Kilchberg is a village within the administrative district of Tübingen. Kilchberg is located 2.6 miles (4.2 km) south west of the city center, and is situated along the south bank of the Neckar River in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The municipality of Kilchberg was incorporated into the university city of Tübingen on July 1, 1971.

Origin of name

The name Kilchberg is unique in Germany as a place name. In Northern Switzerland there are two places also called Kilchberg, located in Basel and Zürich cantons respectively. All three are located in areas where Alemannic German dialects are spoken.

The word Kilchberg is ambiguous in its origin and meaning. If broken down to its component parts “kilch” and “berg,” the latter part is common and having a meaning of mountain or hill in German. The former part “kilch” is not so highly attested. Kilch is the common name in southern Germany for various species of European freshwater whitefish, such as Coregonus bavaricus (endangered), and Coregonus gutturosus (extinct). These fish are also commonly known as kilchen, and kirchfisch (church fish). The name Kilchberg can thus mean “salmon hill/mountain.”

There is also the probability of another meaning for Kilchberg, based on the ambiguity and apparent interchangeability of the words “Kilch” and “Kirch” in some Old High German and medieval sources. “Chirihha” and “chilihha” respectively, represent the same word in OHG, meaning “church.” Another name, mentioned above, for the kilch is kirchfisch aka churchfish. This would then give an alternate meaning “church hill/mountain” for Kilchberg.

One other possible origin for the name Kilchberg is from the German word “kelch.” Kelch is German for “chalice” or goblet. Located on the outskirts of the village is a prominent Celtic burial mound dating from the Hallstatt culture, about 500 BCE. The mound stands about 2.5 meters high, encircled with stone at the bottom, and on the top features a sandstone stelae approximately one meter high. To the casual observer this may be easily perceived as a hill resembling an upside-down chalice. In the relatively flat plains of the Neckar river valley this ancient mound, located in Kilchberg, may be reckoned a “Kelchberg” or “chalice hill/mountain.” More evidence would need to come to light to have a definitive origin of the name.

History

Kilchberg was a small rural farming village that sprang up in the Middle Ages around a moted stone castle, Schloss Kilchberg. It is not known who the builder of the castle was or what family first governed the village and its stronghold. It isn't until the middle of the 13th century that we have a detailed account of Kilchberg and its nobility. The ancient nobility were considered “Uradel Niederadelich” [ancient lesser nobility] and were generally “Freiherren” [barons]. Later some became known as “Reichsritter” [knights of the realm], or Free Imperial Knights. It is also not known how the nobility of this village and its environs maintained their free holding status, subject only to the German Kings/Emperors, as the powerful Counts of Tübingen, Hohenberg, and the Counts of Württemberg surrounded Kilchberg.

1100 Hiltrud von Kilchberg

Kilchberg is first mentioned in the written record on a document found in the chronicles of the Zwiefalten Abbey dated to the year 1100 CE. This was in reference to a noble woman named “Hiltrud von Kilchberg” who resided at the monastery for a time. This reference to Kilchberg and its leading family stands alone in the year 1100.

1236–1244 Heinrich “de Kirchperc”

The next time Kilchberg is mentioned, in the extant record, is 136 years later. In 1236 a “Heynrikus de Kirchperc” signed as a witness to the marriage of Adelheid, Count Wilhelm von Tübingen's daughter. In 1240, as a witness to a document concerning the exchange of property between parties under the authority of Count Wilhelm von Tübingen, is one “Heinricus de Kirchperc.” On March 24, 1244, the same person was a witness to a similar document for Wilhelm of Tübingen, this time as “h. de kirchperc.” Here it seems the nobility in Kilchberg was in the administrative service to the Counts of Tübingen.

1261–1437 Lescher von Kilchberg Family

The next mention of Kilchberg is, again, in connection with the ruling family of Kilchberg being in the administrative service of the Counts of Tübingen. At this time the nobility of Kilchberg had assumed the surname “Lescher”. It is not known if this family, calling themselves “Lescher von Kilchberg,” is from the same family of the above-mentioned Heinrich “de Kirchperc.” This is probable due to Onomastics, the span of only 17 years, and their positions as administrative servants to Tübingen. However, until more evidence is discovered this earlier family connection will remain unanswered. The following is a chronological summary of the Lescher von Kilchberg family:

1261, September 1: A “Fredericus Lescharius” of Kilchberg is a witness to a document of sale of Count Rudolf von Tübingen. [The Count of Tübingen has also acquired the surname “der Schere.”]

1292, October 25: Friedrich and Heinrich Lescher with their sister Tilia sell and pledge various property and possessions to the nuns of Stettin Abbey in Hechingen. Shown: “Fredericus de Kilchperch dictus Lescher.”

1302: Compensation of Dyen von Gomaringen was paid to “Heinzen der Lescher von Kilchberg.”

1302: The Knights “Heinrich der Lescher” and his “father of the same name” are noted in a document as administrators for Count Gotfried von Tübingen. [Note the likelihood that Heinrich's father Heinrich could be that of the earlier “Heinrich de Kirchperc”]

1307: “Heinrich der Lescher von Kilchberg” foregoes a claim to the vineyards in Ammern.

1312: “Heinrich Lescher” is a witness to a document of sale for Gotfried von Tübingen.

1333, April 29: “Heinrich der Lescher von Kilchberg” sells a meadow in Kilchberg and a garden in Weilheim.

1342: Lady “Clare Lescherin” with her two sons “Rüdiger und Cuntz” [Conrad] sells two meadows of Kilchberg.

1368, April 2 [Saint Urban's Day]: “Rüdiger Lescher,” in conjunction with his brother Conrad and his son-in-law Ulrich Majer von Wassneck, establishes the “Löwenweissen” [Lion Manor?] in Kilchberg.

1370: In a letter of purchase “Kunzen der Lescher” [Conrad] with his wife Adelheid [von Nehren], purchases the vineyard near Spitzberg.

1370, July 20: Count Rudolf von Hohenberg mediates a dispute between “Rüdiger Lescher von Kilchberg” and Claus Wanken von Wankenheim.

1375: “Rüdiger Lescher” of Kilchberg receives an armorial grant, Coat of arms.

1379, June 27: Count Rudolf von Hohenberg and “Ritter Rüdiger der Lescher von Kilchberg” witness the sale of a vineyard in Halden to [Rüdiger's son-in-law] Ulrich Majer von Wassneck.

1389: “Konrad, son of Rüdiger Lescher von Kilchberg,” is arrested and jailed on charges of “Highway robbery.” He swears an oath that he will harm Württemberg no more. He is released, set into fife and mandated to pay over to Count Eberhard von Württemberg certain acreages of land in Kilchberg as well as a share of his total crop yields.

1393, July 3: Eberhard III, Count of Württemberg called "the Mild", relieves “the noble Knight Konrad der Lescher” of his promised payments and lands of Kilchberg, and is relieved of these obligations.

1411, May 30: “Konrad Lescher” administers a sale of property for his stepsons, Ruf [Rudolf] and Wolf von Ehingen, on their behalf.

1413: “Conrat Lescher von Kilchberg” witnesses a document for Marklin von Owe.

1414, Dec 13: “Konrad Lescher von Kilchberg” sells a house on the Neckar River to a citizen of Tübingen.

1416, September 19: “Konrad Lescher” [von Kilchberg] witnesses and is a Guarantor for the large inheritance of his stepsons Rudolf and Wolf von Ehingen from their uncle Hugo von Ehingen.

1436, April 23: A marriage decree in Waiblingen certifies the marriage of “Elizabeth Lescherin von Kilchberg,” daughter of “Konrad Lescher,” to Konrad von Hofen.

1437: A letter of purchase states that [Konrad's sons] “Ludwig” and his brother “Conrad Lescher von Kilchberg” sell to Rudolf von Ehingen [their half or stepbrother] one fourth of their holdings in Kilchberg. [Including the castle]

In these early references it is seen that Kilchberg was under the lordship of the Lescher family from before 1261 [probably earlier than 1236] until the year 1437. During this 200-year period the records indicate Kilchberg's nobility changed allegiances from time to time as the political climate dictated. In the beginning Kilchberg was in the occasional employ of the Counts of Tübingen for over a century. In 1342 the Palatine Counts of Württemberg purchased the countship of Tübingen. After this year the Lescher family of Kilchberg is then found in the employ of the Counts of Hohenberg. They remained in allegiance with the Hohenbergs until the death of Rudolf III in 1389, when Hohenberg was absorbed into the Habsburg dynasty of Austria. It was in this year we find that parts of Kilchberg were enfeoffed under Württemberg for a time. About 1400 the Lescher von Kilchberg family began a close relationship with the wealthy local von Ehingen family. Konrad Lescher married a widowed mother of this family, and became the guardian of her young children. After Konrad Lescher died his sons Ludwig and Konrad III Lescher sold Kilchberg and its Castle and with these their lordship. After the year 1437 we hear of only the von Ehingen family in Kilchberg.

1437–1608 von Ehingen zu Kilchberg Family

In 1437 Kilchberg passed to the von Ehingen family. Rudolf von Ehingen, the son of Burkhard “mit dem Zopf” or “with the Tuft” von Ehingen and his wife Luckgarten von Ischlingen (who in widowhood later married Konrad Lescher von Kilchberg between 1406 and 1410), purchased the lordship and castle of Kilchberg from his half or stepbrothers Ludwig and Konrad Lescher. Rudolf von Ehingen inherited a substantial number of properties and amounts of goods and income first from the death of his father in 1405, and then in 1416 Rudolf and his brother Wolf became the heirs to their childless uncle Hugo von Ehingen's fortune. When Rudolf's younger brother Wolf died prematurely in 1425 he inherited his share also. As a young man Rudolf allied himself strongly with the Counts of Württemberg. After the death of Eberhard IV, Count of Württemberg, he was in favor with the count's widow, Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard [Mömpelgard in German], and was placed on the so-called Regentschaftsrat (Regency Council) for her under-age children. As such Rudolf von Ehingen zu Kilchberg was a mentor for the future Ludwig I, Count of Württemberg-Urach and Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg. Many years later, after the death of Count Louis III in 1450, Rudolf was for a time regent of the young Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg.  After Rudolf's death (after 1463), Kilchberg passed to his son Jörg von Ehingen (1428 - February 24, 1508). Jörg (George) is made famous by the publishing of his diary, which was a record of his adventures and travels to the various high courts of Europe. He also helped found the University of Tübingen in 1477.  The von Ehingen family expanded and enlarged the castle and its grounds. Several generations later George John von Ehingen of Kilchberg and his wife Maria Magdalena von Preysingen had no male heirs at the time of his death in 1608. The ownership of Kilchberg then went to his daughter, Magdalena von Ehingen zu Kilchberg in her own right, and by proxy to her husband. She had married Hans Urban von Closen zu Heidenburg. It was their von Closen descendants who then inherited Kilchberg.

1608–1721 von Closen zu Kilchberg Family

Freiherr George Ludwig von Closen zu Kilchberg (grandson of George John von Ehingen) next inherits Kilchberg.

1721–1779 Leutrum von Ertingen zu Kilchberg Family

Ernst Friedrich Leutrum von Ertingen purchased Kilchberg in 1721. He was a member of the Neckar-Schwarzwald knights, and a member of Knightly Society of St. Jörg Schild.

1779–1806 von Tessin zu Kilchberg Family

Noble family originally from the village of Tessin in the district of Bad Doberan, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, in Northern Germany. This family became the Freiherren [Free Lords] of Kilchberg in 1779, through the marriage of Johann Ferdinad II von Tessin of Hochberg to Anne Philippine Elizabeth Leutrum on 29 Nov. 1755, the daughter and heiress of Ernst Friedrich Leutrum von Ertingen of Kilchberg. Upon her father's death in 1762, Kilchberg passed to Anne Philippine and by proxy to her husband of the von Tessin family. She and her husband had children, but their son predeceased them in 1775. Upon Anne Philippine's death on May 13, 1779, Kilchberg passed to her husband. Shortly after her death Johann Ferdinad II von Tessin of Kilchberg remarried to Sophie Friederike Dorothea von Woellwarth. They had five children, and Kilchberg eventually passed their youngest son Christian Wilhelm von Tessin of Kilchberg. Presently, Christian's descendants still own and occupy the castle of Kilchberg.

1806–1919 Kilchberg under Kingdom of Württemberg and German Reich

1919–1971 Kilchberg under Weimar Republic, Third Reich, and Federal Republic of Germany

1971–present Kilchberg (Tübingen)

References

A Short History of German Place Names by Harry Davis, 1988, Atlantik-Brücke, Hamburg
Kilchberg. Ein Streifzug durch acht Jahrhunderte. Mit Beiträgen von Erich Krauß, Hans Krauß, Helene Krauß, Karl Krauß, Hubert Krins, Lothar Merkelbach, Gerd Million, Klaus Mohr, Hartmann Reim. (Tübingen) 1986
Reinhard Breymayer: Johann Christian Hiller und Justinus Kerners Vetter Johann Gottfried Mayer: Zwei Maulbronner Klosterprofessoren des jungen Hölderlin. In: Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik, Nr. 423. Stuttgart: Hans-Dieter Heinz 2004 [2005], S. 111 - 142, hier S. 124 - 132. 139 - 141 zu Mayer.
Klaus Mohr: Mr hòt koin Fernseher ghet ond koi Radio /Das Dorf und seine Bewohner von 1810–1960) Buch mit beigefügter CD mit Dialektbeispielen. Tübingen: Hepper Printmedien, 2008. - 264 S. : 270 Bilder, 1 beigefügte Karte/Kt.;
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch by Rudolf Schützeichel, 1995, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen
Cassell's German-English English-German Dictionary, by Harold Betteridge, 1987, Macmillan
http://csvh.org/col08/show_common_name_details.php?name=Kilch
Cauldron of the Gods: A Manual of Celtic Magick By Jan Fries, Mandrake, 2005
http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM17D6
Württembergisches Adels und Wappenbuch by Otto von Alberti, 1889, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart
Die Wappen des Adels in Württemberg by Johann Siebmacher [Bearb. von Otto, Titan von Hefner, u. Gustav A. Seyler], 1982
Burg und Schloss Kilchberg by Lothar Merkelbach, 1965, [dissertation] Silberburg, Stuttgart
http://www.schloss-kilchberg.de/
 :de:Schloss Kilchberg
https://web.archive.org/web/20090321230842/http://www.tuebingen.de/25_2600.html
The Diary of Jörg von Ehingen / translated and edited by Malcolm Letts, F. S. A., Oxford, 1929
Ludwigsburg Staatarchiv (Hochberg) https://www2.landesarchivbw.de/ofs21/olf/struktur.php?bestand=17020&klassi=002.002&anzeigeKlassi=002.002.007 (watch wrap)

Boroughs of Tübingen


Chebei Station () is a station of Guangzhou Metro Line 4. It is located at the underground of the junction of Chebei Road and Zhongshan Avenue (zh) in Tianhe District. It started operation on 25 September 2010.

Station layout

Exits

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2010
Guangzhou Metro stations in Tianhe District


Olufemi Otedola  (born 4 November 1962) is a Nigerian businessman and philanthropist. He is the former chairman of Forte Oil PLC, and is the current executive chairman of Geregu Power PLC.

Otedola is also the founder of Zenon Petroleum and Gas Ltd, and the owner of a number of other businesses across shipping, real estate and finance. He has recently invested in power generation as part of the liberalization of the sector in Nigeria.

Early life

Otedola was born in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State, southwest Nigeria, into the family of the late Sir Michael Otedola, Governor of Lagos State from 1992 to 1993.

Personal life

Femi Otedola's first daughter, Tolani, is a singer. She was born to Otedola and his former lover, Olayinka Odukoya. Later, Femi married Nana Otedola and had two more daughters—Florence Ifeoluwa and Elizabeth Temi—and a son, Fewa. Florence Otedola, aka DJ Cuppy, is a DJ and music producer, as well as a tourism ambassador for Nigeria. Her younger sister, Temi, is an actress, a style blogger and aspiring designer. Otedola has homes in Lagos, Abuja, Dubai, London and New York City.

Fuel marketing

Zenon Petroleum and Gas

In 2003, having identified an opportunity in the fuel retail market, Otedola secured the finance to set up Zenon Petroleum and Gas Ltd, a petroleum products marketing and distribution company.

As owner and chairman of Zenon, in 2004, he invested N15 billion in downstream infrastructure development and acquired storage depots at Ibafon, Apapa as well as four cargo vessels, amounting to a combined total storage capacity of 147,000 metric tons. The same year he acquired a fleet of 100 DAF fuel-tanker trucks for N1.4 billion.

By 2005, Zenon controlled a major share of the Nigerian diesel market, supplying fuel to most of the major manufacturers in the country including Dangote Group, Cadbury, Coca-Cola, Nigerian Breweries, MTN, Unilever, Nestle and Guinness.

In March 2007, it was announced that ten banks had approved a syndicated loan of US$1.5 billion (N193.5 billion) to Zenon as working capital to build the largest premium motor spirit storage facility in Africa. Later that year Zenon acquired a 28.7 per cent stake in African Petroleum, one of Nigeria's largest fuel marketers. Zenon also invested across the financial sector, becoming the largest shareholder in a number of Nigerian banks including Zenith Bank and United Bank for Africa (UBA). As well as diesel, Zenon also became an important player in the kerosene market.

In 2012, Zenon was among a number of companies named in a report into an alleged fuel subsidy scam. According to the report Zenon owed the government $1.4 million. It was further reported that Farouk Lawan, the Nigerian legislator who compiled the report, had apparently been filmed collecting $500,000 of a supposed total sum of $3 million from Femi Otedola to remove Zenon from the list. It subsequently emerged that Otedola had previously reported Lawan's harassment and demands for bribes to the State Security Services, who had orchestrated a sting operation. Lawan was charged with corruption in February 2013.

African Petroleum

In 2007, Otedola was appointed chairman and chief executive of Africa Petroleum through the acquisition of a controlling stake in the business. In December that year he personally acquired a further 29.3 per cent of the company for N40 billion. A merger of this personal holding with Zenon's brought Otedola's total stake to 55.3 per cent.

Following Otedola's entry into the company African Petroleum's share price rose sharply, increasing the market capitalisation from N36 billion to N217 billion in six months. In 2008, in response to public concerns over the availability and pricing of kerosene, African Petroleum launched an initiative to saturate the market and sell fuel at N50 per litre from more than 500 service stations across Nigeria.

In March 2009, Otedola became the second Nigerian after Aliko Dangote to appear on the Forbes list of dollar-denominated billionaires, with an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion.
In October 2009, Otedola announced a move to upgrade African Petroleum's liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage terminals in Lagos, Kano and Port Harcourt.
Difficult economic conditions caused by the slump in world oil prices and credit squeeze of 2008–09 led African Petroleum to record a loss in 2009.

Forte Oil

In December 2010, African Petroleum rebranded, changing its name to Forte Oil PLC. Otedola carried out a restructuring of the business, focusing on technology and improved corporate governance. Forte Oil returned to profit in 2012.

In 2013, as part of the Federal Government's push to liberalise Nigeria's ailing power sector, Otedola financed 57% of Forte Oil subsidiary Amperion Ltd, which acquired the 414 MW Geregu Power Plant for $132 million.

Forte's improved financial position and diversification into power generation resulted in a 1,321 per cent rise in its share price during 2013. The first half of 2014 saw the company's pre-tax profit more than double year-on-year to 4.19 billion naira ($25.7 million). Revenue growth for the whole year was 33 per cent.
In November 2014, Otedola returned to the Forbes rich list having dropped off it following the fall in share price during 2009.

In September 2015 Forte Oil sold 17 per cent of its equity to Swiss commodity trader Mercuria Energy Group, giving Forte access to global commodity markets. The deal was thought to have given Otedola an estimated $200 million.
In 2019, Femi Otedola sold Forte Oil Plc and announced plans to change focus from oil to power with his company, Geregu Power Plc.

Other investments and positions

In 1994, Otedola established CentreForce Ltd, specialising in finance, investments and trading. Otedola is also the owner of Swift Insurance.

Otedola is chief executive and president of SeaForce Shipping Company Ltd and was at one point Nigeria's largest ship owner after extending control over the distribution of diesel products. One of his ships, a flat bottomed bunker vessel with a storage capacity of 16,000 metric tonnes, was the first of its kind in Africa.

In January 2006, Otedola was appointed a non-executive director of Transnational Corporation of Nigeria Plc, a multi-sectoral conglomerate established in 2004 by then-President Olusegun Obasanjo to respond to market opportunities requiring heavy capital investment in Nigeria and across sub-Saharan Africa. He held this post until February 2011.

Otedola has made a number of real estate investments, including a N2.3 billion acquisition in February 2007 by Zenon of Stallion House in Victoria Island in Lagos, from the Federal Government. The following month he was appointed chairman of the Transcorp Hilton Hotel in Abuja and tasked with driving its expansion and upgrade to a seven star facility. He is the owner of FO Properties Ltd.
Otedola has been reported to be a financier of the People's Democratic Party and is said to have contributed N100 million to President Obasanjo's re-election expenses in 2003. He was a close ally of President Goodluck Jonathan. He has served as a member of the Nigerian Investment Promotion Council (NIPC) since 2004, and the same year was appointed to a committee tasked with developing commercial relations with South Africa.
In 2011, Femi Otedola was appointed by President Goodluck Jonathan to Nigeria's National Economic Management Team.

In 2020, Forte Oil rebranded to Adrova PLC.

Currently, as at October 2021, he was announced as the single largest shareholder (5.07%) of First bank PLC.

Controversy

Bribery and corruption
In 2012, Femi Otedola was reported by reliable media houses to have given bribe to Boniface Emenalo and Farouk Lawan who was at then, the Chairman of the House Committee on Fuel Subsidy Regime, "integrity group" a sum of $620,000. The reason reported by witnesses as pertains the actions of Femi Otedola was that he wanted the name of his company removed from the list of firms indicted by Farouq Lawan's committee for abusing the fuel subsidy regime in 2012 . Farouk Lawan and Boniface Emenalo were at risk of going to prison if found guilty of receiving money from Femi Otedola as receiving of bribe by a government official is an offense punishable by Imprisonment.
On 2 February 2013, Both individuals Farouk Lawan and Boniface Emenalo were charged to court by Independent Corrupt Practices and other related Commission (ICPC) their trial was at the Capital Territory High Court in Abuja to face a seven-count charge of bribery, an offense that violates Section 10 (a) (ii) of ICPC Act, 2000 and punishable under Section 10 of that same Act.

Farouk Lawan plead not guilty, and initially so did Boniface Emenalo; however, events at the court of law took an unforeseen turn as Boniface Emenalo eventually admitted he was guilty and, in fact, had received several bribes on behalf of Farouk Lawan. Be that as it may, new evidence provided by the persecution was very concrete as Femi Otedola was caught red-handed in a video of him giving a bribe and Farouk Lawan accepting it.

Canadian Escorts

In December 2016, Otedola was embroiled in a controversy where two Toronto-based sisters—Jyoti and Kiran Matharoo—reportedly tried to extort him by cyberbullying and blackmail, claiming they had evidence of Otedola cheating on his wife that they would post on a notorious sex-scandal website. The sisters dispute Otedola's account. According to their account Jyoti met Otedola, straight out of University, in 2008.  He whisked her and Kiran to Nigeria, and began an affair with him.  They acknowledge that his gifts enriched them, as did gifts from other wealthy boyfriends, but dispute they ever engaged in blackmail, or even demanding gifts.

Philanthropy
Otedola has made several donations to the Michael Otedola University Scholarship Scheme, which was established in 1985 to give underprivileged students in Lagos State access to higher education. In 2005 Zenon donated N200 million to the scheme's fund. Since its inception the scheme has benefited more than 1,000 students.

In 2005, Otedola made a N300 million personal donation to the completion of the National Ecumenical Centre—Nigeria's primary place of Christian worship—in Abuja.
In 2007 he was among a group of donors who gave N200 million to the State Security Trust Fund in a drive to reduce crime in Lagos State. Later that year he donated N100 million to the Otedola College of Primary Education in Noforija, Epe.
In 2008 he donated N80 million to the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Port Harcourt. Femi Otedola fulfilled his pledge of 25,000 dollars to the Super Eagles in the match against Algeria in the 2019 AFCON

References

Living people
1962 births
Yoruba businesspeople
Nigerian businesspeople in the oil industry
Businesspeople from Lagos State
21st-century Nigerian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Ibadan
Nigerian philanthropists
Yoruba philanthropists
Femi
Nigerian investors
Former billionaires
Nigerian billionaires
Nigerian chairpersons of corporations


Frank Griebe (born 28 August 1964) is a German cinematographer.

Griebe was born in Hamburg. He is most popular for his work with German director Tom Tykwer. He photographed his films Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Heaven, The Princess and the Warrior, Run Lola Run, Winter Sleepers, The International and Cloud Atlas.

He also worked with Sönke Wortmann on Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen and with Leander Haußmann on NVA and Berlin Blues. He cites Ben Vinograd as one of his earliest influences.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
European Film Award for Best Cinematographer winners
Film people from Hamburg
German cinematographers


Outdoor Canada is Canada's national fishing and hunting magazine, in print since 1972 with a mix of how-to articles, buyer's guides, profiles, travelogues, reports, and analyses. Outdoor Canada West launched in 2015.

Along with promoting wildlife management/conservation and celebrating Canada's heritage sports, Outdoor Canada and Outdoor Canada West encourage fishermen, anglers and hunters to improve their skills and broaden their knowledge of the outdoors, including fishing and hunting hot spots and roundups of new gear. Outdoor Canada is published six times a year.

In 2005, 2011, and 2012, Outdoor Canada was named Magazine of the Year (50,000 to 149,999 circulation category) by the Canadian Society of Magazine Editors, while editor-in-chief Patrick Walsh was named Editor of the Year those same years.

History
Outdoor Canada debuted in 1972 as a Canadian source for stories about fishing, hunting, conservation, hiking, camping, boating, skiing, photography, parks, wildlife and more. The first issue included a piece on Ontario steel heading by outdoors writer John Power, a look at the Yukon's new Kluane National Park, and a story about Edmund Hillary canoeing through the wilds of Quebec, as well as moose recipes and book reviews alongside articles on cross-country skiing, winter survival, snowmobiling, motor homes and boating. Outdoor Canada now focuses primarily on fishing, hunting and conservation.

The magazine was founded by the husband-and-wife team of Ron and Sheila Kaighin; the couple sold their home in North Vancouver and camped their way across Canada before setting up shop in Toronto. Sheila served as editor, taking over in 1973 from earlier recruits Mike Irving and Graeme Matheson, while Ron maintained the role of publisher.

The couple sold the magazine to the Canadian National Sportsmen's Shows in 1985. They both stayed on in their respective roles for another year.

Here is a brief timeline of the magazine's major milestones:

 In 1972, the 64-page first issue arrived in November with a print run of 15,000 copies. The cover price was 50 cents.
 In 1974, when venerable Rod & Gun magazine folded, Outdoor Canada honored its 19,000 subscriptions. The magazine also debuted the first of seven logo changes, which continued to evolve in 1975, 1976, 1981, 1987 and 1994. The last logo change is the one currently in use today, minus the goose.
 The first Fishing annual is published in 1981, along with the widely read article by David Dehaas, “The Death That Rains from the Sky.” The article alarmed readers with its apocalyptic tone: “Experts in both Canada and the U.S. agree that acid rain will continue to increase for at least the next 20 years,” wrote Dehaas. While his sources may have been overly pessimistic, the problems of acid rain are still very much applicable.
 In 1982, Bryan Berriault and Teddi Brown, who in 1986 became the new editor of the magazine, wrote Outdoor Canada’s first story on the then emerging concept of catch-and-release fishing. Though it has yet to become law in the way the authors predicted, the practice has been embraced by anglers across the country. Not only are half the fish caught now let go, but numerous far-flung lodges have voluntarily adopted the policy in an effort to preserve trophy fishing in their respective areas.
 The first Hunting annual is published in 1987. That same year, a sweeping exposé is printed on the growing problem of the illegal trade in animal parts. Writer Don Cowan found that many wildlife officials turned a blind eye to the nefarious practice. Some even advocated legalization of the trade, Cowan wrote. Five years later, Canada passed the Wild Animal and Plant Protection Act, and the black market for bear organs, as well as for deer and elk antler velvet, waned considerably.
 In 1993, Teddi Brown brought attention to the fact that Canada didn't have a national fishing week, even though fishing is part of Canada's national heritage, and it generates billions of dollars for the economy. After seven years of development, the Canadian National Sportfishing Foundation and its partners created National Fishing Week. The event boasts hundreds of fishing-related events coast to coast to coast.
 In 1995, Editor Teddi Brown died of cancer at the age of 62.

Outdoor Canada today
Soon after buying Outdoor Canada from the Canadian National Sportsmen's Shows in 1998, publisher Avid Media made a strategic decision: no longer would the magazine strive to cover all outdoor pursuits. Instead, it would focus solely on angling, hunting and related conservation issues.

The magazine is presided over by Patrick Walsh, who became editor in 2000 (James Little went on to edit Explore magazine until late 2012). The magazine is tailored to males between the ages of 18 and 49 and has a paid circulation of approximately 90,000. In 2004, Outdoor Canada was purchased, along with the other three magazines belonging to Avid Media, by Transcontinental Media G.P. Transcontinental subsequently sold the magazine in September 2009 (along with sister-title Canadian Home Workshop magazine) to Quarto Communications Inc., later to become Cottage Life Media, a division of Blue Ant Media Partnership. In 2015, B.C.-based Outdoor Group Media obtained a 50% stake in the magazine, then gained full control in 2018. The magazine continues to be published out of Toronto.

Awards
Outdoor Canada has received numerous honors over the years, including 30 National Magazine Awards.

Outdoor Writers of Canada Awards
Outdoor Canada has dozens of awards from the Outdoor Writers of Canada, including (as of 2018): 30 first-place finishes; 22 second-place positions; and 23 third-place awards.

Outdoor Writers Association of America Awards
The magazine has taken home two first-place wins and two second-place wins from the Outdoor Writers Associations of America.

Canadian Society of Magazine Editors
The Canadian Society of Magazine Editors  has awarded Outdoor Canada its Magazine of the Year distinction three times (2005, 2011 and 2012), while also honoring EIC Patrick Walsh as Editor of the Year three times. As well, the magazine has earned CSME's Jim Cormier Award for Display Writing three times, and Best Front-of-the-Book honors once.

References

 Bi-monthly magazines published in Canada
 Hobby magazines published in Canada
 Hunting and fishing magazines
 Magazines established in 1972
 Magazines published in Toronto


Jalan Stesen Satelit Bumi Kuantan, Federal Route 423, is a federal road in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 423 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions

References

Malaysian Federal Roads


Wild Scotland is the Scottish Wildlife and Nature Tourism Operators Association - a not-for-profit organisation made up of wildlife and nature tourism professionals.

Formed in 2003 the association has more than 80 members which represents one quarter of Scotland's wildlife tourism businesses.

References

Adventure travel
2003 establishments in Scotland


Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson is a city in Les Pays-d'en-Haut Regional County Municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. It is partially named after and situated on the western shore of Lake Masson.

History

In the early 1860s, Édouard Masson (1826–1875), businessman and member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada from 1856 to 1864, recruited the help of architect and politician Thony Ciallella to plan the village. Masson and Ciallella invited many settlers to move to the former Terrebonne Seigneury and the surrounding area. In 1864, he was granted land in this area and contributed to the quick development of the parish, including the construction of a sawmill and a flour mill at the outflow of the lake which would be named after him later on. Ciallella was furious that after being a founder and longtime resident of the municipality, they did not dedicate anything to him. Masson and Ciallella did not talk to each other for 10 years, until their relationship was renewed due to a surprise encounter in Montreal. Also that same year, the Mission of Sainte-Marguerite was established, and the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson was officially formed, both named after Margaret of Antioch of the third century. In 1868, the Lac-Masson Post Office opened.

In 1914, Emile Cochand began developing Canada's first ski  resort two miles from Ste. Marguerite Station and the "petit train du nord line".

In 1959, the Town of Estérel was formed on the eastern side of Lake Masson when it separated from Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson.

On October 10, 2001, the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson and the Town of Estérel were merged to become the Town of Sainte-Marguerite–Estérel. On January 1, 2006, after a municipal referendum, the Town of Estérel was re-established however and the Town of Sainte-Marguerite–Estérel reverted to its former name of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Population trend:
 Population in 2021: 3367 (2016 to 2021 population change: 21.9%)
 Population in 2016: 2763 (2011 to 2016 population change: 0.8%)
 Population in 2011: 2740 (2006 to 2011 population change: 9.7%)
 Population in 2006: 2498 (2001 to 2006 population change: 15.1%)
 Population in 2001: 2170 (R)
 Population in 1996: 2251
 Population in 1991: 1571

(R) = Revised count.

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 4.6%
 French as first language: 91.5%
 English and French as first language: 1%
 Other as first language: 2.7%

Education

Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates English-language public schools:
 Saint Adèle Elementary School in Saint-Adèle
 Laurentian Regional High School in Lachute

See also
List of cities in Quebec

References

External links

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Cities and towns in Quebec


Jason Gonzalez (born September 30, 1973) is an attorney in Tallahassee, Florida.   He is credited with reshaping the Florida Supreme Court while serving as General Counsel to the Governor of Florida.  He was the chief advisor to the Governor on the appointment of four Florida Supreme Court Justices.   He is a founding shareholder with Lawson Huck Gonzalez, PLLC and handles civil and administrative litigation, appeals, and government affairs.

Early life and family
Jason Gonzalez was born in Tallahassee, Florida, the son of Larry Gonzalez (former Secretary of the Florida Department of Professional Regulations and Director of the Florida Commission on Ethics) and Jean Gonzalez.  A seventh generation Floridian, Gonzalez is the great-great-grandson of Captain Manuel A. Gonzalez, who founded the City of Ft. Myers, Florida in 1866, the great-grandson of Florida Pioneer and Explorer Alfonso Fernando Gonzalez and the great-great-great-great-grandson of  Evander Lee, who founded the City of Leesburg, Florida in 1857.
Gonzalez attended the University of Florida, where he graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in business administration and a Juris Doctor degree.  He became an attorney and Florida Bar member in 1998.  While in law school, he married his high school sweetheart Sara Hicks Gonzalez.   Jason and Sara are the parents of three boys.

Legal career
Gonzalez practices in the areas of trial, appellate and administrative litigation and represents clients before the Florida Legislature and all State Executive branch agencies as a partner with Shutts & Bowen LLP.  He has served two terms as General Counsel to the Republican Party of Florida, and a term as General Counsel to the Governor of Florida.

General Counsel to the Republican Party of Florida
Gonzalez has served two terms as General Counsel to the Republican Party of Florida, and has attended four Republican National Conventions with the Florida delegation (1988, 2008, 2012 and 2016).

The Deepwater Horizon Litigation
In 2010, immediately following the explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon, the vessel's owner, Transocean Ltd., selected Gonzalez to serve as its lead counsel for litigation and state regulatory matters in the Florida Panhandle. Over a two-year period, Mr. Gonzalez successfully obtained orders dismissing or removing every one of the more than 70 individual and class action lawsuits filed against Transocean in Florida.

Public service

Judicial Nominating Commissions
In 2007 the Florida Governor appointed Gonzalez to the Judicial Nominating Commission for the Florida Supreme Court.  Gonzalez previously served terms as Chairman of the Judicial Nominating Commission for the First District Court of Appeal of Florida and Chairman of the Judicial Nominating Commission for the Second Judicial Circuit of Florida.

General Counsel to the Governor
Jason Gonzalez was appointed General Counsel to the Governor of Florida in 2008.   As General Counsel he was the chief advisor to the Governor on all legal matters and served as the Governor's Chief Ethics Officer and chief advisor on judicial appointments.
In 2008-2009 Gonzalez was the chief advisor to the Governor on the appointments of four Florida Supreme Court Justices. The four appointments marked the first time in Florida history in which a Governor appointed a majority of the Court in less than a year.

Judges and Justices Appointed During Gonzalez's Term as Governor's Counsel

References

Living people
1973 births
Florida lawyers
People from Tallahassee, Florida
Warrington College of Business alumni
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni


Peter Baldwin (born December 22, 1956) is a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, Global Distinguished Professor at New York University, and a philanthropist. He was educated at Harvard (MA and PhD, both in History 1980 and 1986),  and Yale (BA Philosophy and History, 1978). He has written several books on the comparative history of Europe and America.

Academic career

Philanthropy
With his wife Lisbet Rausing, Baldwin co-founded the Arcadia Fund in 2001. The Fund has given away over $1 billion to charities and scholarly institutions globally that preserve cultural heritage and the environment and promote open access. Arcadia-funded projects include the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme at SOAS, The Endangered Archives Programme at the British Library and Fauna & Flora International's Halcyon Land and Sea fund. Baldwin and Rausing are listed as one of the biggest benefactors to the Wikimedia Foundation

Baldwin also serves on the boards of the New York Public Library, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Central European University, and as chair of the board of the Center for Jewish History.

Publications
The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875-1975 (Cambridge University Press, 1990)
Reworking the Past: Hitler, the Holocaust and the Historians' Debate, edited with an introduction (Beacon Press, 1990)
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930 (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
Disease and Democracy: The Industrialized World Faces AIDS (University of California Press, Berkeley, and the Milbank Memorial Fund, New York, 2005)
The Narcissism of Minor Differences: How America and Europe Are Alike (Oxford University Press, 2009)
 The Copyright Wars: Three Centuries of Trans-Atlantic Battle (Princeton University Press, 2014)
 Command and Persuade: Crime, Law, and the State across History (MIT Press 2021)
 First Wave: Why the Coronavirus was tackled so differently across the globe (Cambridge University Press, 2021)
 Athena Unbound:Why and How Scholarly Knowledge Should Be Free (The MIT Press, 2023)

References

External links
Page at UCLA, detailing various publications.
Academic publications

Living people
American historians
American philanthropists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
New York University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Yale College alumni
1956 births


Trevor Skerrett (born 6 March 1953) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain (Under-24s), Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity, Hull F.C., Leeds and Keighley, as a , or .

Playing career

Wakefield Trinity career
Hailing from the Belle Isle area of Leeds, Trevor played for Bisons Sports ARL before signing for Wakefield Trinity, as a 20-year-old, in August 1974. He débuted within a few weeks, coming off the substitutes bench in a 12–12 home draw with Castleford. In only his seventh Trinity game, he was in the line up for the 1974 Yorkshire Cup Final, only to suffer defeat by second division, Hull Kingston Rovers, 13–16 at Headingley. Six months later, after a great cup run, Trinity and Trevor were one-step away from Wembley after a 7–13 defeat by Widnes in the RL Challenge Cup semi-final.

In 1977 he appeared for Great Britain under 24s against France, at Hull and a year later he represented Wales against Australia at Swansea, Trevor qualifying for the Welsh through grandparents. His displays for Trinity and two more appearances for Wales, in 1979, got him noticed and the likeable Skerrett deservedly earned a place on the 1979 Great Britain touring squad to Australia. Prior to the tour, he achieved an ambition of playing at Wembley as Trinity lost to Widnes in the RL Challenge Cup Final, earning great praise with a man of the match performance in the 9-7 semi-final victory over St. Helens.

‘Down Under’, Trevor was one of the few players to impress and made his GB début in the first test against Australia at Lang Park, Brisbane. He gained four caps on the tour, playing in the second test at the SCG in Sydney and the second and third tests against New Zealand and Christchurch and Auckland. He played another twelve games on the tour. A fourth Welsh cap followed in January 1980, but within a few months he was transferred to Hull for a record £40,000 fee.

Trevor Skerrett earned a reputation of being one of the hardest forwards in the game in his day, as well as one of the fairest and most well respected. He played 203 Trinity first team games in his six seasons, scoring twenty six tries, and remains one of only eight Trinity forwards to take on the might of the Australian pack in test matches and one of only two in the last 47 years.

He was inducted into the club's Hall of Fame in 2015

Hull F.C. Career
Trevor Skerrett played 160 games for Hull (1980–86), playing in nine finals, winning four, as well as the 1983 Championship and adding to his Welsh and GB caps. He made his début at Featherstone Rovers (August 1980), scoring in a 12-16 Yorkshire Cup loss. Hull reached the Premiership Trophy Final in his first season, losing out to Hull Kingston Rovers, 7–11, at Headingley. This was one of nine finals Trevor was to play in for Hull. Trevor Skerrett played  left- in Hull FC's 14–14 draw with Widnes in the 1982 Challenge Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 92,147, and played left- in the 18–9 victory over Widnes in the 1982 Challenge Cup Final replay during the 1981–82 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Wednesday 19 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 41,171. Trevor Skerrett gained revenge against Hull KR, defeating 'The Robins' in the John Player Trophy, 12–4 at Headingley. A second Wembley defeat came in 1983 as well as a third consecutive Premiership Trophy loss, although he gained a Yorkshire Cup winners medal to go alongside his 1983 Championship winners (First Division) medal. In 1984, he gained his greatest honour when he was selected to captain Great Britain on their tour 'Down Under' only for injury to rob him of the honour. Injury would affect him for the rest of his Hull career, causing him to miss the 1985 RL Challenge Cup Final. He gained an extra six GB caps and represented Yorkshire three times, whilst at the Boulevard

Leeds career
Trevor Skerrett was transferred to Leeds in September 1986 in a deal that saw Kevin Dick join Hull FC, Andy Gascoigne also joined Skerrett at Leeds in the deal. In his only season, he played 27 games, scoring one try

Keighley career
In August 1987, he was transferred to Keighley where he made 57 appearances before retiring in 1989

International honours
Trevor Skerrett won caps for Wales while at Wakefield Trinity in 1978 against Australia, in 1979 against France, and England, in 1980 against France, and while at Hull in 1981 against France, and England, in 1984 against England, and won caps for Great Britain while at Wakefield Trinity in 1979 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and while at Hull in 1980 against New Zealand (2 matches), in 1981 against France (2 matches), and in 1982 against Australia (2 matches). In addition to these Test Matches, Skerrett played left- in Great Britain's 7–8 defeat by France in the friendly at Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo, Venice on Saturday 31 July 1982.

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Trevor Skerrett played right- in Wakefield Trinity's 3–12 defeat by Widnes in the 1979 Challenge Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1979, in front of a crowd of a crowd of 94,218, and played in Hull FC's 12–14 defeat by Featherstone Rovers in the 1983 Challenge Cup Final during the 1982–83 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 7 May 1983.

County Cup Final appearances
Trevor Skerrett played left- in Wakefield Trinity's 13–16 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1974 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 26 October 1974, played  left- in Hull FC's 18–7 victory over Bradford Northern in the 1982 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1982–83 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 2 October 1982, and played right- in the 13–2 victory over Castleford in the 1983 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 15 October 1983.

John Player Trophy Final appearances
Skerrett played  left- and was man of the match in Hull FC's 12–4 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1981–82 John Player Trophy Final during the 1981–82 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 23 January 1982.

Club honours
RL Challenge Cup: Winners 1982, Runners up: 1979, 1983

RL Championship (First Division): Winners 1982-83

Premiership Trophy: Runners Up 1981, 1982, 1983

Yorkshire Cup: Winners 1982–83, 1983–84, Runners Up 1974-75

John Player Trophy: Winners 1981-82

References

1953 births
Living people
English people of Welsh descent
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Keighley Cougars players
Leeds Rhinos players
People from Belle Isle, Leeds
Rugby league players from Leeds
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
Wakefield Trinity players
Wales national rugby league team captains
Wales national rugby league team players
Welsh rugby league players


ShoeMall.com is an online shop for men’s and women’s footwear based in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.   They are an entirely web based retailer developed in 1999 by parent company- Mason Companies.

History
ShoeMall.com was founded in 1999 in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.  It was founded by the parent company, Mason Companies, which is a family owned business founded in 1904 by August and Bert Mason.

In 1985, Mason started testing direct-to-consumer mail order catalogs featuring shoes and clothing for men and women. After years of direct sales interactions, the Mason salesmen program was eliminated on December 31, 1997, turning entirely to selling directly to the consumer through catalogs.

Online store
Following the success of the mail order catalogs, and the boom of internet retailing, Mason began ShoeMall.com, an entirely web-based subset of their company.  ShoeMall was launched in 1999 as an online footwear retailer.

The Better Business Bureau address an average of 120 complaints against Shoemall and its parent company annually.  As of November 4, 2019, the company earned a BBB rating of "F".

References

External links
Top Quality Sneakers

Shoe companies of the United States
Online retailers of the United States
American companies established in 1999
Retail companies established in 1999
Internet properties established in 1999
Footwear retailers of the United States
1999 establishments in Wisconsin


Fantasiestücke for clarinet and piano, Op. 73, were written in 1849 by Robert Schumann. Though they were originally intended for clarinet and piano, Schumann indicated that the clarinet part could be also performed on violin or cello.

History
Robert Schumann wrote the pieces over just two days in February 1849, and originally entitled them "Soirée Pieces" before settling on the title Fantasiestücke. The title is one Schumann was fond of, since he used it in several works. This poetic title promotes the fundamental Romantic notion that creative expression is the product of the artist's unrestricted imagination. In addition, the connotations of "fantasy" justify the sudden mood changes.

Description

The three individual pieces are:

The first piece is in A minor and begins dreamily with hints of melancholy, but concludes with a resolution and hope in A major, looking forward to the next movement.

The second piece is in A major and is playful, upbeat, energetic and positive, with a central section modulating to F major with chromatic triplets in dialogue with the piano.

The final piece is again in A major. The pace suddenly drives into a frenzy of passion and fiery energy, bordering on the irrational. The movement pushes the players to their limits as Schumann labels each of the last two sections (of three) of the coda "schneller" (faster). The movement ends exuberantly with a triumphant close.

See also
 Fantasiestücke, Op. 12
 Three Fantasiestücke, Op. 111

References

External links

Chamber music by Robert Schumann
Compositions for clarinet
1849 compositions


Dr. James Alfred Obita is a Ugandan politician.  By profession an industrial biochemist, he serves as the Secretary For External Affairs And Mobilisation, and Leader of Delegation for the Lord's Resistance Movement.

References

Ugandan politicians
Ugandan biochemists
Lord's Resistance Army rebels
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Celeste M. Riley (born February 4, 1960) is an American Democratic Party politician, who currently serves as the Clerk of Cumberland County, New Jersey. She previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2009 to 2015, where she represented the 3rd legislative district. Riley is the first woman to represent this district in the New Jersey Legislature.

Personal background
Riley is the daughter of Joseph J. Riley Sr., a physician who served on the Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders in the 1970s and ran unsuccessfully for the General Assembly in 1993. Her brother Joseph Jr. served one term on the Cumberland County Freeholder Board from 2007 to 2009.

Riley graduated from Cumberland Regional High School, earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in music from La Salle University and a Master's degree from Drexel University in arts administration. She later attended Cumberland County College where she received qualifications to teach computer technology. She taught for the Greenwich-Stow Creek Partnership Schools in Greenwich Township from 2001 to 2014.

Riley is a resident of Bridgeton, and is a member of the parish of The Holy Cross where she cantors. She is a member of Soroptimists International of Cumberland County, an organization devoted to fundraising for various woman's issues and scholarships. In April 2012, Riley was awarded the "Love Shouldn't Hurt" award from the I'm Free Mnistries, a Project of Gererations, Inc.   In 2011, Salem County Woman's Center recognized Assemblywoman Riley as "Person of the Year" for her efforts in support of victims of domestic violence.

First elected to the Bridgeton City Council in 2006, she later became City Council President. While on council she helped create the community pride program Building a Better Bridgeton (B3). She has two daughters from her first marriage, she is now married to Richard Dawson and has three stepdaughters.

Assembly career
In March 2009, 3rd District Assemblyman Douglas H. Fisher was appointed to head the New Jersey Department of Agriculture. Riley was chosen among a special convention of Cumberland, Gloucester, and Salem county Democrats to replace him in the Assembly. She was sworn in on March 19, 2009 becoming the first woman to represent the district.

In her final term in the Assembly, Riley served as Chair of the Higher Education Committee and was a member of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee and the Regulated Professions Committee.

Riley sponsored legislation (A-1491) that tightens restrictions on repeat domestic violence offenders by raising bail requirements. She also sponsored A1561, which creates a diversionary program designed to educate teens on the dangers of "sexting" instead of automatically criminalizing the behavior.

Riley sponsored legislation such as, A-3063 and A-3064 that would enhance the State's farm winery industry and could bring more tourism to the area.

The Assemblywoman sponsored legislation that would have increased State support during State Fiscal Year 2011 for the Pharmaceutical Assistance to the Aged and Disabled Program, the Senior Gold Prescription Discount Program and the Homestead Property Tax Rebate/Credit program.  Assemblywoman Riley has passed legislation that protects assisted living residents from eviction for using Medicaid, after reports from the state Office of the Public Advocate indicated that certain facilities were evicting patients after they exhausted their personal finances and were eligible for Medicaid, in favor of private-pay patients.

In New Jersey, it is no longer legal for employers to specify in their job ads that unemployed persons will not be considered.  Assemblywoman Riley was a primary sponsor in legislation that bans overt discrimination against the jobless in print or online was signed into law March 29, 2011, by Gov. Chris Christie and is the first legislation of its kind in the United States. Employers would face a penalty of $1,000 for the first offense and $5,000 for subsequent offenses.

In recognition of the importance of the American Red Cross, she was the primary sponsor of legislation, signed by Gov. Christie, that designates March as "American Red Cross" month for the State of New Jersey.

In the 2011 apportionment based on the results of the 2010 United States census, Dominick DiCicco was moved from the 4th Legislative District into District 3. John J. Burzichelli (with 25,172 votes) and Riley (23,960) won re-election, defeating DiCicco (20,268) and his running mate Bob Villare (20,528) DiCicco's loss made his seat the only gain by the Democrats in the Assembly in the 2011 election cycle.

District 3
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 3rd District during the time she was in the Assembly were:
Senate President Stephen M. Sweeney
Assemblyman John J. Burzichelli

County Clerk
In 2014, Riley challenged incumbent Republican Cumberland County Clerk Gloria Noto, a position she held for 20 years. Riley won the race defeating Noto by two percentage points. As a result of her win, Riley resigned her teaching and Assembly positions. Her term is for five years.

References

External links
Assemblywoman Riley's legislative web page, New Jersey Legislature
New Jersey Legislature financial disclosure forms
2012 2011 2010 2009 2008

1960 births
Living people
Drexel University alumni
La Salle University alumni
Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey city council members
County clerks in New Jersey
People from Bridgeton, New Jersey
Politicians from Cumberland County, New Jersey
Women city councillors in New Jersey
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians


The Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz (ELS) (in English Soyuz Launch Complex) is a launch complex at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou/Sinnamary, French Guiana. It was used by Soyuz-ST rockets: modified versions of the Soyuz-2 optimised for launch from Kourou under Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre programme.

History
The first launch to use the complex occurred on 21 October 2011, when a Soyuz ST-B launched the first two Galileo In Orbit Validation spacecraft.

The site's equatorial latitude allows a greater payload mass to be delivered into geosynchronous transfer orbit compared to existing Soyuz launch facilities at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

ELS is fifteen kilometres north-west of the launch facilities used by Ariane rockets.

It consists of a single launch pad, with a horizontal assembly and processing facility, or MIK, located 700 metres away. As with the Soyuz launch complexes at Baikonur and Plesetsk, the pad is connected to the MIK by means of a wide gauge railway, along which the rocket is transported before erection at the pad.

Unlike other Soyuz launch complexes, the pad features a mobile service tower, where the payload is integrated when the rocket is in the vertical position; at Baikonur and Plesetsk the payload is horizontally integrated in the MIK before the rocket is moved to the pad. The tower shrouds the rocket during integration, but is moved back to a safe distance (again on rails) prior to launch.

ELS also differs in having a fixed launch mount, rather than one which can be rotated, meaning that the rocket may need to execute a roll manoeuvre during its ascent to orbit. Earlier rockets in the R-7 family were incapable of rolling, so their launch complexes were built to allow launch azimuth to be adjusted before launch.

In 2015 after the quantity of payload orders requiring fuelling at the launch complex S3B site had been identified as a possible bottleneck in flight operations FCube, a new clean room fuelling facility dedicated to the Fregat upper stage and potentially additional small satellite payloads was built which will cut fuelling times from five weeks to as little as one.

On 26 February 2022, Roscosmos announced that it was suspending operations at ELS as a reaction to International Sanctions following the Russo-Ukrainian War. According to Stephane Israel, CEO of Arianespace, "there will no longer be Soyuz launches" from the Guiana Space Center.

Launch history

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures in Sinnamary
Guiana Space Centre


The siege of Groenlo was a siege of Groenlo or Grol in 1606 during the Dutch Revolt. It lasted from 3 to 14 August 1606 and ended in the city being captured from the United Provinces by a Spanish Empire force under Ambrosio Spinola. A few months later Prince Maurice attempted to retake the city but failed due to poor planning and an intervention by Spinola. Groenlo would remain in Spanish hands until another siege in 1627.

See also
 Íñigo de Borja, leader of the Antwerp garrison.

References

Bibliography

Groenlo
1606 in the Dutch Republic
1606 in the Habsburg Netherlands
17th-century military history of Spain
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Groenlo (1606)
Groenlo (1606)
Groenlo (1606)
Groenlo
History of Oost Gelre


Fin de la guerre (French for "End of War"; also called by its Spanish or Latin name, Fin de la Guerra or Finis Belli) was an Antwerpian rebel ship employed during the siege of Antwerp (1585) against the imperial Spanish forces.

The vessel resembled a huge floating fighting platform, featuring a castle in its center manned by a large number of guns and a thousand musketeers.  According to some sources, the ship was protected by thick iron plates. The defenders put great faith into the construction to relieve the siege, thus its name. When put into action, however, the vessel proved too heavy for the shallow waterways and soon ran aground, prompting some Spanish to call it mockingly Los gastos perdidos (The lost expenditure).

After one final, unsuccessful sortie, Antwerp was ultimately forced to surrender in August 1585.

Notes

Sources
 , books.google
 . Online at digizeitschriften.de
 Robert Henry Thurston: The Earliest Iron-Clad. In: Cassier’s Magazine. vol. 6, 1891, p. 312–314 archive.org.

See also
Revolt of the Netherlands
Santa Anna (1522 ship)

External links
Siege of Antwerp (1584–85)

16th century in Antwerp
Age of Sail naval ships of the Dutch Republic
16th-century ships


James H. Holdcroft (1874 – 1926) was a footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the mid-1890s

Career
Holdcroft joined Burslem Port Vale in March 1894. He made 12 Second Division appearances in the 1894–95 season and played 24 league and two FA Cup games in the 1895–96 campaign, as Vale lost their Football League status. He played 16 Midland League matches, before he was released from the Athletic Ground at the end of the 1896–97 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1874 births
1926 deaths
Footballers from Burslem
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players


Mark Jones is an English musician and the founder of Wall of Sound record label.

Early life
Mark was born in Hayes, Middlesex.  Jones went to art college and left after one day to form a visuals company called Pop with Michael Speechley.  He went on to work with Nicky Holloway, putting on the Special Branch parties at The Royal Oak, The Zoo, Rockley Sands, Mambo Madness and many other acid house parties such as Trip, Sin and Shoom.

Career
Jones formed the prock (pop/rock) band Perfect Day, who performed on Trevor and Simon on BBC Television, and appeared on the front cover of Just Seventeen and Jackie magazines. The band were signed by London Records, released 5 singles, and supported Bananarama on their 1998 tour.

After Perfect Day disbanded, he joined with Marc Lessner, and started working at Soul Trader record distributors one day a week, which soon turned into a full-time occupation.  There he started pressing and distributing deals for small labels and acts such as Kruder and Dorfmeister, Basement Jaxx and Larry Heard among others.  A compilation of these artists was made and entitled Give 'Em Enough Dope Vol.1, and in 1994 Wall of Sound was officially launched.

References

External links
wallofsound.net
A Perfect Day

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British pop musicians


Stacy Aline Singleton Head (born June 30, 1969) is an American lawyer and former president of the New Orleans City Council.

Early life and career
Stacy Head was born in 1969 as the daughter of the former Katherine Hamberlin and Ernest Lynn Singleton. She grew up in Greensburg, Saint Helena Parish, in southeastern Louisiana. She has a (younger) brother, Michael Lynn Singleton.

Head is by profession an attorney-at-law; she clerked for Phelps Dunbar LLC from 1991 to 1995 when she finished her juris doctor degree at Louisiana State University's Paul M. Hebert Law Center and began working for Stanley, Flanagan & Reuter LLC. Her association with politics had begun when, as an undergraduate, she worked for the Louisiana Legislature although at the time she anticipated no notion of ever seeking elective office. That interest began in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina when the New Orleans City Council "unanimously asked Gov. Kathleen Blanco to extend daylight-saving time just for Orleans Parish"—an idea which Head found not only "impractical" but also "tinged with mad futility"; she compared it to King Canute's attempt to hold back the sea. In June 2007 she completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government course for Senior Executives in State and Local Government.

Election to city council
Stacy Head was elected to the New Orleans City Council in 2006, defeating incumbent Renée Gill Pratt. Councilmember Head's candidacy benefited from concerns about governmental effectiveness and efficiency in dealing with Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath, developers who had obviated the desires of neighborhood residents, and affinities between incumbent Gill Pratt and then-Congressman William J. Jefferson (D), already under investigation on a variety of felony charges. Bruce Nolan of the Times-Picayune has described as "intense, caffeinated personal" Head's approach to her work on the Council. New Orleans writer Nordette Adams (nomme de plume Vérité Parlant) has described Head as a "drama queen" (together with less-flattering designations).

Garbage and e-mail controversies
In 2008, Councilmember Head began delving into the relationship between fees collected and services rendered by the Sanitation Department, which, along with its director Veronica White, was alleged by WWL-TV New Orleans Channel 4 (CBS) to be on too-friendly terms with the office of mayor Ray Nagin. The Council generally supported Head's inquiries.

Retaliation to garbage inquiry
White retaliated by giving thousands of e-mail messages, from the computer accounts of the four white members of the Council, to activist lawyer Tracie Washington, under the proviso of freedom of information but without proper redaction by city attorney Penya Moses-Fields, to remove statements protected by law. Washington, sympathetic to White, had set about to post the messages on the internet when a federal court, at the request of sources supportive of the Council, enjoined Washington from doing so and subpoenaed (and acquired) White's computers to thwart the possibility that messages on them from the Council might become published.

That e-mail controversy followed on the heels of an earlier e-mail controversy, after WWL-TV New Orleans Channel 4 (CBS) sued the mayor's office in an attempt to gain 6 months of e-mails as a public record.

In the context of the convoluted e-mail controversies Times-Picayune columnist Jarvis DeBerry proposed (perhaps tongue in cheek) that Council members communicate exclusively by means other than e-mail. DeBerry's column was met with a letter-to-the-editor rejoinder by Steven J. Lane (a legal counsel in the city attorney's office), who—after analyzing the potential insecurities of communication via snail-mail, fax, telephone, and face-to-face conversation—described DeBerry's recommendation as folly. DeBerry observed that Lane's assertions his office needed more time to vet the e-mails was met by Civil District Judge Madeleine Landrieu's retort that "We're not going to take thousands of hours"; then DeBerry commented:
I don't know how to reconcile Lane's suggestion that going through all the e-mails amounts to a Herculean task with Lane's suggestion that going through all the e-mails can take a few weeks with Lane's suggestion that going through all the e-mails can take "thousands of hours."

On 2009 May 27 the Times-Picayune reported that the number of e-mails involved in the suit by WWL-TV was 135,144 and that vetting of them could take up to 15 months, despite a cautionary statement that "We're not going to take thousands of hours" by District Judge Madeleine Landrieu. On 2009 May 29 the Times-Picayune editorialized against a request by Lane that Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell issue a legal opinion on the amount of time available to redact the e-mails and the nature of information which can be withheld. The editorial insisted that
The state's Open Records Act is a straightforward statute, with ample jurisprudence and set mechanisms for resolving disputes in court.

Internet posting
On 2009 May 13, prior to a stay ordered by the state supreme court, Washington briefly posted on the internet certain of Head's e-mail messages. The messages, wrote Bruce Eggler in the Times-Picayune, appeared to have been chosen to cause her [Councilmember Head] maximum personal and political embarrassment.

They contain disparaging references to City Councilwoman Jackie Clarkson and other public figures and an irate description of the allegedly extravagant purchases of a food-stamp recipient in line ahead of Head at a grocery. In the latter message, Head, a Democrat, threatens to vote for "the freak" Republican presidential candidate John McCain and his "trash bag" running mate, Sarah Palin.

Observing that in the e-mails Head had labeled Clarkson an "ASSS" (sic), James Gill took the occasion to criticize Head's spelling:

It is quite an achievement for an elected official to turn off Democrats and Republicans in one sentence, and no doubt Head will be more careful with her e-mails from now on. Perhaps that will improve her spelling.

When Head began publishing the e-mail messages herself on 2009 May 18, she was promptly interviewed by WDSU-TV. In the interview Head said that "The person who hates me deep down more than anything has had my e-mails" in referring to Tracie Washington.

As Head's e-mail messages became public, by 2009 June 25 it was apparent that "hostility" (the word used by the Times-Picayune) between Head and Washington involved assessments of Washington's house, messages by Head to her lawyer confidante Nyka Scott alleging that Washington's home had been under-valued by the assessor to lower Washington's taxes. Head's e-mail also revealed thoughts and potential plans for a retaliatory demonstration in front of Washington's house after a demonstration by Washington's supporters in front of Head's house. Head had incorrectly indicated Washington's house as being in the assessment territory of assessor Nancy Marshall, but the property is actually in the territory of assessor Henry Heaton. Both Marshall and Heaton said that Head had never communicated with either of them about the valuation of Washington's property—a request that they said would have been unethical in that the City Council reviews appeals of assessments retroactively but does not interfere with assessments of individuals proactively. City Council president Arnie Fielkow clarified:
I don't think it's right of us that are privileged to be on City Council to be asking others to look at assessments of particular people. I think that's very wrong.

Head denied that alleging an underassessed value for Washington's property had anything to do with their nemesis relationship:
If somebody has done something that I perceive is wrong, are they then immune from me taking any appropriate action? I can't live that way. I try very hard to be even in the way that I deal with things. There are multiple entities that I've reported to the IRS, multiple entities that I've reported to the assessor as questionable nonprofit status.

On 2009 December 7 an echo of the e-mail controversies reverberated when New Orleans police chief Warren J. Riley claimed that Head had written a derogatory e-mail about him. He had apparently trashed the e-mail and was unable to retrieve it when questioned at a press conference.

Recall drive
Councilmember Head faced a recall petition in late 2008 continuing into 2009, ostensibly for not representing the African American community and then for her support of Republican candidate Anh "Joseph" Cao, in his successful 2008 challenge to incumbent Democratic U.S. Representative William J. Jefferson, considered Gill Pratt's ally or even mentor. Two days (on 2009 December 8) after Cao's victory, WDSU-TV carried a statement by Mayor Nagin that Head had made "race-baiting" comments. The vitriolic quality of the environment had already been evident in allegations on a left-wing web site dubbing Head a "notorious racist and poor people hater" as well as a "partner in evil" with fellow Council member James Carter, an African American. The recall petition officially began on 2008 November 3, when recall leader Malcolm Suber formed, for the purpose, an organization calling itself Citizens for Accountability and Transparency in Government (CATG). On 2009 March 9, a week after the petition garnered the support of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Suber claimed to have collected over half the requisite signatures, despite protests from African American constituents who defended Head on WDSU-TV New Orleans Channel 6 (NBC). James Gill, Times-Picayune essayist, lampooned the situation with a column titled "Of all the accusations against Stacy Head, only one sticks—she's white"  (Suber is black; Cao is Vietnamese American). Head dismissed the leaders of the petition to recall her as "poverty pimps" pursuing their own agendas. Political scientist Ed Chervenak described the recall effort as the "opening shot in an anybody-but-Head councilmanic campaign" to emerge in Summer 2009. Head at first declined to indicate her reelection plans or lack of them but soon, and generally, indicated to WDSU-TV and WIST-Radio New Orleans AM 690 (Fox News Radio) her intention to be a candidate for 2010 reelection. The recall drive failed to produce the required 18,000 signatures within 180 days. Head had this to say about the leaders of the recall:
Given the momentum that reform and progressive politics has  had recently, they are, I'm sure, having trouble dealing with their obsolescence. . . . This is a last-ditch effort to maintain relevance.

As of 2009 July 23, no challenger had "stepped up" explicitly. Head was reelected on 2010 February 6 with 67 percent (10132 votes) to 33 percent (5021) for Corey Watson, an electrical engineer and minister whose father had founded New Orleans' Watson Memorial United Ministries.

Head subsequently endorsed Cao in his 2010 reelection campaign in which he was challenged by Democrat Cedric Richmond.

Mayor's outlook and Jefferson factor
In a mid-March 2009 interview on WVUE-TV New Orleans Channel 8 (Fox), Nagin said, with regard to the councilmembers' e-mail messages, that White had "followed the policy"; Nagin declined, however, to rule out disciplinary action in either White's case or that of the city's Chief Technology Officer, Harrison Boyd, who supplied the e-mail messages to her. But simultaneously, in another proceeding, Nagin had been defending his own e-mails from disclosure, whereupon Times-Picayune columnist Stephanie Grace accused him of "inconsistency" and noted a similar behavior with respect to New Orleans Katrina-recovery czar Ed Blakely; Grace wrote:
The fact that many of the mayor's records had been purged didn't come to light until WWL went to court. In a separate suit . . . outgoing Recovery Director Ed Blakely said in an affidavit that he deleted most of his e-mails after being told that his inbox had exceeded its space limit. The message came two months after the [Times-Picayune] newspaper requested the records.

On 2009 May 22, James Gill posited a network of individuals tied to former congressman Jefferson (whom Mayor Nagin had endorsed for reelection) as out to get Head's head. Gill noted that Gill Pratt had been Jefferson's aide when Jefferson served two terms in the Louisiana Senate a generation earlier, from which position she advanced to the state House of Representatives and then to the New Orleans City Council, all the while, according to Gill, steering "vast sums of money to non-profits established by Jefferson's brother, Mose Jefferson, and his sister, Property Tax Assessor Betty Jefferson"; then "the Jeffersons just helped themselves to the money" until Mose was "charged with bribing" the Orleans Parish School Board. Head was a fly in the Jeffersons' ointment as she upended Gill Pratt from reelection to the City Council. Renée Gill Pratt, the columnist said, was at the "Celebration of Service" staged for Jefferson two weeks prior to the start of his 2009 June 2 trial on 16 felony counts. As Gill Pratt—after Head defeated her for reelection—was appointed director of one of the Jeffersons' non-profits, Tracie Washington came on the scene, organizing a "Justice for Jefferson Steering Committee" in which she, as chairwoman, said that the "Machiavellian twisting of Karl Rove and his Brownshirts" had been directed, in league with the press, at Jefferson as victim. Head provided additional effrontery by endorsing Joseph Cao, the Republican who ousted Jefferson from Congress. On 2009 August 5, virtually 7 months after the day when Cao defeated him, William J. Jefferson was convicted on 11 felony counts; two weeks later Mose Jefferson was convicted on four counts involving bribery.

In the meantime Head had continued assaulting the garbage-collection fees, on 2009 July 30 proposing to eliminate general-fund subsidies to the fees so that residents, irrespective of neighborhood, would face the actual costs on their bills. Councilwoman Cynthia Hedge-Morrell countered that "I don't think that will pass" whereupon Head responded:
We always want to get something for nothing in government. . . ; our job . . . is to get people to the harsh reality that we have to pay for services.

S&WB controversy
In 2012 Head sought election to an at-large seat on the New Orleans City Council. As a member of the city's Sewerage and Water Board (S&WB), she had information on subsidized rates charged to public entities such as firehouses and asserted that the lower rates cause some of the public entities to waste water at the expense of other subscribers. She alleged situations of water use by public entities which were really required to be free under state law.

Representative at-large
After besting Cynthia Willard-Lewis for the at-large seat, Head soon attracted the ire of council members Jon D. Johnson and Cynthia Hedge-Morrell for announcing plans by Big Lots to open a store in New Orleans East (an earlier Big Lots store there closed after Hurricane Katrina in 2005). Hedge-Morrell asserted that the announcement should have been made by Johnson, in whose district the store was to go, or jointly by Johnson and Head. Johnson said that he had delayed making an announcement because Big Lots' plans were still unconcluded. Another perception of the situation was that Head was merely repaying in kind the votes by Johnson and Willard-Lewis to block Head's nomination of Errol George to replace Head in the District B seat, which instead went to Diana Bajoie.

Personal life
Head is married to accountant Jeremy Thomas Head, and the couple have two children. The family attends Trinity Episcopal Church. As a teenager she was chosen queen of the Oyster Festival in Amite, the parish seat of Tangipahoa Parish.

Election history
Councilmember, New Orleans District B, 2006

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, 2006 April 22

Second Ballot, 2006 May 20

First Ballot, 2012 March 24

Second Ballot, 2012 April 21

See also

 Anh "Joseph" Cao
 Jacquelyn Brechtel Clarkson
 Cheryl A. Gray Evans
 William J. Jefferson
 Helena Moreno
 Rosalind Peychaud
 Jim Singleton
 Cynthia Willard-Lewis

Notes

External links
 Stacy Head - Veronica White altercation, New Orleans City Council video on YouTube
 New Orleans City Council argues over trash pickup, WWL-TV New Orleans Channel 4 (CBS) on YouTube

1969 births
American Episcopalians
American whistleblowers
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana lawyers
Louisiana State University Law Center alumni
New Orleans City Council members
People from Kentwood, Louisiana
People from Greensburg, Louisiana
Women city councillors in Louisiana
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians


Francis Gómez (born October 1, 1968) is a retired female judoka from Venezuela. She competed for her native South American country at the 1996 Summer Olympics, where she lost in the semifinals of the Women's Half-Heavyweight (– 72 kg) division to France's Estha Essombe. Gómez claimed a total number of three medals during her career at the Pan American Games.

References

1968 births
Living people
Venezuelan female judoka
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Venezuela
Judoka at the 1991 Pan American Games
Judoka at the 1995 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Venezuela
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
Pan American Games medalists in judo
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
20th-century Venezuelan women


A pole marquee  or pole tent is a variety of large tent often used to shelter summer events such as shows, festivals, and weddings. They are particularly associated with typical English country garden weddings and village fetes.

The simple design has changed little in thousands of years. A pole marquee consists of a roof canopy supported by tall central poles ("king poles") tensioned using side lines connected to ground pins (or stakes) and smaller supporting poles ("side poles"). The king poles support the bulk of the weight, while the side poles give the fabric shape.

Originally, they were manufactured from cotton canvas covers, wooden poles, and hessian rope but they have been largely replaced with more modern materials. In the United Kingdom, hire companies offer "American-style" pole tents with PVC covers, aluminium poles, and nylon ropes.

The introduction of modern fabrics extends the shelf life of the marquees, as they are far more easily cleaned. Canvas marquees are still available and in recent years have been having a resurgence as natural materials are appreciated again.

One of the benefits of canvas is that it is more breathable compared to PVC (which traps the air and raises the temperature inside it); such a marquee is more comfortable in hot summer weather while remaining watertight in the event of rain.

It is inadvisable to use a pole tent during winter months. A combination of wet, or damp ground and the height of the structure means that they are susceptible to damage during high winds. In short, pole marquees are most suitable for events held between June and September.

References
Performance Textiles Association - A Useful Guide to Marquees

External links

Portable buildings and shelters


Apple Push Notification service (commonly referred to as Apple Notification Service or APNs) is a platform notification service created by Apple Inc. that enables third party application developers to send notification data to applications installed on Apple devices. The notification information sent can include badges, sounds, newsstand updates, or custom text alerts. It was first launched with iOS 3 on June 17, 2009. APNs support for local applications was later added to the Mac OS X API beginning with the release of Mac OS X 10.7 ("Lion"). Support for website notifications was later added with the release of Mac OS X 10.9 ("Mavericks").

History
Apple announced the service on June 9, 2008 with an original stated release for that September; however, as stated by Scott Forstall at the iOS 3.0 preview event on March 17, 2009, the rollout was delayed after a decision to restructure the APNs for scalability purposes due to the allegedly "overwhelming" response to the announcement of the APNs. At both events, Forstall stated that push notifications better conserve battery than background processes (which are used in pull technology) for receiving notifications.

APNs was first launched together with iOS 3.0 on June 17, 2009. The release of iOS 5.0 included a Notification Center, adding support for receiving and reading local notifications in a single place.

APNs was also added as an API to Mac OS X 10.7 ("Lion") so that developers could begin updating their third-party applications and start utilizing the service. Support was later improved in OS X 10.8 ("Mountain Lion") with the introduction of a Notification Center. As with iOS 5.0, the improvement allowed users to manage and read their received notifications in a single location. The release of OS X 10.9 ("Mavericks") included Safari 7.0, which added support for accepting and receiving APNs notifications from websites that the user granted permission to.

Technical details

In 2014, the maximum size allowed for a notification payload sent through the binary interface was increased from 256 bytes to 2 kilobytes. In December 2015, a new HTTP/2 provider API was released by Apple, effectively replacing the now-legacy binary interface. The maximum notification payload size allowed using the HTTP/2 API is 4 kilobytes. Apple shut down the legacy binary API at the end of March 2021.

The HTTP/2 provider for APNs uses TCP port 443 as the main port of communication, but developers are also allowed to use TCP port 2197 if outbound access to port 443 is blocked by firewalls.

See also
 iMessage
 FaceTime
 Firebase Cloud Messaging
 SQL Server Notification Services
 Microsoft Notification Protocol
 Push email
 Windows Notification Service

References

External links

 Apple Push Notification Service Documentation
 iOS: Understanding Notifications

Apple Inc. services
IOS
MacOS
Push technology


Colin George Prophett (born 8 March 1947 in Crewe) is a former professional footballer. He was a defender who played for Sheffield Wednesday, Norwich City, Swindon Town, Chesterfield and Crewe Alexandra.

Prophett made his league debut on 6 September 1969 for Sheffield Wednesday in an away match at Arsenal.

References
Canary Citizens by Mark Davage, John Eastwood, Kevin Platt, published by Jarrold Publishing, (2001),

External links
Colin Prophett at Swindon-Town-FC.co.uk

1947 births
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Matlock Town F.C. players
Heanor Town F.C. players
Alfreton Town F.C. players
Living people
Footballers from Crewe
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
People educated at Ruskin High School, Crewe


Lycaena epixanthe, also known as the bog copper or cranberry-bog copper, is a North American species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.  Adults like to sip drops of dew clinging to leaves and almost exclusively nectar on their host plant, cranberries.  Because of this, bog coppers will spend their entire lives within the area of a single acid bog.  Even though their flight is weak and close to the ground, bog coppers are hard to catch because of the habitat in which they live.  Also, 85% of the bog coppers life span is spent in the egg. It is listed as a species of special concern in the US state of Connecticut.

Description
The bog copper is the smallest North American copper.  The upper side of the males wings is dark gray-brown with a purplish sheen (it glows under UV light very strongly).  The male has very few black basal spots on the fore wing. The hind wing outer margin has orange markings. The upper side of the females wings is very similar to the males except the female has a lighter purplish iridescence. The underside of the wings in both sexes varies from whitish-gray to yellowish-tan. The wingspan measures .

Similar species
Similar species in the bog copper's range include the purplish copper (Lycaena helloides) and the dorcas copper (Lycaena dorcas).  Another butterfly that is similar to the Lycaena epixanthe is the Lycaena hetereonea, except the blue color is on the upper side and the brown color is on the underside of the wing.

The purplish copper is larger, the female has a lot of orange on the upper side, and both sexes have a conspicuous orange submarginal line on the upper side of the hind wing.

The dorcas is larger, the male has more black spots on the upper side, the female has more orange on the upper side, and the underside of the wings is pinkish-brown or tan with a red-orange hind wing submarginal line.

Habitat
The only habitat in which bog coppers occur are acid bogs with cranberries.  Thus conservation of acid bog habitats is essential for this butterfly.

Flight
This species is on the wing mostly from late June to early August (mid-June to mid-July near Ottawa, mid-June to early July in New Jersey, and mid-June to mid-August in Maine).

Life cycle
Males perch on low foliage (usually cranberry) all day from 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. to await females.  If a male sees a female passing by, he will pursue her.  When she lands, the male will land behind her, vibrate his wings, and then they will mate.  If the female has already mated or does not want to mate, she will vibrate her wings and then the male will leave.  Females lay their eggs singly on the underside of host plant leaves a few inches above the bog surface.  The whitish egg can withstand flooding.  The larva is bluish-green with a darker green middorsal stripe.  The bog copper larva is the only copper that feeds on cranberries.  The chrysalis is pale yellow-green to green with brown and white markings.  Rarely, the chrysalis can be solid dark purple.  The egg overwinters, usually under water with the larva fully developed inside.  It has 1 brood per year.

Food plants
The larvae feed upon  shrubby cranberries in the heath family (Ericaceae).
Here is a list of host plants used by the bog copper:
 Large cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon
 Small cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos

The adults feed on water and nectar from cranberry flowers.

References

External links
Bog copper, Butterflies of Canada

Butterflies of North America
Lycaena
Butterflies described in 1835
Taxa named by John Eatton Le Conte


The following highways are numbered 445:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 445
New Brunswick Route 445

Japan
 Japan National Route 445

United States
  Florida State Road 445
  County Road 445 (Hernando County, Florida)
  Indiana State Road 445
  Louisiana Highway 445
  Maryland Route 445
  Nevada State Route 445
  New Jersey Route 445 (unsigned designation for the Palisades Interstate Parkway)
 New Jersey Route 445S
  New Mexico State Road 445
  North Carolina Highway 445
  Pennsylvania Route 445
  Puerto Rico Highway 445
  South Carolina Highway 445 (former)
  Tennessee State Route 445
 Texas
  Texas State Highway Loop 445
  Farm to Market Road 445


The paradox of analysis (or Langford–Moore paradox) is a paradox that concerns how an analysis can be both correct and informative.  The problem was formulated by philosopher G. E. Moore in his book Principia Ethica, and first named by C. H. Langford in his article "The Notion of Analysis in Moore's Philosophy" (in The Philosophy of G. E. Moore, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, Northwestern University, 1942, pp. 319–342).

The paradox
A conceptual analysis is something like the definition of a word.  However, unlike a standard dictionary definition (which may list examples or talk about related terms as well), a completely correct analysis of a concept in terms of others seems like it should have exactly the same meaning as the original concept.  Thus, in order to be correct, the analysis should be able to be used in any context where the original concept is used, without changing the meaning of the discussion in context.  Conceptual analyses of this sort are a major goal of analytic philosophy.

However, if such an analysis is to be useful, it should be informative.  That is, it should tell us something we don't already know (or at least, something one can imagine someone might not already know).  But it seems that no conceptual analysis can both meet the requirement of correctness and of informativeness, on these understandings of the requirements.

To see why, consider a potential simple analysis:

(1) For all x (any given member of a class or set), x is a brother if and only if x is a male sibling

One can say that (1) is correct because the expression "brother" represents the same concept as the expression "male sibling," and (1) seems to be informative because the two expressions are not identical.  And if (1) is truly correct, then "brother" and "male sibling" must be interchangeable:

(2) For all x, x is a brother if and only if x is a brother

Yet (2) is not informative, so either (1) is not informative, or the two expressions used in (1) are not interchangeable (because they change an informative analysis into an uninformative one) so (1) is not actually correct.  In other words, if the analysis is correct and informative, then (1) and (2) must be essentially equal, but this is not true because (2) is not informative.  Therefore, it seems an analysis cannot be both correct and informative at the same time.

Proposed resolutions
One way to resolve this paradox is to redefine what is an analysis.  In explaining the paradox, a potential analysis is assumed to be a relation between concepts rather than the verbal expressions used to illustrate them.  If the verbal expression is part of the analysis, then we shouldn't expect complete intersubstitutivity even in cases of correct analyses.  However, this response seems to move the notion of analysis into mere linguistic definition, rather than doing interesting work with concepts.

Another response is to bite the bullet and just say that correct analyses are uninformative — which then raises the question of what positive cognitive notion should be used instead of this one, if any.

One further response would be to take Willard Van Orman Quine's position and reject the notion of conceptual analysis altogether. This is a natural response to the rejection of the analytic–synthetic distinction.

Origins
The paradox is a reformulation of Meno's paradox from Plato's dialogue of the same name:  Any new knowledge is either the same as what is already known, and therefore not informative, or else different from what is already known, and therefore not verifiable (or reachable by analytic logic).

See also

 Sense and reference

Notes

References
 "George Edward Moore (1873—1958)," by Aaron Preston, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/moore>.
 "Definição", by Dirk Greimann, Compêndio em Linha de Filosofia Analítica, <https://web.archive.org/web/20150622064448/http://www.compendioemlinha.com/uploads/6/7/1/6/6716383/greimann-definicao.pdf>
 "Analysis," by Michael Beaney, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/analysis/>.
 "Analysis, Language, and Concepts: the Second Paradox of Analysis," by Filicia Ackerman, Philosophical Perspectives, Vol. 4, Action Theory and Philosophy of Mind (1990), pp. 535–543

Analysis
Definition
Philosophical paradoxes
Analytic philosophy