Paul Nathan Seal (born February 27, 1952) is a former American football player. He played college football as a tight end for the University of Michigan from 1971 to 1973 and professional football as a tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints from 1974 to 1976 and for the San Francisco 49ers from 1977 to 1979.  In his six-year NFL career, Seal totaled 106 receptions, 1,586 receiving yards and seven touchdowns.

Early years
Seal was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1952.  He attended Pershing High School in Detroit.

University of Michigan
Seal enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1970 and played college football as a tight end for Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1971 to 1973.

As a junior, Seal started all 12 games at tight end for the 1972 Michigan Wolverines football team that compiled a 10-1 record, outscored opponents 264-57, and finished the season ranked #6 in the final AP Poll.  Playing for a run-oriented offense, Seal was the leading receiver for the 1972 Wolverines with 18 receptions for 243 yards and three touchdowns.

As a senior, Seal started all 11 games at tight end, was a team co-captain and was voted the Most Valuable Player on the undefeated 1973 Michigan Wolverines football team that compiled a 10-0-1 record, outscored opponents 330–68, and finished the season ranked #6 in the final AP Poll.  For the second straight year, Seal was Michigan's leading receiver with 14 catchers for 254 yards and three touchdowns. At the end of the 1973 season, Seal was selected by the United Press International (UPI) as the second-team tight end on the 1973 College Football All-America Team.

Professional football
Seal was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the second round (36th overall pick) of the 1974 NFL Draft. Seal was also the top draft pick of the Detroit Wheels of the World Football League, but he opted to sign with the Saints in April 1974. He played three seasons with the Saints from 1974 to 1976.  As a rookie in 1974, Seal appeared in 14 games and had career highs with 32 receptions, 466 receiving yards, and three receiving touchdowns. In 1975, Seal was the Saints' starting tight end in all 14 games and totaled 28 receptions, 414 receiving yards, and one touchdown.

In early September 1977, the Saints traded Seal to the San Francisco 49ers in exchange for offensive lineman John Watson.  Seal played for the 49ers for three seasons from 1977 to 1979, appearing in 43 games, nine as a starter, and totaled 37 receptions for 634 receiving yards and three touchdowns.  Seal's longest reception of his NFL career came on a 47-yard touchdown bomb from Jim Plunkett in December 1977 against the Dallas Cowboys.

References

1952 births
Living people
Pershing High School alumni
Players of American football from Detroit
American football tight ends
Michigan Wolverines football players
New Orleans Saints players
San Francisco 49ers players


Thomas Jones (1885 – after 1912) was an English professional footballer who made 46 appearances in the Football League playing for Everton and Birmingham. He played as a forward.

Jones was born in Prescot, Lancashire. He began his football career with Bootle before joining Everton of the Football League First Division in 1905. He scored on his Everton debut, on 14 April 1906 in a 2–1 defeat of Derby County, but found his progress blocked by the prolific Sandy Young, and over the next four years Jones played only 14 more league games. He dropped down a division to join Birmingham in September 1910. He made a promising start to his first season with the club, and when Jack Hall arrived in December the pair formed a fine understanding. Injury disrupted Jones's 1911–12 season, in which he played only three times for the first team, and in 1912 he returned to Lancashire to join Southport Central.

References

1885 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Prescot
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bootle F.C. (1879) players
Everton F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


Alvin Jay Jolley (September 29, 1899 – August 26, 1948) was a professional football player and coach. He played for the Cleveland Tigers, Akron Pros, Dayton Triangles, Oorang Indians, Buffalo Bisons, Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cleveland Indians. He was a coach for the Bisons and the Cincinnati Reds. He also played for the Ironton Tanks of the Ohio League.

Jolley was also a Native American. He was a member of the Wyandotte Nation. This made him eligible to join the  NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe.

Coaching
In 1929 Jolley coached the Bisons in a season that saw the team winning just one game. Afterwards the team finally folded for good, making Jolley the franchise's last coach. Jolley coached the Dodgers in the first ever NFL night game held on Wednesday September 24, 1930, in Portsmouth, Ohio. The Dodgers lost game 12-0 to the Portsmouth Spartans, the forerunners to the modern day Detroit Lions.

Head coaching record

References

Additional sources

 Uniform Numbers of the NFL

1899 births
1948 deaths
American football tackles
Akron Pros players
Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) players
Buffalo Bisons (NFL) coaches
Buffalo Bisons (NFL) players
Cincinnati Reds (NFL) coaches
Cincinnati Reds (NFL) players
Cleveland Indians (NFL 1931) players
Cleveland Tigers (NFL) players
Dayton Triangles players
Oorang Indians players
Kansas State Wildcats football players
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players
People from Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Players of American football from Kansas
Native American sportspeople


Ullern is a light rail station on the Oslo Tramway.

Located in Ullern borough, it was opened by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei together with the rest of the Lilleaker Line, as an extension of the Skøyen Line. It is between Furulund () and Abbediengen.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1919
1919 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1910s


An extinct comet is a comet that has expelled most of its volatile ice and has little left to form a tail and coma. In a dormant comet, rather than being depleted, any remaining volatile components have been sealed beneath an inactive surface layer.

Due to the near lack of a coma and tail, an extinct or dormant comet may resemble an asteroid rather than a comet and blur the distinction between these two classes of small Solar System bodies. When volatile materials such as nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen and methane in the comet nucleus have evaporated away, all that remains is an inert rock or rubble pile. A comet may go through a transition phase as it comes close to extinction.

Nature of extinct comets

Extinct comets are those that have expelled most of their volatile ice and have little left to form a tail or coma.  Over time, most of the volatile material contained in a comet nucleus evaporates away, and the comet becomes a small, dark, inert lump of rock or rubble that can resemble an asteroid.

Other related types of comet include transition comets, that are close to becoming extinct, such as were looked for in the Hubble search for transition comets. Comets such as C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) may represent the transition between extinct comets and typical Halley-type comets (periods of 20–200 years) or long period comets (periods longer than 200 years). Minor planets of the group of damocloids have been studied as possible extinct cometary candidates due to the similarity of their orbital parameters with those of Halley-type comets.

Dormant comets

Dormant comets are those within which volatiles may be sealed, but which have inactive surfaces. For example, 14827 Hypnos may be the nucleus of an extinct comet that is covered by a crust several centimeters thick that prevents any remaining volatiles from outgassing.

The term dormant comet is also used to describe comets that may become active but are not actively outgassing. For example, 60558 Echeclus has previously displayed a cometary coma and thus also has been given the cometary designation 174P/Echeclus. After passing perihelion in early 2008, centaur 52872 Okyrhoe significantly brightened.

Distinction between comets and asteroids

When discovered, asteroids were seen as a class of objects distinct from comets, and there was no unified term for the two until "small Solar System body" was coined by the IAU in 2006. The main difference between an asteroid and a comet is that a comet shows a coma due to sublimation of near-surface ices by solar radiation. A few objects have ended up being dual-listed because they were first classified as minor planets but later showed evidence of cometary activity. Conversely, some (perhaps all) comets are eventually depleted of their surface volatile ices and develop the appearance of asteroids. A further distinction is that comets typically have more eccentric orbits than most asteroids; most "asteroids" with notably eccentric orbits are probably dormant or extinct comets. Also, they are theorized to be common objects amongst the celestial bodies orbiting close to the Sun.

Roughly six percent of the near-Earth asteroids are thought to be extinct nuclei of comets which no longer experience outgassing.

Extinct comets

Suspected or theorized extinct comets include:

 14827 Hypnos
 2101 Adonis
 2015 TB145
 3200 Phaethon
 3552 Don Quixote
 P/2007 R5 (SOHO 1)
 1996 PW possibly an extinct long-period comet

See also
 Centaur (minor planet)
 Damocloid asteroid
 List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
 Lost comet

References

External links
 "Low Albedos Among Extinct Comet Candidates", 2001
 Dark, dangerous asteroids found lurking near Earth (NewScientist 5 March 2010)

Comets
Asteroids


Amsterdam Zuid may refer to:
Amsterdam-Zuid, a borough of Amsterdam
Amsterdam Zuid station, a Dutch railway station


Diring may refer to:
Diring, Khoptoginsky Nasleg, Churapchinsky District, Sakha Republic, a village (selo) in Khoptoginsky Nasleg of Churapchinsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia
Diring, Tyolyoysky Nasleg, Churapchinsky District, Sakha Republic, a village (selo) in Tyolyoysky Nasleg of Churapchinsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia


Thomas Trevellyan Jones (1879 – after 1905) was an English footballer who made two appearances in the Football League playing for Small Heath. He played as an outside left.

Jones was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He signed for Wolverhampton Wanderers, initially as an amateur, in 1898 and spent several years with the club, but never played for them in the Football League. A spell with Shrewsbury Town preceded his joining Small Heath of the Football League First Division in 1904. He played three times during the 1904–05 season, twice in the League and once in the FA Cup, as a replacement for Oakey Field, but was out of his depth at that level, and returned to non-league football with Shifnal Town in 1905.

References

1879 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Shrewsbury
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


Charles E. Hallstrom (January 22, 1863 – May 6, 1949), nicknamed the "Swedish Wonder", was a Swedish Major League Baseball player who pitched one game for the  Providence Grays of the National League. The Grays were in need of a pitcher for that day's game versus the Chicago White Stockings, and used Hallstrom, a local Chicago amateur player.  Hallstrom is the first of four Major League Baseball players born in Sweden. He was born in Jönköping, Sweden, and died in Chicago at the age of 86. He is interred at the All Saints Cemetery in Des Plaines, Illinois.

References
General
Snyder, John. 2005. Cubs journal: year by year & day by day with the Chicago Cubs since 1876. Emmis Books. .
Specific

External links

1863 births
1949 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Sweden
Providence Grays players
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Oshkosh (minor league baseball) players
LaCrosse Freezers players
Lima Lushers players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Chicago Whitings players


Sollerud is a light rail station on the Oslo Tramway.

Located at Sollerud in Ullern borough, it was opened by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei together with the rest of the Lilleaker Line, as an extension of the Skøyen Line. The station is served by line 13.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1919
1919 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1910s


The Tader Valles are a set of small channels in the Phaethontis quadrangle found at
49.1° south latitude and 152.5° west longitude. They are named after the ancient name for present Segura River, Spain.

Ice-rich mantle
Much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust.  This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball.  Under certain conditions the ice could melt and flow down the slopes to create gullies.  Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young.  This mantle probably fills the Tader Valles as shown in the HiRISE image below.

Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas.  During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles.  Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating.  When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulates the remaining ice.

See also
 Climate of Mars
 Geology of Mars
 Latitude dependent mantle
 Planetary nomenclature

References

Phaethontis quadrangle
Valleys and canyons on Mars


The Houston mayoral election of 1993 took place on November 2, 1993. The race was officially non-partisan. Incumbent mayor Bob Lanier was re-elected to a second term.

Candidates

Incumbent Mayor Bob Lanier
Brian Bowen
Luis Ullrich
Jerry Freiwirth
James Partsch-Galvan

Results

1993 in Houston
1993 Texas elections
Houston
1993
Non-partisan elections


Rank and file may refer to:
A military term relating to the horizontal "ranks" (rows) and vertical "files" (columns) of individual foot-soldiers, exclusive of the officers
A term derived from the above used to refer to enlisted troops, as opposed to the officers
Rank and file (chess), the rows and columns on a chessboard
The individual members of a political organization or labour union, exclusive of its leadership
Rank and file movement, a blanket term for informal, Trotskyist militant groups among British trade unionists, generally strenuously opposed to the union hierarchies and often facing expulsion by them
Rank and File Movement, a militant movement which grew within the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers in the United States in 1934
Rank and File (band), an American cowpunk band
"The Rank and File" (Playhouse 90), a 1959 American television play
"The Rank and File" (Play for Today), a 1971 BBC television play written by Jim Allen and directed by Ken Loach
A variation of Forty Thieves (card game)


Sidi Brahim is a small commune of Sidi Bel Abbès Province, Algeria. It gives its name to Sidi Brahim wine and was the location of the Battle of Sidi Brahim in 1845 during the French conquest of Algeria.

During the Roman Empire Sidi Brahim was the site of a town of the province of Mauretania Caesariensis called Bencenna. The remains of Bencenna were tentatively identified with ruins at Sidi Brahim.

References

Populated places in Sidi Bel Abbès Province
Archaeological sites in Algeria
Roman towns and cities in Algeria
Catholic titular sees in Africa
Cities in Algeria


The 1947 New York Yankees season was their second in the All-America Football Conference. The team improved on their previous output of 10-3-1, winning eleven games. For the second consecutive season, they lost to the Cleveland Browns in the AAFC Championship.

The team's statistical leaders included Spec Sanders with 1,442 passing yards, 1,432 rushing yards, and 114 points scored, and Jack Russell with 368 receiving yards.

Season schedule

Playoffs

Division standings

References

New York Yankees (AAFC) seasons
New York Yankees
New York Yankees AAFC
1940s in the Bronx


Rhyme & Reason may refer to:

Film and television
 Rhyme & Reason (film), a 1997 documentary film about rap and hip hop
 Rhyme and Reason (game show), a 1976–1976 American game show

Music
 Rhyme & Reason (Missing Persons album), 1984
 Rhyme & Reason (Ted Nash album), 1999
 Rhyme & Reason (soundtrack), from the 1997 film
 A Rhyme & Reason, an EP by Against All Will, 2009
 "Rhyme & Reason", a song by Dave Matthews Band from Under the Table and Dreaming, 1994

See also
 "Rhyme nor reason", a phrase originated by Edmund Spenser
 "Rhyme or Reason", a 2013 song by Eminem


Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church may refer to:

in Australia
 Holy Trinity Church, North Hobart
 Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Surry Hills

in Austria
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Vienna

in England
Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity, Brighton

in the United States
(by state)
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church (San Francisco, California)
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church (Wilmington, Delaware)
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church (Sioux City, Iowa), listed on the NRHP in Woodbury County, Iowa
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church (Lowell, Massachusetts), NRHP-listed
Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, New York, New York
First Methodist Episcopal-Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Steubenville, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Jefferson County, Ohio
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
Holy Trinity Cathedral (Salt Lake City), Utah, listed on the NRHP as Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church

See also
Holy Trinity Church (disambiguation)


The 2005–06 OPJHL season is the 13th season of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL). The thirty-six teams of the North, South, East, and West divisions will compete in a 49-game schedule.

Come February, the top eight teams of each division competed for the Frank L. Buckland Trophy, the OJHL championship.  The winner of the Buckland Cup, the St. Michael's Buzzers, competed in the Central Canadian Junior "A" championship, the Dudley Hewitt Cup, and finished.  If they had been successful against the winners of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and Superior International Junior Hockey League, the champion Buzzers would have then moved on to play in the Canadian Junior A Hockey League championship, the 2006 Royal Bank Cup.

Changes
Thornhill Thunderbirds became Toronto Thunderbirds
Buffalo Lightning became Buffalo Jr. Sabres
Ajax Axemen became Ajax Attack
Seguin Bruins join the league
Oswego Admirals join the league
Syracuse Jr. Crunch leave the league

Final standings
as of February 6, 2006

Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title

Teams listed on the official league website .

Standings listed by Pointstreak on official league website .

2005-06 Frank L. Buckland Trophy Playoffs

The Final Four

Division Playdowns

East/South

West/North

Note: E is East, S is South, W is West, N is North, WC is Wild Card.

Playoff results are listed by Pointstreak on the official league website .

Dudley Hewitt Cup Championship
Hosted by Fort William North Stars in Thunder Bay, Ontario.  St. Michael's finished fourth.

Round Robin
Dryden Ice Dogs 3 - St. Michael's Buzzers 2
St. Michael's Buzzers 7 - Fort William North Stars 1
Sudbury Jr. Wolves 5 - St. Michael's Buzzers 2

2006 Royal Bank Cup Championship
Hosted by Streetsville Derbys in Brampton, Ontario.  Streetsville finished in the semi-final.

Round Robin
Streetsville Derbys 4 - Burnaby Express 3 OT
Streetsville Derbys 3 - Fort William North Stars 2
Streetsville Derbys 2 - Yorkton Terriers 1
Joliette Action 4 - Streetsville Derbys 1
Semi-final
Yorkton Terriers 2 - Streetsville Derbys 1

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average

Players selected in 2006 NHL Entry Draft
Rd 5 #138	David McIntyre -	Dallas Stars	(Newmarket Hurricanes)
Rd 6 #169	Chris Auger -		Chicago Blackhawks	(Wellington Dukes)
Rd 7 #186	Peter LeBlanc -	Chicago Blackhawks	(Hamilton Red Wings)

See also
 2006 Royal Bank Cup
 Dudley Hewitt Cup
 List of OJHL seasons
 Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Superior International Junior Hockey League
 Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League
 2005 in ice hockey
 2006 in ice hockey

References

External links
 Official website of the Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Official website of the Canadian Junior Hockey League

Ontario Junior Hockey League seasons
OPJHL


Sidi Brahim is a range of branded wines produced in the Atlas mountains, first in Algeria, then in Morocco and now in Tunisia. The wines are blended and bottled or filled into bag-in-boxes in France, and are primarily sold there. It was the second-best selling foreign wine in France, behind Boulaouane (also a Castel brand), as of 2005. The production volume is around three million bottles annually. The wine has been named after the Battle of Sidi-Brahim (1845).

The brand is currently owned by Groupe Castel, which acquired it (and Malesan) in 2003 from William Pitters, a company founded by Bernard Magrez. Magrez/Pitters in turn bought it in 1982. The label of the red wine bottle states that it is "harvested by hand since 1924".

The grape composition of Sidi Brahim and the range of wines offered has varied throughout the years, but in 2010 the composition is indicated as the following:
 Red wine: Cabernet Sauvignon (50%), Syrah (30%), and Merlot (20%).
 Rosé wine: Cinsault (40%) and Grenache gris (60%).
 White wine: Chardonnay (100%).

The blend of the red wine has previously included traditional grown varieties of North Africa (which it used to share with Languedoc-Roussillon), such as Alicante, Aramon, Carignan, Cinsault, and Grenache. The current composition is more "New World-like".

See also
Algerian wine

References

External links
 Official site of the Sidi Brahim

Wine brands
Algerian wine
Tunisian wine
Moroccan wine


Alastair Dickenson is a silver expert. He has made regular appearances on the BBC programme Antiques Roadshow since 1992. Educated at Epsom College, he began his career in the silver trade by joining one of London's major auction houses, Phillips Fine Art Auctioneers, in 1971. By 1983 he had been appointed Head of Antique Silver at Asprey, moving up to becoming a Director of the Antiques Department in 1994. In 1996 he started up his own business in Jermyn Street.

He has lectured all over the world on 16th- to 19th-century silver and silver fakes.

References

External links
Own website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Antiques experts
Living people
Silver


Sher Khan (, ) was the governor of North Bengal from 1268 to 1272 CE.

History
He was a relative of Tatar Khan. He was appointed by the Sultan of Delhi Ghiyasuddin Balban to serve as the Governor of Bengal after the death of Tatar Khan. Sher Khan ruled quietly for four years as he received little funds and power from Delhi. Thus, most of the province remained in the hands of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. He was succeeded by Amin Khan Aitigin after his death.

See also
List of rulers of Bengal
History of Bengal
History of India

References

Governors of Bengal
13th-century Indian Muslims
1272 deaths
Year of birth unknown


Texas Oilman's Bass Invitational (TOBI) is a non-profit organization primarily made up of members who work in, or are retired from, the exploration, production and/or servicing of oil and gas wells throughout the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. The organization supports charitable organizations including Texas Children's Hospital.

Annual fishing tournament
TOBI was founded in 1990 and its 19th annual fishing tournament was held on 13–14 March 2009. The tournament was at Lake Toledo Bend at Cypress Bend Park. In 2006, the tournament was exceptionally held at Lake Sam Rayburn because of the unfavorable water levels at Toledo Bend.

2009 tournament
More than 1,200 amateur anglers participated in the 2009 tournament. Proceeds from the event were primarily contributed to Texas Children's Hospital's Renal Unit. The money raised supports patient care and research in pediatric kidney and urinary tract diseases and disorders. In 2008, $175,000 was raised from the bass fishing tournament. The contributions comprise the proceeds of tournament entry fees – paid by usually more than 500 fishermen – and sponsorships.

Texas Children's Hospital fishing event
In addition to the financial contributions to the hospital, TOBI has an annual fishing event for children receiving care at Texas Children’s Hospital.

Notes

External links
 Tournament blog

Fishing tournaments
Sports in Texas
Non-profit organizations based in Texas


Gorgonum Chaos is a set of canyons in the Phaethontis quadrangle of Mars. It is located at
37.5° south latitude and 170.9° west longitude. Its name comes from an albedo feature at 24S, 154W.  Some of the first gullies on Mars were found in Gorgonum Chaos.  It is generally believed that it once contained a lake. Other nearby features are Sirenum Fossae, Maadim Vallis, Ariadnes Colles, and Atlantis Chaos.  Some of the surfaces in the region are formed from the Electris deposits.

Gullies
Gullies on Mars may be due  to recent flowing water. Many are present in the Gorgonum Chaos.
Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters, and they lie on top of sand dunes which are young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them, the most popular involve liquid water either coming from an aquifer or left over from old glaciers.

There is evidence for both theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in an aquifer at the usual depths where the gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow. They may consist of porus sandstone. This layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). The only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. The water could then flow out onto the surface when it reaches a break, like a crater wall. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in Zion National Park Utah.

On the other hand, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. Under certain conditions the ice could melt and flow down the slopes to create gullies. Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus Crater Rim, as seen by HiRISE.

Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating. When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulates the remaining ice.

See also

 Chaos terrain
 Electris deposits
 Fossa (geology)
 HiRISE
 Lakes on Mars
 List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars
 Martian chaos terrain
 Martian Gullies
 Outflow channels
 Phaethontis quadrangle

References

External links
High resolution videos by Seán Doran of overflights of Gorgonum Chaos, based on a NASA digital terrain model: #1 (higher altitude); #2 (lower altitude); see album for more

Phaethontis quadrangle
Chaotic terrains on Mars


Chak Haryam (Urdu:چک ہریام) is a village, near Islamgarh in the Chakswari tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography

According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 973 and is currently estimated to be about 500.

History

Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.
The migration of many residents from the village chakharyam to Bradford in West Yorkshire was due to the abundance of the wool and textile industry. People settled roots and started a new life with their families. Bradford is also referred to as little Mirpur due to the mass migration of people from Mirpur.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


Drew Leon "Lefty" Rader (May 14, 1901 – June 5, 1975) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. Rader played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in . In 1 career game, he had a 0–0 record, with a 0.00 ERA, pitching in 2 innings. He batted right-handed and threw left-handed.

Rader was born in Elmira, New York and died in Catskill, New York.

References

External links

1901 births
1975 deaths
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New York (state)
Syracuse Orangemen baseball players
Reading Aces players


Chattan is a village the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir.

Demography

According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 126.

History

Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


Maleme Airport () is an airport situated at Maleme, Crete. It has two runways (13/31 and 03/21) with no lights. The airport has closed for commercial aviation, but the Chania Aeroclub continues to use it.

The airport operated until 1959 as the main public airport of Chania.  the Hellenic Air Force makes limited use of the facility. It is used as a military airfield.

Maleme Airport became a historic World War II site when many German parachutists and mountain troops landed there in May 1941 as part of the Battle of Crete.

See also
List of airports in Crete

References

External links
 Maleme at Battlefield Review
 Maleme at Forgotten Airfields
 The Battle of Maleme at Hellenic Foundation

Airports in Greece
Battle of Crete
Buildings and structures in Chania (regional unit)
Hellenic Air Force bases
Airports in Crete


Burjan is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography
According to the 1998 census, its population was 970.

History

Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


Beverly L. "Bev" Masek (née Jerue) (born September 30, 1963) is an Alaska Native and an  American former dog sled racer, and businesswoman. She was a Republican politician who served in the state legislature for several terms.

Early life, education and career
Beverly Jerue was born in Anvik, Alaska in 1963 to an Alaska Native family. She attended local schools, graduating from Anvik High School.

"Bev" married Jan Masek, an immigrant from Czechoslovakia. Together the couple have owned a racing dog kennel and a lodge. Jerue worked as a bookkeeper.

Jerue had learned about sled dogs from childhood. She was active in dog sled racing from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, competing five times in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. She finished the race four times, including as 21st in 1991 and 23rd the next year.

Political career
Jerue became active in the Republican Party, and was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives for several terms, starting in 1994. She served 1995–2005. Masek won an open seat in an election year in which, in the other legislative contests in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Democratic incumbents lost to their Republican challengers.

Masek missed 29 floor sessions in 2001—the highest absentee rate in the House. The next year she was absent from 16 sessions. She was in the hallway when a key budget vote was cast on the House floor in 2002. Masek was chairwoman of the House Resources Committee. She was notable as an Alaska Native lawmaker who was opposed to a state constitutional amendment to grant priority to rural subsistence

Rep. Pete Kott, R-Eagle River, who was vying to be the next House speaker, gave Masek $500 for her 2002 campaign. She also received $1,500 from executives with VECO Corp., which was involved in trying to build a for-profit private prison in Alaska, and Anchorage architecture firm Koonce Pfeffer and Bettis, which was tabbed to design the prospective prison. Rep. Vic Kohring, R-Wasilla, moved to his parents' home in 2002 in order to establish residence there and avoid a primary fight with Masek after portions of their districts were combined.

Indictment and conviction
In 2009, Masek pleaded guilty in the Alaska political corruption probe which was a wide-ranging investigation into bribery in the state legislature stemming from the VECO Corporation, an oil servicing company. She was sentenced to six months in prison with three years probation.  VECO CEO Bill Allen and Vice President Rick Smith, legislators Pete Kott (R), as well as John Cowdery (R), Vic Kohring (R), Tom Anderson (politician) were all sentenced to federal prison in the scandal. James Clark (R) Chief of Staff to Republican Governor Frank Murkowski, and US Senator Theodore F. Stevens (R-AK) were also convicted, but the charges were reversed on appeal.

References

External links
 Beverly Masek, 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature

1963 births
Alaska politicians convicted of crimes
Alaskan Athabaskan people
Businesspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Dog mushers from Alaska
Living people
Republican Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives
Native American state legislators in Alaska
Native American women in politics
Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska
People from Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
People from Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
Politicians convicted under the Travel Act
Women state legislators in Alaska
21st-century American women
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native American politicians
Women dog mushers


Andosols are soils found in volcanic areas formed in volcanic tephra. In some cases Andosols can also be found outside active volcanic areas. Andosols cover an estimated 1–2% of earth's ice-free land surface. Andosols are a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). They are closely related to other types of soils such as Vitrosols, Vitrandosols, Vitrons and Pumice Soils that are used in different soil classification systems. Poorly developed Andosols are often rich in vitreous materials and are therefore also called Vitric Andosols. The name comes from Japanese  ( 'dark') and  ( 'soil'), synonymous with  (). In the USDA soil taxonomy, Andosols are known as Andisols.

Andosols are usually defined as soils containing high proportions of glass and amorphous colloidal materials, including allophane, imogolite and ferrihydrite. Because they are generally quite young, Andosols typically are very fertile except in cases where phosphorus is easily fixed (this sometimes occurs in the tropics). They can usually support intensive cropping, with areas used for wet rice in Java supporting some of the densest populations in the world. Other Andosol areas support crops of fruit, maize, tea, coffee or tobacco. In the Pacific Northwest USA, Andosols support very productive forests.

Andosols occupy ~1% of global ice-free land area. Most occur around the Pacific Ring of Fire, with the largest areas found in central Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, the Pacific Northwest US, Japan, Java and New Zealand's North Island. Other areas occur in the East African Rift, Italy, Iceland and Hawaii. They are the most common type of soil in the Azores.

Fossil Andosols are known from areas far from present-day volcanic activity and have in some cases been dated as far back as the Precambrian 1.5 billion years ago.

Suborders

Aquands – Andosols with a water table at or near the surface for much of the year.
Gelands – Andosols of very cold climates (mean annual temperature <0 °C).
Cryands – Andosols of cold climates.
Torrands – Andosols of very dry climates.
Ustands – Andosols of semiarid and sub humid climates.
Udands – Andosols of humid climates.
Xerands – temperate Andosols with very dry summers and humid winters.
Vitrands – relatively young Andosols that are coarse-textured and dominated by glass.

See also
Pedogenesis
Pedology (soil study)
Soil classification
Trumao

References

Further reading
 W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 11.3.3.

External links
 profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
 profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils

Pedology
Types of soil
Volcanic soils


Zynga Inc. () is an American developer running social video game services. It was founded in April 2007, with headquarters in San Mateo, California. The company primarily focuses on mobile and social networking platforms. Zynga states its mission as "connecting the world through games".

Zynga launched FarmVille, on Facebook in June 2009, reaching ten million daily active users (DAU) within six weeks. As of August 2017, Zynga had thirty million monthly active users (MAU). In 2017, its most successful games were Zynga Poker and Words with Friends 2, with about 57 million games being played at any given moment; and CSR Racing 2, the most popular racing game on mobile devices. Zynga began trading on NASDAQ on December 16, 2011, under the ticker ZNGA.

Take-Two Interactive announced in January 2022 its intent to buy Zynga for . The deal was completed in May 2022.

According to Take-Two Interactive, about 10% of the world's population plays Zynga's games every month.

History
Zynga was founded in April 2007 by Mark Pincus, Eric Schiermeyer, Justin Waldron, Michael Luxton, Steve Schoettler, and Andrew Trader under the name Presidio Media. The company name changed to Zynga in July 2007. Zynga was named after Pincus' American bulldog "Zinga", and uses an image of a bulldog as its logo. Zynga's first game, Texas Hold'Em Poker, now known as Zynga Poker, was released on Facebook in July 2007. It was the first game Facebook introduced on its social networking platform.

Zynga became the Facebook app developer with the most monthly active users in April 2009, with 40 million people playing their games that month. Soon after, the company opened its first external game studio in Baltimore, Zynga East, led by Brian Reynolds.

In June 2009, Zynga acquired MyMiniLife which built and launched FarmVille on Facebook. By August, Farmville was the first game on Facebook to reach 10 million daily active users. On November 23, 2009, FarmVille.com went live as Zynga's first stand-alone game. In February 2010, Farmville had over 80 million players, and on May 18, 2010, Facebook and Zynga entered into a five-year relationship to expand the use of Facebook Credits in Zynga's games.

In December 2010, Zynga's game CityVille surpassed FarmVille as its most popular game with over 61 million monthly active users and a base of over 16 million daily active users.

Zynga filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to raise up to $1 billion in an initial public offering on July 1, 2011. At the time, the company had 2,000 employees. On November 28, 2011, the Finnish game developer Rovio Entertainment rejected an acquisition attempt from Zynga worth $2.25 billion. Zynga began trading on NASDAQ on December 16, 2011.

On June 26, 2012, during the Zynga Unleashed conference, Zynga announced the "Zynga With Friends" network, aiming to connect players of Zynga game titles across multiple platforms. Zynga also announced the Zynga API, intended to help developers build social games. The company announced that three new partners were developing games for Zynga.com including 50 Cubes, Majesco Entertainment and Portalarium. The company unveiled the Zynga Partners for Mobile program to help increase Zynga's presence on mobile devices.

In October 2012, Zynga announced a partnership with bwin.party, an international real-money gaming operator, to launch real-money gaming in the UK, including the release of online poker, a suite of 180 casino games, and the first online FarmVille-branded real money slots game during 2013.

On June 3, 2013, Zynga announced layoffs of 520 employees — roughly 18% of its workforce — and closed offices in New York, Los Angeles, and Dallas. By July 2013, Zynga had reportedly lost nearly half of its user base from the previous year. Consequently, investors decreased Zynga's valuation by $400 million. On July 25, 2013, Zynga said they would not be pursuing real money game production in the US. Following this announcement, shares dropped 13%.

In July 2013, Zynga hired Microsoft's Interactive Entertainment President Don Mattrick as its new CEO. Pincus remained as Zynga's chairman and chief product officer.

In January 2014, the company announced the layoff of 314 workers, about 15% of its total workforce. In April 2014, founder & former CEO Pincus stepped down from his role as chief product officer. He remained as chairman of the board.

First quarter results for 2014 showed that daily active user numbers fell from 53 million to 28 million year-over-year. In April 2014, the company announced its new hire of Alex Garden, co-founder of Relic Entertainment and former Microsoft Game Studios executive.

In July 2014, Zynga signed a lease for office space in Maitland, Florida. Less than one year later, this Orlando-area office was closed.

Don Mattrick left Zynga in April 2015, replaced by predecessor Mark Pincus. Frank Gibeau took over as CEO on March 7, 2016, with Pincus once again stepping aside. Gibeau's last position was as head of mobile for Electronic Arts. He joined Zynga's board of directors in August, 2015.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, revenue was $233.3 million, a 22% increase from the same quarter in 2016, the best quarterly performance in five years. As of January 2018, Zynga had 1,681 employees, approximately 80 million monthly active users, and a market capitalization of $3.39 billion. According to the company, Zynga has had over one billion people play its games since its inception in 2007.

On January 10, 2022, Take-Two Interactive announced its intention to acquire the company in a cash-and-stock deal with a value of $12.7 billion, with Take-Two acquiring all outstanding shares of Zynga at $9.86 apiece Both shareholders of the companies approved the merger on May 19, 2022, and the closing of the transaction took effect on May 23, 2022.

In June 2023, during the FTC v. Microsoft trial cross-examination, Microsoft Gaming CEO Phil Spencer disclosed that Microsoft considered purchasing Zynga before Take-Two Interactive acquired the studio in 2022.

Funding
In its first round of funding in January 2008, Zynga received US$10 million. In July of the same year, Zynga received US$29 million in venture finance from several firms. During its first four years of operation Zynga raised a total of $854 million in three rounds of fund raising. The last round, in February 2011, raised $490 million.

Public offering
On July 1, 2011, the company filed its Form S-1 registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Zynga was priced at $10 per share and began trading on NASDAQ under ZNGA on December 16, 2011. The stock closed down 5% on its first day, then climbed 26% to $13.39 per share after Facebook's IPO filing on February 1, 2012 (Facebook had reported that 12% of its revenue comes from Zynga). In March 2012 ZNGA was trading at $14.50. For several years the stock performed poorly, but in 2017 the price hit a three-year high. By the end of 2017 Zynga's shares were trading at $4.00, a 56% gain for the year.

Acquisitions

Business model
Zynga uses a "free-to-play" business model. Revenue is acquired via direct credit card payments and partner businesses. It sells in-game virtual goods as people play its games, supports in-game advertising, and it has banner advertising around its game portals.

In addition, Zynga games are linked to offers from several partners. Players can choose to accept credit card offers, take surveys or buy services from Zynga's partners in order to obtain game credits. Players may also purchase game credits directly from Zynga. In the game, players can purchase the points for a fee. In March 2010 Zynga started selling pre-paid cards in the US for virtual currency.

In March, 2012, Zynga launched a separate social gaming platform, which included publishing other developers to the Zynga.com platform. Early third-party developers included Row Sham Bow, Inc and Mobscience. In June 2012, Zynga started running Facebook advertisements and sponsored stories on its website. The revenue was split between Facebook and Zynga.

Hasbro partnership
In February 2012, it was announced that Zynga and Hasbro had partnered to create products based on Zynga properties and brands. In October 2012, Zynga and Hasbro launched eight 'face-to-face' games resulting from their collaboration: FarmVille Hungry Hungry Herd and Animal Games; CityVille Monopoly and Skies; Words With Friends Classic, Luxe, To Go; and Draw Something. The Hasbro games included ties to Zynga Web and mobile games, such as in-game currency that players can use in the digital versions of CityVille and FarmVille.

Customer acquisition
The company initially relied on free distribution of its product to users, and later began spending money on marketing.  In 2017, developing a paid user base took priority over a new user acquisition. According to one analyst, Zynga can either fund the creation of new games to attract new users, or it can buy smaller game studios with new games which will bring in new customers.

Platinum Purchase Program
In September 2010, Gawker reported that Zynga had set up a "Platinum Purchase Program," a private club for their top spenders, allowing members to purchase virtual currency at favorable rates. Despite some bad publicity, the program was considered a sound core business principle. The program shut down on October 31, 2014.

Viability
Some journalists questioned the viability of Zynga's business model. Ray Valdes questioned the long-term prospects for Zynga, saying that it would be difficult for the company to make new titles to replace old ones whose novelty is fading. Tom Bollich, a former Zynga investor, said that it is impossible to make a cheap viral game, and that retaining customers is difficult.

In an October 2011 article in The Wall Street Journal, Ben Levisohn said that Zynga has "issues that could limit its upside," such as its dependence on Facebook and its reliance on a small percentage of users and a small number of games for most of its revenue.

In July 2012, after announcing disappointing second quarter results, some analysts speculated that the sale of virtual items may not be a long-term, viable business model. Analyst Richard Greenfield downgraded Zynga from "buy" to "neutral." In 2012 Zynga took steps to turn its business around, which included introducing new Web, mobile, and multiplayer games and developing a gambling game to be introduced outside the U.S. The company worked to increase advertising revenues, which were up to 45 percent in Q2 2012 compared to the previous quarter and increased to 170 percent year-over-year.

In-game sign-up
Through 2009, Zynga let players earn in-game rewards for signing up for credit cards or for a video-rental membership. In November 2009 the company removed all "lead-generating" ads, relying instead on revenue generated by the 1-3 percent of players that pay for in-game items. Since then it began re-introducing the ads back in but with controls to monitor the kinds of ads that appear.

In early November 2009, it was estimated that about one-third of Zynga's revenue came from companies that provide legitimate commercial offers, such as trading Netflix memberships and marketing surveys for in-game cash. Because of criticism and complaints that some ads were scams, on November 2, 2009, former CEO Mark Pincus said that Tatto Media, a major offer provider that enrolled users into recurring cell phone subscriptions, and the worst of the lead generator scam, had already been removed from Zynga and was banned, in addition to requiring providers to filter and police offers before posting to their networks.

Corporate culture

In 2011, Zynga started to move employees to new headquarters, located in San Francisco's South of Market district. Zynga's headquarters, nicknamed "The Dog House", features a coffee shop, gaming arcade, gym, basketball court, and wellness center. At its San Francisco headquarters, Zynga Founder Pincus's goal was to create a "playful gaming environment" that evokes a "fantasy land." Zynga employees, also referred to as "Zyngites", enjoy perks such as free gourmet meals, access to an in-house nutritionist, and personal training.

Zynga operates as a meritocracy in which employees are encouraged to be and are compensated for being great entrepreneurs. The company works hard to be a 'flat organization.' Pincus stated that Zynga is "searching for leaders" and they encourage employees to "break the rules". The company expects workers to fix what they are unhappy with, thus making the workplace better for everyone.

Pincus stated that Zynga is "building a house that we want to live in". He meets with new hires about every two weeks and speaks with them for about 90 minutes, in an open question and answer format. He discusses the company's values, and he encourages the new employees to challenge those values.

Women at Zynga, launched in 2011, is an employee-led resource group that focuses on empowering women to succeed and become leaders in their careers and communities especially within the tech space. According to Stephanie Hess, VP of Communications at Zynga, who also leads Women at Zynga, the group strives to attract, hire and retain top female talent. Women at Zynga also organizes events of special interest to women.

The Christian Science Monitor recognized the company's efforts to use a storytelling model to recognize the diversity of women employees.

Zynga has a "family first" atmosphere and is "kid-friendly" for child visitors. The company has seasonal events, such as a Halloween party to which employees bring their children. Employees feel supported professionally as well as personally. The company believes that "allowing employees to be present in all parts of their life will lead to more productivity in the workplace and beyond." Zynga also "encourages flexibility and supports employees' personal growth". The company also supports employees with infertility issues.

Zynga offers mothers 26 weeks of paid maternity leave, and fathers/partners can take 12 weeks of fully paid parental leave. The company also offers free, on-site, gym and fitness classes, free breakfast and lunch each day, a shuttle service to the Bay Area Rapid Transit and CalTrain in San Francisco. The company also has "relaxation lounges" and arcade and console games, dry cleaning services on-site, and indoor bicycle parking. Each of the different locations offer different benefits to a certain extent. In general, the company is highly "dog-friendly" where "Every day is 'bring your dog to work day'." Employees who own dogs can receive treats for them, pet insurance and a dog park on the roof. There is also a "Take as much time off as you need" policy. The 'Blue Bottle Café' offers free specialty coffee served by baristas. Zynga's culinary program is based on friends cooking for friends, including the menu planning and cooking process.

Prior to the company's 2011 IPO, when Pincus was still CEO, Zynga's corporate culture received some negative media attention for renegotiating the equity packages of four senior employees. Those employees were required to either give up part of their non-vested stock or be fired. Although a San Francisco employment lawyer said in The Wall Street Journal that Zynga's actions would violate the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, no court has ruled on the issue since it has been rare for companies to demand non-vested stock as a condition of continued employment. Pincus later explained that Zynga

wanted to find them another position at the company versus just parting ways. They had the option to leave and have a package, as happened with some other leaders, but we in addition to that offered them other positions at the company that came with different forward compensation.

In November 2011, The New York Times reported that Zynga "operates like a federation of city-states" with each of its games, such as FarmVille and CityVille, run by autonomous teams. This culture reportedly fostered "fierce internal competition" and caused some employees to complain about long hours and stressful deadlines. Two former senior Zynga employees, quoted anonymously by the Times, speculated that Zynga's corporate culture caused the company to lose a bid to acquire mobile game company PopCap and nearly derailed its acquisition of MyMiniLife, which later developed the technology that is the basis for FarmVille. At least one Zynga employee said he planned to cash out and leave Zynga after the IPO.

When asked about the criticisms Zynga had received for its workplace environment, Pincus said the company strives to be a meritocracy with a culture of leveling up through promotions. Pincus's management philosophy is to "turn people into CEOs", encouraging employees to identify and fully own "something really meaningful" to the company. The CEO's philosophy is part of the Zynga meritocracy in which employees are rewarded for results. Pincus told The New York Times:

The only way people will have the trust to give their all to their job is if they feel like their contribution is recognized and valued. And if they see somebody else higher above them just because of a good résumé, or they see somebody else promoted who they don't think deserves it, you're done.

In February 2013, Chief Game Designer Brian Reynolds discussed company culture positively in a post for VentureBeat at the time of his exit from Zynga, saying "the capability to absorb and adapt to change quickly is one of the great strengths of Zynga's culture – the true meaning of the motto and occasional battle cry Zynga Speed!" among other comments.

In 2017, Zynga donated a large sum to the University of Southern California to support the study of social mobile games, inclusive game production, and advancing diversity in the industry.

Recognition
In 2017, Entrepreneur magazine recognized Zynga as one of 11 companies which offer benefits to employees with fertility issues.

Huffington Post recognized Women at Zynga as a group that embodies the company's commitment to gender diversity.

Zynga.org

In 2009, Zynga started a nonprofit organization, Zynga.org, in charge of incorporating charitable contributions into its games such as FarmVille. As of 2015, Zynga.org efforts have raised $20 million for international humanitarian relief efforts and philanthropic initiatives.

Relationship with Facebook
On July 18, 2011, Zynga filed an addendum to its Form S-1 detailing its relationship with Facebook, including the 2010 five-year agreement to use Facebook credits exclusively.

On October 11, 2011, Zynga announced plans to create their own platform on which users can play the company's games. It was Zynga's first major step away from the social media giant.

At one point during 2011, Zynga made up 19 percent of Facebook's revenue, partly because of the special mutually beneficial relationship between the two companies.

In November 2012, Facebook ended its special agreement with Zynga. Effective March 31, 2013, Zynga was bound by the standard Facebook Platform policies.

In May 2017, Zynga launched Words with Friends on Facebook's newly launched platform Instant Games, on Facebook's Messenger instant messaging app.

Owned studios

Headquarters
In the fall of 2010, Zynga signed a rental agreement for 270,000 square feet (25,000 m2) of office space at the site of former Sega offices. In 2012, the company purchased the entire building, with about 407,000 square feet of total space, for $228 million. The building was reported to be worth about $500 million in 2016.

In 2022, Zynga relocated its headquarters to San Mateo, California.

Active studios

Former studios

Reception and controversies

Spam concerns
Many of Zynga's games involve players posting messages to non-players, often for in-game benefits. Many non-players have notably complained about such communications created by those games that appear to them as "spammy." Peter Jamison described Zynga's communications as a "deluge" of "unwanted gifts or requests for neighborly 'help'". Facebook groups created to express displeasure regarding overexposure of Zynga's games attracted millions of members. As a result of this, Facebook modified their application developers policy to prevent applications from sending messages to news feeds of friends or submitting updates to the notifications bar. Kotaku attributed the removal of Facebook notifications to a decline of users of Zynga games in April and May 2010.

Intellectual property infringement
Zynga has been accused several times of copying game concepts of popular games by competing developers. The launch of Mafia Wars sparked a lawsuit from the makers of Mob Wars. An attorney for Psycho Monkey, the creators of Mob Wars, said that in making Mafia Wars, Zynga "copied virtually every important aspect of the game." The suit was settled out of court for $7–9 million. An Ars Technica column said that Zynga's Café World and Playfish's Restaurant City were "nearly identical"; Café World was released six months after Restaurant City. Its gameplay, design, graphics, avatars, and even in-game items are almost identical to the ones in Restaurant City. In addition, journalists have remarked that Zynga's FarmVille is similar to Farm Town, another Zynga game, with Peter Jamison calling it "uncannily similar."

In September 2010, SF Weekly reported that an employee recalled Mark Pincus advising him to "copy what [Zynga's competitors] do and do it until you get their numbers." NimbleBit founder Ian Marsh has accused Zynga of copying its award-winning Tiny Tower game to create Dream Heights. Within a week, Buffalo Studios alleged that its game Bingo Blitz was copied by Zynga in making Zynga Bingo. Pincus responded by saying that tower-building games have existed since SimTower (1994) and that Zynga uses mechanics and ideas developed throughout the history of video games to create the "best-in-market games." He added that Bingo Blitz has similarities to the discontinued Zynga game Poker Blitz. In response, Marsh argued that other tower games like SimTower and Tower Bloxx are substantially different from Tiny Tower and Dream Heights, and that Zynga copied Tiny Tower's "core gameplay mechanics and rules" and tutorial steps. Inside Social Games writer Pete Davison said that although Zynga's The Ville is "not a complete clone" of The Sims Social, it was "very similar."

Zynga founder Mark Pincus has dismissed the criticisms, saying that competing video game makers have always released similar titles for each genre of game. The managing director of Lightspeed Venture Partners, Jeremy Liew, said that creating similar competing games has "always been part of the game industry." Following Zynga's January 2012 release of Hidden Chronicles, Paul Tassi of Forbes wrote that Zynga "refuses to innovate in any way, and is merely a follower when it comes to ideas and game design." In September 2009 Zynga was threatened with legal action by Nissan for using their trademarks in the game Street Racing. Zynga subsequently renamed and changed the thumbnail images of all cars that were branded Nissan and Infiniti to "Sindats" and "Fujis" with the thumbnails changed. At the time they also renamed and redesigned automobiles depicted as being made by GM, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Saab, and others. In September 2009, Zynga initiated trade secrets lawsuits against Playdom and 22 other rivals, including Green Patch which Playdom acquired in November 2009. These lawsuits were finally settled in November 2010. In October 2010, Zynga was criticized on Hacker News and other social media sites for having filed a patent application relating to the ability to purchase virtual currency for cash on gambling and other gaming sites. Commentators said that significant prior art exists for the concept.

In January 2011, Techdirt reported that Zynga sent a cease and desist letter to Blingville alleging trademark infringement for its use of the letters "ville" in the name of a proposed Facebook game. Blingville filed a suit for declaratory judgment that it did not infringe on a Zynga trademark. As reported in Gamasutra, Jay Monahan of Zynga responded by saying that Blingville's "[use] of the name 'BlingVille' is an obvious attempt to capitalize on the fame and goodwill associated with Zynga's family of 'ville' games which includes FarmVille and CityVille".

In November 2011, Inside Mobile Apps wrote that Zynga's lawyers demanded that mobile game developer Latman Interactive abandon its trademark registration for the game Quackville. Night Owl Games has also filed a lawsuit for declaratory judgment that its game Dungeonville does not infringe any Zynga trademarks after Zynga protested Night Owl's registration of the Dungeonville trademark. In May 2012, Zynga sued Kobojo for trademark infringement for calling one of its games PyramidVille. In October that year Zynga and Kobojo settled the suit with neither party making any payment as part of the settlement.

On May 20, 2011, it was reported that The Learning Company, owners of The Oregon Trail trademark, filed a trademark infringement suit against Zynga, which was planning an "Oregon Trail" expansion to FrontierVille. The Learning Company had previously contacted Zynga about an Oregon Trail game on Facebook, but Zynga declined. On May 24, Games.com writer Brandy Shaul wrote that Zynga was dropping the Oregon Trail name and soliciting new names for the expansion. The name of the expansion became "Pioneer Trail." In March 2015 Zynga announced it was closing six games, including Pioneer Trail.

In August 2012, Electronic Arts (EA) sued Zynga for copyright infringement, alleging that Zynga's The Ville copied expressive elements of EA's The Sims Social. Zynga's counsel responded by alleging that EA's SimCity Social "bears an uncanny resemblance to Zynga's CityVille". The litigants settled their suit in February 2013. The agreement stipulated that each side would bear its own legal costs and drop the allegations.

On October 14, 2012, Zynga filed a lawsuit against a former general manager Alan Patmore, for allegedly misappropriating trade secrets. The suit claimed Patmore misappropriated trade secrets and was in breach of contract. The suit was settled in September 2013.

Insider trading allegations

In July 2012, a class action lawsuit was filed against Zynga, alleging that Mark Pincus and some other insiders were allowed to sell shares before disappointing Q2 results were revealed. The lawsuit was settled in August 2015 for $23 million.

In March 2015, a district judge ruled that plaintiffs can pursue a lawsuit against Zynga on claims executives inflated the company's value prior to its 2011 initial public offering by concealing weaknesses in its R&D pipeline of new games, numbers of users and their purchasing patterns, and other key metrics.

Other legal issues

In late May 2010, the Norwegian Consumer Council filed a complaint to the Data Inspectorate regarding breaches of the Data Protection Act. In August 2011 the Data Inspectorate concluded that Facebook is not under Norwegian jurisdiction, since the company is established in Ireland and not in Norway. The complaint was therefore forwarded to the Irish commissioner of data protection.

In August 2010, the San Francisco city attorney's office complained about the firm's guerrilla marketing campaign for its Mafia Wars game that pasted fake money on city sidewalks, calling it "vandalism". Davis Elen Advertising took responsibility for the ad campaign and agreed to pay the city of San Francisco $45,000 in fines for illegal marketing tactics.

Data breach
In September 2019, a Pakistani hacker that goes by the name Gnosticplayers claimed to have hacked into Zynga's database of Words with Friends players and gained access to the 218 million accounts registered there. While Zynga affirmed the hack and that the information revealed included names, emails, Login IDs, hashed and salted passwords (SHA-1), password reset tokens, Zynga account IDs and connections to Facebook and other social media services, they did not state how many accounts were affected, but would contact those players with affected accounts. The data breach-tracking website Have I Been Pwned? affirmed in December 2019 that more than 173 million accounts were affected.

Mobile games

Board games
In 2012, Zynga, in conjunction with Hasbro, released several physical board games based on the various properties in the Zynga game library. These games were released under the Hasbro imprint, "Hasbro Gaming".

As of 2012, Zynga's list of available games includes board game versions of Draw Something, a CityVille edition of Monopoly, Words with Friends, and several kids' "Animal Games" based on FarmVille.

Notes

References

See also
 Browser game
 Opera GX
 List of browser games
 List of multiplayer browser games

External links

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Companies based in San Mateo, California
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Mobile game companies

Take-Two Interactive divisions and subsidiaries
Video game companies established in 2007
Video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Virtual economies


Chechian is a village the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography
According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 663.

Name
The village gets its name from the Chechi clan of the Gujjar tribe.

Local geography
Chechian is situated around 10 kilometres from the Mirpur AJK City. It is surrounded by mountains on one side and famous River Jhelum on the other side. The nearest towns include Mangla, Afzalpur and Jatlaan. The famous Pakistani city of Jhelum is also not far if you decide to cross the river by boat.
The famous landmarks of the village include world famous shrine of Sufi and poet of Punjabi language Mian Muhammed Bukhash (Author of Saif-Al-Mlook), Women Degree College Chechian and Islamic University Campus for Men.
Shrine or Darbaar hosts many events and religious gatherings throughout the year and also offers a free meal for all every day.

The Chechian's main shopping market or bazaar is one of the biggest in the town and many shoppers come here from neighbouring villages and towns.
The main occupation of people here is farming and agriculture. Chechian is very famous for its Basmati rice.

Power and water
Chechian has power from Mangla Dam a hydroelectric station providing the region with green energy! The village experiences power-cuts of a few minutes a night on a frequent basis.
The nearby river Jehlum has hydroelectric turbines running throughout it. It has many bridges: (pedestrian, animal & scooter/ motorbike crossings, others big enough for vehicles) along its length connecting the two sides.
Chechian still lacks basic running water pipes & a water treatment plant. Most water drank by the people is from private wells or bottled water. The local water is safe to drink but not is recommended for non-locals.
Most plastic, metal, paper, other recyclable materiel is collected by some people and sold in the city of Mirpur as a means of income.

Education
There is a government degree college for women in Chechian.
There are also several elementary schools for both genders.
There is an Islamic university for males. The university requires no fees or money from its students/public as it is funded by the local "Khari Sharif Peer Shah Gazi Darbar"  – which is a famous monastery and shrine.
The Monastery also provides Quran classes on a daily basis and free food for all every Friday; it is considered a blessing and people from all ranks of society are encouraged to eat together and as one.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


KCEL (96.1 FM, "Que Buena 96.1") is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Mojave, California, United States and serves the Antelope Valley area. The station is owned by High Desert Broadcasting LLC and broadcasts a regional Mexican format.

History
The station on 96.1 FM first signed on as KMVE.

In June 2008, High Desert Broadcasting began programming KMVE under a local marketing agreement with Coloma Mojave.

On January 1, 2009, High Desert Broadcasting swapped the frequencies of KMVE and sister station KCEL (106.9 FM). With the move, 96.1 FM assumed the KCEL call letters and began airing a regional Mexican format branded as "Radio Lazer 96.1". Later, the station rebranded as "Que Buena 96.1 FM".

In June 2011, Ventura, California-based Point Broadcasting, owner of High Desert Broadcasting, purchased Coloma Mojave LLC, licensee of KCEL.

References

External links

CEL
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States
Antelope Valley
Mojave, California
Radio stations established in 2003


Arthur Francis O'Donel Alexander (1896–1971) was an English amateur astronomer and writer. He is best known for his books The Planet Saturn - A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery (1962), and The Planet Uranus - A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery (1965), historical accounts of the observations of these planets from the earliest date up to the date of publication.

An historian by training, who wrote his PhD on two years of the Hundred Years' War, he was an educational administrator and, at his retirement, Head of Education for Dorset after returning to UK from Japan, where he had previously been teaching English. He lived for many years in Dorchester where he was a keen observer of the night sky.

References
 Obituary: A. F. O'D Alexander, 1896-1971, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Volume 83, pages 353 - 355 (1073)

20th-century British astronomers
Amateur astronomers
1896 births
1971 deaths
People from Dorchester, Dorset


Texas Department of State Health Services is a state agency of Texas. The department was created by House Bill 2292 of the 78th Texas Legislature in 2003 through the merging of four state agencies: the Texas Department of Health, Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Texas Health Care Information Council, and Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. The department provides state-operated health care services, including hospitals, health centers, and health agencies. The agency is headquartered at the Central Campus at 1100 West 49th Street in Austin. The DSHS Council governs the department.

The agency's Mental Health and Substance Abuse Division, along with Public Policy Research Institute at Texas A&M University coordinate the Texas School Survey, a program consisting of two surveys on drug and alcohol abuse, an annual one done at the local school-district level and a biennial statewide survey. The statewide survey, called the Texas School Survey of Substance Use, is the largest survey of its kind to be conducted in the United States and administered to over 100,000 public school students between grades 7–12.

Leadership
Dr. Jennifer Shuford is the Commissioner of the Texas Department of State Health Services. She was appointed to this position in December 2022.

Geographic structure
The agency provides an array of public health services and oversight across the state through eight regional offices.
 Region 1 - Lubbock
 Region 2/3 - Arlington
 Region 4/5 North - Tyler
 Region 6/5 South - Houston
 Region 7 - Temple
 Region 8 - San Antonio
 Region 9/10 - El Paso
 Region 11 - Harlingen

References

External links

 TexasDSHS - YouTube
Commissioner's 2020 message to agency staff: https://vimeo.com/481396814/494288bd08

State Health Services
State departments of health of the United States
Healthcare in Texas
Medical and health organizations based in Texas
2003 establishments in Texas


MEMOrg is a proprietary software program, owned by the translation company Serious Business, located in Bucharest, Romania. The program is a Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) online tool.

Operation
MEMOrg uses a database of previous translations stored on a central server to which all users can connect.

Once inside the tool, the user can select the best fit filters (such as domains, references, languages or better qualified translators) for his or her project.

Translation software


Great Onyx Cave is a cave located in Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky, United States. The National Park Service offers a commercial tour of the cave.

Discovery

Great Onyx Cave was discovered in 1915 by Edmund Turner. According to one story, Turner made a proposition to Flint Ridge landowner L. P. Edwards, knowing through his cave explorations that there was a cave under Edwards' land. Turner asked Edwards if he could have a share in the cave's ownership if he showed Edwards where to dig. Edwards agreed, and the resulting cave was named Great Onyx Cave because of its cave onyx formations. Turner continued to explore the cave while Edwards rushed to commercialize it. Shortly thereafter, when Turner died (probably of pneumonia), Edwards claimed that he discovered the cave.

History

The owners of Great Onyx Cave refused to sell their land when the federal government was purchasing property for Mammoth Cave National Park during the 1930s. When the National Park was established in 1941, Great Onyx Cave remained a privately held "island" within the Park's borders. The cave was finally sold to the National Park Service and became a part of the National Park in January 1961.

Court case

The Great Onyx Case was also the subject of litigation that reached Kentucky's high courts in 1929 (232 Ky. 791, 24 S.W.2d 619). Edwards was successfully sued by a neighboring landowner (Lee) who alleged that the cave ran underneath his property.  Invoking the ad coelem et ad inferos principle, the court ordered restitution of all profits derived from running tours on the plaintiff's property.  However, the basis of this ruling has been subject to much controversy: invoking the user principle of damages for trespass, the plaintiff ought to have been due only reasonable rental value of the land.  It is for this reason that unjust enrichment theorists at Oxford University believe the case to have been one of unjust enrichment, the enrichment of the defendant having been at the expense of the plaintiff's proprietary right, thus severing the link between enrichment and loss and thereby confirming the unjust enrichment analysis of cases such as Trustee of FC Jones and Son v Jones, Foskett v McKeown and the doctrine of equitable tracing.

Lack of connection
Great Onyx Cave is unusual in that it has not yet been connected to nearby Mammoth Cave; it is the only major Flint Ridge cave which has yet to be connected with the Flint Ridge Cave System, despite exploration efforts. In fact, passages in the Flint Ridge Cave System pass beneath surveyed passages in Great Onyx Cave. Rocks and sand were piled against the walls of the cave to make trails when the cave was commercialized, possibly blocking off passages which might connect to Mammoth Cave. Legend has it that this was the revenge of Turner, who was never able to profit from his discovery of Great Onyx Cave, against Edwards.

See also
 List of caves in the United States

References

External links

Caves of Kentucky
Protected areas of Edmonson County, Kentucky
Show caves in the United States
Limestone caves
Landforms of Edmonson County, Kentucky


Charles Chandler is the name of:

 Charles Chandler, an extra on the set of The Captive (1915) who was killed in an onset shooting.
 Charles Chandler (cricketer) (1870–1940), Jamaican cricketer
 Charles Chandler (rower) (1911–1982), American rower and Olympic gold medalist
 Charles F. Chandler (1836–1925), American chemist and public-health reformer
 Charles deForest Chandler (1878–1939), American military aviator
 Charles Chandler (comics), a Marvel Comics character


Dil Ka Kya Kasoor () is a 1992 Indian Hindi-language musical melodrama film directed by Lawrence D'Souza. It stars Divya Bharti and debutant Prithvi with Sanam, Suresh Oberoi and Laxmikant Berde in supporting roles. The music of the film, from the duo Nadeem-Shravan, was an instant hit due to its catchy melodies.

Plot
Shalini is the only sister of a rich businessman, Rajesh Saxena, who is a much older character in the movie, and more like a father figure to his sister Shalini. Shalini falls in love with her classmate, Arun Kumar after he performs a song which was authored by her under a pseudonym. But she doesn't tell Arun about this because he doesn't like her; he thinks Shalini is a spoiled rich girl; she had behaved thus a few times with him and some others. Without disclosing his own identity or purpose, Shalini's brother Rajesh goes to meet Arun, only to find out that he is an orphan, is from an underprivileged background and is living in a hostel room, since he doesn't have a house of his own. Arun also rejects any help from Rajesh, as he would prefer to face the world on his own.

Rajesh tells Shalini that he will only arrange her marriage to Arun if Arun reaches a status in society comparable to theirs. Shalini knows that Arun is a good singer because he often sings at college functions and decides to confess her love when Arun becomes what he deserves as she neither wanted to make her love bondage for Arun nor wanted to go against her brother. She tells her friend, Madhu, to use her money to start up a music/stage production company and indirectly encourages Arun to become a singer. She starts writing songs for Arun Kumar (without publishing them elsewhere), but still prefers to remain anonymous. Arun gets these songs from an editor, Mr. Verma, who tells him that these songs are written by a girl called Seema (who wishes to stay anonymous). Through her songs, Arun becomes popular and wealthy in a short while and wants to express his gratitude by meeting her, but Mr. Verma maintains Seema's anonymity, allowing Arun to correspond via letters.

Finally, Shalini's brother is ready to get her married to (a very successful) Arun, and also announces his intention to Shalini. But they soon find out that Arun has married the principal's daughter, Meena. The marriage was not the culmination of any romance, rather the apt thing to do when the principal, who was a mentor to Arun, suddenly died, leaving his lone daughter behind without any support.

Shalini then decides to remain unmarried for the rest of her life. However, due to her love being remained unrequited and the heartbreak caused by it her health gradually deteriorates and she is hospitalized due to patches detected in her lungs. Mr. Verma tells Arun that Seema is in the hospital and about to die. He goes to the hospital, only to find out that Seema is none other than Shalini. He tells her wife about Shalini and they go to the hospital together, where Arun symbolically accepts Shalini as his wife (on being encouraged by Meena), but Shalini soon passes way. A daughter is born to the pregnant Meena, who's named Seema, to honor the memory of Shalini.

Cast
 Divya Bharti as Shalini Saxena / Seema
 Prithvi  as Arun Kumar
 Sanam as Meena
 Suresh Oberoi as Rajesh Saxena
 Laxmikant Berde as Murli
 Satyendra Kapoor as Kaka
 Shehnaz Kudia as Shalini's Friend
 Kishore Anand Bhanushali as Kishore Anand

Reception
The film was a musical bonanza, but failed to create an impact at the box office becoming a box office bomb. Despite its failure, the performance of Divya Bharti as the main protagonist received praise and is considered one of her Best Performances.

Soundtrack
The music for all the songs was composed by Nadeem-Shravan. The title track and "Mera Sanam Sabse Pyara Hai" were popular numbers. Most of the songs are sung by Kumar Sanu. Other singers include Asha Bhosle, Sadhana Sargam, Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan.

The song "Ga Raha Hoon Is Mehfil Mein" is copy of song "Na Koi Gila Hai" sung by Mehdi Hassan from a Pakistani movie named Zanjeer (1975) composed by M. Ashraf.

References

External links

1992 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan
Films directed by Lawrence D'Souza


Riven is a Christian novel published through Tyndale House in 2008 written by Jerry Jenkins, detailing the deathbed-conversion of a career criminal, and the involvement in it of a largely unsuccessful pastor turned prison-chaplain.

Plot summary
Brady Darby's Story

Sixteen-year-old Brady Wayne Darby and his eight-year-old brother Peter live in Touhy Avenue Trailer-Park with their alcoholic chain-smoking mother Erlene; Erlene's husband had abandoned her shortly after Peter's birth.

Brady, who dreams of buying a car and fleeing the trailer-park, has obtained a part-time job sweeping up the local launderette—from which he often takes a share of the coins in the machines' boxes to supplement his wages.  At school, he is on the Football Team; however, he generally does not perform well academically, which causes him to be cut from the athletic squad—with a suggestion from the coach to try the Drama Club.

Thomas Carey's Story

Forty six-year-old Thomas Carey, a pastor who has never been long at one church, finds a posting in Georgia.  While going there, he and his wife Grace visit their twenty four-year-old daughter Ravinia, a law student at Emory University of whose spiritual position they have great concern.

The Careys are eventually driven out of this posting by the Selection Board chairman, who has decided hypocritically (as his own five sons have a combined-total of eight marriages) that Thomas Carey is a poor example of a Christian, having not raised Ravinia properly.  They eventually move to Adamsville, OH where Carey is appointed as the chaplain of the Adamsville State Prison, a super-maximum-security facility which houses a death row.  ASP's warden, Frank "Yanno" (so nicknamed due to his oft starting sentences with "yeah, no"—a nickname he dislikes to hear) LeRoy allows inmates condemned to death to choose their method of execution, assuming they will choose between:
 hanging (he boasts to Carey that ASP is one of the few prisons to still have a gallows)
 electrocution
 gas-chamber
 lethal-injection

When they reach Adamsville, Grace Carey is diagnosed as having a severe form of leukemia, for which inducing remission is possible for short-term, but not permanently.

Brady Darby's Conversion

After Brady, now 30, is convicted of the horrific murder of twentythree-year-old Katie North (whom he believed to be in love with him), he is sentenced to death speedily—and though there is a mandatory appeals process which can take several (at least three) years, he informs his lawyer that he will be uncooperative so that his execution will be guaranteed.  He is taken to ASP in Adamsville.

After his 90-day administrative-break-in period, Brady asks for a meeting with Carey, and is mailed a literature packet (which includes The Romans Road and a modern-English translation of the New Testament).  Within a month, he asks for a personal visit from Carey so that he can "confess Christ with his mouth".

About six months into his time at ASP, Brady chooses the method of his execution—crucifixion, complete with thorn-crown and spear-pierce of his side after his death—which surprises not only Carey and Ravinia, but even Yanno who initially reacts that Brady must choose from the four methods he has in-situ.  Ravinia is, however, able to persuade Yanno on this, as Brady's idea is to show exactly how ugly and cruel that first-century Roman punishment was.  As Ohio's Director Of Corrections and its Governor argue against the appeals—successfully—and anti-death-penalty activists protest against the planned execution, the Government Of Israel donates a cross specifying it as "roughly of original Roman dimensions".  Eventually, Brady's request to be crucified is granted—but his requests for thorn-crown and post-mortem piercing are denied.

As the date draws closer, Brady sees his mother claim on TV that she "had raised him to know Jesus" and that she is "glad he is coming back to his faith", and then wailing that she cannot fly from her current address in Florida to visit her son.  The International Cable Network, which is covering the execution and its leadup, flies her to Adamsville for a visit.  Brady, meanwhile, reads the Bible aloud for other inmates, hoping that some of them will also convert.

2008 American novels
American Christian novels

Muskingum County, Ohio
Novels set in Ohio


Mangalore is a locality in the state of Victoria, Australia. The town is the Shire of Strathbogie local government area, 2 hours north of Melbourne. It was served by the Mangalore Railway Station, and is currently served by the Mangalore Airport. It is accessible by road along the Goulburn Valley Highway and Hume Highway.

Climate

References

External links

Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Strathbogie
Shire of Mitchell


The R1 is a line of Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service, operated by Renfe Operadora. It runs northwards from the Barcelona area to the southern limits of the province of Girona, passing through the coastal Maresme region. Since 2014, some services have been extended further north towards Portbou, near the French border. These services are designated RG1 and are considered part of the Girona commuter rail service. The line had an annual ridership of 28 million in 2016, achieving an average weekday ridership of 102,214 according to 2008 data.

R1–RG1 trains primarily run on the Barcelona–Mataró–Maçanet-Massanes railway, the first railway line in the Iberian Peninsula. They use the Meridiana Tunnel in Barcelona, where they share tracks with Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service lines  and , as well as regional rail line , calling at Sants, Plaça de Catalunya and Arc de Triomf stations. R1 services use  as their southernmost terminus and  as their northernmost one. On the other hand, no RG1 services run south of , or north of .

Together with lines , R3, and R4, the R1 (then simply numbered line 1) started services in 1989 as one of the first lines of the Cercanías commuter rail system for Barcelona, known as Rodalia Barcelona. Originally, R1 services had two southern termini, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Barcelona–El Prat Airport stations. In 2005, all trains terminating at the airport moved their southern terminus to Molins de Rei. In the long-term future, it is projected that the R1 will take over the southern section of line R2, creating a major north–south axis that will extend along the coast of the Barcelona metropolitan area.

History
The current line scheme of the R1 started operating on , after the dismantling of the former route of the Barcelona–Mataró–Maçanet-Massanes railway through the Barcelona neighborhood of Poblenou. Earlier, all the commuter rail services coming from Mataró used the route through Poblenou, terminating at Estació de les Rodalies, a terminus station that was located adjacent to the still existing Estació de França. All services coming from Mataró were then rerouted through the Sagrera rail complex and the Meridiana Tunnel to access Barcelona, terminating at L'Hospitalet de Llobregat or Barcelona–El Prat Airport stations, depending on the station of origin. The services coming from Mataró terminated at the airport, whilst the services coming from north of Mataró terminated at L'Hospitalet de Llobregat. Since the new through line scheme offered more stops within Barcelona and better connections with the city's metro system, the line's ridership doubled. Throughout 1989, this new line scheme was incorporated as part of line 1 of Rodalia Barcelona (predecessor of the R1), the Cercanías commuter rail system for the Barcelona area, created in the same year.

On 4 December 2005, the services between Mataró and the airport were suspended due to the construction works of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line in Barcelona's southern access, leaving the airport without any direct trains to Barcelona. These services moved their southern terminus from the airport to Molins de Rei, originating the line's current termini. The R1 also started operating as a shuttle line between the airport and El Prat de Llobregat railway station until 22 July 2006, when line  was created, providing a direct rail link between the airport and central Barcelona anew.

Infrastructure
Like the rest of Rodalies de Catalunya lines, the R1–RG1 runs on the Iberian gauge mainline railway system, which is owned by Adif, an agency of the Spanish government. All of the railway lines carrying Rodalies de Catalunya services are electrified at 3,000 volts (V) direct current (DC) using overhead lines. The R1–RG1 operates on a total line length of , which is entirely double-track, excepting for the single-track section between  and  stations. The trains on the line call at up to 48 stations, using the following railway lines, in order from south to north:

The entire length of the Barcelona–Mataró–Maçanet-Massanes railway is solely used by the R1–RG1, though the rest of the infrastructure it uses is shared with other services. South of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, it shares tracks with Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service line . Between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Arc de Triomf stations, R1 and RG1 trains share tracks with commuter rail lines  and R4, and regional rail line , using the Meridiana Tunnel through central Barcelona. After Arc de Triomf, they branch off to El Clot-Aragó railway station, running on exclusive tracks from this point on to Maçanet-Massanes. North of Maçanet-Massanes, the R1–RG1 shares tracks with regional line  and freight services.

In May 2015, Adif announced that the R1–RG1 would be the first Rodalies de Catalunya line to feature the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) signaling and security system. ERTMS Level 2 will be installed on the  section between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and , increasing capacity and reliability parameters.

Operation

There are no end-to-end services between  and  stations on the R1–RG1, which means only partial services operate on the line. The services commencing or terminating at Molins de Rei do not usually run north of  or . On the other hand, most services commencing or terminating at  run north of Arenys de Mar, using , , ,  or Portbou stations as their northern terminus, in order from south to north. Furthermore, since 31 January 2009, there have been no limited services, so that the entirety of R1 and RG1 trains call at all stations. Previously, some R1 trains had operated limited services, skipping , , and  stations. The first trains run about 5:00 in the morning, with the latest arriving at about 1:00 at night.

The designation of the services operating on the line depends on the route they operate. The services between Molins de Rei and Maçanet-Massanes are designated R1 in coordination with the rest of Barcelona commuter rail service lines, whilst the services between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and other stations located further north of Maçanet-Massanes are designated RG1 (the letter 'G' stands for Girona) to indicate that they are part of the Girona commuter rail service. RG1 services began operating on  after former R1 services between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Maçanet-Massanes were extended northwards to Figueres. Since , some of these services have been extended further north to Portbou.

, the service routes operating on the R1–RG1 are as follows:

The line's activity gathers on the section between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Mataró, where a peak-time frequency of 6 minutes has been offered since 26 June 2011, that is the highest on any line of the Rodalies de Catalunya system. The service frequency reduces as the line moves away from Barcelona, especially on the section north of Maçanet-Massanes, where only RG1 services operate on weekdays, and which is already served by regional rail line . Moreover, the R1 does not operate south of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat on weekends, when this section is solely served by Barcelona commuter rail service line .

, the approximate service frequencies on the R1–RG1 are as follows:

The trains used on the R1–RG1 are Civia—specifically, the 463, 464 and 465 Series, which consist of three, four and five cars per set, respectively—and 447 Series electrical multiple units (EMU). Civia trains have been running on the line since July 2006, initially only operating services between Molins de Rei and Calella.  On average, these trains operate a total of 216 services on the line every day on weekdays, accounting for a ridership of 102,214, according to 2008 data.

Future
The 2008–2015 Rail Infrastructure Master Plan for the Barcelona Commuter Rail Service, developed by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and Transport, plans to establish a "coast-to-coast" and "inland-to-inland" line scheme. According to this project, the current R1 will be extended southwards from  to  stations, via , taking over the southern section of the present line . The R1 will become the "coast-to-coast" line, creating a new major south–north axis along the coast of the Barcelona metropolitan area. R1 trains will continue to use the Meridiana Tunnel in central Barcelona with the new line scheme, which is currently not possible due to the configuration of the southern rail accesses to Barcelona Sants. A long-term project with an uncertain completion date, the new configuration would require multimillion-euro investments since it is associated with the construction of a new underground route in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat for the Rodalies de Catalunya lines running through the city as well as the new rail link for Barcelona–El Prat Airport.

As stated in the master plan, the proposed peak-time service frequencies for the future R1 would be as follows:

List of stations

The following table lists the name of each station served by line R1–RG1 in order from south to north; the station's service pattern offered by R1 and/or RG1 trains; the transfers to other Rodalies de Catalunya lines, including both commuter and regional rail services; remarkable transfers to other transport systems; the municipality in which each station is located; and the fare zone(s) each station belongs to according to the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM Àrea de Barcelona) and the Autoritat Territorial de la Mobilitat de l'Àrea de Girona (ATM Àrea de Girona) fare-integrated public transport systems, as well as Rodalies de Catalunya's own fare zone system for Barcelona commuter rail service lines.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Rodalies de Catalunya official website
 Schedules for the R1–RG1 (PDF format): Molins de Rei–Figueres section Mataró–Portbou section (limited version for the Girona commuter rail service)
 Official Twitter accounts by Rodalies de Catalunya for lines R1 and RG1 with service status updates (tweets usually published only in Catalan)

 R1 (rodalia 1) on Twitter. Unofficial Twitter account by Rodalia.info monitoring real-time information about the R1 provided by its users.
 Information about lines R1 and RG1 at trenscat.cat

1
Railway services introduced in 1989


Capitol Hill Historic District may refer to:

Capitol Hill Historic District (Salt Lake City, Utah), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Utah
Capitol Hill Historic District (Washington, D.C.), listed on the NRHP in Washington, D.C.