Clementsvale is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Annapolis County.

References

Communities in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Alitalia Flight 404 (AZ404/AZA404) was an international passenger flight scheduled to fly from Linate Airport in Milan, Italy, to Zürich Airport in Zürich, Switzerland, which crashed on 14 November 1990. The Douglas DC-9-32, operated by Alitalia, crashed into the woodlands of Weiach as it approached Zurich Airport, killing all 46 people on board.

A Swiss investigation concluded that the crash was caused by a short circuit, which led to the failure of the aircraft's NAV receiver. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, who likely believed they were on the correct flight path until the crash. Swiss authorities also blamed inadequate crew resource management, exemplified when the captain vetoed the first officer's attempted go-around, along with the absence of lighting on Stadlerberg Mountain and a known problem with errors in reading the drum pointer altimeter of the aircraft.

The final report by the Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board requested several major changes and made further recommendations.

Accident
During the approach to runway 14 of Zürich International Airport, the captain's instrument landing system (ILS) display gave incorrect values due to a faulty receiver. It falsely indicated that the aircraft was about 1,000 feet higher than it actually was, which also prevented the Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) from reading the situation and sounding a warning. The ILS receiver of the first officer was working correctly and displayed the dangerously low approach. Without thoroughly examining which value was correct, the pilot decided to ignore the second device, aborting a go-around maneuver initiated by the first officer. Shortly afterward, at 20:11 CET, the plane struck Stadlerberg Mountain at , killing all 40 passengers and six crew.

The aircraft's first impact was with trees on the right side of the aircraft, causing several essential parts on the right side of the aircraft, such as the right-wing flaps and the outer right wing, to detach. As a result, the aircraft produced an asymmetric lift force and began to roll to the right, finally slamming into the mountain in a nearly inverted position.

Firefighters and police were immediately dispatched to the crash site but the fire was so intense that it took an entire day to put out. Eyewitnesses stated that "the plane was burning like a volcano." Linate Airport immediately set up a crisis center to handle the relatives of the victims aboard the flight.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved in the crash was a Douglas DC-9-32, built-in 1974 with serial number 47641 and the registration number I-ATJA. The aircraft was first delivered to Aero Trasporti Italiani, a subsidiary of Alitalia and was transferred to Alitalia in October 1988. According to investigators, the aircraft had accumulated more than 43,400 cycles and also stated that the aircraft had been inspected 10 days prior to the accident.

Passengers and crew
The aircraft was carrying 40 passengers and 6 crew members. The crew members consisted of two pilots and four flight attendants, all of whom were Italian citizens. Two Japanese officials from the Oki Electric Industry were also on board and many other passengers were laborers heading home after working in Milan's industrial area. Among the passengers on board was Italian actor .

The captain was Raffaele Liberti, aged 47, a 20-year veteran of Alitalia with a total flying time of more than 10,000 hours. The first officer (the pilot flying) was Massimo De Fraia, aged 28, who had joined Alitalia in 1989 and was much less experienced than captain Liberti.

Investigation
Swiss investigators were informed about the accident one hour after the crash. The investigation involved at least 80 Swiss investigators. Additionally, Italian Interior Minister Vincenzo Scotti sent a team of investigators to the crash site along with the United States' NTSB and FAA. Both the Flight Data Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder were recovered from the crash site.

In the initial hours after the accident, several witnesses claimed that the aircraft was on fire before it hit Stadlerberg while others claimed that the aircraft had exploded before it impacted terrain. Josef Meier, a spokesman for Swiss air traffic control authorities stated in a news conference that all possible causes, including terrorism, were being evaluated by the investigators.

Italian news media reported that the mountain was covered with cloud and that there was heavy rain in the area, while Swiss investigators claimed that visibility was good during the accident with light showers occurring at the airport.

On 16 November, an official from Swiss investigation team stated that the aircraft was flying at a lower altitude than it should have been: "The plane was  too low on its approach, and was slightly off course. [The captain] was not following the radio beacon signals." The statement did not say why the plane was too low.

Pilot error
The first officer had initiated a go-around but the captain aborted it. He said, "Hold the glide slope, can you hold it?". The first officer replied, "Yes". Investigators working with McDonnell Douglas concluded that, if the captain had not interrupted the go-around and had a situation awareness as the first officer had, the disaster would have been averted. Investigators believe that the reason for the bad call was that the captain had no situation awareness at all and was completely dissatisfied with the first officer's performance during the flight. As a result, the captain showed a lack of trust in his first officer.

Stadlerberg Mountain
As Stadlerberg Mountain is relatively far from the runway, per International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, obstruction lighting was not required. The  mountain could not be seen during the night, and thus could endanger flights. This problem had been discussed between Swissair, Swiss airport authorities, and the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) since 1976. Analysis of the cockpit voice recorder did not give any indications that the crew was looking for the cloud-capped mountain during the approach.

NAV Receiver failure
Recordings from the black boxes showed that the navigation instrument, the ADI/HSI, had apparently captured the glideslope. At the time when the glide slope was captured, the aircraft was flying about 1,300 feet below the glide path. Examining the receiver with a microscope, the investigation revealed that during the impact, the glide path indicator had been positioned just above the center "on glide" position, which means that the glide path had been captured. Investigators also revealed that all NAV instruments were following the glide path, although the aircraft was flying below the nominal glide path. At the time, investigators didn't find any defects on the instrument.

Detailed examination of the NAV showed that the NAV mode, during its operation in-flight, can lead to a completely false LOC (horizontal alignment) or GS (vertical alignment) indication ("ON" indication). A small red flag should have appeared on the indicator when the error occurred, but it did not. McDonnell Douglas provided the investigators a letter, which it had sent six years earlier (24 August 1984) to every operator of DC-8, DC-9, C-9, and MD-80 aircraft equipped with the faulty NAV receiver, which related to the NAV switching failure mode. McDonnell Douglas had held a seminar about the faulty NAV in 1985 in Long Beach, California and Alitalia had sent three pilots there. However, the message from both the letter and the seminar was not transmitted to Alitalia operating crews. They, including the crew of Flight 404, were unaware of the possible false indication.

Cause of NAV Receiver failure
According to McDonnell Douglas, a short circuit or an open circuit in certain models of radio navigation (VOR/ILS) receivers could cause navigation instruments to indicate "zero deviation". Thus, raw data deviation information on the attitude direction indicator, displayed by the flight director bars, and the horizontal situation indicator could center and remain centered with no failure or warning flag in view.

Not only did it fail to warn the pilots about the problem, but this open circuit also prevented the autopilot and the Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) from receiving the proper course and glide path deviation signals, resulting in neither instrument warning about the imminent danger. The autopilot continued to guide the aircraft according to the previously established crew inputs and the GPWS did not sound an alarm since the crew believed that they were on the correct glide path, while in reality, they were not.

As a crosscheck of the system, the captain and the first officer would normally use two separate VOR/LOC receivers for navigation information. However, due to the absence of a warning flag, the captain and the first officer believed that they were on the right track, and later used the NAV switching function to select the malfunctioning VOR/LOC receiver on both panels.

Altimeter misreading

The aircraft was equipped with an older "drum pointer" altimeter. This type of altimeter has several disadvantages; for instance, in certain pointer positions, the needles partially obscure the readout resulting in the inability to accurately determine altitude.

The United States Air Force had noted this altimeter design as problematic in several training and safety reports.

In the previous year, there were several accidents that were caused due to altimeter misreading. NASA research showed that, from a survey of 169 US pilots, 137 pilots said that they had already misread an altimeter at least once, 134 pilots had observed another pilot misreading an altimeter, 85% of the pilots explained that they had noticed that misreading has occurred more than once in the cockpit during their work, and most of the misreading occurred during the approach phase.

The survey then concluded several things, based on the comments from the pilots:
 "This altimeter takes more concentration than should be necessary to read accurately."
 "The small drum window is a complication in the instrument and [is] quite small, often requiring a 'double look' and diverting attention from the needle."
 "Misreads always occur at a lower altitude when pilots split attention between more activities."
 "The most stressful situations produced more misreads."
 "A quick look after [being distracted] can induce a reading of 1,000 feet off if the barrel drum is halfway between thousands."

Investigators stated that the crew of Flight 404 might have misread the altimeter. It is plausible that the captain had misread the altimeter, believing that the outer marker height of 2,650 feet had only been undershot by a small amount. He then countermanded the co-pilot's order for a go-around, as he thought that he could attain the correct glide path within a short time with a reduced rate of descent.

Aftermath

Reviewing the chain of events, the investigation board made several recommendations in order to avoid similar scenarios. Improved rules for communication among pilot and co-pilot during landing have been implemented, and possibilities of misreading flight altimeters have been pointed out to pilots. Most importantly, new rules prohibit the aborting of a go-around once it has been initiated, regardless of the rank and function of the crew member initiating the go-around. Proper review of decisions and clear communications are part of crew resource management.

Several major changes were made after the accident:
 Alitalia added the NAV receiver failure problem to their training and also added the actions that the crew should take in case it happens.
 Alitalia forbade interrupting a go-around. Once called, the go-around procedure has to be done. This rule is now general in almost all airlines.
 Swiss aviation authorities added lights to Stadlerberg Mountain.
 McDonnell Douglas revised their training manual to add information about the possibility of NAV failure.
Additionally, several recommendations were made:
 NAV equipment without monitoring of the output signal should no longer be used.
 The drum pointer altimeter should no longer be used. Authorities asked that this recommendation be implemented with immediate effect.
 The GPWS should operate even in the case of NAV failure.

Alitalia continued to utilize the callsign of the accident aircraft ("Alitalia 404") after the crash. It was primarily used, until Alitalia ceased operations, on a Rome–Frankfurt route.

In popular culture
The crash of Alitalia flight 404 was featured in the eighth episode of the 18th season of  Air Crash Investigation.
The episode was titled Deadly Inclination".

References

External links
 Final report on the accident by the official commission (Archive) - Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board
  Final report on the accident by the official commission (Archive) - Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board - Original version in German: Pages 53–57/57 (PDF Document pp. 53–57 of 154) are a summary in French
 ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 I-ATJA Stadlerberg

Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-9
404
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1990
Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland
1990 in Switzerland
November 1990 events in Europe
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by instrument failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error


Corrective rape, also called curative rape or homophobic rape, is a hate crime in which one or more people are raped because of their perceived sexual orientation, such as homosexuality or bisexuality. The common intended consequence of the rape, as claimed by the perpetrator, is to turn the person heterosexual.

The term was coined in South Africa after well-known cases of corrective rapes of lesbian women such as Eudy Simelane (who was also murdered in the same attack) and Zoliswa Nkonyana became public. Popularization of the term has raised awareness and encouraged LGBT+ people in countries across the world to come forward with their own stories of being raped as punishment for or in an attempt to change their sexual orientation or gender identity. Although some countries have laws protecting LGBT+ people, corrective rape is often overlooked.

Definitions
Corrective rape is the use of rape against people who do not conform to perceived social norms regarding human sexuality or gender roles. The goal is to punish perceived abnormal behavior and reinforce societal norms. The crime was first identified in South Africa, where it is sometimes supervised by members of the woman's family or local community. One of the earliest known mentions of the term is by South African feminist activist Bernedette Muthien during an August 2001 interview by Human Rights Watch in Cape Town:

Lesbians are particularly targeted for gang rape. African lesbians are more likely to be raped as lesbians in the townships. To what extent are coloured lesbians also targeted for rape because of their sexual orientation? There are no statistics for this, and I don't know what percent of coloured lesbians are targeted for corrective rape action. Growing up, I never heard that lesbians were targeted in this way and so I want to know when that started happening. Gangsterism has always existed in the townships, so you can't attribute it to that. I don't know why black lesbians are targeted more, either. I'd like to know how many women are being raped by brothers, fathers, etc., in coloured townships. Why is no one studying this? Has it just been under-reported, not studied, or what?

The United Nations UNAIDS 2015 Terminology Guidelines suggests that the term corrective rape should no longer be used, as it gives off the perception that something needs to be fixed. The guidelines propose that the term homophobic rape should be used instead. The words "so-called 'curative' or 'corrective' rape" were mentioned in 2011 in the first UN report on discrimination and violence against LGBT+ people. A 2013 global study on HIV/AIDS suggested the term lesphobic rape to emphasize the fact that lesbians constitute the overwhelming majority of victims of this phenomenon. Others have emphasized that gay men, transgender, asexual and intersex people can also be victims of corrective rape for similar reasons.

Contributing factors and motivations
Corrective rape is a hate crime. A 2000 study suggested an atmosphere supportive of hate crimes against gay men and lesbians, reactions to hate crimes by the broader community, and responses by police and justice systems contribute to corrective rape.

Some people believe corrective rape can "fix" people who do not conform to gender norms or who are not heterosexual. ActionAid reports that survivors remember being told that they were being taught a lesson. Some perpetrators of the hate crime are impelled by a sense of misogyny and chauvinism. Personal experiences have included female victims being told they were "being shown what they were missing" while male victims have related gang rape accounts "where the objective was to make the experience of being sexually receptive so violent and frightening that the victim would fear potential homosexual experiences afterward".

Some sources argue that many cases of corrective rape are caused by drawing moral conclusions from the nature–nurture debate. Despite the scientific community concluding that sexual orientation is the result of biology and environment, many people do not believe that homosexuality (or other forms of non-heterosexuality) has a genetic basis and instead believe it is only the result of one's environment. Because of this, some of these people believe sexual orientation can be changed or, as they see it, fixed.

Intersectionality
Intersectionality is intersecting social identities and related systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination. In South Africa, black lesbians may face homophobia, sexism, racism, and classism. Research in 2008 by Triangle, a gay rights group, revealed that black lesbians were twice as afraid of sexual assault as white lesbians. Taking into account race and sexuality together is essential when examining corrective rape, as both subjects cross into each other and influence each other heavily.

Intersectionality plays a major role in corrective rape cases. Sexuality and gender especially, define the social and political rank of victims. Many are ostracized, and other abusive measures are taken in order to "cure" individuals of their sexuality.

Impact on victims
Corrective rape and other accompanying acts of violence can result in physical and psychological trauma, mutilation, unwanted pregnancy, and may contribute to suicide. Corrective rape is a major contributor to HIV infection in South African lesbians. In South Africa, approximately 10% of lesbians are HIV positive, with corrective rape being the most likely cause. HIV in South Africa is an epidemic, and due to homophobia, there is a lack of education about sexually transmitted diseases among lesbians. Homophobic laws and discrimination in South Africa contribute to the poor quality of health care for minorities.

The psychological effects of corrective rape on victims can be detrimental. Many victims in countries such as South Africa and India where corrective rape is most prevalent suffer from a strong sense of insecurity and disempowerment due to strong homophobia in their communities. This homophobia can lead to both physical and psychological violence. There have been at least 30 lesbians who have been murdered in South Africa in the last 15 years because of their sexual orientation. However, violence against the LGBTQ community in South Africa is seldom reported. Many survivors of corrective rape suffer from triple discrimination for being women, black, and homosexual. This is especially true in South African townships, where corrective rape is common for lesbian women. Corrective rape victims may suffer from depression, anxiety, and/or post-traumatic stress disorder. Due to racial and sexual discrimination in health care, victims must often deal with these issues on their own.

Again, in countries like Nigeria where the Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, 2013 (SSMPA) "prohibits a marriage contract or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex...", lesbian, gay, and transgender people who are raped and targeted do not have the protection of the police and cannot report rape crimes done to them, as the police are likely to legitimize the abuse. Reports of corrective rape are cloaked in "stigma" and "embarrassment" so they remain largely underreported. Apart from this being a violation of the fundamental right to protection as stated in the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act 2015, this sexual discrimination poses a threat to the general health of homosexual people who are victims of rape as they also fear the intolerance and disregard from medical providers, leaving them susceptible to STIs and HIV.

Prevalence
Corrective rape has been reported in countries across the world including Ecuador, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe.

India
Children in India have been speaking out about how their parents are sanctioning the child's sexuality by using "corrective rape therapy" (same as corrective rape). Corrective rape in India typically happens in order to protect the family name, to avoid shaming from religious communities, and to prevent abnormal perception by the surrounding community. In India, there is a general discomfort with discussing homosexuality, even if an individual identifies as homosexual. This discomfort comes from the overall negative attitude towards homosexuality and the fact is that individuals in India who identify as homosexual are victimized at a higher rate. There is also a high level of negativity towards the trans community in India. Religious commitments tend to be very strong in traditional cultures and this is where much of the tension and poor perception came from. According to statistics from the Crisis Intervention Team of LGBT Collective in Telangana, India, there have been 15 reported instances of corrective rape that have been reported in the last five years. In general, there has been a 902 percent increase in reported rapes in India from 1971 to 2012; however, it is estimated that 90% of sex crimes in the country go unreported.

Jamaica

Amnesty International has received reports of violence against lesbians in Jamaica, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. Lesbians reportedly have been attacked on the grounds of mannish physical appearance or other visible signs of sexuality. Some reports of abduction and rape come from inner-city communities, where local non-governmental organizations have expressed concerns about high incidents of violence against women.

Kenya
In Kenya, perpetrators and apologists claim that rape is a method "to straighten" LGBTI people.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, lesbians are the major victims of corrective rape and this has roots in patriarchy. To many Nigerians, it is incomprehensible that women may seek relationships with people other than men.

South Africa

In South Africa, women have less sexual and economic power than men. One of the factors associated with this inequality is strict gender roles, which has led to one of the highest rates of violence against women in the world. The South African government conducted a survey in 2009 on sexual assault. One in four men admit to engaging in sexual activity with a woman who did not consent and nearly half of these men admitted to raping more than once. It is also estimated that a woman is raped every 26 seconds in South Africa. Corrective rape is used as a punishment for people who are gay or do not fit traditional gender roles (usually women), where often they are verbally abused before the rape. The perpetrator may claim to be teaching the women a lesson on how to be a "real woman". Because women have less control over their economic situation, which creates economic vulnerability, they have less control over their own sexual activities. Poor black women who live in townships are more likely to become victims of corrective violence, and gay women are more likely to be isolated with little support, which increases their chances of being targeted.

The South African Constitution states that no person shall be discriminated against based on his or her gender, race, or sexual orientation. The Equality Act of 2000 specifically bans hate crimes, crimes in which people are targeted because of one or more aspects of their identity. Although this technically includes crimes based on sexual orientation, in practice such cases are not brought to trial. Crimes based on sexual orientation are not expressly recognized in South Africa; corrective rape reports are not separated from general rape reports. In December 2009, there had been 31 recorded murders of lesbians in South Africa since 1998, but only one had resulted in a conviction.

The reason for this discrepancy between the law and practice is a result of heteronormativity and homophobia in South Africa. Heteronormativity can be defined as "the institutions, structures of understanding, and practical orientations that make heterosexuality not only seem coherent—that is organised as a sexuality—but also privileged". Some historians believe the heteronormativity in South Africa can be attributed to the nation's postcolonial years of racism, and it appears that today many South Africans are recommitted to their traditional heritage. Black South African lesbians are not included in this social construction, and this leads back to the concept of intersectionality. Black lesbians in South Africa are not only excluded because of their sexual orientation but also because of their ethnicity. As displayed in the media, most homosexuality is displayed as white, leaving black lesbians in South African even more marginalized. In South Africa, homosexuality is regarded as "un-African" by some. In 2004, the Human Science Research Council found that 78% of the respondents thought of homosexuality as unacceptable. According to Human Rights Watch, in the last 20 years, attitudes toward homosexuality have become worse in South Africa.

Corrective rape is on the rise in South Africa. More than 10 lesbians are raped weekly to correct their sexual preferences, as estimated by Luleki Sizwe, a South African nonprofit. It is estimated that at least 500 lesbians become victims of corrective rape every year and that 86% of black lesbians in the Western Cape live in fear of being sexually assaulted, as reported by the Triangle Project in 2008. Yet victims of corrective rape are less likely to report it because of the negative social view of homosexuality. Under-reporting is high for sexually violent crimes, thus the number of corrective rapes are likely higher than what is reported.

Although it is thought to be uncommon, men also become victims of corrective rape. A study conducted by OUT LGBT Well-being and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) showed that "the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study". However, not all men admit to being victims of corrective rape.

One South African man stated, "Lesbians get raped and killed because it is accepted by our community and by our culture." Kekelesto explained that her experience as "where men try to turn you into a real African woman" and that she was being taught how to be a black woman.

Galip Asvat, a successful hair salon business owner, is a gay man born in Klerksdorp. He moved to Hillbrow, which was a haven for the LGBT community, in the early 2000s. One early morning in 2007, Asvat was ambushed and raped by three men in his apartment building. On his attack, he said, "They thought I was a woman, and when they found out I was a man, that's when they became even more violent." His beating was brutal and the gang of men nearly cut off his genitals.

Sizakele Sigasa, a lesbian activist living in Soweto, and her partner Salome Masooa were raped, tortured, and murdered in July 2007. South African lesbian-gay rights organizations, including the umbrella-group Joint Working Group, said the attack was driven by lesbophobia. Two other rape/murders of lesbians occurred in South Africa earlier in Summer 2007: Simangele Nhlapo, member of an HIV-positive support group was raped and murdered in June, along with her two-year-old daughter; and Madoe Mafubedu, age 16, was raped and stabbed to death.

On 28 April 2008, 31-year-old soccer player Eudy Simelane was abducted, gang-raped and killed in KwaThema, her hometown near Johannesburg. Simelane was a star of the South Africa's acclaimed Banyana Banyana national female football squad, an avid equality rights campaigner, and one of the first women to live openly as a lesbian in KwaThema.

On 24 April 2011, LGBT activist Noxolo Nogwaza was raped and murdered in KwaThema.

In 2013, two writers from South African men's magazine FHM were fired as a result of corrective rape jokes they made on Facebook. After a disciplinary hearing on Friday, 19 July 2013, FHM dismissed both men from their positions, calling their comments "entirely unacceptable".

South Africa is a signatory of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which obligates states to remove discriminatory barriers from the full and free exercise of rights by women. The convention's duty to modify the conduct of private citizens to ensure equality for women covers attitudes that include the inferiority of women and stereotyped gender roles, which arguably encompass the animus toward gay women that motivates many men to commit corrective rape. 66% of South Africa women said they did not report their attack because they would not be taken seriously. Of these, 25% said they feared exposing their sexual orientation to the police and 22% said they were afraid of being abused by the police.

In August 2011, the Department of Justice established a National Task Team (NTT) to address the issue of hate crimes against LGBT people. In April 2014, then Minister of Justice Jeff Radebe launched a National Intervention Strategy for the LGBTI Sector developed by the NTT to address sex-based violence and gender-based violence against members of the community. The NTT has established a rapid response team to attend to unsolved criminal cases as a matter of urgency and produced an information pamphlet with frequently asked questions about LGBTI persons. Radebe stated that the Department of Justice acknowledged the need for a specific legal framework for hate crimes and that the matter would be subjected to public debate.

In March 2011, there was an article published that stated that there are about 10 new cases of corrective rape a week in Cape Town. Cape Town, South Africa, specifically has 2.5 million people and since 2011, the prevalence of corrective rape has only increased.

According to gay-rights organization Triangle, the practice of "corrective rape" is widespread in South Africa. Research released in 2008 by Triangle, revealed that 86% of black lesbians from the Western Cape said they lived in fear of sexual assault.

Uganda

Five cases in which the victims were lesbians or transgender males were reported in Uganda between June and November 2011.

United States
In the United States, Brandon Teena (1972–1993) is a well-known victim of corrective rape (and thereafter murder) for being a trans man. The book All She Wanted (1996) and the two films The Brandon Teena Story (1998) and Boys Don't Cry (1999) were about him.

Zimbabwe

A U.S. State Department report on Zimbabwe states, "In response to social pressure, some families reportedly subjected their LGBT members to corrective rape and forced marriages to encourage heterosexual conduct. Such crimes were rarely reported to police. Women, in particular, were subjected to rape by male family members."
Following the publication of an earlier report with similar wording, Zimbabwean journalist Angus Shaw said that lesbian women are raped by men to make them enjoy heterosexual acts and gay men are raped by women to remove their sexual orientation tendencies.

Campaigning and activism
Child sponsorship charity ActionAid has published an article discussing corrective rape, and see ending violence against women as a pivotal part of their mission. The group joined with 26 gay and women's rights and community groups, to organize a campaign focused on South Africa but also aimed at the international community, to raise awareness of the issues.  The campaign was dedicated to raising awareness about the rape and murder of two lesbian women in a Johannesburg township and called for sexual orientation to be specifically recognised as grounds for protection by police and justice systems.

Ndumie Funda, a South African Social Justice Activist, started her work to end corrective rape by launching a social campaign on Change.org in hopes to have the South African Government recognize hate crimes committed due to biases against sexual orientation and provide protection for victims. This particular petition ended up gathering almost 200 thousand signatures from individuals making up over 175 countries, forcing the government to recognize this issue. The government agreed to meet Funda and in 2014 South Africa passed its first law against hate crimes.

See also
 Causes of sexual violence
 Hate crime
 Homophobia
 Lesbophobia
 Rape culture
 Rape statistics
 Sexual assault of LGBT persons
 Sex crimes
 Sexual violence in South Africa
 Transphobia
 Types of rape
 Violence against LGBT people

References

Further reading

External links
 The Triangle Project

Sexual orientation change efforts
Euphemisms
Violence against women in South Africa
Violence against LGBT people
Lesbophobic violence
LGBT rights in South Africa
Rape
Rape in South Africa
Sex crimes
Hate crimes


Tremont is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Kings County.

Communities in Kings County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


"When I Dream of Michelangelo" is the eighth track on Counting Crows' 2008 album Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings (the second on the more reflective "Sunday Mornings" half of the record).

Although it was not released as a single, it was featured as the B-side to "1492" on a free downloadable "digital 45" that preceded the release of the album. In December 2008, it would also be serviced to the Adult Alternative (or Triple A) radio format as the third airplay single this era, following up the chart-topping "Come Around". It hit a peak of #7 on the chart on the 27th of March, 2009.

The track shares a lyric from the band's earlier single "Angels of the Silences", from which the song's title originates: "I dream of Michelangelo when I’m lying in my bed".

Song meaning
Duritz acknowledged in a 23 April 2008 interview via Leo's Music Cast that the song is among the first he ever started writing:

Duritz explained the song's evolution more elaborately in a March 2008 interview with James Campion:

References

Counting Crows songs
2008 songs
2008 singles
Cultural depictions of Michelangelo
Songs about painters
Songs written by Dan Vickrey
Songs written by David Immerglück
Songs written by Charlie Gillingham
Songs written by Adam Duritz
Song recordings produced by Brian Deck


I Trust You to Kill Me is the debut album by Rocco DeLuca and the Burden. It was released on CD on March 21, 2006 on the Ironworks label. The album was produced by Jude Cole and mixed by Florian Ammon, except for tracks 2, 7 and 10 which were mixed by Dave Reed. The album was engineered by Florian Ammon and Dave Reed.

Track listing

Chart information

References

Rocco DeLuca and the Burden albums
2006 debut albums


Renfrew is a small ghost town in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  the Municipality of the District of East Hants, in Hants County. It was named for Prince Edward (later King Edward VII), who held the title Baron of Renfrew. The village was the site of some of the most successful gold mines in the Maritimes.

Edmond Henry Horne of Enfield, Nova Scotia, apprenticed here, learning his trade in the Renfrew gold mines before going on to establishing the great Noranda, a mining and metallurgy company originally from Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada.

See also
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

John Hawkins. 1995. Renfrew Gold: The Story of a Nova Scotia Ghost Town. Lancelot Press.

Endnotes

Links
Renfrew on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Nictaux is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Annapolis County. Nictaux is at the intersection of Highway 10 and Highway 201. The name Nictaux comes from the Mi'kmaq word Niktak, meaning 'The forks of a river'.

Since the Nictaux school was closed in 1987, the children there have been bused across the Annapolis River to Middleton. The community does however maintain its own volunteer fire department.

Other communities in the area with a similar name are Nictaux Falls, Nictaux South, Nictaux East and Nictaux West.

References

Communities in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia


Phyllidia elegans, also known as the elegant phyllidia, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Phyllidiidae. It is found in shallow water in the Red Sea and the tropical Indo-Pacific region.

Distribution
This species has been found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Andaman Sea, Myanmar, the Red Sea, the Mariana Islands, north Sulawesi, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea.

Description
This animal can be distinguished by a pale-coloured foot having a single median longitudinal black line on the sole, light pink dorsal tubercles commonly tipped in yellow, and black lines on the lateral margins of the sole.

References

External links

Phyllidiidae
Molluscs of the Indian Ocean
Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
Fauna of the Red Sea
Gastropods described in 1869


The 1974 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the third CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 8 and March 10, 1974, at St. Louis Arena in St. Louis, Missouri. Saint Louis won the tournament, defeating Lake Superior State 8–3 in the championship game.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Semifinals

(1) Lake Superior State vs. Western Michigan

(2) Saint Louis vs. (3) Bowling Green

Third place

(3) Bowling Green vs. Western Michigan

Championship

(1) Lake Superior State vs. (2) Saint Louis

Tournament awards

All-Tournament Team
F John Nestic (Saint Louis)
F Rich Nagai (Bowling Green)
F Charlie Labelle (Saint Louis)
D Mario Faubert (Saint Louis)
D Tom Davies (Lake Superior State)
G Carl Sapinsky (Saint Louis)

References

External links
Central Collegiate Hockey Association

CCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Ccha tournament


This Beautiful City is a 2007 Canadian drama film written, directed, produced, and edited by Ed Gass-Donnelly. It premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival and had a general theatrical release in 2008.

The film depicts the lives of five disparate characters in Downtown Toronto. Johnny (Aaron Poole) is a recovering crack cocaine addict trying to convince his prostitute girlfriend Pretty (Kristin Booth) to move with him to a new city so they can make a clean break from their old lives, while Harry (Noam Jenkins) and Carol (Caroline Cave) are a wealthy couple. Events are set in motion when Carol falls from the balcony of her condo in an apparent suicide attempt, landing just metres away from Johnny and Pretty in the alleyway below. She survives, but Peter (Stuart Hughes), a police detective, finds her and the group's lives begin to intertwine.

Cast
 Aaron Poole as Johnny
 Kristin Booth as Pretty
 Caroline Cave as Carol
 Noam Jenkins as Harry
 Stuart Hughes as Peter
 Kat Germain as Zoe
 Tony Nappo as Crack
 Jefferson Mappin as Phil
 Philip Akin as Police Chief
 Christopher Cordell as Green Jacket Jock
 Brian Frank as Steve

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack includes songs by Bry Webb, Sunparlour Players, Buck 65, Jewish Legend and Sebastien Grainger, Andre Ethier, Shad, The Ghost Is Dancing, Emilie Mover and Dave MacKinnon.

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 14%, based on seven reviews. Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter said, "The film is contrived but powerful. A mood of underlying dread gives each scene extra tension and its gritty portrait of how urban life at all levels can ground people down is striking."

Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for four Genies at the 29th Genie Awards, including Best Actor (Poole), Best Original Song (Bry Webb, "Big Smoke"), Best Sound and Best Sound Editing.

References

External links

2007 films
Canadian drama films
English-language Canadian films
Films set in Toronto
2007 drama films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Ed Gass-Donnelly
2000s Canadian films


Victoria is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Cumberland County .

See also
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

 Victoria on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The 2008–09 OJHL season was the 16th and final season of the Ontario Junior Hockey League (OJHL) before it was divided into two leagues for a single season. The twenty-nine teams of the Phillips, Ruddock, and MacKinnon Divisions will play 49-game schedules, while the eight teams of the Ontario Hockey Association's Central Division Hockey will play an experimental 53-game season.

Come February, the top eight teams of each division will play down for the Frank L. Buckland Trophy, the OJHL championship.  The winner of the Buckland Cup will compete in the Central Canadian Junior "A" championship, the Dudley Hewitt Cup.  If successful against the winners of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and Superior International Junior Hockey League, the champion would then move on to play in the Canadian Junior Hockey League championship, the 2009 Royal Bank Cup.

Changes
Super Division is approved for 2008-09
Quinte West Pack are now the Trenton Hercs
Bramalea Blues will return for 2008–09 season
Bancroft Hawks have been sold and are now Upper Canada Hockey Club
Durham Fury have moved and become Whitby Fury
Trenton Hercs folded mid-season in January 2009

Current Standings
as of February 13, 2009

Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title

Please note: (x-) denotes playoff berth, (y-) denotes elimination.

Teams listed on the official league website.

Standings listed by Pointstreak on official league website.

2008-09 Frank L. Buckland Trophy Playoffs

Championship round

Divisional Playoffs

Note: C is Central, M is Mackinnon, P is Phillips, R is Ruddock.

Playoff results are listed by Pointstreak on the official league website.

Dudley Hewitt Cup Championship
Hosted by the Schreiber Diesels in Schreiber, Ontario.  The Kingston Voyageurs finished in first place.

Round Robin
Kingston Voyageurs 9 - Schreiber Diesels (SIJHL) 0
Fort William North Stars (SIJHL) 1 - Kingston Voyageurs 0
Kingston Voyageurs 2 - Soo Thunderbirds (NOJHL) 0
Final
Kingston Voyageurs 4 - Fort William North Stars (SIJHL) 1

2009 Royal Bank Cup Championship
Hosted by the Victoria Grizzlies in Victoria, British Columbia.  The Kingston Voyageurs lost out in the semi-final.

Round Robin
Victoria Grizzlies (BCHL) 5 - Kingston Voyageurs 0
Kingston Voyageurs 7 - Summerside Western Capitals (MJAHL) 5
Humboldt Broncos (SJHL) 5 - Kingston Voyageurs 2
Vernon Vipers (BCHL) 8 - Kingston Voyageurs 5
Semi-final
Vernon Vipers (BCHL) 6 - Kingston Voyageurs 3

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average

Players selected in 2009 NHL Entry Draft
Rd 2 #59   Brandon Pirri -	Chicago Blackhawks	(Georgetown Raiders)
Rd 3 #69 	Reilly Smith -	Dallas Stars	(St. Michael's Buzzers)
Rd 6 #169	Dustin Walsh -	Montreal Canadiens	(Kingston Voyageurs)

See also
 2009 Royal Bank Cup
 Dudley Hewitt Cup
 List of OJHL seasons
 Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Superior International Junior Hockey League
 Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League
 2008 in ice hockey
 2009 in ice hockey

References

External links
 Official website of the Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Official website of the Canadian Junior Hockey League

Ontario Junior Hockey League seasons
OJHL


The Alberta Hail Project was a research project sponsored by the Alberta Research Council and Environment Canada to study hailstorm physics and dynamics in order to design and test means for suppressing hail. It ran from 1956 until 1985. The main instrument in this research was an S-band circularly polarized weather radar located at the Red Deer Industrial Airport in central Alberta, Canada.

A vast amount of data were collected from several other platforms to conduct research into precipitation mechanisms, severe storm development, hail suppression, hydrology and microwave propagation. Numerous researchers have used the dataset and during the period 1990 to 1994, 23 publications appeared in journals and conferences, as well as 4 scientific reports were prepared. These papers have included radar meteorology, cloud physics, hydrology/hydrometeorology, computer science, instrumentation, synoptic weather, dynamic and mesoscale meteorology.

Description

The project area covered 33,700 km2 and was centered on the Penhold radar site located near the Red Deer Airport (). The program had different ways of evaluating the atmospheric conditions for hail and its detection.

Each spring, approximately 20,000 farmers in the project area would receive cards to record any event of hail, including its size. On days with hail, between 10 % and 20 % of the farmers gave report, an average of one observer per 16–32 km2. Telephone surveys were also conducted, resulting in observation densities as high as one report per 3 square kilometers. As a result, it is believed that only a very small percentage of hail reaching the surface went undetected. For the duration of the project, six categories were specified to size the observed hailstones conveniently: diameters less than 0.4 cm, 0.4–1.2 cm, 1.3–2.0 cm; 2.1–3.2 cm, 3.3–5.2 cm, and larger than 5.2 cm.

Radiosondes were released from Penhold at 1715 local time (2315 UTC). Data were used to evaluate the atmospheric conditions on hail days within 3 h (i.e., between 1415 and 2015 LT) and within 100 km from the sounding site. A few of these proximity soundings had to be excluded because of missing data or because they were modified by precipitation or a thunderstorm outflow boundary. In addition to upper-air sounding data, the surface temperature and dewpoint (representative of the storm's inflow) were obtained from a mesonetwork.

The radar would be used to detect not only the intensity of the precipitation by its reflectivity, but the type of hydrometeors with the circular polarization. These would be correlated with the surface observations to study the structure of the thunderstorms leading to hail formation. Furthermore, at certain times there would be aircraft flight in and around convective areas to gather further information on the atmospheric conditions and sample the clouds.

Observations were also made by sampling vehicles. The vehicles were outfitted with various meteorological instrumentation and hail catching apparatus. They were directed into suspected thunderstorm hail regions by a controller at the radar site. The controller communicated with the vehicles by radio.

References

External links
The Alberta Hail Project Meteorological and Barge-Humphries Radar Archive
CMOS Archives - Alberta Hail Studies

Severe weather and convection
Hail
Mesoscale meteorology
Meteorology research and field projects
Weather modification in North America
Storm chasing


Shinimicas Bridge is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Cumberland County. There is lower Shinimicas and Upper Shinimicas. In Shinimicas there are many horse stables and small community gathering places.

According to legend, Shinimicas means Shining River in the MIK'MAQ language.

References
 Shinimicas Bridge on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Phyllidia babai is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Phyllidiidae.

The specific name babai is in honor of Kikutaro Baba, Japanese malacologist.

Distribution
The holotype of this species was collected at Lion Island, Papua New Guinea, . It has also been reported from North Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, southern Queensland, Australia, South Korea and rarely on Okinawa. A number of similar coloured species have been found but are probably not yet named.

Description
This nudibranch has a cream to light yellow coloured dorsum with white tubercles in the center of black rings and the mantle finely edged in yellow. The clavus of each rhinophore has 21 to 24 lamellae, and the rhinophoral pocket is trimmed in white. Its white-coloured, pointed, oral tentacles have lateral grooves, and they also are trimmed in yellow. The ventral surface is a pale cream colour.

Diet
This species has been observed feeding on the yellow sponge Acanthella stipata.

References

Further reading

 (in Japanese)
 (in Japanese)
 (in Japanese)
 (in Japanese)
 (in Japanese)
 (in Japanese)

External links

Phyllidiidae
Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
Gastropods described in 1993


Lake Leonard is a small freshwater crater lake in Mount Leonard (also known as Leonard Kniaseff), an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano complex in the Leonard Mountain Range which is located  northeast of Davao City in the province of Davao de Oro in the Philippines.

Origin
Volcanic activity began 1.1 million years ago in the area and a series of lava domes in the region surrounding the lake were created in about 290,000 years ago. One of the biggest of these domes collapsed leaving a caldera that in time filled with water and transformed into a freshwater lake capable of sustaining life. Solfataras (fumaroles that emits sulfuric gases) occurring on its southwest rim is evident that under this lake is a sleeping active volcano. Active solfataras, fumaroles, and hot springs are also found in the Amacan-Gopod thermal area south of the lake. The Manat thermal area is located north of Lake Leonard.

Disturbances and threats
The edge of the lake is badly silted as a result of human activities on the upper slopes of the watershed, particularly road construction, shifting cultivation and logging. The disposal of mine tailings is also having a direct adverse impact on the lake's resources. The existing Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) population in the lake is endangered because of the present intensity of human activities; the major threats to the species are accelerated siltation in the lake, poaching, pesticides pollution and the destruction of the natural vegetation on the lake shore.

References
 Lake Leonard Data

External links
 Geographic data related to Lake Leonard at OpenStreetMap

Dasay
Landforms of Davao de Oro


The 1975 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the fourth CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 7 and March 8, 1975, at St. Louis Arena in St. Louis, Missouri. Saint Louis won the tournament, defeating Lake Superior State 8–3 in the championship game for the second consecutive year.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Semifinals

(1) Saint Louis vs. Western Michigan

(2) Bowling Green vs. (3) Lake Superior State

Championship

(1) Saint Louis vs. (3) Lake Superior State

Tournament awards

All-Tournament Team
F Doug Lawton (Saint Louis)
F Julio Francella (Lake Superior State)
F Tim Dunlop (Western Michigan)
D Kevin O'Rear (Saint Louis)
D Roger Archer (Bowling Green)
G Lindsay Middlebrook (Saint Louis)

References

External links
Central Collegiate Hockey Association

CCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Ccha tournament
CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament


Parvez Butt (Urdu: پرویز بٹ; b. 4 October 1942; ), is a Pakistani mechanical engineer and public official who served as the chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 2001 till 2006.

His career is mostly spent at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's nuclear power division before chairing the agency, and went to serve in the Musharraf administration as a policy adviser on science as a Federal Secretary from 2006 until 2008. He continued his public service when he joined the Gilani administration as a policy adviser on nuclear energy at the Planning Commission which he served until 2013.

Biography

Parvez Butt was born in Gujranwala, Punjab in India on 4 October 1942 where he did his schooling and matriculation. He attended the University of Engineering and Technology (UET) in Lahore where he graduated with Bachelor of Science (BS) in mechanical engineering in 1962, and went to attend the University of Toronto in Canada to pursue higher studies in engineering in 1963.

In 1965, Butt graduated with Master of Science (MS) in nuclear engineering from the University of Toronto.

Career at Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

In 1963, Butt found employment with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) where his career is spent in nuclear power division rather than weapons production; he was involved in design phase of his country's first commercial nuclear power in Karachi–the CANDU-type KANUPP-I reactor. From 1965 to 1970, Butt worked in the design engineering at the GE Canada at their office in Peterborough, Ontario, where he was involved in overall design of the nuclear power plant.

From 1972 to 1976, Butt worked as principal engineer at the KANUPP-I to ensure the commercial power generation and grid operations of the nuclear power plant to supply energy to Karachi. When the GE Canada decided to eject from supporting the KANUPP program, Butt was instrumental in setting up the machine shop to engage in designing, manufacturing, and production of the mechanical spare parts needed for plant machinery.

He built up his reputation among his peers as a reputable machinist and design component engineer whose role was instrumental in setting up the mechanical workshop, machine tools manufacturing shop, and a welding facility that supported the plant operations as part of his responsibility to develop indigenous capability to ensure the grid operations of the nuclear power plant. During his employment at the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, Butt realized the importance of the welding and nondestructive testing when he co-founded the Pakistan Welding Institute in Islamabad and the Nondestructive testing facility in Taxila.

Butt, eventually moved towards practicing mechanical engineering, when he became involved in setting up the standards for welding and machining of the fasteners and other design component parts when he was appointed director at the Atomic Energy Commission in 1984. In 1994, Butt left his plant manager position when he accepted the position as "Member Power" at the corporate offices of the PAEC to advise the Chairman of the PAEC on nuclear power and commercial energy. Butt's experience in machine design components and welding was instrumental that benefited his country to expand the nuclear power generation with the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in Punjab. As Director-General of Nuclear Power Division at the PAEC, and later its Member of Power, Butt oversaw the design phase and construction of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant built with the financing provided by the China.

Chairman of the PAEC

In 2001, the Musharraf administration announced to appoint Butt as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission— this appointment was significant in international media due to the fact that Butt was not involved in weapons production. In 2003–04, he helped negotiate with China over the financial funding of three more commercial nuclear power plants in Chashma district. In 2006, Butt responded to the lawsuit filed at the Supreme Court of Pakistan by the local residents of Baghalchur, a former uranium exploration mining site and testified at the Supreme Court when he stated: "It is being done in keeping with the international standards for storing nuclear waste".

His role in nuclear power generation in his country was crucial when Butt signed a contract with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on 3 September 2004,that mandated Pakistan government to extensively use nuclear energy for civilian purposes in agriculture, industrial, health, education and environment sectors.

With this agreement, Pakistan had become the "highest recipient of IAEA's financial and technical assistance" and that the relevant international agencies and Islamabad's bilateral supporters had been taken into confidence about the application of nuclear energy for civilian purposes. In 2006, Parvez Butt submitted a long-term nuclear power plant project to the federal government, which called for established more civilian nuclear power plants to increase the industrial output of the country.

On 26 March 2006, Butt seek the retirement from the chairmanship of the PAEC and accepted the position as a science adviser (local: Federal Secretary), to the Musharraf administration.

Government work and public advocacy

On 4 July 2006, Butt sought retirement from the chairmanship of the PAEC when he rotated the chair of the PAEC to Anwar Ali, a computational physicist. He joined the federal government as a science adviser (local position: Federal Secretary) and served in the Musharraf administration until 2008. Butt was later taken as a policy adviser on nuclear energy by the Gilani administration which he served till 2013. Throughout his career, Butt was honored with his nation's award including:

Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2015)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1999)
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993)

Pervez Butt has been an active member of the Board of Government of World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO), World Nuclear Association (WNA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He was elected the Vice Chair of the IAEA Board of Governors in 2005.

Research paper
Status and Potential of Small and Medium Power Reactors in Pakistan.

Awards and honours
Hilal-i-Imtiaz (1999)
Sitara-i-Imtiaz (1999)
 Tamgha-e-Baqa (2000)
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2016)

Associations
 Member of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO)
 Member of World Nuclear Association (WNA)
 Vice Chair of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2005)
 An elected fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society (1995)

See also
Nuclear power

Notes

References
 Parvez Butt
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110718005705/http://www.pakissan.com/english/news/newsDetail.php?newsid=6791
 http://www.pr-inside.com/the-state-of-pakistan-s-competitiveness-report-r128628.htm
 http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13522849_ITM
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101009051507/http://www.competitiveness.org.pk/BoD/pervezbutt.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090411215521/http://hec.gov.pk/insidehec/parvez_butt.html

Living people
1942 births
People from Gujranwala
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore alumni
20th-century Pakistani engineers
Pakistani mechanical engineers
Pakistani expatriates in Canada
University of Toronto alumni
Pakistani nuclear engineers
Pakistani inventors
Pakistani nuclear physicists
International Atomic Energy Agency officials
Chairpersons of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz


Labette Community College (LCC) is a public community college in Parsons, Kansas, United States.  LCC's main campus is situated in Parsons and satellite campuses are located in Cherokee, Oswego and Pittsburg. The mascot of the school is Chris the Cardinal. The official school colors are red and white.

History
It was established in the fall of 1923 as Parsons Junior College, and was initially financed and operated as a part of the public school system of Parsons as a two-year extension program of the Senior High School. Until 1935, the college was operated as a two-year unit, and was a jumping off point for students desiring to continue their education at a four-year university. In 1935 however, the schools of Parsons became organized into a 6-4-4 basis. Under this new system, the Junior College was a new four-year system, and instructed grades eleven, twelve, thirteen, and fourteen inclusively.

Like most community colleges and junior colleges, Parsons Junior College was first established to answer the ever-increasing demands for better public school systems. With the arrival of the MKT Railroad in Parsons, the city began to grow rapidly, requiring Parsons to adapt and create new institutions to help meet the community's educational needs. Like most rural towns that contain a community college or university, Parsons Junior College served as one of the main focal points of the community as it provided a two-year Associates program for higher education through 1935.

In 1967 Parsons Junior College became known as the Labette Community Junior College, following the new trends of the time period, separating Community Colleges as local, publicly funded school system, and Junior Colleges as private degree institutions. The college remained known by this name until 1980 when the school finally adopted the name of Labette Community College, which remains the name of the college to this day.
In 1967 Parsons Junior College became known as the Labette Community Junior College, following the new trends of the time period, separating Community Colleges as local, publicly funded school system, and Junior Colleges as private degree institutions. The college remained known by this name until 1980 when the school finally adopted the name of Labette Community College, which remains the name of the college to this day.

Cherokee Campus
In 2008 Labette Community College opened a satellite campus in Cherokee County, Kansas on the outskirts of Pittsburg, Kansas.

Labette Community College renovated a 14,000 square foot, ten acre, space on the corner of highways 400 and 69, near Pittsburg to better serve the students of southeast Kansas. Seven classrooms, a student commons area with computers, and office space for faculty.

LCC is offering remedial and general education courses, which prepare students to pass placement tests that are required before taking college-level courses.

Student life

Labette Community College has academic and athletic extracurricular activities. Some of the programs available currently are: Men's and Women's basketball, volleyball, baseball. softball, and wrestling. LCC won the NJCAA national basketball title in 1960, and were the national men's wrestling champions in 2005, 2012 and 2013.

Notable alumni and faculty
 Rand Chappell, college basketball coach
 LC Davis, mixed martial artist
 Tim Elliott, professional mixed martial artist competing for UFC, former Titan FC Flyweight Champion,
 Raufeon Stots, two-time NCAA Division II Wrestling Champion, current Bellator mixed martial artist

References

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1923
Education in Labette County, Kansas
Universities and colleges in Pittsburg, Kansas
Two-year colleges in the United States
Buildings and structures in Labette County, Kansas
Community colleges in Kansas
NJCAA athletics
1923 establishments in Kansas


A check dam is a small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or waterway to counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity. Check dams themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating from the second century AD. Check dams are typically, though not always, implemented in a system of several dams situated at regular intervals across the area of interest.

Function
A check dam placed in the ditch, swale, or channel interrupts the flow of water and flattens the gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction induces infiltration and reduces eroding. They can be used not only to slow flow velocity but also to distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide flows toward vegetation. Although some sedimentation may result behind the dam, check dams do not primarily function as sediment-trapping devices.

For instance, on the Graliwdo River in Ethiopia, an increase of hydraulic roughness by check dams and water transmission losses in deposited sediments is responsible for the delay of runoff to reach the lower part of the river channels. The reduction of peak runoff discharge was larger in the river segment with check dams and vegetation (minus 12%) than in segment without treatment (minus 5.5%). Reduction of total runoff volume was also larger in the river with check dams than in the untreated river. The implementation of check dams combined with vegetation reduced peak flow discharge and total runoff volume as large parts of runoff infiltrated in the sediments deposited behind the check dams. As gully check dams are implemented in a large areas of northern Ethiopia, this contributes to groundwater recharge and increased river base flow.

Applications

Grade control mechanism

Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two environments: across channel bottoms and on hilly slopes. Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land. They are used when other flow-control practices, such as lining the channel or creating bioswales, are impractical. Accordingly, they are commonly used in degrading temporary channels, in which permanent stabilization is impractical and infeasible in terms of resource allocation and funding due to the short life period. They are also used when construction delays and weather conditions prevent timely installation of other erosion control practices. This is typically seen during the construction process of large-scale permanent dams or erosion control. As such, check dams serve as temporary grade-control mechanisms along waterways until resolute stabilization is established or along permanent swales that need protection prior to installation of a non-erodible lining.

Water quality control mechanism
Many check dams tend to form stream pools. Under low-flow circumstances, water either infiltrates into the ground, evaporates, or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow – flood – conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from runoff tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Floating garbage is also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures.

Arid regions

In arid areas, check dams are often built to increase groundwater recharge in a process called managed aquifer recharge. Winter runoff thus can be stored in aquifers, from which the water can be withdrawn during the dry season for irrigation, livestock watering, and drinking water. This is particularly useful for small settlements located far from a large urban center as check dams require less reliance on machinery, funding, or advanced knowledge compared to large-scale dam implementation.

Check dams can be used in combination with limans to stop and collect surface runoff water.

Mountainous regions
As a strategy to stabilize mountain streams, the construction of check dams has a long tradition in many mountainous regions dating back to the 19th century in Europe. Steep slopes impede access by heavy construction machinery to mountain streams, so check dams have been built in place of larger dams. Because the typical high slope causes high flow velocity, a terraced system of multiple closely spaced check dams is typically necessary to reduce velocity and thereby counteract erosion. Such consolidation check dams, built in terraces, attempt to prevent both headward and downward cutting into channel beds while also stabilizing adjacent hill slopes. They are further used to mitigate flood and debris flow hazards.

Temporary Test Dams TTDs
In the UK planning laws, applications and restrictions delay flood mitigation work.  This can be counteracted by setting up Temporary Test Dams in watercourses that can then be monitored and valued. This does however require the landowners support.  TTDs have proven to be a great way to get rapid action following a flood event and a way to get communities involved in the defence against future flood events.

Design considerations

Site
Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the drainage area to be ten acres or less. The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of . Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live streams unless approved by appropriate local, state and/or federal authorities.

Materials

Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags. Of these, logs and rock check dams are usually permanent or semi-permanent, and sandbag check dams are built primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open channels that drain  or less; and usually do not exceed  high. Woven wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material in a gully. It is typically used in environments where the gully has a moderate slope (less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically carry large rocks or boulders. In nearly all instances, erosion control blankets, which are biodegradable open-weave blankets, are used in conjunction with check dams. These blankets help encourage vegetation growth on the slopes, shorelines and ditch bottoms.

Size
Check dams are usually less than  high. and the center of the dam should be at least  lower than its edges. This criteria induces a weir effect, resulting in increased water surface level upstream for some, if not all flow conditions.

Spacing

In order to effectively slow water velocity to reduce erosion and to protect the channel between dams in a larger system, spacing must be designed properly. Check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest. This allows water to pond between dams and substantially slows the flow's velocity.

Advantages

Check dams are a highly effective practice to reduce flow velocities in channels and waterways. In contrast to big dams, check dams are implemented faster, are cost effective, and are smaller in scope. Because of this, their implementation does not typically displace people and communities nor do they destroy natural resources if designed correctly. Moreover, the dams are simple to construct and do not rely on advanced technologies, allowing their use in rural communities with fewer resources or access to technical expertise, as they have been in India's drylands for some time now.

Limitations

Check dams still require maintenance and sediment removal practices. They become more difficult to implement on steep slopes, as velocity is higher and the distance between dams must be shortened. Check dams, depending on the material used, can have a limited life span but if implemented correctly can be considered permanent.

Maintenance
Check dams require regular maintenance as typically temporary structures not designed to withstand long-term use. Dams should be inspected every week and after heavy rainfall. It is important that rubble, litter, and leaves are removed from the upstream side of the dam. This is typically done when the sediment has reached a height of one-half the original height of the dam.

When the site is permanently stabilized and the check dam is no longer needed, it is fully removed, including components washed downstream, and bare spots are stabilized.

See also
Drop structure
Gabion
Groyne
Nagashima Dam
Flexible debris-resisting barrier

References

External links

 Trap Function of Bed Road by Steel-Slit Dam Sabo Gakkaishi Vol.45 (1992-1993) No.4 P22-29

Ecological restoration
Environmental engineering
Hydrology and urban planning
Landscape
Water conservation
Waste treatment technology
Water pollution
Dams by type
Desert greening


Chang Taek-sang or Jang Taek-sang (October 22, 1893 – August 1, 1969) was a Korean Independence activist and South Korean policeman and politician. He was the third prime minister of South Korea and 1st Minister of Foreign Affairs. His nickname was Changrang.

Life
Chang held this position during the Korean War. He attended the University of Edinburgh, Scotland earlier in his life. Jang became First Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade from August 15 to December 24, 1948 after the ministry was established on July 17, 1948. During his term, he was in charge of diplomacy for South Korea, as well as handling external trade and matters related to overseas Korean nationals (which was crucial during this period in Korea). From May 6, 1952 to October 6, 1952, he served as the prime minister of the First Republic of Korea.

Recently, in July 2006, Jang Byung-hye (Peggy Jang), the daughter of Jang Taek-sang, and Rhee In-soo, an adopted son of South Korea's first president Syngman Rhee, filed a lawsuit against the producers of Seoul 1945. They claimed that the drama distorts history and belittles the achievements of their late fathers.

Work book
 South Koreas founding and me (대한민국 건국과 나, 1969)

Popular culture
 Portrayed by Kim Dong-hyun in the 2006 KBS1 TV series Seoul 1945.

References

External links

 Changrang Changtaeksang's memorial museum
 Chang Taek-sang
 Chang Taek-sang:Korean ihistorical information persons
 Chang Taek-sang

Prime Ministers of South Korea
1893 births
1969 deaths
Government ministers of South Korea
South Korean anti-communists
Kim Kyu-sik
Waseda University alumni
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from North Gyeongsang Province
Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Foreign ministers of South Korea
Indong Jang clan
Burials at Seoul National Cemetery
Members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea


Phyllidia varicosa is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Phyllidiidae.

Distribution
This species is widely distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific Oceans including the central Pacific and the Red Sea.

Description
This is a large species growing to at least 115 mm. It can be distinguished by its numerous (3 to 6), longitudinal, tuberculate notal ridges. The ridge and bases of the tubercles are a blue-grey colour. The tubercles are capped in yellow. The foot sole has a black longitudinal foot stripe. The rhinophoral clavus possesses 27 to 30 lamellae.

Mimicry
Juveniles of the sea cucumber, Pearsonothuria graeffei are brightly coloured and closely resemble Phyllidia varicosa. They are white and blue or black, with a few large, yellow, thorn-like projections. These bright colours warn predators of the toxicity of the nudibranch, and this mimicry on the part of the sea cucumber species serves to protect it also. The adult sea cucumber has much duller colouration, but it is also much larger than the sea slug and has its own toxic chemicals at this stage.

References

External links

 Erwin Koehler (2016) Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801. Philippine Sea Slugs, accessed 2016-11-15.

Phyllidiidae
Gastropods described in 1801
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck


Union Place is a suburb in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Union Place is located approximately 1 kilometre south-east from the centre of Colombo, Fort.

Demographic
Union Place is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic area. The major ethnic communities in Union Place are Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils. There are also various other minorities, such as Burghers, Sri Lankan Moors and others. Religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and various other religions and beliefs to a lesser extent.

Diplomatic missions
Consulate of Austria
Honorary Consulate of Bhutan
Honorary Consulate of Namibia
Honorary Consulate of Uruguay
Honorary Consulate of Tunisia
Honorary Consulate of Croatia
Honorary Consulate of Czech Republic (Czechia)

References

Districts of Colombo
Populated places in Western Province, Sri Lanka


An oxide thin-film transistor (oxide TFT) or metal oxide thin film transistor is a type of thin film transistor where the semiconductor is a metal oxide compound. An oxide TFT is distinct from a metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET) where the word "oxide" refers to the insulating gate dielectric (normally silicon dioxide). In an oxide TFT, the word oxide refers to the semiconductor. Oxide TFTs have applications as amplifiers to deliver current to emitters in display backplanes.

History
The first transistor employing a metal oxide as the semiconductor was reported in 1964 by Klasens and Koelmans at Philips Research Laboratories. However, oxide TFTs were seldom considered again for several decades after this. It wasn't until the early 2000's that Hideo Hosono, who was studying transparent conducting oxides, discovered that oxysulfides and indium gallium zinc oxide could be used as semiconductors in TFTs. Soon after, John Wager at Oregon State University reported oxide TFTs employing the binary oxide zinc oxide as the semiconductor.

Properties
Oxides have several properties which make them desirable over hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), which was the incumbent TFT technology in the early 2000's. Firstly, the electron mobility is roughly 100 times higher in oxide TFTs. Because the source-drain current in transistors is linearly proportional to electron mobility, so too are the amplification properties. The result of this is that smaller transistors can be used to provide the same current. In a display this means that a higher resolution and switching speed is possible.

a-Si:H additionally suffers from issues with environmental stability, such as the Staebler-Wronski Effect. As oxides are already oxidized, they are generally more environmentally stable, however they do experience a phenomenon called Negative Bias Illumination Stress (NBIS) where the threshold voltage changes under constant illumination.

Most n-type (electron transporting) oxide TFTs employ semiconductors that have a wide bandgap; generally greater than 3 eV. For this reason they are attractive for use in fully transparent electronics. Their wide bandgap also means they have a low off-current, and hence a high on/off ratio; a desirable property for well-defined on- and off-states.

One significant drawback with oxide TFTs is that there are very few p-type (hole transporting) metal oxide semiconductors. While not a significant problem when providing amplification to emitters, this does mean oxide semiconductors are less suitable for complementary logic, and hence information processing.

Growth
Metal oxide semiconductors are typically deposited using sputtering, a vacuum-based growth technique resulting in an amorphous or polycrystalline layer. Oxides can also be deposited from solution, such as via spin-coating or spray coating.

Commercial use
Several companies have adopted oxide TFTs as a platform for display drivers. Notably Sharp in 2012, and Apple in 2013.

References

Transistor types
Semiconductor devices