Ecoflation (a portmanteau of "ecological" and "inflation") is a future scenario in "Rattling Supply Chains", a research report by the World Resources Institute and A.T. Kearney, released in November 2008. It is characterized by natural resources becoming scarcer and sustainability issues become more pressing, leading to an increase in the price of commodities. The effects of the increase in the price of commodities are felt by corporations suffering environmental costs being added to their usual cost of doing business. The concept of ecoflation focuses on having environmental externalities of business be the burden of the organization/business responsible, rather than costs being allocated to the general public. Ecoflation represents more accurate pricing of the true costs associated with business actions. The concepts also emphasized the necessity of businesses to be creative and innovative in order to adapt their business models and supply chains to remain competitive on the market. The idea is that the more a business integrates sustainability in their core business principle, the more success they will have.

Drivers of ecoflation
The World Resources Institute and A.T. Kearney identified three main drivers for ecoflation :

Scarcity of resources
An increase in population and consumption leads to an increased demand for resources, such as wood, oil, water, and grain. Meanwhile, climate change is an increasing threat to such resources, in the form of extreme weather events (wildfires, droughts, floods, etc.) and biodiversity loss. For example, as freshwater levels decline, and the demand keeps rising globally, because of the law of supply and demand, the price of water is bound to rise, some predict by 20% to 30% by 2050. Also in regards to water, agricultural regions are facing droughts and water scarcity from climate change which has led to the increase in production costs. Hydroelectric power plants are one specific area that has been directly affected by water scarcity.  Furthermore, palm oil which is commonly in food and personal care products is largely affected by climate change, specifically water scarcity, floods, and fires.

Policies
Governmental institutions, like the World Economic Forum, European Union, General Agreement on Tariff and Trade are increasingly aware of the necessity to react to climate change, and continue to pass stronger regulations in order to protect the environment. One such regulation is the introduction of carbon emissions trading, which forces companies that pollute more than they are permitted to suffer the cost. These are costs that companies will either have to internalize, decreasing their profit margin, or pass on to the consumer, potentially making them less competitive. Government-enforced carbon fees have a direct impact on transportation prices. The increase in transport costs causes an increase in the price for resources such as sugar. In addition to this, many countries have passed laws banning or limiting the use of plastic bags, according to the United Nations Environment Program. The paper states, “As of July 2018, one hundred and twenty-seven (127) out of 192 countries reviewed (about 66%) have adopted some form of legislation to regulate plastic bags. The first regulatory measures specifically targeting plastic bags were enacted in the early 2000s, gradually increasing throughout the decade, with many countries enacting restrictions in the past few years.”

Consumers
Consumers are also increasingly asking companies to provide more sustainable goods and services. Adapting to such consumer demands represents a cost for companies to adapt to. For example, companies may commit to using recycled wood material in response to public concerns about deforestation, or reducing plastic, because it comes from fossil fuels.

Addressing ecoflation
The risk of ecoflation is not inescapable, and companies can start by taking concrete steps to counteract its effects.

Voluntary actions
Companies can take voluntary action in order to reduce gas emissions and avoid ecoflation. For example, companies may choose to use less plastic or recycled plastic, or they may modify their distribution system to increase efficiency and decrease both greenhouse gas emissions and costs. Procter & Gamble is one of these companies that is looking at use both less and recycled plastic across their products. In 2018, they announced a sustainability goal for all of their packaging to use recyclable and reusable plastic by 2030. Procter & Gamble takes the lead with their Fabric Care such as Tide, Gain, and Downy which uses 73% recycled packaging. Also, governments may pass laws that force companies to do this as well. One example of this is New Jersey’s passing new laws. Starting May 4, 2022, New Jersey retail stores, grocery stores and food service businesses may not provide or sell single-use plastic carryout bags and polystyrene foam food service products. Single-use paper carryout bags are allowed to be provided or sold, except by grocery stores equal to or larger than 2500 square feet, which may only provide or sell reusable carryout bags. After November 4, 2021, plastic straws may be provided only upon the request of the customer.”

Business opportunities
Drivers of ecoflation can be business opportunities. As stated by the consulting firm Kearney in their report "The Cost of Ecoflation" : "Leaders in this new landscape will be companies that make environmental sustainability one of their core business principles." In order for business to remain competitive and to emerge as leaders, sustainability is an important factor.

As pointed at the 2020 Davos economic forum, the five greatest global risks to the economy today are all related to the environment, starting with climate change. Companies will have no choice but to adapt to this reality. Furthermore, the Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) Score rating system has been utilized to address the price impact and other assorted environmental hazard that companies pose in the confines of ecoflation. Investment firms often utilize these metrics to create more diverse portfolios and select more sustainable investments. As stated by Paulina Linkos, former Risk Manager at Fannie Mae, “A favorable ESG score could compel investors to invest in a company, either because investors see the company's values as aligned with their own or because investors view the company as sufficiently shielded from future risks associated with issues such as pollution or poor corporate governance.”  As such, there is an incentive to companies that attempt to improve their score, thereby improving the general corporate landscape in environmental factors and cost drivers.

Big changes
Addressing ecoflation is not a task to be taken lightly, as stated by Andrew Aulisi, a researcher at the World Resource Institute. "You should not make small 'cosmetic' changes, but work with a true vision of the future," he concluded. As ecoflation is intertwined in many other topics, as stated by Darko B. Vukovic and Riad Shams, researchers for the Russian National research University- Higher School of Economics and Newcastle Business School- Northumbria University, “As the governments of many countries (predominantly developed) became increasingly interested in environmental issues, we began to meet more terms that are dedicated to the conservation of the environment, rational use of resources, sustainability, and the economic potential of a particular location (region). As a result of this policy, we often encounter terminology such as: Sustainable development, global ecotrends, green economy, ecotourism, environmental protection, regional issues, technological impact on ecology (or new version of industrial ecology), ecopolitical problems, social responsibility, corporate responsibility, urban sustainability, sustainable tourism, circular economy, etc. In other words, the link between biodiversity, economics, and technological advancement exists in almost all socioeconomic forms.”. As shown by this, any small change in the realm of socioeconomics can impact many other areas of the economy of a given region.

Impacts of ecoflation on cost drivers

Methodology
For the scenario, the World Resource Institute chose to focus on the industry of Fast-Moving-Consumer-Goods (FMCG), and analyses seven types commodities: oil, natural gas, electricity, cereals & grain & soy, sugar, palm oil, and timber. The first impact in the study was commodity prices, and the study concluded that the price of commodities will be greatly affected by the drivers of ecoflation. The second impact in the study was the “Total Delivered Cost,” and detailed that ecoflation will cause an increase for these companies. The last impact in the study concluded that ecoflation will lead to a decrease of Earnings Before Interest and Tax between 13% and 47% between 2013 and 2018.

See also

 Economic impacts of climate change
 Sustainability
 Inflation accounting
 Effects of climate change
 Resource depletion

References

Inflation
Sustainability
Economics and climate change
Ecology


Basking may refer to:

Basking in reflected glory, associating oneself with successful other such that their success becomes one's own
Basking Ridge, New Jersey, unincorporated area in Bernards Township in the Somerset Hills region of Somerset County, New Jersey
Basking Ridge (NJT station), New Jersey Transit station in Bernards Township, New Jersey
Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus, is the second largest living fish, after the whale shark
Sunning (behaviour) or Basking behaviour used to raise body temperature, exhibited by some animals (see ectotherm)


Channel X Productions is a UK comedy and entertainment company with a 22–year history of producing programmes for all of the major broadcasters. The company specialises in scripted broken and narrative comedy, comedy-entertainment formats and game shows.

The company was formed in 1987 by Jonathan Ross and Alan Marke, and the former made his television presenting début as a stand-in presenter for Channel X program The Last Resort.

Channel X's Manchester based subsidiary, Channel K, has also won its first commissions in 2009, netting deals at the BBC and Channel 4.

Selected shows
The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross
Saturday Zoo with Jonathan Ross
Vic Reeves Big Night Out
Sean's Show
Shooting Stars
The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer
Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer
Catterick
Popetown
Blunder
Modern Toss
Snuff Box
So Awkward
Detectorists

Online
Channel X also produces an online comedy drama series called Chelsey OMG which airs on social networking website Bebo. By February 2009 the show had amassed almost 2,000,000 views.

References

External links
Channel X Website

Television production companies of the United Kingdom


Hazard statements form part of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). They are intended to form a set of standardized phrases about the hazards of chemical substances and mixtures that can be translated into different languages. As such, they serve the same purpose as the well-known R-phrases, which they are intended to replace.

Hazard statements are one of the key elements for the labelling of containers under the GHS, along with:
an identification of the product
one or more hazard pictograms (where necessary)
a signal word – either Danger or Warning – where necessary
precautionary statements, indicating how the product should be handled to minimize risks to the user (as well as to other people and the general environment)
the identity of the supplier (who might be a manufacturer or importer).

Each hazard statement is designated a code, starting with the letter H and followed by three digits. Statements which correspond to related hazards are grouped together by code number, so the numbering is not consecutive. The code is used for reference purposes, for example to help with translations, but it is the actual phrase which should appear on labels and safety data sheets.

Physical hazards

Health hazards

Environmental hazards

Country-specific hazard statements

European Union
The European Union has implemented the GHS through the CLP Regulation. Nevertheless, the older system based on the Dangerous Substances Directive was used in parallel until June 2015. Some R-phrases which do not have simple equivalents under the GHS have been retained under the CLP Regulation: the numbering mirrors the number of the previous R-phrase.

Physical properties

EUH006: Explosive with or without contact with air, deleted in the fourth adaptation to technical progress of CLP.
EUH014: Reacts violently with water
EUH018: In use may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
EUH019: May form explosive peroxides
EUH044: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement

Health properties
EUH029: Contact with water liberates toxic gas
EUH031: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
EUH032: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
EUH066: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
EUH070: Toxic by eye contact
EUH071: Corrosive to the respiratory tract
EUH380: May cause endocrine disruption in humans
EUH381: Suspected of causing endocrine disruption in humans

Environmental properties
EUH059: Hazardous to the ozone layer, superseded by GHS Class 5.1 in the second adaptation to technical progress of CLP.
EUH430: May cause endocrine disruption in the environment
EUH431: Suspected of causing endocrine disruption in the environment
EUH440: Accumulates in the environment and living organisms including in humans
EUH441: Strongly accumulates in the environment and living organisms including in humans
EUH450: Can cause long-lasting and diffuse contamination of water resources
EUH451: Can cause very long-lasting and diffuse contamination of water resources

Other EU hazard statements
Some other hazard statements intended for use in very specific circumstances have also been retained under the CLP Regulation. In this case, the numbering of the EU specific hazard statements can coincide with GHS hazard statements if the "EU" prefix is not included.
EUH201: Contains lead. Should not be used on surfaces liable to be chewed or sucked by children.
EUH201A: Warning! Contains lead.
EUH202: Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds. Keep out of the reach of children.
EUH203: Contains chromium(VI). May produce an allergic reaction.
EUH204: Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction.
EUH205: Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction.
EUH206: Warning! Do not use together with other products. May release dangerous gases (chlorine).
EUH207: Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during use. See information supplied by the manufacturer. Comply with the safety instructions.
EUH208: Contains <name of sensitising substance>. May produce an allergic reaction.
EUH209: Can become highly flammable in use.
EUH209A: Can become flammable in use.
EUH210: Safety data sheet available on request.
EUH211: Warning! Hazardous respirable droplets may be formed when sprayed. Do not breathe spray or mist.
EUH401: To avoid risks to human health and the environment, comply with the instructions for use.

Australia
The GHS was adopted in Australia from 1 January 2012 and becomes mandatory in States and Territories that have adopted the harmonised Work Health and Safety laws (other than Victoria and Western Australia) as of 1 January 2017. The National Code of Practice for the Preparation of Safety Data Sheets for Hazardous Chemicals  includes 12 Australian-specific GHS Hazard Statements, as follows:

Physical hazard statements
AUH001: Explosive without moisture
AUH006: Explosive with or without contact with air
AUH014: Reacts violently with water
AUH018: In use, may form a flammable/explosive vapor-air mixture
AUH019: May form explosive peroxides
AUH044: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement

Human health hazard statements
AUH029: Contact with water liberates toxic gas
AUH031: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas

Additional non-GHS hazard statements
AUH032: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
AUH066: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
AUH070: Toxic by eye contact
AUH071: Corrosive to the respiratory tract

New Zealand
As of March 2009, the relevant New Zealand regulations under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 do not specify the exact wording required for hazard statements. However, the New Zealand classification system includes three categories of environmental hazard which are not included in the GHS Rev.2:
Ecotoxicity to soil environment
Ecotoxicity to terrestrial vertebrates
Ecotoxicity to terrestrial invertebrates
These are classes 9.2–9.4 respectively of the New Zealand classification scheme, and are divided into subclasses according to the degree of hazard. Substances in subclass 9.2D ("Substances that are slightly harmful in the soil environment") do not require a hazard statement, while substances in the other subclasses require an indication of the general degree of hazard and general type of hazard.

Notes

References
 ("GHS Rev.4")
 ("GHS Rev.2")
 (New Zealand)
 (New Zealand)
 (the "CLP Regulation")

External links
 Chemical Hazard & Precautionary Phrases in 23 European Languages, machine-readable and versioned

Hazard statements


Benjamin Franklin Hanser Jones (March 18, 1899 – May 17, 1929) was a professional football player during the early years of the National Football League (NFL). Jones won an NFL championship with the Canton Bulldogs in 1923, one with the Cleveland Bulldogs in 1924, and another with the Frankford Yellow Jackets in 1926. He finished his career with the Chicago Cardinals in 1928. Jones died on May 17, 1929, at the age of 30. The cause of death was due to gas inhalation after he was exposed to an explosion at a clinic, located in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 15, 1929.

According to a front page article in the Simpson Times Leader in Ford City, Pennsylvania, on May 22, 1929, Jim Thorpe, the former All-American football player, attended his funeral. Jones is buried at Woodland Cemetery, located in Grove City, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

1899 births
1929 deaths
American football fullbacks
American football halfbacks
Canton Bulldogs players
Chicago Cardinals players
Cleveland Bulldogs players
Frankford Yellow Jackets players
Grove City Wolverines football players
IUP Crimson Hawks football players
Millville Football & Athletic Club players
People from Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Burials in Pennsylvania


Alexander Hug (born 11 May 1975) is a Swiss ski mountaineer.

Biography
Hug was born in Walenstadt and used for his first ski mountaineering attempts on the Garmil years self-tinkered touring bindings, when he was eleven years old. He started armateur ski mountaineering sports in 1990 and competed first at the "Arflina race". In 1999 and 2000 he won the "Pizol Challenge", and has been member of the national team since 2000. He enjoys also mountain biking, climbing and mountain running. Together with Beat Good and Andreas Zimmermann he created the "Pizol Altiski", which he organized in 2003. In autumn of 2005 he was trained as a landscape gardener in London. He currently works at Golf Club Bad Ragaz. He lives in Sargans.

Selected results
 2002:
 7th, World Championship single race
 7th, World Championship team race (together with Pius Schuwey)
 8th, World Championship combination ranking
 2003:
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Pierre-Marie Taramarcaz)
 10th, European Championship combination ranking
 2004:
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Rico Elmer, Alain Richard and Pierre Bruchez)
 5th, World Championship (together with Christian Pittex)
 2005:
 1st, Swiss Championship single
 2nd, European Championship relay race (together with Christian Pittex, Jean-Yves Rey and Yannick Ecoeur)
 3rd, European Championship single race
 4th, European Championship vertical race
 4th, World Cup race, Salt Lake City
 6th, World Cup team (together with Florent Troillet)
 2006:
 1st, Swiss Championship vertical race
 2nd, Adamello Ski Raid (together with Christian Pittex and Didier Moret)
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Alain Rey, Rico Elmer and Florent Troillet)
 4th, World Championship team race (together with Rico Elmer)
 2007:
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Florent Troillet)
 9th European Championship combination ranking
 2008:
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Florent Troillet

Pierra Menta

 2001: 10th, together with Olivier Nägele
 2007: 6th, together with Alain Rey

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2001: 8th, together with Olivier Nägele and Nicolao Leone Lanfranchi
 2005: 2nd, together with Florent Troillet and Christian Pittex
 2011: 8th, together with Marcel Theux and Didier Moret

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2000: 6th (and 2nd international military teams ranking), together with Pvt E-2 Laurent Perruchoud and Pvt E-2 Daniel Hediger
 2004: 4th, together with Florent Troillet and Christian Pittex
 2006: 2nd, together with Didier Moret and Christian Pittex
 2008: 1st, together with Florent Troillet and Didier Moret

External links
 Alexander Hug at Skimountaineering.org

References

1975 births
Living people
Swiss male ski mountaineers
Swiss military patrol (sport) runners
People from Walenstadt
Sportspeople from the canton of St. Gallen


Harry Thomas Gisborne (September 11, 1893 – November 9, 1949) was an American forester who pioneered the scientific study of wildfires.

Biography
Harry Gisborne was born in Montpelier, Vermont.  After graduating with a forestry degree from the University of Michigan, he joined the U.S. Forest Service, and after four years was assigned to head the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Missoula, Montana.  Many of his studies were conducted at the Priest River Experimental Forest, just outside Priest River, Idaho.  During his tenure there, he developed new instruments and methods to study the start and spread of wildfires. He was the first recipient from his area to receive the USDA Superior Service Award.

Gisborne died of a heart attack on November 9, 1949, while field-checking the site of the Mann Gulch Fire in August 1949. Norman Maclean called this the "death of a scientist" in his book Young Men and Fire.

References

External links
 U.S. Forest Service History: Harry Gisborne
"September 11, 1893: Forest Fire Researcher Harry Gisborne’s Birthday". Peeling Back the Bark, the Forest History Society.
  The Gisborne Era of Forest Fire Research
 Harry Thomas Gisborne Papers (University of Montana Archives)

Forestry academics
1893 births
1949 deaths
American foresters
University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment alumni


Yves Trudeau (4 February 1946 – July 2008), also known as "Apache" and "The Mad Bomber", was a Canadian outlaw biker, gangster and contract killer. A former member of the Hells Angels North chapter in Laval, Quebec, Trudeau was the club's leading assassin and a major participant in multiple biker conflicts throughout Canadian history, including the Popeyes–Devils Disciples War, the Satan's Choice–Popeyes War and the First Biker War. Frustrated by cocaine addiction and his suspicion that his fellow gang members wanted him dead, he became a Crown witness after the Lennoxville massacre. In exchange, he received a lenient sentence – life in prison but eligible for parole after seven years – for the killing of 43 people from September 1973 to July 1985.

Trudeau was granted parole in 1994, and given the new identity of Denis Côté. He was arrested in March 2004 for sexually assaulting a young boy and received four more years' imprisonment. In 2007, Trudeau learned he had cancer and was transferred from Archambault penitentiary to a medical centre, where he died in 2008. He was one of Canada's most notorious and prolific serial killers.

Background
The years 1936 to 1960 is a period of history known to Québécois as the Grande Noirceur ("Great Darkness") when Quebec was mostly ruled by the ultra-conservative Catholic Union Nationale party. Starting with the 1960 provincial election, which saw the Union Nationale defeated by the Quebec Liberals, Quebec society experienced sweeping changes known as the Quiet Revolution that saw Quebec go in the space of a decade from being one of the most conservative societies in North America to being one of the most liberal. As part of the reaction against the "medieval" Catholic social mores of the Grande Noirceur, the Québécois embraced a culture of hedonism in the 1960s with Quebec having for example a significantly higher rate of illegitimate births and drug use than English Canada. As part of the same backlash against the "suffocating" conformism of the Grande Noirceur, outlaw motorcycle clubs became very popular in Quebec in the 1960s with many French-Canadian young men seeing the outlaw biker culture as a symbol of freedom, rebellion and machismo, and by 1968 la belle province had 350 outlaw biker clubs. One result of Quebec having so many outlaw motorcycle clubs was a degree of violence and viciousness between the different biker groups that had no parallel in the rest of Canada as there were too many clubs seeking their share of the organized crime rackets, giving Quebec the reputation as the "Red Zone" in the outlaw biker world. The crime journalist James Dubro stated about the distinctive outlaw biker sub-culture of Quebec: "There's always has been more violence in Quebec. In the biker world it's known as the Red Zone. I remember an Outlaws hit man telling me he was scared going to Montreal."

The Popeye Moto Club, led by Yves Buteau, were the Quebec club that would eventually become Canada's first Hells Angels chapter. They were considered to be the most violent outlaw biker club in Quebec, and were infamous for engaging in gratuitous and sadistic violence that attracted the attention of the Hells Angels. The Popeyes were often employed by the Montreal Mafia to perform murders for them.

Hells Angels
Trudeau joined the Popeye Moto Club in 1968. In 1975, the Ontario-based Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club began an alliance with the American Outlaws Motorcycle Club, allowing the Outlaws to gain a way to challenge the supremacy of the Hells Angels in Quebec through access to the Montreal chapter of Satan's Choice. This led the Hells Angels-backed Popeyes into open conflict with the Satan's Choice Montreal chapter and their Outlaw allies, resulting in a number of casualties on both sides. The Popeyes had targeted the Devil's Disciples biker gang, who were allies of Satan's Choice. The Devils' Disciples and the Montreal chapter of Satan's Choice were engaged in the manufacturing and smuggling of chemical drugs, a market that the Popeyes decided to violently enter in 1974, leading to the biker war. Trudeau first rose to prominence as the Popeyes' ace assassin during this struggle. By January 1976, the Devil's Disciples gang had voted to disband themselves after 15 of their members had been murdered since 1974, thereby giving the Popeye Club control of the area around St. Henri Square.

Dubro said in an interview: "He had this fascination early in life with bikers and military things and weapons and bombs." Trudeau took a job with an explosives factory to learn how to handle explosives and would become an expert at building bombs. Pierre de Champlain, a former Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer who wrote the book Histoire du crime organisé à Montréal, stated in an interview: "He was very professional, very meticulous, and that's why they used his services." Trudeau scalped one of his victims, which earned him the moniker "Apache".

On 5 December 1977, Trudeau would be a founding member of the Hells Angels in Quebec in 1977 after the Popeyes patched over. On the night of 17 February 1978, an incident occurred at a bar popular with the Hells Angels, the Brasserie Joey, when two Outlaws chose to drink until they were ejected by the Angels. When the two Outlaws stood outside cursing the Angels, a green car came down the street out of the snowfall, and briefly stopped while the driver opened fire. Trudeau was the driver and shooter who killed Côté and wounded the other. The incident sparked a biker war between the Hells Angels and the Outlaws that was to last until 1984.

In September 1979, the Hells Angels national president Yves "Le Boss" Buteau broke up the Hells Angels Montreal chapter into a North chapter based in Laval led by Laurent "L'Anglais" Viau and a South chapter based in Sorel-Tracy led bv Réjean "Zig Zig" Lessard. The reason for the breaking up the chapter into two was that the Montreal chapter had too many members and their clubhouse was becoming too crowded. Trudeau was assigned to the North chapter. The North chapter would become known for its violent and reckless behavior and excessive drug use. The North chapter were mostly former Popeyes, and still retained Popeye attitudes, in marked contrast to the Montreal South chapter headed by Lessard, which consisted of men who joined the Angels after 1977 and were more disciplined. After Buteau was assassinated by the Outlaws on 8 September 1983, the rules governing drug use were widely ignored by Viau. The new Hells Angels national president, Michel "Sky" Langlois, was largely focused on expanding the Hells Angels into the other provinces. Viau had a more tolerant and relaxed attitude towards violence and drug use, which was encouraged by the absence of Buteau. Under Viau's leadership, the Laval chapter, which had often chafed at Buteau's rules, got out of control.

Standing five-foot-six, weighing 135 pounds and clean shaven with short hair, Trudeau did not resemble the prototypical biker, but he is considered to be the Hells Angels' most prolific killer. Other Angels weighed between 300 and 400 pounds, had an average height of 6'0 feet, and had long hair and beards, leading the journalist Jerry Langton to write that "...nobody would have guessed he was the club's enforcer and primary weapon". The Irish-Canadian West End Gang led by Frank "Dunie" Ryan, who controlled the Port of Montreal and thus the importation of drugs into Quebec, frequently made use of Trudeau's services to liquidate their rivals.

Trudeau admitted to killing 43 people from September 1970 to July 1985. He was the first Canadian Hells Angel to earn the "Filthy Few" patch, allegedly awarded to members who have killed for the club. During a biker war between the Hells Angels and the Outlaws for control of Montreal's drug trade between 1978 and 1983, Trudeau killed 18 out of the 23 Outlaws slain during the conflict. Langton called Trudeau a "psychopathic killer" and a "killing machine" par excellence, who was the Angels' most dangerous killer. Dubro stated about Trudeau: "He had absolutely no conscience, no respect for human life at all." To assist with his killings, Trudeau started to heavily use cocaine. Dubro commented: "Most of the hit men I've met have been cokeheads, and they usually coke up before doing the killings. Makes it a little easier. Not all of them, but alcoholism and drug use is very common among hit men."

Lennoxville massacre

Trudeau testified in 1985 that West End Gang chieftain Frank "Dunie" Ryan's successor, Allan "The Weasel" Ross, had offered to pay him $200,000 to eliminate Ryan's killers and he had been paid $25,000 dollars in advance. When Trudeau tried to collect the rest of the $200,000 after killing April and Lelièvre, Ross told him he should go collect the money from the Halifax and Sorel chapters of the Hells Angels who owned the West End Gang drug debts, saying he would forgive those debts if those chapters paid the money to Trudeau instead.

The president of the Hells Angels Halifax chapter, David "Wolf" Carroll, paid Trudeau $98,000. Carroll later learned that the Laval chapter was actually entitled to one-quarter of the money, and that Trudeau had used the extra money to support his cocaine addiction. As the Halifax chapter was much poorer than the Laval chapter, Trudeau's behavior was considered to be especially crass. Trudeau's stealing from the Halifax chapter led directly to the Lennoxville massacre of March 1985. Trudeau's stealing from the Halifax chapter only added to the resentment many Hells Angels already felt towards members of the North Chapter. Other Hells Angels felt that the North Chapter bikers were too wild and uncontrollable. They often used drugs they were supposed to sell and were suspected of cheating other chapters out of drug profits. A decision was made by Lessard to liquidate the North Chapter, in what would be known in biker history as the Lennoxville massacre. Réjean Lessard, the president of the Sorel chapter, met with Georges "Bo-Boy" Beaulieu, the president of the Sherbrooke chapter, and David "Wolf" Carroll, the president of the Halifax chapter, to plan the liquidation of the Laval chapter.

A meeting was set up at the Sherbrooke Chapter's clubhouse in Lennoxville on 24 March 1985. At that gathering, five members of the North Chapter were shot to death, wrapped in sleeping bags, and dumped in the St. Lawrence River. The others were allowed to live and were absorbed into the Montreal South chapter. Trudeau was supposed to be at that meeting, but had enrolled in a detoxification program the week before. He later said he wanted to clean himself up, because he knew what happened to members who were always high. News of the North Chapter slaughter soon reached Trudeau at the detox centre in Oka, and Trudeau received a visit from a Montreal Chapter representative, Normand Hamel. Trudeau was told that he was out of the club and would have to have his club tattoos removed.

Crown witness
After his release from the detox centre, Trudeau discovered that the Hells Angels had taken his motorcycle and $46,000 in cash that belonged to him from the North Chapter clubhouse. They said they would return the bike if he killed two people for the gang. Trudeau succeeded in killing one of the targets. Jean-Marc Deniger was killed in May 1985 and stuffed in his car. Satisfied, the Hells Angels gave Trudeau his motorcycle back.

Trudeau knew he was living on borrowed time, however. The Hells Angels had taken out a $50,000 contract on his head, and he decided to become a police informant and government witness.

In 1985, Trudeau pleaded guilty to 43 counts of manslaughter, meaning that as far as the Crown is concerned, Trudeau did not intentionally kill his 43 victims – 29 of whom died from firearms, 10 from bombs, three from being beaten to death, and one from strangulation. Police estimated 30 to 35 of his victims were other motorcycle gang members or sympathizers. Trudeau also testified on 40 other murders and 15 attempted murders. The Conservative senator Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu questioned the value of the plea bargain the Crown reached with Trudeau, saying: "Apache Trudeau didn't have to fight for his money, he didn't have to fight to be well treated. These are programs that cost us millions of dollars. The criminals take advantage of protection that isn't available to victims and a lot of the criminals who turned informant will wind up being recidivist."

As part of his controversial contract with the government, Trudeau was sentenced to life in prison, with eligibility for parole in seven years. Under his deal, the government also gave him $40,000 over the next four years and about $35 a week for cigarettes.

Release from prison
Trudeau was granted parole in 1994 and given a new identity. He lived under the name Denis Côté, resettled in the Valleyfield area, lived with a woman who did not know his past, and worked as an orderly in a nursing home and driving a bus for the handicapped. However, after being laid off in 2000, he slid back into cocaine addiction and sexually assaulted a 13-year-old boy after plying him with wine and beer, for which he pleaded guilty in 2004. He was sentenced to a four-year prison term. Quebec Court Judge Michel Duceppe noted "In your lifetime, you have killed more people than the Canadian military did in the Gulf War." Trudeau returned to prison under the double stigma of being both an informant and a child molester, meaning that he had to be kept in isolation 23 hours a day.

In 2006, Trudeau was diagnosed with bone-marrow cancer. In July 2008, the Canadian National Parole Board granted him parole and ordered him released to an outside medical-care facility. As part of his release, Trudeau was not allowed to contact minors or the victims of his crimes. The sister of one of Trudeau's victims, opposed to him being granted parole, told the Journal de Montréal: "Killing to him was like buying a bag of milk. A guy like that doesn't have a soul. That cancer is justice."

List of murders committed by Trudeau

See also
List of serial killers by country

Notes

References

External links
How Canada's Most Prolific Hit Man Turned Informant on the Hells Angels
 Infamous killer not free yet, Montreal Gazette, November 28, 2007
 Ex-biker hitman imprisoned for child molesting, CTV, July 14, 2004
 Biker informant sentenced in sex assault, CBC News, July 14, 2004
 Hells Angels hit man 'Apache' Trudeau up on sex charges, CBC News, March 25, 2004
 Takin’ care of Canadians outlaw biker business, North Shore News, April 26, 2000

1946 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Canadian criminals
21st-century Canadian criminals
Canadian gangsters
Canadian male criminals
Canadian mass murderers
Canadian people convicted of child sexual abuse
Canadian people convicted of manslaughter
Canadian prisoners and detainees
Canadian serial killers
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Deaths from multiple myeloma
French Quebecers
Hells Angels
Organized crime in Montreal
Prisoners and detainees of Canada
Quebec murderers
Serial bombers


Richard Brodie may refer to:

Richard Brodie (cricketer) (1813–1872), Australian cricketer
Richard Brodie (footballer) (born 1987), English footballer
Richard Brodie (programmer) (born 1959), American programmer and author


The Church of the Incarnation is a parish of the Diocese of Dallas of the Episcopal Church, located at 3966 McKinney Avenue in Dallas, Texas.

The church was founded in 1879 by Bishop Alexander Garrett as the Cathedral Chapel of the Incarnation. It was originally built on the corner of McKinney and Harwood, to a considerable degree north of Dallas’s business and residential community. In 1897 the mission church became a full-fledged parish of the Diocese of Dallas. In 1902 a brick building was dedicated and used as the church for the next twenty-five years. In 1927 the church moved to a new building farther north on McKinney at Cambrick Avenue. Sixteen rectors have served the church since its founding and the modest brick chapel has become a  close serving the Dallas community with a Christian volunteer force of 1,800 households.

The church is one of 74 Episcopal churches and missions in the Diocese of Dallas, which is a member of Province VII of the Episcopal Church of the United States (TEC) and a part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current rector is the Rev. Dr. Christopher Beeley.  It is one of the largest parishes in the diocese.

Architecture & Worship Spaces
The Main Campus facility located at 3966 McKinney Ave, with the exception of the Great Hall and school building, was constructed in a neo-Gothic style. The worship spaces contain traditional Anglican furnishings and stained glass.

Main Church
The main church is arranged in a cruciform layout.  The nave and both transepts are used for congregational seating, and the rear gallery is used as overflow seating when needed.  The north transept faces the crossing, while the south transept faces forward (east) toward a second altar, allowing it to function as an attached chapel.  The south transept also contains a large stained glass window depicting Jesus as the "Good Shepherd".  The Good Shepherd window backs up to the organ chamber, which prevents natural light from illuminating it, so it is lit artificially from behind. The cruciform layout of the church also serves as a symbol of the body of Christ. With the altar representing the head and the nave that contains the seating representing the body of Christ.

The chancel is divided into three distinct sections.  The first is where the pulpit, lectern, and seating for the clergy are found.  The pulpit is on the left (north) side of the chancel, and the lectern on the right (south) side.  The presider sits on the right side, but to the left of the pulpit, facing the center.  The subdeacon and one assisting priest sit behind him on the other side of the pulpit.  The acting deacon sits on the opposite (north) side with the preacher behind.  All of the clergy sit facing across the chancel.

The next section of the chancel contains the choir stalls.  The stalls face the center and have three rows on either side of the chancel which increase in height moving out from the center.  They can comfortably seat around 40 people and are outfitted with seated-height music racks.

The third section of the chancel is the proper sanctuary.  Its focal point is the carved wood altar with its gold leafing and relief carvings.  On the north side of the sanctuary sits the cathedra, along with two benches.  In the north wall is the aumbry, which is used for the reservation of the Sacrament.  On the opposite wall are three more seats.  Dividing the sanctuary from the chancel are wooden altar rails with red embroidered kneelers.  Communion is distributed continuously, but kneeling is still expected for those who are able.

Above the chancel on the north side is the organ loft.  The large console of the Noack organ faces away from the chancel, requiring the use of either a television monitor or a series of mirrors for the organist to see the conductor below.  Directly opposite the loft on the south wall is the organ itself.  The Gothic facade speaks directly across the space, and the chamber extends straight back to the same depth as the south transept (obscuring the stained glass).  The chamber takes up the entire square space on the southeast corner of the main church.

The nave has a single central aisle with pews on either side.  The outside ambulatory aisles are separated from the nave by a row of Gothic pointed arches, so they do not bisect the pews.  The last several pews are located beneath the gallery.  Also under the gallery is the baptistry, which cuts a square area out of the pew space on the north side of the nave.  There is a narthex separating the nave from the west door.  Staircases on either side of the narthex lead to the gallery.

Outside and on the south side of the nave is a single cloister which connects the narthex with the hallway leading through the center of the church campus.  The participants in the service (clergy, choir, etc.) gather for prayer prior to the celebration of the Eucharist in this space, weather permitting.

Ascension Chapel
The Ascension Chapel was completed in 2015 as the worship space for the Uptown Contemporary Service.
In 2017, a new stained glass window was installed above the altar, created in collaboration with Canterbury Cathedral Studios in 13th-century style artistic design and craftwork.
[More description needed.]

Memorial Chapel
The memorial chapel was the original worship space on the current church site.  Although the traditional services have long since outgrown it, daily office services are held in it, in addition to wedding, funerals, and the like.  The layout is traditional, but not cruciform as it has no transepts.  The furnishings are similar to those in the main church, simply on a slightly smaller scale.  Also, the altar is not attached to the east wall, so the presider performs the Eucharistic rite standing behind it and facing the congregation.  The chancel area is separated from the nave by a large Gothic arch, behind which is a set of curtains which can block off that space when the chapel is being used for functions other than worship, though they are rarely used as such.

The organ is situated on the back wall, with the largest pipes of the pedal division flanking the west door.  The swell shades can be seen behind the acoustic fabric panels hung in front of them.  The console is on the north side of the gallery, which runs the length of the nave along both sides.  The console, as in the main church, faces the wall.  A small space for a choir of about 12-16 voices is available around the console.

The baptistry in the chapel is located adjacent to the entrance from the main hallway on the north side of the nave.  On the opposite side of the nave and set off by a wood slat wall is a small chapel containing one of the two columbaria of the church (the other being outside), after which the chapel takes its name since it is not named for a particular person.

The chapel also has a narthex which provides access to the upper gallery, as well as to some of the audio-visual equipment that is utilized by the contemporary services held in the chapel.  Stained glass can be found surrounding the chapel, the finest of which is in the small columbarium chapel.

Liturgy
The Church of the Incarnation, being a parish of the Episcopal Church, uses the 1979 Book of Common Prayer (BCP) as its standard for worship.  Each Sunday the Eucharist is celebrated seven times, in addition to six times during the week.  Both of the rites provided in the Book of Common Prayer are used.  The traditional services use Rite I while the contemporary services use a Rite II.  One exception to the use of the 1979 BCP is for Choral Evensong.  Earlier versions of the BCP included rites for this service, but the closest thing to be found in the most recent edition is a rite for evening prayer.  Therefore, the rite used had to be taken from a different edition.  The rite used is found in the 1662 BCP, which remains the primary edition in the Church of England. Another exception is that, while in Rite II of the 1979 BCP, the congregation's response to the Dominus Vobiscum is "And also with you," in the contemporary services at Incarnation, the congregation says "And with your spirit," a more literal contemporary rendering of the original Latin "Et cum spiritu tuo."

Anglo-Catholicism
The Church of the Incarnation is one of the few parishes in the Diocese of Dallas to be considered Anglo-Catholic.  This applies primarily to the traditional liturgies only, but also impacts the theology and practices of the parish outside of the liturgy.  A few of the identifying practices seen in the parish include the celebration of Choral Evensong (including the use of incense), the hearing of private confessions, the invocation of the Virgin Mary and other saints for the purpose of intercession, a limited Marian devotion, a great deal of pomp in processional practices, and the "high-church" liturgy used in the traditional services.

This high-church style is reflected most obviously in the vestments and other liturgical clothing used by participants in the Mass.  The choir and lay servers wear black cassocks and full-length surplices , the vergers (of which there are nearly always two for Eucharists on Sundays) wear cassocks and blue/gray vergers' gowns, and the assisting clergy vest as the choir with the addition of a stole (or tippet for the priest who is preaching to be exchanged at the start of the Eucharistic liturgy for a stole).  The participating clergy wear eucharistic vestments.  The three participating clerics wear amices and maniples, the presider wears a chasuble, the deacons a dalmatic, and the subdeacon (an uncommon office outside of Anglo-Catholicism) a tunicle.  Because he is also a bishop, the rector from 2008 to 2022, Anthony Burton, sometimes wore a mitre in addition to the chasuble.  At other times, he sometimes wore a scarlet chimere over his rochet.  All of the eucharistic vestments were replaced in 2013 by Watts & Co. of London.  For Evensong, the presiding priest vests in a cope.

Music
The Church of the Incarnation is well known throughout North Texas as a center for musical excellence.  The program is divided into two segments, one traditional and the other contemporary.  Together they provide the music for seven of the eight worship services held each Sunday throughout the academic year.

Traditional
The traditional component of the church's music program was until October 2022 under the direction of organist/choirmaster Scott Dettra.  Dettra assumed the position in August 2012 after serving as organist of Washington National Cathedral.  Prior to Dettra's arrival, the position was held by Richard Sparks (interim). Monica Awbrey, succeeding former associate organist Graham Schultz, currently serves as interim director of music, assisted by interim organist Trevor Carolan.

For choral evensong, which is held each Sunday from September through May, the choir takes after the English cathedral and collegiate tradition in following the rite set forth in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.  The choirs use one setting of the Preces and Responses throughout the month, many settings of the Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis are used in rotation, and the remaining music is determined by the propers for the day.  The choir has developed their own book of Anglican chant psalms, as pointed by Scott Dettra. In December 2012 the ensemble was heard in a nationwide broadcast of their annual Service of Lessons & Carols; the broadcast was carried by Public Radio International.

Tours and concerts
The choir has made several pilgrimages to the United Kingdom, a practice which began in 1998 with a residency at Chichester Cathedral.  During these tours, the choir establishes week-long residencies at various churches and cathedrals throughout the country.  The first week is spent in a different venue each year.  The most recent UK trip, in July 2019, was to York Minster; previously, in July 2011, the choir went to St. George's Chapel, Windsor and Canterbury Cathedral.  The second week has then usually consisted of a residency at Westminster Abbey.  In July 2014 the choir sang services at the National Cathedral in Washington and at Saint Thomas Church and the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York City.

Organ
The main worship space of the church which is used for the traditional liturgies has a substantial pipe organ redesigned, enlarged and rebuilt from the original Aeolian-Skinner by the Noack Organ Company in 1994. The organ has four manuals (keyboards) and 65 stops spread over 80 ranks.

Other organs
The chapel contains a two manual Wicks organ.

The church's previous location at McKinney and Harwood contained a two manual, 19 stop organ built in 1910 by the Pilcher Organ Co. of Louisville, Kentucky

Contemporary music
The church's contemporary music program consists of a praise band-style group of instrumentalists. The Uptown Contemporary services are held simultaneously with their traditional counterparts at 9 am, 11:15 am, and 5 pm on Sundays and are held in Ascension Chapel, part of a substantial building project completed in 2015. The North Campus location, which opened in August 2019 at 12727 Hillcrest Rd., also features a contemporary music program for its Sunday service at 10:30 am.

Outreach
The parish is known for its commitment to outreach and community service.  A mentorship program with neighboring North Dallas High School has been very successful, and similar programs have begun at other area schools as a response.  Also popular among parishioners are the mission trips to Belize and Honduras.  In total, the parish has dozens of different outreach ministries, and there are two permanent staff positions exclusive to the department.

See also
 Anglicanism
 Anglo-Catholicism
 Christianity
 High Church

References

External links
Church of the Incarnation website
One of several reviews in Ship of Fools Mystery Worshiper
An earlier review in Ship of Fools Mystery Worshiper
An earlier review in Ship of Fools Mystery Worshiper
An earlier review in Ship of Fools Mystery Worshiper

Episcopal churches in Texas
Churches in Dallas
Churches completed in 1879
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the United States


Beth Shalom or Beth Sholom ( "house of peace") may refer to:

Synagogues

Canada
Beth Shalom Synagogue (Edmonton), Alberta
Temple Emanu-El-Beth Sholom (Montreal, Quebec)

Cuba
Beth Shalom Temple (Havana, Cuba)

Greece
Beth Shalom Synagogue (Athens)

United Kingdom
Beth Shalom Reform Synagogue (Cambridge)

United States

California
Valley Beth Shalom  (Encino, California)

Connecticut
Beth Shalom Rodfe Zedek (Chester, Connecticut)

Florida
Temple Beth Sholom (Miami Beach, Florida)

Illinois
Beth Shalom B'nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation (Chicago, Illinois)

Iowa
Beit Shalom Jewish Community (Davenport, Iowa)

Maryland
Beth Shalom Congregation (Columbia, Maryland)
Beth Sholom Congregation (Frederick, Maryland)
Beth Sholom Congregation and Talmud Torah (Potomac, Maryland)

New Jersey
Temple Beth Sholom (Cherry Hill, New Jersey)

New York
 Congregation Beth Shalom (Clifton Park, New York)

Pennsylvania
Beth Sholom Congregation (Elkins Park, Pennsylvania)
Congregation Beth Shalom (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Rhode Island
Congregation Beth Sholom (Providence, Rhode Island)

Other

Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre (Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom)

See also


A central nervous system cyst is a type of cyst that presents and affects part of the central nervous system (CNS). They are usually benign and filled with either cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or tumor cells. CNS cysts are classified into two categories: cysts that originate from non-central nervous system tissue, migrate to, and form on a portion of the CNS, and cysts that originate within central nervous system tissue itself. Within these two categories, there are many types of CNS cysts that have been identified from previous studies.

Classification

Originating from non-central nervous system tissue
These classification of cysts are embedded in the endoderm (inner layer) and the ectoderm (outer layer) of the cranial or spinal cord germ layers. They normally take over the neuraxis, the axis of the central nervous system that determines how the nervous system is placed, which allows the cysts to infiltrate the CNS tissues. They are most commonly found in the area near the pineal gland, the chiasmatic cistern, and the cerebellopontine angle space. These common places generally house extensive and continuously growing cysts. Some examples of cysts originating from non-central nervous system tissue include:
 Teratomas cysts (containing multiple body tissue types)
 Dermoid (epidermoid/epidermoid tumor)
 Rathke's cleft cysts
 Pineal cysts
 Tumor-associated cysts
 Epithelial cysts that originate from upper respiratory and intestinal tracks.

Originating from the central nervous system tissue
This category of cysts takes over areas of necrotic tissue in the brain from injuries, diseases, or abnormalities, which occur due to the central nervous system's nonregenerative nature. These cysts can affect all germ layers of the CNS, but are most common in the arachnoid mater, and the ventricular space, which may block CSF pathways. These cysts can be static (stationary) or progressive. Some examples of cysts originating from the CNS tissue include:
 Arachnoid cysts (Leptomeningeal cysts)
 Ependymal cysts
 Cystic cerebellar astrocytomas
 Colloid cysts

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms are assessed on a case-by-case basis. Some cysts in the CNS can be asymptomatic (producing or showing no symptoms), depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord. If the cysts develop in critical areas of the central nervous system, they can present one or more of the following symptoms:
 Pressure in the spinal cord or brain
 Rupture of nerves around the cyst
 Weakness in specific parts of the body controlled by the cyst-infected brain region
 Inflammation
 Hydrocephalus
 Brainstem hemorrhage
 Seizures
 Visual disturbances and hearing loss
 Headache
 Difficulty with balance or walking

In general, symptoms vary depending on the type of cyst and its location within the CNS.

Causes
Many CNS cysts form in the womb during the first few weeks of development as a result of congenital defects.  In adults cysts may also form due to a head injury or trauma, resulting in necrotic tissues (dead tissue), and can sometimes be associated with cancerous tumors or infection in the brain. However, the underlying reasons for cyst formation are still unknown.

Diagnosis

The diagnostic process typically begins with a medical history workup followed by a medical examination by a physician. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRIs, help provide a clearer picture. The physician typically looks for fluid (or other bodily substance) filled sacs to appear in the scans, as is shown in the CT scan of a colloid cyst.  A primary health care provider will refer an individual to a neurologist or neurosurgeon for further examination. Other diagnostic methods include radiological examinations and macroscopic examinations. After a diagnosis has been made, immunohistochemistry may be used to differentiate between epithelial cysts and arachnoid cysts. These examinations are useful to get a general idea of possible treatment options, but can be unsatisfactory to diagnose CNS cysts. Professionals still do not fully understand how cysts form; however, analyzing the walls of different cyst types, using electron microscopes and light microscopes, has proven to be the best diagnostic tool. This has led to more accurate cyst classification and correct course of action for treatments that are cyst specific. In the past, before imaging scans or tests were available, medical professionals could only diagnose cysts via exploratory surgery.

Treatment
Treatment is often largely dependent on the type of cyst. Asymptomatic cysts, termed pseudocysts,  normally require active monitoring with periodic scans for future growth. Symptomatic (producing or showing symptoms) cysts may require surgical removal if they are present in areas where brain damage is unavoidable, or if they produce chronic symptoms disruptive to the quality of life of the patient. Some examples of cyst removal procedures include: permanent drainage, fenestration, and endoscopic cyst fenestration.

Permanent drainage
A neurosurgeon may open a portion of the body and insert a shunt into cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) filled cysts to allow drainage into CSF pathways. The fluid from the cyst is then drained into the abdomen, the body reabsorbs the fluid (reabsorption of fluid does not cause any harm). This type of surgical treatment is often performed to relieve pressure on the brain from a cyst within the cerebral cortex.

Fenestration
A neurosurgeon performs a craniotomy as a means of entry to access the cyst. The cyst is then opened to release its contents, which are reabsorbed by the brain. This is commonly used with inflammatory cysts located in the ventricles, and can result in increased ventricular fluid flow within the brain.

Endoscopic cyst fenestration
A neurosurgeon performs a same day surgery to insert an endoscope, which drains the cyst internally.

Epidemiology
Cysts derived from CNS tissues are very common in America. They are a subtype of cerebrovascular diseases, which are the third leading cause of death in America. Generally, CNS cysts are present in all geographic regions, races, ages, and sexes. However, certain types of CNS cysts are more prevalent in certain types of individuals than others. Some examples of incidence rates in specific types of cysts include:
 Arachnoid cysts are more prevalent in males than females
 Colloid cysts are more prevalent in adults
 Dermoid cysts are more prevalent in children under 10 years of age
 Epidermoid cysts are more prevalent in middle-aged adults

References

External links

Congenital disorders of nervous system


The Council of Ministers was the governmental organ in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (later the Republic of Afghanistan). The leader of the Council of Ministers chose ministers for the different ministerial posts in the country. Under the leadership of Nur Mohammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal the council underwent massive changes. Under the rule of Karmal, there were 20 out of 24 ministers that belonged to the Parcham faction and the remaining belonged to the Khalq faction. All Afghan ministers had seats in the council.

Cabinets
Note: This list may be missing some ministerial seats

References

Government ministers of Afghanistan
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan


Rezső  () is a Hungarian masculine given name. It may refer to:

Rezső Bálint (painter) (1885–1945), Hungarian painter known for his landscape paintings
Rezső Bálint (physician) (1874–1929), Austro-Hungarian neurologist and psychiatrist who discovered Balint's syndrome
Rezső Crettier (born 1878), Hungarian track and field athlete
Rezső Kende (1908–2011), Hungarian gymnast who competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam
Rezső Nyers (1923–2018), former Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Finance between 1960 and 1962
Rezső Seress IPA (1889–1968), Hungarian pianist and composer
Rezső Somlai (born 1911), Hungarian footballer, who was in Hungary squad at the 1934 FIFA World Cup
Rezső Sugár (1919–1988), Hungarian composer
Rezső von Bartha (1912–2001), Hungarian fencer and modern pentathlete
Rezső Wanié (1908–1986), Hungarian swimmer

References

Hungarian masculine given names
Masculine given names


is the ninth, Christmas single by Japanese singer-songwriter Gackt, released on December 16, 2001, under Nippon Crown.

Summary
In 2001 Gackt went to visit one of the poorest countries in the world, Madagascar, and afterwards the world was in a state of tension due to September 11 attacks in the New York City, and he was moved and impressed how the children smile in the moment when they're hungry and there's a gap between the rich and the poor worldwide. Gackt decided to write a song for a world peace and love, and to film the video in New York.

The single was first released on December 16, 2001, as a Christmas single, but until 2004, was recorded in four different languages, Japanese, English, Chinese and Korean. In 2005, was re-recorded the Korean version of the song in collaboration with M.C the Max (Isoo), and released as a digital download. The Chinese version of the song was re-recorded in duet with Leehom Wang, and others versions were also re-recorded, and released in the last installment of this single-series, Jūnigatsu no Love Songs ~Complete Box~, box set released on December 13, 2006. On November 27, Gackt appeared and performed the song in Japanese, Korean, and Mandarin language on the grand concert of the "2007 Japan-China Cultural Exchange" in Beijing.

Release

The single in Japanese language, reached number six on the fourth counting week of December 2001, with sales of 56,030 copies. In the upcoming three weeks, one in December and two in January 2002, it was at number five, ten and seventeen, with sales of 48,710, and 41,250, and 9,670 copies. It charted for 9 weeks, and in 2002, with sales of 171,050 copies, was the 73rd best selling single of the year. The English single reached number five on the second counting week of December 2002, with sales of 38,396 copies. In the upcoming week, it was at number sixteen, with sales of 13,269 copies. It charted for 11 weeks, and sold 81,594 copies.

The Chinese single reached number six on the third counting week of December 2003, with sales of 26,997 copies. In the upcoming week, it was at number eighteen, with sales of 8,924 copies. It charted for 8 week, and sold 51,748 copies. The final single in Korean reached number eight, with sales of 22,592 copies. It charted for 7 weeks, and sold 36,767 copies.

Track listing

References

2001 singles
2003 singles
2004 singles
2005 singles
Gackt songs
2001 songs
Songs written by Gackt


The 3rd Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 21 March 1989.

Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown won the award for Best Film.

Winners and nominees

Major award nominees

Other award nominees

Honorary Goya
 Imperio Argentina

See also
 List of Spanish films of 1988

References

External links
Official website (Spanish)
IMDb profile

03
1988 film awards
1988 in Spanish cinema


Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa, known as the tumbleweed shield lichen or ground lichen, is a foliose lichen in the Parmeliaceae family. It is not fixed to a substrate, and blows around in the wind from location to location.

Distribution and habitat

This lichen is abundant on the High Plains of Wyoming. Its distribution covers intermountain regions of western North America, and Mexico.

Uses
Tumbleweed shield lichen is used as a dye by Navajo rug weavers.

It has been used as a remedy for impetigo by the Navajo.

Toxicity
It was implicated in the poisoning of domestic sheep and cattle in Wyoming during the 1930s. It has also been implicated in the poisoning of elk in 2004.

See also
List of Xanthoparmelia species

References

chlorochroa
Lichens of North America
Lichens of Mexico
Lichens described in 1974
Lichen species
Taxa named by Edward Tuckerman


Douglas Jackson (December 12, 1924 – April 26, 1980) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played six games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1947–48 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1945 to 1952, was spent in the minor leagues. Jackson served in the Canadian Army from 1944 to 1945.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1924 births
1980 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Kansas City Pla-Mors players
Los Angeles Monarchs players
San Francisco Shamrocks (PCHL) players
Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players
Victoria Cougars (1949–1961) players
Winnipeg Rangers players


Franz Bronstert (18 February 1895 – 29 October 1967) was a German engineer and painter.

Life and art
Franz Bronstert was born to the teacher for arts and music Bernhard Bronstert and his wife Luise (from the Breil-family, an organ-builder dynasty) in Dorsten.
Before World War I Bronstert visited and finished the superior school for engineers in Hagen. He served during the war in the rank of Lieutenant and later „Rittmeister" equivalent to Captain. As a prisoner of war at Ripon, Yorkshire he got into contact with artists Fritz Fuhrken and Georg Philipp Wörlen and started with his own artistic work. These contacts led to the foundation of the group of artists „Der Fels" (The Rock) which was later completed by Reinhard Hilker and Carry Hauser.

Past the war he settled in Hagen and made contact with the group around collector Karl Ernst Osthaus especially with Christian Rohlfs. The latter influenced the work of Bronstert considerably. During this time a life-time friendship with Alfred Kubin developed. Membership in „Der Fels" led to numerous exhibitions all over Germany and Austria between 1921 and 1927. Eight portfolios with original prints of "Der Fels" were also published during this time.

His participation in exhibitions of Das Junge Rheinland(Young Rhineland) is also known of as well as participation in the group exhibition of Hagenring at Museum Osnabrück 1929.

Bronstert’s art developed from radical expressionism of the early twenties to a
realistic phase and finally to a reformed impressionism as the artist claims himself. Bronstert finds his motifs mostly in nature.

Even though Bronstert mastered several techniques, like oil painting, drawing, woodcut it was the watercolour painting that he loved most.

As the financial success was not sufficient to feed a family, Bronstert had married Maria Regina Hedwig Schlickum, a relative of painter Carl Schlickum and writer Ferdinand Freiligrath; he took up a job as an engineer without stopping to paint. Four children were born subsequently. The possibility to work as an artist without financial pressure was the reason behind Bronsterts refusal to market himself.

Bronstert was both a technical and artistic talent. He was successful in his job and was a member of the board of VARTA with several international patents on his record when he retired. Past retirement he concentrated solely on his art again.

Works by Bronstert can be found in the Schneider Collection, Museum Baden, Solingen; in the collections of Karl Ernst Osthaus-Museum in Hagen; in the Museum Schloss Moyland, in the Von der Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal, in the Bavarian State Painting Collections, Munich,and in the art museums of Soest, Germany, Iserlohn, and Lüdenscheid as well as in private collections.

Bronstert died at Freudenberg (Baden) in 1967.

Selection of exhibitions
1921–1927 rotating exhibition „Der Fels", in many cities of Germany and Austria
1929 Museum Osnabrück: group exhibition „Hagenring"
1966 Gallery Lempertz Contempora, Cologne „Baukhage Bronstert Cordone Venema"
1991 Museum of Modern Art, Passau „Der Fels"
2006 Amtshaus Gallery, Freudenberg „Franz Bronstert - Ein Künstler der klassischen Moderne"
2008 City Museum Lüdenscheid „Nature viewed by painters and photographers"

See also
 List of German painters

Notes

References
 Der Fels, Künstlergemeinschaft 1921-1927: Franz Bronstert, Hagen, Fritz Fuhrken, Bremen, Carry Hauser, Wien, Reinhard Hilker, Hagen, Georg Ph. Wörlen, Passau / Museum Moderner Kunst, Passau (ed.: Michaela Rathgeber) 1991
 Jessewitsch, Rolf und Schneider, Gerhard (ed.): Expressive Gegenständlickeit, Schicksale figurativer Malerei und Graphik im 20. Jhd. Werke aus der Sammlung Gerhard Schneider, Kettler 2001,  Abb. 427-429

1895 births
1967 deaths
People from Dorsten
German Expressionist painters
German Army personnel of World War I
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
Modern painters
People from the Province of Westphalia
Artists from North Rhine-Westphalia


IFSP (, ), or radial parallel interface, was a parallel interface similar to the Centronics connector (IEEE 1284) but incompatible, as it had different signal polarities and handshake protocol. It was used in printers and computers manufactured in Comecon.

All printer input signal lines were pulled up to +5V by a 220 Ohm resistor, and pulled down to ground by a 330 Ohm resistor. This allowed usage of longer cables compared to Centronics, but overloaded most usual Centronics adapters.

Some devices allowed switching between IFSP and Centronics modes, i.e. Robotron 6319—6329 were manufactured with interchangeable interface modules, allowing usage of IFSP, IFSS and Centronics.

Signal description

See also
 robotron technik

Computer buses


Sarah Elizabeth Henrickson is a character on the HBO series Big Love. She is portrayed by Amanda Seyfried. Sarah is the eldest child of Bill Henrickson with his first and legal wife Barbara Henrickson. Though only a supporting character in the first two seasons, Sarah became popular in the show in its third season until actress Amanda Seyfried decided to depart the show to focus on her movie career at the end of season four. She returned in the series finale in the last scene.

Biography

Season 1
Sarah, age 16 in season 1, struggles with the choices her parents made when she was a child to follow the fundamentalist principle of polygamy. She works in a fast food restaurant and meets Heather, who becomes her best friend who knows her secret. Sarah always hated polygamy and rejects the idea of becoming involved in polygamy in her own romantic relationships. In the season finale, everybody knows about her family secret.

Season 2
In the second season she joins a support group for ex-Mormons. There she meets Scott, who is 10 years older than she is, and the two date.

Season 3
Sarah and Scott have a rocky relationship. In the second episode she breaks up with Scott and learns she is pregnant, but she doesn't tell him. She eventually wants to go to prom and takes Ben and her young uncle, Frankie, as their dates to her and Heather. In the end of the episode, she tells Ben the truth about her teen pregnancy. Sarah has no idea what to do with the baby.
In the sixth episode Come, Ye Saints, when the Henricksons take a trip, Barb accuses Sarah of taking birth control pills. At the end of the episode Sarah miscarries her baby. She decides not to attend college, a decision that ends her friendship with Heather temporarily. In the ninth episode, Scott shows up at her house to try to see her and is told to leave by her father. However, in the season 3 finale, Sarah asks Scott to marry her and he accepts. Margene is excited, Barb and Ben are opposed, and Bill, reluctant at first, eventually agrees to give his blessing, saying he has no other choice.

Season 4
Sarah and Scott are married in the second episode, in a secular ceremony in the communal backyard of the Henricksons' homes, conducted by a Justice of the Peace. Scott goes away for business and Sarah takes it upon herself to help an American Indian girl who is a drug abuser. She and Scott go on their honeymoon to Portland. In the eighth episode "Next Ticket Out" she shocks the family by telling them that she and Scott will leave Utah to move to Portland to start a new life together. Bill at first doesn't agree, but at the end, he lets her go along with Barb, Nicki and Margene. She left after Teenie's birthday.

Season 5
Sarah doesn't return to the fifth season as regular, but returns in the series finale in the last scene of the show. Her appearance was shown 11 months after Bill dies. She and Scott are still married and they have a baby named Bill (in honor of her father).

References
 Sarah Henrickson

Big Love characters
Television characters introduced in 2006


Dashadi Station (), formerly Gangwanlu Station () during planning, is a station on  Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located underground the junction of West Dashadi Road () and Gangwan Road (), in the Huangpu District of Guangzhou, near Huangpu Police Station, Dashadi Shopping City and Huangpu Commercial City. It opened in December 2009.

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Huangpu District


Leucothrinax morrisii, the Key thatch palm, is a small palm which is native to the Greater Antilles (except Jamaica), northern Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas and Florida and the Florida Keys in the United States.

Until 2008 it was known as Thrinax morrisii.  It was split from the genus Thrinax after phylogenetic studies showed that its inclusion in Thrinax would render that genus paraphyletic.  The generic name combines leuco (in reference to the whitish colour of its flowering stalks and the undersides of its leaves) with thrinax.

Common names
Leucothrinax morrisii is known as the "Key thatch palm" or the "brittle thatch palm" in the United States.  In Anguilla it is called the "broom palm" or "buffalo-top", in The Bahamas, miraguano in Cuba and palma de escoba in Puerto Rico.  Other common names include "small-fruited thatch palm", yaray, pandereta, palma de petate, palma de cogollo, guano de sierra, and palmita.

Description
Leucothrinax morrisii is a palmate-leaved palm with solitary brown or grey stems  tall and  in diameter.  Leaves are pale blue-green or yellow-green, whitish on the undersides.  Petioles are  long with split petioles.  The leaflets are  long and  wide.  The inflorescences extend beyond the leaves and are  long.  The fruit are white, and turn yellow as they mature.

Distribution
Leucothrinax morrisii is native to the Florida mainland and Keys, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Puerto Rico, Navassa Island, Saint Barthélemy, both the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.

It is found in dry, deciduous forests and scrub and coastal areas.  In the Florida Keys it grows at the edge of hardwood hammocks and in pinelands, while in Puerto Rico, it is found on cliffs and on limestone and ultramafic ridges.  It can tolerate drought, and frequent salt spray.

Taxonomy

Leucothrinax is a monotypic genus—it includes only one species, L. morrisii.  The species was originally described by German botanist Hermann Wendland, who placed it in the genus Thrinax.

In the first edition of Genera Palmarum (1987), Natalie Uhl and John Dransfield placed the genus Thrinax in the subfamily Coryphoideae, the tribe Corypheae and the subtribe Thrinacinae using Harold E. Moore's 1973 classification of the palm family.  Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the Old World and New World members of the Thrinacinae were not closely related.  As a consequence of this, Thrinax and related genera were places in their own tribe, Cryosophileae.  A study of the phylogenetic relationships among Caribbean palms showed that the species then known as Thrinax morrisii was most closely related to Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax and Zombia, with the remainder of the genus Thinax being a sister group to this clade.  Since the continued inclusion of this genus would render Thrinax paraphyletic, it was split off into a new genus, Leucothrinax.

Uses
Stems of the plant are used for poles and the leaves are used for thatch and weaving.

References

Coryphoideae
Monotypic Arecaceae genera
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of the Caribbean
Flora of the Dominican Republic


Verpa conica, commonly known as the bell morel or the early morel, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Sometimes mistaken for a true morel (genus Morchella), this species is an “early morel” characterized by a cap resembling a thimble that is freely attached to the stem.

Taxonomy
The species was first described under the name Phallus conicus by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1775. Later authors have moved the taxon to various genera: Persoon placed in Leotia in 1801, Samuel Frederick Gray transferred it Relhanum in 1821, while Otto Kuntze moved it to Monka in 1898. The species was transferred to Verpa by Olof Swartz in 1814.

Description
Fruiting bodies have a smooth cap that is bell-shaped or conical, and  tall and broad; it is attached to the top of the stem only, the margin of the cap is free – hanging like a skirt. The underside of the cap is tan to dark brown in color. The stem, which measures  by  thick, is whitish and either equal or slightly thicker than the base; the stem surface is either smooth or slightly fuzzy. It is generally hollow, although young specimens may be filled with cotton-like hyphae. The flesh is thin and brittle, and the cap can be easily broken off the stem.

David Arora notes that sometimes a variety with a wrinkled cap can be found, somewhat resembling a Gyromitra.

Microscopic features
Spores are elliptical, smooth, colorless, hyaline, with dimensions of 28–34 by 15–19 µm. The asci are typically 500–550 by 21–27 µm, and eight spored. The paraphyses are club-shaped, branched, and septate.

Similar species
Since the cap is free in V. conica, it is easily distinguishable from true morels. True morels attach at the base of the cap. V. conica mushrooms attach at the top of the cap—so they are even distinguishable from half-free morels. This mushroom also tends to be filled with a cotton material, whereas morels are hollow all of the way through.

Other similar species include Verpa bohemica and Mitrophora semilibera.

Distribution and habitat
This species grows singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in both hardwood and coniferous forests, often in river valleys, or along stream banks. It often fruits in late spring, usually near morel season. It has been reported to fruit abundantly in the chaparral scrubland in southern California.

Edibility
Verpa conica, like Verpa bohemica and closely related Morchella species, are edible once cooked, although caution is advised.

Use as an antioxidant

There is evidence that V. conica may contain compounds that function as an antioxidant. While not necessarily recommended for consumption, it is possible that an extract from V. conica could be used as an antioxidant supplement. A study done on the antioxidant activity of various mushroom species indicates that this species of Verpa does particularly well in reducing power. They also do well in binding iron, which may be related to peroxidation protection.

References

Morchellaceae
Edible fungi
Fungi described in 1775
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller


Manny Pacquiao vs. Ricky Hatton, billed as The Battle of East and West, was a professional boxing match for the  IBO and The Ring light welterweight championship between Manny Pacquiao of General Santos, Philippines and Ricky Hatton of Manchester, United Kingdom. The bout was held on 2 May 2009 at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States and drew 1.75 million pay-per-view buys.

Pacquiao defeated Hatton by knockout in the second round. It was named Knockout of the Year by The Ring magazine. Pacquiao's victory made him, at the time, one of only two boxers (the other being Oscar De La Hoya) to win a world title in six different weight divisions; Pacquiao would later win a world title in an unprecedented seventh weight division on 14 November 2009 against Miguel Cotto and another in an eighth weight division on 13 November 2010 against Antonio Margarito.

Negotiations
With Pacquiao winning his bout against Oscar De La Hoya, Ricky Hatton was seen as the next opponent for Pacquiao. At mid-December, both boxers verbally agreed on a 50% split of the proceeds; however, Pacquiao changed his decision to a favorable 60%–40% split of the pay-per-view (PPV) revenues, while Hatton wanted an even 50% split.
Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum of Top Rank Boxing said on 22 January that the fight "was off", citing Pacquiao's decision not to sign the contract. Arum increased Pacquiao's guaranteed purse to US$12 million from $11 million and a 52%–48% split. Pacquiao's camp asked for "more demands and the deal fell apart", he said.

On 23 January, Pacquiao officially signed the contract of the 2 May fight vs Hatton. Pacquiao signed the contract with the 52%–48% split, in favour of him, and a $12 million purse.

Pre-fight hype

Pacquiao and Hatton toured the United Kingdom for the promotion of their fight; while in the UK, Hatton beat Pacquiao in a game of darts. Hatton presented Pacquiao a Manchester City F.C. shirt after the game.

Martin Nievera was chosen to sing the Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, for Pacquiao's battle against Hatton. He was the first ever male singer to sing the anthem at a Pacquiao bout. Also, WWE star Batista led Pacquiao to the ring. Sir Tom Jones sang "God Save the Queen" while American-raised Filipino-Mexican Jasmine Villegas sang "The Star-Spangled Banner."

As support for the fight, HBO aired "Pacquiao/Hatton: 24/7" for two weeks prior to the fight on television and on the internet; it aired in the Philippines on GMA the night before the fight on 2 May.

On 22 April, Hatton labelled Pacquiao as a one-dimensional fighter: "Manny fights the same way all the time. He's effective at what he does but he's not a versatile fighter". Pacquiao's trainer Freddie Roach shot back at Hatton saying his "Hitman" tag is accurate "because on May 2, Hatton is going to get hit, man, and a lot!" Roach also predicted that the fight wouldn't last for more than three rounds. Pacquiao also took a break from training at the Wildcard Gym in Los Angeles to throw a ceremonial first pitch at the San Francisco Giants-San Diego Padres Major League Baseball game at the AT&T Park in San Francisco as part of the annual Filipino Heritage Night.

At the 30 April press conference, the last before the fight, Hatton admitted that he was the underdog for the fight, but insisted he could still cause an upset. "I can understand I am the underdog but it doesn't scare me", adding that "He is the best pound for pound fighter but this is my weight division". He continued, "This fat, beer drinking Englishman is going to shock the world again". Pacquiao was picked by Las Vegas bookmakers as the favorite prior to the fight.

Hatton expected, and got, 25,000 British fans to come and support him. This fight was Hatton's fifth in Las Vegas in less than 2½ years, and the MGM Grand Garden Arena sold out.

Prior to the bout, it was reported that Hatton's camp was in "turmoil", with Roach's source saying that "Hatton was miserable with Mayweather and was unhappy that Mayweather had arrived late for several workouts." Mayweather had addressed his issues with Hatton, his co-trainer Lee Beard, but wouldn't disclose the issues. Hatton had earlier said that he is happy with Mayweather, with whom he replaced his long-time trainer Billy Graham.

Some have embraced the fact that Hatton and Pacquiao did not engage in any kind of rampant antagonism during the pre-fight hype, as is most characterized by Floyd Mayweather Jr.; examples being his bouts against Oscar De La Hoya, where he mocked and abused his opponent in front of him, and Hatton, where some physical jostling was not unheard of. While both did try and downsize the other, there was a friendly and cordial atmosphere to the fighters' meetings, especially in Manchester.

Broadcasting

Pay-per-view
Pacquiao vs. Hatton was broadcast as a pay-per-view produced by HBO. In the United States, the fight reportedly attracted around 850,000 buys, bringing in at least  in revenue.

In Hatton's home country, the United Kingdom, the fight generated 900,000 buys on Sky Box Office. At a pay-per-view price of £14.63, the fight generated a pay-per-view revenue of £million () on Sky Box Office.

In both the US and UK, the fight sold a total of 1.75million pay-per-view buys. Combined with the live gate revenue of , the fight grossed a total revenue of  from the live gate and pay-per-view.

Philippine TV rights
In Pacquiao's home country of the Philippines, a contractual dispute developed over broadcast rights to the fight. Initially, Solar Sports was expected to be the holder of broadcast rights to the fight; airing it first on its pay-per-view channel Solar All-Access, with repeat airings afterward on the Solar Sports channel and GMA Network. However, on 16 March, rumors surfaced reporting that Solar Sports would not air the fight, and that Pacquiao had made a new deal with a "giant" network to air the match. Two days later, Pacquiao officially announced that he had reached a deal with ABS-CBN to serve as the broadcaster of the fight. Details of this contract were not disclosed.

It was later revealed that Pacquiao had terminated his contract with Solar Sports because it had been delaying the payments of 60 million pesos it was expected to make per-bout for the broadcast rights under the contract, which was originally supposed to last until 2011. However, Solar countered, claiming that "Pacquiao has no reasons [to leave] because we have settled all our [financial] obligations with him." In response, Solar filed a lawsuit against both Pacquiao and ABS-CBN, seeking 150 million pesoes in damages. A representative for ABS-CBN countered the filing of the lawsuit, saying that it would fight to protect Pacquiao's wishes. Solar denied claims that Pacquiao broke off from their deal because of delayed payments, adding that what they had not forwarded to the fighter were the "advance payments" he was seeking. After Pacquiao requested that Solar provide its financial records related to the deal, Solar distributed copies of its agreement with the boxer at a press conference—however, the financial details of the agreement were omitted from the documents. Solar executives went to Los Angeles to meet with Pacquiao to resolve the issues.

However, after meeting with Solar executives, Pacquiao announced that he and Solar had "favorably resolved their unfortunate misunderstanding". Furthermore, through his lawyer, Pacquiao said that neither party violated the contract and that it is valid and binding. Pacquiao furthermore apologized to his fans for any confusion that may have been caused by his decision to cut and then renew his ties with Solar Entertainment; ABS-CBN said for its part "we will not stand in the way if he decides to change his mind".

Bout

In front of a sellout crowd of 16,262, mostly consisting of Hatton supporters, Pacquiao began by landing three straight rights on Hatton. Pacquiao subsequently knocked Hatton down with a right hook, with a minute to go in the first round. Hatton rose at the count of eight, but Pacquiao knocked Hatton down a second time, with nine seconds remaining in the first round, after he breached Hatton's defences again with a quick combination followed by a strong left.

In the second round, Pacquiao landed with two looping rights and a vicious left-right-left combination. Hatton tried to stem the tide by holding onto Pacquiao's head midway through the round, but Pacquiao finally ended the contest by hitting Hatton with a heavy left hook, knocking Hatton unconscious 2:59 into round two.

Hatton was rendered unconscious before he had even hit the ground, and referee Kenny Bayless later said: "I didn't have to count." Hatton laid on the canvas for several minutes before getting up; he was eventually taken to a local hospital for a precautionary brain scan.

Over the two rounds, Pacquiao landed 73 out of his 127 punches, including 65 power punches, while Hatton connected on 18 of 78 punches, which included 2 jabs.

Aftermath

Pacquiao's win made him one of only two (the other being Oscar De La Hoya) to win six world championships in six different weight divisions at that time (he won his seventh world title in seventh weight division on 14 November 2009 against Miguel Cotto). The knockout won him the Ring Magazine knockout of the year for 2009.

The defeat was the second in Hatton's career but also his second in four fights, after a defeat to Floyd Mayweather Jr.; his mixed performances, combined with the speed of the defeat to Pacquiao, led some to call for Hatton to retire.

The fight had a deep effect on Ricky Hatton. In one of his revelations, Hatton admitted that he contemplated committing suicide after losing to Pacquiao. The fight also forced Hatton to retire.

Undercard

Confirmed bouts:
*James Kirkland (USA) was supposed to fight Walker in the undercard but his arrest on a weapons charge caused him to be struck off the card. Daniel Jacobs (USA) was chosen to fight Walker instead.

References

External links

Hatton
2009 in boxing
Boxing in Las Vegas
2009 in sports in Nevada
2009 in Philippine sport
Golden Boy Promotions
May 2009 sports events in the United States
MGM Grand Garden Arena
Boxing on HBO


The 2010 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2010 RBS 6 Nations due to sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 11th series of the Six Nations Championship and the 116th international championship, an annual rugby union competition between the six major European national teams. The tournament was held between 6 February and 20 March 2010.

The championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. France won the tournament, achieving a final 12–10 victory over England to win the Grand Slam, their first since 2004 and ninth overall (including six in the Five Nations). This was also their 17th outright victory, including 12 victories in the Five Nations, excluding eight titles shared with other countries. France also retained the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy by defeating Italy in the tournament, to whom they had (then) never lost within the Six Nations.

Ireland, 2009 Grand Slam winners, came second with three victories and two defeats. Despite defeating England and Wales, Ireland failed to win the Triple Crown after a 23–20 defeat to Scotland in their final match. England and Wales came third and fourth respectively with two victories each, while Scotland and Italy finished in fifth and sixth positions for the third tournament in a row. Both teams achieved just one victory each, with Scotland also recording a draw in the Calcutta Cup match against England to place ahead of Italy.

Summary

The reigning champions on entering the tournament were Ireland, who won the Grand Slam and Triple Crown in 2009.

Ireland did not win the Triple Crown in 2010 due to a surprise 23–20 loss to Scotland in the final Six Nations match at Croke Park on 20 March, with Scotland avoiding their third "wooden spoon" since 2004 in the process. Brian O'Driscoll had opened the scoring in the 11th minute and Ireland were level with Scotland in the 64th minute after Tommy Bowe scored a try, with substitute Ronan O'Gara converting. Scotland's Johnnie Beattie scored his team's first try since they played Wales in their second game and Dan Parks scored a penalty in the final minute to prevent Ireland winning the Triple Crown. Ireland coach Declan Kidney described it as "not our greatest day".

Ireland's previous match – a 27–12 victory over Wales on 13 March – had seen O'Driscoll achieve 100 caps for his country. Ireland's previous match against England had seen John Hayes achieve 100 caps for his country, the first player to do so for Ireland.

Ireland's loss to Scotland meant France had won the Championship but could still achieve the Grand Slam by beating England in their final game at the Stade de France on 20 March. The Grand Slam was achieved by France following a 12–10 victory in this game. It was France's first Grand Slam since 2004. England scored the only try of the game. Jonny Wilkinson was not included in the England starting team for only the third time in his career. Bryce Lawrence from New Zealand refereed the game.

The nominations for "Player of the Championship" were announced on 17 March; these were Tommy Bowe (Ireland), Mathieu Bastareaud, Morgan Parra, Thierry Dusautoir, Imanol Harinordoquy (all France) and Shane Williams (Wales). Ireland captain Brian O'Driscoll, who had won the award in three of the four previous seasons, was not included this time. Tommy Bowe was named as the player of the championship on 25 March, having polled nearly 50% of the fan votes.

Participants
The teams involved were:

Squads

Table

Results
The schedule for the 2010 Championship was released on 2 April 2009. Following the success of the tournament's first Friday night game, between France and Wales in the 2009 Championship, the organisers scheduled the reverse fixture to also be played on a Friday night.

'c' and 'm' following a try denote 'converted' and 'missed conversion' respectively.

Round 1

England wore a special kit to celebrate the centenary of the first international match – England vs Wales – at Twickenham Stadium.
Dan Cole (England) made his international debut.

Luc Ducalcon (France) made his international debut.

Round 2

Chris Paterson became the 13th player in history with at least 100 international appearances. His missed conversion ended a personal streak of 35 consecutive successful kicks at goal in the Six Nations, dating back to 2007.

Jonny Wilkinson's two missed penalties ended a personal streak of consecutive successful penalty kicks in any international which he has started, dating back to 2003.
Matt Mullan (England) made his international debut.

Round 3

Notes:
Marc Andreu (France) made his international debut.

John Hayes became the first Irish player to earn 100 international caps.

Round 4

Brian O'Driscoll became the second Irishman to reach 100 caps for his country.

Ben Youngs (England) made his international debut.

Round 5

Tom Prydie became the youngest test cap in Welsh rugby history, at the age of .

Chris Ashton (England) made his international debut.

Top scorers

Try scorers

Points scorers

References

External links
Official site
2010 Six Nations Championship Coverage at the Guardian

2010 rugby union tournaments for national teams
2010
2009–10 in European rugby union
2009–10 in Irish rugby union
2009–10 in English rugby union
2009–10 in Welsh rugby union
2009–10 in Scottish rugby union
2009–10 in French rugby union
2009–10 in Italian rugby union
February 2010 sports events in Europe
March 2010 sports events in Europe
Royal Bank of Scotland


Codeworks, LLC is a privately held U.S. software company that specializes in warehouse management systems and transportation management system software for the third-party logistics industry.

History

In the early 1990s, a consortium of Third-Party Logistics (3PL) warehouse operations sought a warehouse management system capable of supporting multi-million-square-foot operations. Rick DeShone was selected to spearhead the development effort, and in 1995, the project was successfully implemented, resulting in the formation of Codeworks, LLC.

As of 2009, Codeworks' customers span the following industries in 35 major U.S. cities:
Automotive
Alcoholic Beverages
Apparel
Building materials
Consumer Durables
Consumer Electronics
Consumer Goods
Corrugated Products
Detergents
Direct Sales
Document Management
Electronics
Farm, Lawn & Garden Equipment
Food, Food-Related & Beverage
General Merchandise
Glass
Grocery
Hardware
Health and Beauty Aids
Health Care
Home Appliances
Lumber
Manufacturers
OEM
Paper
Plastics
Retail
Roll Fabrics
Sporting Goods
Tapes
Wire

The company's Warehouse and Transportation Management System (WTMS) products are suitable for a variety of warehousing operations and facilities, including:
Bonded
Contract
Dry Storage Refrigerated Public
Third-Party Logistics/3PL
Freight Brokers & Forwarders
Fulfilment Centres
Transportation
Vendor-Managed Inventory

Products

The warehouse management system was named Warehouse and Distribution Logistics System (WDLS) and made available to other warehouses. An integrated transportation management system named Traffic was developed in response to expanding customer needs.

The warehouse and transportation management products are sold as all-inclusive systems, with modular options included as core functionality, and licensing based on the server. Ensure technical term abbreviations are explained when first used. The warehouse and transportation management products are sold as all-inclusive systems, with modular options included as core functionality, and licensing based on the server.

Services

Business consulting (i.e., capacity reviews, resource management, disaster recovery planning, operating systems, network configuration, ROI calculation)
Business-specific application development
Installation and configuration (i.e., systems integration, electronic data interchange (EDI) mapping, and communications)
Training
Customer support

References

External links
U.S. Dept. of Transportation article "Electronic Freight Management," Jan./Feb. 2009
Riggs Transport Interview, Dec. 22, 2008
ODW Logistics customer website
Varsity Logistics Partner website
Manta company listing

Business software companies
Privately held companies based in Ohio


Daniel Bombardieri (born 12 May 1985) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender for AlbinoLeffe, having been loaned out, twice, to Pergocrema.

External links
U.C. AlbinoLeffe Official Player Profile

Italian men's footballers
Serie B players
UC AlbinoLeffe players
Footballers from the Province of Bergamo
Men's association football defenders
1985 births
Living people