Asiodiplatys is a monotypic genus containing the single species Asiodiplatys speciousus, an extinct species of earwig in the family Protodiplatyidae. It had long and thin cerci that were very different from modern species of Dermaptera, but tegmina and hind wings that folded up into a "wing package" that are like modern earwigs. Like Archidermapteron martynovi, the only clear fossil of the species was found in Russia.

Discovery
Like other extinct species of earwig, little is known about how Asiodiplatys speciousus was discovered due to the ambiguity of the reports about it, and the fact that only one fossil of it was ever found. The reason for this is that the environment that most earwigs live in often prevents preservation, because dead organisms in soil and other crevices quickly rot and dissolve away. It is known, however, that the sole fossil of it was found some time in the early 1900s by a team of Russian entomologists.

Characteristics
Unlike its relative, Archidermapteron martynovi, Asiodiplatys speciousus had cerci, or rear appendages similar to antennae, that were less than the length of their abdomen. By contrast, Archidermapteron martynovi had cerci that were not only longer than their abdomen, but longer than their abdomen and thorax combined. The size of Asiodiplatys speciousus's cerci is much more similar to the cerci of modern-day earwigs, such as most male Common earwigs, or Forficula auricularia.

However, the cerci of Asiodiplatys speciousus and Forficula auricularia differ greatly on one major front. Asiodiplatys speciousus had cerci that were more bead-like, or filiform, than the thicker cerci, specifically known as forceps, of most other earwigs. From the fossil, it can be noted that Asiodiplatys speciousus's cerci were thin, almost identical to their antennae, while Forficula auricularia's cerci are the opposite. One of the key characteristics of the Forficulina suborder is the existence of large, thick, basally broadened and crenulate-toothed forceps, which is notably absent on Asiodiplatys speciousus. The only species of earwigs with these uncharacteristically-thinner cerci are earwigs in the suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina, which are rare and contain few individuals.

In order to open their wings, extant species of Forficulina use their cerci because their wings fold into a "package" due to internal elasticity. While Asiodiplatys speciousus had such a wing package, like other earwigs in the Archidermaptera suborder, they also had long segmented cerci, as mentioned above. This means that the unsegmented cerci of extant species of Forficulina is probably not an adaptation for wing folding. Instead, it is likely that the cerci of Asiodiplatys speciousus served a function similar to that of an insect's antennae: a sense of touch.

Phylogenesis

According to the research of Dr. Fabian Hass, an entomologist who specializes in earwig biology, the relative age of this species compared to other genera in the suborder Archidermaptera can be approximated based upon the research of Dr. R. Willmann. According to Willmann, the genus Asiodiplatys, and therefore also the species Asiodiplatys speciousus, existed longer ago than the genera Dermapteron and Turanovia, but around the same time period as Archidermapteron, Microdiplatys, and Protodiplatys. He bases this assumption on the shape of the fossils' cerci: Archidermateron, Asiodiplatys, Microdiplatys, and Protodiplatys all had cerci that were long and filiform, while Dermapteron had cerci that were short and more forcep-like. Therefore, Turanovia would have been in between both groups.

However, this does not necessarily mean that Willmann's hypothesis is correct. According to Dr. V. N. Vishnyakova, in an article written by her in the Paleontological Journal, Willmann could be correct on some fronts, but wrong on others. Although Vishnyakova did not address Willmann specifically (she wrote about it ten years earlier), her paper disagrees with Willmann's on the basis of the ordering of Semenviola, Semenoviolides, and Turanoderma, which are extinct genera in Forficulina. Mainstream science is still unsure of whose chart is more accurate: it all depends on the definitions of certain taxon, which can change from person to person.

References

External links
 The Tree of Life's article on Archidermaptera
 A drawing of the species

Archidermaptera
Prehistoric insects of Asia
Prehistoric insect genera
†
†


Marquis of Alorna was a Portuguese title of nobility granted, on 9 November 1748, by King John V of Portugal, to D. Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos, 3rd Count of Assumar and 44th viceroy of India.

Originally, on 24 March 1744, the title was granted to him as Marquis of Castelo Novo but, due to his victories in India, it was changed, in 1748, to Marquis of Alorna, a town in Portuguese India.

The House of Alorna was later inherited by the Marquesses of Fronteira, once the last Marchioness of this line, Leonor Benedita Maria de Oyenhausen de Almeida (1776–1850), married João José Luis Mascarenhas Barreto (1778–1806), 6th Marquis of Fronteira.

List of the Marquesses of Alorna

 Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos (1688–1756), also 3rd Count of Assumar and 1st Marquis of Castelo Novo;
 João de Almeida Portugal (1726–1802), his son, 4th Count of Assumar
 Pedro José de Almeida Portugal(1754–1813), his son, 5th Count of Assumar
 Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna, his sister, known as Alcipe (1750–1839), 8th Countess of Assumar. Married to Karl, Count of Oyenhausen-Gravenburg;
Leonor Benedita Maria de Oyenhausen de Almeida (1776–1850), their daughter, 9th Countess of Assumar and Countess of Oyenhausen (in Austria). Married, on 10 November 1799, to João José Luis Mascarenhas Barreto (1778–1806), 6th Marquis of Fronteira.

For the following Marquesses see Marquis of Fronteira

See also
List of marquesses in Portugal
Count of Assumar

External links
Genealogy of the Marquesses of Alorna, in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Marquis of Castelo Novo, in Portuguese
Poezias da Ex.ma Senhora D. Leonôr de Almeida e Lorena, 1745-1818, at the National Library of Portugal
Obras poeticas de D. Leonor d'Almeida Portugal Lorena e Lencastre, Lisboa, 1844, at the National Library of Portugal

Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 250/257 and page 509. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

Portuguese nobility


Chen Daqi (1886–1983), or Ch'en Ta-ch'i, was a psychologist, philosopher, politician, and writer. He was a pioneer of modern psychology in China. Chen was a former President of Zhejiang University, and acting President of Peking University.

Biography

Chen was born in Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province in 1886. His courtesy name was Bainian (百年). Chen finished his elementary study in a local school of his hometown, and studied English in Shanghai. In 1901, Chen entered Zhejiang Qiushi Academy (current Zhejiang University) in Hangzhou. In 1903, Chen went to study in Japan. Chen first studied in Sendai, but later entered the Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo). Chen studied philosophy, majored in psychology, and graduated BA in 1912.

In 1912, Chen went back to China after graduation. From 1912 to 1913, Chen was the president of Zhejiang Advanced College (浙江高等学校; current Zhejiang University) in Hangzhou. Chen was also a professor of Zhejiang School of Law and Politics (浙江(私立)法政专门学校).

Chen was a strong supporter of May Fourth Movement. He was also a close friend of Lu Xun.

From 1922 to 1927, Chen was a professor, the head of the Department of Philosophy of Peking University in Beijing. From 1927 to Jan 1928, Chen was the Provost of Peking University. From 6 Nov 1928 to 30 Dec 1929, Chen was the Secretary-general of the Examination Yuan of the Central Government of ROC. In 1929, Chen was the dean of the arts faculty of Peking University. From 1929 to Jan 1931, Chen was the acting President of Peking University. From 10 Dec 1930 to 22 Dec 1932 and from 10 to 27 Jan 1942, Chen served the Secretary-general of Examination Yuan. In Jul 1948, Chen start serving as a senior advisor of national policy for government.

After 1949, Chen went to Taiwan. Chen served the first President of National Chengchi University (NCCU) from Oct 1954 to Jul 1959. In Apr 1964, Chen became the first Director-general of the Confucius-Mencius Society (孔孟学会) in Taipei at the Nanhai Academy.

Chen died in Taiwan on 8 Jan 1983.

Works

Chen was an influential educator, writer, educator, Confucian philosopher and psychologist. Chen published more than 20 monographs. His A General Outline of Psychology (心理学大纲, 1918, Commercial Press) is the first modern textbook of psychology in China. Chen also translated many German psychological works, thus he was also a well-known translator.

References

External links
 Chen Daqi - President of Zhejiang University (in Chinese, including photo)
 Chen Daqi's brief biography from Zhejiang University

1886 births
1983 deaths
19th-century Chinese translators
20th-century Chinese translators
Chinese psychologists
Educators from Jiaxing
Academic staff of Peking University
Philosophers from Zhejiang
Politicians from Jiaxing
20th-century Chinese philosophers
Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
Translators from German
Translators to Chinese
University of Tokyo alumni
Writers from Jiaxing
Zhejiang University alumni
Academic staff of Zhejiang University
20th-century psychologists


Dermapteron incerta is an extinct species of earwig in the family Protodiplatyidae. It is the only species in the genus Dermapteron.

References

External links
 The Tree of Life's article on Archidermaptera
 A drawing of the species

Archidermaptera


Thomas Richmond (1802–1874) was a British portrait painter, known for his idealised pictures in the so-called keepsake style. He was the son of Thomas Richmond (1771–1837), the miniature painter, and the brother of George Richmond.

Richmond initially practiced in Sheffield, and later moved to London. His main clientele was among the hunting fraternity. Between 1833 and 1860 he exhibited fifty one portraits in London.
He exhibited forty-five portraits at the Royal Academy and six at the Suffolk Street gallery. Richmond's paintings are close in style to his father's work, but distinguished by the characteristic use of dark stippling in the background. His paintings were criticised for their overly idealised and sugary presentations of subjects, especially women. When John Ruskin's father commissioned Richmond to paint his daughter-in-law Effie Gray, Effie wrote of the finished work to her mother:

'...it is the most lovely piece of oil painting but much prettier than me. I look like a graceful Doll but John and his father are delighted with it'.

Richmond and his brother George had met Ruskin during his trip to Rome in 1840-1. He accompanied him on his visits to galleries. Ruskin's father was not as delighted with the portrait of Effie as she believed. He wrote to his son that Thomas was inferior as an artist to his brother: "Tom I regret to say cannot hold a candle to George - It is second rate or lower".

Richmond died in 1874 at Windermere, where he had purchased an estate, but was buried in Brompton cemetery, London.

Notes

1802 births
1874 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English portrait painters
19th-century English male artists


Microdiplatys campodeiformis is an extinct species of earwig in the family Protodiplatyidae. It is one of only two species in the genus Microdiplatys, the other being Microdiplatys oculatus.

References

External links
 The Tree of Life's article on Archidermaptera

Archidermaptera


Eric Joseph Trapp (17 July 1910 – 8 September 1993) was an Anglican bishop in the mid-20th century.

Early life
Born on 17 July 1910 and educated at Alderman Newton's School in Leicester, and then at Leeds University, he undertook a period of study at the College of the Resurrection, Mirfield, to prepare for ordination.

Ordained ministry
He was ordained in 1935. Following a curacy at St Olave's, Mitcham, he emigrated to South Africa where he was director of the Masite Mission, Basutoland, then rector of  St Augustine's Bethlehem, Orange Free State. Next he was rector of  St John's, Maseru, then a canon of Bloemfontein Cathedral.

He was appointed to the episcopate as the seventh bishop of Zululand in  1947, a post he held for ten years. He was then secretary of the SPG  until 1970 when he was appointed the fifth bishop of Bermuda, a post he held for five years.

In retirement he served as an assistant bishop within the Diocese of St Albans. He died on 8 September 1993.

References

1910 births
People educated at Alderman Newton's School, Leicester
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Alumni of the College of the Resurrection
Anglican bishops of Zululand
20th-century Anglican bishops in Bermuda
Anglican bishops of Bermuda
20th-century Anglican Church of Southern Africa bishops
1993 deaths


Microdiplatys oculatus is an extinct species of earwig in the family Protodiplatyidae. It is one of only two species in the genus Microdiplatys, the other being Microdiplatys campodeiformis.

References

External links
 The Tree of Life's article on Archidermaptera

Archidermaptera


William John Watts (May 1, 1846 – September 4, 1907) was a businessman, lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Drummond-Arthabaska in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1874 to 1885 and Drummond from 1890 to 1892 and from 1897 to 1901 as a Conservative.

He was born in Drummondville, Canada East, the son of Robert Nugent Watts and Charlotte Sheppard. Watts studied at McGill University, was called to the Quebec bar in 1869 and set up practice in Drummondville. He also owned several mills. He was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1874 by-election held after Wilfrid Laurier was elected to the House of Commons. In 1882, he married Mary Louisa Millar. Watts resigned his seat in 1885 following the execution of Louis Riel. He was defeated by Joseph Peter Cooke when he ran for reelection in 1892. He resigned his seat in 1901 after he was named registrar for Montreal West and served until his death in Drummondville at the age of 61.

External links

References

1846 births
1907 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs


The Hessian Ludwig Railway (German: Hessische Ludwigsbahn) or HLB with its network of 697 kilometres of railway was one of the largest privately owned railway companies in Germany.

Early history
The Hessian Ludwig Railway was a product of the failed – or, more accurately, non-existent – railway politics in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Whilst the province of Starkenburg was given a central railway link, the Main-Neckar Railway very early on and the province of Upper Hesse at least had connexions to the railway network through the Main-Weser Railway at its periphery - the Grand Duchy had shares in both lines and they were operated as joint railways (Kondominalbahnen) – the third province, Rhenish Hesse (Rheinhessen), had no such facilities.

Because the state was not active in this area, there was an opportunity for private involvement in the shape of a joint stock company (Aktiengesellschaft). The HQ of the Hessian Ludwig Railway was therefore not based in the capital of Darmstadt, but in the provincial capital for Rhenish Hesse, Mainz. The first impetus for the construction of a line in Rhenish Hesse came not however from local people, but from outside; in particular the Bavarian Palatinate was interested. For military strategic reasons the Prussian state disapproved of a route running west of the Rhine. The Grand Duchy of Baden saw the project competing with the Main-Neckar Railway in which Baden also had shares.

When, in 1844, the Bavarian government issued a licence for railway construction in the Bavarian Palatinate, a northern expansion of the railway into Rhenish Hesse appeared attractive. In addition, the pioneer of the German railways, Friedrich List, personally championed the building of a line from Mainz to Worms. The grand ducal government in  Darmstadt however, initially remained opposed, especially as it had passed a law in 1842 for a state railway system. From 1845 onwards, however, there were proponents in the government for a private railway for the province of Rhenish Hesse.

Lines

Mainz – Ludwigshafen – (France) (1853)
At first, the route to be used was totally unclear. The alternative from Mainz via Alzey to Worms was soon discarded in favour of a direct route along the Rhine. On 15 August 1845 a licence was granted to the Mainz-Ludwigshafen Railway Company (Mainz-Ludwigshafener-Eisenbahngesellschaft). The company was later renamed to the Hessian Ludwig Railway Company (Hessische-Ludwigs-Eisenbahngesellschaft) or HLB – in honour of Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, although he initially opposed the building of the line. In the times following the HLB got increasingly into financial deep water, because several share holders withdrew their money. Construction began in spring 1848. However, as the state purse became empty as a result of the revolution of 1848, the state could no longer be relied on to provide any support and the construction of the line threatened to grind to a halt. Not until August 1852 did the Hesse-Darmstadt government, decided to support the HLB. In addition a treaty was agreed with Kingdom of Bavaria for the entire Mainz–Ludwigshafen line.

Whilst the city of Worms would have preferred a station in the vicinity of the port, the HLB, after a degree of toing and froing, built it further west where it is today. Thereafter building proceeded apace and the 46 kilometre long route was opened in several sections from Mainz to Worms during the period 23 March (Mainz – Oppenheim) to 24 August 1853. From 15 November 1853 trains ran through from Mainz to Ludwigshafen. Initially there were 6 passenger trains daily (2 of which were expresses) in each direction between Mainz and Worms. In Mainz there was a connexion to the steamships of the Cologne and Düsseldorf Company for Steamships on the Rhine River (Kölnische und Düsseldorfer Gesellschaft für Rhein-Dampfschiffahrt).

Rhine-Main-Railway

On 1 of August 1858 the Rhine-Main line from Mainz via Darmstadt to Aschaffenburg in Bavaria was opened. Initially the Rhine river was crossed by a train ferry east of the railway station Mainz Neuthor (today: Mainz Römisches Theater station) until a newly designed Rhine bridge was constructed by MAN-Werk Gustavsburg and given to traffic on 1 of December 1862. This line not only connected Mainz, second in importance after the grand-ducal capital, with Darmstadt. But it enabled also to run trains through from the Bavarian railways up the Rhine valley to Cologne and further on to Belgium.

Expansion of the network
Over the succeeding decades the following lines were added to the network and the HLB became the major provider of rail services within the two southern provinces of the grand-duchy (Rheinhessen and Starkenburg) as well as one of the largest privately owned railways of Germany.

 West Rhine Railway (Linksrheinische Bahn) – 1859 (Mainz-Bingen)
 Frankfurt City Link Line (Städtische Verbindungsbahn Frankfurt) – 1862 (owned by the City of Frankfurt, rail services provided by HLB)
 Frankfurt-Hanau Railway (Frankfurt-Hanauer Eisenbahn) - owned by the private Frankfurt-Hanau Railway Company, rail services were operated by the HLB from 1863. It purchased the line in 1872.
 Main Railway Mainbahn – 1863 (Mainz-Frankfurt)
 Worms–Bingen Stadt railway (Rheinhessenbahn) – 1864 to 1871
 Darmstadt–Worms railway Riedbahn - from 1869 (Darmstadt [later: Frankfurt]-Rosengarten [right bank of Rhine river, opposite Worms])
 Nibelungen Railway Nibelungenbahn – 1869 (Rosengarten-Bensheim)
 Alzey–Mainz railway (1871)
 Taunus Railway Taunus-Eisenbahn – 1871, sold in 1872 to the Prussian state railways
 Wiesbachtalbahn - 1871-1895
 Main-Lahn Railway Main-Lahn-Bahn – 1877 (Frankfurt-Limburg an der Lahn)
 Ländches Railway (Ländchesbahn) (Wiesbaden-Niedernhausen) - 1879
 Odenwald Railway (Odenwaldbahn) – 1882 (Darmstadt / Hanau-Eberbach)

Route numbers

In the early 1890s the HLB numbered its routes as follows:
Line 1 : Frankfurt - Hanau - Eberbach
Line 2 : Darmstadt - Wiebelsbach-Heubach
Line 3 : Mainz - Alzey
Line 4 : Armsheim - Wendelsheim
Line 5 : Bingen - Alzey - Worms
Line 6 : Mannheim - Worms über Lampertheim
Line 7 : Bingen - Mainz - Frankfurt
Line 8 : Mainz - Worms
Line 9 : Mainz - Darmstadt - Aschaffenburg
Line 10 : Frankfurt - Hanau - Aschaffenburg
Line 11 : Frankfurt - Limburg
Line 12 : Wiesbaden - Niedernhausen
Line 13 : Frankfurt - Mannheim
Line 14 : Darmstadt - Worms
Line 15 : Bensheim - Worms

Nationalisation
On 1 April 1897 the HLB was nationalised and became part of the Prussian-Hessian Railway Operating and Financial Association. The abbreviation "HLB" was said by the local people to stand for Hoch lebe Bismarck (Long live Bismarck).

Stock

Locomotives

The Hessian Ludwig Railway began operations with 6 steam locomotives from the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen; these sported (as was then common) illustrious names: Schenk (after Freiherr von Schenk, director of the Hessian Finance Ministry), Dalwigk (after Freiherr von Dalwigk, then Hesse's Ministerialdirektor and ex Territorialkommissär for Mainz - this engine hauled the first train on the Mainz - Oppenheim line), Gutenberg (after Johannes Gensfleisch called  Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the printing press), Arnold Walpoden (after Arnold Walpoden, the initiator of the Rheinische Bund in 1254) as well as  Mainz and Worms.

At the end of 1895, i.e. one year before the Hessian Ludwig Railway was nationalised, it had 216 locomotives.

Coach fleet
In addition to 11 1st and 2nd class passenger coaches  the HLB had 19 3rd class coaches and 36 luggage vans and goods wagons to begin with (there was no 4th class). In 1861 the HLB had 39 locomotives and in 1864 52.

At the end of 1895 the fleet comprised 544 coaches, 107 luggage vans, 1552 covered and 2240 open wagons.

See also
 Grand Duchy of Hesse
 Prussian-Hessian Railway Company

Sources
Hans Döhn: Eisenbahnpolitik und Eisenbahnbau in Rheinhessen 1835-1914. Mainz 1957.
Ralph Häussler: Eisenbahnen in Worms - Von der Ludwigsbahn zum Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt.  Kehl, Hamm/Rheinhessen 2003.
Bernhard Hager: ’Aufsaugung durch Preußen’ oder ‚Wohltat für Hessen’?. Die preußisch-hessische Eisenbahngemeinschaft von 1896/97. In Andreas Hedwig (ed.), „Auf eisernen Schienen, so schnell wie der Blitz“. Regionale und überregionale Aspekte der Eisenbahngeschichte = Schriften des hessischen Staatsarchivs Marburg 19, Marburg 2008.
Wolfgang Klee und Günther Scheingraber: Preußische Eisenbahngeschichte (=Preußen-Report. Band 1.2), Teil 2 1870/71 - 1920. Merker, Fürstenfeldbruck 1992.
Peter Scheffler: Eisenbahnknotenpunkt Mainz/Wiesbaden. Eisenbahn-Kurier-Verl., Freiburg 1988.

External links
More information on the Hessian Ludwig Railway

Defunct railway companies of Germany
Transport in Hesse
Transport in Rhineland-Palatinate


Ju Manu Rai (Nepali: जुमानु राई; born 24 January 1984 in Sarlahi District) is a Nepalese footballer, who currently plays for Nepal Police Club and the national side of Nepal.

Career
He used to play the local tournaments of football at Harion and other parts of Sarlahi  and often bag with awards and shields during childhood. He was introduced to the public in Boys Union in an unsuccessful trial bid. He also played Association football for the Nepal Police Club, Machindra FC in the  Division League. He was watched by Maldivian Club Vyansa. He played in the Kheladi Cup where he scored 5 goals. He later went on to play for All Youth Linkage of Maldives in the 2009 Wataniya Dhivehi League 3rd Round. He played half of the season scoring 11 goals. He is currently the captain of Nepal Police Club and holds a permanent post as an employee of Nepal Police.

International career
On April 5, 2006, he made his debut against Brunei at AFC Challenge Cup, which was held in Bangladesh. Rai has played for the Nepal national football team. In 2008, he was on form after scoring 5 goals in 4 matches in AFC Challenge Cup. He has also played for Nepal in the SAFF Championship 2008 held in Maldives and Sri Lanka. He scored two goals in a friendly match against Mohun Bagan which Nepal won 3–1. He also played in SAFF Championship 2009 which was held in Bangladesh. He scored the goal against Maldives national football team. His goal helped Nepal to draw 1-1. But Nepal Were out of the tournament. He scored four goals in three matches in British Gurkha Cup 2010. Nepal Police Club were out of the quarter-finals defeated by Three Star Club, who later on to be the champions. He has current goal tally of 10 making him the fourth highest scorer for Nepal.

On 5 September 2013 SAFF Championship, Jumanu scored the second goal in a 2–1 win over  rival India, taking a pass from Rabin Shrestha to score his 11th international goals.

Honours
 2007: Pulsar Player of the Year (PoY)

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Sarlahi District
Nepalese men's footballers
Nepal men's international footballers
Nepalese expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in the Maldives
Machhindra F.C. players
South Asian Games bronze medalists for Nepal
South Asian Games medalists in football
Nepal Police Club footballers
Martyr's Memorial A-Division League players


Hospice is a type of care and a philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient's symptoms.

Hospice may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Hospice (Achilles album), 2007
 Hospice (The Antlers album), 2009
 "Hospice", an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force

Other uses
 Children's hospice
 Hospice-Anthelme Verreau (1828–1901), French-Canadian priest

See also
 Hostel, short-term dormitory accommodations for travelers
 List of hospice programs


Ozine Fest is an annual anime convention organized by the editorial committee of Otakuzine Anime Magazine, a local anime magazine published in the Philippines by PSICOM Publishing, Inc. (Now as merged and jointly owned by Viva Entertainment as Viva PSICOM Publishing Corporation). The event features mainstream activities such as cosplay competition, exhibition booths, band tournament, Japanese karaoke contests and art contests.

History

Ozine Fest was first held at Robinsons Galleria on December 16, 2005, where 3,752 tickets were reportedly sold. It followed a year later and was held at the Le Pavillon, Metropolitan Park on July 30, 2006.

On April 1, 2007, the third Ozine Fest was held at a new venue, the Megatrade Hall of SM Megamall in Mandaluyong. The Megatrade Hall became the official venue of Ozine Fest from 2007 up to 2016

References

External links
Ozine Fest Official Website
Otakuzine Anime Magazine Official Website

Anime conventions in the Philippines
Mandaluyong
Events in Metro Manila
Recurring events established in 2005
Annual events in the Philippines
2005 establishments in the Philippines


Claes-Johan Rudolf Andersson (30 May 1937 – 24 July 2019) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish psychiatrist, author, poet, jazz musician, politician and member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance and the Finnish People's Democratic League. He was a member of the Finnish Parliament from 1987 to 1999 and from 2007 to 2008, and served as the Minister of Culture in the Lipponen I Cabinet.

References

External links

Parliament of Finland: Claes Andersson

1937 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Helsinki
Finnish People's Democratic League politicians
Left Alliance (Finland) politicians
Government ministers of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1987–1991)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1991–1995)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1995–1999)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)
Finnish writers in Swedish
Finnish psychiatrists
Finnish jazz pianists
Articles containing video clips
Politicians from Helsinki
University of Helsinki alumni
Recipients of the Eino Leino Prize
21st-century pianists
Candidates for President of Finland
Swedish-speaking Finns


Ian Tomlinson (7 February 1962 – 1 April 2009) was a newspaper vendor who collapsed and died in the City of London after being struck by a police officer during the 2009 G-20 summit protests. After an inquest jury returned a verdict of unlawful killing, the officer, Simon Harwood, was prosecuted for manslaughter. He was found not guilty but was dismissed from the police service for gross misconduct. Following civil proceedings, the Metropolitan Police Service paid Tomlinson's family an undisclosed sum and acknowledged that Harwood's actions had caused Tomlinson's death.

The first post-mortem concluded that Tomlinson had suffered a heart attack, but a week later The Guardian published a video of Harwood, a constable with London's Metropolitan Police, striking Tomlinson on the leg with a baton, then pushing him to the ground. Tomlinson was not a protester, and at the time he was struck he was trying to make his way home through the police cordons. He walked away after the incident, but collapsed and died minutes later.

After the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) began a criminal inquiry, further autopsies indicated that Tomlinson had died from internal bleeding caused by blunt force trauma to the abdomen, in association with cirrhosis of the liver. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decided not to charge Harwood, because the disagreement between the first and later pathologists meant they could not show a causal link between the death and alleged assault. That position changed in 2011; after the verdict of unlawful killing, the CPS charged Harwood with manslaughter. He was acquitted in 2012 and dismissed from the service a few months later.

Tomlinson's death sparked a debate in the UK about the relationship between the police, media and public, and the independence of the IPCC. In response to the concerns, the Chief Inspector of Constabulary, Denis O'Connor, published a 150-page report in November 2009 that aimed to restore Britain's consent-based model of policing.

Background

Ian Tomlinson
Tomlinson was born to Jim and Ann Tomlinson in Matlock, Derbyshire. He moved to London when he was 17 to work as a scaffolder. At the time of his death, at the age of 47, he was working casually as a vendor for the Evening Standard, London's evening newspaper. Married twice with nine children, including stepchildren, Tomlinson had a history of alcoholism, as a result of which he had been living apart from his second wife, Julia, for 13 years, and had experienced long periods of homelessness. He had been staying since 2008 in the Lindsey Hotel, a shelter for the homeless on Lindsey Street, Smithfield, EC1. At the time of his death, he was walking across London's financial district in an effort to reach the Lindsey Hotel, his way hampered at several points by police lines. The route he took was his usual way home from a newspaper stand on Fish Street Hill outside Monument tube station, where he worked with a friend, Barry Smith.

London police, IPCC

With over 31,000 officers, the Metropolitan Police Service (the Met) is the largest police force in the United Kingdom, responsible for policing Greater London, except for the financial district, the City of London. The latter has its own force, the City of London Police. The Met's commissioner at the time was Sir Paul Stephenson; the City of London Police commissioner was Mike Bowron. Responsibility for supervising the Met falls to the Metropolitan Police Authority, chaired by the Mayor of London, at the time Boris Johnson.

The officer seen pushing Tomlinson was a constable with the Met's Territorial Support Group (TSG), identified by the "U" on their shoulder numbers. The TSG specializes in public-order policing, wearing military-style helmets, flame-retardant overalls, stab vests and balaclavas. Their operational commander at the time was Chief Superintendent Mick Johnson.

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) began to operate in 2004; its chair when Tomlinson died was Nick Hardwick. Created by the Police Reform Act 2002, the commission replaced the Police Complaints Authority (PCA) following public dissatisfaction with the latter's relationship with the police. Unlike the PCA, the IPCC operates independently of the Home Office, which is the Government department responsible for criminal justice and policing in England and Wales.

Operation Glencoe

The G20 security operation, codenamed "Operation Glencoe", was a "Benbow operation", which meant the Met, City of London Police and the British Transport Police worked under one Gold commander, in this case Bob Broadhurst of the Met.

There were six protests on 1 April 2009: a security operation at ExCeL London, a Stop the War march, a Free Tibet protest outside the Chinese Embassy, a People & Planet protest, a Climate Camp protest, and a protest outside the Bank of England. Over 4,000 protesters were at the Climate Camp and the same number at the Bank of England. On 1 April over 5,500 police officers were deployed and the following day 2,800, at a cost of £7.2 million. Officers worked 14-hour shifts. They ended at midnight, slept on the floor of police stations, were not given a chance to eat, and were back on duty at 7 am. This was viewed as having contributed to the difficulties they faced.

The Bank of England protesters were held in place from 12.30 pm until 7.00 pm using a process police called "containment" and the media called "kettling"—corralling protesters into small spaces until the police dispersed them. At 7 pm senior officers decided that "reasonable force" could be used to disperse the protesters around the bank. Between 7:10 and 7:40 pm the crowd surged toward the police, missiles were thrown, and the police pushed back with their shields. Scuffles broke out and arrests were made. This was the situation Tomlinson wandered into as he tried to make his way home.

Incident

Earlier encounter with police

Several newspapers published images of Tomlinson's first encounter with police that evening. According to Barry Smith, Tomlinson left the newspaper stand outside Monument Tube Station at around 7 pm. An eyewitness, IT worker Ross Hardy, said Tomlinson was on Lombard Street, drunk and refusing to move; a police van nudged him on the back of the legs, Hardy said, and when that didn't work he was moved by four police officers wearing personal protective equipment. On 16 April The Guardian published three images of Tomlinson on Lombard Street.

Tomlinson stayed on Lombard Street for another half-hour, then made his way to King William Street, toward two lines of police cordons, where police had "kettled" thousands of protesters near the Bank of England. At 7:10 pm he doubled back on himself, walking up and down Change Alley where he encountered more cordons. Five minutes later he was on Lombard Street again, crossed it, walked down Birchin Lane, and reached Cornhill at 7:10–7:15 pm.

A few minutes later he was at the northern end of a pedestrian precinct, Royal Exchange Passage (formally called Royal Exchange Buildings), near the junction with Threadneedle Street, where a further police cordon stopped him from proceeding. He turned to walk south along Royal Exchange Passage instead, where, minutes before he arrived, officers had clashed with up to 25 protesters. Riot police from the Met's TSG, accompanied by City of London police dog handlers, had arrived there from the cordon in Threadneedle Street to help their colleagues.

Encounter with officer

Police officers followed Tomlinson as he walked  along the street. He headed towards Threadneedle Street, but again ran into police cordons and doubled back on himself towards Cornhill. According to a CPS report, he was bitten on the leg by a police dog at 7:15 pm, when a dog handler tried to move him out of the way, but he appeared not to react to it.

The same group of officers approached Tomlinson outside a Montblanc store at the southern end of Royal Exchange Passage, near the junction with Cornhill. He was walking slowly with his hands in his pockets; according to an eyewitness, he was saying that he was trying to get home.

The first Guardian video shows one officer lunge at Tomlinson from behind, strike him across the legs with a baton and push him back, causing him to fall. On 8 April Channel 4 News released their own footage, which showed the officer's arm swing back to head height before bringing it down to hit Tomlinson on the legs with the baton. Another video obtained by The Guardian on 21 April shows Tomlinson standing by a bicycle rack, hands in his pockets, when the police approach him. After he is hit, he can be seen scraping along the ground on the right side of his forehead; eyewitnesses spoke of hearing a noise as his head hit the ground.

Collapse
Tomlinson can be seen briefly remonstrating with police as he sits on the ground. None of the officers offered assistance. After being helped to his feet by a protester, Tomlinson walked  along Cornhill, where he collapsed at around 7:22 pm outside 77 Cornhill. Witnesses say he appeared dazed, eyes rolling, skin grey. They also said he smelled of alcohol. An ITV News photographer tried to give medical aid, but was forced away by police, as was a medical student. Police medics attended to Tomlinson, who was pronounced dead on arrival at hospital.

Simon Harwood

Background
Simon Harwood, the officer who unlawfully killed Tomlinson, was a police constable with the Territorial Support Group (TSG) at Larkhall Lane police station in Lambeth, South London. Harwood had faced 10 complaints in 12 years, nine of which had been dismissed or unproven. The complaint that was upheld involved unlawful access to the Police National Computer. The complaints included a road rage incident in or around 1998 while he was on sick leave, during which he reportedly tried to arrest the other driver, who alleged that Harwood had used unnecessary force. On Friday 14 September 2001, before the case was heard by a discipline board, Harwood retired on medical grounds. Three days later, on Monday 17 September, he rejoined the Met as a civilian computer worker.

In May 2003 Harwood joined the Surrey Police as a constable. Surrey Police said he was frank about his history. In January 2004 he was alleged to have assaulted a man during a raid on a home. In November 2004, on his request, Harwood was transferred back to the Met. There were three more complaints after that, before the incident with Tomlinson.

On the day
Harwood was involved in several confrontations on the day of Tomlinson's death. He had been on duty since 5 am, assigned as a driver, and had spent most of the day in his vehicle. While parked on Cornhill in the evening, he saw a man write "all cops are bastards" on the side of another police van, and left his vehicle to attempt to arrest the man. The suspect resisted arrest and the suspect's head collided with a van door, triggering a response from the crowd that made Harwood believe it was unsafe to return to his vehicle. He told the inquest that he had been hit on the head, had fallen over, lost his baton, had been attacked by the crowd and feared for his life, but later acknowledged this had not happened.

Shortly after his attempted arrest of the graffiti man, Harwood swung a coat at a protester, pulled a BBC cameraman to the ground, used a palm strike against one man, and at 7:19 pm pushed another man to the ground for allegedly threatening a police dog handler. It was seconds after this that he saw Tomlinson standing with his hands in his pockets beside a bicycle rack, being told by police to move away. Harwood told the inquest he made a "split-second decision" that there was justification for engagement, then struck Tomlinson on the thigh with his baton and pushed him to the ground. He said it was a "very poor push" and he had been shocked when Tomlinson fell. Harwood made no mention of the incident in his notebook; he told the inquest he had forgotten about it.

Identification
Newspapers did not release Harwood's name until July 2010. On the day of the incident, he appeared to have removed his shoulder number and covered the bottom of his face with his balaclava. Simon Israel of Channel 4 News reported a detailed description of the officer on 22 April 2009; the IPCC sought but failed to obtain an injunction to prevent Channel 4 broadcasting the description, alleging that it might prejudice their inquiry. Fifteen months later, when announcing in July 2010 that no charges would be brought against Harwood, the Crown Prosecution Service still referred to him as "PC A." It was only on that day that newspapers decided to name him.

Harwood said he first realized on 8 April, when he saw the Guardian video, that Tomlinson had died. He reportedly collapsed at home and had to be taken to hospital by ambulance. Harwood and three colleagues made themselves known to the IPCC that day.

Early accounts

First police statement

The Met issued its first statement on 1 April at 11:36 pm, four hours after Tomlinson died, a statement approved by the IPCC's regional director for London. The statement said that police had been alerted that a man had collapsed and were attacked by "a number of missiles" as they tried to save his life, an allegation that was inaccurate, according to later media reports.

According to Nick Davies in The Guardian, the statement was the result of an intense argument in the Met's press office, after an earlier draft had been rejected. He wrote that both the Met and IPCC said the statement represented the truth as they understood it at the time, and that there had been no allegation at that point that Tomlinson had come into contact with police. Davies asked why the IPCC were involved if they had not realized there had been police contact. He alleged that senior sources within the Met said privately that the assault on Tomlinson had been spotted by the police control room at Cobalt Street in south London, and that a chief inspector on the ground had also reported it. The Met issued a statement saying they had checked with every chief inspector who had been part of Operation Glencoe, and that none of them had called in such a report.

First eyewitness accounts

On 2 April the Met handed responsibility for the investigation to the City of London police; the officer in charge was Detective Superintendent Anthony Crampton. After police briefings, the Evening Standard reported on 2 April that "police were bombarded with bricks, bottles and planks of wood" as they tried to save Tomlinson, forced by a barrage of missiles to carry him to a safe location to give him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Eyewitnesses said the story was inaccurate. They said protesters had provided first aid and telephoned for medical help. Others said that one or two plastic bottles had been thrown by people unaware of Tomlinson's situation, but other protesters had told them to stop. According to The Times, an analysis of television footage and photographs showed just one bottle, probably plastic, being thrown. Video taken by eyewitness Nabeela Zahir, published by The Guardian on 9 April, shows one protester shouting, "There is someone hurt here. Back the fuck up." Another voice says, "There's someone hurt. Don't throw anything."

Officers report the incident

Three police constables from the Hammersmith and Fulham police station—Nicholas Jackson, Andrew Moore, and Kerry Smith—told their supervisor, Inspector Wynne Jones, on 3 April that they had witnessed the incident. They can be seen in The Guardian video standing next to Tomlinson. Jackson was the first to tell the inspector; officers then contacted Moore and Smith, who had been standing next to Jackson at the time.

Jackson, Moore and Smith did not recognize Simon Harwood, the officer who struck Tomlinson, and according to the newspaper assumed he was with the City of London police. This was four days before The Guardian published the video. The inspector passed this information at 4:15 pm on 3 April to Detective Inspector Eddie Hall, the Met's point of contact for Tomlinson's death. Hall said he passed it to the City of London police before the first autopsy was conducted that day by Freddy Patel, which according to The Guardian began at 5 pm.

Post-mortem examinations
An inquest was opened on 9 April 2009 by Paul Matthews, the City of London coroner. Three post-mortems were conducted: on 3 April by Mohmed Saeed Sulema "Freddy" Patel for Paul Matthews; on 9 April by Nathaniel Cary for the IPCC and Tomlinson's family; and on 22 April jointly by Kenneth Shorrock for the Metropolitan police and Ben Swift for Simon Harwood. The coroner was criticized for reportedly having failed to allow IPCC investigators to attend the first, and for failing to tell Tomlinson's family that they had a legal right to attend or send a representative. The family also said he had not told them where and when it was taking place.

First post-mortem
According to Detective Sergeant Chandler of the City of London police, he was not told until the first post-mortem was over, or at an advanced stage, that three police officers had seen another officer hit and push Tomlinson. Apparently, neither Patel nor the IPCC were told about the three witnesses. Patel said he was told only that the case was a "suspicious death"; the police had asked that he "rule out any assault or crush injuries associated with public order".

Patel concluded that Tomlinson had died of coronary artery disease. His report noted "intraabdominal fluid blood about 3l with small blood clot", which was interpreted by medical experts to mean that he had found three litres of blood in Tomlinson's abdomen. This would have been around 60 per cent of Tomlinson's total blood volume, a "highly significant indicator of the cause of death", according to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). In a report for the CPS a year later, on 5 April 2010, Patel wrote that he had meant "intraabdominal fluid with blood". He did not retain samples of the fluid for testing. This issue became pivotal regarding the decision not to prosecute Harwood. The City of London police issued a statement on 4 April: "A post-mortem examination found he died of natural causes. [He] suffered a sudden heart attack while on his way home from work."

The IPCC told reporters that the post-mortem showed no bruising or scratches on Tomlinson's head and shoulders. When the family asked the City of London police, after the post-mortem, whether there had been marks on Tomlinson's body, they were told no; according to The Guardian, Detective Superintendent Anthony Crampton, who was leading the investigation, wrote in his log that he did not tell the family about a bruise and puncture marks on Tomlinson's leg to avoid causing "unnecessary stress or alarm". On 5 April The Observer published the first photograph of Tomlinson lying on the ground next to riot police. After it was published, Freddy Patel was asked to return to the mortuary, where he made a note of bruising on Tomlinson's head that he had not noticed when he first examined him. On 24 April Sky News obtained an image of Tomlinson after he collapsed, which showed bruising on the right side of his forehead.

Second and third post-mortem
The IPCC removed the Tomlinson inquiry from the City of London police on 8 April. A second post-mortem, ordered jointly by the IPCC and Tomlinson's family, was carried out that day by Nathaniel Cary, known for his work on high-profile cases. Cary found that Tomlinson had died because of internal bleeding from blunt force trauma to the abdomen, in association with cirrhosis of the liver. He concluded that Tomlinson had fallen on his elbow, which he said "impacted in the area of his liver causing an internal bleed which led to his death a few minutes later".

Because of the conflicting conclusions of the first two, a third post-mortem was conducted on 22 April by Kenneth Shorrock on behalf of the Metropolitan police, and Ben Swift on behalf of Simon Harwood. Shorrock and Swift agreed with the results of the second autopsy. The Met's point of contact for Tomlinson's death, Detective Inspector Eddie Hall, told the pathologists before the final post-mortem that Tomlinson had fallen to the ground in front of a police van earlier in the evening, although there was no evidence that this had happened. The IPCC ruled in May 2011 that Hall had been reckless in making this claim, but had not intended to mislead.

Freddy Patel
At the time of Tomlinson's death, Patel was on the Home Office's register of accredited forensic pathologists. He qualified as a doctor at the University of Zambia in 1974, and registered to practice in the UK in 1988. The Metropolitan Police had written to the Home Office in 2005 raising concerns about his work. At the time of Tomlinson's death he did not have a contract with the police to conduct post-mortems in cases of suspicious death.

In 1999, Patel was reprimanded by the General Medical Council (GMC) for having released medical details about Roger Sylvester, a man who had died in police custody. In 2002, the police dropped a criminal inquiry because Patel said the victim, Sally White, had died of a heart attack with no signs of violence, although she was reportedly found naked with bruising to her body, an injury to her head and a bite mark on her thigh. Anthony Hardy, a mentally ill alcoholic who lived in the flat in which her body was found locked in a bedroom, later murdered two women and placed their body parts in bin bags. The police investigated Patel in relation to that postmortem, but the investigation was dropped. In response to the criticism, Patel said the GMC reprimand was a long time ago, and that his findings in the Sally White case had not been contested.

Patel was suspended from the government's register of pathologists in July 2009, pending a GMC inquiry. The inquiry concerned 26 charges related to postmortems in four other cases. In one case Patel was accused of having failed to spot signs of abuse on the body of a five-year-old girl who had died after a fall at home, and of having failed to check with the hospital about its investigation into her injuries. The child's body was exhumed for a second postmortem, and her mother was convicted. The hearings concluded in August 2010; Patel was suspended for three months for "deficient professional performance". In May 2011, the GMC opened an investigation into his handling of the Tomlinson post-mortem. He was struck off the medical register in August 2012.

Images

Observer photograph

On 5 April The Observer (the Guardians sister paper) published the first photograph of Tomlinson lying on the ground next to riot police. Over the next few days the IPCC told reporters that Tomlinson's family were not surprised that he had had a heart attack. When journalists asked whether he had been in contact with police officers before his death, they were told the speculation would upset the family.

Guardian video

The first Guardian video was shot on a digital camera by an investment fund manager from New York who was in London on business, and who attended the protests out of curiosity. On his way to Heathrow airport, he realized that the man he had filmed being assaulted was the man who had reportedly died of a heart attack. At that point, 2 am on 7 April, he passed his footage to The Guardian, which published it on its website that afternoon. The newspaper passed a copy to the IPCC, which opened a criminal inquiry.

Channel 4 video
A video by Ken McCallum, a cameraman for Channel 4 News, was broadcast on 8 April. Shot from a different angle, the footage shows Harwood draw his arm back to head height before bringing the baton down on Tomlinson's legs. McCallum was filming another incident at the time; the Tomlinson incident was unfolding in the background, unseen by the journalists but recorded by the camera. Half an hour later Alex Thomson, chief correspondent of Channel 4 News, was doing a live broadcast when the camera was damaged. It took engineers days to recover the tape, which is when they saw that Tomlinson's assault was on it.

Nabeela Zahir video
On 9 April The Guardian published footage from Nabeela Zahir, a freelance journalist, showing Tomlinson after his collapse. The police can be seen moving away at least one woman who tried to help him, and a man, Daniel McPhee, who was on the phone to the ambulance services. The footage shows that the Met's initial claim that there had been a barrage of missiles from protesters while police tried to save Tomlinson was inaccurate. Protesters can be heard calling for calm; one shouts "Don't throw anything." According to The Guardian, 56 seconds into the video, three officers can be seen with their face masks pulled halfway up their faces.

Cornhill video
The Guardian obtained a four-minute video on 21 April from an anonymous bystander who had been filming on Cornhill between 7:10 and 7:30 pm. The footage shows Tomlinson standing behind a bicycle rack in Royal Exchange Passage with his hands in his pockets, and a group of advancing police officers. When a police dog approaches him, he turns his back. At that point, he is hit on the legs and pushed by the TSG constable, and can be seen scraping along the ground on the right side of his forehead. Eyewitnesses said they heard a noise as his head hit the ground. The IPCC sought an injunction against the broadcast of the video by Channel 4 News, but a judge rejected the application. An image obtained by Sky News on 24 April appears to show bruising on the right side of Tomlinson's forehead. A head injury was recorded by the second and third pathologists.Adam Fresco, Sean O'Neill, "Officer suspended in investigation into G20 death of Ian Tomlinson", The Times, 10 April 2009.

CCTV cameras
Nick Hardwick, chair of the IPCC, said on 9 April that there were no CCTV cameras in the area. On 14 April the Evening Standard wrote that it had found at least six CCTV cameras in the area around the assault. After photographs of the cameras were published, the IPCC reversed its position and said its investigators were looking at footage from cameras in Threadneedle Street near the corner of Royal Exchange Passage.<ref>Peter Dominiczak, Lucy Proctor, Kiran Randhawa, "We were wrong over CCTV, says police watchdog", Evening Standard, 14 April 2009.</ref>

Early reaction and analysis
British policing

Tomlinson's death sparked a discussion about the nature of Britain's policing and the relationship between the police, public, media and IPCC. The mayor of London, Boris Johnson, dismissed the criticism of the police as "an orgy of cop bashing". The death was compared to others that had each acted as a watershed in the public's perception of policing, including that of Blair Peach (1979), Stephen Lawrence (1993) and Jean Charles de Menezes (2005).Alison Roberts, "I thought 'Oh my God, it's like Blair Peach over again'", Evening Standard, 15 April 2009. The IPCC was criticized for having taken seven days from Tomlinson's death, and five days after hearing evidence that police may have been involved, to remove the City of London police from the investigation.

David Gilbertson, a former assistant inspector who had worked for the Home Office formulating policing policy, told The New York Times that the British police used to act with the sanction of the public, but that tactics had changed after a series of violent assaults on officers in the 1990s. Now dressing in military-style uniforms and equipped with anti-stab vests, extendable metal batons and clubs that turn into handcuffs, an entire generation of officers has come to regard the public as the enemy, the newspaper said.

The Guardian, police and IPCC

Tomlinson's death was confirmed in a statement that accused protesters of having hampered police efforts to save his life. His family were not told he had died until nine hours after his death. The police and IPCC told journalists that his family were not surprised to hear he had had a heart attack. Journalists who asked whether police had had any contact with Tomlinson were asked not to speculate in case it upset the family. Direct contact with the family was refused. The police issued a statement on behalf of the family instead, which said the police were keeping them informed.The Observer (The Guardians sister paper) published an image of Tomlinson on the ground on Sunday, 5 April. That morning Tomlinson's family attended the scene of his death, where they met Paul Lewis, a Guardian reporter who had worked on The Observer story. Tomlinson's wife said this meeting was the first the family had heard of police contact with Tomlinson before his death. The family's police liaison officer later approached the newspaper to say he was "extremely unhappy" that Lewis had spoken to the family, and that the newspaper had to stay away from them for 48 hours. The IPCC accused the newspaper of "doorstepping the family at a time of grief". On the same day, the IPCC briefed other journalists that there was nothing in the story that Tomlinson might have been assaulted by police. During this period, according to Tomlinson's family, they were prevented from seeing his body; they were first allowed to see him six days after his death.

On 7 April The Guardian published the American banker's video, and later that evening handed it to an IPCC investigator and a City of London police officer who arrived at the newspaper's offices."Full statement from the IPCC on the investigation into the death of Ian Tomlinson", The Guardian, 8 April 2009. The officers asked that the video be removed from the website, arguing that it jeopardized their inquiry and was not helpful to the family. Nick Hardwick, chair of the IPCC, said the IPCC had asked The Guardian to remove the video only because it would have been better had witnesses not seen it before being questioned.

Metropolitan police response

The Chief Inspector of Constabulary, Denis O'Connor, published a 150-page report in November 2009 that aimed to restore Britain's consent-based model of policing.

O'Connor wrote that there had been a hardening of police attitudes, with officers believing that proportionality meant reciprocity. The deployment of officers in riot gear had become a routine response to lawful protest, largely the result of an ignorance of the law and a lack of leadership from the Home Office and police chiefs. Officers were being trained to use their riot shields as weapons. Police forces across the country differed in their training, the equipment they had access to, and their understanding of the law. The failure to understand the relevant legislation was in part due to its complexity, the report said, with 90 amendments to the Public Order Act passed since 1986.Sean O'Neill, "Policing principles undermined by riot tactics, says Denis O'Connor", The Times, 26 November 2009.

The report made several recommendations, including the creation of a set of national principles emphasizing the minimum use of force at all times, and making the display of police ID a legal requirement. In February 2010 the Met announced that 8,000 of its officers had been issued with embroidered epaulettes, as several had complained that the numbers were falling off, rather than being removed deliberately.

Legal aftermath
Decision not to prosecute

In April 2010 The Guardian published an open letter from several public figures asking the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to proceed with a prosecution or explain its position. In July that year Keir Starmer, director of the CPS, announced that there would be no prosecution because of the medical disagreement between the three pathologists. Starmer said there was enough evidence for an assault charge, but the six-month deadline for that had expired.

The area of conflict concerned Patel's finding during the first autopsy of "intraabdominal fluid blood about 3l with small blood clot". This was interpreted by other medical experts to mean that Patel had found three litres of blood in Tomlinson's abdomen. Starmer said this would have been around 60 percent of Tomlinson's blood volume, a "highly significant indicator of the cause of death".

In April 2010 Patel introduced an ambiguity in a second report for the CPS, saying he had found "intraabdominal fluid  blood about 3l with small blood clot" [emphasis added]. The ambiguity had to be clarified, because the second and third pathologists had relied in part on Patel's original notes to form their views. Patel was interviewed twice by the CPS. According to Starmer, Patel "maintained that the total fluid was somewhat in excess of three litres but that it was mainly ascites (a substance which forms in a damaged liver), which had been stained with blood. He had not retained the fluid nor had he sampled it in order to ascertain the proportion of blood because, he said, he had handled blood all his professional life and he knew that this was not blood but blood-stained ascites." Patel also said he had found no internal rupture that would have led to this degree of blood loss.

Several conclusions were drawn from discussions between Patel and the CPS, Starmer said: (a) because Patel had not retained or sampled the three litres of fluid, no firm conclusions could be drawn about the nature of it; (b) for Tomlinson's death to have resulted so quickly from blood loss, there would have to have been a significant internal rupture; (c) Patel found no such rupture; (d) the later postmortems also found no visible rupture; and (e) because Patel was the only person to have examined Tomlinson's intact body, he was in the best position to judge the nature of the fluid, and whether there was a rupture that could have caused it. This meant that Patel's evidence would significantly undermine the evidence of the second and third pathologists.

Nathaniel Cary, the second pathologist, objected to the CPS's decision. Cary told The Guardian that the push had caused a haemorrhage to Tomlinson's abdomen, and the haemorrhage caused him to collapse. Cary said Tomlinson was vulnerable to this because he had liver disease. The CPS had erred in dismissing a charge of actual bodily harm (ABH), in his view. In a letter to Tomlinson's family, the CPS described Tomlinson's injuries as "relatively minor" and therefore insufficient to support such a charge. But Cary told The Guardian: "The injuries were not relatively minor. He sustained quite a large area of bruising. Such injuries are consistent with a baton strike, which could amount to ABH. It's extraordinary. If that's not ABH I would like to know what is."

Inquest
The inquest was opened and adjourned in April 2009. The City of London coroner, Paul Matthews, expressed concern about whether he had appropriate expertise, and Peter Thornton QC, who specialises in protest law, was appointed in his place."Ian Tomlinson inquest", The Guardian, 29 March 2011. The inquest opened on 28 March 2011 before a jury. The court heard from Kevin Channer, a cardiologist at Royal Hallamshire Hospital, who analysed electrocardiogram (ECG) data from the defibrillator paramedics had used on Tomlinson. He said the readings were inconsistent with an arrhythmic heart attack, but consistent with death from internal bleeding. Pathologist Nat Carey concurred regarding the cause of death. Graeme Alexander, a hepatologist, said that in his opinion Tomlinson had died of internal bleeding as a result of trauma to the liver after the fall. He told the court that Tomlinson had been suffering from serious liver disease, which would have made him susceptible to collapse from internal bleeding.

Giving evidence over three days, Harwood said that Tomlinson "just looked as if he was going to stay where he was forever and was almost inviting physical confrontation in terms of being moved on". He said he had not warned Tomlinson and had acted because Tomlinson was encroaching a police line, which amounted to a breach of the peace. The court heard that Tomlinson's last words after collapsing were, "they got me, the fuckers got me"; he died moments later. On 3 May 2011 the jury returned a verdict of unlawful killing, ruling that the officer—Harwood was not named for legal reasons—had used excessive and unreasonable force in hitting Tomlinson, and had acted "illegally, recklessly and dangerously"."Ian Tomlinson inquest verdict", The Guardian, 3 May 2011.

IPCC reports
In May 2011 the IPCC released three reports into Tomlinson's death, written between April 2010 and May 2011. The main report contained material revealed during the inquest. The third report detailed an allegation from Tomlinson's family that the police had offered misleading information to the pathologists before the third autopsy on 22 April 2009. The Met's point of contact for Tomlinson's death, Detective Inspector Eddie Hall, had told the pathologists that Tomlinson had fallen to the ground in front of a police van earlier in the evening, although there was no evidence to support this. The IPCC ruled that Hall had been reckless in making this claim, but had not intended to mislead the pathologists.

Trial of Simon Harwood

Keir Starmer, director of the CPS, announced on 24 May 2011 that a summons for manslaughter had been issued against Harwood. He said the CPS had reviewed its decision not to prosecute because new medical evidence had emerged during the inquest, and because the various medical accounts, including that of the first pathologist, had been tested during questioning. The trial opened on 18 June 2012. Harwood entered a plea of not guilty, and was acquitted on 19 July.

The court was shown extensive video footage of Tomlinson and Harwood on the day. Harwood was seen trying to arrest a man who had daubed graffiti on a police van, then joining a line of officers who were clearing Royal Exchange Passage. Harwood pushed a man who blew a vuvuzela at him, then appeared to push a BBC cameraman who was filming the arrest of another man. The footage showed Harwood push a third man out of the way, and shortly after this (the passageway now almost empty) the officers reached Tomlinson.Victoria Ward, "G20 protests: Tomlinson family weep at final footage", The Daily Telegraph, 19 June 2012.

Mark Dennis QC, for the prosecution, argued that Harwood's use of force against Tomlinson had been unnecessary and unreasonable, and had caused Tomlinson's death. He argued that a "clear temporal link" between the incident and Tomlinson's collapse had been provided by the Guardian video, that Tomlinson had posed no threat, and that the use of force had been a "gratuitous act of aggression". The defence argued that Tomlinson's health was relevant. The court heard that he had liver and brain disease caused by alcohol abuse, numbness in his legs and balance problems, and that he had been treated at least 20 times between 2007 and 2009, mostly at A&E departments, related to falling while drunk. On the day he died, The Times reported, he had drunk a bottle of red wine, a small bottle of vodka and several cans of 9-per-cent super-strength lager.

Harwood told the court that Tomlinson had ignored orders to move along. He acknowledged that he had pushed Tomlinson firmly, but said he had not expected him to fall. He also acknowledged that he had "got it wrong", and said he had not realized Tomlinson was in such poor health. The jury found him not guilty after deliberating for four days.

Dismissal, civil suit
Harwood was dismissed from the Metropolitan Police Service in September 2012 after a disciplinary hearing found that he had acted with "gross misconduct" in his actions towards Tomlinson. Tomlinson's family filed a lawsuit against the Metropolitan Police, which paid the family an undisclosed sum in August 2013. Deputy Assistant Commissioner Maxine de Brunner issued a formal apology for "Simon Harwood's use of excessive and unlawful force, which caused Mr Tomlinson's death, and for the suffering and distress caused to his family as a result."

Notes

References

External links

 "Ian Tomlinson family campaign", retrieved 11 February 2010.
"G20 death: Ian Tomlinson's last movements", interactive graphic, The Guardian.

Video of Tomlinson
 Guardian/American investment banker footage, released 7 April 2009.
 Channel 4/Ken McCallum footage, released 8 April 2009.
 Nabeela Zahir video, released 9 April 2009.
 Guardian Cornhill video, released 21 April 2009.

Video taken nearby
 Anonymous city worker, 1 April 2009, 7:15 pm, Royal Exchange Passage, The Guardian, 15 April 2009.
 Anonymous city bystander, Royal Exchange Passage, 1 April 2009, 7:10–7:15 pm.
 Nadi Katz-Wise, Threadneedle Street, near Royal Exchange Passage, 1 April 2009, 7:16 pm, The Guardian, 15 April 2009.
 G20 protest videos: Growing catalogue of evidence against police, part 1, part 2, The Guardian'', 15 April 2009.
 Triston Woodwards, Alleged assault on Nicola Fisher, 2 April 2009, released 8 April 2009.

2009 deaths
2009 in London
2010s trials
April 2009 events in the United Kingdom
Criminal trials that ended in acquittal
Deaths by beating in the United Kingdom
Deaths by person in London
Deaths by violence in the United Kingdom
G20
History of the City of London
Manslaughter trials
Police brutality in the United Kingdom
Police misconduct in England
Protest-related deaths
Protests in London
Trials in London
Victims of police brutality
Metropolitan Police operations


The Mausala Parva () is the sixteenth of the eighteen books of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata. It traditionally has nine chapters. The critical edition has eight chapters. One of the 3 shortest books within the epic, the Mausala Parva describes the demise of Krishna in the 36th year after the Kurukshetra war had ended, the submersion of Dvaraka under sea, death of Balarama by drowning in the sea, Vasudeva's death, and a civil war fought among the Yadava clan that killed many of them. The story of infighting of the Yadavas becomes the reason why the Pandava brothers renounce their kingdom and begin their walk towards heaven, events recited in the last two books of the Mahabharata.

The Mausala Parva is significant for serving as a basis of archaeological studies for the Mahabharata, as well as being one of the eight Parvas found in Hindu culture of Java and Bali, Indonesia.

Structure and chapters
Mausala Parva (book) traditionally has 9 adhyayas (sections, chapters) and has no secondary sub-parvas (parts or little books). Of the 80,000 verses in the critical edition of the Mahabharata - Mausala Parva represents about 0.25% of all verses of the Epic. This makes it one of the smallest books of the Epic.

Background to the Mausala Parva
After the end of the great Kurukshetra war, Gandhari confronted Krishna, a meeting described in the Stri Parva. In anger and grief over the death of her hundred sons, her brothers, and of other members of the clan, Gandhari cursed Krishna that his Yadava kinsmen  too would die in a fratricidal strife.

Plot summary

The chapter begins with the announcement at the court of Pandavas that many Yadavas men were killed in an internecine war fought with clubs made of eraká grass. Yudhishthira asks for details. Mausala Parva then recites the details.

The events start near the city of Dvārakā 36 years after the end of the Kurukshetra war. The empire is peaceful and prosperous, the youth of Yadavas have become frivolous and hedonistic. Krishna's son Samba dresses up as a woman and his friends meet Rishi Vishvamitra, Durvasa, Vashista, Narada, and other rishis, who were visiting Dvaraka for an audience with Krishna. The young man playfully pretending to be a woman claims he is pregnant and asks the rishis to predict the gender of the baby.

One rishi sees through the prank. In a fit of rage, he curses Samba will give birth to an iron bolt that will destroy his entire race. The frightened youth inform Krishna what has happened, Krishna was aware of the impending destruction of Yadav as a race and didn't wish to ordain or prevent it, he summoned and reported to Krishna and Ugrasena and it was asked to pulverize the iron bolt into a powder and cast it into the Prabhasa sea and to prevent the distribution of intoxicating spirits in the kingdom.

The town then witnesses several dark omens, including the disappearance of the Sudarshana Chakra, the Panchajanya (Krishna's conch), Krishna's chariot and the plough weapon of Balarama. Pests multiply. Sinful acts multiply, yet no one feels any shame. Wives deceive their husbands, and husbands deceive their wives. Everyone has the same terrifying dreams. People insult and humiliate their seniors and teachers. Krishna asks everyone to go on a pilgrimage to the sacred waters of the Prabhasa sea. They do. When they arrive, the Yadavas revel in merrymaking, dance and drink much alcohol.

Satyaki, inebriated with wine, goes over to Kritavarma, criticizes him for scheming with Ashwatthama and killing the remaining Pandavas' army while they were sleeping (see Sauptika Parva). Pradyumna applauds Satyaki's words and disregards Kritavarma. Kritavarma in return reminds him how he cruelly slayed the unarmed Bhurishravas who, on the field of battle, sat in prayer. Krishna glances angrily at Kritavarma. They begin to argue about who did more wrong during the Kurukshetra war. In the ensuing fracas, Satyaki decapitates Kritavarma with his sword, then begins striking down others present there. Krishna runs over to prevent him from doing further mischief. However, others are impelled by fate in the face of Krishna to slay Satyaki and Pradyumna, who tries to save Satyaki. Krishna beholding his own slain son Pradyumna as well as Satyaki, takes up, in wrath, erakā grass in his hand, which miraculously becomes a bolt of iron - it is with this iron rod that he begins to slay the violent. Others try to imitate him by plucking the grass, which transforms into iron bolts in their hands due to the curse. Everyone, inebriated with alcohol, attacks everyone else. Soon everyone who is battling is dead, except for Vabhru, Daruka (Krishna's charioteer) and Krishna. Balarama survives because he withdrew from that spot before the fight. Krishna asks Daruka to go to the Pandavas, tell them what had happened and to ask Arjuna to come with help. While Daruka was gone, Krishna sends Vabhru to protect the ladies of his kingdom from robbers tempted by wealth. However, as soon as he proceeds to a distance, an iron bolt flies and impales Vabhru, killing him. Krishna goes to Dvaraka and consoles his father Vasudeva, before returning to his brother Balarama in the forest. He sees him departing from this world, giving up his life through yoga. Krishna who had the foresight of everything that had happened, concludes that the hour of his departure from this world has come. Restraining his senses, he sits in high yoga. Some of the powder cast into the Prabhasa sea had been swallowed by a fish. Inside the fish, the powder had become a metal piece. Jara (skt. 'old age'), a hunter, catches that fish and finds the metal. He sharpens it to make an arrow and goes for hunting, during which, seeing red marks on Krishna's left foot, and mistaking it for a deer's eye, shoots the arrow at it. On approaching the supposed prey to capture it, he beheld Krishna rapt in Yoga, and touches his feet for being an offender. Krishna comforts him and then ascends upwards to the heavens, filling the entire welkin with splendour.

Daruka reaches to Pandavas and tells them the whole incident. Arjuna set out for seeing them. He met there Vasudeva and 500,000 people who killed each other lying there. He tells them to prepare for their leave within a week. Vasudeva dies the next day while he is meditating, while his wives join him in a funeral pyre. Then Arjuna made rites who died there, according to their order of seniority. With Yadavas old men, women and children who are the only survivors, including the 16,000  devotees (women who were saved by Krishna, from Narakaasura.) of Krishna, together set off for Indraprastha. As they are leaving, waters rise, Dvaraka sinks into the sea. Arjuna proceeded by slow marches, causing the Vrishni women to rest in pleasant forests, mountains and by the sides of delightful streams. Arrived at the country of five waters, they made an encampment there. Robbers overwhelmed by cupidity and temptation attacks them, seeing them being protected by only one bowman. The son of Kunti, ceasing turned, with his followers, towards the place where robbers attacked. Smiling the while, Arjuna addresses them but they disregarded his words, fell upon him. With great difficulty, he succeeded in activating his bow. When the battle had become furious, he tries to invoke his celestial weapons, which did not appear at his bidding. The concourse was very large, the robbers assailed it at different points, Arjuna tries his best to protect it, but fails. In his very sight, ladies were dragged away, while some went away with robbers of their own accord, when they found none to save them. Supported by servants, Arjuna struck the robbers with his shafts sped from Gandiva, but soon however his inexhaustible quivers were out of shafts. Then afflicted with grief, he tries to fight with his bow, but until that time those robbers had retreated, taking ladies away with them. Dhananjaya regarded it all as the work of destiny, while thinking of his non-appearance of celestial weapons, refusal of his bow to obey him; and exhaustion of his shafts. Taking with him the remnant of the Vrishni women, and the wealth that was still with them, reached Kurukshetra. He installs warriors at different positions at different locations. Rukmini, Saivaya, Haimavatu, and Jambavati, ascended the funeral pyre. Satyabhama and others entered the woods to practice penances.

Arjuna becomes depressed and full of doubts about his warrior abilities. He approaches Vyasa, and explains how he feels for failing those that depended on him for their safety and security. Sage Vyasa explains that it was the destiny of those warriors, Krishna suffered it too, although he was competent to baffle the curses, Arjuna and his brothers have served the purpose of their lives, those weapons with which he achieved success no longer needs him, and had gone to the place from where they came from. So it is time for them to retire and renounce their kingdom. Arjuna takes leave of Vyasa, meets with Yudhishthira and tells them what had happened.

English translations
Mausala Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.

Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Mausala Parva, after removing verses generally accepted so far as spurious and inserted into the original, has 9 adhyayas (chapters) and 273 shlokas (verses).

Significance

Archaeological studies on the Mahabharata
The details in Mausala Parva have served as a source for scholarly studies on whether the Mahabharata is entirely fictional, or it is partly based on an ancient war in India. The chapters in Mausala Parva that describe Dwarka, its submergence in the Prabhasa sea, and others books of the Mahabharata have attracted the attention of scholars. It has led to the hypothesis that if any city named Dwarka existed in ancient India, it is likely to have been in the modern state of Gujarat or Maharashtra. With funding from the Government of India, the Archaeological Survey of India and National Institute of Oceanography conducted various studies since 1955, particularly since late 1970s. These studies found remnants of various temples in Gujarat, variously dated to be from 9th century, 1st century and 1st millennium BC. The studies have also found ceramic artifacts, votive jars with inscriptions praising the sea god at Bet Dwarka (island near Dwarka, Gujarat). These have been dated to be between 500 BC and 1500 BC.
Archaeological investigations at Dwarka, both on shore and offshore in the Arabian Sea, have been conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. The first investigations carried out on land in 1963 revealed many artifacts. The objective of the investigations conducted by the Marine Archaeology Unit of the National Institute of Oceanography and the Government of Gujarat was to reconstruct the history of maritime trade, shipbuilding and cultural status of ancient city of Dwarka of the prehistoric times. Excavations done at two sites on the seaward side of Dwarka brought to light submerged settlements, stone-built jetty of large size and triangular stone anchors with three holes. The settlements are in the form of exterior and interior walls, and fort bastions.

Chronology and spread of the Epic
Mausala Parva is one of the eight books that were discovered in parts of Indonesia. In islands of Indonesia, Dutch colonial officials discovered the Epic to consist of only eight books, instead of eighteen. It is unclear if this implies the original Epic had only eight books as and when it arrived in Indonesia, or some books were lost as the Epic spread in Southeast Asia. D. Van Hinloopen Labberton reports the eight parvas as: Adi, Virata, Udyoga, Bhixma, Ashramardtm, Mausala, Prasthdnika and Svargarohana.

See also
Previous book of Mahabharata: Ashramavasika  Parva
Next book of Mahabharata: Mahaprasthanika  Parva

References

External links
 Mausala Parva, English Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
 Mausala Parva, English Translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt
 Mausala Parva in Sanskrit by Vyasadeva with commentary by Nilakantha - Worldcat OCLC link
 Mousala Parva in Sanskrit and Hindi by Ramnarayandutt Shastri, Volume 5

Parvas in the Mahabharata


Joan Brooke (née Braybroke), suo jure 5th Baroness Cobham of Kent (d. 25 November 1442), was an English aristocrat.

Life
Her parents were Sir Reginald (or Reynold) Braybroke and Joan de la Pole, 4th Baroness Cobham (later  Oldcastle or Oldcastell). She succeeded to her mother's title on 13 January 1433 or 1434.

She married, c. 20 February in 1409 or 1410, Sir Thomas Brooke of Holdich, Thorncombe, Devon, and of Brooke, Somerset (c. 1391 - c. 1439, bur. Thorncombe, Devon), a Knight (bet. 1416–1421) and a Member of Parliament for Somerset in 1417, between 1421 and 1422 and in 1427, and had at least two children, Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham and Reginald Brooke of Aspall, Suffolk, an ancestor of the Brookes of Ufford, Suffolk.

References

1442 deaths
5
Joan
Wives of knights


Peter Russell Daniel (born 17 September 1947) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Daniel spent most of 1968 in the Essendon reserves, where he played in a premiership team. The Woori Yallock recruit featured more prominently in 1969 and kicked 32 goals, including a couple of six goal hauls. In the subsequent seasons he was used mainly as a full-back. At Moorabbin Oval, against St Kilda, late in the 1974 VFL season, Daniel made his 100th and last league appearance. It was also the debut of future Essendon 378 gamer Simon Madden.

He was appointed captain-coach of Northern Tasmanian Football Association club North Launceston in 1975 and steered them to five premierships. During this time he was a Tasmanian interstate representative and played in the 1975 Knockout Carnival. He also captain-coached the state at the 1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival.

In 1983 he became coach of Subiaco in the West Australian Football League but didn't last the season after a string of poor results. He then coached again in Tasmania, this time with City-South.

His final coaching stint at senior level came with the Clarence Football Club in the TFL Statewide League in 1989–1990 where he was dumped as coach after the Roos crashed out of the finals both years.

Daniel was inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame in 2005.

He is the father of former ABC Washington DC bureau chief and Member for Goldstein Zoe Daniel.

He began teaching in 1968, when he graduated from Toorak Teachers College, now Deakin University's Malvern Campus. He later obtained a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Tasmania in 1996. His teaching career spanned three states and more than forty years.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
 http://www.examiner.com.au/news/local/news/education/retiring-daniel-reflects-on-long-career/2575130.aspx?storypage=2

1947 births
Living people
Deakin University alumni
Essendon Football Club players
North Launceston Football Club players
North Launceston Football Club coaches
Subiaco Football Club coaches
Clarence Football Club coaches
City-South Football Club coaches
Tasmanian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees
University of Tasmania alumni


Beerakuppam is a small village in Nagalapuram Mandal in Tirupati district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. Beerakuppam is in Satyavedu Assembly Constituency.

References

–

Villages in Tirupati district


Robert Nugent Watts (1806 – April 19, 1867) was a political figure in Canada East, Province of Canada (now Quebec). He represented the electoral district of Drummond for ten years in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.  He was a supporter of the union of Lower Canada and Upper Canada and a Tory.

Family background

Watts was born in 1806.  In 1839, he married Charlotte Sheppard, at the Anglican cathedral in Quebec, the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. Their son, William John Watts, later served in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Charlotte Sheppard was the daughter of William Sheppard, a major lumber merchant.  William Sheppard was appointed to the Executive Council of Lower Canada in September, 1837, shortly before the Lower Canada Rebellion broke out in 1837, but did not play a major role in the government of the province.

Watts was a public official, holding the office of Assistant Governor's Secretary in the government of Lower Canada. He also was a local landholder, and lieutenant colonel in the local militia.  He lived in Drummondville in the home of his cousin Frederick Heriot.  Heriot was appointed a member of the Special Council, after the Lower Canada Rebellion and the suspension of the provincial constitution by the British government. Heriot left Watts a large portion of his property in his will.

Political career
Following the rebellion in Lower Canada, and the similar rebellion in 1837 in Upper Canada (now Ontario), the British government decided to merge the two provinces into a single province, as recommended by Lord Durham in the Durham Report.  The Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, abolished the two provinces and their separate parliaments, and created the Province of Canada, with a single parliament for the entire province, composed of an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council.  The Governor General retained a strong position in the government.

Watts stood unopposed for election to the riding of Drummond and was acclaimed to the Legislative Assembly.  In the first Parliament, Watts was a Tory and government supporter.  He voted in favour of the union of the Lower Canada and Upper Canada, and consistently supported the Governor-General in the various disputes with the Reform group, which was campaigning for responsible government.

See also
1st Parliament of the Province of Canada

References

1806 births
1867 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Year of birth uncertain
People from Drummondville


Peter Daniel may refer to:

Peter Daniel (Australian footballer) (born 1947), Australian rules player and coach
Peter Daniel (footballer, born 1955), English association footballer
Peter Daniel (footballer, born 1946), English association footballer
Peter Vivian Daniel (1784–1860), American jurist
Peter Maxwell Daniel (1910–1998), British medical doctor

See also


Frank William Bentley (9 October 1886 – 1958) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Stoke City and Tottenham Hotspur.

Career
Bentley began his career at his local side Butt Lane, before joining Stoke in 1907. He was not considered a first team player by manager Horace Austerberry but he did play Bentley in the clubs FA Cup fixtures in 1907–08 where he scored against Gainsborough Trinity. He played just once in the League for Stoke against West Bromwich Albion on 14 March 1908. At the end of the season Stoke left the league after suffering financial meltdown and joined the club who replaced Stoke, Tottenham Hotspur. He played 41 matches for Spurs in three seasons at White Hart Lane. He went on to play for Brentford where he ended his playing career.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1886 births
1958 deaths
People from Kidsgrove
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Stoke City F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Southern Football League players
Men's association football wing halves
Footballers from Staffordshire


Live at Hammersmith '82! is a live album by the band Duran Duran. Originally recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon on , it was released by EMI Records on  ( in the U.S.) as a CD/DVD double pack.

The set was the third of three nights at the Hammersmith Odeon. The show was released in various ways, including as a King Biscuit Flower Hour vinyl release and various bootlegs, including "Planet Heart".

The live version of "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)", originally from Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, was eventually released as the UK B-side to "The Reflex".

The CD/DVD release is supplemented by extra archive DVD content not previously released on DVD, including all six videos made for tracks off the Rio album, as well as two archived Top of the Pops performances.

The release date of Live at Hammersmith '82! coincides with the release of the two-disc (both CD and heavyweight vinyl) special editions of Rio.

For Black Friday Record Store Day 2022, Live at Hammersmith '82! was reissued on gold double vinyl edition limited to 4500 copies worldwide.

Track listing

2×LP (Reissue, 40th Anniversary Edition): Parlophone

CD/DVD: EMI

References

External links

Duran Duran albums
Live video albums
2009 live albums
2009 video albums
Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo


The Antenne (French: l’Antenne) is a 49.0 km long river in the Charente-Maritime département, in southwestern France. Its source is in the commune of Fontaine-Chalendray. It flows into the Charente near Cognac.

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Charente-Maritime
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine


Portland University was a private, Methodist post-secondary school in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1891 in a split from Willamette University, the school closed in 1900. The campus was located in what is now the University Park neighborhood and later became home of the University of Portland. The original campus building, West Hall, still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Willamette University chancellor Charles Carroll Stratton founded the Methodist school in Portland in 1891. The school lured away some faculty members and students from Willamette, and even enticed Willamette's president Thomas Van Scoy to serve as dean. In 1891, the school built the Administration Hall that became West Hall. Portland University opened in September 1891 with an enrollment of 256 students the first year. This was the only building on the campus with a nearby general store, Hemstock & Sons, serving as the bookstore.

Located at University Park, the school sold plots of property surrounding the campus to raise funds for the school. They had partnered with the Portland Guarantee Company to sell bonds, using the proceeds from the sale to buy  in what is now North Portland. This venture then deeded  to the school and sold plots for as much as $550. The location of the campus was on a bluff overlooking the Willamette River, with the river to the west. Much of the area was rural farmland at the time and local homes served as boarding houses for the students. Due to the remoteness, the school offered to have teachers meet new students at the streetcar stop located at University Park for the trek to the school. One impressive home in the area was the university president's home, which was not on campus at the time.

Courses of study included Latin, science, art, and literature. The school grew to an enrollment of 500 by 1894 and included a literary department, a school of theology, music and fine arts department, and a college preparatory division. This last division had affiliations around the state with academies including Drain Academy, Lebanon Academy, Ashland Academy, and the La Creole Academy in Dallas.

Decline
Following the Panic of 1893, the school suffered a series of financial setbacks. The panic led to decreased enrollment and a severe drop off in the sales of the homesites. Bonds for the venture became due in 1896, but the school was unable to make these payments. Thus the property reverted to the original owners of the property. Internal disputes and these financial problems led the school to leave the campus and hold classes in East Portland in 1896 to 1897 after Van Scoy became president of the institution. Other difficulties included a lawsuit in 1898 against the school's affiliated corporation that sold the plots for the surrounding homes.

By 1898, the school had abandoned the University Park campus. Others who served as president of the university were Arthur J. Brown and George Whitaker (1899). Portland University finally closed in May 1900 with many of students and faculty reuniting with Willamette University in Salem. Alumni of the Portland school were then recognized as alumni of Willamette, and most of the records of the school were transferred to Willamette.

Legacy

In 1901, Rev. Alexander Christie with financing from the Congregation of Holy Cross purchased the former campus and opened a Catholic school at the site that would eventually become Columbia University and is now the University of Portland. He was able to purchase the campus itself in trade for a couple of properties owned by archdiocese in Portland and $1. Land sold by Portland University became the subject of a lawsuit by a subsequent landowner over an easement for a road through the campus. West Hall still stands, but was renamed in 1992 as Waldschmidt Hall. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Notable alumni
John P. Rusk

References

Further reading
McIntire, G. R. (1942). History of the Methodist University of Portland, 1891–1900, in Relation to the Educational policy of the Methodist Episcopal Church (North). OCLC 28162598

Educational institutions established in 1891
Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Methodist Church
1900 disestablishments in Oregon
Defunct private universities and colleges in Oregon
University of Portland
Willamette University
1891 establishments in Oregon
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church


Ole Søltoft (8 January 1941 – 9 May 1999 in Kolding) was a Danish actor who became an icon of the 1970s wave of Danish erotic feature film comedies. For over a decade he starred or co-starred in nearly all notable films in this genre and became hopelessly typecast, usually playing naive, likeable guys with a healthy sexual appetite. He is especially remembered for the Bedside-films and Zodiac-films, though his big breakthrough was as the romantic lead in Annelise Meineche's Sytten (1965).

Biography

Ole Søltoft was born in Kolding and was the son of engineer Svend Aage Sølvtoft and his wife Maria Rita Viola Sølvtoft (née Kristensen). He grew up in Holeby on the island of Lolland and was a substitute teacher after high school. Then he studied one year at the Tandlægehøjskolen.

Through student revues he was admitted to Private Theatres' Pupil School from 1960 to 1962. He debuted at the People's Theatre in 1962 and was already in the apprenticeship role of the mischievous Nicholas in Nøddebo Præstegård.

Søltoft began his film career with the role of Jacob in 1962's Den kære familie, a film about turn of the century Copenhagen. After a few small roles, the breakthrough of Erik Soya's Sytten in 1965 began a wave of erotic films for Søltoft. In Den røde rubin, Søltoft starred as Ask Burlefot, who goes from shy schoolboy to sexually experienced. He went on to star in numerous films of the 1970s, mainly sex comedies and erotic comedies - roles that have always put him pigeonholed by the audience and the press. He usually played a confused little man who had to fight his way through a sea of sexy girls. He starred in the successful, decade-long series of Bedside-films, including  Mazurka på sengekanten (Mazurka on the bedside), Tandlæge på sengekanten (Dentist on the bedside) and Rektor på sengekanten (Rector on the bedside). Søltoft also played in several of Zodiac-films, where Zodiac signs were part of the film's title; for example, I Løvens tegn (In Leo), I Jomfruens tegn (In Virgo), and I Tyrens tegn (In Taurus). He retired from film in 1978.

Personal life

Ole Søltoft was married to actress Ulla Asbjørn Andersen. He is buried at Rødovre cemetery.

Films
 Gøngehøvdingen (1961)
 Den kære familie (1962)
  (1965)
 Sytten (1965)
 Een pige og 39 sømænd (1965)
 Tre små piger (1966)
 Min søsters børn (1966)
 Soyas tagsten (1966)
 Far laver sovsen (1967)
 Sangen om den røde rubin (1970)
 Mazurka på sengekanten (1970) - Released in the UK as Bedroom Mazurka
 Hurra for de blå husarer (1970)
 Tandlæge på sengekanten (1971) - Released in the UK as Danish Dentist on the Job
 Dagmars Heta Trosor (1971) - Released in the UK as Dagmar's Hot Pants
 Rektor på sengekanten (1972) - Released in the UK as Danish Bed and Board
 Dan Ma jiao wa (1973)
 I Jomfruens tegn (1973)
 Romantik på sengekanten (1973)
 Revykøbing kalder (1973)
 Den Meget talende barber (1974)
 Champagnegalopp (1975) - Released in the UK as What the Swedish Butler Saw
 Der må være en sengekant (1975)
 I Tvillingernes tegn (1975)
 Hopla på sengekanten (1976)
 I Løvens tegn (1976)
 Sømænd på sengekanten (1976)
 Affæren i Mølleby (1976)
 Agent 69 Jensen i Skorpionens tegn (1977) - Released in the UK as Danish Blue
 Piger til søs (1977)
 Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn (1978) - Released in the UK as More Danish Blue

References

External links

1941 births
1999 deaths
Danish male film actors
People from Kolding
20th-century Danish male actors
People from Lolland Municipality
People from Lolland