Quan Deyu (; 759 – September 30, 818), courtesy name Zaizhi (), formally Duke Wen of Fufeng (), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.

Biography

Ancestry, birth and early life
Quan Deyu was born in 759, during the reign of Emperor Suzong. His family was from Tianshui. His family claimed descendance from the Later Qin official Quan Yi, although the traceable part of his family tree was from the Sui dynasty official Quan Rong ().  Quan Deyu's male-line ancestors, after Quan Rong, served as officials for the Tang dynasty, although Quan Deyu's grandfather Quan Chui () was not listed with any official titles. Quan Deyu's father Quan Gao () was well known for his avoidance of being involved in the rebellions of An Lushan and Li Lin.

Quan Deyu himself was said to be capable of writing poetry at age three.  When his father Quan Chui died, he observed a mourning period and was said to behave filially piously during that period.  At age 14, he wrote hundreds of essays, which were compiled into a 10-volume collection known as the Collection from a Learned Child () and he thus became famous.

During Emperor Dezong's reign
When the official Han Hui () served as surveyor of the Henan region (), the region immediately south of the Yellow River, he invited Quan Deyu to serve as his secretary.  Early in the Zhenyuan era (785-805) of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, Quan served on the staff of Li Jian () the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi).  When his term of service under Li Jian finished, two other regional governors, Du You and Pei Zhou () both invited him to serve on their respective staffs whilst both their requests for his service arrived at the capital Chang'an at the same time.  As Emperor Dezong had also heard that Quan had a good reputation, he summoned Quan to serve as Taichang Boshi (), a consultant at the Ministry of Worship (太常寺, Taichang Si), and later as Zuo Bujue (), a low-level consultant at the Chancellory, also known as the Edict Examination Bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng).

While Quan served in Emperor Dezong's administration, he submitted advice to Emperor Dezong that was at times listened to.  For example, in 792, following a major flood in the Guandong region (), the territory east of modern Sanmenxia, Henan, it was on Quan's advice that Emperor Dezong dispatched four imperial officials to comfort the victims.  In 793, Quan submitted a petition criticizing the frivolous nature of Emperor Dezong's trusted Director of Finances, Pei Yanling, but in this case Quan's advice was ignored.  In 794, Quan became Imperial Archivist (起居舍人, Qiju Sheren), and was soon also put in charge of drafting edicts.  Whilst serving in that capacity, he received several successive promotions in title — to Jiabu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the Ministry of Rites; Sixun Langzhong (), a supervisorial official at the Ministry of Personnel () and Zhongshu Sheren (), a mid-level official at the Imperial Secretariat (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng).  When Quan started serving as the drafter of edicts, he shared the responsibilities with Xu Dai () and Gao Ying, but as Xu and Gao were later transferred to other responsibilities, Quan ended up with sole responsibility for drafting edicts.  He once pointed out that doing so was inappropriate — as the emperor needed to have multiple staff in charge of the task to avoid having a single person abuse power.  However, Emperor Dezong responded, "It is not that I do not know that I am overworking you, but I cannot find anyone with your abilities."  In the winter of 801, Quan became responsible for the Imperial examinations at the Ministry of Rites.  The next year, he was made deputy Minister of Rites (禮部侍郎, Libu Shilang).  and thus responsible for imperial examination for three straight years. Records show that he was a good selector of talented examinees.  He was later made Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Revenue (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang).

During Emperor Xianzong's reign
Early in the Yuanhe era (805-821) of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, Quan Deyu served as the deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang) and then deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang).  After an incident in which his subordinates selected inappropriate officials, however, he was made Taizi Binke (), an advisor to the Crown Prince, before he was again made the deputy minister of defense.  He later was made the minister of worship (太常卿, Taichang Qing).  While serving as the minister of worship, there was an occasion when Yang Ping () the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) was indicted for corruption, exiled, and demoted to be a sheriff.  When a sheriff, Xu Hui (), who had served under Yang, went to send Yang off as he was leaving Chang'an, Quan, who was friendly with Xu, warned him that doing so might hurt his prospects of promotion.  Xu pointed out that Yang had treated him well while even while Yang was a commoner, and that it was proper to send him off — commenting that if one day Quan were falsely accused and exiled, surely he would also send Quan off.  Quan was impressed and praised Xu while meeting other officials.  The chief deputy imperial censor who indicted Yang, Li Yijian, thus retained Xu as an imperial censor.

In 810, after the chancellor Pei Ji suffered a stroke, Emperor Xianzong made Quan the minister of rites (禮部尚書, Libu Shangshu) and chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().  Later that year, when Emperor Xianzong was intending to award the military governor (Jiedushi) Wang E () an honorary chancellor title, Quan and fellow chancellor Li Fan earnestly opposed on the ground that Wang had no great accomplishments that warranted the title, and Emperor Xianzong ultimately did not give Wang such title.  In 811, when Emperor Xianzong asked the chancellors for their opinions on whether he should govern harshly or leniently, Quan advocated for a lenient rule, arguing that Qin dynasty was destroyed quickly due to its harshness and that Han dynasty persisted due to its leniency, further arguing that Tang itself survived various rebellions since the Anshi Rebellion because Emperor Taizong had been lenient and thus gained the deep loyalty of the people.  Later that year, after the officials Yu Gaomo () and Dong Xi () were found to have been corrupt, Emperor Xianzong ordered them exiled, but after they left Chang'an sent eunuchs to order them to commit suicide.  Quan submitted a petition pointing out that it was wrong to initially spare Yu and Dong from death and then, after some time, nevertheless put them to death.  Emperor Xianzong agreed with him.

Meanwhile, Quan had been serving with fellow chancellors Li Jifu and Li Jiang during this time.  At this time, due to Emperor Xianzong's desire for effective governance, he granted great authority to the chancellors.  Li Jifu and Li Jiang often had disagreements in their exercise of authority and often broke into arguments before Emperor Xianzong.  Quan rarely took a side in these arguments and was often silent.  As a result, Emperor Xianzong lost his respect for Quan, and in 813, he removed Quan from his chancellor position, having him serve just as the minister of rites.  He was soon thereafter made the defender of the eastern capital Luoyang, then the minister of worship again, and then the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu).  He was also created the Duke of Fufeng.  Previously, the officials Xu Mengrong () and Jiang Ai () had been commissioned to revise the Tang laws, but as Xu was soon transferred to another position, Jiang had to individually complete the 30-volume revision.  After Jiang submitted the work, however, the emperor did not promulgate it.  Quan and his deputy minister Liu Bochu () then further revised the work and submitted it in 815.  In 816, Quan was made the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi).  In fall 818, he fell ill, and Emperor Xianzong issued an edict allowing him to return to his own mansion in Chang'an to recuperate.  On the way, Quan died.  He was given posthumous honors.

Names
His courtesy name was Zaizhi.

Notes

References

Cited works

References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 148.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 165.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 234, 238, 239.

External links

Books of the Quan Tangshi that include collected poems of Quan Deyu at the Chinese Text Project:
Book 320, Book 321, Book 322, Book 323, Book 324,
Book 325, Book 326, Book 327, Book 328, Book 329

759 births
818 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan West Circuit
Three Hundred Tang Poems poets
Tang dynasty historians
9th-century Chinese historians
Writers from Zhenjiang
Politicians from Zhenjiang
Tang dynasty generals from Jiangsu
8th-century Chinese poets
9th-century Chinese poets
Poets from Jiangsu
Historians from Jiangsu


The Lami tuco-tuco (Ctenomys lami) is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to an area in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil, where it is found in the vicinity of sand dunes. The species is threatened by urbanization and the conversion of its habitat to agricultural use. Swamp drainage has led to a zone of hybridization with a neighboring population of C. minutus.

References

Mammals of Brazil
Tuco-tucos
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Mammals described in 2001


John Haskell Hewitt (August 8, 1835 – October 8, 1920) was an American classical scholar and educator, notable for serving as acting president of Williams College from 1901 to 1902.

Born in Preston, Connecticut, to Charles Hewitt and Eunice (Witter), Hewitt entered Yale University in 1855, initially intending to study law. While at Yale he befriended Franklin Carter, a relationship that would prove beneficial in later years. After graduating with an A.B. in 1859, Hewitt then earned an advanced degree from the Yale Divinity School in 1863. He served as a librarian at Yale's Brothers in Unity Library until 1865, until he accepted a position teaching Latin and Greek at Olivet College. He became a full professor the same year, and earned a master's degree from Yale in 1867.

On September 8, 1869, Hewitt married Mary Louisa Downing. They had two sons, both of which would become professors themselves, and a daughter. In 1875 Hewitt moved to Lake Forest College in Illinois, due to health problems, and served as trustee and acting president there. He studied and traveled in Europe from 1881 to 1882.

In 1882, Franklin Carter, now president of Williams College in Massachusetts, contacted Hewitt and offered him a prestigious professorship in ancient languages. Hewitt accepted, serving Williams in various capacities for the rest of his life. He earned another master's degree from Williams in 1888, and an LL.D. from Union College in 1895. When Carter resigned in 1901, Hewitt was named acting president until 1902, when he was replaced by Henry Hopkins. Williams went on to publish Williams College and Foreign Missions in 1914. He subsequently received a higher professorship of Greek in 1903, and became Professor Emeritus in 1909.

References

1835 births
1920 deaths
American classical scholars
People from Preston, Connecticut
Williams College alumni
Williams College faculty
Presidents of Williams College
Olivet College faculty
Union College (New York) alumni
Yale Divinity School alumni


The siege of Deventer was a siege of the city of Deventer by States troops under George van Lalaing, count of Rennenberg, from 3 August to 19 November 1578 during the Eighty Years' War. It was besieged in an attempt by the States-General of the Netherlands to better protect the regions of Holland and Utrecht from Spanish plundering. Since 1572 the city had been held by the German Polweiler-regiment for the Spanish Empire on behalf of Don John of Austria. After Lalaing had put into practice a number of pieces of strategic advice from Johan van den Kornput, the city was prepared to negotiate a surrender and on 19 November 1578 handed itself over to States troops.

Deventer
1578 in the Dutch Republic
1578 in the Habsburg Netherlands
16th-century military history of Spain
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Deventer (1578)
Deventer (1578)
Deventer (1578)
Deventer
History of Deventer


Rådhusplassen ("The City Hall Square") is a square located between Oslo City Hall and the Oslofjord in Vika, Oslo, Norway. Previously used as a road and part of European route E18, it has since 1994 served as a recreational area. North of the square stands the city hall, to the south the fjord, to the east Akershus Fortress and to the east the former Western Railway Station.

History
Up until the 1920s, the area of Pipervika was dominated by common housing, and was seen by the contemporary elite as an area with low housing standard, poor hygiene and lack of moral standards. Plans for the new city hall started in 1915, and in 1921 the Parliament of Norway passed legislation allowing expropriation of parts of Pipervika to build a city hall and a square. An architectural competition announced in 1916 was won by the architects Arnstein Arneberg  and Magnus Poulsson. Their plan involved paving the square with granite, and making it an urban open space, instead of a park.

Construction of the city hall, given the street address Rådhusplassen 1, started in 1931, and the square was named in 1934.  In 1938, a competition for decoration of the area was launched, and won by Emil Lie and Per Hurum. They had made a design of classic sculptures and decorations, that would contrast with the modernistic building. The work started in 1941, but was not completed until 1960.

Highway and tunnel
Since 10 October 1875, the square had been part of the Vestbanen Line of the Oslo Tramway. It remained until 1961. Also the Oslo Port Line opened on  13 November 1907. The square ended up as a six-lane highway that functioned as the main east–west road through Oslo, and was part of European Route E18. With the opening of the Oslo Tunnel that connected Oslo Central Station to the Drammen Line, the Port Line became redundant, and was removed in 1983. The idea to put the highway in a tunnel under the square was launched in the 1950s, and during the 1980s it was decided to build the Festning Tunnel. The city council voted on 5 April 1989 to make the square car-free. The car tunnel opened in 1990, but still 24,000 cars remained each day on the four-lane road.

During the summer of 1994, the square was made a car-free zone, and on 21 August 1995, the Vika Line opened. At Rådhusplassen is a tram stop with the name Rådhusplassen. It is served by tram line 12. Also at Rådhusplassen is the ferry quay used by Oslo Fergene for route 91 to Bygdøy.

References

Squares in Oslo
Odonyms referring to a building
Fjord City


The Asti Spumante Code (full title: The Asti Spumante Code: A Parody) is a 2005 parody novel written by Toby Clements as a parody of The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. It is noteworthy for being among the first works of fiction to parody the Dan Brown novel.

Plot
Due to the detailed nature of the overall story within the novel, the plot has been divided into Backstory and Modern Day respectively in order to provide a more coherent timeline for the events depicted in the novel.

Backstory
In the 13th century, there once existed a circle of authors and playwrights known as the Order of Psion (a parody of the Knights Templar), most of whom were females writing under male pseudonyms, who once predicted the coming of "the ultimate book" that would render publishers obsolete. The formula for the making of the ultimate book – known as the Asti Spumante Code – is contained within the Mure de Paume (French for "The Blackberry of the Palm"), otherwise known as "the legendary keystone".

Fearing the consequences of the ultimate book, a group of publishers named The English Book Guild was established in Stevenage, England to try to counteract the progresses made by the Order.

Modern day
The book itself focuses on American Prof. James Crack – a professor of "Paraliteral Metasymbolist studies" – and Belgian Emily Raquin, a "biblio technical cryptologist", as they discover a set of clues left by the deceased Grand Master of the Order of Psion that will ultimately lead to the discovery of the Asti Spumante Code.

However, the two are hindered by the efforts of Uxbridge Road Group, a fanatical offshoot of the English Book Guild situated in Brussels, whose members encourage sadomasochism and segregate works of fiction by gender stereotyping (e.g.: men read only adventure fiction, women read only romance novels), who wish to destroy the Asti Spumante Code before it can be put to use by anyone.

See also

 The Da Vinci Code – The novel by Dan Brown
 The Da Vinci Treasure – A 2006 film by The Asylum

References

External links
 The Asti Spumante Code at Fantastic Fiction

2005 British novels
The Da Vinci Code
Parody novels
British satirical novels
British thriller novels
Warner Books books


Diederik Sonoy or Snoey (Kalkar (Duchy of Cleves), 1529 - Pieterburen, 2 June 1597) was a leader of the Geuzen during the Eighty Years' War.

Biography
Diderick Sonoy was born about 1529 in the Duchy of Cleves. He was a son of Lambert Snoy and Emma Pauw van Derthuysen. He resided mostly in Holland and especially at the Hague, where he evinced great zeal for the reformation. He early entered military life, signed the compromise of Nobles, and was one of the most fierce advocates of the interests of the Prince of Orange. He gained the first naval victory over the Spanish fleet in July 1568. On 2 June 1572 he arrived at Enkhuizen. He was provided by William the Silent with a commission, appointing him Lieutenant-Governor of North Holland or Waterland. Troops under his command put both Egmond Castle and Egmond Abbey on fire in 1573. The destruction of these strategic locations prevented that the Spanish army could occupy them.

When he was discharged and received a pension he and his family crossed over to England, where he endeavoured to drain some land granted him by Elizabeth I; but failing he returned (1593) to East Frisia, resided for some time at Norden, and died 2 June 1597 on his seat near Pieterburen.

Sonoy was a narrow-minded religious fanatic and a furious persecutor of Catholics. After the Geuzen captured Alkmaar, they took prisoners five friars from the Franciscan monastery outside the city. Sonoy ordered them to be brought to Enkhuizen and had them hanged (martyrs of Alkmaar). Engelbert Terburg, a lay brother of the same monastery, was transferred by Sonoy to the village of Ransdorp, near Amsterdam, where he was hanged on 11 August 1572 after being subjected to torture.

See also
Snoy

Notes

Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
1529 births
1597 deaths


Jiaokou Station () is an elevated terminus on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located at Fongcun Avenue West () near the Jiaokou Coach Terminal () in Fangcun, Liwan District, Guangzhou. and opened on 28December 2009.

Station layout

Exits

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Liwan District


Oreste Perri (born 27 June 1951) is an Italian sprint canoeist (and later politician) who competed from the early 1970s to the early 1980s.

Biography
Perri was born in Castelverde, in the province of Cremona. He won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with four golds (K-1 1000 m: 1975 (tied with Poland's Grzegorz Śledziewski, K-1 10000 m: 1974, 1975, 1977) and two bronzes (K-1 1000 m: 1974, 1977).

Perri also competed in three Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fourth twice (1972: K-4 1000 m, 1976: K-1 1000 m). On 22 June 2009, Perri was sworn in as mayor of Cremona, Italy.

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Cremona
Canoeists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Italian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Italy
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Mayors of Cremona
Canoeists of Marina Militare
20th-century Italian people


Mona Golabek  is an American concert pianist, author, and radio host.  She has appeared with many leading orchestras and made numerous recordings. Golabek co-wrote a book entitled The Children of Willesden Lane that chronicles her mother's experience with the Kindertransport which was published in 2002. A play titled The Pianist of Willesden Lane, based on the book, adapted and directed by Hershey Felder, and in which Golabek appeared in a one-woman show, opened at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles in April 2012.
The play opened in London at the St James Theatre in January 2016.

Biography
Concert pianist Mona Golabek ( b. June 23, 1954) is the daughter of Lisa Jura, a concert pianist, and French resistance fighter Michel Golabek.  Her mother Lisa was born in Austria, and was one of 10,000 Jewish children brought to England before World War II as part of the Kindertransport, a mission to rescue children threatened by the Nazis. Although Mona's mother was rescued, her maternal grandparents were murdered at Auschwitz. Her father, Michel Golabek, received the Croix de Guerre for his heroism in the French Resistance during WW II.

Golabek was born in Los Angeles, California, and was taught piano largely by her mother, who had in turn learned to play from her own mother (Mona's grandmother) Malka Jura. When asked in an interview whether she had had other piano teachers aside from her mother, Mona answered: "I studied with several outstanding pianists: Leon Fleisher, Reginald Stewart, and Joanna Graudan. But my mother was my true teacher and inspiration".

Mona won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions in 1972, which led to her New York City recital debut at Hunter College. Afterward, she continued to study piano privately in Rome and London. In 1980, she won an Avery Fisher Career Grant.

She has since appeared in concert with major orchestras and conductors around the world and in recitals at the Hollywood Bowl, the Kennedy Center, and the Royal Festival Hall.  She has one Grammy nomination and she was the subject of the PBS documentaries More Than the Music, winner of the Grand Prize in the 1985 WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival. Concerto for Mona by William Kraft was dedicated to her.

In 1992 Golabek and her sister Renee Golabek-Kaye, also a pianist, organized a performance and recording of Camille Saint-Saëns's The Carnival of the Animals. The performance included the reading of Ogden Nash's well known verses on animals with Saint-Saëns's music played underneath. The verses were read by 14 well-known actors, including Ted Danson, Audrey Hepburn, James Earl Jones, Walter Matthau, William Shatner, Jaclyn Smith, Lily Tomlin, Betty White, Joan Rivers, Charlton Heston, and Dudley Moore. Proceeds from the recording were given to charities that help animals, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Mona and Renee also performed as a piano duo on a recording that features Ravel's Mother Goose Suite with narrator, actress Meryl Streep, the Poulenc Two Piano Concerto, and Poulenc's Babar the Elephant, with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra conducted by JoAnn Falletta.

In 1998, Golabek began hosting her own classical music radio program "The Romantic Hours", produced by former KFAC radio personality Doug Ordunio. The show is a wedding of love letters, romantic poetry and thoughts of writers and thinkers of the world with classical music.

In April 2012, Mona Golabek was featured in a one-woman show, The Pianist of Willesden Lane, directed by Hershey Felder, at the Geffen Playhouse. The play went on to successful theatrical runs in Chicago at the Royal George Theater, in Berkeley at Berkeley Rep, in a return engagement to the Geffen Playhouse and in New York at 59E59 Theaters. In 2016, she made her theatrical debut in London at the St. James Theater. The sold out theatrical run resulted in a return engagement the following year.

In 2003, Mona Golabek founded the Hold on To Your Music non-profit, dedicated to sharing her mother's story with others. The foundation has distributed over 300,000 copies of the book as Golabek has brought the educational mission and Willesden READ - a citywide program including the theatrical show -  to students worldwide. Since 2012, the Willesden READ has been implemented in South Africa, London, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Memphis, Birmingham, and Portland.

Book
Mona Golabek and Lee Cohen, The Children of Willesden Lane: Beyond the Kindertransport: A Memoir of Music, Love, and Survival. Grand Central Publishing, 2003. .
A video series, "Teaching the Children of Willesden Lane," sponsored by the Annenberg Foundation has been promoted on-line.

Awards
 1972: Winner, Young Concert Artists International Auditions

References

External links
 https://holdontoyourmusic.org

American classical pianists
American women classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Jewish American classical musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Living people
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of French descent
Classical musicians from California
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
Kindertransport
1954 births
21st-century American Jews


John McEnroe and Peter Rennert were the defending champions but lost in the final 6–2, 6–4 to Mark Edmondson and Sherwood Stewart

Seeds

  Kevin Curren /  Steve Denton (first round)
  John McEnroe /  Peter Rennert (final)
  Mark Edmondson /  Sherwood Stewart (champions)
  Fritz Buehning /  Ferdi Taygan (semifinals)

Draw

External links
1983 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships Doubles Draw

Doubles


Elections to Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 2 May 1996. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party retained overall control of the Council, gaining seven seats at the expense of the Conservative group.

Composition

Prior to the election, the composition of the council was:

Labour Party 39
Conservative Party 19
Liberal Democrat 2

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Labour Party 46
Conservative Party 12
Liberal Democrat 2

Election result

Ward results

1996
1996 English local elections
1990s in the West Midlands (county)


Reinhold Wulle ( – ) was a German Völkisch politician and publicist active during the Weimar Republic.

Völkisch politics
Wulle was born in Falkenberg, Pomerania. He studied theology, German and history and in 1908 embarked on a career as a journalist, becoming especially noted for his anti-Semitic views. He became editor of the Berlin-based Deutsche Zeitung in 1918 – holding the position until 1920 – and under his stewardship the paper gave support to the Pan-German movement.

Wulle entered party politics in the spring of 1920 when he joined fellow rightists Arnold Ruge and Richard Kunze in creating the Deutschvölkischen Arbeitsring Berlin as a successor to the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund. However this group proved short-lived as it was absorbed into the German National People's Party (DNVP) in June of the same year. Wulle became a leading member of the Völkisch wing of the DNVP, and as such was close to the likes of fellow Reichstag members Albrecht von Graefe and Wilhelm Henning.

Henning was excluded from the DNVP in 1922 due to his extreme views and Wulle joined his comrade and von Graefe in setting up a völkisch working group. This formed the basis of the German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP), an anti-Semitic political party which they established on 16 December 1922 with Wulle as deputy chairman. Wulle and his allies were all members of the Reichstag and they were soon joined in leading the party by the likes of Ernst Graf zu Reventlow, Artur Dinter and Theodor Fritsch. During his involvement in the DVFP Wulle was investigated for involvement in a possible coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr, although not much came of it. In the mid-1920s, Wulle would be accused of involvement in feme murders, albeit he was never charged.

Given their far right, anti-Semitic views the DVFP soon began to co-operate with the Nazi Party, notably during the period in which the latter was officially illegal and Adolf Hitler was imprisoned (although links between Wulle and Hitler actually dated back as far as 1920, when the two held a series of meetings). On this basis Wulle was re-elected to the Reichstag in the May 1924 election for the National Socialist Freedom Movement although the alliance with the NSDAP was somewhat shaky with Wulle criticising the Socialist 'class war' mentality that was still rife in many sections of the Nazi Party at that time in party documents. With personality clashes also an issue, Wulle joined Reventlow, Graefe and Fritsch in splitting away to form their own Deutschvölkische Freiheitsbewegung in 1925 with the DVFP re-established soon afterwards. Wulle became party chairman in 1928, although by then it had lost most of its membership to the Nazis and he soon became the leading authoritarian conservative enemy of the Harzburg Front. Wulle remained DVFP leader until 1933.

Wulle's main ideological influences were Paul de Lagarde and Julius Langbehn and he argued that a spiritual revolution was needed in Germany before any thought could be given to a seizure of power. Attracted to German cultural nationalism and some of the pagan themes that it entailed, Wulle nonetheless remained a committed Christian and the problems of reconciling these two strands were a frequent theme in his written work, of which Die Sendung des Nordes was the best known. He also sought to advocate his views elsewhere and made a speaking tour of Latin America in 1927, advancing his Pan-German opinions.

Under the Nazis
Following the establishment of Nazi Germany in 1933 Wulle, who had become a staunch monarchist, welcomed the leadership of Hitler as part of a transition period towards a re-establishment of the Prussian monarchy in his newsletter, which he continued to publish. He quickly became disillusioned with Hitler however, decrying what he saw as Hitler's immorality and dismissing him as "a Bavarian cross-breed between Mussolini and Louis XIV".

Initially allowed to carry on some of his activities, Wulle was arrested on 17 August 1938 for breaching the "Heimtückegesetz" (Insidiousness Law) and the law against the new formation by parties. His two initiatives, the Gesellschaft Deutsche Freiheit and the Informationsbriefe, were banned whilst he was also expelled from the Reichsschrifttumskammer. Initially held in prison in Berlin he was taken into 'protective custody' in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1940, although he was a somewhat co-operative prisoner and enjoyed a comparatively easy time as a result, including being allowed to receive cigars from Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. His release was eventually secured by Wilhelm Frick, a Völkisch enthusiast and former National Socialist Freedom Movement colleague.

Post-war activity
At the end of the Second World War Wulle settled in Gronau where he established the Deutsche Aufbaupartei on 31 October 1945 along with Joachim Ostau. The party was staunchly nationalist and supported the re-establishment of the monarchy, whilst dismissing Nazism as "a strange conqueror of Germany and the German soul". The party merged into the Deutsche Konservative Partei in 1946.

Wulle was briefly brought before the British military government who felt that, whilst he was not a Nazi as such, his ideas did not promote democracy to the German people.

He died in Gronau, North Rhine-Westphalia.

References

1882 births
1950 deaths
People from Świdwin County
German National People's Party politicians
German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians
Deutsche Rechtspartei politicians
German monarchists
German nationalists
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
People from the Province of Pomerania


Servais-Théodore Pinckaers OP (Liège, 1925Fribourg, 2008) was a noted moral theologian, Roman Catholic priest, and member of the Dominican Order (Order of Preachers). He has been especially influential in the renewal of a theological and Christological approach to Christian virtue ethics.

Biography
Servais Theodore Pinckaers was born in Liège, Belgium in 1925 and raised in the village of Wonck (now part of the municipality of Bassenge) in Belgium's Walloon region. In 1945 he entered the Dominican Order and pursued his studies in theology at the Belgian Dominican Studium at La Sarte in Huy, obtaining his license in theology (1952) under the direction of Jérôme Hamer, and writing his thesis on Henri de Lubac's Surnaturel. He pursued doctoral studies at the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, attending the classes of such notables as Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Paul Philippe and Mario Luigi Ciappi. His dissertation, written under the direction of Louis-Bertrand Gillon, was a study of the medieval theology of hope, entitled "La vertu d'espérance de Pierre Lombard à saint Thomas" (1954).

Upon completion of his studies, Pinckaers returned to the Dominican Studium at La Sarte to teach moral theology from 1954–1965. (He was at La Sarte when in 1958 one of the friars of the community, Dominique Pire, won the Nobel Peace Prize for his labors on behalf of Europe's many war refugees (displaced persons). It was also at La Sarte that Pinckaers undertook his first efforts to renew the contemporary understanding of moral theology, foreshadowing the Vatican Council's call to renewal by several years. The fruits of these labors, which had been published as articles in various places, were subsequently drawn together in his groundbreaking study, Le renouveau de la morale (1964; Preface by Marie-Dominique Chenu). It was also at La Sarte that he wrote the textual analysis and commentary for Questions 6 through 21 of the Prima Secundae (i.e., Aquinas' treatise on human acts) for the Revue des Jeunes bilingual edition (Latin and French) of the Summa Theologiae (1961 and 1965). Pinckaers referred to his time at La Sarte, both as a student and later as a professor, as the time when he attained the insights that he would subsequently present and develop in his later work. These central insights for the renewal of moral theology are the primacy of the Word of God, as a living Word that speaks to every generation and which is higher than any merely human word; the foundational importance of the fathers of the Church, especially Augustine; and the lasting value of St. Thomas' method and insights.

After the Studium at La Sarte was closed in 1965, Pinckaers went to the Dominican priory at Liège and engaged in pastoral ministry for the next eight years, years that shaped the pastoral concern expressed in much of his work. In 1975, he was called to fill the French-language chair in fundamental moral theology at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, where he taught for the next twenty-five years. As emeritus professor he remained in Fribourg, in residence at the international Dominican priory of St. Albert the Great (the Albertinum), until his death on 7 April 2008 at age eighty-two.

Career
His most well-known work in English is The Sources of Christian Ethics (1995), which has been well received by a varied cross-section of the Church in America and in English-speaking countries. Other works in English include: his introduction to moral thought entitled Morality: the Catholic View (2001; with Preface by Alasdair MacIntyre); The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (2005), a collection of his most significant essays, subsequent to the publication of The Sources of Christian Ethics. Moreover, of special interest are the essay, "The Sources of the Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas" (in The Ethics of Aquinas, 2002), and his popular presentation of the Christian call to flourishing through the Beatitudes, The Pursuit of Happiness: Living the Beatitudes (1998).

Pinckaers labored to demonstrate a complete vision of Catholic theology. He has argued that the academic departmentalization of theological disciplines risks falsifying the nature of theology. Returning to Aquinas' model and insight by drawing from scriptural, patristic, magisterial and contemporary sources, he argued that an interconnection of philosophical, moral, spiritual, and theological perspectives is needed in order to do justice to Christian agency and the interplay of nature and grace, law and prudence, human and divine interaction in the pursuit of Christian flourishing. With attention turned to fully Christian moral agency, his 25 books and over 300 articles aim either at academic or popular audiences.

His more academic works include a large number of articles (in journals such as Nova et Vetera and Revue Thomiste) and the following books: Ce qu'on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Histoire et discussion (1986); L'Evangile et la morale (1991); La morale catholique (1991); and La vie selon l'Esprit: Essai de théologie spirituelle selon saint Paul et saint Thomas d'Aquin (1996). In 2001, he published a new textual analysis and commentary for the first five questions of the Prima Secundae (that is, Aquinas' treatise on happiness) for the second edition of the Revue des Jeunes bilingual edition (Latin and French) of the Summa Theologiae (La béatitude [Ia-IIae, qq. 1–5]).

His more popular works include an even larger number of articles for journals such as Sources and Kerit, as well as the following books: La faim de l'Evangile (1977); La quête du Bonheur (1979); La justice évangélique (1986); La Prière chrétienne (1989). A list of books and a selection of his articles are found below.

After a period of inactivity following a heart attack, Pinckaers published A la découverte de Dieu dans les Confessions (2002), the first of a two volume study of Augustine whose general title is: En promenade avec saint Augustin. The second volume. yet forthcoming in 2015, is on the Trinity. He also published Plaidoyer pour la vertu (2007), which was one of three works to receive an honorable mention as runners up for the Grand prix catholique de littérature for 2007. In the year before his death, Pinckaers prepared several texts for publication, including Passions et vertu (2009).

Honours
Pinckaers also served on several Vatican commissions, including the commission that wrote the Catechism of the Catholic Church, contributing to the moral section, and the preparatory commissions for the encyclical Veritatis Splendor. From 1989 to 2005 he was a consultant to the Congregation for Catholic Education. From 1992 until 1997 he was a member of the International Theological Commission.

In 1990, he was named Magister Sacrae Theologiae, the highest academic honor bestowed by the Dominican Order. In 2000, he received an honorary doctorate in "Theology of Marriage and Family" from the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.

Chronological overview
1925: Born in Liège (30 October). Raised in the village of Wonck (now part of Bassenge) in Wallonia, Belgium
1945: Entered the Dominican order in Belgium (after having studied one year in the diocesan seminary)
1946–1952: Studied philosophy and theology at the Dominican College of Theology at La Sarte, Huy, Belgium
1951–1952: Sacred Theology Licentiate (STL) under the direction of Jérôme Hamer. Title: "Le Surnaturel du P. De Lubac"
26 March 1951 (Easter Monday): Ordained priest at the Dominican priory, La Sarte
1952–1954: Studied for a doctorate in sacred theology at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome
1954: Finished his dissertation, directed by Louis-Bertrand Gillon, titled: "La Vertu d'espérance de Pierre Lombard à St. Thomas d'Aquin" (Rome: Angelicum, STD thesis)
1954–1965: Professor of Fundamental Moral Theology, Dominican College, La Sarte, Huy
1965–1972: Pastoral work (preaching and spiritual direction) at the Dominican priory in Liège
Prior of the community from 1966–1972
1972–1973: Invited Professor (Professeur extraordinaire) at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg
1973–1975: Return to pastoral work at the Dominican priory in Liège
1975–1997: Professor of fundamental moral theology (French language chair) at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg
1975: Co-founder of Sources, with , Georges Cottier, and Raphaël Oechslin
1983–1990 and 1996–1999: Prior of the Albertinum
1989–1991: Dean of the Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg
1989–2005: Consultant to the Congregation for Catholic Education (named by Pope John Paul II in June 1989)
Served on the commission that drafted the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), contributing to the moral section
Served on the preparatory commissions for the encyclical Veritatis splendor (1993)
1990: Named Magister Sacrae Theologiae, the highest academic honor bestowed by the Dominican Order
1990: Festschrift for his 65th birthday, Novitas et Veritas Vitae: Aux sources du renouveau de la morale chrétienne (edited by Carlos-Josaphat Pinto de Oliveira, OP, Fribourg/Paris: Ed. Universitaires/Cerf, 1991)
1992–1997: Member of the International Theological Commission, Vatican
20 June 1996: Farewell Conference (Leçon d'adieu), University of Fribourg
As emeritus professor, he continued to teach at the university until his successor (Jean-Louis Bruguès, OP, later Archbishop, Vatican Archivist, and Librarian), took up the chair in Fall 1997
2000: Honorary doctorate in "Theology of Marriage and Family" from the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (in the presence of Cardinal Camillo Ruini, Grand Chancellor of the University and Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Secretary of State for the Vatican)
2005: Colloquium honoring him on his 80th birthday, "Making all Things New in Christ". Festschrift: Renouveler toutes choses en Christ. Vers un renouveau thomiste de la théologie morale. Hommage à Servais Pinckaers, OP (edited by Michael Sherwin, OP, and Craig Steven Titus, Fribourg: Academic Press, 2009)

Works

Books
 Notes et appendices de: S. Thomas d'Aquin, Les actes humains (Summa Theologica, Ia–IIae, 6–17), vol. I. Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 1961.
 Le renouveau de la morale. Etudes pour une morale fidèle à ses sources et à sa mission présente, Preface by M. D. Chenu, Tournai, Casterman, 1964.
 Traduction et commentaires de: S. Thomas d'Aquin, Les actes humains (Ia–IIae, 18–21), vol. II. Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 1965.
 La faim de l'Evangile, Paris, Téqui, 1977.
 La quête du bonheur, Paris, Téqui, 1979.
 English translation: The Pursuit of Happiness—God's Way: Living the Beatitudes, New York, Alba House, 1998.
 La Morale: somma di doveri? legge d'amore? (trans. P. Cozzupoli), Rome, Edizioni "La Guglia", 1982.
 Les sources de la morale chrétienne. Sa méthode, son contenu, son histoire, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1985/1993.
 English translation: The Sources of Christian Ethics, (trans. by M. T. Noble), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995.
 La justice évangélique, Paris, Téqui, 1986.
 Ce qu'on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais. Histoire et discussion, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1986.
 English translation of ch. II: "A Historical Perspective on Intrinsically Evil Acts [1982]", ch. 11, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 185–235.
 La prière chrétienne, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1989.
 La grâce de Marie. Commentaire de l'Ave Maria, Paris, Médiaspaul, 1989.
 L'Evangile et la morale, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1989.
 La morale catholique, Paris, Cerf, 1991.
 English translation: Morality: The Catholic View (preface by Alasdair MacIntyre; trans. Michael Sherwin), South Bend, Ind., St. Augustine's Press, 2001/2003.
 Pour une lecture de Veritatis splendor, Paris, Cahiers de l'Ecole Cathédrale, Mame, 1995.
 English translation: "An Encyclical for the Future: Veritatis splendor", in: Veritatis Splendor and the Renewal of Moral Theology (J. A. DiNoia and Romanus Cessario, ed.), Chicago: Scepter, 1999.
 La vie selon l'Esprit. Essai de théologie spirituelle selon saint Paul et saint Thomas d'Aquin, Luxembourg, Saint-Paul, 1996.
 Un grand chant d'amour. La Passion selon saint Matthieu, Saint-Maur, Parole et Silence, 1997.
 Au Cœur de l'évangile, le "Notre Père", Saint-Maur, Parole et Silence, 1999.
 La Spiritualité du martyre, Versailles, Editions Saint-Paul, 2000.
 English translation: The Spirituality of Martyrdom, trans. Patrick M. Clark and Annie Hounsokou. Washington D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2016.
 A l'école de l'admiration, Versailles, Editions Saint-Paul, 2001.
 Traduction et commentaire de: S. Thomas d'Aquin, La béatitude (Somme théologique, Ia–IIae, 1–5), Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 2001.
 En Promenade avec saint Augustin. A la découverte de Dieu dans les Confessions, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2002.
 The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (J. Berkman et C. S. Titus, ed.), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2005.
 Plaidoyeur pour la vertu, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2007.
 Passions et vertu, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2009.
 English translation: Passions and Virtue, trans. Benedict M. Guevin OSB. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2015.
 En Promenade avec saint Augustin. De Trinitate. Volume 2. Parole et Silence, Forthcoming.
 L'attrait de la parole: sur les chemins de la morale chrétienne. Parole et Silence, Forthcoming.

Articles (selection since 1990)

"Les passions et la morale", RSPT 1990, pp. 379–391.
trans.: "Reappropriating Aquinas' Account of the Passions [1990]", ch. 13, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 273–287.
"La méthode théologique et la morale contemporaine", Seminarium 29:2, 1991, pp. 313–327.
"La vive flamme d'amour chez S.Jean de la Croix et S. Thomas d'Aquin", Carmel 63:4, 1991, pp. 3–21.
"L'instinct et l'Esprit au coeur de l'éthique chrétienne", in: Novitas et Veritas vitae. Aux sources du renouveau de la morale chrétienne (C. J. Pinto de Oliveira, ed.), Fribourg, 1991, pp. 213–223.
trans.: "Morality and the Movement of the Holy Spirit: Aquinas's Doctrine of Instinctus [1991]", ch. 20, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 385–395.
"Nature-surnature chez Saint Thomas d'Aquin", in: Ethique et natures (E. Fuchs et M. Hunyadi, ed.), Geneva, Fides et labor, 1992, pp. 19–28.
trans.: "Aquinas on Nature and the Supernatural [1992]", ch. 18, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 359–368.
"La voie spirituelle du bonheur", in: Ordo sapientiae et amoris. (C. J. Pinto de Oliveira, ed.), 1993.
trans.: "Aquinas's Pursuit of Beatitude: From the Commentary on the Sentences to the Summa Theologiae", ch. 6, in: The Pinckaers Reader, 2005, pp. 93–114.
"L'enseignement de la théologie morale et saint Thomas", in: Saint Thomas au XXe siècle. Actes du colloque du centenaire de la Revue thomiste, Paris, Saint-Paul, 1993.
"La conscience et l'erreur", Communio 18, July 1993, pp. 23–35.
"L'Enseignement de la théologie morale à Fribourg", Revue Thomiste, 93, 1993, pp. 430–442.
trans.: "Dominican Moral Theology in the 20th Century [1993]", ch. 5, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 73–89.
"Redécouvrir la vertu", Sapientia 51, 1996, pp. 151–163.
trans.: "The Role of Virtue in Moral Theology [1996]", ch. 14, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 288–303.
"Les anges, garants de l'expérience spirituelle selon saint Thomas", Rivista teologica di Lugano 1, 1996, pp. 179–191.
"Linee per un rinnovamento evangelico della morale", Annales theologici 10, 1996, pp. 3–68.
"La Parole de Dieu et la morale", Le Supplément de la vie spirituelle 200, March 1997, pp. 21–38.
"Thérèse de l'Enfant Jésus, Docteur de l'Église", Revue Thomiste 97, July 1997, pp. 512–524.
trans.: "Thérèse of the Child Jesus, Doctor of the Church", Josephinum Journal of Theology 5 [Winter–Spring 1998]: pp. 26–40.
"Morale humaine et morale chrétienne", Cahiers Saint-Dominique 250, December 1997, pp. 15–24.
"La Loi nouvelle, sommet de la morale chrétienne, selon l'encyclique 'Veritatis splendor, in: Gesu Cristo, Legge vivente e personale della Santa Chiesa. Atti del IX Colloquio Internazionale di Teologia di Lugano, Lugano, 1996.
trans.: "The New Law in 'Veritatis splendor'", Josephinum Journal of Theology 3 [1996].
"Conscience and the Virtue of Prudence", in: Crisis of Conscience (John Haas, ed.), New York, 1996.
trans.: "Conscience and the Virtue of Prudence [1996]", ch. 17, in: The Pinckaer Reader, pp. 342–355.
"La defense par Capreolus de la doctrine de S. Thomas sur les vertus", in: Jean Capreolus et son temps Paris: Cerf, 1997.
trans.: "Capreolus' Defense of Aquinas: A Medieval Debate about the Virtues and Gifts [1997]", ch. 15, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 304–320.
"Entretien avec le Père Servais Pinckaers", Montmartre June–July 1998, pp. 21–24.
"The Desire for Happiness as a Way to God", Maynooth University Record, 1998. pp. 33–48.
trans.: "Beatitude and the Beatitudes in Aquinas's Summa Theologiae [1998]", ch. 7, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 115–129.
"Le retour de la Loi nouvelle en morale", in: Praedicando et docendo: Mélanges offerts au Père Liam Walsh (B. Hallensleben et G. Vergauwen, ed.), Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1998, 281–293.
trans.: "The Return of the New Law to Moral Theology [1998]", The Irish Theological Quarterly, 64, 1999, pp. 3–15, and ch. 18, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 369–384.
"Le désir de bonheur et Dieu", in: Dieu, la bonne nouvelle (Commission Théologique Internationale, ed.) Paris, Les éditions du cerf, 1999, pp. 21–28.
"L'expérience de Dieu dans la vie chrétienne", in: Dieu, la bonne nouvelle (Commission Théologique Internationale, ed.) Paris, Les éditions du cerf, 1999, pp. 107–121.
"The Place of Philosophy in Moral Theology", L'Osservatore Romano, June 16, 1999, pp. 14–15.
re-edited version): "The Place of Philosophy in Moral Theology", in: Faith and Reason (Timothy L. Smith, ed.) South Bend, Ind., St. Augustine Press, 2001, pp. 10–20; and ch. 4, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 64–72.
"My Sources", Communio 26, 1999, pp. 913–915.
"La morale et l'Eglise Corps du Christ", Revue Thomiste, 100, 2000, pp. 239–258.
trans.: "The Body of Christ. The Eucharistic and Ecclesial Context of Aquinas's Ethics [2000]", ch. 2, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 26–45.
"The Sources of the Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas", in: The Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas (Stephen J. Pope, ed.), Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2002, pp. 17–29.

References

Further reading
"Hommage au Père Servais-Théodore Pinckaers, OP: The Significance of His Work." By Romanus Cessario, OP Nova et Vetera (English Edition) 5 (2007): 1–16.
"Eulogie pour le P. Servais Pinckaers, o.p." By Michael S. Sherwin, OP Nova et Vetera 84 (2009): pp. 133–136.
"Fribourg: Décès du dominicain Servais Pinckaers, ancien doyen de la Faculté de théologie," APIC-International Catholic Press Service.
"In memoriam: Père Théodore-Servais Pinckaers OP," University of Fribourg.
"Introduction to the Pinckaers Reader" (2005) by John Berkman.
The Thomist, volume honoring the work of S. Pinckaers 73 (2009).
Nova et Vetera (English Edition), essays honoring the work of S. Pinckaers (2009, forthcoming).

External links
Servais Pinckaers, "My Sources", at University of Fribourg
Complete Bibliography of Servais Pinckaers, at University of Fribourg
Carlo Leget, "Aquinas, a Revolutionary in Morality?" Newspage (2000), Thomas Instituut te Utrecht
Pinckaers Colloquium, Program of "Making all Things New in Christ" (PDF)
Pinckaers publications on WorldCat
Chair of Fundamental Moral Theology, University of Fribourg
Website of the University of Fribourg
Website of the Order of Preachers

Belgian Dominicans
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic theologians
Academic staff of the University of Fribourg
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
1925 births
2008 deaths
International Theological Commission
Christian ethicists
Clergy from Liège
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Roman Catholic moral theologians


An Empress and the Warriors is a 2008 Hong Kong-Chinese historical drama action film directed by Ching Siu-tung and starring Donnie Yen, Kelly Chen, Leon Lai and Kou Zhenhai.

Plot
The film is set in ancient China, probably during the period of the sixteen kingdoms when China was divided into a number of rival kingdoms. The state of Yan, founded by the Murong tribe of the Xianbei nation, has long been a target of attacks by the Zhao army. Princess Fei'er of Yan becomes the new ruler after her father, the Emperor, is killed in battle, with general Murong Xuehu assisting her in defending their kingdom from invasion.

Prince Yan Huba, nephew of the deceased king and a treacherous minister in Yan, schemes to take the throne from his cousin and he sends his men to assassinate the princess. Fei'er survives the attempt on her life but is seriously injured. She is rescued later by a mysterious hermit named Duan Lanquan and lives with him for a period of time until she recovers. The two of them develop romantic feelings for each other during that period of time. However, she ultimately must decide whether to fulfill her duty to her kingdom or follow her heart.

Empress Fei'er chooses to returns to Yan later and succeeds in resolving the conflict between Yan and Zhao. However, Huba is still plotting to take the throne and he leads his men to kill Duan Lanquan and Murong Xuehu. On the verge of danger, Empress Fei'er manages to kill Huba personally and put an end to Huba's evil plans, all while restoring peace and harmony by maintaining good relations with the other ten realms.

Cast
Donnie Yen as Murong Xuehu
Harashima Daichi as a child
Kelly Chen as Princess Yan Fei'er
Jiang Yiyi as young Princess Yan Fei'er
Leon Lai as Duan Lanquan
Guo Xiaodong as Yan Huba
Kou Zhenhai as Teng Bochang
Liu Weihua as King of Yan
Zhang Shan as King of Zhao
Chen Zhihui as Diao Erbao
Yan Jie as Prince of Zhao
Zhou Bo as Ao Jia
Zhou Zhonghe as tribal priest
Asoka Liu Shun as tribal priest's assistant

References

External links

An Empress and the Warriors on Hong Kong Cinemagic

2008 films
2000s Cantonese-language films
Films set in the Warring States period
Films directed by Ching Siu-tung
Hong Kong martial arts films
Wuxia films
Films with screenplays by James Yuen
Chinese historical films
2000s historical films
2000s Hong Kong films


The siege of Deventer was a siege of the city of Deventer from 1 to 10 June 1591 during the Eighty Years' War by Dutch and English troops under Maurice of Nassau in an attempt to retake it from its Spanish garrison, commanded by Herman van den Bergh on behalf of the Spanish.

Background
The city had first been captured by the States in 1579 but regained by the Spanish in the meantime after its betrayal by English turncoat governor William Stanley.

After the capture of Zutphen which surrendered on 30 May 1591 Maurice of Orange with his Anglo-Dutch army marched towards Deventer on the right bank of the river IJssel. Maurice's force numbered 9,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry, half of the force came from the British Isles - fourteen English companies under Sir Francis Vere and the ten Scots companies under Colonel William Balfour.

Siege

On 1 June the Anglo-Dutch force surrounded the town and began entrenching. Eight days later a breach was made and Maurice allowed the honour of the assault to be made by the English. As they attacked they came across a bridge of boats but found it was too short and were unable to advance any further and withdrew after some loss.

Maurice was desirous of giving up the siege for fears of a Spanish relief army. Vere induced him to persist and the same evening the Spanish garrison sallied to destroy the bridge but they were repulsed by the English pikemen.

On June 10 Van den Burgh having been wounded realised that no help was forthcoming, so he and the town capitulated - the garrison marched out on the following day.

Aftermath
For the English the capture of both Zutphen and Deventer were important in recovering the losses caused by the mistaken confidence which the Earl of Leicester had placed in traitors William Stanley and Rowland York.

Maurice decided to strike at Groningen held by Francisco Verdugo, but reports reached him that the Duke of Parma was preparing to move to reinforce that place with 20,000 men. Maurice realising he would be outnumbered withdrew to the north and marched to Delfzijl and took the place July 2.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Deventer
1591 in the Dutch Republic
1591 in the Habsburg Netherlands
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
16th-century military history of Spain
Deventer (1591)
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Deventer (1591)
Deventer (1591)
Deventer (1591)
Deventer (1591)
Deventer
History of Deventer


The 1984 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney in Australia and was part of the 1984 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament ran from 8 October through 14 October 1984. Second-seeded Anders Järryd won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Anders Järryd defeated  Ivan Lendl 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
 It was Järryd's 2nd singles title of the year and the 4th of his career.

Doubles

 Anders Järryd /  Hans Simonsson defeated  Mark Edmondson /  Sherwood Stewart 6–4, 6–4
 It was Järryd's 6th title of the year and the 19th of his career. It was Simonsson's 2nd title of the year and the 11th of his career.

References

External links
 ITF – tournament edition details

Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Australian Indoor Tennis Championships
In
Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Sports competitions in Sydney
Tennis in New South Wales


Questions over personal jurisdiction over foreign defendants in the United States arise when foreign nationals commit crimes against Americans, or when a person from or in a different country is sued in U.S. courts, or when events took place in another country.  Such cases arise when crimes are committed on the high seas or on international flights, when crimes are alleged to be committed by or against Americans in foreign countries (such as under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act), or when crimes are committed by foreigners against Americans.  The Internet also allows computer crime to cross international boundaries.

Mechanism in public international law for exercising jurisdiction over an international defendant
There are several mechanisms in public international law whereby the courts of one country (the domestic court) can exercise jurisdiction over a citizen, corporation, or organization of another country (the foreign defendant) to try crimes or civil matters that have affected citizens or businesses within the domestic jurisdiction. Many of these jurisdictional "hooks" can even reach conduct that affected the domestic citizen when the citizen was beyond his or her domestic borders. There are five such doctrines:

The territorial principle is the most important and widely used. It is the idea that a state may claim jurisdiction over persons and events inside its own territory. So, foreign nationals committing crimes in the U.S. are subject to U.S. courts and U.S. laws.
The nationality principle holds that the government of a citizen can obtain jurisdiction over its citizen even when that citizen is abroad. For example, U.S. citizens are still required to pay federal taxes to the U.S. government when abroad and may be prosecuted for a failure to do so.
The passive personality principle is an interesting offshoot of the nationality principle. It looks to the nationality of the victim to determine jurisdiction, holding that a state may assert jurisdiction over persons and events outside a state's territory on the basis that its citizen has been harmed. In the case of United States v. Roberts, 1 F.Supp. 2d 601 (E.D. La. 1998), which had an unusual set of facts, the victim of a crime of sexual abuse of a minor (who was a U.S. citizen) had a case tried against her aggressor who was a citizen of the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The crime took place on international waters on board a ship registered in Liberia and owned by a company incorporated in the Republic of Panama. None of the regular methods of jurisdiction, forum non conveniens, or comity would have worked. Id. The defendant was indicted by a federal grand jury in the Eastern District of Louisiana and the defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction was denied by the federal district court, which found jurisdiction under the passive personality principle.
The protective principle is one of national security and it holds that a state may have jurisdiction over a defendant accused of acts in pursuance of overthrowing the host state's government. See United States v. Yousef, 327 F3d 56 (2d Cir. 2003).
The universality principle (principle of universal jurisdiction) is closely aligned with the international law doctrine of peremptory norms (jus cogens). The principle holds that all states have jurisdiction over crimes that are universally recognized to be a crime against humanity. These have historically included piracy, slave-trading, torture, genocide, and perhaps terrorism.

In the United States, the federal courts have recognized an important mechanism for acquiring jurisdiction over foreign defendants known as the effects doctrine. The effects doctrine is an offshoot of the territorial principle. Briefly, the effects doctrine says that if the effects of extraterritorial behavior or crimes adversely affect commerce or harm citizens within the United States, then jurisdiction in a U.S. court is permissible. The first case to establish the effects doctrine was United States v. Alcoa, 148 F.2d 416 (2d Cir. 1945) (Learned Hand, J.).

The ALCOA case brought charges against a foreign consortium of aluminum traders and producers who had affected the price of raw aluminum and goods manufactured from aluminum in the United States through unfair trade practices of price fixing in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act ("every contract, combination ... or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal").
The effects doctrine has also been incorporated into § 402 of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States, Third: "a state has jurisdiction to prescribe law with respect to ... (c) conduct outside its territory that has or is intended to have substantial effect within its territory."

Raju case
In one case, the decision to allow jurisdiction in a U.S. court over claims of copyright infringement and cybersquatting was premised on an effects doctrine theory of jurisdiction. Graduate Management Admission Council v. Raju, 241 F.Supp.2d 589 (E.D. Va., 2003). The defendant in Raju was a citizen of India who sold "official" past Graduate Record Examinations (GREs) to U.S. customers that were of dubious origin and in violation of the plaintiff, copyright-holder Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC). These exams were advertised and sold over the Internet.

The defendant never made an appearance on U.S. territory depriving the plaintiffs of one easy avenue of obtaining in personam jurisdiction over the defendant – the simple act of being able to serve process on the defendant while the defendant is visiting and within the territory of the United States (this would be the traditional territorial principle of jurisdiction at work, to use terms of international law). The defendant was not a citizen of a particular state. The court described the jurisdiction it exercised over Raju's conduct of selling illegal copies of the exams to potential purchasers in several states within the territory of the U.S. as "targeting" the U.S. market for U.S. purchasers. Under these circumstances, the court found that personal jurisdiction was proper under a theory of national jurisdiction: the defendant had targeted the U.S. at large from outside of the territory and intended to avail himself of the opportunity of selling test answers to a U.S. graduate school entrance test to his most likely customers: Americans.

A judgment was issued against the defendant Raju who defaulted by never making an appearance to the district court where he was being sued.

Additional cases
In a procedurally complicated case, Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et l'Antisemitisme (LICRA), the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals held that it had personal jurisdiction over two French organizations who sued Yahoo! in a French court. The court found that all of the following acts, in combination, were sufficient contacts to create personal jurisdiction over the French organizations: sending letters to Yahoo!, suing Yahoo! and serving Yahoo! in California, and the suit resulting in orders that Yahoo!'s officers in California comply with French law.

References

International law
Computer law
Jurisdiction
Law of the United States


Greg Rose (born 26 March 1980), better known by his stage name Perfect Giddimani, Mr. Perfect or simply Perfect is a Jamaican reggae singer. Who has gained worldwide recognition for his reggae hit "Hand Cart Bwoy" which entered the Jamaican charts in 2004 and created a wave of support for local peddlers who ply their wares in the markets and on the streets.

Biography
Perfect (born Greg Rose) is the third child in a family of four children. He grew up in Bamboo, a community located in the parish of St. Ann, Jamaica. Perfect recorded his first tune as Little Ninja, before changing his stage name to Mr. Perfect then subsequently Perfect Giddimani.

Perfect Giddimani began deejaying on a sound system called "Trend Setter" which originated in Bamboo where he lived. It was for this sound system that he recorded his first set of dubplates. He attended York Castle High School before relocating to Kingston. The first song that highlighted his name was "Lock Me Up" in 2004 but his break through came with "Hand Cart Bwoy" in 2005. He released his first album Giddimani, the next year. The Austrian record label Irie vibrations released his second album Born Dead With Life, in 2008.

In April 2017, Perfect Giddimani was featured on  Young Shanty's EP titled Chalice Row or Dig a Hole which debuted on Billboard's Reggae Album Charts at Number 1. This EP was produced by Giddimani Records, founded in late 2009 by Rose, in collaboration with Chalice Row Unlimited based in California.

On 7 July 2017, Perfect Giddimani released his 11th studio album titled Live My Life Again. This fifteen track album released by Giddimani Records, debuted at number 1 on Billboard's Reggae Albums chart for the week of 2 September 2017. It spent 3 consecutive weeks on the charts going from 1 to 5 then up to 3 as the charts greatest gainer for the week of 16 September 2017. This album also entered the Billboard Independent albums chart peaking at 38.

Awards and Accomplishments

Billboard Chart Appearances

Discography

Albums

Singles

Mixtapes
2008: 30 Pieces
2009: Dear Mr. President
2009: The Perfect Mixtape
2011: Giddimani Nah Drop

References

External links
Perfect Giddimani's Webpage
Perfect Giddimani Discography at Discogs.com

Living people
Jamaican male singers
Jamaican reggae singers
1980 births
Converts to the Rastafari movement
Performers of Rastafarian music
Reggae fusion artists
Jamaican Rastafarians
Jamaican reggae musicians
People from Saint Ann Parish


Close to the Fire is the 9th studio album by Dutch progressive rock band Kayak, released in 2000. It was a comeback album, the first since their split in 1982. The line-up was almost the same as the one that recorded the album Royal Bed Bouncer in 1975. Only guitarist Johan Slager was not involved. He was replaced by Rob Winter.

By 1997, Kayak founder members Ton Scherpenzeel and Pim Koopman decided to work on new material. They had no name for their project yet, and it was not their intention to release the songs as Kayak. Apart from Scherpenzeel and Koopman, no former Kayak members were involved at this stage. Lead singer on the demo versions was Alex Toonen, from Dutch progressive rock band "For Absent Friends". Record companies were not immediately interested, and the songs were not developed further. Then, original Kayak singer Max Werner offered to have a go at the demo's. With his vocal sound the songs got a genuine Kayak feel, and it was decided to release the songs as the new Kayak album.

The album was relatively successful, reaching # 54 in the Dutch album top-100 and staying in that top-100 for 6 weeks. More important was that media and fans were interested in the band again. Scherpenzeel and Koopman decided to continue the 'new' Kayak. Max Werner left after a short tour in 2000.

The last song on the album is a newly recorded version of "Ruthless Queen", Kayak's biggest hit from 1978. Lead vocalist on the new version is Syb van der Ploeg. He was lead-singer of Dutch band "De Kast". Members of that band were big Kayak fans, and in 1999 De Kast asked Kayak to join them in a TV-special. That was one of the things that encouraged Kayak to reunite. Apart from Syb van der Ploeg, Kast-members Sytze Broersma and Peter van der Ploeg also play on "Ruthless Queen".

The song "Full Circle" has a guitar solo by Andrew Latimer, leader of the British progressive rock band Camel. Ton Scherpenzeel played in Camel, though not constantly, from 1984 until 2003.

Track listing

 "Close To the Fire" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 8:11
 "When Hearts Grow Cold" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 3:08
 "Dream Child" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 3:30
 "Frozen Flame" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 6:34
 "Forever" - 4:48 (Koopman)
 "Worlds Apart" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 5:12
 "Crusader" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 4:39
 "Two Wrongs (Don't Make A Right)" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 3:35
 "Anybody's Child" - 5:01 (Koopman)
 "Here Today" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 3:34
 "Just A Matter Of Time" - 3:34 (Koopman)
 "Full Circle" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 5:55
 "Ruthless Queen (new version)" (Scherpenzeel/Linders) - 5:00

Bonus tracks on Japanese CD release:

 "Cried For Love" (Scherpenzeel) - 3:23
 "Love Lies" (Scherpenzeel) - 3:42

Members

 Ton Scherpenzeel - keyboards, backing vocals, accordion
 Pim Koopman - drums, backing vocals
 Max Werner - lead and backing vocals, percussion
 Bert Veldkamp - bass guitar
 Rob Winter - guitars, backing vocals

Guest musicians

 Andrew Latimer - guitar on "Full Circle"
 Syb van der Ploeg - lead vocal on "Ruthless Queen"
 Sytze Broersma - backing vocals on "Ruthless Queen"
 Peter van der Ploeg - acoustic guitar on "Ruthless Queen"
 Annet Visser - flute, recorder
 Femmes Vattaal - percussion
 Lorre Trytten - violin on "Full Circle"
 Arthur Polini - additional vocals (miscredited as "Arthur van Pol")
 Holger Schwedt - additional percussion

References

2000 albums
Kayak (band) albums


Although the term has occasionally been used in other ways, in medical literature biotrauma is usually defined as a severe inflammatory response produced in the lungs of patients who breathe by means of a mechanical ventilator for a long period of time.  The term was coined in a 1998 paper by L. N. Tremblay and A. S. Slutsky, titled Ventilator-induced injury: from barotrauma to biotrauma.  The message of that paper was that barotrauma caused by pressure differentials is only one of several types of lung damage that a ventilator can produce.

References

Medical terminology
Respiratory therapy
Pulmonology
Emergency medicine
Medical equipment
Intensive care medicine
Lung disorders
Trauma types


Ong Soo Hin is a Malaysian Chinese businessman and head of a salvaging company in south-east Asia.

He was born to Chinese parents in Malaysia. He was business partners with marine salvor Mike Hatcher.

In 1996, Ong Soo Hin teamed up with Oxford University archaeologist Mensun Bound to work with Vietnam's National History Museum in excavating the Hoi An Wreck site off the coast of Hoi An, Vietnam. The project took four years and cost an estimated $14 million. Over 250,000 intact examples of Vietnamese ceramic were recovered.

External links
New York Times article on Ong Soo Hin's salvage operation

Malaysian businesspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


Manning Bowl was an American football and soccer stadium located in Lynn, Massachusetts. It was the home stadium for Lynn English, Lynn Classical, Lynn Tech, St. Mary's High School, the Boston Rovers of the United Soccer Association in 1967, and the Bay State Titans of the Minor League Football System in 1990. Demolished in 2005, it was replaced by Manning Field built at the same location.

High school football
Manning Bowl, a WPA project, opened on November 24, 1937 for the annual Thanksgiving Day football game between English and Classical. The stadium was not yet completed and was known only as Municipal Stadium. English defeated Classical 13-6 and Henry Pazik (father of future Major League pitcher Mike Pazik) scored the first touchdown in the stadium's history on a 33-yard pass play from Joe McNulty.

The stadium was completed on June 21, 1938 and named for mayor J. Fred Manning. The first football game held in the completed stadium was a night game between Peabody High School and Classical with Peabody winning 27-7.

In 1948, the city of Lynn became the first to televise high school football, in an arrangement with WNAC-TV in Boston.

The Harry Agganis All-Star Football Classic was played at Manning Bowl from 1956–1959 and again from 1965-2003.

The final game played at Manning Bowl was on November 25, 2004 and was the annual Thanksgiving Day game between English and Classical. English won the game 28-8. The final touchdown in Manning Bowl history was scored by Mike Orfanos on a 2-yard run & on the games final play Lynn English's Matt McSharry sealed the game with a sack to record the last tackle in the stadiums history.

Notable high school athletes who played at the Manning Bowl
 Bill Adams, offensive lineman, Swampscott High School
 Harry Agganis, Kicker/Halfback, Lynn Classical
 Mark Bavaro, tight end, Danvers High School
 Matt Bloom, offensive line, Peabody High School
 Billy Conigliaro, running back, Swampscott High School
 Tony Conigliaro, quarterback, St. Mary's High School
 Boley Dancewicz, Quarterback, Lynn Classical
 Joe DiVito, quarterback, St. Mary's
 Richard Fecteau, lineman, Lynn Classical
 Jim Hegan, Lynn English
 Dick Jauron, Safety, Swampscott High School
 Greg Landry, quarterback, Nashua (NH) High School
 Steve Lomasney, quarterback, Peabody High School
 Doug Mackie, offensive line, Saugus High School
 Mike Pazik, quarterback, Lynn English
 Art Spinney, guard, Saugus High School
 Lou Tsioropoulos, kicker/tight end/defensive end, Lynn English
 Thomas Hankard, guard, Wakefield High School

Professional football
On September 18, 1945, the Boston Yanks defeated the defending National Football League champion New York Giants 14-3 in an exhibition game at the Manning Bowl. The game was only attended by 8,500 due to poor weather. The Yanks returned to the Manning Bowl the following season for "Boley Dancewicz Night", which honored Yanks quarterback and Lynn native Frank "Boley" Dancewicz. The Yanks defeated the Long Island Indians of the American Football League 27-0 in front of 10,000 spectators. At halftime, Dancewicz was presented with a radio, watch, and a pen and pencil by Mayor Albert Cole.

In 1959, the Chicago Bears defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 24-21 in the Cardinal Cushing Charity Game. Future Hall of Fame quarterback Norm Van Brocklin started for Philadelphia.

The Boston Breakers of the United States Football League considered moving to the manning bowl after 1983 season, however the team moved to New Orleans instead.

The semi-pro Bay State Titans played their only season here. Defensive Tackle Eric Swann would be selected with the 6th overall pick in the 1991 NFL Draft.

College football
The first college football game in the Manning Bowl was a 1953 contest between Holy Cross and Dartmouth.

Concerts
The Rolling Stones kicked off their 1966 North American Tour at the stadium on June 24, 1966. Police cut the event short in response to crowd surge toward the stage.

On June 11, 1976, Ray Charles held a charity concert to raise money for the Life Institute for Blind. The Four Tops and Dorothy Moore also performed.

Mötley Crüe drew 15,000 fans during an August 1985 concert, Accept and Y & T were on the bill, as were Helix (Helix did not perform). It was known as Summer Jam 85.

Aerosmith performed at the stadium during their Done with Mirrors Tour on September 14, 1985.

The Beach Boys performed at the Stadium September 23, 1984.

The Kinks performed at the Stadium September 8, 1985.

Other events
The first official event held at the Manning Bowl was a citywide dance held on a specially made dance area in the end zone. This area was also used to show night time movies during the 1930s and '40s.

The Manning Bowl hosted memorials following the deaths of Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy.

From 1966 to 1982, The Manning Bowl was home to Drum & Bugle Corps World Open Championship.

The Manning Bowl was the home stadium for the Boston Rovers during the United Soccer Association's only season. The league's first ever game was held here and ended in a 1-1 draw against the Detroit Cougars. Mick Leech scoring for Rovers.

The first ever Agganis All-Star Basketball Game was played here in 1976.

In 1985, the Manning Bowl hosted 2 World Class Championship Wrestling Events

In 1978, Eddie Feigner hurled one of his 930 no-hitters in a game played on makeshift diamond.

References

External links
Stadium information

Defunct American football venues in Massachusetts
Defunct soccer venues in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lynn, Massachusetts
Sports in Lynn, Massachusetts


Microvoluta marginata is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Volutomitridae, the mitres.

Description
The length of the shell attains 6mm.

Distribution
It is only known to occur in New Zealand.

References

 Bouchet P. & Kantor Y. 2004. New Caledonia: the major centre of biodiversity for volutomitrid molluscs (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Volutomitridae). Systematics and Biodiversity 1(4): 467-502.

External links

Further reading
 Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Tepapa photo, but doesn't look anything like Powell's drawing!

Volutomitridae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1885


John Tempest Jr. (1739 – 12 August 1794) was a County Durham landowner and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1768 to 1794.

Biography
A member of the Old Durham branch of the Tempest family, Tempest was born in Sherburn, Durham, the son of John Tempest of Wynyard (1710–1776) and Frances Shuttleworth. He was educated at Westminster School (1750) and Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1758).

He inherited his family's extensive landed interests including the manors of Wynyard, The Isle, Kelloe, Old Durham and Rainton, making him one of the largest shippers of coal via Sunderland in the late 18th century.

Tempest represented the City of Durham in the Parliaments of 1768, 1774, 1780, 1784 and 1790, and joined his fellow Durham MP John Lambton in constantly opposing the administration of Lord North. In 1784 he was a member of the St. Alban's Tavern group who tried to bring Fox and Pitt together.

Family

Tempest married Ann Townsend (?–1817) daughter of Joseph Townsend of Honington, Warwickshire. Their only son, John Wharton Tempest (1772–1793) (the subject of a painting by George Romney), predeceased them as a result of a riding accident.

The Tempest estates thus devolved to his nephew Henry, the son of a sister who had married the Rev. Sir Henry Vane Bt. of Long Newton, upon condition that his nephew assumed the name and arms of Tempest. Having fulfilled the requirement, Sir Henry Vane-Tempest Bt. (1771–1813) also replaced his uncle as M.P. for Durham City on 17 October 1794 and was the ancestor of the Vane-Tempest-Stewarts, Earls Vane and Marquesses of Londonderry.

References

Sources
Robert Surtees, History of Durham (1816–1840)
Brian Masters, Wynyard Hall and the Londonderry Family (1973)

1739 births
1794 deaths
People from Durham, England
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for the City of Durham
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
John


A Night in Vienna is a 2004 live album by Oscar Peterson.

Track listing
 Intro – 0:58
 "Night Time" – 8:35
 "When Summer Comes" – 7:10
 "Cakewalk" – 8:31
 "Requiem" – 8:49
 "Wheatland" – 9:19
 "The Backyard Blues" – 8:13
 "Satin Doll" (Duke Ellington, Johnny Mercer, Billy Strayhorn) – 9:48
 "Sweet Georgia Brown" (Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey, Maceo Pinkard) – 8:23
 "Hymn to Freedom" – 7:56

All music written by Oscar Peterson, unless otherwise noted.

Personnel

Performance
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Ulf Wakenius – guitar
 Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen – double bass
 Martin Drew – drums

References

Oscar Peterson live albums
2004 live albums
Verve Records live albums


Isara carbonaria is a medium-large species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the mitre snails or mitre shells.

Description
A dark, slim species with an acuminated spire slightly exceeding the aperture in length.

Distribution
This species occurs in Australia and New Zealand.

References

External links
 Reeve, L. A. (1844-1845). Monograph of the genus Mitra. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 2, pl. 1-39 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London
 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Cernohorsky, W. O. (1976). The Mitridae of the World. Part I. The subfamily Mitrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca. 3(17): 273-528

Mitridae
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of New Zealand
Fauna of Western Australia
Gastropods described in 1822


The following list of presidents of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia lists the presidents of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia since 1979.

References

See also
 List of presidents of the Senate of Colombia
 List of vice presidents of Colombia
 List of presidents of Colombia
 List of viceroys of New Granada

Colombia, Chamber
Chamber of Representatives

es:Cámara de Representantes de Colombia#Presidentes de la Cámara de Representantes


Haveli Baghal is a village in the Dadyal tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography
According to the 1998 census, its population was 761.

History
Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom. The village means the mansion of the Baghal. The Baghal are a Rajput clan, ghakhar kiani Rajput.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


Monte Ávila Editores is the largest and most important publishing house in Venezuela. Between 1980 and 2000 it published over 300 titles, largely by Venezuelan authors, producing over 1.2m copies.

Founded in 1968 on the initiative of author Simón Alberto Consalvi, as of 2009 it has published over 2000 books. Past Directors include Juan Liscano, Rafael Arráiz Lucca.

References

External links
 www.monteavila.gob.ve - Archive link, 14 June 2022

Book publishing companies of Venezuela
Government-owned companies of Venezuela


Tanwei Station (), formerly Datansha South Station () and Datansha Station () during planning, is an elevated station on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro and an underground station on Line 6. It is located at Zhongshuangqiao Park () on Datansha Island in the Liwan District. It opened on 28 December 2009. It became an interchange station between Line 5 and Line 6 on 28December 2013.

Gallery

Others
Another station in Line 6 on Datansha Island, Datansha North Station () was renamed as Hesha Station ().

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Liwan District


†Neptunea angulata is an extinct species of large fossil sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae.

There is some confusion concerning the nomenclature (the naming) of this extinct taxon. The species was formerly known as Neptunea contraria. This is, however, the name of a modern extant species, and therefore the two names are not synonyms. This has been clarified by Nelson & Pain, 1986.

Distribution

References

Buccinidae
Gastropods described in 1848


Charles John Izon (1872 – after 1897) was an English professional footballer who made 32 appearances in the Football League playing for Small Heath and Walsall.

Izon was born in Stourbridge, Worcestershire. His forward play with Old Hill Wanderers and Halesowen earned him a good reputation, and there was strong competition in the Birmingham area for his signature. He joined Second Division champions Small Heath in September 1893, and made his debut in the Football League on 16 September, scoring a hat-trick in a 4–0 win at home to Walsall Town Swifts. Izon played his part in the club finishing in runners-up spot, but was unable to displace the prolific Frank Mobley or Fred Wheldon, and played only 26 games in three-and-a-half years. He moved on to Walsall in January 1897.

References

1872 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Stourbridge
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Old Hill Wanderers F.C. players
Halesowen Town F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


Modelia granosa, common name the southern cat's eye, is a medium to large species of sea snail which has a shell with a pearly interior and a calcareous operculum. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 80 mm.
The orbiculate, imperforate shell has a depressed-conic shape. It is, pinkish yellow, unicolored, or clouded with purplish or brown. The seven whorls are rounded, the upper two smooth, the others closely minutely granulose in regular spiral series. The body whorl is rounded and descending. The subcircular aperture is white and iridescent within. The white columella is wide, subexcavated in the center. The thin callus is shining and rose-tinted.

The ovate operculum is flat within, with 5-6 whorls and a subcentral nucleus. On its outside it is white, thick, subgibbous, and minutely tuberculate
at its center, subcanaliculate at its periphery.

Distribution
It is only known to occur in New Zealand.

Notes
Additional information regarding this species:
 Authority: Use of name from Martyn (1784) validated by ICZN Opinion 479.

References

 Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.
 Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2003). A Conchological Iconography: The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany

External links

granosa
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1784


Jakob Josef Petuchowski (1925 – 1991) was an American research professor of Jewish Theology and Liturgy and the Sol and Arlene Bronstein Professor of Judeo-Christian Studies at the  Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio. He was born on July 25, 1925 in Berlin and died November 12, 1991 in Cincinnati.

Education
Petuchowski was brought up as an Orthodox Jew in Berlin and left Germany in May 1939 for Scotland on the Kindertransport. His father, Samuel Meir Sigmund Petuchowski, died in 1928 and his mother was murdered in the Holocaust.

Aged just 16, and having had only a year's instruction in English before leaving Berlin, he became a rabbinical student at the Glasgow Rabbinical College. While studying for a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Psychology, which he received from the University of London in 1947, he continued Jewish studies privately, receiving tuition from Rabbis Leo Baeck and Arthur Löwenstamm among others. In 1948 he became a rabbinical student at Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati. He received a master's degree in 1952 and a PhD in 1956.

Professional career
He served as part-time rabbi in Welch, West Virginia between 1949 and 1955 and was full-time rabbi in Washington, Pennsylvania from 1955 to 1956. He returned to teach at Hebrew Union College in 1956. During the academic year 1963-64 he was rabbi and founding director of Judaic Studies at the college's newly established branch in Jerusalem.

Personal life
He married Elizabeth Mayer from Bochum on November 28, 1946 and they had three sons: Samuel, Aaron and Jonathan.

Publications
His works include Ever Since Sinai (1961), Zion Reconsidered (1966), Prayerbook Reform in Europe (1968), Understanding Jewish Prayer (1972), Theology and Poetry (1978), Es lehrten unsere Meister (1979) and When Jews and Christians Meet (1986).
His story as a child leaving  his mother  and home town Berlin on the Kindertransport can be found in the book  I came Alone pp. 242–244. The story is available  also on the web with a translation to Hebrew on the site I Came alone.

Petuchowski's article, "The Theological Significance of the Parable in Rabbinic Literature and the New Testament," can be read at JerusalemPerspective.com.

References

Sources
 Henrix, Hans Herman, "Jakob J Petuchowski (1925 – 1991): Rabbi, Scholar, Ecumenist" in: Gerhards, Albert and Leonhard, Clemens (editors), Jewish and Christian Liturgy and Worship: New Insights Into Its History and Interaction (2007), Brill, Leiden; Boston,
 Leverton, Bertha, and Shmuel Lowensohn. I Came Alone: The Stories of the Kindertransports. Sussex, England: Book Guild, 1990, pp. 242–244.

American Reform rabbis
Kindertransport refugees
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion faculty
American Jewish theologians
1925 births
1991 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century American rabbis
People from Welch, West Virginia
Rabbis from West Virginia


The 1984 Korfball World Championship was the second edition of the major international korfball competition. It was held in Belgium on April 24–27, in the cities of Antwerp, Louvain la Neuve, Hasselt and Ghent. The Netherlands defeated Belgium at the final by 11–9.

Pool matches
Legend

Final round

7th–8th places

5th–6th places

Bronze medal match

Final

Final standings

Korfball World Championship
Korfball World Championship
IKF World Korfball Championship
International sports competitions hosted by Belgium
Korfball in Belgium


Luis Sandi Meneses (22 February 1905, Mexico City – 1996), was a musician, teacher and composer.

Biography
The complete name is Luis Sandi Meneses.  Born February 22, 1905 in Mexico City, the only child of Genaro Sandi and María Meneses.  Sandi did not attend public primary school, but was privately tutored by his mother's sister, Manuela Meneses, who was a public school teacher.  Between the ages of six and fourteen Sandi lived in Tacubaya, a suburb of Mexico city.
As his interest in music increased, at the age of fifteen Sandi entered the National Conservatory of music where he studied violin with José Rocabruna, an eminent Spanish violinist.  Sandi studied voice with Elvira González, and composition with Estanislao Mejía (b. 1882) a nationalist.  Sandi also had a composition workshop with Carlos Chávez with whom he studied instrumental conducting.

Luis Sandi conducted in various instances Orquesta Sinfónica de México and Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional. At one time, he focused on composition. From his production, opera Carlota (libretto by Francisco Zendejas) and Bonampak ballet stand out. His continuous contact with Coro de Madrigalistas (which he founded in 1938)  made him compose and arrange a wide range of choral works. He is author of many books for music alumni. Sandi was also member of International Music Council of UNESCO, for 1963-1966 period, and member of Consejo Interamericano de Música.

Works

Instrumental

Solos
Fátima (suite galante) (1948) (6') - guit.
Sonata para violín (1969) (10')
Miniatura (1995) (3') - viola

Duos
Pastoral - oboe, piano
Aire antiguo (1927) (13') - violin and piano
Canción erótica (1927) (4') - violin and piano
Hoja de álbum (1956) (4') - violoncello and piano
Hoja de álbum no.2 (4') - viola and piano
Sonatina para violoncello y piano (1959) (5')
Suite para oboe y piano (1982) (12´)
Sonata para oboe y violoncello (1983) (11')

Trios
Tres momentos (1978) (6') - violín, violoncello y piano
Variación para tres flautas dulces (1979) - fl

Quartets
Cuarteto para instrumentos de arco (1938) (9')
Cuatro momentos (1961) (5')
Cuatro piezas (1977) (5') - flautas dulces

Quintets
Quinteto (1960) (6') - flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin and violoncello

Chamber orch.
Suite de la hoja de plata (1939) (12')
Cinco gacelas (1968) (8')
Trenos in memoriam Carlos Chávez (1978) (6')
Sinfonía mínima (1978) (8')

Symphonic orch.
Los cuatro coroneles de la reina (1978) (7') - (vers. orch.)
Sonora (1933)
Suite banal (1936) (10')
La angostura (1939)
Norte (1940)
 Tú Fú (1956)
 Segunda Sinfonía (1979)

Symphonic orch. and soloist
Concertino (1944) (7') - flauta y orq.
Poemas de amor y muerte (1966) (9') - voice and orch. Text: Greek epigraphs
Il cántico delle creature (1971) (10') - voice and orch. Text: Sn. Francisco de Asis
Ajorca de cantos floridos (1977) (6') - voice and orch. Text: Nahuatl poetry

Ballet
Día de difuntos (1938) (8') - orch.
Coatlicue (1949) (12') -orch.
Bonampak (1951) (20') -orch.

Vocal

Operas
 Carlota (1947) (30') Libretto: Francisco Zendejas Gómez
 La señora en su balcón (1954) (45')

Voice and piano
¡Oh, luna!
Las cuatro coronelas de la reina (1928) (7') - Text: Amado Nervo
Madrigal (1936) (2') - Text: Amado Nervo
Diez hai-kais (1933) (4') - Text: José Juan Tablada
Canción obscura (1934) (3') -
Diez hai-kais para canto y piano (1947) - Text: José Juan Tablada
Canción de la vida profunda (1947) (5') - Text: Porfirio Barba Jacob
Cuatro cannciones de amor (1955)  (7') - Text: Rafael Alberti; Ramón López Velarde; anonymous
Poemas del amor y de la muerte (1963) (6') - Text: Omar Khayyam; Greek epigraphs
Destino (1968) (5') -  Text: Isabel Farfán Cano
Cinco poemas de Salvador Novo (1975) (3')- soprano, mezzo y piano

Voice and other instruments
Rubayaits - voice, trumpet, horn, trombone Text: Omar Khayyam
El venado (1932) (8') - voice, flute, trumpet, trombone, 2 violins, vihuela, guitarrón, marimba and percussion
¿Qué traerá la paloma? (1958) (1') - voice and guitar
Paloma ramo de sal (1947) (11') - voice and guitarra
Poema en el espacio (1961) (3') - voice and violoncello
Ave María (1981) - voice and organ  Text: Elías Nandino

Choir
Silenciosamente (1930) (1') - mixed choir Text: Amado Nervo
Tres madrigales  (1932) (5')
Quisiérate peor, Nísida, cuenta (1947) (4') - mixed choir Text: Miguel de Cervantes
 Los Xtoles (1947)
Amanece (1948) - mixed choir Text: Alfonso del Río
Canto de amor y muerte (1956) (6') - mixed choir Text: Ramón López Velarde
A la muerte de Madero (1960) (2') - mixed choir
Cinco gacelas (1960) (6') - mixed choir
Cantata a la tumba de García Lorca (1977) (8') - mixed choir

Choir and instruments
Las troyanas (1937) (10') - coro mixto 2 obs, c.i., fg, arpa y perc. Texto: Euripides
Mi corazón se amerita (1939) (4') coro mixto y 2 pianos Text: Ramón López Velarde

Choir and symphonic orch.
Gloria a los héroes (1947) (7')
La suave patria (1951) (7') - Text: Ramón López Velarde

References

The Choral Music of Luis Sandi, doctoral dissertation submitted to the Committee on Advanced Studies at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, TX in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Musical Arts, by Leslie Gomez, May 1984.

Alcaraz, José Antonio (1991). Reflexiones sobre el nacionalismo musical mexicano. México: Editorial Patria.
Soto Millán, Eduardo (1998). Diccionario de Compositores Mexicanos de Música de Concierto. Siglo XX. Tomo II (I-Z)

External links

1905 births
1996 deaths
Musicians from Mexico City
Mexican male classical composers
Mexican classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Academic staff of the National Conservatory of Music of Mexico
20th-century male musicians