. The matter was referred to Peter de Newport, Archdeacon of London, and it was agreed that a vicarage should be instituted and the patronage vested in the Bishop of London and his successors. The vicars were to pay 12 marks annually towards the maintenance of St. Paul's Cathedral whose Dean and Chapter were to present (appoint the vicar and any other clerics) during vacancies of the London see (any times of no bishop). About 1247 there was said to be no vicarage, and the exact date of its ordination is unknown. According to an early-15th-century source the vicarage was ordained in 1388, but since the first recorded vicars date from the late 13th century, the document referred to is almost certainly the confirmation of an earlier ordinance. The Bishop continued to exercise the patronage until 1864, in which year it was transferred to Brasenose College, Oxford. The college holds the right to appoint the rector, the advowson.

The benefice of Northolt was valued at 12 marks in the mid 13th century. The Abbot of Walden received two marks from the profits of the benefice, and the Prior of Hurley in Berkshire half a mark. In 1291 the church was valued at £5; the Prior of Hurley still received his annual pension, and no payment to Walden is recorded. Presumably the vicar then enjoyed the rectorial estate. An agreement made in 1518 between the Bishop of London and the Vicar confirmed the latter's right to great and small tithes in consideration of £4 annually to this bishop. In 1535 Henry VIII through Thomas Cromwell saw all livings' annual value noted, in a compilation named the King's Books, finding it worth £15. Twelve years later the 'parsonage' was worth £26 and the vicar held (farmed out) 31 acres in the common fields. There were then no charities, obits (obituary legacies), or lights (stained glass), and the vicar furnished the cure himself. By 1610 the vicarage was a house with two barns, stable, orchard, garden, three closes of meadow containing 20 acres, lands in the Northolt common fields, and houses and land in Greenford parish. In 1650 general assets stood at 48 acres of glebe, the great and small tithes were valued together at £170, the total of these being £205. During the early 18th century the amount of glebe remained fairly constant, about 50 acres; income from tithes and glebe about £250. Under the 1835 inclosure award two modest closes: Hedges Meadow and Catherine Mead to the south and east of the house were allotted to the vicar in lieu of common field land, and glebe fell to 44 a. After the Greenford inclosure award of 1816 the Vicar of Northolt's right to tithes payable on old common-field land in Greenford parish was disputed by the Rector of Greenford. In 1841 the Greenford tithes were commuted by the population, the whole of the resultant rentcharge was apportioned to the Rector of Greenford, and the tithes payable to Northolt extinguished. The Northolt tithes were redeemed for £682 the next year. The net value of the living in 1835 was £539. Most of the glebe was sold for building after 1920.

A vicarage house is first mentioned in 1610. In 1692 the old house, wherever it may have been, was demolished by Charles Alston whose new vicarage built on a site off Ealing Road, by 1715 as a brick-built house with seven principal rooms, kitchen, dairy, cellars, outbuildings, and walled garden. Minor additions to the house were made during the 19th century, but after 1900 it fell into disrepair. The house was demolished in 1928. In 1963 the vicar was living in a semi-detached house in Church Road.

References
Works consulted
 "St Mary the Virgin, Northolt". Ben Weinreb & Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia. Macmillan, 1992. .
 St Mary's (Northolt.org) community website - Description
Citations

External links
 St Mary with St Richard, Northolt

Church of England church buildings in the London Borough of Ealing
Grade I listed churches in London
Diocese of London
Northolt
13th-century church buildings in England


The Dakoid languages are a branch of the Northern Bantoid languages spoken in Taraba and Adamawa states of eastern Nigeria.

Languages
Gaa–Dong
Donga (Dong)
Gaa (Tiba)
Daka–Taram
Taram
Daka (a dialect cluster of Dirim, Samba, Lamja, Dengsa, and Tola).

Classification
Greenberg placed Samba Daka (Daka) within his Adamawa proposal, as group G3, but Bennett (1983) demonstrated to general satisfaction that it is a Benue–Congo language, though its placement within Benue–Congo is disputed. Blench (2010) considers it to be Benue–Congo. Boyd (ms), however, considers Daka an isolate branch within Niger–Congo (Blench 2008).

Dong (Donga), though clearly Niger–Congo, is difficult to classify. There is no published data on Gaa (Tiba), and Taram (listed as a dialect of Daka by Ethnologue) is only known from data collected in 1931 (Blench 2008).

Names and locations
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).

Footnotes

References
Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
 Blench, Roger, 2011. 'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu'. Bantu IV, Humboldt University, Berlin.

Northern Bantoid languages
Languages of Nigeria
Proposed language families


Djemaa Beni Habibi is a municipality of Algeria in Jijel Province. It is located in the northeastern part of the province and close to the Mediterranean coast,  eastern of the city center of Jijel and  northwest of Constantne. It covers  and is bounded by the west bank of the El-Kebir valley and Seddat mountain. The
topography of Djemaa Beni Habibi mostly consists of a chain of mountains covered by forests including oaks, pines, willows, elms, and olives. The climate is temperate, warm and dry in summer, rainy and humid in winter.

Administratively, Djemaa Beni Habibi is one of the municipalities of El Ancer District, which is bounded by Sidi Abdelaziz, Kheiri Oued Adjoul (or Kimir Oued Adjou), El Ancer, Bouraoui Belhadef, Bordj Thar, and Kennar Nouchfi.

The population of Djemaa Beni Habibi was estimated at 14,655 in April 2008. The population is dispersed on several machtas, including El Kaada, Beni Maazouz, Tisbilene, Tamazrar, Teyana, and Zrifa Hiyane.

The main economic sectors of the municipality are agriculture, livestock, and clothing and other crafts.

External links

http://afalaz.wordpress.com

Communes of Jijel Province
Jijel Province


Jean-Baptiste Couillard Dupuis (August 24, 1814 – August 13, 1889) was a farmer, merchant and political figure in Quebec. He represented L'Islet in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1878 to 1881 as a Liberal.  His surname was "Couillard Dupuis".

He was born in Montmagny, Lower Canada, the son of Charlemagne Couillard Dupuis and Charlotte Boilard, and lived at Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies. In 1837, he married Justine Letellier, the sister of Luc Letellier de St-Just. Couillard Dupuis was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1881. He died at Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies at the age of 74.

His daughter Paméla married Pamphile-Gaspard Verreault, who represented L'Islet in the Quebec assembly from 1867 to 1878. His grandson Louis-Auguste Dupuis also served in the Quebec assembly.

References

Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
1814 births
1889 deaths


The Beacon is the student-run newspaper of the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon, United States. The current name of the paper at the private, Catholic school was adopted in 1935. The weekly paper is published each Thursday and is a member of the College Publisher Network.

History
The original name of the school’s newspaper was The Columbiad, but the school held a contest to rename the paper. The university was named Columbia University until February 15, 1935, when it was changed to the current name. On April 12, 1935, the campus paper was renamed as The Beacon, as suggested by student Alan Kennedy, who won a $3 prize.

In 1999, the paper earned top prizes from the Oregon Newspaper Publishers Association in its division including Best Section, Best Writing, Best Feature Story best columnist and several for photography. The Beacon won top prizes in headline writing and writing in 2000. The next year the paper took first place for general excellence in the contest as well as first place for best section, best special section, and best news story. In 2002, it took the top award for best spot news photo, best feature photo, best editorial, and best headline writing.

The newspaper was awarded first place in the same contest in 2003 in five categories, followed by first place in four categories in 2004. In 2005, it won first place for best writing, feature story, editorial, review, feature photo, as well as second place for overall excellence. The paper took second again for overall excellence in its division the following year along with top prize for best editorial, sports story, review, in house advertisement, and feature photograph.

In 2007, The Beacon only won two first place awards, but took home eight top awards in 2008, including first place for general excellence. In March 2009, the newspaper published a headline of "Suicide claims UP senior" at the Catholic university to accompany a story on the death of a student. Administrators pulled the paper and had the staff remove the story from the Internet, citing issues of sensitivity concerning the family of the deceased. The action of the school was controversial and the private school, and the story was re-posted to the Internet with a new headline within a week.

The paper won the Apple Award in 2015 for best newspaper given by the College Media Association for papers serving 5,000 and less student bodies.

Details
The newspaper is published on Thursdays during the school year. Each issue of The Beacon has a news, living, opinions, Faith & Fellowship, and sports section. The Beacon is a member of the nationwide College Publisher Network. Headquarters for the paper are at the university’s St. Mary's Student Center. Malika Andrews is the current Editor-in-Chief as of 2016. The university’s president, Rev. Mark L. Poorman, C.S.C., is the publisher of the newspaper and Nancy Copic is the current advisor. The school prints 1,700 copies of each edition.

References

External links
Taste and truth at the University of Portland
U of P pulls copies of the Beacon after suicide article
University of Portland Censors Student Newspaper for Writing about Suicide

Newspapers published in Portland, Oregon
Oregon Newspaper Publishers Association
Student newspapers published in Oregon
University of Portland


David Jewett Baker Jr. (November 20, 1834 – March 13, 1899), the son of David J. Baker, was a justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois.

Born in Kaskaskia, Illinois, Baker received his bachelor's degree from Shurtleff College in 1856. Baker was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1856 and moved to Cairo, Illinois to practice law. Baker served as city attorney and then as mayor of Cairo, Illinois in 1864 and 1865. From 1868 to 1878, Baker served as an Illinois state court judge. In 1878 and 1879 and from 1888 to 1893, Baker served on the Illinois Supreme Court and was chief justice. Baker died suddenly in his law office.

In 1895 Justice Baker issued the decision in Zirngibl et al. v. Calumet & C. Canal & Dock Co. et al. that allowed the grave of Andreas von Zirngibl, located on the property of the dock company, to remain intact; the grave is now surrounded by an operating scrap yard.

Notes

1834 births
1899 deaths
People from Cairo, Illinois
People from Kaskaskia, Illinois
Shurtleff College alumni
Mayors of places in Illinois
Illinois state court judges
Illinois lawyers
Chief Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois Republicans
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court


Peter M. Neilson (1890 – after 1913) was a Scottish professional footballer who played in the English Football League for Birmingham.

Neilson was born in Glasgow. He played as an outside left for Airdrieonians in the Scottish Football League before coming to England to try his luck in the English Football League. He signed for Second Division club Birmingham in 1913, and made his debut on 11 October 1913 in a 1–1 draw at Burnley. He scored the only goal in the next game at home to Bury, but received criticism for his style of play and returned to Scotland the following year.

References

1890 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


Edvard Bull (4 December 1881 – 26 August 1932) was a Norwegian historian and politician for the Labour Party. He took the doctorate in 1912 and became a professor at the University of Kristiania in 1917, and is known for writings on a broad range of subjects. In addition to his academic work, he is known for his work on Norsk biografisk leksikon. His Marxist leanings inspired him to take up a parallel political career, in the Labour Party. Situated on the radical wing in the 1910s, he was among the architects as the Labour Party denounced the Twenty-one Conditions in 1923 and reunited with the social democrats in 1927. He was the deputy party leader from 1923 to 1932, and served as Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Hornsrud's short-lived cabinet in 1928.

Personal life
He was born in Kristiania as the son of chief physician Edvard Isak Hambro Bull (1845–1925) and his wife Ida Marie Sofie Paludan (1861–1957). He was a brother of theatre director Johan Peter Bull, literary professor Francis Bull and genealogist Theodor Bull. He was also a nephew of military officer Karl Sigwald Johannes Bull, grandnephew of Anders Sandøe Ørsted Bull, great-grandson of Georg Jacob Bull and great-great-grandson of Chief Justice Johan Randulf Bull.

In July 1909 he married Lucie Juliane Antonette Voss (1886–1970). Their son Edvard Bull, Jr. became a notable historian.

Academic career
Bull finished his secondary education in 1899, and studied in classical philology, geography and history at the University of Kristiania. He graduated in 1906 with the cand.mag. degree—by that time he had already published his first academic work. A study trip in Germany and France from 1906 to 1907 spurred his interest of medieval Catholicism. He planned on writing a larger work incorporating church history. He released the paper Bods- og skriftevæsenet i den norske kirke i middelalderen in 1909, and expanded upon this work to publish his doctoral thesis Folk og kirke i middelalderen. Studier til Norges historie in 1912. The work earned him the dr.philos. degree. He had been employed as a research fellow at the University of Kristiania since 1910, and became a lecturer in 1913. In 1917 he succeeded the deceased Ernst Sars as a professor.

Although he wrote several publications on miscellaneous European history, his main contribution was on Norwegian history. His main work in the field, volume two of Det norske folks liv og historie, was published as late as 1931. The study of old agricultural societies also led him on a path of local history. In 1914 and 1918 he published the two-volume Akers historie, on the history of Aker, and two volumes of Kristianias historie, on Oslo, followed later. Bull was also known as a co-editor of the biographical dictionary Norsk biografisk leksikon, the first volume of which was released by the publishing house Aschehoug in 1923. Bull was well-known at Aschehoug, having formerly contributed to its periodical Samtiden. Long-time Samtiden editor Gerhard Gran was the second co-editor, the third was Anders Krogvig. Following the early deaths of Gran and Krogvig, Einar Jansen was brought in to assist Bull. Bull was also a consultant for the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1914 to 1918. From 1927 to 1932 he chaired the Norwegian Historical Association.

Despite influences from Karl Lamprecht and Werner Sombart, Bull clearly drew most of his inspiration from Karl Marx' historical materialism. Publications in this vein include Karl Marx (1918) and Den russiske arbeider- og bonderevolution (1922). He also wrote purely political articles and pamphlets.

Political career
While studying, Bull became acquainted with radical politicians like Emil Stang, Jr., Jacob Friis and Kyrre Grepp. He became active in the Norwegian Labour Party around 1915, and was a driving force behind the molding of the Labour Party into a revolutionary workers' party towards the end of the 1910s. He was known both as a party ideologist and speaker, editing the party magazine Det tyvende Aarhundrede from 1918 to 1920 and 1927 to 1928, but also as a day-to-day politician, serving on the school board of Kristiania from 1916 to 1925 and as a member of the city council from 1919 to 1925.

In 1919, the Labour Party joined the Third Communist International. Although the revolutionary wing had taken control of the party at the 1918 national convention, dissent soon surfaced. Moderates broke out to form the Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway in 1921. The main contention surrounded the possible adaption of the Twenty-one Conditions, which was demanded by Comintern members. Bull was a staunch opponent of the Twenty-one Conditions, and following a resolution at the February 1923 national convention, the Labour Party left the Comintern. In the same year Bull was selected as deputy party leader, a position he held until his death. The Soviet-friendly Communist Party was then formed by splinters, while the road was open for a reconciliation with the Social Democratic Labour Party. Bull helped engineer the reunion between the two parties in 1927. In the same year, Labour became the largest party in the general election. Bull was never elected to Parliament, but when Christopher Hornsrud formed the first ever socialist cabinet in Norway, Bull was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. However, the cabinet only lasted from 28 January to 15 February, being defeated by the other parliamentary parties on a vote of no confidence. He was both preceded and succeeded by people who were also Prime Ministers; Ivar Lykke and Johan Ludwig Mowinckel.

This defeat pushed the Labour Party in a revolutionary direction once again. Bull was among the writers of the party manifesto for the 1930 general election, which was more radical. However, this tactic caused a significant loss in the election. Historians generally agree that from this point, the Labour Party decisively drifted away from the revolutionary rhetoric and policies. Ole Colbjørnsen emerged as the new party ideologist, writing En norsk treårsplan in 1933 together with Axel Sømme, a program for turning Labour into a social democratic party. Labour politicians formed a cabinet again in 1935, and more or less held power until 1965, except for the war years 1940 to 1945 when Germany occupied Norway as well as a month in 1963, when a right-winged cabinet held office.

Death
Bull, however, would not live to see any of this, as he died from a brain tumor in 1932. This meant that he did not release further volumes of Det norske folks liv og historie, as he had planned. Volume three of Kristianias historie was underway, but was not finished. V. Sønstevold completed and published it in 1937.

References

1881 births
1932 deaths
Writers from Oslo
20th-century Norwegian historians
Norwegian medievalists
Marxist historians
Norwegian biographers
Norwegian male writers
Male biographers
Norwegian encyclopedists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Government ministers of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo


Thomas Huling Throop (born April 5, 1947) is a former Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Oregon. He represented District 54 of the Oregon House of Representatives from 1979 to 1987 and then served for eight years as a member of the Deschutes County Commission.

Early years
Throop graduated from Ontario High School in Ontario, Oregon, in 1965. He attended the College of Idaho in Caldwell, Idaho, on a golf scholarship, graduating in 1969 with a BA in Education. He earned a master's degree in Educational Psychology from the University of Northern Colorado.

Political career
In 1978, Throop was elected State Representative for District 54 of Oregon, which included much of Deschutes and Klamath Counties. He served as Majority Whip and Chair of the Revenue and School Finance Committee for the House of Representatives for three of his four terms. He unsuccessfully coordinated efforts to institute a progressive sales tax in Oregon during a prolonged statewide recession, arguing that such a revision to the tax system would provide stability to Oregon's public sector. He also served on the Environment and Energy Committee and launched several measures relating to Oregon's forests, fisheries, and air quality. He is regarded as an ardent conservationist.

In 1986, Throop was elected as one of three commissioners in Deschutes County, at that time Oregon's fastest-growing county. He concurrently served as a member of the statewide Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC). Throop left Oregon in 1994 to become executive director of the Wyoming Outdoor Council, an environmental education and advocacy non-profit organization. During the fall of 1998, Throop was hired as the executive director of the Equality State Policy Center, a Wyoming good governance watchdog. He recently chaired the Wyoming Conservation Voters Education Fund, a grassroots voter education organization benefiting conservation and wildlife.

Notes and references

People from Deschutes County, Oregon
People from Ontario, Oregon
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives
College of Idaho alumni
1947 births
Living people


Liebknecht is the surname:
Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919), German socialist
Sophie Liebknecht (1884–1964), Russian-born German socialist, second wife of Karl Liebknecht
Theodor Liebknecht (1870–1948),
Werner Liebknecht (1905–?) German engineer
Wilhelm Liebknecht (1826–1900), German Social Democrat, father of Karl Liebknecht


Lukoil Serbia (full name: Društvo za promet naftnih derivata Lukoil Srbija a.d.) is a Serbian petroleum company with headquarters in Belgrade, Serbia. Majority owned by Lukoil, the company's main activities include retail and wholesale trade of oil and oil derivatives in Serbia.

History

The company was established in the midst of breakup of Yugoslavia. On 7 December 1990, the unit of INA Trgovina in Serbia unilaterally formed a separate company and by 1991, it started to operate all INA properties in Serbia, including 200 petrol stations, nine warehouses, around a hundred trucks and 40 tank-trucks, and several vehicle maintenance shops. In May 1992, the company was renamed to Beopetrol.

On 26 September 2003, the Privatization Agency of the Government of Serbia sold Beopetrol to Lukoil. Lukoil paid €207 million for 79.5% of shares. Another company who participated on the privatization tender, was Hungarian MOL Group. After privatization the company was renamed Lukoil-Beopetrol.

As of 31 December 2016, Lukoil Serbia with 114 filling stations is the second largest petroleum company in Serbia in terms of market network.

References

External links

Companies based in Belgrade
Retail companies established in 1990
Energy companies established in 1990
Lukoil
Oil and gas companies of Serbia
Serbian companies established in 1990


Malcolm Andrews (1944 – 10 October 2018) was an Australian author and journalist. In his 45-year career, he worked for such media organisations as The Australian, the Daily Telegraph (Sydney), the Daily Express (London) and the Nine Network's current affairs program, Today. In the early 1970s, he spent five years in Munich working for the US State Department at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, which broadcast news behind the Iron Curtain.

For five years in the 1980s, he was a daily columnist on the Telegraph. His first column, which ran for three years, was 'On The Spot', a half-page look at a particular personality or human interest story. During the other two years, he wrote 'Sydney Diary', a pithy collection of gossip and stories about people making headlines and others vainly trying to keep their names out of them.

As a freelance based on the New South Wales north coast, Andrews wrote extensively on a wide variety of subjects for a whole spectrum of newspapers and magazines. They have included several News Limited capital city newspapers. For many years he also wrote a weekly profile on a newsworthy Australian that was syndicated through several of the larger provincial newspapers. He was Australian correspondent for the British weekly, Rugby Leaguer & League Express, and as such wrote more words annually on Rugby league than any other journalist in the world. For almost 30 years he was also a regular columnist in Turf Monthly magazine and won several awards for his newspaper coverage of horse racing.

Andrews wrote 26 books. They include light-hearted looks at Australian life compiled in tandem with Bill Mitchell when he was cartoonist for The Australian, Great Aussie Stuff-upps, Great Aussie Trivia, Great Aussie Sports Heroes and sequels to the latter two. Others include Encyclopaedia of Australian Sports, Australia at the Olympics, Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket, and the quaintly titled Another Bloody Sports Book.

He was commissioned to write Tappy, the memoirs of racecaller John Tapp, Quest for Gold, which chronicled the efforts of a group of Aussie medal hopes at the 2000 Olympics, The Fabulous Fairstar, a nostalgic history of the famous cruise liner which sailed into the sunset after 35 years of plying the sea lanes of the world, Bondi Icebergs Club – An Australian Icon, and Kostya – From Russia With Gloves, the ghosted pictorial autobiography of world boxing champion Kostya Tszyu, which made the top five in the non-fiction best-selling lists.

Andrews died in Port Macquarie on 10 October 2018.

References

2018 deaths
1944 births
Australian sportswriters
Australian humorists