Renee Danielle Montgomery (born December 2, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player, sports broadcaster and activist who is currently vice president, part-owner, and investor of the Atlanta Dream, and one of three owners of the FCF Beasts Indoor Football Team; making her the first player in the WNBA to become an owner and executive of a team and first female owner in the FCF. During her 11-year playing career in the Women's National Basketball Association, she won two championships with the Minnesota Lynx in 2015 and 2017. During her college playing career, she won a national championship with the UConn Huskies in 2009. In 2020, Montgomery opted-out of the WNBA season in protest of police brutality, bringing forth awareness throughout the league and leading to multiple campaigns dedicated to human rights.

High school
Montgomery was a high school teammate of fellow future WNBA player Alexis Hornbuckle at South Charleston High School, where she was a captain each year of her high school career. She led the school to the West Virginia state Championships three times, averaging 22.5 points, six assists, five rebounds and five steals while leading the school to the West Virginia Class AAA Final as a senior. She also played on the varsity soccer team.

College career
She attended the University of Connecticut.

Freshman year
She started 35 of the Huskies' 37 games at point guard and was named 2006 Big East Freshman of the Year.

Sophomore year
Montgomery started in all 36 games as the Huskies' point guard.  She tallied double-figure points in 29 games, including four 20-point plus scoring efforts.  Montgomery led the team with a 13.3 scoring average and 163 assists.  She was named first team All-Big East.  In addition, Montgomery led the USA U-20 National Team to a gold medal during the summer prior to the start of the season at the FIBA U-20 Championship for Women in Mexico City.

Junior year
Montgomery was selected as an All-Big East First Team choice for the second consecutive season. She was also selected to the All-Big East Tournament Team for the third consecutive season.  Montgomery moved to the shooting guard slot on January 19, following a season-ending injury to Mel Thomas, after playing the majority of her career at point guard.  She passed the 1,000 point mark in an 82–71 UConn win over North Carolina on January 21, 2008, at Gampel Pavilion.  The Huskies lost in the Final Four to Stanford and finished the season at 36–2.

Senior year
Montgomery reached double figure points in all but four games this season, and led the Huskies to a 39–0 season and her first and only National Championship.  She finished her career in the Top Ten of many categories in the UConn women's basketball recordbooks including No. 1 in games played (150), No. 6 in career points (1,990), No. 6 in FG's (703), No. 4 in 3pt FG's (254), No. 9 in FT's (330), No. 3 in Assists (632), and No. 5 in Steals (266).  She was the first Husky to be recognized in the "Huskies of Honor" while still playing in a Husky uniform.

Sports Illustrated did a series of thirteen photographs featuring teams chasing or achieving perfect seasons—an entire season without a loss. The photograph of Coach Geno Auriemma embracing Renee Montgomery during the 2008–09 season is included in the collection.

Professional career

WNBA

Montgomery was selected fourth overall in the 2009 WNBA draft by the Minnesota Lynx.

In 2010, Montgomery was traded to the Connecticut Sun, as part of a trade involving Minnesota native Lindsay Whalen and the first pick in the 2010 draft, with which the Sun selected Tina Charles, Montgomery's former college teammate. In college, Montgomery wore 20 as a uniform number. Players often become attached to their numbers, some more than others. Renee liked her number so much that her personal website is  reneemontgomery20.com. The Sun also added veteran Kara Lawson to the team, who had worn No. 20 in college and with the Sacramento Monarchs, so Montgomery wore No. 21 for the Sun.

During the 2009–10 collegiate basketball season, Montgomery occasionally worked as a color commentator for women's college games broadcast on the ESPN family of networks.

During the 2011 WNBA season, Montgomery had the best season of her career once she became the starting point guard for the Sun. She averaged 14.6 ppg and was voted as an all-star for the first time in her career.

In 2012, Montgomery came off the bench for the Sun, but was still effective, averaging 11.6 ppg and winning WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year. The Sun made it to the playoffs that year and were one win away from advancing to the Finals, but were eliminated by the eventual champions Indiana Fever in game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals.

On January 28, 2015, the Connecticut Sun traded Montgomery along with their third and fifteen overall picks in the 2015 WNBA draft to the Seattle Storm in exchange for Camille Little and Shekinna Stricklen.

On July 20, 2015, Montgomery was reacquired by the Minnesota Lynx in a trade for Monica Wright. Montgomery ended up winning her first WNBA championship with the Lynx after they defeated the Indiana Fever in the Finals.

In 2016, Montgomery played a full season for the Lynx for the first time since her rookie season. She averaged 7.5 ppg off the bench and the Lynx were in the hunt to win back-to-back championships, but lost to the Los Angeles Sparks in the Finals.

In 2017, Montgomery averaged 8.0 ppg and achieved a new career-high in field goal shooting percentage. Montgomery also started in 12 of 34 games played while Whalen was sidelined with a hand injury. The Lynx continued to be a championship contender in the league after making it to the Finals for the sixth time in seven seasons, setting up a rematch with the Sparks. This time the Lynx would win in 5 games, winning their fourth championship in seven seasons, tying the now-defunct Houston Comets for most championship titles.

On February 1, 2018, Montgomery signed a multi-year contract with the Atlanta Dream. She would be the starting point guard for the team. On August 12, 2018, Montgomery scored a season-high 30 points along with a career-high 8 three-pointers in an 86–77 victory over the New York Liberty, tying the regular season record for most three-pointers in a game. She also hit 7 of her 8 three-pointers in the second half, breaking the WNBA record for most three-pointers in a half. By the end of the season, Montgomery set the franchise record for most three-pointers made in a season. The Dream finished 23–11 with the number 2 seed in the league, receiving a double-bye to the semi-finals. Without the team's leading scorer Angel McCoughtry, who was sidelined with a knee injury, the Dream were short-handed in the playoffs and lost in five games to the Washington Mystics.

In June 2020, Montgomery announced that she would forgo the 2020 WNBA season due to concerns of racism and the coronavirus. In February 2021, she announced her retirement from the WNBA.

Overseas
In the 2009-10 off-season, Montgomery played in Lithuania for BC VIČI-Aistės Kaunas. In the 2010-11 off-season, she played in Israel for Maccabi Bnot Ashdod. In the 2012-13 off-season, she played in Russia for Nadezhda Orenburg. In the 2013–14 off-season, she played for Tarsus in Turkey and for Vologda-Chevakata in Russia; in the 2014-15 off-season, she again played for Vologda-Chevakata. In the 2015-16 off-season, she played in Australia for the Canberra Capitals. She signed with Basket 90 Gdynia in Poland for the 2016-17 off-season. In 2017, Montgomery signed with Maccabi Ramat Hen of the Israeli League for the 2017-18 off-season.

USA Basketball

Montgomery was invited to the USA Basketball Women's National Team training camp in the fall of 2009. The team selected to play for the FIBA World Championship and the Summer Olympics is usually chosen from these participants.

At the conclusion of the training camp, the team traveled to Ekaterinburg, Russia, where they competed in the 2009 UMMC Ekaterinburg International Invitational.

Montgomery was one of twenty players named to the national team pool, from which twelve players would be chosen to represent the US in the 2010 FIBA World Championships and the 2012 Olympics.

Montgomery was named as one of the National team members to represent the USA Basketball team in the WNBA versus USA Basketball. This game replaced the normal WNBA All-Star game with WNBA All-Stars versus USA Basketball, as part of the preparation for the FIBA World Championship for Women to be held in the Czech Republic during September and October 2010.

Career statistics

College

WNBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 34 || 9 || 22.5 || .408 || .347 || .833 || 1.9 || 2.1 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 1.9 || 9.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 34 || 23 || 27.6 || .401 || .349 || .855 || 2.2 || 4.1 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 2.2 || 13.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 34 || 34 || 29.1 || .400 || .384 || .829 || 2.1 || 4.9 || 1.4 || 0.1 || 2.6 || 14.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 34 || 0 || 24.0 || .348 || .364 || .848 || 1.9 || 2.6 || 1.0 || 0.1 || 2.2 || 11.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 23 || 18 || 27.2 || .365 || .327 || .897|| 1.8 || 3.1 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 2.4 || 10.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 33 || 0 || 16.2 || .373 || .330 || .775 || 0.8 || 2.4 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 1.3 || 6.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015*
| style="text-align:left;"| Seattle
| 17 || 2 || 17.8 || .377 || .392 || .870 || 1.8 || 3.0 || 0.9 || 0.2 || 2.0 || 7.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015*
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 17 || 5 || 17.9 || .368 || .232 || .714 || 1.2 || 2.5 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 1.0 || 5.7
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2015†
| style="text-align:left;"| Total
| 34 || 7 || 17.8 || .372 || .312 || .759 || 1.5 || 2.7 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 1.0 || 6.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 34 || 2 || 19.3 || .397 || .321 || .828 || 0.9 || 2.8 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 1.7 || 7.5
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2017†
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 34 || 12 || 21.8 || .424 || .358 || .842 || 1.6 || 3.4 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 1.7 || 8.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 34 || 34 || 27.5 || .389 || .371 || .881 || 1.7 || 3.7 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 1.6 || 10.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 34 || 34 || 27.9 || .370 || .324 || .824 || 2.2 || 2.6 || 0.9 || 0.2 || 1.9 || 9.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"| 10 years, 5 teams
| 364 || 173 || 23.6 || .386 || .347 || .840 || 1.7 || 3.1 || 1.0 || 0.1 || 1.9 || 9.7

Postseason

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 2 || 2 || 28.5 || .471 || .333 || .875 || 1.5 || 4.5 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 3.5 || 13.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
| 5 || 0 || 24.0 || .393 || .412 || .833 || 1.2 || 3.4 || 0.4 || 0.0 || 1.4 || 6.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2015†
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 9 || 0 || 9.7 || .478 || .308 || .875 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 3.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 8 || 0 || 12.6 || .370 || .444 || .900 || 0.4 || 1.9 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 1.0 || 4.1
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2017†
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 8 || 0 || 17.1 || .449 || .393 || .500 || 1.3 || 1.9 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 1.2 || 7.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 5 || 5 || 31.7 || .293 || .286 || .846 || 2.0 || 4.2 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 1.8 || 8.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|6 years, 3 teams
| 37 || 7 || 17.9 || .400 || .356 || .851 || 0.9 || 2.3 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 1.2 || 6.1

Post-playing career

Ownership of Atlanta Dream
In February 2021, Montgomery was part of a three-member investor group that was approved to purchase the Atlanta Dream. The ownership change followed pressure on former owner Kelly Loeffler, a Republican former U.S. Senator who had angered WNBA players with her opposition to the league's racial justice initiatives, to sell her share of the Dream. Loeffler had previously refused a visit with Montgomery on social justice initiatives.

Ownership of FCF Beasts
On January 4, 2021, Montgomery joined Miro and Marshawn Lynch as a partial owner of the FCF Beasts of Fan Controlled Football.

Broadcasting
In 2020, Montgomery began working as a studio analyst for Fox Sports Southeast's broadcasts of Atlanta Hawks games. She had previously appeared on the network as a guest analyst.

In March 2021, Montgomery was announced as the co-host of a Crooked Media podcast titled Takeline with Jason Concepcion.

Montgomery called 2021 NCAA women's basketball tournament games for ESPN alongside Beth Mowins.

In September 2021, Montgomery joined Meadowlark Media, for which she makes the podcast Montgomery & Co..

Personal life
In April 2020, Montgomery married music artist Sirena Grace.

Awards and honors
 2005 McDonald's All-America.
 2005 Gatorade West Virginia High School Player of the Year.
 2005 Street & Smith Third Team All-America.
 2005 Associated Press West Virginia Player of the Year.
 2005 WBCA Honorable Mention All-America.
 2004 Street & Smith Third Team All-America.
 2003 Street & Smith Honorable Mention All-America
 2009 Nancy Lieberman Award – Top Point Guard
 2009 Honda Sports Award, basketball
 2009 Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup
 2009 Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award
 2009 Gazette Sportsperson of the Year

See also
 List of Connecticut women's basketball players with 1000 points

References

External links

 UConn Husky Bio
 WNBA bio

1986 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American women's basketball players
Atlanta Dream owners
Basketball players from West Virginia
Connecticut Sun players
LGBT basketball players
LGBT people from West Virginia
Lesbian sportswomen
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Minnesota Lynx draft picks
Minnesota Lynx players
People from St. Albans, West Virginia
Sportspeople from South Charleston, West Virginia
Point guards
Seattle Storm players
South Charleston High School alumni
UConn Huskies women's basketball players
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
American LGBT sportspeople


This page shows the results of the Bowling Competition for men and women at the 1991 Pan American Games, held from August 2 to August 18, 1991 in Havana, Cuba. The event was included for the first time at the Pan American Games.

Having been held at the Games as a demonstration sport in 1983, the sport was given full status by the Pan American Sports Organization Council in 1986. The 1991 edition represented the first time that athletes' performances counted towards the Pan American Games medal table.

Men's competition

Masters

Teams

Women's competition

Masters

Teams

Medal table

References
 Sports 123
 bowlingdigital

Events at the 1991 Pan American Games
1991
1991 in bowling


Marianus is a male name, formerly an Ancient Roman family name, derived from Marius. Marianus may refer to:

Marianus of Auxerre (died 462 or 473), French monk and saint
Marianus Scotus of Mainz (1028–1082 or -83), otherwise Máel Brigte (Devotee of St. Brigid), Irish monk and chronicler
Marianus Scotus of Regensburg (died circa 1088), Irish monk, abbot of St. Peter's at Regensburg
Marianus II of Cagliari (died 1130), also known as Torchitorio II, Judge of Cagliari from c. 1102 to his death
Marianus of Florence (died 1523), Friar Minor, historian, and chronicler of the Franciscan Order
Marianus Brockie, D.D. (1687–1755), Benedictine monk
Jozef Marianus Punt (born 1946), Roman Catholic bishop of Haarlem-Amsterdam in the Netherlands

Marianus of Arborea
Marianus I of Arborea (died 1070), the Judge of Arborea from 1060 to his death
Marianus II of Arborea (died 1297), the Judge of Arborea from 1241 to his death
Marianus III of Arborea (died 1321), the sole Judge of Arborea from 1308 to his death
Marianus IV of Arborea (1329–1376), called the Great, the Judge of Arborea from 1347 to his death
Marianus V of Arborea (1378–1407), the Judge of Arborea from 1387 until his death
Marianus of Torres
Marianus I of Torres (died 1082), the Judge of Logudoro from 1073 until c. 1082
Marianus II of Torres (died 1233), the Judge of Logudoro from 1218 until his death

See also
Codex Marianus, Glagolitic fourfold Gospel Book that is one of the oldest manuscript witnesses to the Old Church Slavonic language
Doctor Marianus disambiguation page
Mariana (disambiguation)
Mariani (disambiguation)
Mariano
Marianum
Marinus disambiguation page
Merianus

References

Masculine given names
Ancient Roman nomina


Andrei Yuryevich Bulatov (; born 1 March 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1999 for FC Dynamo Moscow.

In 2000 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology named after Dmitry Mendeleev.

External links
  Profile at Footballfacts

1978 births
People from Solnechnogorsky District
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Russian football managers
FC Dynamo Moscow players
Russian Premier League players
FC Khimki players
D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia alumni
Footballers from Moscow Oblast


Founded in New York City in 1989, REPOhistory was a multi-ethnic group of writers, visual and performance artists, filmmakers, and historians. The organization's name means  "repossessing history" and was modeled after the movie title Repo Man. REPOhistory's goal was to "relocate, retrieve, and document missing or absent historical narratives from specific sites in New York City." In order to accomplish this goal, the group created public installations, performances, educational activities, printed matter and other visual media, though REPOhistory is best known for erecting temporary historical markers on city streets that focused on issues of slavery, colonialism, race, gender, and class. Through this process of inserting into public spaces the absent stories of omitted people and events, the group sought to question the manner in which history is constructed and represented. REPOhistory brought together artists and scholars for six major public projects and several other smaller events. The group believed that the arts were essential to shaping a collective cultural identity and their work instigated a questioning of the cultural practices of the 1980s and the early 1990s.

Notes

External links
 about REPOHistory
Member Gregory Sholette Member Tom Klem

Arts organizations based in New York City
1989 establishments in New York City
Arts organizations established in 1989
History organizations based in the United States


Live at The Olympia is a live album by American alternative rock band R.E.M. It was recorded during the band's five-night residency at the Olympia Theatre, Dublin, between June 30 and July 5, 2007, and released on October 27, 2009. In this series of "working rehearsals" the songs on Accelerate were debuted, with many still works in progress. Every song from "Accelerate" appear on the album with the exception of "Hollow Man" and "Sing for the Submarine". The album is a two-CD release, and contains a total of 39 songs. In addition, a DVD with a documentary entitled This Is Not a Show directed by Vincent Moon is included. A special edition box set containing the album on four LPs as well as the two CDs and the DVD is also available.

Promotion
To promote the album, R.E.M.'s Dublin website had full streaming clips of "Driver 8," "I've Been High" and "Harborcoat," along with videos for "Living Well Is the Best Revenge" and clips from the Reckoning EP, while the video for "Drive" was made available on R.E.M.'s Myspace page. On October 22, 2009, National Public Radio streamed the entire album for free.

Reckoning Songs from The Olympia
A digital EP containing songs from the album, Reckoning Songs from The Olympia, was released on July 7, 2009, through the iTunes Store and other distributors. It contains "Harborcoat," "Letter Never Sent," "Second Guessing" and "Pretty Persuasion," songs from the band's 1984 studio album Reckoning.

Reception

Track listing
All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe, except where noted
Disc one
 "Living Well Is the Best Revenge" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:07
 "Second Guessing" (from Reckoning) – 2:58
 "Letter Never Sent" (from Reckoning) – 3:51
 "Staring Down the Barrel of the Middle Distance" (Previously unreleased) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:11
 "Disturbance at the Heron House" (from Document) – 3:41
 "Mr. Richards" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:17
 "Houston" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 1:54
 "New Test Leper" (from New Adventures in Hi-Fi) – 5:26
 "Cuyahoga" (from Lifes Rich Pageant) – 4:22
 "Electrolite" (from New Adventures in Hi-Fi) – 4:03
 "Man-Sized Wreath" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 3:09
 "So. Central Rain" (from Reckoning) – 3:44
 "On the Fly" (Previously unreleased) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 5:01
 "Maps and Legends" (from Fables of the Reconstruction) – 3:10
 "Sitting Still" (from Murmur) – 3:42
 "Driver 8" (from Fables of the Reconstruction) – 3:44
 "Horse to Water" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 2:45
 "I'm Gonna DJ" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 2:16
 "Circus Envy" (from Monster) – 4:27
 "These Days" (from Lifes Rich Pageant) – 4:53

Disc two
"Drive" (from Automatic for the People) – 4:49
 "Feeling Gravitys Pull" (from Fables of the Reconstruction) – 5:10
 "Until the Day Is Done" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 4:07
 "Accelerate" (from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 3:35
 "Auctioneer (Another Engine)" (from Fables of the Reconstruction) – 3:38
 "Little America" (from Reckoning) – 3:11
 "1,000,000" (from Chronic Town) – 3:28
 "Disguised" (early version of "Supernatural Superserious" from Accelerate) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 3:20
 "The Worst Joke Ever" (from Around the Sun) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 3:42
 "Welcome to the Occupation" (from Document) – 2:47
 "Carnival of Sorts (Boxcars) (from Chronic Town) – 4:09
 "Harborcoat" (from Reckoning) – 4:16
 "Wolves, Lower" (from Chronic Town) – 4:33
 "I've Been High" (from Reveal) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 3:40
 "Kohoutek" (from Fables of the Reconstruction) – 4:12
 "West of the Fields" (from Murmur) (Jerry Ayers, Berry, Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 4:13
 "Pretty Persuasion" (from Reckoning) – 4:23
 "Romance" (from the Made in Heaven soundtrack; appears on Eponymous) – 3:31
 "Gardening at Night" (from Chronic Town) – 4:16

The Times Presents R.E.M. Live in Dublin
A 10-song live album, with all songs recorded live in Dublin, was made available by Dublin's newspaper The Times as a reader download through the iTunes Store during October 2009. The first five tracks were originally released on R.E.M. Live (recorded on February 26–27, 2005); tracks 6–10 would later gain an official release on the then-upcoming Live at the Olympia.
 "Losing My Religion" (from Out Of Time) (live in Dublin) – 4:50
 "Man on the Moon" (from Automatic for the People) (live in Dublin) – 6:45
 "The One I Love " (from Document) (live in Dublin) – 3:24
 "Orange Crush" (from Green) (live in Dublin) – 3:56
 "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville" (from Reckoning) (live in Dublin) – 4:39
 "Pretty Persuasion" (from Reckoning) (live at The Olympia) – 4:23
 "Man-Sized Wreath" (from Accelerate) (live at The Olympia) (Buck, Mills, Stipe)  – 3:09
 "Mr. Richards" (from Accelerate) (live at The Olympia) (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:17
 "Wolves, Lower" (from Chronic Town) (live at The Olympia) – 4:33
 "I've Been High" (from Reveal) (live at The Olympia) (Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 3:40

Personnel
R.E.M.
 Peter Buck – guitar, bass guitar on "New Test Leper"
 Mike Mills – bass guitar, background vocals, keyboards, acoustic guitar on "New Test Leper"
 Michael Stipe – vocals, harmonica on "Harborcoat"

Additional personnel
Jacknife Lee – production
 Scott McCaughey – guitar, keyboards, harmonica on "Driver 8", background vocals
 Bill Rieflin – drums

Chart positions

References

External links
This Is Not a Show

Albums produced by Jacknife Lee
R.E.M. live albums
2009 live albums
Warner Records live albums


Damian Adam Rączka (born August 5, 1987 in Wodzisław Śląski) is a Polish footballer who plays for Wacker Nordhausen. Rączka participated in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

Career

International
He also was called up for the U-20 tournament in Jordan, before playing in the 2007 U-20 World Cup in Canada.

References

External links

Living people
1987 births
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's youth international footballers
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Borussia Mönchengladbach II players
FC Schalke 04 II players
1. FSV Mainz 05 II players
FC Lokomotiv Mezdra players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
People from Wodzisław Śląski
Footballers from Silesian Voivodeship
Men's association football defenders


Leslie Daniel Canning (21 February 1926 – 30 June 2014) was a Welsh professional footballer. A goalkeeper, he made over 100 appearances in The Football League during spells with Cardiff City, Swansea Town and Nottingham Forest and won promotion from the Third Division South twice in three years between 1947 and 1949 for Cardiff and Swansea.

Career
Canning was born in Penrhiwceiber.  A goalkeeper, he began his career at local side Abercynon before signing for Cardiff City at the end of World War II. At the start of the 1946–47 season, he began the season as backup goalkeeper before replacing George Poland after just two matches. He went on to keep 22 clean sheets in 38 league appearances during the remainder of the season, helping the club become Division Three South champions. He kept two further clean sheets in cup competitions to total 24 during the season which remains a club record. He continued as first choice goalkeeper the following season in Division Two but was allowed to leave the club in January 1949 to sign for their local rivals Swansea Town for £3,000.

He spent two years at Swansea, competing with Jack Parry to be first choice goalkeeper, winning the Division Three South title for the second time in his career during the 1948–49 season. In July 1951, Canning was sold to Nottingham Forest for £2,000 but struggled to break into the first team, making just five league appearances, and left the club soon after, moving into non-league football.

Later life
Following his retirement from football, Canning began working as an apprentice toolmaker and went on to become an electronics engineer, designing military equipment. He also took up a number of other sports, including golf, snooker and darts.

Honours
Cardiff City
 Football League Division Three South champions: 1946–47

'''Swansea Town
 Football League Division Three South  champions: 1948–49

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
Footballers from Pontypridd
Welsh men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Cardiff City F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
English Football League players


Nina Toussaint-White is an English actress who has acted in Casualty, The Bill, and EastEnders.

Early life
Toussaint-White was raised in Plumstead, south east London, Toussaint-White was educated at Plumstead Manor School and Negus Sixth Form Centre, and subsequently trained at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, Clapham, on their three-year B.A. acting course.

Career
She made her professional debut in a 2007 episode of Casualty, followed by an appearance in The Bill, a year later.

In 2009, Toussaint-White was offered the part of nurse Syd, a new love interest for Bradley Branning in EastEnders, making her first screen appearance in February 2009.  She played this character until her departure in October 2009. She has also appeared in Primeval, and acted in several stage productions, including Race, which was produced in the UK at London's Hampstead Theatre from 23 May to 29 June 2013. Directed by Terry Johnson, Toussaint-White performed alongside Jasper Britton, Charles Daish and Clarke Peters.

Following her departure from EastEnders in 2009, Toussaint-White appeared in the Doctor Who episode "Let's Kill Hitler" which aired on 27 August 2011. In February 2012 she appeared as Mattie Grace in Holby City. In March 2012, it was announced that Toussaint-White would appear opposite her ex-EastEnders co-star Lacey Turner in the ITV2 supernatural drama Switch.

In 2015, Toussaint-White appeared as Tree in The Etienne Sisters at the Theatre Royal Stratford East. For this performance she was nominated for Best Performance in a Musical in the 2016 UK Theatre Awards alongside her co-cast members Allyson Ava-Brown and Jennifer Saayeng. In September 2016, Toussaint-White appeared as Jane alongside Dominic Cooper and Ophelia Lovibond in the revival of The Libertine by Stephen Jeffreys at the Theatre Royal Bath. In 2018, Toussaint-White appeared in the BBC One show Bodyguard, a six part drama created and written by Jed Mercurio. Starring opposite Richard Madden and Keeley Hawes, Toussaint-White portrayed DS Louise Rayburn. In December 2021, Toussaint-White was cast in the action film Kandahar directed by Ric Roman Waugh.

Personal life
Toussaint-White lives in London.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
1985 births
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
Black British actresses
English people of Grenadian descent
English soap opera actresses
People from Plumstead
Actresses from London


Ricardo Enrique Silva is a Cuban doctor and dissident who was imprisoned during the Black Spring in 2003.

Physicians for Human Rights reports that he has eye problems.

References

Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Cuba
Cuban dissidents
Cuban physicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cuban prisoners and detainees


Galić (, ) is a South Slavic surname. It may refer to:

Anita Galić (born 1985), freestyle swimmer from Croatia
Cvitan Galić (1909–1944), Croatian World War II fighter ace
Milan Galić (1938–2014), former Serbian footballer
Stanislav Galić (born 1943), Serb military officer
Valerija Galić (born 1956), vice-president of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Melina Galić, Serbian fashion designer

See also
 , a Slovene surname
 Galich (surname)
 Gaelic (disambiguation)

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin


Galic may refer to:

 Galić, a South Slavic surname
 , a Slovene surname


Bill Russell (1934–2022) was an American basketball player and coach.

Bill or Billy Russell may also refer to:

Entertainment
Bill Russell (composer) (1905–1992), American music historian and modernist composer
Bill Russell (lyricist) (born 1949), American librettist and lyricist
Billy Russell (comedian) (1893–1971), English comedian and actor
Bill Russell (illustrator), Canadian-American illustrator

Sports
Bill Russell (pitcher) (fl. 1944), American baseball player
Bill Russell (shortstop) (born 1948), American baseball player and manager
Billy Russell (footballer, born 1935), English amateur international footballer
Billy Russell (footballer, born 1959), Scottish footballer and manager

See also
William Russell (disambiguation)


"Dub-I-Dub" is a song by Danish Eurodance act and sisters Me & My, released in September 1995 as the first single from their eponymous album (1995). It was successful on the charts in many countries, peaking at number-one in Denmark and Japan, and being a top 10 hit in Belgium, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain and Sweden.

Remixes
The single was the subject of multiple remixes and was included on band's best of The Ultimate Collection, released in 2007. "Dub-I-Dub" was used in video games, such as Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix, Dancing Stage EuroMix, Dance Dance Revolution Party Collection, and Dance Dance Revolution X.

"KCP remix" version has appeared on Dancemania'''s Speed series. This happy hardcore version is much faster than any other version of "Dub-I-Dub", at 170 BPM. The first appearance was on the first issue of the series, Speed 1. This was later included on the 2000 greatest hits album of the series, Dancemania Speed Best 2001 Hyper Nonstop Megamix.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "popsters with a penchant for Euro-styled dance music are gonna love this one." He added that "this cute and oh-so-perky female duo romps through this NRGetic jam with infectious glee. First released in Denmark earlier this year, this anthemic track has already earned major props from club spinners and radio programmers throughout much of the world, and it looks like the U.S. will wisely follow suit. Some singles just define the carefree fun of the summer season ... this is one of 'em." Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, "Doop-E-Doop-E-Doop, We're The Scat-women." And again a scatdance product is coming to you from Denmark. How long will it take before DJs across Europe join in with the chorus?". They also noted that head of music Marc Deschuyter by BRTN Radio Donna/Brussels was the first outside Denmark to report the song. He said, "It's the definition of the summer holiday radio format. My reaction to it was the same as when I first heard Nina's "The Reason Is You", a German singer who went to number 1 in Belgium." A reviewer from Music Week gave "Dub-I-Dub" three out of five, stating that "the bouncing pop-corny sound of Me & My is bound to get punters singing along, a la MCA's Scatman John." Upon the 1996 re-release, the magazine gave the song four out of five, complimenting it as a "catchy pop number". James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update described it as an "irritating Eurovision-ish chirpy girls cooed and chanted galloping Continental hit".

Chart performance
"Dub-I-Dub" was very successful in many European countries, peaking at number-one in Denmark, and within the top 10 in Sweden (2), Belgium (5), Hungary (6), Iceland (6), Italy (5) and Spain (10). Additionally, it was a top 20 hit in Finland (16), Switzerland (14), Norway (12) and Austria (11). In the UK, the single only reached number 148 on the UK Singles Chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it peaked at number 28 in October 1995. Outside Europe, it reached number-one in Japan and number two on the RPM'' Dance/Urban chart in Canada. It was also a sizeable hit in Israel, peaking at number eight, while in Australia, it only reached number 135. The song also achieved success in Mexico and Russia, becoming a top 5 hit there.

"Dub-I-Dub" earned a platinum record in Denmark, after 8000 singles were sold.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Dub-I-Dub" was directed by Danish artist Peter Ravn. It features Me & My as milkmaids, milking a cow. Other scenes features the sisters as beauty salon workers and nurses. The video was later published on Warner Music Denmark's official YouTube channel in February 2009, and had generated almost 10 million views as of January 2023.

Track listings

Credits
 Music, lyrics and vocals by Pernille Georgi and Susanne Georgi
 Arranged by Dean 'N
 Engineered by Johnny Jam
 Mixed and produced by Dean 'N and Johnny Jam

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certification

References

1995 debut singles
1995 songs
Me & My songs
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Japan
EMI Records singles


Sissiboo Falls  is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in The Municipality of the District of Digby in Digby County .

References
Sissiboo Falls on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Digby County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Archie's TV Laugh-Out was a comic book published by Archie Comics from 1969 to 1986. Sabrina the Teenage Witch appears in all 106 issues, and this title served as a transition for her from Archie's Mad House to her own title. The first issue introduced Sabrina's boyfriend, Harvey Kinkle.

In addition to Sabrina, the title featured regular appearances by the "Archie gang" and Josie and the Pussycats.  The title was intended to showcase characters from Archie Comics's animated TV shows, which included The Archie Show (and its successors), Josie and the Pussycats and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

References

See also
 List of Archie Comics Publications

Comics magazines published in the United States
Archie Comics titles
1969 comics debuts
1986 comics endings
Teen comedy comics
Romantic comedy comics
Magazines established in 1969
Magazines disestablished in 1986
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines about comics


Marcelo Cano Rodríguez is a Cuban physician and a member of the Comisión Cubana de Derechos Humanos y Reconciliación Nacional (CCDHRN, English: Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation).

Marcelo Cano Rodríguez was imprisoned during the Black Spring crackdown on dissidents in 2003.

References

Cuban physicians
Cuban dissidents
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The 1863 New York state election was held on November 3, 1863, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

History
The Union state convention - Republicans and War Democrats which supported the Union and Abraham Lincoln's policy during the American Civil War - met on September 2 at Syracuse, New York. Ward Hunt was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Abraham Wakeman as President. Peter A. Porter was nominated for Secretary of State on the first ballot (vote: Porter 213, Chauncey Depew 140, Theophilus C. Callicot 15). Thomas W. Olcott for Comptroller, John Cochrane for Attorney General, George W. Schuyler for Treasurer, and Henry R. Selden [incumbent] for Judge of the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation. Benjamin F. Bruce was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the first ballot (vote: Bruce 220, Stephen T. Hayt 131). The incumbent William B. Taylor was re-nominated for State Engineer on the first ballot (vote: Taylor 234, J. Platt Goodsell 67, F. A. Utter 26, Charles W. Wentz 10). The incumbent James K. Bates was re-nominated for Prison Inspector by acclamation. When informed of his nomination, Colonel Porter, who was commanding his troops at Baltimore, declined to run because he "wanted to serve his country in the field." Olcott also declined to run, and the State Committee substituted Depew and the incumbent Lucius Robinson on the Union ticket.

The Constitutional Union state convention met on September 9 but did not nominate a ticket.

The Democratic state convention met on September 10 at Albany, New York.

Results
The whole Union ticket was elected.

The incumbents Robinson, Taylor, Selden and Bates were re-elected. The incumbents Lewis and Wright were defeated.

21 Unionists and 11 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1864–65) in the New York State Senate.

82 Unionists and 46 Democrats were elected for the session of 1864 to the New York State Assembly.

Sources
Result in The Tribune Almanac compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
Result The State Election in NYT on December 5, 1863

Notes

See also
New York state elections

1863

New York
November 1863 events


Keefer may refer to:

Charles Keefer (1852–1932) was one of Canada's pioneering engineers
Chester Keefer (1897–1972), American physician, medical researcher, and medical school dean
Don Keefer (1916–2014), American actor originally from Pennsylvania
Francis Henry Keefer (1860–1928), Canadian lawyer and politician
Janice Kulyk Keefer (born 1952), Canadian novelist and poet
John Keefer Mahony (1911–1990), Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross
Keefer-Brubaker Farm (Oscar Fogle Farm), a historic home and farm complex located at Taneytown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States
Mel Keefer (1926–2022), American artist
Philip B. Keefer (1875–1949), United States Navy sailor and a recipient the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Spanish–American War
Thomas Keefer (1821–1915), Canadian civil engineer
Keefers, British Columbia, a railway point and ghost town in British Columbia, Canada

See also
Kefir


She-Hulk (Lyra) is an antihero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jeff Parker and Mitch Breitweiser, the character first appeared in Hulk: Raging Thunder #1(August 2008). Lyra is from an alternate future of Marvel's main timeline, and is the daughter of that reality's Thundra and the Marvel Universe's Hulk.

Publication history
Created by writer Jeff Parker and artist Mitch Breitweiser, Lyra first appeared in a one-shot story entitled Hulk: Raging Thunder #1 (August 2008). She later appeared in Hulk Family: Green Genes #1 (February 2009). The character "received enough of a positive fan response to earn her a try-out in a brand-new mini-series." So in 2009 All New Savage She-Hulk, a four-issue limited series, began, written by Fred Van Lente with pencils by Robert Q. Atkins and Peter Vale.

She-Hulk appeared as a supporting character in Avengers Academy beginning with issue #20 (Dec 2011), making several appearances throughout the series.

Fictional character biography
Following the failed assassination attempt during which a key component of the male genetic birthing matrix—stolen to replace an identical component of the Femizon's matrix—is destroyed, Lyra is dispatched back in time to the era of Dark Reign on Earth-616 in a last-ditch attempt to prevent the extinction of her people. Assisted by Boudicca, a digital wrist toy reprogrammed with Femizon technology, Lyra begins seeking the greatest hero of the era—by which she inevitably means a man, due to the word's definition male-specific curse in her culture.  Due to many of the warring tribes of men having taken former heroes such as Wolverine and Sentry as symbols of worship to continue their war on the Femizons, Lyra hopes that by killing the greatest hero, the men will have nothing to worship and many Femizons will be spared.

She comes into conflict with the original She-Hulk (Jennifer Walters). In this fight, She-Hulk makes references to Thundra and how she looks similar to Lyra, which angers Lyra. It is then discovered that Lyra becomes weaker as she becomes angrier. Before Jennifer can capitalize, the Sentry intervenes. Lyra tells the Sentry that she is looking for the greatest hero, and the name of that hero is Norman Osborn. When Lyra finally manages to confront him, she reveals that her mission is not to kill him, but to breed with him.  Upon kissing him, she recollects all the evil he will be responsible for creating in the future and refuses to go through with it. Norman and the rest of the Dark Avengers corner Lyra, but Jennifer Walters rushes to her aid. Both manage to escape by the aid of A.R.M.O.R. Instead of returning to her Earth, Lyra decides to stay and become an agent of A.R.M.O.R.

Lyra went out in search of Jennifer Walters, as only she could help her in orientation on Earth-616. However, she is attacked by the Gamma Corps, who were hired by Osborn to capture her and Boudicca to recover incriminating files she stole from Osborn and to gain knowledge of the future that would be beneficial to Osborn. Lyra, however, proves to be too difficult to capture. She is later seen in the company of Red She-Hulk and M.O.D.O.K and has joined their ranks for unknown reasons. After Thundra betrays Intelligencia to aid Red Hulk, Lyra takes her position in the Frightful Four.

It is later revealed that Lyra only joined The Frightful Four in hopes of getting information on Jennifer's whereabouts.  She finds her in stasis on an Intelligencia base. Lyra manages to free her, but both are attacked by Red She-Hulk. After a brief fight with her, they manage to convince her to fight alongside them to stop Intelligencia. Following the defeat of Intelligencia, Lyra begins traveling with her father, brother, Jennifer, Rick Jones, and Betty Ross.

During the Fear Itself storyline, Lyra teams up with Namor, Loa, and Doctor Strange when Namor needs help reclaiming New Atlantis from Attuma, who was transformed into Nerkodd: Breaker of Oceans. The group is even assisted by Silver Surfer when he arrives to help.

Following the Fear Itself storyline, Lyra is seen as part of the new class of students when the Avengers Academy moves to the former headquarters of the West Coast Avengers.

After her time at the Avengers Academy, Lyra later resurfaces on an environmental crusade against fracking operations by large corporations. The Hulk, now controlled by his Doc Green persona, ambushes Lyra and attempts to defeat her as part of his plan to rid the world of Gamma-powered superhumans. He plans to send her back to her original timeline, but the process is hijacked by Doc Green's A.I., Gammon, who instead traps Lyra in a hellish alternate dimension. Randall Jessup and Daman Veteri (two of Doc Green's assistants) eventually manage to track down Lyra, only to find that she has become the empress of the dimension she was banished to, subjugating the male population and even forcing some of them into her own royal harem of sex slaves. However, she formed a peaceful matriarchy like her home world and she would rather stay there than go back. The three are accidentally teleported back to Earth-616, and Veteri and Jessup agree to become Lyra's servants until they can find a way to get her back to her kingdom.

Lyra is later shown to have indeed left the 616 and reunited with mother in Weirdworld, where the two have fun there.

Powers and abilities
In a calm state, Lyra possesses vast superhuman strength, which she is able to enhance further through a meditative fighting-trance (that also greatly enhances her sensory perception of her surroundings), as well as superhuman stamina, durability, agility, and speed.

Although comparable to Colossus for example, even when at her peak, Lyra possesses less raw power than the base/calm level of the original She-Hulk. Unlike her father, Hulk, Lyra actually becomes weaker rather than stronger when she gets angry. She still maintains super-human strength, with her lowest strength being equivalent to that of Spider-Man. This was done by her Femizon creators, as a fail-safe way to keep her from turning on them. Her father had  injected  her with power-inhibiting or modifying S.P.I.N. technology that negated the weakness, allowing her to transform into a nonpowered human state at will and turn into her Hulk form when angry like the rest of her family. However, this alternation was only temporary and her powers had returned to the way they were when she joined The Defenders.

Lyra developed a technique that enables her to fight in a trance-like meditative state when she is completely calm and at peace. Through her practice, Lyra can feel minute traces of gamma rays in every human being and use them to heighten her perception and reflexes, and in this state apparently possesses higher fighting skill than any of her other family members, being able to single-handedly summarily defeat the entire team of Norman Osborn's "Dark Avengers", with the exception of the Sentry.

Lyra can leap over 600 feet upwards, and 1000 feet across. She also possesses an immunity to the Venom symbiote—which she calls the "black bloom"—due to a vaccination injected when she was a child.

Thanks to her upbringing she is an expert fighter and killer with experience fighting super-powered humans as well as military types. She is also familiar with a wide variety of future tech and knows a lot of future history which, despite her best efforts, seems to be unfolding the way she was taught it did.

Reception

Accolades

 In 2017, CBR.com ranked Lyra 14th in their "15 Fiercest Warrior Women In Comics" list.
 In 2019, CBR.com ranked Lyra 5th in their "Marvel: The 10 Most Dangerous Students To Attend Avengers Academy" list and 8th in their "Top Avengers Academy Students" list.
 In 2021, Screen Rant included Lyra in their "Marvel Comics: 15 Strongest Gamma Powered Characters (Who Aren't Bruce Banner)" list.
 In 2022, Screen Rant included Lyra in their "10 Best Marvel Characters Who Made Their Debut In The Hulk Comics" list in their "10 Best Female Superheroes & Villains Like She-Hulk" list.

Literary reception

Volumes

All-New Savage She-Hulk - 2009
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, All-New Savage She-Hulk #1 was the 102nd best selling comic book in April 2009.

Doug Zawisza of CBR.com asserted, "All-New Savage She-Hulk #1 is rounded out with a seven-page behind the scenes conversation with Fred Van Lente, Jeff Parker, and Paul Tobin, moderated by editor Mark Paniccia. This may not be the most ideal way to try to justify the extra buck this issue runs above many other shelfmates, but it does offer a little more creativity than some randomly fished out reprint would." Joe Garza of SlashFilm included the All-New Savage She-Hulk comic book series in their "15 Best She-Hulk Comics You Need To Read," stating, "The story is also worth reading because it plants the seeds of She-Hulk and Lyra's friendship, which plays out further in She-Hulks: Hunt For The Intelligencia." Bryan Joel of IGN gave All-New Savage She-Hulk #1 a grade of 7 out of 10, writing, "The issue looks just as good as it reads, thanks to the duo of Peter Vale and Robert Atkins. The artists share the pencil duties, but the whole issue maintains a classic, traditional feel throughout, with some impressive figure work on Lyra herself. The artists do a good job matching the feel of Van Lente's script. It's always a gamble devoting an entire miniseries to an essentially unknown, unproven character, and Lyra may need a little tinkering to be a successful lead in the future, but All New Savage She-Hulk demonstrates a lot of potential and succeeds in being a fun old-school romp that is at least better than the last couple years of the title whose name it inherited."

In other media

Video games

 Lyra appears as an alternate costume/character for She-Hulk in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds/Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.

Collected editions

See also

 She-Hulk
 Skaar
 Hiro-Kala
 Scorpion (Carmilla Black)
 Red She-Hulk

References

External links

 Lyra at the Marvel Comics Database

Characters created by Jeff Parker
Comics characters introduced in 2008
Fictional genetically engineered characters
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics female supervillains
Marvel Comics female superheroes

it:Lyra (personaggio)


William Anthony Welke (born August 22, 1967) is an American retired Major League Baseball umpire. He joined the major league staff in 1999 and worked the World Series in 2015. Welke was promoted to crew chief for the 2022 season, and retired following that season.

Biography

Welke is the brother of fellow umpire Tim Welke, and is an alumnus of Western Michigan University. He graduated from Western Michigan University in 1990 with a bachelor's degree in business administration.

Welke previously worked in the Appalachian League (1991), the Midwest League (1992), the Florida State League (1993–1994), the Southern League (1995), the Eastern League (1996), and the International League (1997–1998).

He was an American League umpire in his MLB rookie season in 1999, one year prior to the certification of the World Umpires Association which unified the crews of both major leagues. He has worked the Division Series in 2003, 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2020. He also worked the League Championship Series in 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2019 as well as the 2015 World Series. He was a part of the crew that worked in the 2003 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Bill was named a Crew Chief for the 2022 MLB season.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
Major league profile
Retrosheet

1967 births
Living people
American League umpires
People from Coldwater, Michigan
Western Michigan University alumni
Major League Baseball umpires
Sportspeople from Michigan


Paul Runge may refer to:

Paul Runge (umpire) (born 1941), Canadian-born American baseball umpire
Paul Runge (ice hockey) (1908–1972), Canadian ice hockey player
Paul Runge (infielder) (born 1958), American baseball player
Paul Runge (serial killer) (born 1970), American serial killer


Hymmi Lenita Aulikki Airisto (born 1 January 1937 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish business leader, promoter of Finnish industrial and cultural exports, TV journalist and author.

Biography

Maiden of Finland
Airisto began her public career in 1954, when she became Maiden of Finland, nominated by the Disabled War Veterans' Association of Finland. Her duties involved raising funds for the rehabilitation of men, who had been severely wounded in the Winter War and Continuation War in the late 1930s and early 1940s, to help them return to a normal life.

Education
Working as a fashion model gained Airisto the financial means for pursuing academic studies in Finland and abroad. She earned a Bachelor of Science, BSc degree from the Swedish-speaking Hanken School of Economics in Helsinki, Finland, and studied TV journalism at the BBC and ITV studios in London, with RTF in Paris and with German TV channels in Hamburg, Munich and Berlin. Airisto also studied at Stanford University in California. Her studies concluded with practical experience at various TV studios in Los Angeles, including an internship with the show of Steve Allen. He also asked her to join him live on air to tell American TV viewers about Finland and Finns on the NBC channel.

Career
Airisto had a career as a TV journalist for over 30 years, and she has appeared on more than 300 prime time current affairs shows over the years. She has also produced, designed and carried out export promotions for both individual companies and the export industry in general all around the world, the first promotion campaigns aimed at the international media and customers taking place in the 1960s. Airisto has also given lectures based on her several books at universities, schools of economics and other academic educational institutions for many years.

Accolades
In 2008, Airisto's influence in Finland was verified by a survey commissioned from Taloustutkimus – she ranked among the ten most influential women in the country. Airisto has also been nominated as Woman of the Year and decorated with the Knight, First Class of the Order of the Lion of Finland.

Other
Airisto is a very public figure who often has been an opinion-maker in even very mundane things, such as style and etiquette. She is arguably best known to the public for having made wearing tennis socks with a suit socially unacceptable in Finland in the 1980s, a practice that up to then was a common practice for Finnish businessmen abroad. Later she has among other things criticized politicians, such as Matti Vanhanen, for insufficient language skills.

References

Sources
 Official Homepage

1937 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Helsinki
Finnish female models
20th-century Finnish journalists
Finnish writers
Knights First Class of the Order of the Lion of Finland
Finnish women in business
Miss Universe 1954 contestants
Finnish women journalists
Beauty pageant hosts
Models from Helsinki
Finnish expatriates in the United States


is an indoor sporting arena located in Okayama, Japan. The arena is also known as the . The capacity of the arena is 11,000 spectators. It host the home matches of the Okayama Seagulls of the V.League.

External links
Venue information

Basketball venues in Japan
Indoor arenas in Japan
Sports venues in Okayama Prefecture
Sport in Okayama
Tryhoop Okayama


Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named "Brighty", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brighty: Of the Grand Canyon|isbn=0689714858|last1=Henry|first1=Marguerite|year=1953}}</ref>

Book and film
Henry penned her novel after she read an article about Brighty in Sunset Magazine''. It won the 1956 William Allen White Children's Book Award.

Thomas McKee, the former manager of Wiley's Camp on the North Rim of the Canyon, read Henry's novel and wrote to express his interest in the book. McKee told Henry that his son, Bob, was Brighty's closest companion. He sent Henry a photograph of young Bob McKee sitting on Brighty's back. Bob became the composite character Homer Hobbs, played in the film by Dandy Curran.

The other film characters include Old Timer, a prospector played by Dick Foran, and Uncle Jim Owen, a man of the Old West played by Joseph Cotten. Pat Conway appears as Jake Irons, who murders Old Timer for his copper ore. Uncle Jim then proceeds to help bring Irons to justice. Theodore Roosevelt was played by Karl Swenson. Parts of the film were shot at the Colorado River in Utah and the Grand Canyon in Arizona.

Brighty's monument

Brighty is honored with a bronze statue in the lobby of Grand Canyon Lodge, a National Historic Landmark, located near Arizona State Route 67 approximately 43 miles south of the junction with U.S. Route 89 alternate route. The sculpture is by artist Peter Jepsen.

See also
Platero

References

1953 children's books
1953 American novels
American children's novels
Novels by Marguerite Henry
Novels set in Arizona
Children's novels about horses
American novels adapted into films
Films based on American novels
1967 films
1967 Western (genre) films
Films set in Flagstaff, Arizona
Fictional donkeys
Films shot in Utah
Films shot in Arizona
Works about the Grand Canyon
1960s English-language films
Children's books about horses
Children's books about donkeys
Children's books set in Arizona


Michael Wayne Anthony Ebanks (born 2 October 1964) is an English former footballer who played at right-back for West Bromwich Albion, Stoke City, Port Vale and Cambridge United between 1981 and 1987. He helped Port Vale to win promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1985–86. He later became a police officer.

Career
Ebanks began his career at West Bromwich Albion, and played seven First Division games for the "Baggies" in the 1983–84 season under the stewardship of Ron Wylie and Johnny Giles. He then fell lout of the first team picture at The Hawthorns, and was loaned out to Bill Asprey's Stoke City, playing ten First Division and two cup games for the "Potters" in the disastrous 1984–85 season. After leaving the Victoria Ground, he returned to Stoke-on-Trent in March 1985, this time on loan to rivals Port Vale. He featured eleven times in the Fourth Division for the "Valiants", and impressed manager John Rudge enough to win permanent transfer in June 1985. He featured 15 times as Vale won promotion to the Third Division in the 1985–86 season, and then played 22 games in the 1986–87 campaign. He was given a free transfer in May 1987, and joined Cambridge United on a non-contract basis. He cut his time at the Abbey Stadium short to join the police force.

Post-retirement
After leaving the game Ebanks joined the police force.

Career statistics
Source:

A.  The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy.

Honours
Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1985–86

References

1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Black British sportsmen
Men's association football fullbacks
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
English Football League players
British police officers


Stithians Show (the annual agricultural show organised by the Stithians Agricultural Association) takes place on the day after Feast Sunday (the Sunday closest to 13 July) in the village of Stithians, Cornwall. It was first held in 1834 and is recognised as being one of the largest one-day shows in the United Kingdom, regularly attracting in excess of 20,000 visitors, exhibitors, competitors, traders and entertainers.

The show has competitive sections (livestock, fur & feather, show jumping, horticulture and domestic), trade stands, side shows, entertainment, and catering.

Competitive sections
The Show is divided into several competitive sections each with its own Committee (usually with a chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer).  The main sections of the show are:

Arts, Craft & Cookery (formerly Domestic)
Cage Birds,
Cattle,
Cavies (New in 2013),
Dog Show,
Dog Agility,
Goats,
Horse Show,
Horticulture,
Pigeons,
Poultry,
Rabbits,
Sheep,
Young Farmers Club

Trade Stands, Side Shows, and Entertainment
As well as the competitive sections, there are many other attractions to entertain, inform and sell:

 Community & Churches
 Countryside Area
 Craft Stalls
 Entertainment – Kelly's Entertainment Area and the bandstand.
 Fairground
 Catering
 Steam & Vintage
 Taste of Cornwall
 Cornish wrestling
 Trade Stalls

History

The Show Grounds
It is unclear exactly where the first shows were held, with references to 'Churchtown' (the land now occupied by the Church Hall [now the Stithians Centre] and the village school) appearing in The West Briton on 27 July 1838. The 51st show (1885) was held in a field next to the Seven Stars hotel. For many years (certainly in living memory) the show was held in the fields which form part of the Ennis and Carbis Farm, with the playing fields in the heart of the village forming the hub from 1938. Fields on the glebe land were used as the Show expanded, and it was increased rental on this land that caused the relocation of the Show in 1992.

In 1992 the Association was fortunate enough to purchase  of Kennal Farm and to establish the present site. The Show has now left the heart of the village, but with improved car-parking, access, and permanent water and electricity supplies, this has enabled the Show to become self-sufficient.

The Show was first held in 1834 and has been held continuously since then (except for three years during World War I, and five years during World War II; and there was no show in 2001 due to the nationwide outbreak of foot and mouth disease).

In 2020 and 2021 the show was postponed due to Covid-19. The Show ground was repurposed as a vaccination center.

Former presidents (Stithians unless stated)

References

External links
 Stithians Show

Agricultural shows in England
Cornish culture
Events in Cornwall
Tourist attractions in Cornwall
Festivals established in 1834
1834 establishments in England
Agriculture in Cornwall


Mesa para tres ("Table for Three") is a 2004 Colombian telenovela produced and broadcast by Caracol TV.

Plot
Luis and Alejandro Toro arrive with their mother to Bogotá, after escaping their home town, where they owned a restaurant. In Bogotá they get a job at Zavatti, a high-class restaurant. Both Luis and Alejandro meet and fall in love with Andrea Zavatti, who is the daughter of Harold Zavatti, the owner of the restaurant. George Brown, who is Andrea's boyfriend, tries to get rid from the Toro brothers, as he is only interested in Mr Zavatti's fortune. Luis is kidnapped and thought dead, Andrea and Alejandro get together and, when Luis appears again, feels betrayed by Alejandro.

Cast
Héctor Arredondo as Luis Toro
Diego Cadavid as Alejandro Alejo Toro
Catalina Aristizábal as Andrea Zavatti
Daniel Ochoa as George Brown
Mayte Vilan as Blanca Patricia Melo
Myriam de Lourdes as Rita
Clemencia Guillén as Tía Martha
Patricia Grisales as Leonor Torres "Leito"
Álvaro Rodríguez as Francisco Paco
Luis Fernando Múnera as Justo Gamarra
Yuli Ferreira as Violeta Gamarra
Sandra Guzmán as Marta Consuelo Sandoval
Anderson Balsero as Lalo
Germán Quintero as Harold Zavatti
María Cristi Gálvez as Victoria Stevens de Brown
Estefanía Borge as Kathy Noguera
Álvaro Bayona as Teniente Abril
Astrid Junguito as Fidelina Torres
Manolo Orjuela as Farfán
Orlando Valenzuela as Ramón Tavernero
Carlos Hurtado as Guillermo Flórez
Santiago More as Gerardo Pinzón
Valentina Rendón as Claudia
Tania Fálquez as Tte. Ángela Barrera
Daniel Rocha as Carmelo Sepúlveda
Andrés Toro as Andrés
Genoveva Caro as Martha
Felipe Noguera  as Daniel

Theme song
The song used as theme song	was the 1981 hit Te quiero para mí, by Spanish group Trigo Limpio.

International broadcasting
The series was sold to several networks in Latin America, including Venezuela's RCTV. In 2007, ClubIT Arena bought the rights to offer a subtitled version of Mesa para tres on its website in Japan, under the title Andrea, ai to ryakudatsu no honoo (アンドレア〜愛と略奪の炎). It was divided in 4 "seasons" (3 of 30 episodes each, and one of 28 episodes).

MyNetworkTV telenovelas

Mesa para tres was the basis for the 2006 MyNetworkTV telenovela Desire.  Changes were made in the location and the plot to make them more palatable to Americans.  The serial was known as Table for Three and Three's a Crowd before its debut.  The show was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego, using 25 principal actors, 250 supporting actors and about 2,000 extras. Ratings for Desire fell below expectations.  The debut scored a 2.0 rating and the first week averaged an 0.8 rating and 1 share. It averaged a 0.4 rating in the adult 18-49 demographic., falling to a 0.3 in its second week. However, the show was sold to several international markets.

References

External links
  Caracol TV International catalogue
  アンドレア〜愛と略奪の炎, Mesa para tres, with Japanese subtitles.

2004 telenovelas
2004 Colombian television series debuts
2004 Colombian television series endings
Caracol Televisión telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Bogotá


Edward Boker Sterling  (September 9, 1851 – November 29, 1925), of Trenton, New Jersey, was a philatelist who specialized in the study of United States postage stamps, postal stationery, and revenue stamps.

Collecting interests
Sterling is famous for his collection and study of United States revenue stamps, which are essentially tax stamps on certain goods and commodities issued by the federal government. Sterling amassed one of the finest such collections and sold it to Hiram Edmund Deats in 1888 for what was then the huge sum of seven thousand dollars.

In 1890, he and Deats joined together and purchased seven boxcar loads (amounting to 213 tons) of “excessed” paperwork from the U.S. Treasury. They discovered that the lot contained a “gold mine” of revenue stamps, including unused ones. The government eventually discovered its error, and demanded return of the lot, with most of it being returned.

After selling his revenue collection to Deats, Sterling became a stamp dealer, still specializing in revenue stamps. He made several important purchases, such as the archives of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania security printers and engravers Butler and Carpenter which contained both private and government revenue stamps. The archives contained essays, proofs, “special tax stamps” and other collateral material, most of which he subsequently sold to Deats.

Philatelic literature
Sterling issued his postage stamp catalog of United States stamps in 1887. In 1888, he issued his revenue stamp catalog of the United States, which became the standard reference for revenues.

Honors and awards
Sterling was admitted to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1997.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References
 Edward Boker Sterling

External links

1851 births
1925 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
American stamp dealers
People from Trenton, New Jersey
American Philatelic Society
19th-century American merchants


In statistics and machine learning, lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; also Lasso or LASSO) is a regression analysis method that performs both variable selection and regularization in order to enhance the prediction accuracy and interpretability of the resulting statistical model. It was originally introduced in geophysics, and later by Robert Tibshirani, who coined the term.

Lasso was originally formulated for linear regression models. This simple case reveals a substantial amount about the estimator. These include its relationship to ridge regression and best subset selection and the connections between lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need to be unique if covariates are collinear.

Though originally defined for linear regression, lasso regularization is easily extended to other statistical models including generalized linear models, generalized estimating equations, proportional hazards models, and M-estimators. Lasso's ability to perform subset selection relies on the form of the constraint and has a variety of interpretations including in terms of geometry, Bayesian statistics and convex analysis.

The LASSO is closely related to basis pursuit denoising.

History
Lasso was introduced in order to improve the prediction accuracy and interpretability of regression models. It selects a reduced set of the known covariates for use in a model.

Lasso was developed independently in geophysics literature in 1986, based on prior work that used the  penalty for both fitting and penalization of the coefficients. Statistician Robert Tibshirani independently rediscovered and popularized it in 1996, based on Breiman's nonnegative garrote.

Prior to lasso, the most widely used method for choosing covariates was stepwise selection. That approach only improves prediction accuracy in certain cases, such as when only a few covariates have a strong relationship with the outcome. However, in other cases, it can increase prediction error.

At the time, ridge regression was the most popular technique for improving prediction accuracy. Ridge regression improves prediction error by shrinking the sum of the squares of the regression coefficients to be less than a fixed value in order to reduce overfitting, but it does not perform covariate selection and therefore does not help to make the model more interpretable.

Lasso achieves both of these goals by forcing the sum of the absolute value of the regression coefficients to be less than a fixed value, which forces certain coefficients to zero, excluding them from impacting prediction. This idea is similar to ridge regression, which also shrinks the size of the coefficients; however, ridge regression does not set coefficients to zero (and, thus, does not perform variable selection).

Basic form

Least squares
Consider a sample consisting of N cases, each of which consists of p covariates and a single outcome. Let  be the outcome and  be the covariate vector for the i th case. Then the objective of lasso is to solve

Here  is the constant coefficient,  is the coefficient vector, and  is a prespecified free parameter that determines the degree of regularization.

Letting  be the covariate matrix, so that  and  is the i th row of , the expression can be written more compactly as

where  is the standard  norm.

Denoting the scalar mean of the data points  by  and the mean of the response variables  by , the resulting estimate for  is , so that

and therefore it is standard to work with variables that have been made zero-mean. Additionally, the covariates are typically standardized  so that the solution does not depend on the measurement scale.

It can be helpful to rewrite

in the so-called Lagrangian form

where the exact relationship between  and  is data dependent.

Orthonormal covariates

Some basic properties of the lasso estimator can now be considered.

Assuming first that the covariates are orthonormal so that , where  is the Kronecker delta, or, equivalently, , then using subgradient methods it can be shown that

 is referred to as the soft thresholding operator, since it translates values towards zero (making them exactly zero if they are small enough) instead of setting smaller values to zero and leaving larger ones untouched as the hard thresholding operator, often denoted , would.

In ridge regression the objective is to minimize

Using  and the ridge regression formula: , it yields:

Ridge regression shrinks all coefficients by a uniform factor of  and does not set any coefficients to zero. .

It can also be compared to regression with best subset selection, in which the goal is to minimize

where  is the " norm", which is defined as  if exactly m components of z are nonzero. In this case, it can be shown that

where  is the so-called hard thresholding function and  is an indicator function (it is 1 if its argument is true and 0 otherwise).

Therefore, the lasso estimates share features of both ridge and best subset selection regression since they both shrink the magnitude of all the coefficients, like ridge regression and set some of them to zero, as in the best subset selection case. Additionally, while ridge regression scales all of the coefficients by a constant factor, lasso instead translates the coefficients towards zero by a constant value and sets them to zero if they reach it.

Correlated covariates

In one special case two covariates, say j and k, are identical for each observation, so that , where . Then the values of  and  that minimize the lasso objective function are not uniquely determined. In fact, if some  in which , then if  replacing  by  and  by , while keeping all the other  fixed, gives a new solution, so the lasso objective function then has a continuum of valid minimizers. Several variants of the lasso, including the Elastic net regularization, have been designed to address this shortcoming.

General form

Lasso regularization can be extended to other objective functions such as those for generalized linear models, generalized estimating equations, proportional hazards models, and M-estimators. Given the objective function

the lasso regularized version of the estimator s the solution to

where only  is penalized while  is free to take any allowed value, just as  was not penalized in the basic case.

Interpretations

Geometric interpretation

	Lasso can set coefficients to zero, while the superficially similar ridge regression cannot. This is due to the difference in the shape of their constraint boundaries. Both lasso and ridge regression can be interpreted as minimizing the same objective function

but with respect to different constraints:  for lasso and  for ridge. The figure shows that the constraint region defined by the  norm is a square rotated so that its corners lie on the axes (in general a cross-polytope), while the region defined by the  norm is a circle (in general an n-sphere), which is rotationally invariant and, therefore, has no corners. As seen in the figure, a convex object that lies tangent to the boundary, such as the line shown, is likely to encounter a corner (or a higher-dimensional equivalent) of a hypercube, for which some components of  are identically zero, while in the case of an n-sphere, the points on the boundary for which some of the components of  are zero are not distinguished from the others and the convex object is no more likely to contact a point at which some components of  are zero than one for which none of them are.

Making λ easier to interpret with an accuracy-simplicity tradeoff

The lasso can be rescaled so that it becomes easy to anticipate and influence the degree of shrinkage associated with a given value of . It is assumed that  is standardized with z-scores and that  is centered (zero mean). Let  represent the hypothesized regression coefficients and let  refer to the data-optimized ordinary least squares solutions. We can then define the Lagrangian as a tradeoff between the in-sample accuracy of the data-optimized solutions and the simplicity of sticking to the hypothesized values. This results in

where  is specified below and the "prime" symbol stands for transpose. The first fraction represents relative accuracy, the second fraction relative simplicity, and  balances between the two.

Given a single regressor, relative simplicity can be defined by specifying  as , which is the maximum amount of deviation from  when . Assuming that , the solution path can be defined in terms of :

If , the ordinary least squares solution (OLS) is used. The hypothesized value of  is selected if  is bigger than . Furthermore, if , then  represents the proportional influence of . In other words,  measures in percentage terms the minimal amount of influence of the hypothesized value relative to the data-optimized OLS solution.

If an -norm is used to penalize deviations from zero given a single regressor, the solution path is given by

. Like ,  moves in the direction of the point  when  is close to zero; but unlike , the influence of  diminishes in  if  increases (see figure). Given multiple regressors, the moment that a parameter is activated (i.e. allowed to deviate from ) is also determined by a regressor's contribution to  accuracy. First,

An  of 75% means that in-sample accuracy improves by 75% if the unrestricted OLS solutions are used instead of the hypothesized  values. The individual contribution of deviating from each hypothesis can be computed with the  x  matrix

where . If  when  is computed, then the diagonal elements of  sum to . The diagonal  values may be smaller than 0 or, less often, larger than 1. If regressors are uncorrelated, then the  diagonal element of  simply corresponds to the  value between  and .

A rescaled version of the adaptive lasso of can be obtained by setting . If regressors are uncorrelated, the moment that the  parameter is activated is given by the  diagonal element of . Assuming for convenience that  is a vector of zeros,

That is, if regressors are uncorrelated,  again specifies the minimal influence of . Even when regressors are correlated, the first time that a regression parameter is activated occurs when  is equal to the highest diagonal element of .

These results can be compared to a rescaled version of the lasso by defining , which is the average absolute deviation of  from . Assuming that regressors are uncorrelated, then the moment of activation of the  regressor is given by

For , the moment of activation is again given by . If  is a vector of zeros and a subset of  relevant parameters are equally responsible for a perfect fit of , then this subset is activated at a  value of . The moment of activation of a relevant regressor then equals . In other words, the inclusion of irrelevant regressors delays the moment that relevant regressors are activated by this rescaled lasso. The adaptive lasso and the lasso are special cases of a '1ASTc' estimator. The latter only groups parameters together if the absolute correlation among regressors is larger than a user-specified value.

Bayesian interpretation

Just as ridge regression can be interpreted as linear regression for which the coefficients have been assigned normal prior distributions, lasso can be interpreted as linear regression for which the coefficients have Laplace prior distributions. The Laplace distribution is sharply peaked at zero (its first derivative is discontinuous at zero) and it concentrates its probability mass closer to zero than does the normal distribution. This provides an alternative explanation of why lasso tends to set some coefficients to zero, while ridge regression does not.

Convex relaxation interpretation

Lasso can also be viewed as a convex relaxation of the best subset selection regression problem, which is to find the subset of  covariates that results in the smallest value of the objective function for some fixed , where n is the total number of covariates. The " norm", , (the number of nonzero entries of a vector), is the limiting case of " norms", of the form  (where the quotation marks signify that these are not really norms for  since  is not convex for , so the triangle inequality does not hold). Therefore, since p = 1 is the smallest value for which the " norm" is convex (and therefore actually a norm), lasso is, in some sense, the best convex approximation to the best subset selection problem, since the region defined by  is the convex hull of the region defined by  for .

Generalizations

Lasso variants have been created in order to remedy limitations of the original technique and to make the method more useful for particular problems. Almost all of these focus on respecting or exploiting dependencies among the covariates.

Elastic net regularization adds an additional ridge regression-like penalty that improves performance when the number of predictors is larger than the sample size, allows the method to select strongly correlated variables together, and improves overall prediction accuracy.

Group lasso allows groups of related covariates to be selected as a single unit, which can be useful in settings where it does not make sense to include some covariates without others. Further extensions of group lasso perform variable selection within individual groups (sparse group lasso) and allow overlap between groups (overlap group lasso).

Fused lasso can account for the spatial or temporal characteristics of a problem, resulting in estimates that better match system structure. Lasso-regularized models can be fit using techniques including subgradient methods, least-angle regression (LARS), and proximal gradient methods. Determining the optimal value for the regularization parameter is an important part of ensuring that the model performs well; it is typically chosen using cross-validation.

Elastic net

In 2005, Zou and Hastie introduced the elastic net. When p > n (the number of covariates is greater than the sample size) lasso can select only n covariates (even when more are associated with the outcome) and it tends to select one covariate from any set of highly correlated covariates. Additionally, even when n > p, ridge regression tends to perform better given strongly correlated covariates.

The elastic net extends lasso by adding an additional  penalty term giving

which is equivalent to solving

This problem can be written in a simple lasso form

letting

 ,   ,

Then , which, when the covariates are orthogonal to each other, gives

So the result of the elastic net penalty is a combination of the effects of the lasso and ridge penalties.

Returning to the general case, the fact that the penalty function is now strictly convex means that if , , which is a change from lasso. In general, if

is the sample correlation matrix because the  's are normalized.

Therefore, highly correlated covariates tend to have similar regression coefficients, with the degree of similarity depending on both  and , which is different from lasso. This phenomenon, in which strongly correlated covariates have similar regression coefficients, is referred to as the grouping effect. Grouping is desirable since, in applications such as tying genes to a disease, finding all the associated covariates is preferable, rather than selecting one from each set of correlated covariates, as lasso often does. In addition, selecting only one from each group typically results in increased prediction error, since the model is less robust (which is why ridge regression often outperforms lasso).

Group lasso

In 2006, Yuan and Lin introduced the group lasso to allow predefined groups of covariates to jointly be selected into or out of a model. This is useful in  many settings, perhaps most obviously when a categorical variable is coded as a collection of binary covariates. In this case, group lasso can ensure that all the variables encoding the categorical covariate are included or excluded together. Another setting in which grouping is natural is in biological studies. Since genes and proteins often lie in known pathways, which pathways are related to an outcome may be more significant than whether individual genes are. The objective function for the group lasso is a natural generalization of the standard lasso objective

where the design matrix  and covariate vector  have been replaced by a collection of design matrices  and covariate vectors , one for each of the J groups. Additionally, the penalty term is now a sum over  norms defined by the positive definite matrices . If each covariate is in its own group and , then this reduces to the standard lasso, while if there is only a single group and , it reduces to ridge regression. Since the penalty reduces to an  norm on the subspaces defined by each group, it cannot select out only some of the covariates from a group, just as ridge regression cannot. However, because the penalty is the sum over the different subspace norms, as in the standard lasso, the constraint has some non-differential points, which correspond to some subspaces being identically zero. Therefore, it can set the coefficient vectors corresponding to some subspaces to zero, while only shrinking others. However, it is possible to extend the group lasso to the so-called sparse group lasso, which can select individual covariates within a group, by adding an additional  penalty to each group subspace. Another extension, group lasso with overlap allows covariates to be shared across groups, e.g., if a gene were to occur in two pathways.

The "gglasso" package by in R, allows for fast and efficient implementation of Group LASSO.

Fused lasso
In some cases, the phenomenon under study may have important spatial or temporal structure that must be considered during analysis, such as time series or image-based data. In 2005, Tibshirani and colleagues introduced the fused lasso to extend the use of lasso to this type of data. The fused lasso objective function is

The first constraint is the lasso constraint, while the second directly penalizes large changes with respect to the temporal or spatial structure, which forces the coefficients to vary smoothly to reflect the system's underlying logic. Clustered lasso is a generalization of fused lasso that identifies and groups relevant covariates based on their effects (coefficients). The basic idea is to penalize the differences between the coefficients so that nonzero ones cluster. This can be modeled using the following regularization:

In contrast, variables can be clustered into highly correlated groups, and then a single representative covariate can be extracted from each cluster.

Algorithms exist that solve the fused lasso problem, and some generalizations of it. Algorithms can solve it exactly in a finite number of operations.

Quasi-norms and bridge regression

Lasso, elastic net, group and fused lasso construct the penalty functions from the  and  norms (with weights, if necessary). The bridge regression utilises general  norms () and quasinorms (). For example, for p=1/2 the analogue of lasso objective in the Lagrangian form is to solve

where

It is claimed that the fractional quasi-norms  () provide more meaningful results in data analysis both theoretically and empirically. The non-convexity of these quasi-norms complicates the optimization problem. To solve this problem, an expectation-minimization procedure is developed and implemented for minimization of function

where  is an arbitrary concave monotonically increasing function (for example,  gives the lasso penalty and  gives the  penalty).

The efficient algorithm for minimization is based on piece-wise quadratic approximation of subquadratic growth (PQSQ).

Adaptive lasso

The adaptive lasso was introduced by Zou in 2006 for linear regression and by Zhang and Lu in 2007 for proportional hazards regression.

Prior lasso

The prior lasso was introduced for generalized linear models by Jiang et al. in 2016 to incorporate prior information, such as the importance of certain covariates. In prior lasso, such information is summarized into pseudo responses (called prior responses)  and then an additional criterion function is added to the usual objective function with a lasso penalty. Without loss of generality, in linear regression, the new objective function can be written as

which is equivalent to

the usual lasso objective function with the responses  being replaced by a weighted average of the observed responses and the prior responses  (called the adjusted response values by the prior information).

In prior lasso, the parameter  is called a balancing parameter, in that it balances the relative importance of the data and the prior information. In the extreme case of , prior lasso is reduced to lasso. If , prior lasso will solely rely on the prior information to fit the model. Furthermore, the balancing parameter  has another appealing interpretation: it controls the variance of  in its prior distribution from a Bayesian viewpoint.

Prior lasso is more efficient in parameter estimation and prediction (with a smaller estimation error and prediction error) when the prior information is of high quality, and is robust to the low quality prior information with a good choice of the balancing parameter .

Computing lasso solutions
The loss function of the lasso is not differentiable, but a wide variety of techniques from convex analysis and optimization theory have been developed to compute the solutions path of the lasso. These include coordinate descent, subgradient methods, least-angle regression (LARS), and proximal gradient methods. Subgradient methods are the natural generalization of traditional methods such as gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent to the case in which the objective function is not differentiable at all points. LARS is a method that is closely tied to lasso models, and in many cases allows them to be fit efficiently, though it may not perform well in all circumstances. LARS generates complete solution paths. Proximal methods have become popular because of their flexibility and performance and are an area of active research. The choice of method will depend on the particular lasso variant, the data and the available resources. However, proximal methods generally perform well.

The "glmnet" package in R, where "glm" is a reference to "generalized linear models" and "net" refers to the "net" from "elastic net" provides an extremely efficient way to implement LASSO and some of its variants.

Choice of regularization parameter
Choosing the regularization parameter () is a fundamental part of lasso. A good value is essential to the performance of lasso since it controls the strength of shrinkage and variable selection, which, in moderation can improve both prediction accuracy and interpretability. However, if the regularization becomes too strong, important variables may be omitted and coefficients may be shrunk excessively, which can harm both predictive capacity and inferencing. Cross-validation is often used to find the regularization parameter.

Information criteria such as the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) might be preferable to cross-validation, because they are faster to compute and their performance is less volatile in small samples. An information criterion selects the estimator's regularization parameter by maximizing a model's in-sample accuracy while penalizing its effective number of parameters/degrees of freedom. Zou et al. proposed to measure the effective degrees of freedom by counting the number of parameters that deviate from zero. The degrees of freedom approach was considered flawed by Kaufman and Rosset and Janson et al., because a model's degrees of freedom might increase even when it is penalized harder by the regularization parameter. As an alternative, the relative simplicity measure defined above can be used to count the effective number of parameters. For the lasso, this measure is given by

,

which monotonically increases from zero to  as the regularization parameter decreases from  to zero.

Selected applications

LASSO has been applied in economics and finance, and was found to improve prediction and to select sometimes neglected variables, for example in corporate bankruptcy prediction literature, or high growth firms prediction.

See also
Least absolute deviations
Model selection
Nonparametric regression
Tikhonov regularization

References

Regression analysis
Machine learning algorithms


Brimmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Brimmer (1926–2012), economist, academic, and business leader
Clarence Addison Brimmer Jr. (1922–2014), United States federal judge
David Brimmer, American voice actor and fight choreographer
Esther Brimmer, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations
Gabriela Brimmer (1947–2000), Mexican writer and activist for persons with disabilities
Jake Brimmer (born 1998), Australian footballer
Martin Brimmer, American politician and the ninth mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1843 to 1844
Philip A. Brimmer (born 1959), United States federal judge

See also
"The Broad Black Brimmer", Irish Republican folk song written by Noel Nagle of the Wolfe Tones