The twelfth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 10 May 2001. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)-led front won the elections and its general secretary, J. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as Chief Minister, even though she could not legally run as MLA in this election. She was unanimously nominated as Chief Minister by her party and was ready to serve her second term.  But due to criminal and corruption charges from her first term, on 21 September 2001, a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that "a person who is convicted for a criminal offense and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such". Thereby, the bench decided that "in the appointment of Dr. J. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue". In effect, her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between 14 May 2001 and 21 September 2001. After her resignation on 21 September 2001, she put in O. Panneerselvam, as the official 13th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, until she could clear up the charges from her first term, so she can take up the mantle of Chief Minister officially, on 2 March 2002.

Background and Coalition
The incumbent party, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, finished its full 5 terms, for the first time since winning the 1967 state assembly election. According to various sources and exit polls, the incumbent party was supposed to retain power, due to the popularity of its leader M. Karunanidhi.  Due to the anti-incumbency factor, problems of development cited by the people in many areas of Tamil Nadu, and a broad coalition formed by AIADMK, including Tamil Maanila Congress, who left the alliance of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), because they joined BJP and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), Indian National Congress and the left parties, the AIADMK led front, with its general secretary J. Jayalalithaa, won by a landslide, sweeping across the state.

The coalition at the AIADMK led-center would prove to be short-lived, since in less than a year, Pattali Makkal Katchi, and its leader Dr. Ramdoss, left the coalition, citing authoritarian type rule by J. Jayalalithaa. Also the Tamil Maanila Congress, who proved to be an important ally for the victory of AIADMK, would later merge with Indian National Congress, who would later support DMK led front in future elections. The left parties would also end up joining the DMK led front, leaving the AIADMK coalition after this election.

Seat allotments
Source: Various Sources

DMK-NDA Alliance

AIADMK-INC Alliance

Opinion polling

Exit polls

Results

Results by Pre-Poll Alliance

|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: " |
| 196
| +138
| 14,043,980
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 50.1%
|-
|AIADMK
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 132
| +127
| 8,815,387
| 31.4%
| 52.1%
|-
|TMC(M)
! style="background-color: #008080" |
| 23
| -15
| 1,885,726
| 6.7%
| 47.5%
|-
|PMK
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| 20
| +16
| 1,557,500
| 5.6%
| 46.8%
|-
|INC
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 7
| +7
| 696,205
| 2.5%
| 45.4%
|-
|CPI(M)
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 6
| +4
| 470,736
| 1.7%
| 48.2%
|-
|CPI
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 5
| -3
| 444,710
| 1.6%
| 48.5%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: Black" |
| 2
| +2
| 103,971
| 0.4%
| 46.6%
|-
|AIFB
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| +1
| 39,248
| 0.1%
| 43.3%
|-
|MUL
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| -1
| 30,497
| 0.1%
| 41.7%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: Red" |
| 37
| -138
| 10,841,157
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 38.7%
|-
|DMK
! style="background-color: Red" |
| 31
| -142
| 8,669,864
| 30.9%
| 39.0%
|-
|BJP
! style="background-color: " |
| 4
| +3
| 895,352
| 3.2%
| 38.7%
|-
|MADMK
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 2
| +1
| 129,474
| 0.5%
| 37.1%
|-
|PT
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 355,171
| 1.3%
| 33.8%
|-
|MTD
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 257,126
| 0.9%
| 40.9%
|-
|PNK
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 196,740
| 0.7%
| 33.6%
|-
|MGRK
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 136,916
| 0.5%
| 40.8%
|-
|TB
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 45,002
| 0.2%
| 40.0%
|-
|CNMK
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 40,421
| 0.1%
| 32.4%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 115,091
| 0.4%
| 36.7%
|-
! style="background-color:Black; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color: Black" |
| 1
| –
| 3,192,598
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |11.4%
|-
|MDMK
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 1,304,469
| 4.7%
| 5.1%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: #4d4d4d" |
| 1
| –
| 1,509,378
| 6.2%
| 6.3%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Total
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 28,037,314
| 100%
| –
|-
|}
Note: Parties that contested under "rising-sun" or "two-leaves" symbol are listed as DMK or AIADMK respectively. Parties that ran their candidates as independents, (e.g. Indian Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi and Thondar Congress in DMK alliance) are listed as IND for their respective alliance.
‡: Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the average % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India and Rediff Newspaper

Constituency wise results

 Thanga Tamilselvan, AIADMK legislator from Andipatti, resigned his seat in 2002, to enable Jayalalithaa to contest here.  This enabled her to win in a by election in Andipatti,  and be Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.  She succeeded O. Panneerselvam who took over as chief minister for 6 months, until Jayalalithaa's corruption charges were cleared in court.
 Due to the death of V. Perumal, actor turned politician Radha Ravi (son of M.R. Radha) was fielded by AIADMK, and defeated the DMK candidate Subramanian, in a by-election, increasing the majority of the AIADMK.
 During 31 May 2002, By-election, A. Boovaraghamoorthy of the AIADMK, defeated D. Parvendhan of PMK, which resulted in AIADMK to pick up Acharapakkam (SC).

See also
 Elections in Tamil Nadu
 Legislature of Tamil Nadu
 Government of Tamil Nadu

References

Further reading

External links
 Election Commission of India
 Rediff – Graphic: How Amma swept TN in '01

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
2000s in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
May 2001 events in India


Rockschool is a television series aired by the BBC and PBS on 1 November 1983. The series explored the history of rock music and gave instruction in popular performance techniques.

Aired in the United States by public television station WNET, Herbie Hancock was brought in to host the series for the American market. Hancock presented various topics in a studio classroom setting, interspersed with short lessons from the "Rockschool Band" composed of Deirdre Cartwright on electric guitar, Geoff Nicholls on drums, and Henry Thomas on bass, and interview segments with well-known musicians.

The series was produced by the Educational Broadcasting Corporation and distributed in the U.S. by Lorimar Productions in 1987, as six volumes on VHS tape.

Volume listing
 Rockschool Volume 1: Elementary Equipment and Basic Technique
 Rockschool Volume 2: Blues to Heavy Metal
 Rockschool Volume 3: Funk, Reggae & New Music
 Rockschool Volume 4: Digital Age Hardware
 Rockschool Volume 5: Melody and Soloing – The Lifeblood of Rock
 Rockschool Volume 6: Arrangements – Putting It All Together

Companion books
Two volumes titled Rockschool 1: Guitar, Bass & Drums and Rockschool 2: Electronics, Keyboards & Vocals were published in the U.S. in 1987 by Fireside Books (Simon & Schuster). Volume 1 was previously published in Great Britain by the BBC in 1984. The books were edited by series producer Chris Lent.

Credits
Host: Herbie Hancock (U.S. series)

The Rockschool Band
 Guitar: Deirdre Cartwright
 Bass guitar: Henry Thomas
 Drums: Geoff Nicholls
 Keyboards: Alastair Gavin (Series 2)

Produced and directed by: Chris Lent

Guest demonstrators
 Tony Banks
 Graham Bonnet
 Bill Bruford
 Vince Clarke
 The Communards
 John Entwistle
 Omar Hakim
 Jan Hammer
 Allan Holdsworth
 James Ingram
 Danny Johnson
 Gary Moore
 Carl Palmer
 Ian Paice
 Midge Ure
 Dennis Bovell
 Wilko Johnson
 Robbie Shakespeare
 Andy Taylor

Performances
 Bronski Beat
 Depeche Mode
 Thomas Dolby
 Japan
 Freddie King
 Annie Lennox
 The Mahavishnu Orchestra
 The Pointer Sisters
 Motörhead
 Jimi Hendrix
 Bootsy Collins
 The Smiths
 U2
 Rick Wakeman

References
 Rockschool on IMDb
 Episode guide
 Alastair Gavin (official site)
 Deirdre Cartwright (official site)

1983 British television series debuts
1987 British television series endings
1980s British music television series
British educational television series
PBS original programming
BBC Television shows
Television series by WNET
English-language television shows


A total lunar eclipse took place on Sunday, October 6, 1968, the second of two total eclipses in 1968, the first was on April 13, 1968. The tables below contain detailed predictions and additional information on the Total Lunar Eclipse of October 6, 1968.

Visibility
It was completely visible over Asia, Australia, and North America, seen rising over central Asia, and setting over central North America.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series
It was part of Saros series 136.

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of November 7, 1957

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of September 9, 1979

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of August 26, 1961

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of November 18, 1975

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 143.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1968-10
1968 in science
October 1968 events


The  is a Japanese literary award presented annually.  It was established in 1988 in memory of author Yukio Mishima. The Mishima Yukio Prize is explicitly intended for work that "breaks new ground for the future of literature," and prize winners tend to be more controversial and experimental than winners of the more traditional Akutagawa Prize. It is awarded in the same annual ceremony as the Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize, which was established by the same sponsor in 1988 to recognize popular writing and genre fiction.

Winners
Shinchosha, the award's sponsor, maintains an official archive of award nominee and recipient information.

Members of the selection committee
 From 1st to 4th: Kenzaburō Ōe, Jun Eto, Kenji Nakagami, Yasutaka Tsutsui, Teru Miyamoto
 From 5th to 8th: Shintaro Ishihara, Jun Eto, Genichiro Takahashi, Yasutaka Tsutsui, Teru Miyamoto
 From 9th to 12th: So Aono, Shitaro Ishihara, Jun Eto, Yasutaka Tsutsui, Teru Miyamoto
 From 13th to 20th: Masahiko Shimada, Nobuko Takagi, Yasutaka Tsutsui, Kazuya Fukuda, Teru Miyamoto
 From 21st to 24th: Yōko Ogawa, Hiromi Kawakami, Noboru Tsujihara, Keiichiro Hirano, Ko Machida
 Current members: Hiromi Kawakami, Kaoru Takamura, Noboru Tsujihara, Keiichiro Hirano, Ko Machida

Available in English translation

Nominees
 1988 (1st) - Banana Yoshimoto, Kitchen
 1994 (7th) - Rieko Matsuura, The Apprenticeship of Big Toe P (trans. Michael Emmerich, Kodansha USA, 2010)
 2003 (16th) - Novala Takemoto, Emily (trans. Misa Dikengil Lindberg, Shueisha English Edition, 2013)

Winners
 2003 (16th) - Otaro Maijo, Asura Girl (trans. Stephen Snyder, Haikasoru, 2014, )

Notes

See also
 List of Japanese literary awards

External links
 Official Website

Japanese literary awards
Yukio Mishima
Awards established in 1988
1988 establishments in Japan
Japanese-language literary awards


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, April 2, 1969, the first of three penumbral lunar eclipses in 1969, the second being on Wednesday, August 27, and the last being on Thursday, September 25. This subtle penumbral eclipse may have been visible to a skilled observer at maximum eclipse. 70.337% of the Moon's disc was partially shaded by the Earth (none of it was in total shadow), which caused a gentle shadow gradient across its disc at maximum; the eclipse as a whole lasted 3 hours, 43 minutes and 46.9 seconds. Occurring only 4.2 days before perigee (Perigee on Monday, April 7, 1969), the Moon's apparent diameter was 0.9% larger than average.

Visibility
It was completely visible over Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.

Member
This is the 21st member of Lunar Saros 141. The previous event was the March 1951 lunar eclipse. The next event is the April 1987 lunar eclipse.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

Lunar Saros 141, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 72 lunar eclipse events including 26 total lunar eclipses.

First Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 1608 Aug 25

First Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2041 May 16

First Total Lunar Eclipse: 2167 Aug 01

First Central Lunar Eclipse: 2221 Sep 02

Greatest Eclipse of the Lunar Saros 141: 2293 Oct 16

Last Central Lunar Eclipse: 2546 Mar 18

Last Total Lunar Eclipse: 2618 May 1

Last Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2744 Jul 16

Last Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 2888 Oct 11

1901-2100

March 1915 lunar eclipse

March 1933 lunar eclipse

March 1951 lunar eclipse

April 1969 lunar eclipse

April 1987 lunar eclipse

April 2005 lunar eclipse

May 2023 lunar eclipse

May 2041 lunar eclipse

May 2059 lunar eclipse

June 2077 lunar eclipse

June 2095 lunar eclipse

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 148.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1969-04
1969 in science


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, September 25, 1969, the last of three penumbral lunar eclipses in 1969, the first being on Wednesday, April 2, and the second being on Wednesday, August 27. At maximum eclipse, 90% of the Moon's disc was partially shaded by the Earth, which caused a slight shadow gradient across its disc; this subtle effect may have been visible to careful observers. No part of the Moon was in complete shadow. The eclipse lasted 4 hours and 5 minutes overall.

Visibility
It was completely visible over Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 153.

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of August 15, 1962

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of November 6, 1976

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1969-09
1969 in science


Forficula is a genus of earwigs in the family Forficulidae. The best known species is Forficula auricularia.

Species
The genus Forficula contains at least 68 species, making it the largest genus of earwigs. Some species are listed below:

 Forficula abrutiana
 Forficula aetolica
 Forficula auricularia
 Forficula apennina
 Forficula davidi
 Forficula decipiens
 Forficula greeni
 Forficula harberei
 Forficula iberica
 Forficula laeviforceps
 Forficula lesnei
 Forficula lucasi
 Forficula lurida
 Forficula mikado
 Forficula planicollis
 Forficula pubescens
 Forficula riffensis
 Forficula ruficollis
 Forficula scudderi
 Forficula silana
 Forficula smyrnensis
 Forficula tomis
 Forficula vicaria
 Forficula vilmi

References

External links

Dermaptera genera
Forficulidae
Insects described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, May 4, 1966, the first of two penumbral lunar eclipses in 1966. It was visible from South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and Antarctica.

Visibility
The penumbral eclipse was visible in South America, Europe, Africa, central Asia and Australia, seen rising over North Atlantic Ocean and South America and setting over Australia, South China Sea and East China Sea as of today.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

Lunar Saros 111, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 11 total lunar eclipses. The first total lunar eclipse of this series was on April 19, 1353, and last was on August 4, 1533. The longest occurrence of this series was on June 12, 1443 when the totality lasted 106 minutes.

Metonic series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two solar eclipses of Solar Saros 118.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1966-05
1966 in science


Livewire 1350 (more commonly referred to as simply Livewire) is a student radio station run by students of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, Norfolk. The station is part of the UEA Media Collective, which consists of Concrete (student newspaper) and UEA:TV.

History
Livewire began broadcasting in 1990, making it one of the longest-running student radio stations in the UK. It was launched by John Peel.

In 2016, the station was rebranded with a new logo and website.

Structure

Livewire broadcasts online from 08:00–23:00 on weekdays, 9:00-23:00 on Saturdays, and 12:00–19:00 on Sundays.

Committee

Famous alumni
Greg James - BBC Radio 1 DJ
Jay Lawrence - Absolute Radio DJ
Issy Panayis - Radio X DJ
Georgie Shackleton - Passerby 16, Deep Water (ITV)

References

University of East Anglia
Student radio in the United Kingdom


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, October 29, 1966, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1966. This was a deep penumbral eclipse, with over 90% within Penumbral Shadow.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Metonic series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two solar eclipses of Solar Saros 123.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1966-10
1966 in science


The Coolpix P80 is a point-and-shoot digital camera produced by Nikon that was introduced in April 2008.

Its image sensor is a CCD with 10.1 megapixels. It has an 18x optical zoom lens that is not interchangeable.

The Coolpix P80 was superseded in March 2009 by the Nikon Coolpix P90.

Features

Its image sensor is a CCD with 10.1 megapixels. It has a  thin-film transistor LCD screen with 230,000 pixels. The P80 comes with an 18x optical zoom Nikkor fixed lens that is not interchangeable, and with vibration reduction (VR) optical image stabilization. Its image processor provides face-priority autofocus, in-camera red-eye fix, D-lighting, backlight and panorama assist.

The camera can record video in AVI-format at up to 480p (VGA) at 30 frames per second, and audio in WAV-format.

Its interface is a USB port that can be used to connect the camera directly to a printer that supports PictBridge.

Video output can be selected between NTSC and PAL.

A fully charged battery is sufficient to take approximately 250 shots.

References

External links

P0080
Superzoom cameras
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor


Burj el-Shemali (Arabic: البرج الشمالي) is a municipality located some 86 km south of Beirut and 3 km east of the Tyre/Sour peninsula, merging into its urban area. It is part of the Tyre Union of Municipalities within the Tyre District of the South Governorate of Lebanon.

It is particularly known for hosting the second-largest of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in the country as a de facto autonomous exclave effectively out of the reach of Lebanese officials: The camp is ruled by Popular Committees of Palestinian parties under the leadership of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) which is de facto recognised by the municipality through some degree of coordination and cooperation. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has the mandate to provide basic services, assisted by local and international NGOs. The Lebanese Armed Forces control entry and exit through the camp's main gate.

Name
Burj el-Shemali – also transliterated into the spellings of "Borj" or "Bourj" combined with a version of "Shimali", "Shamali", "Shemâly", "Chemali", "Chamali", or "Chmali" with or without the article "el", "al", "ech", "esh", or "ash" – is commonly translated as "Northern Tower", as done by E. H. Palmer in the 1881 Survey of Western Palestine (SWP).

The settlement is named after a medieval tower on its main hill that overlooks Tyre. The Arabic word "Burj" reportedly originated from the Ancient Greek "pyrgos".

Territory
Burj el-Shemali reportedly covers an area of 1.069 hectare, rising to an elevation of more than 60 metres on a hill overlooking Tyre/Sour peninsula.

Together with the built-up areas of three adjacent municipalities – Sour on the peninsula and the coastal areas to the West, Abbasiyet Sour to the North, and Ain Baal to the South-East – the urban part of Burj el-Shemali (6.8 km2) has integrated into one greater metropolitan Tyre. There are also unpopulated agricultural lands, especially in its Northern and Southern parts. Altogether there are 24 distinct neighbourhoods in Burj el-Shemali. The Palestinian camp is only one of them:

Though Burj el-Shemali is often used as a synonym for the camp, it is important to see that it has just a size of about 135,000 square meters and thus covers but a tiny fraction - little less than 1% - of the municipality's overall territory. While it is less dense than other refugee camps in Lebanon, it is still one of the world's most densely populated areas. A 2017 census counted 1,243 buildings inside the camp and in adjacent gatherings with 2,807 households.

There are five unofficial entrances: former village streets barricaded with cement blocks that allow pedestrians to pass, but not cars. The camp is irregularly shaped, following the property lines of land rented by the Lebanese government for 99 years. [..] When you cross that border, you are in a zone of urban informality. The unplanned streets and haphazard buildings announce that this is a place of legal exception, outside regulation, where a state of emergency is the norm. [..] The camp is divided informally into neighborhoods named after agricultural villages in the Safad and Tiberias regions of Palestine.

The only exception is one neighborhood which is known as Morocco, referring to the North African origin of the residents, whose ancestors moved to historic Palestine during the Ottoman Empire.

History

Ancient Times

According to Ali Badawi, the long-time chief-archaeologist for Southern Lebanon at the Directorate-General of Antiquities, it can be generally assumed that all villages around Tyre were established already during prehistoric times like the neolithic age (5.000 BCE).

Phoenician stelas and other artefacts found in Burj el-Shemali give evidence that the place was used in the 5th to 4th century BCE for funerary purposes. If there were settlements during that time, they were probably demolished by the army of Alexander the Great, who had all the coastal villages destroyed and the building materials used to connect the island of Tyre with a mole during the siege of 332 BCE. There are indications though of settlements at Burj el-Shemali dating back at least to the first century BCE.

During Roman times, parts of Burj el-Shemali continued to be used as a necropolis. A number of its hypogea - underground tombs - with Roman-era frescos are on display at the National Museum in Beirut. The remains of a Roman-Byzantine road are preserved underneath the modern main road.

Medieval Times

It is not clear whether Burj el-Shemali continued to be settled and/or used as a funerary place after the Arab armies defeated the Byzantine empire in the region and took over Tyre in 635 CE for half a millennium of Islamic rule.

When the Tyre was taken over by a Frankish army in the aftermath of the First Crusade, the new rulers constructed a fortified tower on the hill of Burj el-Shemali overlooking the peninsula of Tyre. The village then adapted its name from that tower. There are also remains of another Crusader tower known as Al-Burj Al-Qobli in the Southern part of town. Like in ancient times, the lands of Burj el-Shemali were used as cemeteries in medieval periods.

Ottoman Times

Although the Ottoman Empire conquered the Levant in 1516, Jabal Amel (modern-day Southern Lebanon) remained mostly untouched for almost another century. When the Ottoman leadership at the Sublime Porte appointed the Druze leader Fakhreddine II of the Maan family to administer the area at the beginning of the 17th century, the Emir encouraged many Metwali – the discriminated Shia Muslims of what is now Lebanon – to settle to the East of Tyre to secure the road to Damascus. He thus also laid the foundation of the Lebanese part of modern Burj el-Shemali demographics as a predominantly Shiite place.

In 1881, the London-based Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as

A large village built of stone, containing about 300 Metawileh, placed on a low ridge, with figs, olives, and arable land around. There are two good springs near.

and further noted that it was

a village with a similar tower of drafted masonry (as that of Borj Rahal). The hill is crowned by a stronghold, the vaults of which, slightly ogival, do not appear older than the Crusaders, but it was constructed of older blocks, some in drafted masonry and others completely smoothed. About a mile to the south-west of this hill is a subterranean series of tombs, each containing several ranges of loculi, which was explored by Renan.

Modern Times

French Mandate colonial rule (1920–1943)
Little has been recorded about developments in Burj el-Shemali after the French rulers proclaimed the new State of Greater Lebanon on the first of September 1920:

In 1937, a richly decorated Roman tomb with frescoes from the 2nd century CE was accidentally discovered there in an ancient necropolis area. Two years later, the archaeologist Maurice Dunand had the frescoes dismantled and restored in the basement of the National Museum of Beirut (see gallery below).

Post-Independence (since 1943)
Following Lebanese independence from France on 22 November 1943, Southern Lebanon enjoyed less than five years of peace. The border with British-ruled Mandatory Palestine was still open during those times, and many Palestianian Jews used to spend holidays in Tyre, while vice versa many Southern Lebanese would travel freely to Haifa and Tel Aviv.

1948 Palestine Nakba

However, when the state of Israel was declared in May 1948, an estimated 127,000 Palestinians fled to Lebanon alone until the end of that year. Confronted with this exodus – also known as the Nakba – a camp of tents was set up in Burj El Shimali by the League of Red Cross Societies. The refugees were mainly from Hawla, Lubieh, Saffuri, Tiberias, and Safed, where they mostly led agricultural existences. An oral history project recorded the following:

Refugees from 1948 often begin their narratives by telling of what used to be cultivated in the past. One refugee family in Burj el-Shemali, for example, began their description of life before the exodus by telling how they used to grow yellow and white corn, wheat, cereals, sesame, big beans, white beans, lentils. There were plenty of vegetables and fruits, apricots, peach trees, plums, grapes, cherries (quite rare in the region), really big and sweet watermelons and honeydew melons."

The refugees at first suffered from particularly poor conditions as the camp was initially only meant to be temporary and became a transit point:"[It ]was disbanded in June 1949 and its 6,010 refugees distributed among four camps in the Saida and Beqa'a Districts. This operation was carried out in the record time of four days by the League staff in collaboration with the Lebanese Government."Many of them seem to have moved back to Burj el-Shemali though once the current "footprint" was established in 1955. At that time UNRWA started providing humanitarian assistance – infrastructure services (water, sewage, electricity, road networks and shelter), school education and health care – to the residents of the camp.

Meanwhile, more Palestinian refugees settled in the area of Maachouk – 1 km to the West of Burj El Shemali –  on agricultural lands owned by the Lebanese State as a neighbourhood rather than a camp. Its eastern side, which is an industrial zone, as well as the main road's southern side with many commercial activities fall within the jurisdiction of Burj el-Shemali municipality which demonstrates the arbitrariness of many boundaries.

The Tyrian public expressed solidarity with the Palestinian cause in that early post-independence era, especially thanks to the politics of Tyre's long-time Imam and social-reformer Abdulhussein Sharafeddin, who had given shelter to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini shortly after the beginning of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. After Sharafeddin's death in 1957 the balance of power in Southern Lebanon and the whole country gradually started to shift though with the arrival of a newcomer to the political scene:

In 1959, the Iran-born Shiite cleric Sayed Musa Sadr moved to Tyre to succeed the late Sharafeddin. As "one of his first significant acts" he established a vocational training center in Burj el-Shemali that became "an important symbol of his leadership". Reportedly, one of the first directors of the institute was a Maronite, while its Iraq-born Shiite principal started military trainings for Shia youth with support from Palestinian fighters at the camp.

By 1968, there were 7,159 registered Palestinian refugees in the camp of Burj el-Seimali. At the same time, during the course of the decade, Greater Tyre metropolitan area, including Burj el-Shemali, increasingly became subject to a rural-to-urban movement that has been ongoing ever since and resulted in growing settlements around the camp.

The solidarity of the Lebanese Tyrians with the Palestinians was especially demonstrated in January 1969 through a general strike to demand the repulsion of Israeli attacks on Palestinian targets in Beirut. However, this sentiment changed during the first half of the 1970s when the local population got increasingly caught up in the crossfire between the Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and reprisals from Israel's counter-insurgency.

In 1974,  the Israeli military attacked: on 20 June, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) bombed the camp and, according to the Lebanese army, killed 8 people, while 30 were injured.

In the same year, Sadr founded Harakat al-Mahroumin ("Movement of the Deprived") and one year later – shortly before the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War – its de facto military wing: Afwaj al-Muqawama al-Lubnaniyya (Amal). The Iranian director of Sadr's technical school, Mostafa Chamran, who was married to Amal activist Ghada Ja'bar, became a major instructor of guerilla warfare. The US-trained physicist went on to become the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran. Military training and weaponry for Amal fighters was still mainly provided by Palestinian militants, but Sadr increasingly distanced himself from them as the situation escalated into a civil war:

Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990)
In January 1975, a unit of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attacked the Tyre barracks of the Lebanese Army. While the assault was denounced by the PLO as "a premeditated and reckless act", it launched in March a commando of its own eight to sail from the coast of Tyre to Tel Aviv to mount the Savoy Hotel attack, during which eight civilian Hostages and three Israeli soldiers were killed as well as seven of the eight attackers. Five months later Israel attacked Tyre "from land, sea and air" in a series of assaults over some weeks.

Then, in 1976, local commanders of the PLO took over the municipal government of Tyre with support from their allies of the Lebanese Arab Army. They occupied the army barracks, set up roadblocks and started collecting customs at the port. However, the new rulers quickly lost support from the Lebanese-Tyrian population because of their "arbitrary and often brutal behavior".  Even Tyre's veteran politician Jafar Sharafeddin, whose family has promoted freedom for the Palestinians over generations, was quoted as criticising the PLO for "its violations and sabotage of the Palestinian cause" during that time.

In 1977, three Lebanese fishermen in Tyre lost their lives in an Israeli attack. Palestinian militants retaliated with rocket fire on the Israeli town of Nahariya, leaving three civilians dead. Israel in turn retaliated by killing "over a hundred" mainly Lebanese Shiite civilians in the Southern Lebanese countryside. Some sources reported that these lethal events took place in July, whereas others dated them to November. According to the latter, the IDF also conducted heavy airstrikes as well as artillery and gunboat shelling on Tyre and surrounding villages, but especially on the Palestinian refugee camps in Rashidieh, Burj El Shimali and El Bass.

1978 South Lebanon conflict with Israel

On 11 March 1978, Dalal Mughrabi – a young woman from the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra in Beirut – and a dozen Palestinian fedayeen fighters sailed from Tyre to a beach north of Tel Aviv. Their attacks on civilian targets became known as the Coastal Road massacre that killed 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, and wounded 71. The PLO claimed responsibility for the bloodbath and three days later the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded Lebanon and after a few days occupied the whole South, except Tyre urban area. Nevertheless, Tyre was badly affected in the fighting during the Operation Litani, with civilians bearing the brunt of the war, both in human lives and economically. The IDF targeted especially the harbour on claims that the PLO received arms from there and the Palestinian refugee camps.

On 23 March 1978 the first troops of the newly established United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) arrived in Southern Lebanon, but the Palestinian forces were unwilling to give up their positions in and around Tyre. UNIFIL was unable to expel those militants and sustained heavy casualties. It therefore accepted an enclave of Palestinian fighters in its area of operation which was dubbed the "Tyre Pocket". In effect, the PLO kept ruling Tyre with its Lebanese allies of the Lebanese National Movement, which was in disarray though after the 1977 assassination of its leader Kamal Jumblatt.

1978 Musa Sadr disappearance

Amal founder Sadr mysteriously disappeared following a visit to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi on 31 August 1978. His legacy has continued into the present: he has been widely credited with "bringing the Shi'ite community onto an equal footing with the other major Lebanese communities."  And while the loss of Sadr was great, it also became and has remained a major rallying point for the Shia community across Lebanon, particularly in Southern Lebanon.

Frequent IDF bombardments of greater Tyre from ground, sea and air raids continued after 1978. In January 1979, Israel started naval attacks on the city. According to Palestinian witnesses, two women were killed in the Burj  El Shemali camp, 15 houses totally destroyed and 70 damaged.

The PLO, on the other side, reportedly converted itself into a quasi-regular army by purchasing large weapon systems, including Soviet WWII-era T-34 tanks, which it deployed in the "Tyre Pocket" with an estimated 1,500 fighters. From there it kept shelling into Galilee, especially with Katyusha rockets, until a cease-fire in July 1981.

As discontent within the Shiite population about the suffering from the conflict between Israel and the Palestinian factions grew,  so did tensions between Amal and the Palestinian militants. The power struggle was exacerbated by the fact that the PLO supported Saddam Hussein's camp during the Iraq-Iran-War, whereas Amal sided with Teheran. Eventually, the political polarisation between the former allies escalated into violent clashes in many villages of Southern Lebanon, including the Tyre area. The heaviest such incident took place in April 1982, when the PLO (Fateh) bombarded Amal's technical training institute in Burj el-Shemali for ten hours.

1982 Israeli invasion

Following an assassination attempt on Israeli ambassador Shlomo Argov in London, the IDF on 6 June 1982 launched what they called Operation Peace for Galilee and once again invaded Lebanon. In Burj el-Shemali - as in many other camps -  Palestinian combatants "put up a determined fight". The aerial attacks with phosphorus bombs reportedly killed some 100 civilians in one shelter alone. The total number of non-combatant casualties was estimated to be more than 200 in that camp alone. Estimates of IDF casualties in Rashidieh and Burj El Shimali ranged between 21 and "nearly 120".

The fighting in Burj Shemali [..] continued for three and a half days, during which repeated attempts to penetrate the camp were firmly repulsed."

According to UNRWA, the camp in Burj el-Shemali "was badly damaged" An international commission to enquire into reported violations of international law by Israel during its invasion found that the IDF had destroyed 35 percent of the houses in the camp. Much of the destruction was done "systematically" after the actual combat with Palestinian fighters had stopped.

At the same time, the IDF set up a large compound right next to the Amal technical training center founded by Musa Sadr:

The centre doubled as office of the Amal leader in South Lebanon, Dawud Sulayman Dawud, nicknamed "David David" because of his alleged readiness to negotiate with Israel. He was a native of Tarbikha, one of the five Shi'ite villages in northern Galilee, which were depoluated in October/November 1948, and his Lebanese opponents often called him a Palestinian. Dawud and other Amal leaders did not avoid discreet contacts with Israelis, but refused open clientship. The IDF soon lost patience and arrested thirteen Amal leaders as early as the summer of 1982.

The situation soon escalated further: On 11 November 1982, a suicide-attack with an explosive-laden car destroyed the Israeli military and intelligence headquarters in Tyre. As many as ninety soldiers, officers, and spies were killed as well as an unknown number of Lebanese and Palestinians detainees. As initially nobody claimed responsibility for the assault, Amal came under suspicion as well. In May 1983, the IDF searched the training center and reportedly opened fire on a group of pupils in the schoolyard, killing one boy and wounding nine. Dawud called for mourning strike and threatened resistance.

Then, in November 1983, another suicide-attack on the new Israeli headquarters in Tyre killed 29 Israeli soldiers and officers, wounding another thirty. 32 Lebanese and Palestinians died as well, most of them detainees. Only in 1985 was responsibility assumed for both attacks by an organisation that would go on to become a major player: Hezbollah.

1985 Amal takeover

Meanwhile, in February 1985, an Amal member from Tyre launched a suicide-attack on an IDF convoy in Burj El Shimali, injuring ten soldiers. "Israeli reprisals in the area east of Tyre killed fifteen and wounded dozens." The IDF particularly retaliated against Amal's technical training center and Southern Headquarters in Burj el-Shemali, "igniting a new circle of violence." Under the growing pressure the Israeli forces withdrew from Greater Tyre area by the end of April 1985 and Amal took over power there:

The priority of Amal remained to prevent the return of any armed Palestinian presence to the South, primarily because this might provoke renewed Israeli intervention in recently evacuated areas. The approximately 60,000 Palestinian refugees in the camps around Tyre (al-Bass, Rashidiya, Burj al-Shimali) were cut off from the outside world, although Amal never succeeded in fully controlling the camps themselves. In the Sunni 'canton' of Sidon, the armed PLO returned in force.

In September 1986, tensions between Amal and the PLO exploded into the War of the Camps, which is considered as "one of the most brutal episodes in a brutal civil war": When a group of Palestinians fired on an Amal patrol in Rashidieh, the Shi'ite militia put a siege on the camp as well as on those in Al Bass and Burj el-Shemali. After one month, Amal attacked Rashidieh, reportedly assisted by its allies from the Progressive Socialist Party, As-Saiqa and "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command". Fighting spread and continued for one month. By that time some 7,000 refugees in the Tyre area were displaced once more.

Amal [..] overran the unarmed camps of El Buss and Burj el-Shemali, burning homes and taking more than a thousand men into custody.

The siege lasted until January 1988 and caused death for hundreds of Palestinians in the camps all over Lebanon. The number of casualties in the camp of Burj el-Shemali is unknown. The conflict ended with the withdrawal of Palestinian forces loyal to PLO leader Yasser Arafat from Beirut and their redeployment to the camps in Southern Lebanon. The one in Burj el-Shemali likewise continued to be controlled by Arafat's Fatah party and loyalist contingents of other PLO factions, though some forces opposed to them - including Islamists - kept a presence and representation there as well.

In September 1988, the intra-Shia conflict between Amal and Hezbollah had at least one very prominent casualty from Burj el-Shemali: Amal's leader for Southern Lebanon Dawud Dawud, who got killed in Beirut during renewed clashes.

Post-Civil War (since 1991)
After the end of Lebanon's devastating civil war through the Taif Agreement in 1990, units of the Lebanese Army deployed along the coastal highway and around the Palestinian refugee camps of Tyre, including Burj el-Shemali. It has continued to be ruled by a Popular Committee dominated by Fatah and other allied PLO-factions, but included other groups like the PFLP.

in 1994 many residents of the camp in Burj el-Shemali seem to have benefited from an exceptional process of naturalisation: while Lebanese citizenship - along with many basic rights - has generally been denied to Palestinian refugees, the government in Beirut now granted passports to refugees and their descendants from the seven predominantly Shia Villages in Palestine and from the Galilee Panhandle. They had been given citizenship of Greater Lebanon by France in 1921, but were attached to British Mandatory Palestine two years later by the Paulet-Newcombe commission. In the 1948 Nakba, many fled to the greater Tyre area and settled in Burj el Shemali camp. The governmental decree no. 5247 of 1994 provided

an opening for activity in the camp by some Lebanese parties and parliamentarians especially during the parliamentary campaign of 1996 and the municipal campaign of 1998.In 2004, long-standing restrictions on bringing building materials into the camp were relaxed by the Lebanese government. The camp had already seen an informal building boom since the 1990s, as Palestinians living abroad invested money to improve their family houses or to build their own retirement homes.

2006 War between Israel and Hezbollah
During Israel's invasion in the 2006 Lebanon War, Burj El Shimali was severely hit again:

 on July 9, the Plastimed and Plastic Medical Component Factories were struck in an assault by the Israeli Air Force (IAF);
 on July 16, five civilians were killed by in another IAF attack on a former soap factory, including two children;
 on August 13, another five civilians were killed by an IAF missile, amongst them three children and one Sri Lankan maid.

Post-2006 War
In December 2009, two men from Burj el-Shemali who were officials of the Islamist Hamas group got killed in a "mysterious bomb attack" in Southern Beirut.

In December 2011, a roadside bomb hit a French UNIFIL patrol in Burj el-Shemali, wounding five peacekeepers and one Lebanese civilian.

According to a 2014 study paper, the majority of Palestinian refugees in Burj el-Shemali supported Fatah. However, it noted that there was – unlike in the other Tyrian camp of Rashidieh – also a considerable presence of Hamas. In addition, the PFLP, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), and the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine were represented in the Popular Committees that rule the camp.

In 2016, the mayor of Burj el-Shemali was Hajj Ali Dib.

Demographics

Lebanese Municipality
There are no official figures for the Lebanese and Non-Lebanese population in Burj el-Shemali outside of the camp. Estimates calculated the number to be 22,311 in 1997 and 32,886 in 2011. These figures included Palestinians living around the camp:

Upwardly mobile refugees look for ways to move outside the camp. Nearby apartments in the village are inhabited by the Palestinian middle class: doctors, nurses, teachers, and administrators who can afford higher quality housing but want to remain close to their community and relief services like healthcare and education.

Indeed, despite the clear-cut borders of the camp, some boundaries of territories and cultural identities are much more blurred and fluid. For instance, in 2017 at least, one member of the municipal council was a naturalised Palestinian from Burj el Shemali camp, as he probably originated from one of the seven predominantly Shi'ite villages in Palestine (see above). However, a Japanese study paper found that "many people from other villages as well had obtained nationality by claiming to be residents of the Seven Villages."

After the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011 hundreds of Syrian refugees set up tents on public lands of the Burj el-Shemali municipality, but faced short-notice evictions.

In 2016, the total number people living in Burj el-Shemali - including the camp - was estimated to be 61,973.

With further regard to blurred lines between spaces and (self-)affiliations it is noteworthy that there are also many poor Lebanese who have moved into Palestinian camps since rents are relatively cheap there. It is unclear if this is a large phenomenon in Burj el-Shemali like in other camps, but safe to assume that it exists there as well:

Palestinian Refugee Camp

The number of registered refugees in the camp has more than tripled since 1968 when the figure was 7,159. By 1982 it went up to 11,256 and by 2008 to 19,074. As of June 2018, this number had grown to 24,929. This increase was mainly attributable to the arrival of many Syrian refugees and – especially – Palestinian refugees from Syria (PRS). In 2016, the official number of Syrians stood at 2,498 and that of PRS at 2416. The already overcrowded living conditions have further deteriorated with the plight of these twice-over refugees. UNRWA describes the situation as follows:

the camp is one of the poorest camps in Lebanon. Unemployment is extremely high, with seasonal agricultural work the most common source of income for both men and women.

However, the second, third and fourth generation refugees have lost the subsistence agricultural existences of their ancestors from Palestine due to the very limited space and denial of land-ownership. The average wage for fruit pickers in the orchards and fields near Tyre used to be around ten US$ per day before the arrival of Syrian refugees who get exploited for less. In 2011 it was estimated that two thirds of the population in the camp lived in poverty.

In addition to these plights, there is a very high incidence of genetic disorders - namely thalassemia and sickle cell disease - among camp inhabitants. UNRWA operates a clinic in the camp. In January 2016, a Palestinian resident suffering from thalessemia set himself on fire to protest against new healthcare regulations by UNRWA. These demanded patients to pay for a minor part of their hospital expenses and also ended coverage for Palestinians with Lebanese nationality or dual citizenship. Already almost two decades earlier, a fact-finding mission of the Danish Immigration Service reported that UNRWA aid had been scaled down.

The Danish researchers were also told by various sources that many residents at Burj el Shemali camp were Shiites and had been granted Lebanese nationality in 1994. However, a lot of them seem to have moved out of the camp since then. While it was estimated that there were some 600 inhabitants with Lebanese citizenship around 2010, their number reportedly went down to just "a few" Shiite families and only one Christian family by 2016.

More than half of the population is under eighteen years old. Poverty has pushed a lot of residents to sell their belongings in search for a better future abroad.

Many families rely on funds from relatives abroad, and young people dream of emigrating. The hottest gossip is about migration routes and costs, and which mafia groups to trust along the way. Everyone shares stories of those who have made it to Europe.

Foreigners need a permit from the military intelligence to enter the camp:

The permit system deters curious strangers and helps authorities monitor the population. It also makes the camp feel like an open-air prison.

Education and cultural life
In the Palestinian refugee camp, the PLO has funded the construction of a large community center, including a youth-center and a kindergarten. UNRWA operates a women's center and schools. In addition, there are a number of other centers for young people offering educational activities, some run by Islamic organisations. A bagpipe troupe was founded in 1996, named "Guirab" after one of the Arabic words for the instrument. It has conducted several concert tours in Europe. In the late 2010s, it had some 20 male and female members who practised in a community center run by the Palestinian NGO Beit Atfal Assumoud.

A 2010 study found that the camp had a population that was "less westernized" than in other camps but "tolerant".

Gallery

Exhibits at the National Museum of Beirut

Funerary items

Terracotta Mask of a Satyr painted in red

Crusader tower

See also

 Palestinians in Lebanon

References

External links
 Burj Shemali Camp,  from UNWRA

Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon
Populated places in Tyre District


Kier Maitland (born November 16, 1988 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a male swimmer from Canada, who mostly competes in the distance freestyle events. Maitland is the son of Craig and Karen Maitland and has an older brother named Logan.

Club swimming career
Kier currently swims for the Edmonton Keyano Swim Club in Edmonton, Alberta during the summer under the coach Steve Price. Kier earned rookie of the year award at the 2005 World Aquatic Trials. The next year he qualified for his first senior national team and earned himself a spot on the 2006 Pan Pacific Games team for Canada. He claimed a bronze medal (1500m freestyle) and a 5th-place finish in the 400m freestyle at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In 2008, Maitland placed 2nd in the 1500m freestyle at the Canadian Olympic trials.

Maitland has won a national title in the 1500m freestyle (2007 Spring National Championships or Pan Am Trials) and has won age group national titles in the 400m, 800m, and 1500m freestyle events. At the senior national level, he has also placed second and third in the 800m and 400m freestyle events respectively.

College career
During the school year, Kier swam in Las Vegas, Nevada under the coach Jim Reitz.

In his freshman year of college, Kier won the 1650 yard freestyle at the Mountain West Conference Championships. He broke the all-time conference records in the 1000 yard (9:09.05) and 1650 yard (15:04.71) races. This swim also qualified him for NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships.

During Kier's sophomore year of college, he was elected as a captain of the Rebel men's team; this effectively made Kier the first Sophomore captain for UNLV in over 25 years. At the Mountain west conference championships, he won the 1650 yard freestyle, 500 yard freestyle, and was on the winning 4x200y freestyle relay. He set championship records in the 500y, 1000y, and 1650y freestyle events with times of 4:20.75, 8:59.98, and 14:53.08 respectively. The 1000 and 1650 were also all-time conference records His swim in the mile made him the first person in the history of the Mountain West conference to break 9 minutes in the 1000 yard freestyle and 15 minutes in the 1650 yard freestyle. The 4x200 relay also set a new championship and conference record. His performance in the 1650 yard freestyle at the Mountain West Championships qualified him for the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships and earned him the Mountain West Conference Swimmer of the Year award.

During Kier's junior year of college, he was again elected as a captain of the UNLV men's team. At Mountain west conference he defended his title in the 1650y freestyle for the third consecutive year and the 500 and 4x200y freestyle relay for the second straight year. He set an all-time conference record in the 500y freestyle (4:19.86). His performance in the 1650 yard freestyle at the Mountain West Championships qualified him for the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships and earned him the Mountain West Conference Swimmer of the Year award for the second consecutive year.

At the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships, Kier finished 10th in the 1650y freestyle with a time of 14:55.95 and earned All-American honors.

Personal bests
25 Yard Pool

200 yards freestyle: 1:37.33 <3

500 yards freestyle: 4:19.86

1000 yards freestyle: 8:59.98

1650 yards freestyle: 14:53.08

25 Meter Pool

200 meters freestyle: 1:47.91

400 meters freestyle: 3:46.81

800 meters freestyle: 7:46.68

1500 meters freestyle: 14:50.06

50 Meter Pool

200 meters freestyle: 1:52.42

400 meters freestyle: 3:52.44

800 meters freestyle: 7:59.45

1500 meters freestyle: 15:12.47

References
Profile Canadian Olympic Committee

1988 births
Living people
Canadian male freestyle swimmers
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Swimmers from Edmonton
Swimmers at the 2007 Pan American Games
UNLV Rebels men's swimmers
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


The Sumba–Flores languages, which correspond to the traditional "Bima–Sumba" subgroup minus Bima, are a proposed group of Austronesian languages (geographically Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages) spoken on and around the islands of Sumba and western–central Flores in the Lesser Sundas, Indonesia. The main languages are Manggarai, which has half a million speakers on the western third of Flores, and Kambera, with a quarter million speakers on the eastern half of Sumba Island.

The Hawu language of Savu Island is suspected of having a non-Austronesian substratum, but perhaps not to any greater extent than the languages of central and eastern Flores, such as Sika, or indeed of Central Malayo-Polynesian languages in general.

Classification
Blust (2008) finds moderate support for linking the languages of western and central Flores with Sumba–Hawu.

Sumba–Flores
Sumba–Hawu
Hawu–Dhao
Sumba languages (see)
Western Flores
Manggarai–Rembong: Komodo, Manggarai, Riung, Rembong, Rajong, Kepo', Wae Rana
Central Flores–Palu'e
Palu'e
Central Flores
Ende–Lio: a dialect cluster of Ende, Lio, Nage, Ke'o
Ngada: Ngad'a, Rongga, So'a (dialect cluster)

See also
Sumba languages
Central Flores languages

References

Further reading
Gasser, Emily. 2014. Subgrouping in Nusa Tenggara: The case of Bima-Sumba. In Jeffrey Connor-Linton and Luke Wander Amoroso (eds.), Measured Language: Quantitative Studies of Acquisition, Assessment, and Variation, 63-78. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

External links
LexiRumah (part of the Lesser Sunda linguistic databases)
Reconstructing the past through languages of the present: the Lesser Sunda Islands

Languages of Indonesia
Sumba languages
Flores Island (Indonesia)


Marc Oberon is an English magician, based in Nottingham.

He has won the USA People's Trophy, European Close Up Championships, the Macmillan International Award and British Ring of the International Brotherhood of Magicians.

References

External links
 http://www.marcoberon.com/

Living people
English magicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


"Loving the Alien" is a 1985 single by David Bowie.

Loving the Alien may refer to:

 Loving the Alien (1983–1988), a box set by David Bowie
 "Loving the Alien", the name of an episode of the War of the Worlds TV series
 "Loving the Alien", a song on the Velvet Revolver album Contraband
 Loving the Alien (novel), a novel in the Past Doctor Adventures series of Doctor Who novels


Jean-Michel Ribes (born 15 December 1946, in Paris) is a French playwright, screenwriter, theatre director, film maker and actor. Since 2002 he has been the managing director of the Théâtre du Rond-Point.

Between 1982 and 1984 Ribes had directed Merci Bernard and since 1988 works on Palace. In 2008, Ribes had directed Batailles which he co-wrote with Roland Topor and next year became a director of the Un garçon impossible, a play by Petter S. Rosenlund and 's Les Diablogues. In 2010, in Théâtre du Rond-Point he directed Les Nouvelles Brèves de Comptoir in which Jean-Marie Gourio had starred. In 2011, he wrote and directed René l’énervé - Opéra bouffe et tumultueux, on the music by Reinhardt Wagner. A year later, he returned to Théâtre du Rond-Point at which he directed play Théâtre sans animaux and Sébastien Thiéry's L’Origine du Monde in 2013.

Theater

Filmography
1978: The Swindle
1986: La galette du roi
1993: Chacun pour toi
2008: A Day at the Museum
2014: Brèves de comptoir

Awards
2001: Plaisir du Théâtre Award
2007: Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur

References

External links

Portrait of Jean-Michel Ribes by Braun-Vega

1946 births
Living people
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French male film actors
French film directors
French male stage actors
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
French theatre directors


Afromental is a Polish rock and rapcore band formed in Olsztyn in 2004.

The group has released four singles: "I've Got What You Need" (2007), "Thing We've Got" (2008), "Happy Day" (2008), and "Pray 4 Love" (2009). They have released two full-length albums on EMI Poland, and their 2009 release Playing with Pop reached #19 on the Polish Music Charts.

Band story
The band debuted on the Review of Young Bands in the 'Olsztyńska' Newspaper. They appeared in the "Golden Ten" of the Youth Music Festival Gama in Kolobrzeg, for their interpretation of the song "Banana Song" by Vox in a reggae style, for which they gained an award during the Student Song Festival in Kraków.

Afromental released their debut album on 12 October 2007 titled The Breakthru. The single which promoted the album, "I've Got What You Need", qualified to the Top Trendy Festival 2007 in Sopot. In 2008, the band took part in qualifying for the Eurovision Song Contest, during which the group performed the song "Thing We've Got".

In 2009, Afomental appeared in the second season of the television series 39 and a half, in which they performed their newest recordings. The band also recorded songs for the film Love and Dance. Their second album Playing With Pop has been released on 9 March 2009 linked to their previous album. On 13 June 2009 the band has been awarded a Superjedynka in the category Band of the Year.

In February 2010 the publisher of Playing With Pop received a nomination for the Polish industry of Phonografic Frederick award in the following category: album of the year hip-hop / R & B. In August 2010 the band won the Wow! Music Award during Orange Warsaw Festival.

On 15 August 2011 Afromental released their third album titled The B.O.M.B.. It promoted the singles Rock&Rollin' Love, Rollin' With You and It's My Life.

Members
 Tomasz "Tomson" Lach - vocals
 Bartosz "Śniady" Śniadecki - keyboards
 Tomasz "Torres" Torres - drums
 Wojtek "Lajan" Witczak - bass guitar
 Aleksander "Baron" Milwiw-Baron - guitar

Past members:
 Wojciech "Łozo" Łozowski - vocals
 Grzegorz "Dziamas" Dziamka - drums

Discography

Studio albums

Music videos

References

Polish pop music groups
MTV Europe Music Award winners


The White Dawn is a 1974 Canadian-American drama film directed by Philip Kaufman and starring Warren Oates, Timothy Bottoms, and Louis Gossett Jr. It portrays the conflict between aboriginal peoples' traditional way of life and Europeans' eagerness to take advantage of them. The film employs authentic Inuit language dialogue. It is based on the 1971 novel The White Dawn: An Eskimo Saga by James Archibald Houston, who co-wrote the screenplay.

Premise
When three whalers become stranded in Northern Canada's Arctic in 1896, they are rescued by Inuit. In the beginning, the Inuit accept the strangers' European ways, but as this increasingly influences and affects their customs, things slowly fall apart and cultural tension grows until the climax. The film was made by a "skeleton crew" and was filmed "entirely on location" on Baffin Island. The three lead actors were the only ones with any film experience and the other performers were Inuit who were speaking their own language, which was subtitled in the film.

Cast
Warren Oates as Billy
Timothy Bottoms as Daggett
Louis Gossett Jr. as Portagee
Joanasie Salomonie as Kangiak
Ann Meekitjuk Hanson (credited under the pseudonym Pilitak) as Neevee
Simonie Kopapik as Sarkak
Namonai Ashoona as Nowya
Tchomalai as Ratchepa
Higa Ipeelie as Evaloo
Oolipika Joamie as Mia
Meetook Mallee as Ikuma
Neelak as Panee
Seemee Nookiguak as Avinga

Release
The film featured nudity of the female Inuit and scenes of hunting and was initially given an R rating in the United States which Vincent Canby of The New York Times called absurd and baffled other people in the industry, with the Movie Report, which advised young people and parents on the content of films, telling its readers to ignore the rating. After an initial appeal, the MPAA did not revise the rating but later reduced it to a PG-Rating.

Critical reception

In a generally negative review, Vincent Canby wrote, "As an Arctic travelogue, it is sometimes so striking that I spent much of the time wondering how certain scenes were photographed; long shots of men walking across ice-flows, the killing of a polar bear, a walrus hunt, the capsizing of a boat that sends the actors into icy water." Canby described the plot as "bland" and concluded that "It's the story of how the three sailors have the bad judgment to be so rude and boorish to their hosts that they invite a fate that they never understand." In a 2004 review following the release of  the DVD, David Sanjek wrote, "The White Dawn is episodic, devoid of a now familiar hyped-up velocity. As a consequence, some may find it slow, while others may appreciate its attention to ethnographic detail and refusal to succumb to stereotypes. Even if the voyage made by Billy, Daggett and Portagee ends in calamity, it remains a trip well worth making and a reminder of the diversity of Hollywood fare before focus groups."

References

External links

1974 films
American drama films
Canadian drama films
English-language Canadian films
1970s English-language films
Inuktitut-language films
Films based on Canadian novels
Films directed by Philip Kaufman
Films set in the Arctic
Films set in 1896
Inuit films
Films about Inuit in Canada
1974 drama films
Films scored by Henry Mancini
Paramount Pictures films
American survival films
Canadian survival films
Filmways films
1970s American films
1970s Canadian films


The 2009 European Grand Prix (formally the 2009 Formula 1 Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 23 August 2009 at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain. It was the 11th race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship. The race was contested over 57 laps, an overall race distance of 308.9 km (191.9 mi). The winner was Rubens Barrichello for Brawn GP after starting from third on the grid. The 2008 world champion Lewis Hamilton finished second for McLaren-Mercedes, while 2007 world champion Kimi Räikkönen finished in third for Ferrari. Championship leader Jenson Button finished in seventh for the second race in a row, but extended his lead as Red Bull Racing's Mark Webber and Sebastian Vettel both failed to score.

It was Barrichello's first Grand Prix victory since the 2004 Chinese Grand Prix, 85 races before, while he was still driving for Ferrari. He also marked the 100th victory for a Brazilian driver in F1. Hamilton's second place granted him another podium, while Räikkönen's third place was his second podium in a row. The race saw the debut of GP2 Series driver Romain Grosjean. He replaced Nelson Piquet Jr. at Renault. This race also saw the Grand Prix return of Luca Badoer who had not raced since the 1999 Japanese Grand Prix. He replaced the injured Felipe Massa at Ferrari. Also, Timo Glock scored his first, and Toyota's last, fastest lap.

No overtakes were recorded during this race.

Report

Background
Jenson Button headed into the weekend still on top of the Drivers' Championship by 18.5 points in front of Mark Webber who had jumped ahead of team-mate Sebastian Vettel, who was on 47 points was only 3 points ahead of Brazilian Rubens Barrichello.

Brawn GP still lead the Constructor's Championship by 15.5 points from Red Bull Racing, with a further 58.5 points separating them from defending champions Ferrari. Ferrari had jumped Toyota after Kimi Räikkönen has finished 2nd place in the previous race.

Lewis Hamilton of McLaren-Mercedes won the last race in the championship, 4 weeks previously in Budapest for the Hungarian Grand Prix. He qualified 4th on the grid and won the race in dominating style to take his first race victory since the 2008 Chinese Grand Prix. Hamilton's win also marked the first victory for a car equipped with KERS. Kimi Räikkönen earned second place, his best result of the season. This however was only his second podium and his fourth points scoring finish of the season. Mark Webber finished third, Jenson Button finished 7th, and Rubens Barrichello came 10th while Sebastian Vettel retired because of suspension damage.

Felipe Massa dominated the 2008 race, leading 50 of 57 laps from pole and setting the fastest lap in the process. Former European Grand Prix winners Rubens Barrichello and Fernando Alonso were also racing, though Massa is the only winner at Valencia.

Massa would miss the Grand Prix after he underwent surgery following an accident in the second part of qualifying at the Hungarian Grand Prix. He had life-threatening injuries including a fractured skull, and it was expected that he would be in recovery for at least six weeks. Consequently, this Grand Prix would see the return of Luca Badoer to Formula One in order to replace Massa. Badoer has the record for most races in Formula One without points with 48; he was perhaps closest to scoring points when he retired from fourth in the 1999 European Grand Prix for Minardi.

Meanwhile, Renault announced on 4 August that Nelson Piquet Jr.'s contract with the team had been terminated with immediate effect; this decision was made after Piquet had not scored a single point all season. His replacement Romain Grosjean was announced on 18 August. It was believed that he would be racing for the remainder of the season.

Renault had initially been suspended from the Grand Prix as a result of the events that led to a wheel coming off Alonso's car during the Hungarian Grand Prix. However, Renault appealed to the FIA Court of Appeal, who overturned the suspension, and enabled Alonso to race at his home Grand Prix.

Practice and qualifying
Three practice sessions were held before the start of qualifying; the first was held on Friday morning and the second in the afternoon. Both sessions lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes with weather conditions dry throughout, as the air temperature at 27 °C (80 °F) and the track temperature at 36 °C (97 °F) in session one. Session two saw the air temperature at 30 °C (86 °F) and the track temperature rise dramatically to 52 °C (125 °F) in session two. The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted 1 hour; it was also dry throughout with the air temperature at 28 °C (82 °F) and the track temperature at 41 °C (106 °F).

Brawn came back to form with the track temperature higher than at other circuits making Barrichello the pace-setter with the two McLarens behind him. Kovalainen and Hamilton were only separated by 0.018 seconds. Nico Rosberg who has topped most Friday practice sessions throughout the season struggled in his Williams coming 14th in session 1, 1.3 seconds off Barrichello, while team-mate Kazuki Nakajima fared better, coming 7th. However both Rosberg and Nakajima got into the top five in the second session. Fernando Alonso in his home grand prix topped the second session while Hamilton came last after spinning out early on and damaging his car.

Renault's Romain Grosjean had a solid two sessions, coming 17th and 13th respectively, although Alonso outpaced him in each by over a second. Luca Badoer came 20th and 18th in the two Friday sessions as he continued to struggle with the car as team-mate Kimi Räikkönen was 11th and 10th in the two sessions. The Toyotas struggled in session 1 with Jarno Trulli and Timo Glock coming 18th and 19th respectively. Although there was a small piece of hope as Trulli in the second session came 12th and Glock came 15th, 0.225 seconds behind his team-mate.

Force India's big updates were showing improvements as Adrian Sutil came 6th in the first session, while in the second session Sutil came 6th again while Giancarlo Fisichella showed a bit of form when he came in 8th. BMW Sauber were still struggling as they came 12th and 15th. But Robert Kubica was hopefully showing a light at the end of the tunnel as he came 7th in the second session, splitting the two Force Indias.

Red Bull seemed to be struggling in the hotter conditions as they were outpaced in both sessions by title challengers Brawn. Vettel (5th and 9th) and Webber (8th and 14th) were hopeful things would improve on Saturday.

It was a surprise result on Saturday as Adrian Sutil topped the time sheets, as Vettel's engine blew halfway through the session causing it to be red-flagged as oil was on the track. The other Force India, Fisichella, was 0.621 seconds behind his team-mate in P6.
Kazuki Nakajima came in 2nd with Robert Kubica coming in 3rd. Heikki Kovalainen was the only one of the major contenders for pole in the top 5 as he came in 4th ahead of Nico Rosberg.

The Brawns were a little off the pace as Button (7th) and Barrichello (12th) were hoping for better. Both Red Bull cars were in the bottom 5 as Vettel (18th) and Webber (17th) continued to struggle in the hot conditions. Luca Badoer continued to be well behind the pace as he came in at 20th, 3.055 seconds behind session winner Adrian Sutil.

The qualifying session on Saturday afternoon was split into three parts. The first part ran for 20 minutes, and cars that finished the session 16th or lower were eliminated from qualifying. The second part of qualifying lasted 15 minutes and eliminated cars that finished in positions 11 to 15. The final part of qualifying determined the positions from first to tenth, and decided pole position. Cars which failed to make the final session could refuel before the race, so ran lighter in those sessions. Cars which competed in the final session of qualifying were not allowed to refuel before the race, and as such carried more fuel than in the previous sessions. Weather conditions for the session saw the air temperature at 30 °C (86 °F) and the track temperature at 39 °C (102 °F).

The first part of qualifying saw Button top the time sheets, with a lap of 1:38.531. With all the optimism of the pace of the Force India, Fisichella came 16th and was knocked out. Another big name that failed to make it was Kazuki Nakajima who came 2nd in practice just a few hours beforehand. Trulli, Alguersuari and Badoer were the others that joined them in not making it through to Q2.

The second session was topped by the other Brawn, Rubens Barrichello, a time of 1:38.076; half a second quicker than the quickest time in Q1. Sebastian Buemi came bottom of the session, half a second behind débutante Romain Grosjean in 14th. Glock, Sutil and Heidfeld were the others eliminated. Robert Kubica ended a long drought and made it to Q3.

The final 10-minute shoot-out began with very close lap times. As the chequered flag fell everyone was on their final lap. Button was the first of the main contenders to cross it for the final time and he didn't improve and stayed 5th. Next was Barrichello as he crossed the line and didn't improve and stayed 2nd. Kovalainen looked set for pole position but a lockup and a slide in the final corner could only get him up into second, so Hamilton didn't feel the need to complete his lap with no one else on fast laps. Hamilton got his first pole position of the season, but more importantly, it was a McLaren 1–2. Barrichello came third and a surprise 4th for Vettel as he split the Brawns. Räikkönen even with race fuel on board posted a lap time that was 1.279 seconds quicker than Luca Badoer's time in Q1 on low fuel. This was also the first time Lewis Hamilton had been on pole since the 2008 Chinese Grand Prix. Hamilton became the first driver to take pole position with a KERS car. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row.

The fuel-adjusted times showed that Barrichello was actually the fastest in qualifying with Kovalainen 0.216 seconds behind him. Hamilton was third with Button in fourth and Vettel in 5th. Even though it had been an encouraging sign to see BMW in the top 10, the fuel-adjustments showed that even with fuel taken into account, the BMW was still 1.114 seconds slower than the Brawn of Rubens Barrichello.

Race

Around 12:00 (UTC) the formation lap for the Grand Prix started with race starting a few minutes later. With the air temperature at 31 °C (88 °F) and the track temperature at 49 °C (120 °F), it looked like the conditions were favouring the Brawn cars. The race started with Lewis Hamilton, Heikki Kovalainen and Rubens Barrichello as the top three after the first lap. Kimi Räikkönen had a good start making his way to fourth from sixth on the grid. Jenson Button had a poor start dropping to ninth in the first few corners, while Luca Badoer starting from the back of the grid jumped six positions to 14th at the start. Romain Grosjean then tapped the rear of Badoer's Ferrari, causing the Italian to spin. Grosjean had to pit for repairs, as did Timo Glock after he and Sébastien Buemi collided, the Swiss driver also pitting for a new nose. Mark Webber down in ninth got on the radio claiming that Button had cut the chicane to stop Webber's attempt of a pass. Button then fell behind Webber although it is unclear whether it was a legitimate pass or Jenson let the Red Bull driver through.

On lap 15, Hamilton and Sebastian Vettel came into the pits. Hamilton rejoined in sixth place but Vettel's fuel pump failed to work so he had to come in again. Kovalainen came in a lap later while Barrichello was pushing to try and build a gap. Button and Räikkönen pitted on lap 18, the Finn coming out in eighth while Button rejoined in 11th. Barrichello came in on lap 19, the Brazilian had made a lot of ground as he rejoined just behind Lewis after being around 10 seconds adrift. But most importantly for Brawn he had jumped the other McLaren of Kovalainen. On lap 24, a lot of smoke was pouring from the rear end of Vettel's car and he retired with a suspected engine failure. Hamilton was ordered over the radio to try to cool down his rear brakes as the temperature were getting out of control, but he was unable to shake off the challenge of Barrichello in second.

Hamilton seemed to have found some pace but he pitted soon after on lap 37. He came in but his new tyres were still in their blankets and a lot of time was wasted. Barrichello came in three laps later on lap 40 and came out in first. Button came in on lap 41 along with Alonso leaving Webber to tackle a bit of traffic. Webber pitted and the traffic had cost him as he came out behind Button and Kubica leaving himself out of the points. Räikkönen also jumped Kovalainen in the second round of stops.

As the race was heading into the closing stages, Hamilton seemed to be on a charge to try to catch the leading Brawn but in reality it looked only a mistake would stop the Brazilian winning. Meanwhile, Button was lapping a second off the pace just making sure his car got to the end. Kubica was catching Button at a high rate of knots but it seemed a long shot if Button was going to lose them two points. Barrichello took the chequered flag to win his first grand prix since the inaugural Chinese Grand Prix in , and record the 100th win by a Brazilian driver in Formula One (including the victories of Emerson Fittipaldi, José Carlos Pace, Nelson Piquet, Ayrton Senna, Felipe Massa and Barrichello). Hamilton came second, while Finn Räikkönen came home in third. Kovalainen came fourth, while Nico Rosberg had a reasonably quiet race as he came home in fifth. Fernando Alonso came sixth in his home race, championship leader Jenson Button came seventh, while Robert Kubica came eighth, only his second points scoring finish so far this season. Neither Red Bull's Vettel or Webber scored a point, while Barrichello moved into second place in the drivers championship. Button kept his lead although he only added two points to his tally. Brawn edged further ahead in the constructors' championship by scoring 12 points with Red Bull not scoring a single point this weekend.

Classification

Qualifying
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"

Race
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

See also
 2009 Valencia GP2 Series round

References

European
European Grand Prix
European Grand Prix
21st century in Valencia
August 2009 sports events in Europe


Ohlsdorf is a railway station in Hamburg, Germany, located at the junction of the Hamburg-Altona link line with the Alster Valley line and the Hamburg Airport line in Ohlsdorf, Hamburg near the Ohlsdorf Cemetery.

History
On 6 December 1906, the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn (City and suburban railway) — later abbreviated Hamburg S-Bahn — opened the double track Ohlsdorf–Blankenese line. Planned as an electric railway with overhead lines, the trains were first steam powered, because of difficulties concerning the construction of the electrical installations and a delay delivering the engines. Overhead lines were completed by , however, electric operation only started on 29 January 1908.

Prior to 2008, Ohlsdorf had a bus shuttle service to bring passengers from the station to the airport. This was discontinued when a new station was constructed in the airport. An S-Bahn maintenance depot is located south-east of the station.

Services

Ohlsdorf is served by the Hamburg S-Bahn S1 and S11 lines — from Wedel in the state of Schleswig-Holstein or Blankenese to Poppenbüttel or Hamburg Airport — and Hamburg U-Bahn U1 line, from Norderstedt to Großhansdorf in Schleswig Holstein or the Hamburg suburb of Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.

Passengers travelling in the direction from the central station to the airport have to pay attention at Ohlsdorf, the last station before the airport, because all trains are split at this station. The front part (carriages 1, 2 and 3) proceeds to the airport, while the rear part (carriages 4, 5 and 6) runs to the suburb of Poppenbüttel. Signs and announcements in German and English language inform passengers. Trains pause at Ohlsdorf for about 2 minutes to couple or uncouple and to allow passengers to change to the desired half of the train.

Gallery

See also

 Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV)
 List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations
 List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations

References

External links

 Line and route network plans at hvv.de

Hamburg S-Bahn stations in Hamburg
Hamburg U-Bahn stations in Hamburg
U1 (Hamburg U-Bahn) stations
Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Nord
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1906


A total lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, December 19, 1964. A shallow total eclipse saw the Moon in relative darkness for 58 minutes and 54 seconds. The Moon was 17% of its diameter into the Earth's umbral shadow, and should have been significantly darkened. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 16 minutes in total.  The eclipse afforded astrophysicist J. M. Saari the opportunity to make infrared pyrometric scans of the lunar surface with improved equipment, following up on Richard W. Shorthill's discovery of "hot spots" in the Tycho crater during the March 13, 1960 eclipse.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1964-12
1964 in science
December 1964 events


Edward Joseph Hunkeler (January 1, 1894 – October 1, 1970) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Grand Island, Nebraska (1945–1951), and Bishop and Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Kansas City, Kansas (1951–1969).

Biography

Early life
Edward Hunkeler was born in Medicine Lodge, Kansas, to Anton and Philomena (née Durst) Hunkeler. He and his parents later moved to Dayton, Ohio, where he attended the parochial school of Holy Trinity Parish.  He later enrolled at the University of Dayton. Hunkeler completed his studies for the priesthood at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington.

Priesthood
Hunkeler was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop James Hartley on June 14, 1919, for the Diocese of Omaha. Hunkeler served as pastor of Saints Philip and James Parish in Wynot, Nebraska until 1927, when he was transferred to Blessed Sacrament Parish in Omaha. In 1936, Hunkeler was appointed rector of St. Cecilia Cathedral in Omaha.  He was named a domestic prelate by Pope Pius XI in 1937, and became vicar general of the diocese in 1944.

Bishop of Grand Island
On March 19, 1945, Hunkeler was appointed the third bishop of the Diocese of Grand Island by Pope Pius XII.  He received his episcopal consecration on May 1, 1945, from Archbishop Amleto Cicognani, with Bishops James Ryan and Stanislaus Bona serving as co-consecrators, at St. Cecilia Cathedral. During his tenure in Grand Island, Hunkeler ordained 16 priests, and oversaw a large increase in the construction of new churches and other religious institutions in the post-World War II era.

Bishop and Archbishop of Kansas City
Hunkeler was named Bishop of Kansas City by Pius XII on March 28, 1951. When the Diocese of Kansas City was elevated to the rank of an archdiocese on August 9, 1952, Hunkeler became its first archbishop. He attended all four sessions in Rome of the Second Vatican Council.

Retirement and legacy
On September 10, 1969, Pope Paul VI accepted Hunkeler's resignation as archbishop due to health problems.  In 1970, while returning from the installation of Bishop Kenneth Povish, Hunkeler's car was involved in an automobile accident near Crookston, Minnesota. Edward Hunkeler died two days later, on October 1, at age 76; his death was ascribed to a cardiovascular respiratory condition rather than to injuries sustained in the accident.

References

1894 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People from Medicine Lodge, Kansas
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha
Roman Catholic bishops of Grand Island
Roman Catholic bishops of Kansas City in Kansas
Roman Catholic archbishops of Kansas City in Kansas


Mathieu Bois (born July 6, 1988) is a competition swimmer from Canada, who mostly competes in the breaststroke events.  He claimed bronze medals in the men's 100-metre breaststroke, and the 4x100-metre medley relay, at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  Bois made his Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.

References
Profile Canadian Olympic Committee

1988 births
Living people
Canadian male breaststroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Canada
Sportspeople from Longueuil
Sportspeople from Quebec
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada


A total lunar eclipse took place on Monday, December 30, 1963. The Moon was plunged into darkness for 1 hour and 18 minutes, in a deep total eclipse which saw the Moon 33.5% of its diameter inside the Earth's umbral shadow. The visual effect of this depends on the state of the Earth's atmosphere, but the Moon may have been stained a deep red colour. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 24 minutes in total.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series
It was part of Saros series 124.

Tritos
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of January 29, 1953
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of November 29, 1974

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of November 18, 1956
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of February 10, 1970

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1963-12
1963 in science
December 1963 events


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, July 6, 1963 with an umbral eclipse magnitude of 0.70602. The Moon was strikingly shadowed in this deep partial eclipse which lasted 3 hours exactly, with 71% of the Moon in darkness at maximum. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth moves between the Sun and Moon but the three celestial bodies do not form a straight line in space. When that happens, a small part of the Moon's surface is covered by the darkest, central part of the Earth's shadow, called the umbra. The rest of the Moon is covered by the outer part of the Earth's shadow called the penumbra. It was the second of three lunar eclipses in 1963, the first was a penumbral lunar eclipse on January 9, 1963 and the third and last was on December 30, 1963.

Visibility
The partial eclipse was visible in Southeastern Atlantic, Africa, Europe and western Asia, seen rising over South America, and setting over Asia and Australia.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 126.

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of August 5, 1952
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of June 4, 1974

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of May 24, 1956
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of August 17, 1970

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1963-07
1963 in science
July 1963 events


Frank Matthew Mills (18 March 1873 – 18 February 1925) was a Welsh rugby union forward who played club rugby for Cardiff and Swansea and won 13 caps for Wales. He is best remembered as being one of the Wales squad that won the Triple Crown for the first time in 1893.

Rugby career
Although Mills originally played for Mountain Ash, he came to note as a rugby player when he represented first-class club Swansea, which he joined in 1892. His first season at Swansea also saw him selected for Wales, coming into the pack with fellow new caps, Wallace Watts and Arthur Boucher. Although Watts and Boucher were Newport players, Mills' international career would mirror theirs; playing 11 games with Boucher and 12 with Watts.

His debut Wales campaign was a poor one for the country. Mills played in all three games of the 1892 Home Nations Championship, and Wales lost all of them. Despite this, the selectors kept faith with the team and in particular the forwards, which paid dividends the next season when Wales, under the captaincy of Arthur 'Monkey' Gould won the Triple Crown for the first time in their history. Mills played in all three games, in a pack which was recognised for its weight, strength and scrummaging tactics.

Mills was reselected for the 1894 Home Nations Championship, but a mixture of poor pitch conditions and Welsh in-fighting resulted in two loses and just a single win. At the end of the 1894 season, Mills is recorded playing at least one match for Glamorgan, alongside Swansea team-mate Billy Bancroft. The next season Mills had switched clubs from the Whites of Swansea to the Blues of Cardiff, but retained his position in the Welsh squad. By playing in all three games of the 1895 Championship Mills had represented Wales in 12 consecutive international games, and his final game for Wales was the opening match of the 1896 tournament, which saw England run seven tries passed the Welsh without reply. The Welsh selectors lost faith in the pack, bringing in five new caps for the next game. Mills was one of those players replaced and never represented Wales again.

International matches played
Wales
  1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896
  1892, 1893, 1894, 1895
  1892, 1893, 1894, 1895

Bibliography

References

1873 births
1925 deaths
Cardiff RFC players
Welsh rugby union players
British funeral directors
Mountain Ash RFC players
Glamorgan County RFC players
Rugby union forwards
Rugby union players from Mountain Ash, Wales
Swansea RFC players
Wales international rugby union players


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Monday, June 14, 1965. At maximum eclipse, a small bite out of the Moon should have been visible. The eclipse lasted for 1 hour and 40 minutes, with just 18% of the Moon in shadow at maximum.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 146.

Saros cycle

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1965-06
1965 in science
June 1965 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, December 8, 1965. At maximum eclipse, 88% of the Moon's disc was partially shaded by the Earth, which caused a slight shadow gradient across its disc; this subtle effect may have been visible to careful observers. No part of the Moon was in complete shadow. The eclipse lasted 4 hours and 1 minute overall.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros cycle
Lunar Saros series 144, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 20 total lunar eclipses.

First Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 1749 Jul 29

First Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2146 Mar 28

First Total Lunar Eclipse: 2308 Jul 04

First Central Lunar Eclipse: 2362 Aug 06

Greatest Eclipse of the Lunar Saros 144: 2416 Sep 07

Last Central Lunar Eclipse: 2488 Oct 20

Last Total Lunar Eclipse: 2651 Jan 28

Last Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2867 Jun 08

Last Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 3011 Sep 04

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 151.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1965-12
1965 in science


The W-1 was a class of electric locomotive used by the Great Northern Railway.  They were constructed to haul trains on the  electrified portion of the railroad across the Cascade Mountains from Wenatchee, Washington to Skykomish, Washington, including the Cascade Tunnel. Only two locomotives were built, and they had an AAR B-D+D-B wheel arrangements.

The locomotives were built at General Electric's Erie works in 1947, and were numbered 5018 and 5019.  They were powered by 2 W-1 motor-generators, with a total  , and at that time were the largest single-unit electric locomotives used in North America. The engines share a great resemblance to the Little Joe locomotive.

Both locomotives were retired in August 1956 when the electrification system was switched off and diesel locomotives started operating. Unit 5019 was scrapped in 1959. Unit 5018 was sold to the Union Pacific, who used its body and running gear as part of the unsuccessful experimental coal burning turbine-electric locomotive #80. It was eventually scrapped in 1968.

References

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
11 kV AC locomotives
W-1
General Electric locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
B-D+D-B Locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1947
Streamlined_electric_locomotives


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Tuesday, July 17, 1962. This very subtle penumbral eclipse was essentially invisible to the naked eye; though it lasted 2 hours and 48 minutes, just 39% of the Moon's disc was in partial shadow (with no part of it in complete shadow).

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 116.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1962-07
1962 in science


James Thompson (24 January 1899 – 1961) was an English footballer who played for Bathgate, Oldham Athletic, Manchester City, Stalybridge Celtic, Ashton National Gas, Port Vale, Accrington Stanley, Swindon Town, Crewe Alexandra, and Hurst.

Career
Thompson played for Bathgate, Oldham Athletic, Manchester City, Stalybridge Celtic and Ashton National Gas, before joining Port Vale in January 1923. He scored his first goal for the club on 3 February, in a 2–0 win over Blackpool at The Old Recreation Ground. He also claimed goals against Derby County and Southampton to take his tally for the club to three goals in eight Second Division games. Despite this, he was released at the end of the season. He moved on to Blackpool in 1923, and made his debut for Major Frank Buckley's team on 8 September, in a 2–2 draw with Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. He appeared in the five league games that followed, scoring one goal — in a 2–2 draw at Sheffield Wednesday on 6 October. Shortly afterwards, he joined Accrington Stanley, before going on to play for Swindon Town, Crewe Alexandra, Hurst and Wilson's Brewery.

Career statistics
Source:

References
Specific

General

People from Chadderton
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
English men's footballers
Footballers from Oldham
Men's association football inside forwards
Bathgate F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
Ashton National F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. (1891) players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Ashton United F.C. players
English Football League players
1899 births
1961 deaths


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, January 9, 1963, the first of three lunar eclipses in 1963.

This was a relatively rare total penumbral lunar eclipse with the moon passing entirely within the penumbral shadow without entering the darker umbral shadow.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series
Lunar Saros series 114, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 13 total lunar eclipses.

First Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 0971 May 13

First Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1115 Aug 07

First Total Lunar Eclipse: 1458 Feb 28

First Central Lunar Eclipse: 1530 Apr 12

Greatest Eclipse of Lunar Saros 114: 1584 May 24

Last Central Lunar Eclipse: 1638 Jun 26

Last Total Lunar Eclipse: 1674 Jul 17

Last Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1890 Nov 26

Last Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 2233 Jun 22

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1963-01
1963-01
1963 in science
January 1963 events


A total lunar eclipse took place on Sunday, March 13, 1960. The moon passed through the center of the Earth's shadow.

This is the 53rd member of Lunar Saros 122. The next event is the March 1978 lunar eclipse.

This eclipse afforded astrophysicist Richard W. Shorthill the opportunity to make the first infrared pyrometric temperature scans of the lunar surface, and led to his discovery of the first lunar "hot spot" observed from Earth.  Shorthill found that the temperature of the floor of the Tycho crater was 216° Kelvin (—57°C), significantly higher than the 160K (—113°C) in the area around the crater.

Visibility
It was visible from North America, seen rising from Australia, and eastern Asia, and setting from South America, western Europe and Africa.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series
It was part of Saros series 122.

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of April 13, 1949
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of February 10, 1971

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of January 19, 1954
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of April 24, 1967

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1960-03
1960-03
1960 in science
March 1960 events


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, March 2, 1961, the first of two partial lunar eclipses in 1961.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 139.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1961-03
1961 in science
March 1961 events