Roger Redmond Bate (17 January 1923 – 18 March 2009) was a brigadier general, Rhodes Scholar, professor, and scientist who had held a variety of positions with the Air Force, Texas Instruments, and the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.

Education
Born in 1923 in Denver, Bate began college at Caltech as a chemistry major studying under Linus Pauling in 1941. During World War II, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Corps on 10 December 1942 and entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point on 1 July,1944. He graduated in 1947 and spent the next three years studying as a Rhodes Scholar at the Magdalen College, Oxford, UK, where he earned a B.Sc. degree in nuclear physics in 1950 (reclassified as a master's degree in 1954). From 1951 to 1952, he served with the 10th Engineer Combat Battalion in Korea. In 1957, Bate graduated from the Canadian Army Staff College. In 1966, he earned his PhD in control systems from Stanford University. He was the first Permanent Professor in the Astronautics Department, and later became Vice Dean of the Air Force Academy.

U.S. Army
He served with the US Army Corps of Engineers during the Korean War and was awarded the Bronze Star. As a young Army captain, he was sent in 1959 to be an instructor at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colo. His assignment, he explained later, was to help set up the Department of Astronautics there.

U.S. Air Force Academy
He transferred to the Air Force and became the first permanent professor of astronautics at the academy in 1962 and the department's first head in 1963. Bate took leave from the department from 1963 to 1964 to earn a doctorate in aeronautical and astronautical engineering at Stanford. He shifted his focus and completed a dissertation in engineering mechanics concentrating on control systems in 1966 with a thesis entitled Optimal control of systems with transport lag.

Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, which Bate co-wrote with Donald Mueller and Jerry White was first published in 1971 and, unusual for a technology text, is still in print and still used in college courses and by professionals. Internet reviewers of the book continue to hold it in high esteem: It is known as BMW (after the authors) by its devotees.

Perhaps it was the need for mathematical rigor that led Bate into computer science. In the early days of the academy, the Department of Astronautics had the greatest need for mathematical computing power. So the department members were the biggest users of the academy's computers and needed to develop the programming standards. As head of the department, Bate established the computer science program and major at the academy, which, at first, were part of the Department of Astronautics.

After holding other Academy positions, including vice dean of the faculty, Bate retired from the Air Force in 1973 with the rank of colonel (and later promoted to brigadier general) and left the academy for a position with Texas Instruments.

Texas Instruments
In 1973, he joined Texas Instruments where he eventually became Chief Computer Scientist.  In a nearly 20-year career at TI, Bate formed TI's Advanced Software Technology Department and served in the Computer Science Research Department. Bate's interest in process improvement started in the late 1970s when he was leading the Advanced Software Technology Department and was tasked to solve “the software problem.” This phrase was used in the defense industry to describe the problems that project managers would cite when trying to explain why their projects were over budget or late.

Working with Edith Martin, who was the deputy under secretary of defense for research and advanced technology, and Larry Druffel, who was then the director of computer systems and software in Martin's office, Bate helped to organize a workshop that brought together 300 experts to study the issue. One of the results of that workshop was to validate the idea for the Software Engineering Institute. Druffel would later become SEI director. Bate retired from TI in 1991 as chief computer scientist and TI fellow.

Software Engineering Institute
After retiring from Texas Instruments in 1991, he continued his interest in integrated systems development by joining the Software Engineering Institute. While at SEI, General Bate was the Chief Architect of the Capability Maturity Model Integration suite of products. Bate was a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), a fellow of the Society for Design and Process Science, and a Texas Instruments Fellow.

His work at the SEI included the initiation of the Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SE-CMM).  As Bate was working on the SE-CMM, other Capability Maturity Models were beginning to grow and Bate was asked to chair a group charged with evaluating the idea of integrating the CMMs in 1994. This work led to the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI).

The culmination of Bate's work at the SEI came around the release of CMMI for Development (CMMI-Dev) V. 1.2. The CMMI Steering Group decided that a new architecture would help CMMI expand its coverage and extend into other domains. The revised version employs a new architecture and a new term—constellations—to describe how components are grouped.

With Bate's help, the SEI was able to greatly expand and enhance the improvement opportunities available to the U.S. defense community and to the worldwide development community through CMMI.

Honors
Bate was an SEI fellow, TI fellow, a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and a fellow of the Society for Design and Process Science. He was awarded the Legion of Merit twice in his military career as well as the Bronze Star Medal from the U.S. Army during the Korean War.

Personal
Bate married Jeannette Hockman in 1947. After her death in 1987, he married Madeline Lemon Kunkel in 1988. In total, he had nine children and eleven grandchildren.

In 2009, Bate died in McKinney, Texas and was interred next to his first wife at Restland Memorial Park near Dallas.

Publications

References

1923 births
2009 deaths
People from Denver
California Institute of Technology alumni
Military personnel from Colorado
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
American Rhodes Scholars
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Air Force Academy faculty
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
People from McKinney, Texas


John Knittel, originally Hermann Emanuel Knittel (March 24, 1891 in Dharwar, India – April 26, 1970 in Maienfeld, Graubünden) was a Swiss writer.

Life
John Knittel was the son of a Württemberg missionary, Hermann Wilhelm Knittel, who was in the service of the Baseler Mission, along with his wife Ana née Schultze, was from the South Tyrol. Knittel was born in India, where his parents were engaged in missionary work. In 1895, the Knittels traveled with their children from India and returned to Switzerland and settled in Basel. John Knittel enrolled at the Gymnasium am Münsterplatz and was a schoolmate of Carl Jacob Burckhardt. He left the school and search for a vocational school in which to study and eventually became an apprentice in a cotton textile factory owned by an uncle.

Writing career
In 1908 he moved to London and worked as a bank teller for Crédit Lyonnais. He then worked as a projectionist in some theaters. In London, he met his future wife Frances White Mac Bridger, whom he married in 1915 against the will of her parents. This marriage produced three children.

A meeting with the English writer Robert Smythe Hichens in 1917 was the start of his life as a writer. Hichens recognized Knittel's talent and urged him to write in English. In 1919, his first novel appeared The Travels of Aaron West, which became a commercial success. In England, he became a member of P.E.N. Club.

Return to Switzerland and foreign travels
In 1921, Knittel settled in Switzerland with his wife, children and Hichens near Genfersee. In the following years, he took his family on his wide travels: Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia. In Egypt, he was impressed by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and supported a Schweizer Project dedicated to improving the life of poor fellaheen. The uncertain world political situation compelled the Knittels to return to Europe. In 1938 they began to live in the Haus Römersteig at the vineyards of Maienfeld in Graubünden.

World War II and its results
After the beginning of World War II, he visited Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and with an introduction by Hans Carossa became a member of the Europäische Schriftsteller-Vereinigung (European Writers' League). In 1943 several friends of his daughter were sentenced to death for their participation in White Rose (Weiße Rose) - Willi Graf, Alexander Schmorell and Kurt Huber. He was denounced by his Swiss colleagues as a "Nazi Friend" (Nazifreund) and was expelled from the Schweizer Schriftsteller Verband (SSV).

Knittel died in his home in Maienfeld on April 26, 1970, at the age of 79

Works
All works were written in English and the German translations were sold by his Swiss publisher without any indication as to the translators.

Novels and stories
 The Travels of Aaron West, Novel, 1919  (dt. Die Reisen des Aaron West / Kapitän West, 1922)
 A Traveller in the night, Novel, 1924 (dt. Der Weg durch die Nacht, 1926)
 Into the abyss, Roman, 1927 (dt. Thérèse Etienne, 1927)
 Nile Gold, Novel, 1929 (dt. Der blaue Basalt, 1929)
 Midnight People, Novel, 1930 (dt. Abd-el-Kader, 1930)
 Cyprus Wine, 1933 (no German translation)
 The Commander, Novel, 1933 (dt. Der Commandant, 1933)
 Via Mala, Novel, 1934 (dt. Via Mala, 1934)
 Dr. Ibrahim, Novel, 1935 (dt. El Hakim, 1936)
 The asp and other stories, Stories, 1936 (dt. Die Aspis-Schlange und andere Erzählungen, 1942)
 Power for sale, Novel, 1939 (dt. Amadeus, 1939; sequel of Thérèse Etienne in promotion of the Atlantropa project)
 Terra Magna, Novel, 1948
 Jean-Michel, Novel, 1953
 Arietta, Novel, 1957 (dt. Arietta. Marokkanische Episode, 1959)

Theater

 The Torch, drama, 1922
 High Finance, drama, 1934
 Protektorat. A Folkdrama from our ancient times, 1935 (Dramatization of Abd-el-Kader)
 Via Mala, drama, 1937
 Sokrates, drama, 1941
 La Rochelle, drama, 1943/44
 Thérèse Etienne, drama, 1950

Filmography

 Hidden Lives (Netherlands, United Kingdom, 1920), directed by Maurits Binger and B. E. Doxat-Pratt
 Der Weg durch die Nacht (Germany, 1929), directed by Robert Dinesen, mit Margita Alfvén, Friedrich Ettel u.a.
 Se abre el abismo (Argentina, 1944), directed by Pierre Chenal, with Pablo Acciardi u.a.
 Via Mala (Germany, 1944/48), directed by Josef von Báky, mit Karin Hardt, Carl Wery, Albert Florath, Hilde Körber u.a.
 El Hakim (Germany, 1957), directed by Rolf Thiele, with O. W. Fischer, Michael Ande, Nadja Tiller, Charles Régnier u.a.
 Thérèse Étienne (France, 1958), directed by Denys de La Patellière, with James Robertson Justice, Françoise Arnoul u.a.
 Via Mala (Germany, 1961), directed by Paul May, with Gert Fröbe, Christine Kaufmann, Christian Wolff u.a.
 Via Mala (Germany, 1985, TV miniseries), directed by Tom Toelle, with Mario Adorf, Maruschka Detmers, Sissy Höfferer u.a.

Bibliography

 Reto Carisch: Der Romancier John Knittel. Probleme, Strukturen und Leserpsychologische Hintergründe seiner Werke. Univ. Diss., Freiburg (Schweiz) 1972.
 Elisabeth Höhn-Gloor: John Knittel. Ein Erfolgsautor und sein Werk im Brennpunkt von Fakten und Fiktionen. Univ. Diss., Zürich 1984.
 Elisabeth Knöll: John Knittel. Univ. Diss., Wien 1950.

External links

 John Knittel's official Website, run by his daughter

1970 deaths
1891 births
Swiss writers


Valters Āboliņš (born 19 December 1985 in Dobele, Latvia) is a Latvian rogaining competitor and former football defender. He won a silver medal in the XO group at the 8th World Rogaining Championship in Karula National Park, Estonia. His teammates were Andris Ansabergs and Mara Leitane. He also spend two years in Latvia Second league football club Hemat.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Dobele
Male orienteers
Latvian orienteers
Latvian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders


Pennsylvania Railroad 4876 was a GG1-class electric locomotive built in January 1939 at the PRR's Altoona Works in Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States. It is best known for being involved in an accident on January 15, 1953, when the locomotive overran a buffer stop, crashed into the concourse of Union Station in Washington, D.C., and fell partway into the basement after the train's brakes failed. Due to the major crowds expected for the upcoming inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower, 4876 was lowered the rest of the way into the basement and a temporary floor was erected overhead. After the inauguration, the locomotive's frame and superstructure was essentially scrapped on site, with all the reusable components shipped back to Altoona, Pennsylvania, to reconstruct a replacement 4876, which operated for another 30 years.

Background

The GG1 was developed in the 1930s by General Electric as the replacement for the Pennsylvania Railroad's then standard electric locomotive, the P5a, and was based largely on the New Haven EP3. The GG1 was capable of a top speed of , powered by its twelve  traction motors. The prototype GG1, PRR 4800, was tested against Westinghouse's submission, the R1. The Pennsylvania selected the GG1 over the R1, as the R1 was not articulated and the GG1's traction motors were similar to ones already in use. An order for the first 57 of a total 139 GG1s was placed in November 1934, with delivery starting in April 1935.

History
4876 was built in 1939 at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Altoona Works in Altoona, Pennsylvania, and was the 77th locomotive in its class. It operated between New York City and Washington, D.C., on the electrified Northeast Corridor as well as Philadelphia to Harrisburg on the PRR's Main Line.

Accident

At 8:38 AM on the morning of January 15, 1953, 4876 was the subject of a wreck while pulling the southbound Federal #173 from Boston, Massachusetts, to Washington, D.C. Upon nearing an "Approach" signal about  outside of Washington, the engineer applied the brakes to slow the train down from . Noting that the train still was not slowing after passing the signal, the engineer engaged the emergency brake and sounded the locomotive's horn. An assistant train director in Interlocking Tower 'C' observed the excessive speed of 4876, and radioed ahead to K Tower. The train director in K Tower already had the switches changed to allow 4876 to enter Union Station on Track 16, its regularly assigned track. Having insufficient time to switch the runaway on to another track, the director alerted the station master's office, situated at the end of Track 16. The 4876 rammed the buffer stop, still traveling at around , and continued into the concourse of Union Station, before partially falling through the floor into the baggage room below.

An investigation by the Interstate Commerce Commission discovered a design flaw in the passenger car used by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. If the handle of an angle cock came into contact with the bottom crossmember of the car's coupler pocket, the angle cock could inadvertently closed, rendering the brakes on any trailing cars inoperable. The third car in 4876's train, New Haven passenger coach 8665, exhibited this design flaw. The fourth car was not of the same design, and had a different style of coupler. The difference between the two couplers increased the frequency and the intensity at which the angle cock would hit the crossmember. On the morning of the day the accident occurred, the train had already reportedly stopped outside of Kingston, Rhode Island due to the brakes on the final two cars "sticking". Upon inspection, the angle cock on car 8655 was found to be closed and was reopened by the engineer. Later along the route, the locomotive changed crews. During the change, the previous failed to pass the issue onto the following crew and the matter was forgotten, leading to a repeat angle cock closure and the eventual crash of the train.

With the inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower set to occur on January 20, the passenger cars were re-railed and 4876 was lowered the rest of the way into the baggage room. A temporary floor was erected over the locomotive so as to not impede the crowds traveling to Washington, D.C., for the inauguration.

Rebuilding
After the crash, it was widely believed that after the presidential inauguration, 4876 was cut into three sections, hoisted out of the baggage room and reassembled in the Altoona shops. Since-published PRR documentation on the damage has surfaced that reveals the superstructure and frame were mostly scrapped in place. Wreck cranes were not able to penetrate deep enough into the station concourse to lift out sections of the engine that large. The GG1 had to be cut into much smaller pieces so that they could be hauled up the baggage ramp and placed into gondola cars for the trip to Altoona. The PRR determined it was less expensive to reassemble 4876 than to write it off and replace it with a completely new locomotive (which would have cost three times as much). Structurally, the majority of the locomotive was beyond repair. Many self-contained components, such as the traction motors, wheels, axles, bearings and brake cylinders etc. were able to be reused. Parts of the driving truck frames, the main cab underframe, the carbody superstructure, pantographs, and couplers had to be newly built. By the following October, a like-new 4876 was released for service, outshopped in Tuscan red rather than the previous Dark Green Locomotive Enamel (DGLE).

Remaining Service and Preservation
The reconstructed 4876 was returned to DGLE, single stripe by 1956. It remained in service for approximately 30 more years with the PRR, Penn Central, Conrail and finally New Jersey Transit. In 1983 the locomotive was retired and donated for preservation. Originally slated for donation to the Smithsonian Institution, it was ultimately donated to the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. Originally, the museum planned on cosmetically restoring 4876 and putting it on static display. These plans were placed on hold indefinitely when the museum's roundhouse roof collapsed in 2003, and the museum focused its efforts on restoring the equipment damaged by the collapse. Since the inquisition, the locomotive has been stored outside since it was acquired by the museum. It has become defaced with graffiti and parts of its steel body have corroded.

See also

 List of rail accidents (1950–1999)

References

Sources

Preserved electric locomotives
Electric locomotives
11 kV AC locomotives
2-C+C-2 locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Individual locomotives of the United States
4876


Diwan Bahadur Sir Gopathi Narayanaswami Chetty   (; 28 September 1881 – 13 June 1950) was an Indian merchant, landlord, politician, legislator and economist.

Early life

Narayanaswami Chetty was born into the Gopathi balija family. He was the son of Gopathy Mahadeva Chetty. He was educated in Madras. He was an elected President of Madras Corporation.

Public life

Narayanaswamy Chetty served as the member of the Council of State, Imperial Legislative Council of India, from 1930 to 1936. He also served as a President of the Madras Corporation. He was a member of the Joint Select Committee of the Reserve Bank of India Bill and played a pivotal role in the formation of the Reserve Bank of India.

Honours

Narayanaswamy Chetty was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1929 and a Knights Bachelor in 1945.

G. N. Chetty road in T. Nagar, Chennai is named after Gopathi Narayanaswami Chetty.

References

Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian Knights Bachelor
Businesspeople from Chennai
Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India
1881 births
1950 deaths
Indian merchants
Dewan Bahadurs
Indian landlords
Members of the Council of State (India)
Businesspeople from British India


Yuzhu Station (), formerly Maogang Station () during planning, is a station on Line 5 and Line 13 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under Yumao Road () near the south of the Maogang Interchange () on Huangpu Avenue () in  the Huangpu District. It opened in 28December 2009.

Gallery

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Huangpu District


Archibald Peter Sturrock Forbes CBE (5 May 1913 – 27 January 1999) was a Scottish colonial officer who was the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative Development in Tanganyika (now Tanzania).

Biography
Forbes was born in Delwood, Saskatchewan, Canada, the son of Elizabeth Lilian Forbes (née Campbell) and Alexander Menzies Forbes. His family moved to Scotland and he was educated at George Heriot's School  in Edinburgh. He studied for a BSc at the University of Edinburgh, then going on to Trinity College, Cambridge to take a Diploma in Agriculture, and finally the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad and Tobago (Trop Ag).

He also worked with Oxfam between 1963 and 1985, serving as a Trustee and Member of the Administration Committee.

Colonial service

He joined the Colonial Service and in 1937 became an agriculture officer in Nyasaland. He was promoted to Senior Agriculture Officer in 1946, becoming Chief Agriculture Officer in 1953. During this time he worked on the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. He became Deputy Director of Agriculture in 1954, Director of Agriculture in 1958, and Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative Development in 1960. In the same year, he was appointed CBE.

When Tanganyika achieved independence in 1963, he undertook consultancy work in Africa and Asia until 1978. He consulted for the World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organisation, the United Nations, Nordic Engineering and natural resources technology firms.

Personal life

He married Mary Manning (daughter of Captain Robert William Manning) on 10 June 1939. Together they had two children. His daughter Heather was married to Peter Loxton, son of Bill Loxton. He died in 1999 in Winfrith Newburgh, Dorset.

References

1913 births
1999 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British colonial governors and administrators in Africa
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at George Heriot's School
Nyasaland people
British expatriates in Tanganyika (territory)


Charles Gilbert Chaddock (November 14, 1861 – July 20, 1936) was an American neurologist, psychiatrist, and translator. He is remembered for describing the Chaddock reflex and is credited with introducing the terms bisexuality, heterosexuality, and homosexuality from German into the English language.

Biography
Charles Gilbert Chaddock was born on November 14, 1861 in Jonesville, Michigan. In 1885, he graduated from the University of Michigan College of Medicine and Surgery, then worked at the North Michigan Asylum in Traverse City as a staff physician. From 1889 to 1890, Chaddock studied in Munich. On his return, he again worked at the Asylum, before, in 1892, becoming Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases at Marion-Sims College, which later became part of the Saint Louis University School of Medicine. He married Adelaide Gowans MacPherson in 1890. Baddock returned to Europe in 1897, spending most of the time as assistant to Joseph Babinski. On his return to the United States in 1899, Chaddock introduced American physicians to Babinski's sign, later publishing a translation of Babinski's work. Chaddock introduced his eponymous reflex in 1911, calling it the External Malleolar sign. He also described an analogous sign in the upper limb. Chaddock died on July 20, 1936. He was interred by a Protestant reverend in Oakwood Cemetery, Allegan, Michigan.

Legacy
Chaddock is credited with the first use of the words heterosexuality and homosexuality in the English language, as well as the first use of the word bisexuality in its sense of being sexually attracted to both women and men, in his translation of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis in 1892. Prior to Von Krafft-Ebing's new use of the term, "bisexual" was usually used to refer to hermaphroditic plants, that is having both male and female reproductive structures, or to refer to mixed-sex situations such as schools.

References

External links

 Works by or about Charles Gilbert Chaddock at the Online Books Page

1861 births
1936 deaths
19th-century American physicians
19th-century American translators
20th-century American physicians
20th-century American translators
American neurologists
American psychiatrists
People from Jonesville, Michigan
Saint Louis University faculty
University of Michigan Medical School alumni


Kottappuram or Kottapuram may refer to:

 Kottappuram, Kollam
 Kottappuram, Kasaragod
 Kottappuram, Thrissur
 Kottappuram, Paravur, a village in Paravur Municipality of Kollam district


The Bartholomew Fair was one of London's pre-eminent summer charter fairs. A charter for the fair was granted by King Henry I to fund the Priory of St Bartholomew in 1133. It took place each year on 24 August within the precincts of the Priory at West Smithfield, London until 1855 when it was banned due to causing public disturbances.

Description

Granted by charter from King Henry I to Rahere to fund the Priory of St Bartholomew in 1133, the fair became London's most important fair, it took place each year on 24 August within the precincts of the Priory at West Smithfield, outside Aldersgate of the City of London. The site of Bartholomew Fair was the south-east side of Smithfield roundabout and was originally a cloth fair.  Originally chartered as a three-day event, it would last a full two weeks in the 17th century; but in 1691, it was shortened to only four days. With a change in the calendar, the fair commenced on 3 September from 1753. A trading event for cloth and other goods as well as a pleasure fair, the event drew crowds from all classes of English society.

It was customary for the Lord Mayor of London to open the fair on St Bartholomew's Eve. The Mayor would stop at Newgate Prison to accept a cup of sack (fortified white wine) from the governor. The Merchant Taylors Guild processed to Cloth Fair to test the measures for cloth, using their standard silver yard, until 1854. The annual fair grew to become the chief cloth sale in the kingdom.

By 1641, the fair had achieved international importance. It had outgrown the former location along Cloth Fair, and around the Priory graveyard to now cover four parishes: Christ Church, Great and Little St Bartholomew’s and St Sepulchre’s. The fair featured sideshows, prize-fighters, musicians, wire-walkers, acrobats, puppets, freaks and wild animals.

The fair was suppressed in 1855 by the City authorities for encouraging debauchery and public disorder. The Newgate Calendar had denounced the fair as a "school of vice which has initiated more youth into the habits of villainy than Newgate itself."

In literature and art

The Bartholomew Fair is the setting for Bartholomew Fair, a play by Ben Jonson. Samuel Pepys wrote about the fair in his diary. John Evelyn also refers in his diary to having visited "the celebrated follies of Bartholomew Fair" on 16 August 1648 . In Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1722) the heroine meets a well-dressed gentleman at the fair. In Wordsworth's The Prelude (1805) mention is made of the din and the Indians and dwarfs at the fair. The Bartholomew Fair of 1845 features as the primary location of The Wireless Theatre Company's "The Carnival Of Horrors", the second episode of "The Springheel Saga, Series Two: The Legend of Springheel'd Jack".

See also
Charter
Charter fair
History of marketing
Market (place)
Retail

References

Attribution

External links

Annual fairs
Social history of London
Entertainment in London
1133 establishments in England
Fairs in England
Annual events in London
1855 disestablishments in England
Recurring events established in the 12th century
1855 festivals
 Charter fair


This is a discography of Gang Green, an American hardcore punk band from Boston. The band has released four studio albums, 6 extended plays, and one live album.

Studio albums
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! width="180"| Title
! Label
|-
|align="center"|1986
|Another Wasted Night
|Taang! Records
|-
|align="center"|1987
|You Got It
|Roadrunner Records
|-
|align="center"|1989
|Older... Budweiser
|Roadrunner Records
|-
|align="center"|1997
|Another Case Of Brewtality
|Taang! Records
|-
|}

Live albums
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! width="180"| Title
! Label
|-
|align="center"|1990
| Can't LIVE Without It
|Roadrunner Records
|-
|}

Compilations
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! width="180"| Title
! Label
|-
|align="center"|1991
| King Of Bands
|Roadrunner Records
|-
|align="center"|1991
| Another Wasted Night
|Taang! Records
|-
|align="center"|1997
| Preschool
|Taang! Records
|-
|align="center"|2006
| The Taang Years
|Golf Records
|-
|}

EPs
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! width="180"| Title
! Label
|-
|align="center"|1984
|Sold Out 7"
|Taang! Records
|-
|align="center"|1985
|Drunk And Disorderly 10"
|Deluxe Music
|-
|align="center"|1985
|P.M.R.C. Sucks 12"
|Him Records
|-
|align="center"|1985
|Skate To Hell 7"
|Taang! Records
|-
|align="center"|1988
|I81B4U
|Roadrunner Records
|-
|align="center"|1997
|Back & Gacked
|Taang! Records
|-
|}

Various artists compilation tracks
This Is Boston, Not L.A. (1982) Modern Method
"Snob" – "Lie Lie" – "I Don't Know" – "Rabies" – "Narrow Mind" – "Kill a Commie" – "Have Fun"
Unsafe at Any Speed (1982) Modern Method
"Selfish"
Thrasher Skaterock Vol. 3 (1985) Thrasher/High Speed
"Skate to Hell"
Mr. Beautiful Presents: All Hard (1985, Modern Method)
"Let's Drink Some Beer"
American Hardcore: The History of American Punk Rock 1980-1986 [Soundtrack] (2006, Rhino)
"Kill a Commie"

Discographies of American artists
Punk rock group discographies


CEO succession refers to the process by which boards of directors ensure that their organization has the ability to sustain excellence in CEO leadership over time, with transitions from one leader to the next.

Commercial importance
CEO succession is one of key functions of a board of directors.  Changing the head of an enterprise impacts company culture, board/CEO relations, and perceptions from multiple constituencies inside and outside the business. The disruption that occurs can impact performance in a positive, neutral or negative manner. Successful companies manage this process well in advance with a concerted set of processes and milestones. Effective CEO succession requires a well-defined program that ensures a supply of highly capable candidates ready to assume the CEO position whether through an unexpected event or a planned transition. Success or failure of a CEO transition is influenced by a host of obvious and non-obvious factors, many of them of a social/psychological nature. How these factors are managed can have an enormous impact on the performance and status of the organization.

Regulatory opinion
In an October 2009 release, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission effectively removed the ordinary business exclusion defense used by companies reluctant to disclose their CEO succession process to shareholders. The policy change allows for a new wave of corporate governance scrutiny, as regulators and shareholders increasingly focus on CEO succession practices.
Staff Bulletin (SLB 14E) announced that, in principle, the commission no longer allows companies to exclude shareholder proposals based on an argument that CEO succession planning is an ordinary business operations matter. In reversing its position, the SEC acknowledged that poor CEO succession planning constitutes a significant business risk and raises a policy issue on the governance of the corporation that transcends the day-to-day business of managing the workforce. The change indicates that regulators have reframed CEO succession as a risk management issue and placed its responsibility firmly in the boardroom. Succession planning responsibilities are redefined as “a key board function” and “a significant policy (and governance) issue … so that a company is not adversely affected by a vacancy in leadership.”

Succession Options
CEOs can be put in place from multiple options available to any organization, some of which are:

 Earmarking and training experienced and high value internal candidates for taking over the role of an outgoing CEO.
 Promoters may prefer to elevate family members (co-promoters) as CEO, subject to Board of Directors approval and investor approval (in case of listed firms).
 Hiring external CEOs from similar industries, culture and business expertise. This is done by outsourcing the work to executive search firms.

See also
 Outline of management

References

Books on the subject
 Wackerle, F.W.,  (2001).  ‘’The Right CEO: Straight Talk about Making Tough CEO Selection Decisions’’. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Articles on the subject

 Pellet, J., (2009). “What’s Wrong with CEO Succession?” Chief Executive, 240.
 nile, M., (2009). "The Art of CEO Succession," BusinessWeek, 4130.
 Charan, R., (2005). ‘’Ending the CEO Succession Crisis,’’ Harvard Business Review, 83(2).
 Balloun, J., & McGill, J. (2005). “Succession Planning: A Critical Boardroom Imperative,” NACD Directors Monthly, 29(9).
 Dierickx, C., & McGill, J. (2007). “The Dark Side of CEO Succession,” Chief Executive, 225.
 Dierickx, C., & Veneziano, J. (2008). “Three Keys to CEO Succession,” People & Strategy, 31(2).
 Directorship Magazine (2009). “CEO Succession"
 The Conference Board (2010). Examining the impact of SEC guidance changes on CEO succession planning

Human resource management


Milan Madaj (born May 8, 1970) of the SK James Bobrovec is a Slovak ski mountaineer. He became a member of the SSA national squad in 1992.

Madaj was born in Liptovský Mikuláš. He started ski mountaineering in 1989 and competed first in 1991.

Selected results
 1998:
 4th, Patrouille des Glaciers (together with Miroslav Leitner and Dušan Trizna)
 2000:
 1st: Psotkov memoriál
 2001:
 7th, European Championship team race (together with Dušan Trizna)
 2002:
 10th, World Championship team race (together with Dušan Trizna)
 2004:
 5th, World Championship relay race (together with Miroslav Leitner, Branislav Kačina and Peter Svätojánsky
 2005:
 5th, European Championship relay race (together with Peter Svätojánsky, Miroslav Leitner und Branislav Kačina)
 2006:
 4th, World Championship relay race (together with Miroslav Leitner, Milan Blaško and Peter Svätojánsky)
 2007:
 10th, European Championship relay race (together with Matúš Daňko, Jozef Hlavco and Juraj Laštík)

Pierra Menta

 1994: 2nd, together with Dušan Trizna
 1995: 2nd, together with Dušan Trizna
 1996: 3rd, together with Dušan Trizna ("seniors I" ranking)
 1998: 8th, together with Dušan Trizna
 2000: 6th, together with Dušan Trizna
 2001: 9th, together with Dušan Trizna
 2006: 9th, together with Peter Svätojánsky

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2003: 10th, together with Peter Svätojánsky and Miroslav Leitner

External links
 Milan Madaj at skimountaineering.org

References

1970 births
Living people
Slovak male ski mountaineers
People from Liptovský Mikuláš District
Sportspeople from the Žilina Region


Madaj is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Karol Madaj (born 1980), Polish board game designer
 Milan Madaj (born 1970), Slovak ski mountaineer
 Natalia Madaj (born 1988), Polish rower

See also
 Madaj, Maharashtra, a village in Maharashtra, India

West Slavic-language surnames


Seven Cities of Gold is a 1955 American historical adventure film directed by Robert D. Webb and starring Richard Egan, Anthony Quinn and Michael Rennie, filmed in DeLuxe Color and CinemaScope. It tells the story of the eighteenth-century Franciscan priest, Father Junípero Serra and the founding of the first missions in what is now California. The screenplay is based on the 1951 novel The Nine Days of Father Serra by Isabelle Gibson Ziegler. The tag line of the film was "This is the story of the making ...and the forging...of California...when men chose gold or God...the sword or the Cross".

Plot summary
In 1769, the expedition of Captain Gaspar de Portolà (Anthony Quinn) to California is in search of fabled cities of gold. Its religious advisor, peace-loving missionary Father Junípero Serra (Michael Rennie), wishes to establish good relations with the local natives and to build a string of missions, beginning at San Diego Bay. He is unexpectedly aided when Portola's prideful second in command, Lt. Jose Mendoza (Richard Egan), saves the life of Matuwir (Jeffrey Hunter), the grandson of the local chief. But when a supply ship fails to appear and the expedition prepares to return to Mexico a failure, Mendoza betrays Matuwir's sister Ula (Rita Moreno), whom he has seduced, resulting in her accidental death by a fall from a cliff. Threatened with annihilation by Matuwir's warriors when both Portola and Father Serra refuse to turn him over, Mendoza prevents war by surrendering himself to Matuwir for torture and execution. As the Spaniards begin to leave, the supply ship appears in the bay as if by a miracle.

Cast
 Richard Egan as Lt. José Mendoza
 Anthony Quinn as Capt. Gaspar de Portolà
 Michael Rennie as Father Junipero Serra
 Jeffrey Hunter as Matuwir
 Rita Moreno as Ula
 Eduardo Noriega as Sergeant
 Leslie Bradley as Galves
 John Doucette as Juan Coronel
 Julio Villarreal as Pilot Vila
 Jack Mower as Father (uncredited)

Production
The film was based on the book The Nine Days of Father Sierra which was published in 1951. The New York Times called it a "brief, tender, impressive novel." Film rights were bought by 20th Century Fox who in June 1952 announced Charles Brackett would produce and John C Higgins would write the script.

In April 1953 Fox announced the film would be made in CinemaScope and that Richard Breen was working on the script.

In October 1954, it was reported Joseph Petracca was writing the script and that the film would star James Mason.

By January 1955 the film was titled Seven Cities of Gold. Brackett was out as producer, replaced by the husband and wife team of Barbara McLean, normally an editor, and Robert D. Webb, who would direct. The stars would be Richard Egan, Michael Rennie, Rita Moreno and Cameron Mitchell. Jeffrey Hunter was cast as a Native American on the basis of his success as a Native American in White Feather, which he had just made for Webb. Mitchell was eventually replaced by Anthony Quinn.

Filming began 15 March 1955 and included location filming in Mexico. It finished by 20 June.

Release
The film was premiered in San Diego.

See also
 List of American films of 1955

References

External links

1955 films
1950s historical adventure films
20th Century Fox films
CinemaScope films
American historical adventure films
Films about conquistadors
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Robert D. Webb
Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer
Films set in 1769
Films set in California
1950s English-language films
1950s American films


Precautionary statements form part of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). They are intended to form a set of standardized phrases giving advice about the correct handling of chemical substances and mixtures, which can be translated into different languages. As such, they serve the same purpose as the well-known S-phrases, which they are intended to replace.

Precautionary statements are one of the key elements for the labelling of containers under the GHS, along with:
an identification of the product;
one or more hazard pictograms (where necessary)
a signal word – either Danger or Warning – where necessary
hazard statements, indicating the nature and degree of the risks posed by the product
the identity of the supplier (who might be a manufacturer or importer)

Each precautionary statement is designated a code, starting with the letter P and followed by three digits. Statements which correspond to related hazards are grouped together by code number, so the numbering is not consecutive. The code is used for reference purposes, for example to help with translations, but it is the actual phrase which should appear on labels and safety data sheets. Some precautionary phrases are combinations, indicated by a plus sign "+". In several cases, there is a choice of wording, for example "Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray": the supplier or regulatory agency should choose the appropriate wording for the product concerned.

General precautionary statements

Note: "" = to be specified

Prevention precautionary statements

Response precautionary statements

Storage precautionary statements

Disposal precautionary statements

References

External links
("GHS Rev.2")
(the "CLP Regulation")
 Chemical Hazard & Precautionary Phrases in 23 European Languages, machine-readable and versioned

Precautionary statements


Graeme John Miller (born 20 November 1960) is a former New Zealand racing cyclist from Blenheim. He competed at three Olympic Games in 1984, 1988 and 1992. His best result was in 1988 in Seoul where he finished 8th in the men's road race.

He won two gold medals at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in the men's road race and in the men's team time trial. At the 1986 Commonwealth Games he won a silver medal in the men's team time trial, and four years earlier at the 1982 Commonwealth Games he won another silver in the team pursuit over 4000m.

He was the New Zealand team captain and opening ceremony flag bearer at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

After more than 20 years as a New Zealand representative cyclist, at the age of 42 he retired from competitive cycling due to a back problem.

After four back operations and a two level fusion, Graeme was able to ride again after a six-year layoff.

He came out of retirement in Bermuda in 2008 after being asked to coach a start up team of amateur cyclists. He has won several races since his return to cycling, including the Sinclair Packwood Memorial Road Race in May 2009.

Major results

1987
1st  Road race, National Road Championships
1988
8th Road race, Olympic Games
1993
1st Stage 4 Herald Sun Tour
3rd US Pro Championship
1995
1st Stage 11 Herald Sun Tour
1998
1st Stage 10b & 11 Herald Sun Tour
1999
1st Stage 6 Tour Down Under
1st Stage 4 Tour of Japan
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
2000
1st Stage 4 Tour of Japan
2001
1st Stage 2 Tour of Japan
6th First Union Classic

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
New Zealand male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for New Zealand
Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
Cyclists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
New Zealand track cyclists
Sportspeople from Blenheim, New Zealand
People educated at Marlborough Boys' College
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
20th-century New Zealand people
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games


Miroslav Leitner (born August 1, 1966) is a Slovakian ski mountaineer and has been member of the SSA national squad since 1992. Until the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993, he ran for the Czechoslovac team.

Leitner was born in Brezno. He started ski mountaineering in 1983 and competed first in the same year.

Selected results
 1998:
 4th, Patrouille des Glaciers  ("seniors I" ranking), together with Milan Madaj and Dušan Trizna
 2001:
 3rd, European Championship team race (together with Peter Svätojánsky)
 2002:
 3rd, World Championship team race (together with Peter Svätojánsky)
 2004:
 5th, World Championship relay race (together with Peter Svätojánsky, Branislav Kačina and Milan Madaj
 7th, World Championship team race (together with Peter Svätojánsky)
 9th, World Championship combination ranking
 2005:
 5th, European Championship relay race (together with Milan Madaj, Peter Svätojánsky and Branislav Kačina)
 8th, European Championship team race (together with Peter Svätojánsky)
 2006:
 4th, World Championship relay race (together with Peter Svätojánsky, Milan Blaško and Milan Madaj)
 2008:
 5th, World Championship relay race (together with Peter Svätojánsky, Jozef Hlavco and Juraj Laštík)

Pierra Menta

 1992: 9th, together with Tibor Novajovský
 1993: 3rd, together with Dušan Trizna
 1994: 10th, together with Jean-Bastipte Mang
 1996: 5th, together with Peter Matos
 1997: 9th, together with Peter Matos
 1998: 9th, together with Adriano Greco
 2000: 4th, together with Peter Svätojánsky
 2001: 4th, together with Peter Svätojánsky
 2002: 8th, together with Peter Svätojánsky
 2005: 9th, together with Peter Svätojánsky

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2003: 10th, together with Peter Svätojánsky and Milan Madaj

External links
 Miroslav Leitner at SkiMountaineering.org

1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Brezno
Slovak people of German descent
Slovak male ski mountaineers
Czechoslovak male ski mountaineers


The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany was the third race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 6 July in the Ellermühle Stadium in Landshut, Germany It was the third Swedish SGP and was won by Danish rider Hans Nielsen. It was the fourth win of his career.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Robert Barth from Germany as Wild Card.
Draw .  (5) Henrik Gustafsson →  (18) Andy Smith
Draw .  (18) Andy Smith →  (17) Mikael Karlsson
Draw .  (17) Mikael Karlsson →  (19) Sam Ermolenko

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Germany
Ge
Speedway Grand Prix of Germany
Speedway Grand Prix of Germany
1997


Rai Bhoe Bhatti (c. 1380 – 1454 or 1461), alternatively spelt as Rai Bhoi Bhatti, was a Muslim Rajput zamindar in medieval India. He was the founder of a rebuilt Nankana Sahib, formerly known as Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi, a village in the province of Punjab (an 'iqtas [province] of the ruling Delhi Sultanate). He was born a Hindu but embraced Islam later on in his life. He was the son of Rai Raaney Bhatti.

Biography
Ancestors of Bhatti arrived in Punjab in the early 14th century during the reign of Alauddin Khalji (1295-1315). Khalji's Army had attacked Jaisalmer, a state in Rajputana (now Rajasthan in India), to avenge raids by Hindu Rajputs. After a bloody battle, one of the Bhatti Rajput prince along with his clansmen who survived were taken hostage. They were converted to Islam and sent to exile in northern Punjab, near Kotli (about 40 miles from the present-day Lahore). According to the legend, Khalji was so touched by their bravery that he paid a tribute to them by giving them about 1,50,000 acres of Punjab's most fertile land as compensation for their defeat and also as an enticement to keep them from rallying troops and building a new Rajput Bhatti Army. According to some sources, his ancestor, Rai Addel Bhatti (1265 – 1350) was the one who made the first conversion from Hinduism to Islam in the family due to the influence of Sufism.

Bhoe Bhatti supervised the rebuilding of the village of Talwandi after it had been destroyed during the numerous invasions of the Punjab (and wider subcontinent) by invaders such as Timur. During his tenureship as the village's chief or zamindar, the village successfully grew in population through developments supervised by Rai Bhoe and also the assured security from foreign invasions.

Bhatti had a son named Rai Bular Bhatti, born in circa 1425 (according to records kept by bards) or 1430, who would succeed him as the local zamindar. Bular Bhatti would later gain recognition for being the employer of Mehta Kalu, the father of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.

Notes

References

14th-century Indian people


The Afghan Women's Council (AWC) (also known as the Women's Council) was a women's organization. In Afghanistan. It was a non-profit organization that strived to help Afghan women and children by improving their living condition as well as raising the awareness of human rights.

In 1990, the Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan was abolished because it was considered too Marxist in a period when President Najibullah wished to appease the Islamic resistance. It was replaced with the Afghan Women's Council, which was a more apolitical women's organisation.

Until 1989, the leader of the organization was Masuma Esmati-Wardak, Wardak was not a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and in 1991 she became Minister of Education.

The organization was run by Wardak and a staff of eight women. Some of these staff members were also members of the PDPA. When the communist regime began in 1978, under Nur Muhammad Taraki, the government gave equal rights to women. Women now had the ability to make decisions about their own lives. The membership of the AWC was around 150,000 around the country and had branches and bases in all Afghan provinces except Wardak and Katawaz. Most of the women in Kabul resisted the Mujahideen because of their retrogressive laws concerning women.

The AWC provided social services to women in Afghanistan, in the fight against illiteracy and vocational training for those in the Secretary, hairdressing and workshop fields. Many feared the sacrificing of the AWC in the national reconciliation talks, which started in 1987.

One of the most important AWC programmes was the fight for the literacy and education of girls. According to an AWC survey, in 1991, an estimated 7 thousand women were in institutions of higher education and around 230,000 girls studying in schools around Afghanistan. According to the survey, there existed about 190 female professors and 22,000 female teachers in the country.

See also
 Women's rights in Afghanistan
 Women's Welfare Association

References

People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Women's wings of political parties
Women's rights in Afghanistan
Women's organisations based in Afghanistan
Feminist organisations in Afghanistan


Mission Ridge, also known as Mission Mountain, is a ridge in the Bridge River-Lillooet Country of the South-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, extending westward from the town of Lillooet along the north side of Seton Lake to Mission Pass, which is immediately above and to the north of the lakeside community of Shalalth.  The road over the pass is also known as Mission Mountain, which is short for "Mission Mountain Road".  Mission Creek lies on the north side of the pass, and is a tributary of the Bridge River, the lower reaches of which lie on the north side of the ridge, and which was the only road access into the upper Bridge River Country before the construction of a road through the Bridge River Canyon in the mid-1950s opened that region up to road access from the lower Bridge River valley and the town of Lillooet via the community of Moha.  Most, or virtually all, of the ridge, is Indian Reserves, notably Slosh 1, under the administration of the Seton Lake Indian Band, and Bridge River 1, which is under the administration of the Bridge River Indian Band.  Parts of the ridge's eastern end are in reserves controlled by the Lillooet Indian Band, including its final spires above Lillooet, which were dubbed St. Mary's Mount by the Reverend Lundin Brown in the 1860s, though that name never stuck and is ungazetted.

Name origin

The name derives from the former Oblate Mission at Shalalth.  Originally the ridge, which is about 20 km in length, was referred to as Mission Mountain but as another Mission Mountain was already recorded in British Columbia (on the Tsimpsean Peninsula near Prince Rupert) and the term refers really more to a small mountain range than to any one specific summit, the term Mission Ridge was coined in 1931 for official purposes.  The British Columbia Geographic Names Information System places the coordinates of the ridge on Mission Peak, which is the westerly of the ridge's three main summits and is labelled on the provincial basemap as such.  The other two summits are conjointly referred to as Mount McLean, with the actually-highest of the pair being officially unnamed because it is invisible from the lake and other viewpoints for the ridge (the highest summit is only visible from the Fountain-Pavilion stretch of BC Highway 99), and from Moha.  Mount McLean is named for Donald McLean of the Hudson's Bay Company and a casualty of the Chilcotin War.

Features and access
At the western end of the ridge, on a knoll immediately above Shalalth and just east of the summit of the pass, a microwave station is located, with road access from the pass.  A powerline road continues along the ridge, running along its north side from Mission Peak eastwards, but is blocked to through traffic by a landslide in that area.  A network of roads extending up from a bridge-crossing of the lower Bridge River between Applespring Creek and Moha ranges up the basin of Camoo Creek, which forms the main north-facing basin of the ridge, which includes lower benchlands near Moha, and connects to a steep descent of the powerline through the basin of Ama Creek to the confluence of the Bridge River with the Fraser at the Bridge River Rapids (the summit viewable from that point is the lower of the two Mount McLeans).  There are numerous small ponds on the ridge, including Moon Lake which is in one of the high alpine basins of the ridge, which is mostly meadow or tundra, although its south face above Seton Lake is extremely steep and includes extremely high bluffs and debris chutes towering over the eastern end of the lake.  The ridge's northwestern side forms the southeast rim of the Bridge River Canyon, which extends from the area of Terzaghi Dam (originally known as Mission Dam) to Moha.  The ridge's very far eastern end forms the north wall of the short canyon connecting the foot of Seton Lake and merging with the canyon of Cayoosh Creek known historically as Nkoomptch, or the Nkoomptch ("water crossing over").  An extension of the ridge west of the pass ends at Nosebag Mountain.  To the west of Nosebag and Whitecap Creek, which runs south of it to join the Seton River in Seton Portage, is the Bendor Range.

Classification
In some references the ridge is referred to as being part of the "Chilcotin Mountains", but these end at the Bridge River, despite a common geological alignment with the Shulaps Range, which is the most easterly of the Chilcotin Ranges.  The ridge is properly part of the Pacific Ranges.

See also
Mission Mountains (Montana)
Fountain Ridge
Cayoosh Range

References

Mission Peak in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia
Mount McLean in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia
Mission Ridge in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia
Tales from Seton Portage, Irene Edwards, self-published, Lillooet BC, 1976

Lillooet Country
Mountain ranges of British Columbia
Pacific Ranges
Ridges of Canada


Joseph Algernon Pearce (February 7, 1893 – September 8, 1988) was a Canadian astrophysicist, who was notable for studies on the structure of Milky Way and O-type stars.

Born in Brantford, Ontario, Pearce enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in 1915 and served with the rank of Major in France until his was injured and returned to Canada as a training officer. He received a bachelor's and master's degree from the University of Toronto. He then studied at the Lick Observatory in California and received a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1930. He joined the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Saanich, British Columbia and was appointed Assistant Director in 1935. From 1940 to 1951, he was Director.

A Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, he served as its president from 1949 to 1950. He was president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and vice-president of the American Astronomical Society.

In 1955, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of British Columbia.

He is the author of Elements of the Orbit of Reid's Comet (University of Toronto, 1922), The Minimum Masses of Three Spectroscopic Binary Stars (J.O. Patenaude, 1932), and The Spectroscopic Orbits of the Four Helium Stars H.D. 29376, H.D. 39698, H.D. 44701 and H.D. 208095. The Radial Velocity of Boss 5628 (J.O. Patenaude, 1932).

References

External links
 Joseph Algernon Pearce at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1893 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Canadian astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Scientists from Ontario
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada


Mafa is a local government area of Borno State, Nigeria.

Mafa or MAFA may also refer to:

 MAFA (Mast cell function-associated antigen), a type II membranal glycoprotein
 MAFA (gene) (V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (avian)), a human gene
 MafA, a type of MAF (gene), a human transcription factor
 Mafa (bug), a genus of lace bugs
 Mafa language, an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in northern Cameroon and eastern Nigeria
 Manchester Academy of Fine Arts in England
 Melaka Football Association, a football association in Malaysia
 Victorian Amateur Football Association, previously the Metropolitan Amateur Football Association, an Australian rules football competition


The Pembrokeshire Historian: journal of the Pembrokeshire Local History Society was an annual English-language local history journal published by the Pembrokeshire Historical Society. It contains academic and general articles on historical and archaeological topics. In 1985 it was renamed Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Hanesyddol Sir Benfro / Journal of the Pembrokeshire Historical Society.

The journal has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

External links
 The Pembrokeshire Historian at Welsh Journals Online
 Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Hanesyddol Sir Benfro / Journal of the Pembrokeshire Historical Society at Welsh Journals Online

English-language journals
Magazines published in Wales
Welsh history journals
History of Pembrokeshire


Rights-based approach to development is promoted by many development agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to achieve a positive transformation of power relations among the various development actors. This practice blurs the distinction between human rights and economic development. There are two stakeholder groups in rights-based development—the rights holders (who do not experience full rights) and the duty bearers (the institutions obligated to fulfill the holders' rights). Rights-based approaches aim at strengthening the capacity of duty bearers and empower the rights holders.

History

Human rights into development discourse
Human rights came into global discourse after the United Nations passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This was the first global recognition that all humans inherently have certain rights. United Nations endorsement of democracy had little to do with the UN's stance on development.  Human rights became one of the major debates between the West and Communist states during the Cold War.  Cold War dichotomy of right versus left defined power of the state and of the individual in aspects of society based on political affiliation.  The end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet bloc left Western values and ideas, which remains one of the main ideologies of the world.

Human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, used to focus primarily on documenting human rights violations on the civil and political level. No longer do these organizations focus solely on human rights violations, but also on social, economic, and cultural rights.  The evolution of human rights organizations and development organizations and the western idea that rights are asserted through responsibilities, duties, transparency, trust, and accountability have led to the development of the rights-based approach. In 1993 the UN held the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna; during this conference they developed the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, where they linked democracy, human rights, sustainability and development.  This made the Cold War division of Civil and Political Rights and Economic Social and Cultural rights interdependent. This further led to the linkage between human rights and development and enabled policy makers and developers to incorporate a rights-based approach into their policies.

In 1997, the Secretary General to the United Nations called to mainstream human rights into all work of the United Nations. Then in 2003, various organizations and agencies met to develop a "Common Understanding" of a human rights-based approach.  Giving six main principles:
 Universality and Inalienability
 Indivisibility
 Inter-Dependence and Inter-Relatedness
 Equality and Non-Discrimination
 Participation and Inclusion
 Accountability and Rule of Law

The United Nations developed this guide to address the significant changes occurring in the international development community with the adoption of human rights in development work. Since the UN published their standards and steps to a rights-based approach to development, many bilateral donor agencies, such as CIDA and DFID, and international NGOs such as CARE and Oxfam have taken similar steps.

Transition away from welfare model
The welfare model has been rooted into Western developmental practices since the 20th century.  In the welfare model, poverty is defined as the absence of a public good or knowledge. If the state or another vehicle, such as an NGO, provides the absent good, then poverty can be alleviated and development will occur.  Billions of dollars have been poured into this approach, however despite some achievements there has not been success with this model. The gap between the rich and poor is widening and according to the World Development Report, nearly half of the world's population live on less than $2 a day.

This model lacks a way to hold governments accountable for their actions or inaction. It fails to address governments' inability to fulfill their citizens' rights either because of funding or knowledge. It also constructs the poor as objects of charity, predetermining their roles in civic society.

Due to the failures of the welfare model, NGOs reevaluated and transitioned more towards a rights-based approach to development. In this model, instead of the poor being constructed as charity they would be constructed as actors or rights holders. The NGOs' role is to help the poor overcome obstacles blocking their rights and give governments the tools and training to provide these rights.

Theories

Human rights
The inclusion of human rights into development discourse has also brought along a certain language of rights. This brings a moral resonance to development rhetoric and makes it hard to avoid in today's discourse. Rights are defined as entitlements that belong to all human beings regardless of race, ethnicity, or socio-economic class;  all humans, therefore, are rights holders, and it is someone’s duty to provide these rights. Who is responsible to give these rights, in other words the duty bearers, has been largely debated. In rights-based approach it is the person’s government that assumes the duty bearer position, but most of the time the said government does not have the resources to fulfill this role. This is where the NGOs come and try to help these governments fulfill their roles and duties to their people by giving them resources. These resources can be monetary or more sustainable such as training to government officials.

Currently there is an under-fulfillment of human rights, which has been directly linked with poverty.  Poverty includes the assessment of standard of living, health, and well being. These are social and economic human rights, which have just recently been included in development discourse.  First generation rights, or civil and political rights, have dominated public policy in the past. However, with poverty on the rise and public policy failing, social and economic rights are becoming increasingly important in development of policies.

Affluent or rich countries feel they should help the poor out of charity or humanity.  Rights-based approach works to shift the paradigm away from charity and towards moral duty imposed on the world through the international consensus of human rights. NGOs are adopting the “full spectrum” of human rights into their development policies. Using human rights as their driving force they are using rhetoric to develop a modus operandi that made political human rights effective.

Capacity building
Capacity building is the ability of individuals, institutions, and societies to perform functions and solve problems.  A goal of rights-based approach to development is to increase the capacity of both the duty bearers and the rights holders.

Key principles to increase capacity are sought to build upon existing capacities, ensure national engagement and ownership, and adjust to countries' needs as development occurs.  In this method, the duty bearers and the rights holders both have an active role in development. The duty bearers are accountable for respecting, protecting, and fulfilling human rights; while the rights holders need to ask what they should do to help promote and defend their freedoms. This action keeps their governments accountable for creating sustainability.

Capacity building is an ongoing process, and is often intangible. This is why many nonprofit organizations have not been able to engage or transition more towards capacity building. Donors like to see tangible results or they like to see where their money is going. Also the success of nonprofit and NGOs is shown through tangible results, leading organizations more toward service delivery than capacity building.

International law
The international recognition of human rights has been largely debated; there is acknowledgment but not institutional enforcement. NGOs that use a rights-based approach in policy decisions have a large problem with gaining legal status or enforcement of the human rights they are defending. They rely on publicly criticizing countries who make these violations.

There have been many international legal documents developed by the United Nations on behalf of human rights issues that all members of the UN have to abide by.

 The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
 The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
 The Convention on Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
 The Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
 The Convention on Rights of the Child (CRC)
 The Convention Against Torture (CAT)
 The Convention on Migrant Workers and Their Families (MWC)

Since the 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the international community has developed a legally binding framework for the protection of human rights. These legal documents have created norms and standards internationally.

Social contract theory
The social contract theory proclaims that rights such as life, liberty, and property belong to the individuals and not to society.  These rights existed before individuals entered civil society and by entering civil society, one is agreeing to a social contract. In this contract, the state has the right to enforce natural rights. The state breaks this contract if the rights of the people are broken or not secured. Today, social contracts come in the form of national constitutions, which provide rules explaining and protecting individual rights.

These rights are inherent, they are not granted by authority or any overriding principle. Human rights are recognized by all people making it universal and fundamental.

Downward accountability
Within the realm of rights-based approach there is a theoretical relation to downward accountability in relation to development.  This theory states what the rights are, who deserves the rights and what actors are responsible for ensuring these rights are secured.  In development there is a focus on the responsibility of actors.  Therefore, in relation to downward accountability it creates a power dynamic in development aid.   NGDOs (non-governmental development organizations) focus on downward accountability to ensure the intended beneficiaries are being allowed their rights.

Practice
Since the mid-1990s there has been a trend for NGOs and development donor agencies to combine the idea of development and human rights into the human rights-based approach to development.  Although there has been an undertone of development within the association with human rights earlier than this time; it has been since the end of the 20th century when there were known links of combining development and human rights into the same efforts.  This practice includes NGOs that are geared towards development as well as human rights.  The donor agencies are now helping to fund this combination of human rights with development to become as effective as possible. Even human rights-based approach to development theories were involved with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).  MDGs are the goals set forth by the UN member states to work for the alleviation of extreme poverty, fighting of disease, and other global problems.

There have been 3 growing trends in relation to NGOs and the rights-based approach to development that have been implemented into practice.  The first trend is focusing attention onto a rights-based approach to development.  The second trend is the joint advocacy by development NGOs and human rights NGOs to work together towards a common goal.  The third trend is to expand the attention to economic and social rights as well.  The Human Rights ideal imparts the international benchmark that states can have related and common ideas.  To have internationally understood human rights allows NGOs, governments, and corporations to be held accountable for their actions.  This change in focus on human rights-based approach to development challenges the market-dominated view that was popular during the 1980s into a view focused on the relationship between human rights and development.

These new trends have a significant impact and a possible paradigm shift.  From looking at development as a gift turning to development as a human right puts the responsibility on the government.  However, this is not just the home country, the responsibility of development resides in the hands of wealthy countries as well. To switch to a rights-based approach to development would then lead to using internationally agreed upon human rights as a responsibility of governments to provide.  Within this theory development will no longer be viewed as a gift or a need, but rather a right that states and governments are held accountable for.

NGOs, UN agencies, donor agencies and specific programs

NGOs’ involvement

NGOs that have implemented rights-based approach to development have done so with four main principles to follow.  These principles are human rights-based approach design of their programs, education about rights-based approach, rights to participation, and accountability.  Human rights-based approach design of their programs begins with analysis of the unfulfilled human rights.  It then commits programs and funds to fulfill these missing human rights.  The design of these programs also stresses that the donations are not a gift but rather that the people are finally receiving the human rights treatment they deserve.  Education of human rights and the programs that are being implemented is important.  The education is to inform the beneficiaries of their human rights as well as the ways in which NGOs and other organizations are attempting to increase their human rights.  Education is also to inform the governments, international organizations and donor agencies that are dealing with human rights their roles and responsibilities.  Then there is the principle of rights to participation.  This deals with the idea that beneficiaries should be included when implementing programs on their behalf.  Organizations should include the beneficiaries to help empower.  Then there is the principle of accountability which is designed to have standards of human rights and development.  It is also designed for NGOs, international organizations, donor agencies and governments to be held to a higher standard of responsibility.

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are two NGOs that have been involved traditionally with advocacy in relation to human rights.  These NGOs have expanded from traditional political rights to expand to ESC rights, which includes economic and social rights as well.

Oxfam is an NGO that has adopted the rights-based approach to development.  Oxfam vowed to continue to provide relief while also addressing the structural causes of poverty and injustice.  This approach combines poverty, human rights, development and trade all within the same realm.  Oxfam focuses a broad approach to the causes of poverty and injustice.  This NGO also would like to put economic and social justice at the top of the world agenda.

The shift towards a rights-based approach to development forced Oxfam to reexamine its funding, a deeper examination into the state's role as a duty bearer, and using civil society as a vehicle for citizens to empowered to stand up for their rights. Oxfam also had to evaluate their development practices and business model.

There has been a shift from focusing upon civil human rights to human rights of social and economic areas.  There are many NGOs that are now focusing upon the ESC (economic and social rights) while creating and implementing programs.  Human Rights Watch is one of these NGOs that has implemented a focus on ESC rights.  These rights focus on alleviating poverty and implementing equal social and economic rights in all levels of society.

NGOs that have implemented these ESC rights are focusing much of their attention on increasing the standard of living to be healthy and safe.  This includes ideas of water rights in areas that lack clean drinking water and health rights that include availability of medicine and doctors. This would increase the impoverished peoples' standard of living by increasing basic living needs and access.

International Development Agencies involvement

Beginning in the late 1990s when rights-based approach to development began to be a popular discourse many aid donor agencies began to support this view towards development.  Their intentions are to implement support for programs to incorporate both development and human rights in an interdisciplinary fashion.

Major donor agencies that have adopted the rights-based approach to development include UNICEF, UNDP (United Nations Development Program), UNFPA, ILO, Swedish Sida, Norwegian NOrad, British DFID, and the Australian aid agency.  Other UN programs have also adopted the rights-based approach to development.  This new development framework leads to moral legitimacy and social justice.

UNDP The United Nations Development Program began in the late 1990s to raise awareness about this new rights-based approach viewpoint to development.  UNDP specifically focused upon the interactions of social and economic rights.  Their focus was to help develop policy decisions related to social and economic rights in association with development.  In 2000 UNDP published "Human Rights and Human Development" a document that provided their intentions and strategies based on their implementation of rights-based approach to development.  UNDP was also present at UN- sponsored conferences in relation to rights-based approach to development that included the UN Millennium Summit.  UNDP also provides tools for governments and donor agencies to support the rights-based approach to development.

UNICEF is another donor agency that has implemented the rights-based approach to development and its ideas.  UNICEF has a more narrow focus on women's and children's rights.  However, it has still implemented rights-based approach strategies with the programs UNICEF is helping to fund.

Application of rights-based approach in NGOs
NGOs transitioning to rights-based approach have to redefine missions, test new methodologies, reallocate funding, and train staff. To do this there are a few steps NGOs have to take in developing programs and campaigns around rights-based approach.

First, NGOs need to create program ideas. These are created based on an analysis of rights within a certain country. The analysis is necessary to identify and give priority to the most deprived in society. It is then the goal of a rights-based approach to empower those people. This step also identifies and reviews the capacity of the duty-bearers. It also tries to understand the relationship between the rights holders and the duty bearers.

The next step is to educate both the rights holders and the duty bearers by articulating the rights of citizens and duty of the government. This is an important step so both parties are knowledgeable about their individual rights, responsibilities, and roles in society. This enables effective communication necessary between rights holders and duty bearers.

After an extensive situation analysis, a project or program is developed. The program needs to address human rights deficits related to certain groups, communities, or countries facing abuses or discrimination. Baselines and benchmarks are set, which create transparency and accountability in the project. Goals are also created during this step in order to analyze the program's effectiveness in a human rights context at the end of the project. Finally, NGOs encourage control over the project by the affected peoples, utilizing the Right to Participate principle.

To determine the effectiveness of a project, it is essential all inputs, outputs, goals, and outcomes are assessed through a human rights lens. The results should then be organized in a logframe, to show the clear results of the project.

Criticism
This new development theory of rights-based approach has been met with positive feedback as well as criticism. There are thoughts that incorporating the language of human rights with development is just a change of terminology and doesn’t change the programs being implemented.  The ability for a state to implement public policy has been hindered due to the need to comply with economic and social rights (ESC rights).  Development practices without combining them with human rights has been more effective in implementing and monitoring programs.  Therefore, the need to combine human rights with development is not necessary for the beneficiaries.

While there still is more positive feedback when dealing with rights-based approach to development there are still criticisms surrounding the focus on combining human rights with development.  These criticisms stem from the idea that changing the terminology will not increase NGOs' productivity or even necessarily the NGOs' programs that are being implemented.  Just by stating that the government and corporations should now be responsible for development as an issue of human rights does not mean that any changes in procedures will occur.

Another criticism that has been brought up is that there have been many NGOs that have combined the ideas of human rights along with development before the term "rights-based approach to development" was coined.  There has been a natural linkage between development and rights and there has frequently been pressure on states and governments to be involved with issues of human rights as well as development.  Therefore, in many cases, changing the terminology will not increase the effectiveness of the state.

There have been other criticisms of the rights-based approach to development because the ideas and theories have not been narrowed.  Rights-based approach is a vague term that doesn't clearly represent a set of ideas.  There is a multiplicity of explanations about rights-based approach that poses problems when discussing how NGOs, donor agencies or UN programs will try to implement these ideas into their programs.

One example of implementation is within the realm of Gender and development.  Women's rights have long been fighting for equal rights and by implementing rights-based approach to development it changes some of the ways women's equal rights were being implemented effectively into society.  There have been two main paths relating to inequalities of gender; these include human rights organizations that focus on women's equal rights and organizations focused on gender and development.  By converging these two different ideas it can create problems with the experts and the way the programs are being implemented.

There is also disparity between NGOs in the north and NGOs in the south between their viewpoints and ideas in which to implement programs in relation to development and human rights separately.  By trying to combine these two discourses across the globe can create problems of fragmentation of ideas and programs.  If fragmentation were to occur it would be the opposite intention of the NGOs that were trying to combine human rights and development into similar programs.

Notes

References

External links

UN's explanation
Experiences from UNICEF
 UN Practitioner's Portal on HRBA Programming UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming

International development
Rights


Addison is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. It was founded October 14, 1761. The population was 1,365 at the 2020 census.

History
Addison was chartered on October 14, 1761. Benning Wentworth named the town Addison after poet Joseph Addison.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 49.0 square miles (126.8 km), of which 41.7 square miles (108.1 km) is land and 7.2 square miles (18.8 km) (14.81%) is water. The Dead Creek and the Hospital Creek run through Addison, and Lake Champlain is on the west border of Addison. The highest point is Snake Mountain, which is 1281 ft above Lake Champlain.

Highways
 Vermont Route 17
 Vermont Route 22A
 Vermont Route 23
 Vermont Route 125

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,393 people, 494 households, and 402 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 651 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.42% White, 0.14% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 494 households, out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.7% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. Of all households, 14.2% were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $45,063, and the median income for a family was $48,696. Males had a median income of $31,328 versus $25,602 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,000. About 2.9% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Locations
 Addison Four Corners – Junction of VT Route 22A and Vermont Route 17 near the east side of the town. The town hall, school, fire department, general store, and Addison Baptist Church are located here.
 Chimney Point – Junction of Route 17 and Route 125 on the shore of Lake Champlain by the Champlain Bridge
 Dead Creek – runs north through the center of the town. Most of the creek is within the Dead Creek Wildlife Management Area with a viewing area on Route 17.
 Lake Champlain – forms Addison's western border with New York
 Otter Creek – a creek that forms Addison's eastern border with Waltham.
 Snake Mountain – a monadnock on Addison's eastern border with Weybridge.
 West Addison – Junction of Church Street and Jersey Street South near Vermont Route 17 on the west side of town.

Notable people

 John N, Evans, Wisconsin physician and politician
 Silas G. Pratt, composer
 John Strong, militia officer and Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives
 Samuel Strong, militia officer and mayor of Vergennes

Education
The town of Addison is part of the Addison North West Supervisory Union. The town has its own elementary school, known as Addison Central School, serving students from kindergarten to sixth grade at the town center. Students from seventh to twelfth grade are taught at Vergennes Union High School in Vergennes.

References

Populated places established in 1761
Towns in Addison County, Vermont
Towns in Vermont


"The Animal-Cracker Plot" is a science fiction short story  by American writer L. Sprague de Camp, a story in his Viagens Interplanetarias series. It is the second (chronologically) set on the planet Vishnu, and the first to feature the interstellar con-man Darius Koshay. It was first published in the magazine Astounding Science-Fiction in the issue for July, 1949. It first appeared in book form in the collection The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens, published in hardcover by Twayne Publishers in 1953, and in paperback by Signet Books in 1971. The story has been translated into Portuguese, Dutch, and Italian.

Plot summary
When Iranian con-man Darius Koshay lands on the planet Vishnu, customs agent Luther Beck, who has tangled with him before, does everything he can to find an excuse to detain him before he can cause more trouble. He can find nothing to pin on the slick Koshay, and is forced to allow him through customs. Koshay's ostensible object is to make and sell crackers to the planet's aborigines, of which he learned they were fond on a previous visit. Vishnu is host to two intelligent native species, the six-limbed, apelike Romeli and the centaurlike Dzlieri, who are mutually antagonistic. All too soon, Beck learns Koshay's scheme is far from innocent; he is playing the Romeli off against the Dzlieri by supplying each with crackers in the form of the other, convincing them the crackers will give them power over their enemies if consumed in conjunction with the proper voodoo-like rites. Beck undertakes to reveal to both alien races Koshay's double-dealing before his machinations can lead to a major war. Ultimately a wary truce is brokered between the two sides and Koshay, finding himself a marked man, finds it expedient to flee Vishnu.

Setting
The planet Vishnu is a tropical world occupying the same star system as Krishna, de Camp's primary setting for the Viagens Interplanetarias series.

As dated in The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens and the 1959 version of de Camp's essay "The Krishna Stories", the action of "The Animal-Cracker Plot" takes place in the year 2120 CE.

Relation to other works
One of Koshay's later operations is the subject of the story "Git Along!" set on the planet Osiris.

Notes

1949 short stories
Short stories by L. Sprague de Camp
Fiction set around Tau Ceti
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact


Charles Thomas George Brodie (22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Brodie made 400 appearances in The Football League, most notably for Brentford, Aldershot and Northampton Town. His professional career came to an end in 1970, when he was seriously injured after a dog ran onto the field of play.

Career

Manchester City
Born in Duntocher, Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale. He joined Manchester City of the Football League First Division as an amateur in March 1954. He spent four years with the club, playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann, but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957.

Gillingham
Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957. He spent one season with the Kent-based club, during which he played 22 times.

Aldershot
Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958. At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town. He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961. He played just one league match for the club, before departing Molineux in September 1961.

Northampton Town
Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961, for £4,000. His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs. Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season. He departed the County Ground in November 1963, having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers.

Brentford
Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal. He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees' regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season. He regained his place in the team during the 1969–70 season, in which he featured as an ever-present in all competitions. On 27 November 1970, a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United. The dog impacted Brodie's leg after he had picked up the ball and damaged ligaments in his knee. The incident was one of a number which occurred during Brodie's career with the club, which included being struck on the knee by a stone thrown from the crowd and finding a hand grenade in his goalmouth (discovered to be a replica). Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the 1970–71 season, the injury ended Brodie's professional career. Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season, after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees. He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015.

Non-League football
In 1971 Brodie resumed playing, albeit at a semi-professional level, with Southern League Premier Division club Margate. He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971. He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football.

International career
Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level.

Personal life
Prior to becoming a professional footballer, Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering. In his latter years as a professional footballer, Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall. He died in 2000 at the age of 63, after suffering with prostate cancer.

Career statistics

Honours
Northampton Town

 Football League Fourth Division: 1962–63

Brentford

 London Challenge Cup: 1966–67

Individual

Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year: 1964–65, 1965–66
 Brentford Players' Player of the Year: 1969–70
 Brentford Hall of Fame

References

1937 births
2000 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Aldershot F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C. players
Footballers from West Dunbartonshire
Men's association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Maidstone United F.C. (1897) players
Deaths from prostate cancer
Scotland men's youth international footballers
Scotland men's junior international footballers
Duntocher Hibernian F.C. players
Deaths from cancer in England


Kingston is an unincorporated community in Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. It is part of the Burlington, IA–IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. Kingston is located along State Highway 99, approximately 15 miles north of Burlington.

Demographics

History
 Kingston is known for its Late Prehistoric Kingston Oneota Site and it is close to the Malchow Mounds State Preserve and the grave of Taimah, a native chieftain.

Kingston was named for its founder, W. King.

References

Unincorporated communities in Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Des Moines County, Iowa
Burlington, Iowa micropolitan area