Ogden Minton Pleissner (1905–1983) was an American painter, specializing in landscapes and war art related to his service in World War II.

Biography

Pleissner was born on April 29, 1905, in Brooklyn, New York.  His father was very interested in the arts, especially music, and his mother was an accomplished violinist who had studied in Germany.  When he was eleven a friend gave him a paint box filled with a wide array of colors.  Growing up, Pleissner spent several summers in Wyoming where he sketched from life and developed a lifelong love of the outdoors, fishing, and the western landscape.

He attended the Art Students League of New York from 1922 to 1926, studying under Frank DuMond, and began teaching at the Pratt Institute soon after. Throughout the 1930s, Pleissner worked mainly in oils and became known for his Western landscapes, and images of the Maritimes and New England. The National Academy of Design awarded him the 1938 Second Hallgarten Prize for South Pass City (Wyoming Ghost Town).

He was commissioned as a captain in the United States Air Force at the start of World War II and stationed in the Aleutian Islands as a war artist.  The inclement, damp weather demanded that Pleissner work in watercolors because they dried faster than oil paints. But Pleissner recalled that even watercolors were difficult to use in the wet climate: “ I would go out to do these watercolors and it was so damn wet nothing would dry... I used to put out a few big washes and then run into and out of the huts where there was a fire and dry it and go out again.”

In 1942, Pleissner accepted a commission from the United States Army as a war correspondent on inactive duty employed by Life magazine.  After the war, Pleissner continued to travel to Europe and Wyoming, painting city scenes, landscapes, and sporting subjects.

Pleissner was also the director and trustee of the Tiffany Foundation (see The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation).

He died in 1983 in London, England.

In the years since his death, Pleissner's work has become quite popular among collectors of American sporting art and other genres of tangible Americana. Pleissner's works in both oil and watercolor are highly regarded, and his paintings consistently command a respectable price at auction. In 2010, Pleissner's 1938 oil, The Rapids, sold at auction for $345,000, a new record surpassing the previous mark of $220,000 set in 1996.

Subject and Style
Pleissner was considered a Realist unimpeded by sentimentality. Pleissner’s contentment in his surroundings, interest in the world around him, and his satisfaction with his craft are evident in the masterful use of light and color that pervades his paintings.

Pleissner’s development as an artist visually unfolds on the gallery walls from his early years in Brooklyn, summers in Wyoming, visits to Nova Scotia and Connecticut, and beginnings as a sporting artist.  His first canvases were of the Grand Teton Mountains in Wyoming and he became best known for his watercolors of New England scenes.

World War II brought about a major turning point in Pleissner's career. During WWII, his work was based on the Normandy breakthrough. Pleissner's post-war subjects became concerned with urban life in France, Italy and Spain. Pleissner had precision and clarity in the sense of light that comes through in many of his paintings. This, combined with his selection of only pictorial elements that contribute to an overall composition, characterizes his work.

Quotes by Pleissner

'[I consider myself] a landscape painter, a painter of landscapes who also liked to hunt and fish'

“You can say that a picture has a sense of place, but in a painting, a landscape, to me it’s the mood conveyed that counts.”

“A friend of mine New York at the Salmagundi Club asked me why I didn’t paint watercolors. I said I don’t know how, and he said all you have to do is keep your board a little slanted so when you wash the color onto the paper it runs downhill. That I was my only lesson in watercolor.”

“It’s hard to say whether I have a favorite place to paint. There are many fascinating places in Europe and there’s so much right here in this country. . .  Whether it’s Vermont, Normandy, or Paris, it doesn’t make that much difference, really.” -1983 interview

“Vermont is quite a different country. Out West we had the prairies and sagebrush and mountains and snow all summer. It is much bigger, dramatic country. This, I feel, is a softer country and much more friendly. I think that you can find most anything to paint here, all kinds of subjects, the dramatic and bucolic landscapes. Almost anything.”

I use color in my painting in different ways. Neutral colors and brilliant colors will create different moods. You can take the same motif, the same subject, at different times of the day or different times of the year. Some days it will appear to be very contrasty and brilliant, and the colors will be bright. Another day fog will roll over the scene or it will be early morning or later in the afternoon or evening. Then everything will meld together and you will not have this powerful effect of contrast, and a different, softer mood will prevail.”

“During the war I got interested in Europe. Afterward I went over and made a lot of sketches, especially in France, Italy, and England. More recently we’ve been to Portugal and Ireland.”

I went out very early and saw the morning sun coming up and the long shadows it cast across the great walk of the Tuileries. There were all these chairs that had been used the day before with just this one man sitting there reading his morning paper, and I thought it would make an interesting picture. There was a lovely effect of color and light so I painted it.”
“I frequently make preliminary sketches for a painting, but lots of times I just start a large painting in my mind. Then I may refer to a number of sketches I have made at some point in the past; part of this one, part of that one, and part of another in the finished work. Sort of a composite, putting them all together to express a certain feeling you want on the canvas.”

Where to find his work
The Pentagon owns his major collection of war art but the rest of his personal collection is now at Shelburne Museum.

Pleissner Gallery at Shelburne Museum features 40 of the Museum's 600 Pleissner works in a rotating exhibition. The gallery shows watercolors and oil paintings from all periods of Pleissner's career, including early renderings, Western landscapes, works from war-torn France and England, and sporting scenes. An adjoining room re-creates his Manchester, Vermont studio with his canvases, brushes, and personal memorabilia.

See also
Shelburne Museum
Pleissner Gallery
Art Students League of New York
Pratt Institute
Realism (arts)
Fly Fishing
The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation

References

Rockwell Museum. American Western Art. New York: Rockwell Museum, 1989, 65

Shelburne Museum. 1993. Shelburne Museum: A Guide to the Collections. Shelburne: Shelburne Museum, Inc.
Shelburne Museum

External links
Several exhibition catalogs featuring Pleissner from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)
Artwork by Ogden Minton Pleissner

1905 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American landscape painters
Art Students League of New York alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
20th-century American male artists


Events in the year 1867 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles IV

Events

Arts and literature

Births

January to June

19 January – Isak Kobro Collett, politician (died 1911)
20 January – Mons Monssen, sailor in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor (died 1930)
29 January – Carl L. Boeckmann, artist (died 1923)
5 March – Ingebrigt Vik, sculptor (died 1927)
15 May – Hjalmar Johansen, polar explorer (died 1913)

July to December

2 July – Hjalmar Krag, businessman and sports official (died 1954).
24 July – Olav Kringen, newspaper editor (died 1951).
27 July – Mikal Angell Jacobus Landmark, politician (died 1939)
2 August – Johanne Dybwad, actress (died 1950).
15 August – Anathon Aall, academic (died 1943)
8 October – Christian Hansen Wollnick, newspaper editor, jurist and politician (died 1936)
4 November – Martin Julius Halvorsen, newspaper editor and politician
10 December – Lauritz Christiansen, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1930)
13 December – Kristian Birkeland, scientist (died 1917)
27 December – Fredrik Stang, politician and Minister (died 1941)

Full date unknown
Hauk Aabel, comedian and actor (died 1961)
Barthold Hansteen Cranner, botanist (died 1925)
Johan Fahlstrøm, actor and theatre manager (died 1938)
Alfred Klingenberg, pianist (died 1944)
Wilhelm Christian Magelssen, politician and Minister (died 1930)
Kristian Friis Petersen, politician and Minister (died 1932)

Deaths
24 June - Paul Andreas Kaald, navy officer and businessman (born 1784)
14 August – Bersvend Martinussen Røkkum, politician (born 1806)
12 September – Hans Eleonardus Møller, politician and businessperson (born 1804)
24 November – Peter Bøyesen, businessperson and politician (born 1799)

Full date unknown
Jørgen Flood, merchant and politician (born 1792)
Hans Kiær, politician (born 1795)
Hans Andersen Kiær, businessperson and politician (born 1795)

See also

References


Rockport (formerly, Cotineva) is a former settlement in an unincorporated area of Mendocino County, California. It is located  north-northwest of Westport, at an elevation of 30 feet (9 m).

Rockport started as a small company town serving the timber industry on the Pacific Ocean coast among redwood forests in Northern California. Rockport is regarded as the southern end of the Lost Coast region; it is where State Highway 1, which runs very close along the coast for most of its length, instead turns inland before merging with U.S. Route 101 at Leggett.

History
Around 1877, William R. Miller constructed the first sawmill at Rockport, then called Cottoneva.  The mill boasted a double circular saw, edger, and planer, with the mill having a capacity of 20,000 board feet () of lumber per day. An unusual aspect of the site was a  wire suspension bridge, built in 1877 to connect the mainland to a small island in the ocean. Ships bound for San Francisco and other ports would call at this island, sometimes called Pelican Island, to pick up the milled lumber, which would be brought across the bridge from the mainland by train.

Miller sold his mill in 1886 to the Cottoneva Lumber Company, who lost the mill to fire in 1900. Around 1907, the New York and Pennsylvania lumber Company acquired Cottoneva and built a new mill destroyed by fire in 1912. Between 1924 and 1926, the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company from Jackson, Mississippi modernized the town and built a new electric sawmill and a logging railroad.  They abandoned operations in 1927 and, facing financial ruin, their assets were acquired by the Great Southern Lumber Company of Bogalusa, Louisiana to form the Southern Redwood Company.  After a decade of bankruptcy, the mill reopened in 1938 as the Rockport Redwood Company (a subsidiary of an association of Kansas and Oklahoma lumber retailers headed by Ralph Rounds.)  The railroad was dismantled in 1939.  The sawmill burned again in September, 1942, but reopened in July, 1943.  Rough cut lumber was trucked to Fort Bragg, California, for shipment over the California Western Railroad.  Rounds built a lumber seasoning yard and finishing plant in Cloverdale, California in 1948.  When its sawmill closed for the last time in 1957, Rockport was a town of about 500 people with a company store, a community town hall, and a company doctor, as well as employee housing.  A post office operated at Rockport from 1888 to 1903, from 1926 to 1934, and from 1938 to 1957. The town hall was also used for dances, a movie theatre, and local plays. There was also a grade school that went from grades 1 thru 6. As the school house only had three classrooms, each room had two grades.  1st and 2nd grade in one classroom, 2nd and 3rd in one, and 5th and 6th in another.  Seventh graders and higher were bused to Ligget Valley High School.  As of 1997 the old school house was still standing.  It is the only building left in Rockport. The original old school house, a one room school, was still standing as late as 1975 and possibly later. The older locals referred to the three room school house as the new school long after it was shut down. All other homes and buildings had been bulldozed 30 or 40 years ago.

Georgia-Pacific Corporation purchased the Rockport site and Rounds' Cloverdale milling operation in 1967.  Harry Merlo was vice president and general manager of the firm of Rounds and Kirkpatrick at the time of purchase.  In 1971 Merlo became executive vice president of Georgia-Pacific's western lumber and plywood operations.  Federal Trade Commission action initiated in 1972 required Georgia-Pacific to transfer California Assets to a newly formed Louisiana-Pacific Corporation with Harry Merlo as its president.  Mendocino Redwood Company acquired Rockport from Louisiana-Pacific in 1998.

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF/CalFire)
The very first fire station for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection was located at Rockport sometime beginning in the mid-1920s.  Its existence was to protect the valuable timber land for the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company, and this service was paid for by the company to the State of California.  The station was deemed surplus by the department by the late 1970s, thanks in part to budget cuts spurred on from passage of Proposition 13, and abandoned.  Fire protection from CalFire is still provided by engines staffed in Fort Bragg and Leggett.

Rockport Redwood Company Locomotives

References

External links
 http://www.mrc.com/history_project/stories/rockport.htm
 http://www.mrc.com/

Unincorporated communities in Mendocino County, California
Unincorporated communities in California
Company towns in California
Populated places established in 1877
Logging communities in the United States
Populated coastal places in California
1877 establishments in California


In United States politics, a sore loser law is a law prohibiting the loser in a primary election from then running as an independent or representing another political party in the general election.

Some states accomplish the same goal by having simultaneous registration dates for the primary and the general election. Only the states of Connecticut, Iowa, and New York have neither a sore loser law nor simultaneous registration deadlines.

Richard Winger, a ballot researcher, is of the opinion that in most states these laws do not apply to presidential candidates.

Constitutionality
Opponents have argued that sore loser laws constitute a violation of the Constitution, and have launched court challenges on those grounds. In August 2018, a federal judge sided with the North Carolina affiliate of the Constitution Party in agreeing that the retroactive application of the state's sore loser law was unconstitutional, as applied to the newly formed party.

Gary Johnson case
In Michigan, one of the few states where this law applies to presidential elections as well, Gary Johnson was three minutes late to withdraw from the 2012 Republican Primary and was therefore on the ballot. As a result, he was denied ballot access as a Libertarian.

The Libertarian Party stated that since petitioning in Michigan is by party, not by person, a Texas businessman who is also named Gary Johnson would stand in and run for president as a Libertarian in Michigan, but a U.S. District judge denied their motion.

Gary Johnson was certified as a write-in candidate and received 7,774 votes in Michigan in the general election that year.

References

Political terminology of the United States


Tuñón () is a parish in Santo Adriano, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size. The population is 76 (2006). The postal code is 33115.

This parish has several villages:
 Busecu
 Dosango
 La Casina
 La Collecha
 La Rodada
 La Veiga'l Rei
 Las Curuxas
 Les Carangues
 Peñoba
 Sabadía
 Tenebreo
 Tuñón

Feast days include:
 Feast of the Martyrs, dedicated to St. Fabian and St. Sebastian, 20 January
 San Antonio, 13 June

References

Parishes in Santo Adriano


In the mathematics of graph drawing, Turán's brick factory problem asks for the minimum number of crossings in a drawing of a complete bipartite graph. The problem is named after Pál Turán, who formulated it while being forced to work in a brick factory during World War II.

A drawing method found by Kazimierz Zarankiewicz has been conjectured to give the correct answer for every complete bipartite graph, and the statement that this is true has come to be known as the Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture. The conjecture remains open, with only some special cases solved.

Origin and formulation
During World War II, Hungarian mathematician Pál Turán was forced to work in a brick factory, pushing wagon loads of bricks from kilns to storage sites. The factory had tracks from each kiln to each storage site, and the wagons were harder to push at the points where tracks crossed each other. Turán was inspired by this situation to ask how the factory might be redesigned to minimize the number of crossings between these tracks.

Mathematically, this problem can be formalized as asking for a graph drawing of a complete bipartite graph, whose vertices represent kilns and storage sites, and whose edges represent the tracks from each kiln to each storage site.
The graph should be drawn in the plane with each vertex as a point, each edge as a curve connecting its two endpoints, and no vertex placed on an edge that it is not incident to. A crossing is counted whenever two edges that are disjoint in the graph have a nonempty intersection in the plane. The question is then, what is the minimum number of crossings in such a drawing?

Turán's formulation of this problem is often recognized as one of the first studies of the crossing numbers of graphs.
(Another independent formulation of the same concept occurred in sociology, in methods for drawing sociograms, and a much older puzzle, the three utilities problem, can be seen as a special case of the brick factory problem with three kilns and three storage facilities.)
Crossing numbers have since gained greater importance, as a central object of study in graph drawing
and as an important tool in VLSI design
and discrete geometry.

Upper bound
Both Zarankiewicz and Kazimierz Urbanik saw Turán speak about the brick factory problem in different talks in Poland in 1952,
and independently published attempted solutions of the problem, with equivalent formulas for the number of crossings.
As both of them showed, it is always possible to draw the complete bipartite graph  (a graph with  vertices on one side,  vertices on the other side, and  edges connecting the two sides) with a number of crossings equal to

The construction is simple: place  vertices on the -axis of the plane, avoiding the origin, with equal or nearly-equal numbers of points to the left and right of the -axis.
Similarly, place  vertices on the -axis of the plane, avoiding the origin, with equal or nearly-equal numbers of points above and below the -axis.
Then, connect every point on the -axis by a straight line segment to every point on the -axis.

However, their proofs that this formula is optimal, that is, that there can be no drawings with fewer crossings, were erroneous. The gap was not discovered until eleven years after publication, nearly simultaneously by Gerhard Ringel and Paul Kainen.
Nevertheless, it is conjectured that Zarankiewicz's and Urbanik's formula is optimal. This has come to be known as the Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture. Although some special cases of it are known to be true, the general case remains open.

Lower bounds
Since  and  are isomorphic, it is enough to consider the case where . In addition, for  Zarankiewicz's construction gives no crossings, which of course cannot be bested. So the only nontrivial cases are those for which  and  are both .

Zarankiewicz's attempted proof of the conjecture, although invalid for the general case of , works for the case .
It has since been extended to other small values of , and
the Zarankiewicz conjecture is known to be true for the complete bipartite graphs  with .
The conjecture is also known to be true for , , and .
If a counterexample exists, that is, a graph  requiring fewer crossings than the Zarankiewicz bound, then in the smallest counterexample both  and  must be odd.

For each fixed choice of , the truth of the conjecture for all  can be verified by testing only a finite number of choices of .
More generally, it has been proven that every complete bipartite graph requires a number of crossings that is (for sufficiently large graphs) at least 83% of the number given by the Zarankiewicz bound. Closing the gap between this lower bound and the upper bound remains an open problem.

Rectilinear crossing numbers
If edges are required to be drawn as straight line segments, rather than arbitrary curves, then some graphs need more crossings than they would when drawn with curved edges.
However, the upper bound established by Zarankiewicz for the crossing numbers of complete bipartite graphs can be achieved using only straight edges. Therefore, if the Zarankiewicz conjecture is correct, then the complete bipartite graphs have rectilinear crossing numbers equal to their crossing numbers.

References

External links

Topological graph theory
Graph drawing
Mathematical problems
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in graph theory


Mpraeso is a town and the capital of Kwahu South district, a district in the Eastern Region of south Ghana, located at an altitude of 367 m on the Kwahu Plateau, which forms the south-west boundary of Lake Volta. Mpraeso has a 2013 settlement population of 11,190 people.

Politics
Mpraeso is in the Mpreaso Constituency led by Hon. Davis Opoku Ansah, a member of the New Patriotic Party.

Geography
The headwaters of the Pra River are near Twenedurase.

Education
Mpraeso Secondary School (MPASS) is in Mpraeso .

Mining
The discovery of Bauxite near Mpraeso, announced in 1924, led to the development of the Bauxite mining industry along the Volta River.

Arts
Mpraeso is famous for manufacturing pottery, particularly for its grinding bowls: shallow dishes with strong, inverted rims and ridges on the interior used to grind vegetables using a small wooden pestle.

References

Populated places in the Eastern Region (Ghana)


The Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal is a district general hospital in the Cartierville neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, bordering on Saint-Laurent.

It is one of the largest teaching hospitals affiliated with the Université de Montréal, and one of the largest hospitals in Quebec. It is one of only three hospitals in the province with a Level 1 Trauma Center.

History
In downtown Montreal on June 1, 1898, the day of the Feast of the Sacred Heart, a group of women founded a small hospital named Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal to care for a dozen ill individuals deemed the "incurables".

In 1902, the administration of the hospital was taken over by the Sisters of Providence, and a new building with 375 beds was built on Décarie Boulevard; it was known as Hôpital des Incurables. The building was destroyed by fire in March 1923, and in 1926 a new building was built on Gouin Boulevard in Cartierville, where it still stands today. With the new building, the administration reverted to using the original name, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal.

The new hospital was initially focused on the treatment of tuberculosis. Considered a sanatorium, it became an important teaching hospital for pulmonary illness. In 1931, Édouard Samson founded the orthopedics department, which eventually became the largest institution for training orthopedic surgeons in the province of Quebec.

In 1973, the Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal was affiliated with the Université de Montréal as its medical and health-sciences teaching hospital. The Albert-Prévost Institute merged with the hospital to form a centre for psychiatric patients.

References

Notes

See also
 Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montréal (CHUM)
 McGill University Health Centre
 Montreal General Hospital
 McGill University Faculty of Medicine
 Montreal Chest Institute
 Montreal Children's Hospital
 Montreal Neurological Institute
 Royal Victoria Hospital
 St. Mary's Hospital
 Jewish General Hospital

External links
 Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal

Hospitals in Montreal
Hospital buildings completed in 1902
Hospital buildings completed in 1926
Teaching hospitals in Canada
Hospitals established in 1898
Heliports in Canada
Ahuntsic-Cartierville
Certified airports in Quebec
Université de Montréal


An anime adaptation of Maria†Holic directed by Akiyuki Shinbo and Yukihiro Miyamoto and produced by Shaft aired in Japan between January 5 and March 23, 2009, on Chiba TV, containing twelve episodes. Naoyuki Tatsuwa acted as assistant director, Masahiro Yokotani wrote the series composition, and Tatsuya Nishiwaki composed the series music. Hideyuki Morioka designed the characters and served as chief animation director with Hiroki Yamamura (Studio Pastoral). Half of the series was outsourced outside of Shaft: episodes 2, 5, 7, 9, and 11 to Studio Pastora; and episode 8 to Magic Bus. The first episode of the anime was aired as a special broadcast on Animate TV from December 26, 2008, to January 4, 2009, and on AT-X on December 30, 2008. The anime series has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks and is being distributed by Section23 Films. The complete collection was released on DVD, February 23, 2010. Sentai Filmworks re-released the first season on DVD and Blu-ray with an English dub (produced at Seraphim Digital) on January 28, 2014. The opening theme is "Hanaji" by Yū Kobayashi, and the ending theme is a cover version of Yellow Magic Orchestra's 1983 single  performed by Asami Sanada, Marina Inoue, and Yū Kobayashi, the voice actresses of the main characters.

A second anime season titled Maria†Holic: Alive, under the direction of Akiyuki Shinbo and Tomokazu Tokoro, began airing on April 8, 2011. Composer Tatsuya Nishiwaki and series composition writer Masahiro Yokotani returned for their respective roles, and Hideyuki Moroka once again designed the characters. However, Kenichi Ishikura replaced Naoyuki Tatsuwa as assistant director, and Noriyasu Yamauchi (Studio Pastoral) replaced both Hiroki Yamamura and Morioka as the chief animation director. Although Shaft is credited as the sole animation production company on the work, Studio Pastoral practically co-produced it. The first BD/DVD volume for Maria†Holic: Alive, which contains unaired bonus footage, was released on July 27, 2011. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the second season and simulcasted the series on the Anime Network video website. The anime opening themes for Maria†Holic: Alive are  by Tomokazu Sugita (episodes 1 through 4) and  by Yū Kobayashi, and the ending theme is a cover version of Linda Yamamoto's song  by Ame no Kisaki Gasshōdan. There is also a special ending song for episode 12, sung by Yū Kobayashi, titled  and was released on the same single as the other theme songs of the anime.

Episode list

Maria†Holic

Maria†Holic: Alive

Notes

References

Maria Holic


The Ranna–Auerbach railway was an 8-kilometre long branch line or Lokalbahn in Bavaria in southern Germany, which linked Auerbach in der Oberpfalz via Ranna to the Nuremberg–Cheb railway. It replaced the cable railway built in 1882 from the Maxhütte to Sulzbach-Rosenberg, which until then had transported mineral resources in the region around Auerbach to the railway.

History

Early planning
Intentions to link Auerbach to the railway network appeared as early as 1860, when the Bavarian Eastern Railway (the Ostbahn) drew up plans for a line from Amberg to Bayreuth that, in one option, would have run via Auerbach; but they were not put into effect. In 1867 a fresh attempt was made in which Auerbach was to be linked to the projected Pegnitz Valley railway, but that was also dropped due to the considerable length of the route. Various other plans envisaged inter alia a course from Michelfeld to Auerbach and onwards to Sulzbach-Rosenberg (the Auerbach ‘’Railway Committee’’ on 29 November 1892) or from Kirchenthumbach (terminus of the Pressath–Kirchenthumbach railway) via Auerbach to Michelfeld or Ranna (1896); none of which, however, came to pass.

Construction
On 9 September 1899 the two interested parties met in Ranna with the companies running the Maximilian (Maximilianshütte) and Queen Marie iron works (Königin-Marienhütte) to negotiate the construction of the railway and laid the financial cornerstone for the route with their pledges of 6,000 and 3,000 marks. Authority for its construction from Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, followed on 30 June 1900, so that work began straight away and the Lokalbahn was ceremoniously opened on 16 December 1903.

Closure
The demise of the railway was signalled by the withdrawal of passenger services on 31 January 1970. Whilst even during the Second World War in 1944 an average of four pairs of trains worked the route daily, in the summer timetable of 1967 there was only a single passenger train pair at the unfavourable times of 5:03 am from Auerbach to Neuhaus and 18:40 from Ranna to Auerbach.

After the Maxhütte switched to transporting away its iron ore with its own lorries, the last goods train ran on 21 March 1982. The dismantlement of the trackwork followed in spring 1984; the only remaining visible part of the route today is the now-closed station of Ranna and the supports of the adjoining bridge over the Pegnitz.

Route description
The route branched to the right from the Pegnitz Valley railway after the station at Ranna, crossed the Pegnitz River over a bridge and reached the halt of Rauhenstein at a distance of 2 km. The route then snaked its way through the Herzogswald forest and reached the halt of Hohe Tanne at 2.3 km, which was closed on 28 May 1962. From there the route continued via the halt of Welluck, which had shut as early as 7 October 1922, and passed under Route B 85 before arriving at the terminal station of Auerbach.

From the 8.1 km point, the route climbed a vertical height of 43.82 m and had a maximum incline of 12.5 ‰.

Running and rolling stock
Until 1962 steam locomotives were used on the line; initially the Bavarian classes D VII, D VIII, D XI and Bavarian GtL 4/4. After the war, DRG classes 64 and 98.10 worked the line. From 1962 until its closure diesel locomotive of Class V 100 were used. As passenger coaches, various state railway (Länderbahn) classes were used; goods trains and mineral trains used the corresponding goods wagons.

The laden mineral trains from Auerbach to Maxhütte on the Nuremberg–Schwandorf railway were  headed by DRG Class 44s on the section of line from Auerbach to Hersbruck (right of the Pegnitz), running tender first. There the locomotive ran around and hauled the train along the link line to Pommelsbrunn and from there to Sulzbach-Rosenberg to Maxhütte.

See also
Royal Bavarian State Railways
Bavarian branch lines
List of closed railway lines in Bavaria

External links
 The Lokalbahn Auerbach – Ranna (private)
 Description and photos of the Lokalbahn (private)

Branch lines in Bavaria


In the history of cryptography,  or , codenamed Red by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office before and during World War II. A relatively simple device, it was quickly broken by western cryptographers. The Red cipher was succeeded by the  which used some of the same principles. Parallel usage of the two systems assisted in the breaking of the Purple system.

The Red cipher should not be confused with the Red naval code, which was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy between the wars. The latter was a codebook system, not a cipher.

Operation
The Red machine encrypted and decrypted texts written in Latin characters (alphabetic only) for transmission through the cable services. These services charged a lower rate for texts that could be pronounced than for random strings of characters; therefore the machine produced telegraph code by enciphering the vowels separately from the consonants, so that the text remained a series of syllables. (The letter "Y" was treated as a vowel.) Per International Telegraph Union regulations at the time, pronounceable words in telegrams were charged a lower rate than unpronounceable code groups. The "sixes and twenties" effect (as American analysts referred to it) was a major weakness which the Japanese continued in the Purple system.

Encryption itself was provided through a single half-rotor; input contacts were through slip rings, each of which connected to a single output contact on the rotor. Since both the vowels and consonants were passed through the same rotor, it had sixty contacts (the least common multiple of six and twenty); wiring ensured that the two groups were kept separate. The slip rings were connected to the input keyboard through a plugboard; again this was organized to keep the vowels and consonants separate.

The rotor turned at least one step after each letter. The amount of rotation was controlled by the break wheel, which was connected to the rotor, and which had up to forty-seven pins in it. Up to eleven of these pins (in a predetermined set of positions) were removable; in practice, from four to six pins were removed. Rotation of the wheel stopped when the next pin was reached; therefore, if the next pin were removed, the rotor would advance two places instead of one. The irregular pattern of rotation produced an Alberti cipher.

History
The vulnerability of Japanese code systems was made public in 1931 when Herbert Yardley published The American Black Chamber, a popular account of his code breaking activities for the US government in which he discussed the breaking of Japanese codes and their use during the Washington Naval Conference. These revelations prompted Japanese to look into machine ciphers.

The system was introduced in 1930-1931 (the 91 in the designation refers to the Japanese imperial year 2591), using a reverse-engineered version of a machine supplied by the firm of Boris Hagelin. Hagelin's most sophisticated systems were rotor machines similar to those used in World War II, but as he did not trust the Japanese to honor his patents, he sent a more primitive device designed by Arvid Damm instead. It was this machine which the Japanese used as the basis for their design; the separate encryption of the vowels, however, was strictly a Japanese contribution.

The code was broken successfully by three independently working groups. The British solution came first, with Hugh Foss and Oliver Strachey working out the code  in 1934, and Harold Kenworthy's shop producing a replica, the "J machine", a year later. American attempts to break the system waited until 1935. In the Army SIS group, the system was broken by Frank Rowlett and Solomon Kullback; for the navy, Agnes Driscoll is generally credited. (She actually solved the Orange (or M-1) cipher used by naval attaches, but as it turned out the two systems were essentially the same.) The Americans also constructed a replica machine to expedite solutions; this machine had two half-rotors to solve the vowels and consonants separately. The SIS group originally referred to it simply as the "Japanese code machine", but decided that so descriptive a term was a security risk; as it was the first Japanese machine cipher solved, they decided to start at the beginning of the spectrum, and named it "RED".

The PURPLE machine began to replace the RED system in 1938, but initial installations were at major posts; less important embassies and consulates continued to use the old system. This was one of many deficiencies in Japanese use of encryption that helped make the PURPLE system vulnerable to cracking, for now there was some identical traffic on both systems, which allowed cribbing. A far more serious deficiency was that the PURPLE machine maintained the "sixes/twenties" division, even though the RED machines had since been modified to allow any six letters to be used for the vowel encryption. After eighteen months of work, the PURPLE device was cracked, and produced important intelligence up to the end of the war.

Intelligence results of RED intercepts were not as dramatic, but important intelligence was obtained. For instance, American cryptanalysts were able to provide details of the Tripartite Pact between the Axis powers. Reports of the sea trials of the battleship Nagato were also decoded, leading to important changes to the USS North Carolina (BB-55), then being designed, in order to match the performance of the Japanese ship.

Further reading
Chapter 7 of Computer Security and Cryptography (Konheim, Alan G., Wiley-Interscience, 2007, pp. 191–211) has an extensive analysis of the RED cipher.

References

Encryption devices
Rotor machines
Japan–United States relations
World War II Japanese cryptography


Paul Jacobs (born Mortsel, near Antwerp, 24 January 1949) is a Flemish radio and television producer and writer.

Jacobs started his career when he was 22, as a writer and reporter with the BRT 1 radio programme Dagboek, produced by Jan Geysen. The programme was highly controversial and ran for only a year, but Geysen's name opened many doors. For the next ten years Jacobs was able to freelance as a writing journalist and reporter for several radio programmes with BRT 2 Omroep Antwerpen.

In 1981 he became a producer with Radio 1. Until his retirement in 2005 he created several acclaimed radio shows, e.g. Het Vermoeden, De Taalstrijd and Vriend & Vijand, in which he interviewed 200 celebrities in Belgium and the Netherlands.

For VRT television he developed the quizzes Jij of Wij, I.Q. (with Herman Van Molle), Kennis van Zaken en De Tekstbaronnen.  His De Rechtvaardige Rechters was a witty panel game show that ran for almost ten years.

Jacobs published more than 30 books, including five novels (De rode badkuip, Een ijskoud gerecht, De laatste grap, Het droomdagboek van Lavoisier, Het raadsel van Rose Cottage), three short story collections, a selection of his best columns, and two interview books. He wrote three scenarios for the television drama series Made in Vlaanderen: De man die niet van gedichten hield (1981), Het landhuis (1989) and the thriller Moordterras (1991, director Roland Verhavert). For the BRT/Ikon television series Oog in Oog he wrote the monologue De oude bibliotheek (1992).

In 1997 Theater Arca in Gent commissioned Jacobs to write the comedy Komt u hier dikwijls? The play was awarded the Drama Prize of the province of Antwerp, as were three of his radio programmes with the Gouden Klokke Roeland by the Flemish radio and television journalists, as the best programmes of the year.

Paul Jacobs lives in Mortsel and in the South of France.

Flemish writers
1949 births
Living people
People from Mortsel


The Yucatan yellow bat (Rhogeessa aeneus) is a species of bat found in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, and possibly also in Belize and Guatemala.  These small insectivorous bats forage on flying insects (most likely mosquitoes) at dawn and dusk.

Biology
Historically, evidence of hybridization between the Yucatan yellow bat and the Black-winged little yellow bat has been observed.

Range and habitat
A small population of these bats has been observed on Spanish Lookout Caye, Belize, since at least 1998. They are on both the east and west sides of the mangrove caye, which is located east of Belize City in the Drowned Cayes Range.  According to the locals who work on the caye, the bats are thought to roost in the coconut trees during the day.

Rhogeessa spp. on the keys and southern BZE are likely R. tumida, not R. aeneus. Surveys on the Yucatan Peninsula in BZE (Ambergris Key) suggest R. tumida is the local species.

References

Rhogeessa
Bats of Central America
Bats of Mexico
Mammals described in 1958


Now Esto Es Musica! Latino 4 is a compilation album released on March 24, 2009, and the fourth in a series of Latin-themed editions in the US version of the Now! series.

The song, "Te Quiero", was first featured in a Now-series album on Now! 28, while "Mi Corazoncito" also appeared on Now Esto Es Musica! Latino 3.

Track listing
Enrique Iglesias – "¿Dónde Están Corazón?"
Reik – "Inolvidable"
Luis Fonsi – "No Me Doy Por Vencido"
Kany García – "Estigma De Amor"
Flex featuring Belinda – "Te Quiero"
Juanes – "Odio Por Amor"
Chayanne – "Amor Inmortal"
Juan Luis Guerra – "Como Yo"
Calle 13 featuring Café Tacuba– "No Hay Nadie Como Tú"
R.K.M & Ken-Y – "Te Regalo Amores"
Franco De Vita – "Mi Sueño"
Los Temerarios – "Luz De Luna"
Aventura – "Mi Corazoncito"
Marco Antonio Solís – "No Molestar"
Xtreme – "Shorty Shorty"
Lola – "Si Me Besas"

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2009 compilation albums
Latino 04
Spanish-language compilation albums
Latin music compilation albums


Locair was an American FAR Part 135 charter airline with its headquarters in unincorporated Broward County, Florida, near Fort Lauderdale. Formed in 1993, the airline specialized in cargo and passenger charters around Florida and to the Bahamas and Cuba. The airline is unique in that it is an FAA Part 135 On-Demand (Air Taxi) airline, it has Scheduled Authority for operations in the Bahamas, allowing it to schedule flights and offer online booking, unlike other charter operators in Florida.  The carrier has said it will not exceed its operational authority by the United States Department of Transportation and FAA (no more than 4 flights a week between any two points).

Locair provided services on behalf of Air Azul as part of the United States Department of Transportation Essential Air Service Program between Nashville and Somerset. This arrangement came to an end on March 20 due to regulatory issues surrounding the use of the name "Air Azul", and Locair will rebrand the flights to Locair to satisfy a request by JetBlue and the DOT in which Air Azul was selling tickets to the public without a proper DOT 380 filing & signed agreement with Locair. That date marks the first canceled flight by Locair. Locair then filled a void by linking Ft. Lauderdale and Stella Maris Stella Maris Airport, Long Island, an island in the Bahamas with no direct or nonstop air service to the USA due to the length of flight, in late 2009.  Flights operated twice a week.  Services from Ft Lauderdale to Marsh Harbour and Treasure Cay also began that year.

Locair has been successful in linking Somerset, Kentucky to the Washington DC area with flights to both Baltimore and Washington Dulles, operating as a DOT Part 298 Air Taxi. As of February 19, 2010 Locair is no longer flying out of Somerset, Kentucky.

Locair was sold in 2010 to new owners with hopes of expanding to the Bahamas and rebranding the airline as Starfish Airlines.  However, the new owners were not successful and ultimately the airline closed definitely.

Former Destinations
 Somerset, Kentucky (Lake Cumberland Regional Airport)
 Marsh Harbour, Abaco (Marsh Harbour Airport)
 Stella Maris,  Long Island (Stella Maris Airport)
 Treasure Cay, Abaco (Treasure Cay Airport)
 Baltimore, Maryland (Baltimore/Washington International Airport)
 Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport)
 St. Petersburg/Clearwater (St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport

Fleet
1 Fairchild Metro II
1 Fairchild Metro III

See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United States
 Air Azul

References

External links
Locair
Air Azul new flight
http://www.register-herald.com/local/local_story_226230713.html
http://www.semissourian.com/story/1564838.html

Airlines established in 1993
Defunct charter airlines of the United States
Companies based in Broward County, Florida
Airlines based in Florida
1993 establishments in Florida
2010 disestablishments in Florida
Airlines disestablished in 2010


Maria Sergeyeva is a Russian political activist.

Personal life

Sergeyeva was born on September, 10th 1985 into a working-class family.  Her father was a metal worker and her mother an accountant.  Formerly a member of the Democratic Party of Russia, she left the party because of its support for Russia's inclusion in the European Union.  In 2006, she joined the United Russia Young Guard,. She continues to keep the public apprised of her political thoughts through her LiveJournal blog.  She also posts about her personal life there, including provocative and candid photographs with such captions as, "I'm at a conference, drunk," in describing one picture.

Sergeyeva is a philosophy student and a political activist identified with Russia's right-wing political movement.  She is a nationalist and has said, "I was brought up to be a patriot from day one.  My love for Russia came with my mother's milk. I loved listening to my grandparents' heroic tales from the war.
[Vladimir] Putin has given us stability and economic growth. It's good that he's hardline and tough."

Political activism

After she delivered a speech in early 2009 praising Russian president Dmitry Medvedev, her popularity became such that Russia's largest political blog had to remove references to "Masha" (short name for Maria in Russian) due to excessive bandwidth use.  Sergeyeva's physical attractiveness has been noted by several media outlets as a possible catalyst to her political popularity, and she sometimes comments on what she perceives as her political opponents' lack of physical attractiveness in some of her political commentary.

Political beliefs

Sergeyeva holds to nationalist, right-wing philosophies such as opposition to illegal immigration, support for Russian manufacturers, and distrust of intervention by the United States in Eastern European affairs.  Her ambition is to become an MP and eventually a minister.

In breaking with traditional right-wing politics, she has become more pro-environment, stating, "Before I found out a rubbish burning plant was going to be built right underneath my window, I did not think about ecological issues at all. I understood that Moscow has a large population, many cars, and therefore a lot of pollution, but the problem, just like for most Russians, did not hit close to home. After it sunk in that I was going to have to breathe in filthy air, I began reading a lot about the issue."

Criticism

Despite her reputation as a Russian nationalist, she considers herself a fan of Margaret Thatcher, Winston Churchill, and others she describes as "independent thinkers".  At the same time, she has also called Catherine the Great "a great leader".

References

1985 births
Living people
Russian women in politics
21st-century Russian women politicians
Russian bloggers
Russian women bloggers
21st-century Russian women writers
Russian women activists


End of the Road Festival is an annual music festival in England which focuses on independent rock and folk music. It is hosted at the Larmer Tree Gardens, on the border of north Dorset and Wiltshire, and usually takes place over the last weekend of August or the first full weekend in September. The first festival took place in 2006, and after selling out for the first time in 2008, it has sold out in advance every year since.

Description
The festival was started by two friends, Simon Taffe and Sofia Hagberg, who continue to run it.

The festival has four stages: the Woods Stage, the Garden Stage, the Big Top Stage and the Tipi Tent, as well as a clearing in the woods around the Garden Stage containing a piano at which semi-secret sets take place. There are also children's areas and workshops, a healing field, a film tent, comedy, a library in the forest and a games area (ping pong, table football etc.). Late night entertainment usually includes high-profile DJ sets, a silent disco, unpublicised pop-up performances and karaoke. Due to the nature of the gardens the festival is set in, it is not unusual to see peacocks wandering around the area and macaws in the trees.

The festival has a capacity of 15,000 (2014). The site opens for camping on Thursday afternoon and the entertainment runs from Thursday evening to Sunday inclusive.

In 2011, the festival won an award for 'Best Small Festival' at the UK Festival Awards. In 2012 claims were made that the festival was secretly organised by Scientology. A statement made by the festival denied these claims, while acknowledging that two members of management were Scientologists. In 2016, 2017 and 2019, the festival won an award for 'Best Small Festival' at the NME Awards.

The 2020 festival was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The festival returned in 2021 with some of the same artists including King Krule, Little Simz, The Comet Is Coming, Squid, Dry Cleaning and Richard Dawson.

End of the Road returns 1–4 September 2022 with line up including Pixies, Fleet Foxes, Bright Eyes, Khruangbin, The Magnetic Fields, Aldous Harding, Kurt Vile & the Violators, Perfume Genius, Kevin Morby, Tinariwen, black midi, Lucy Dacus, Greentea Peng, and many more.

Line-ups

2006 festival
The first festival took place on 15–17 September. It was headlined on the Friday by Josh Ritter, on Saturday by Badly Drawn Boy and on Sunday by Ryan Adams. Other artists included Absentee, The Boy Least Likely To, Brakes, British Sea Power, Chris T-T, Darren Hayman, Dawn Landes, Ed Harcourt, El Perro Del Mar, Electric Soft Parade, Emmy the Great, Fanfarlo, Frightened Rabbit, Gravenhurst, Guillemots, Holly Golightly, Howe Gelb, I'm from Barcelona, James Yorkston, Jeremy Warmsley, Jim Noir, Jolie Holland, Kathryn Williams, Metronomy, Micah P Hinson, Richard Hawley, Simple Kid, Suburban Kids with Biblical Names, Tilly and the Wall

2007 festival
The second event, held 14–16 September, was given a full-marks five-star review by The Independent newspaper. It was headlined by Yo La Tengo, Super Furry Animals and Lambchop, and also featured Archie Bronson Outfit, Architecture in Helsinki, The Bees, Brakes, British Sea Power, The Broken Family Band, The Concretes, Danielson, Darren Hayman, Dawn Landes, Euros Childs, Frida Hyvönen, Herman Dune, Howe Gelb (who also curated the two main stages on the Friday, headlining the Big Top stage with a Giant Sand jam session), I'm from Barcelona, James Yorkston, Jeffrey Lewis, Jens Lekman, Joan As Police Woman, John Parish, Johnny Flynn, Josh T Pearson, King Creosote, Loney Dear, Malcolm Middleton, Midlake, Pete and the Pirates, Robyn Hitchcock (who was accompanied by John Paul Jones), Scout Niblett, Seasick Steve, Stephanie Dosen, The Twilight Sad, Willard Grant Conspiracy and Zombie-Zombie.

2008 festival
For the first sellout year, over 12–14 September, the headliners were Conor Oberst & The Mystic Valley Band, Mercury Rev and Calexico. Also appearing were A Hawk And A Hacksaw, Akron/Family, American Music Club, Billy Childish and the Musicians of the British Empire, Bon Iver, Brakes, British Sea Power, Darren Hayman playing Hefner songs, Dirty Three, Jason Molina, Jeffrey Lewis, Kimya Dawson, Kurt Wagner, Laura Marling, Low, Micah P Hinson, The Mountain Goats, Noah & the Whale, Richard Hawley, Robyn Hitchcock, Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin, Sons of Noel and Adrian, Sun Kil Moon, Tindersticks, Two Gallants, The Wave Pictures and Zombie-Zombie.

2009 festival
The 2009 festival took place on 11–13 September. Explosions in the Sky, Fleet Foxes and The Hold Steady were headliners. Also playing were The Acorn, Alela Diane, Beth Jeans Houghton, Blitzen Trapper, The Boy Least Likely To, The Broken Family Band, Charlie Parr, Darren Hayman, David Thomas Broughton, Dent May & His Magnificent Ukulele, Dirty Projectors, The Dodos, Efterklang, Herman Dune, The Horrors, Josh T Pearson, The Leisure Society, The Low Anthem, Malcolm Middleton, Mumford & Sons, Neko Case, Okkervil River, Richmond Fontaine, Shearwater, Steve Earle, Vetiver and Wildbirds & Peacedrums.

2010 festival

For its fifth year, the festival took place from 10 to 12 September. Headliners were Modest Mouse, Yo La Tengo and Wilco. Also playing were Deer Tick, Wolf Parade, The Low Anthem, The Felice Brothers, Woodpigeon, Phosphorescent, The Wilderness of Manitoba, The Unthanks, Iron & Wine, The Mountains and the Trees, Annie & The Beekeepers, Dylan LeBlanc, Joe Pug, CW Stoneking, Charlie Parr, Frank Fairfield, Daniel Lefkowitz, Monotonix, The Mountain Goats, The New Pornographers, Caribou, The Antlers, Citay, Freelance Whales, a Jarvis Cocker DJ Set and many, many more. Also present was comedian Russel Howard and music journalist Barney Hoskyns.

2011 festival
In 2011 the festival took place from 2 to 4 September. Headliners were Beirut, Joanna Newsom and Mogwai. Also playing were Midlake, Laura Marling, The Walkmen, Wild Beasts, The Fall, Lykke Li, Tinariwen, The Unthanks, M. Ward, Gruff Rhys, Okkervil River, Phosphorescent, John Grant, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Best Coast, White Denim, Tune-Yards, Willy Mason, The Black Angels, Wooden Shjips, Jolie Holland, Josh T Pearson, Kurt Vile, Micah P Hinson, James Yorkston, Gordon Gano & the Ryans, Caitlin Rose, The Leisure Society, Brakes, Zola Jesus, Austra, Beth Jeans Houghton, Timber Timbre, Allo Darlin, Bob Log III, The Unthanks, Woods, Midlake, Lanterns on the Lake, Sam Amidon and more. There was also comedy from Robin Ince, Jo Neary, and Simon Munnery and literature from Laura Barton, Rob Young, Clinton Heylin and others.

The festival won the award for "Best Small Festival" at the 2011 UK Festival Awards.

2012 festival
In 2012 the festival took place from 31 August to 2 September. Headliners were Patti Smith, Grandaddy, Beach House, Grizzly Bear, Alabama Shakes. Also playing were Dirty Three, Midlake, The Low Anthem, Roy Harper, Mark Lanegan, Tindersticks, Jeffrey Lewis, Robyn Hitchcock, Graham Coxon, Villagers, Patrick Watson, Justin Townes Earle, First Aid Kit, Deer Tick, Anna Calvi, I Break Horses, Moulettes, Gravenhurst, The Futureheads, Mountain Man, Alt-J, Islet, Sleep Party People, Frank Fairfield, Woods, Patti Smith, Tindersticks, Lanterns on the Lake, Jonathan Wilson, Leif Vollebekk, Van Dyke Parks, Deer Tick, Francois & the Atlas Mountains, Dirty Beaches and more.

2013 festival
The 2013 festival took place from 30 August to 1 September. The line-up included Sigur Rós, Belle and Sebastian, David Byrne & St Vincent, Dinosaur Jr., Efterklang, Warpaint, Jens Lekman, Eels, Ralfe Band, Allo Darlin', Mark Mulcahy, Doug Paisley, Matthew E. White, Serafina Steer, Parquet Courts, Wolf Alice, Pokey Lafarge, Ethan Johns, Cass McCombs, Frontier Ruckus, Ed Harcourt, East India Youth, Dutch Uncles, RM Hubbert, Golden Fable, Trembling Bells & Mike Heron, Daughn Gibson, Frightened Rabbit, The Barr Brothers, The Walkmen, Charlie Boyer & the Voyeurs, Bo Ningen, Palma Violets, Public Service Broadcasting, Strand of Oaks, Marika Hackman, Landshapes, Evans the Death, Tigercats, Julianna Barwick, Caitlin Rose, William Tyler, Damien Jurado, Daughter, Deap Vally, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Diana Jones, Braids, King Khan and Doug Paisley.

2014 festival
The festival took place 28–30 August. The 2014 headliners were "The Gene Clark No Other Band"*, The Flaming Lips and Wild Beasts. Other notable acts included St. Vincent, The Horrors, Yo La Tengo, John Grant, Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, White Denim, British Sea Power, Gruff Rhys, Tune-Yards, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, Ezra Furman, Adult Jazz, The Wave Pictures, Cate Le Bon, Sweet Baboo, H. Hawkline, Lucius, Perfume Genius, Lau, Archie Bronson Outfit, The Felice Brothers, Marissa Nadler, Benjamin Booker, The Radiophonic Workshop, British Sea Power, Jenny Lewis, Stealing Sheep, Kiran Leonard, Tiny Ruins, Benjamin Clementine, Johnny Flynn & The Sussex Wit, Sam Lee, Temples, Laish, Pink Mountaintops, Ghost of a Sabre Toothed Tiger, Woods, and Tinariwen.

The Gene Clark No Other Band was a supergroup formed especially to perform Gene Clark's 1974 solo album No Other in full. Having toured the east coast of the US, End of the Road was their sole UK performance.

2015 festival
In 2015 the festival celebrated its 10th anniversary and it took place on 4–6 September. The line up included Tame Impala, Sufjan Stevens in his only 2015 European festival date and The War on Drugs, Mac Demarco, Future Islands, My Morning Jacket, Laura Marling, Django Django, Alvvays, Fat White Family, Slow Club, The Duke Spirit, The King Khan & BBQ Show, Torres, Oscar, Hinds, Low, Fuzz, Natalie Prass, Ought, Stealing Sheep, Giant Sand, Marika Hackman, Kevin Morby, East India Youth, Sleaford Mods, Girlpool, Du Blonde, Brakes, Wand, Jacco Gardner, Flo Morrissey, Metz, Pond, Kiran Leonard, Peter Matthew Bauer, H Hawkline, Ryley Walker, Fumaca Preta, Ultimate Painting, Jane Weaver, Andy Shauf, Saint Etienne, Giant Sand, Palma Violets, Meilyr Jones, Euros Childs, Ex Hex, Diagrams, Stephen Steinbrink and Crushed Beaks.

2016 festival
Following on from winning the 'Best Small Festival award at the 2016 NME Awards, the 2016 festival took place on 1–4 September, expanding to the Thursday night for the first time. The line up included The Shins, Joanna Newsom, Animal Collective, Bat For Lashes, Cat Power, Teenage Fanclub, Devendra Banhart, Local Natives, Goat, Savages, Thee Oh Sees, Broken Social Scene, Phosphorescent, Thurston Moore, Sam Beam & Jesca Hoop, M. Ward, Scritti Politti, Jeffrey Lewis & Los Bolts, Steve Mason, JD McPherson, Shura, Field Music, Omar Souleyman, King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, Bill Ryder-Jones, Kevin Morby, Eleanor Friedberger, Dr. Dog, Kelley Stoltz, U.S Girls, Money, Anna Meredith, Jenny Hval, Ezra Furman, Field Music, Sunflower Bean, Karl Blau, Tigercats, Lail Arad and J.F. Robitaille, Meilyr Jones, Hard Skin, Kevin Morby, B.C. Camplight, BEAK>, The Leaf Library, Flamingods and many more.

2017 festival
After again winning the 'Best Small Festival' award at the 2017 NME Awards, the 2017 festival took place from 31 August to 3 September. The line-up included Father John Misty performing his first UK headline festival set, along with the year's only UK festival shows from Mac DeMarco, Bill Callahan, Lucinda Williams, Amadou & Mariam, Ty Segall, Perfume Genius, Parquet Courts, Alvvays, Foxygen, Car Seat Headrest, Jens Lekman, Baxter Dury, Deerhoof and Waxahatchee. Acts returning to the festival from previous years included Japandroids, Pond, Nadine Shah, Bill Ryder-Jones, Jens Lekman, Ryley Walker, Ultimate Painting, Parquet Courts, DUDS, Gulp and Marika Hackman. Other notable acts, including The Jesus & Mary Chain, Slowdive, Real Estate, The Lemon Twigs, The Moonlandingz, Rolling Blackouts Coastal Fever, Moses Sumney, Deerhoof, Laraaji, Kelly Lee Owens, Brix & the Extricated, Waxahatchee, Xylouris White and Starcrawler performed at the festival for the first time.

2018 festival
The 2018 festival took place from 30 August to 2 September. The line-up was as follows:

Woods Stage

Garden Stage

Big Top

The Tipi

2019 festival
The 2019 festival took place from 29 August to 1 September. The line-up was as follows:

Woods Stage

Garden Stage

Big Top

The Tipi

Talking Heads Stage

2020 festival
The 2020 festival was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was due to be headlined by Pixies, Angel Olsen, King Krule and Big Thief, with other notable slots taken by Bright Eyes, Richard Hawley and Little Simz. Some of the acts featured on the proposed line-up would go on to play the 2021 edition of the festival, though this was hampered by notable COVID-19 travel restrictions.

2021 festival
The 2021 festival took place from 2 September to 5 September. The line-up was as follows:

Woods Stage

Garden Stage

Big Top

The Tipi

Talking Heads Stage

2022 festival
End of the Road returned to Larmer Tree Gardens in 2022, from 1 to 4 September. The line-up included Khruangbin, Pixies, Fleet Foxes, Bright Eyes, The Magnetic Fields, Aldous Harding, Kurt Vile & the Violators, Perfume Genius, Kevin Morby, Tinariwen, black midi, Lucy Dacus, Greentea Peng and LUNGE.

Wu-Lu, Umlauts and Circuit des Yeux also performed. The latter was described in the Guardian's review as having "a baritone that could beach a pod of whales and a falsetto that could calve icebergs".

References

External links

Music festivals in Wiltshire


The Gipsies Football Club was a short lived 19th century rugby football club that was notable for being one of the twenty-one founding members of the Rugby Football Union, as well as producing a number of international players in the sport's early international fixtures.

History

The "Gipsies Football Club" was founded in October 1868, by three Old Tonbridgians, Francis Luscombe, James Alfred Body, and William James Parker. These three men were keen on football and wanted to provide a football club in London with which Tonbridge's former pupils could affiliate, much as the Marlborough Nomads served Marlborough College. These three soon recruited a number of likeminded individuals and in the summer of 1868 they were able to arrange a card of matches for the season 1868-69. After the two first matches had been played a meeting was called on 17 October 1868 and "The Gipsies Football Club" was formed with Francis Luscombe elected as honorary secretary, the rest of the committee made up of Henry Howard Batten, James Alfred Body, Jeaffreson Vennor Brewer, William James Parker, and James Morgan Streeten. Of the six members of the committee, five were Old Tonbridgians, with J Brewer being a pupil of Epsom College.  Three of the committee, Brewer, Luscombe and Body would go on to play for England. Of the others, Henry Howard Batten was working in the Charity Commission at the time and was later called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn) and became a J.P. for Westmorland; Parker, an exceptional sportsman at Tonbridge, became a member of the London Stock Exchange; and Streeten, who played in Tonbridge's Football team for three years in a row, became the Manager of the San Francisco operations of the London and San Francisco Bank and later died in Nome, Alaska. The team was based in Peckham.

The team was unbeaten in its first season (with 7 matches won and 11 drawn) and in the next season, 1869–70, the club continued its good form playing 18 out of which they drew 13, won 3 and lost just 2. Records of subsequent games have largely been mislaid, although the club was noted for being at times one of the strongest playing the running game. Among its many opponents were Blackheath FC, Richmond FC, Oxford and Cambridge Universities, Ravenscourt Park, Marlborough Nomads, Woolwich, Sandhurst, Cooper's Hill, St. Andrew's Rovers, Clapham Rovers, and West Kent.

In December 1872, Bell's Life wrote of the team: "The Gipsies have played and beaten Guy's Hospital, the Civil Service, Oakfield (Croydon), Ravenscourt Park, and have also fought a very hard and equal game with the Marlborough Nomads, and are better than ever this year, and are sure to win most of their matches". The same article referred to Blackheath, the Gipsies, and Ravenscourt Park, as being the three crack clubs.

Despite its prominenance in the 1870s, the club was disbanded in 1880

Foundation of the RFU
On 26 January 1871, 32 members representing twenty-one London and suburban football clubs that followed Rugby School rules (Wasps were invited but failed to attend) assembled at the Pall Mall Restaurant in Regent Street. E.C. Holmes, captain of the Richmond Club assumed the presidency. It was resolved unanimously that the formation of a Rugby Football Society was desirable and thus the Rugby Football Union was formed. A president, a secretary and treasurer, and a committee
of thirteen were elected, to whom was entrusted the drawing-up of the laws of the game upon the basis of the code in use at Rugby School. Francis Luscombe represented The Gipsies and was one of the thirteen original committee members.

The First International

The first international rugby match was played between Scotland and England in 1871 and The Gipsies played a role in both its inception and in providing certain team members. It had come about following certain of the leading Scottish football clubs refusing to recognise the England v. Scotland match under Association rules at the Oval as an International meeting because they felt the dribbling game was less well known north of the Tweed. They published a challenge in Bell's Life to play a picked twenty of England under Rugby School laws, during the winter of 1870-71. This challenge was received just a few weeks before the Rugby Football Union was founded. At the forefront of those wanting to take up the challenge was Francis Luscombe, "the energetic captain of the Gipsies, who was "spoiling for a fight,". However, he felt that Blackheath, being the oldest of the clubs on point of foundation, ought to take the lead, and expressed this to Frederick Stokes the captain of that club. Soon after, B. H. Burns, the Blackheath secretary, promptly wrote accepting the challenge and the principal clubs in London, Liverpool, and Manchester were communicated with, and a committee formed to select the players, choose a uniform, and make the necessary arrangements. The Gipsies provided two of the 20 man team to face Scotland in the very first international rugby match in 1871. J. H. Luscombe (the older brother of Francis) and J. E. Bentley. Francis Luscombe played in the second match in 1872 along with J. E. Bentley and J. A. Body from Gipsies.

Notable players
Early records cite that the club boasted well known names such as "F. Luscombe, the two Shearmans, Pickering, Clarke, Billy Barker, C. J. B. Marriott, W. B. and R. M. Pattison, and J. T. Ward." although many of these figures no longer resonate with the followers of the modern game. However, at least six Gipsies players represented England:

J. H. Luscombe - capped 1871 (later knighted in 1902 having been chairman of Lloyd's of London five times)
John Edmund Bentley - capped 1871 and 1872
Francis Luscombe - capped 1872-3; 1875-76; captained England in 1875 and 1876
James Alfred Body - capped 1872 and 1873
Cyril Rickards - capped 1873
Jeaffreson Vennor Brewer - capped 1875

Two former players of the club represented England after the Gipsies was disbanded:
R M Pattison - capped 1883
Charles Marriott - capped 1884

John Henry Luscombe was the older brother of Francis. He played for England in the first rugby international, his brother's first international being in 1872. Although the brothers both played for England, they did not play in the same side at the same time. In 1875 Francis Luscombe became the fourth man to captain England. In March 1876 he again captained England in what was the last England match played with 20 players after which teams were reduced to 15-a-side. Luscombe was the last player from Gipsies to represent England before the club disbanded. Thus, a Gipsies player never played for England in the 15-a-side era, which was one of the many signs of the slow shift of the game from the absolute dominance of its public school roots as the club network expanded.

References

Rugby clubs established in 1868
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1880
Defunct rugby union teams in England
Rugby union clubs in London
1868 establishments in England
1880 disestablishments in England


Villanueva is a parish in Santo Adriano, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size. The population in 2006 was 119. The postal code is 33115.

The Asturian people of this parish celebrate feast days:
 Carmen, 16 July
 San Román, 9 August

External links
 Asturian society of economic and industrial studies, English language version of "Sociedad Asturiana de Estudios Económicos e Industriales" (SADEI)

Parishes in Santo Adriano


Missing is a British daytime television crime drama series starring Pauline Quirke and Mark Wingett. The series is set in a busy, under-resourced missing-persons unit, and follows the team led by DS Mary Jane "MJ" Croft (Quirke). The first series of five episodes aired on BBC One in 2009, with an extended second series of 10 episodes airing in 2010. It was filmed in and around Dover, and Tonbridge. The series also starred Felix Scott and Pooja Shah as Croft's sidekicks, Jason Doyle and Amy Garnett. Guest stars who appeared throughout the series run include Paul Nicholas, Brooke Kinsella, Gary Lucy, and Sylvia Syms.

It was the first British daytime regular series to be broadcast on the BBC since Doctors in 2000, after Channel 5 brought the rights to Neighbours in 2008 and Missing, was shown on Neighbours former 14:15 slot and since Missing was first broadcast, Moving On, Land Girls, The Indian Doctor, Justice, 32 Brinkburn Street, The Case, Secrets and Words, Nick Nickleby (as a mini-series), Privates, Father Brown, WPC 56, The Coroner, The Moonstone (as a mini-series), Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators and The Mallorca Files have been commissioned by BBC Daytime, including Pitching In, London Kills and Hope Street which have both been broadcast on BBC One Wales, Acorn TV and BBC One Northern Ireland respectively before being broadcast on BBC One. Moving On, Father Brown, Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators and The Mallorca Files are current BBC Daytime Productions all have been shown after Doctors.

Production
The first series was commissioned in July 2008 to be broadcast in the daytime schedule, alongside a new series Missing Live, which follows the work of the police and a missing-persons charity searching for people who go missing. A second series was commissioned in October 2009. BBC daytime controller Liam Keelan commented: "We have seen how successful combining drama and factual programming has been in BBC Daytime - extending the run of Missing will create an even greater sense of event."

Main cast
 Pauline Quirke as DS Mary Jane 'MJ' Croft – head of Dover's Missing Persons Unit
 Mark Wingett as Danny Hayworth – former crime journalist, now a radio DJ for Dover Radio; friend of DS Croft
 Felix Scott as DC Jason Doyle – MPU Detective; former member of the vice squad who is currently pursuing his sergeant's exams
 Pooja Shah as Amy Garnett – MPU Civilian Technical Assistant
 Jamie Belman as DC Josh Kemplin - former member of the Flying Squad who joins the team in series two
 Adjoa Andoh as DCI Lauren Ford - head of CID
 Roy Hudd as Jack Croft - MJ and Ellen's estranged father
 Helen Baker as Ellen Croft - MJ Croft's sister, who was thought to be dead

Episode list

Series 1 (2009)

Series 2 (2010)

References

External links

2009 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
BBC television dramas
Missing UK
Television shows set in Kent
Television shows shot in Kent
BBC Daytime television series


Jerry Naylor Jackson (March 6, 1939 – December 5, 2019) was an American country and rock and roll artist, broadcaster and inspirational speaker. From late 1961 through 1964 he was The Crickets' lead vocalist.

Early life and career
Naylor was born in Chalk Mountain, Texas to a farming family during the great depression. His mother played piano in their local church and encouraged his love of music. He listened to Country music the most including artists such as: Hank Williams, Sr., Lefty Frizzell, Bob Wills (with whom he shared his birthday) and Slim Whitman, and Whitman's steel guitar player, Hoot Raines (who led the 9-year old Naylor to purchase and learn to play a steel guitar with money he earned picking cotton). By the age of twelve, Naylor was playing that steel guitar at local honky tonks in and around Carlsbad and San Angelo, Texas, with his brother-in-law, Tommy Briggs' Hillbilly band. The band also featured Sherman Hamblin on fiddle and Earnest Smith lead guitar and vocals.

In 1953, at the age of 14, Naylor began working at a new radio station in San Angelo, Texas called KPEP. Veteran broadcaster, Joe Treadway, who with his wife Matilda (Tillie) would become Naylor's foster parents when his mother died in 1955. They hired Naylor and taught him to be a disc jockey, radio commercial salesman, and radio maintenance engineer. Joe Treadway encouraged Naylor to continue his performing, but on the insistence of his mother, gave him the opportunity to be the lead singer of the band. KPEP was co-owned by Joe Treadway and Dave Stone (Pinkstone) who also owned the KDAV radio station in Lubbock, Texas where Buddy Holly was also an on-air performer with Bob Montgomery, "Buddy & Bob".

These two West Texas radio stations were the first full-time country music radio stations in America and promoted live touring shows throughout West Texas with stars from the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, and the Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Joe Treadway and his close friend, Tillman Franks, Talent Coordinator for the Louisiana Hayride, managed Naylor's young singing career and booked him and his band on these touring shows.  It was here at KPEP that Naylor first heard rockabilly music, at its very beginning. After hearing and playing Elvis Presley's "That's Alright Mama" Sun Records recording, Naylor was backed by a Trio from San Angelo called the Cavaliers at a talent show there in 1956. At the time Alton Baird was the band's original lead singer. In c.1957 after Baird went into the military, Naylor became the lead singer of the rockabilly band The Cavaliers.

Career with The Crickets
In 1961, Naylor became the lead singer for the Crickets, two years after the death of Buddy Holly and the departure of other singers (Earl Sinks, David Box) from the group. Jerry Allison, Buddy Holly's drummer and co-songwriter, owned the name and trademark of "The Crickets". Allison, now the sole owner of "The Crickets" and their manager, H. Daniel Whitman, offered Naylor the lead singer position with The Crickets following their signing with Liberty Records, Hollywood, California. He recorded as lead singer with the Crickets until 1964. Their first hit for the label was "Don't Ever Change", a Carole King/Gerry Goffin written song, which reached the number 5 position on the national charts in the UK.  The first song the new Beatles group performed live on BBC, in 1963, was The Crickets' hit, "Don't Ever Change." and the Beatles all acknowledged the Crickets influence in a letter sent to them following a Crickets tour of the UK in 1962.  More hit singles followed and the Bobby Vee Meets the Crickets Album was a best-selling album in the UK and Europe. The Crickets also had a hit EP recording on EMI/Liberty Records in 1963, featuring four tracks including, "My Little Girl" and "Teardrops Fall Like Rain," both featured in the Columbia Motion Pictures Movie, Just for Fun.

Career in later years
Naylor had success with a song  "Is This All There Is To A Honky Tonk" that was written by Don Lee and Robert L. Duncan.  By December 1974, it was out, it was released on Melodyland 6003. The song spent ten weeks on the Country charts, peaking at #31 on March 29, 1975.

Personal life and family

Jerry Naylor Jackson was born in Erath county, TX. At age 5 his family moved to Carlsbad, Texas which is 12 miles from San Angelo, TX. Joe Treadway owner of KPEP radio station in San Angelo became interested in the young teenager and trained him as a DJ. It seems he also sang on KPEP radio with the station's band. When Jerry Jackson joined a talent competition in 1956, he was a student at San Angelo's "Lakeview High School." He met the Cavalier rockabilly band's founders at this location. They were Carroll Smith, Alton Baird, and Sid Holmes. Jerry Naylor Jackson would temporarily join this band as the main vocalist in the spring of 1957. By late 1957 he joined the Army and went to Germany after basic.
During 1962 while living in California Jerry joined The Crickets, alternating with Sonny Curtis in singing lead with the band until March 1965. He appeared with the Crickets in the UK movie "Just for Fun" in 1963, and also "The Girls on the Beach" in 1965. After his time with The Crickets, Jerry had a solo career in different genres and was inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.
On January 30, 1966, Naylor married Pamela Ann Robinson. Jerry and Pamela, married over four decades, have three children and six grandchildren.

Naylor died on December 5, 2019 at the age of 80.

References

External links

1939 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American singers
American country singers
American country rock singers
American male singers
American radio personalities
California Republicans
People from Erath County, Texas
The Crickets members
Singers from Texas
Songwriters from Texas
Country musicians from Texas
Television personalities from Texas


Excede may refer to:

 Ceftiofur, a chemical compound
 Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer, a planned space telescope


The Fairey Fremantle was a large single-engine biplane seaplane designed in the mid-1920s for a proposed around-the-world flight. Only one was built.

Design and development
The Fremantle was designed to Air Ministry specification 44/22 calling for a single long-range reconnaissance aircraft. One of several contracts aimed at keeping British design teams together in difficult economic times, it was hoped to produce an aircraft that might achieve the first around-the-world flight. It was a large (almost 70 ft/21 m span) two-bay unstaggered biplane. The fuselage was rectangular and deep, with a two-windowed section for the cabin, built of mahogany planking over a wooden frame in small-boat fashion to avoid the need for internal bracing. The fuselage was deep enough to allow the crew to stand in the cabin, which contained provisions, storage, bunks and navigator's table. The navigator also had a position for celestial observation at the rear of the cabin. The pilot's open cockpit was at the trailing edge of the wing, in front of the cabin.

In front of the pilot was the engine firewall and the metal-covered engine bay housing a 650 hp (490 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor III water-cooled motor. This drove a fixed-pitch wooden propeller via a spur reduction gear which conveniently raised the propeller shaft high on the nose. This arrangement had at least two advantages: for a given propeller diameter, the height of the fuselage above the water was reduced, shortening the length and weight of the float struts; the underside of the nose could be swept up to the base of the radiator for better aerodynamics.

The two mahogany-planked floats were short, so that at rest the Fremantle sat on the water like a tailwheel-type landplane with the assistance of a tail float fixed to the fuselage underside.  The tailplane was mounted at the top of the fuselage with bracing underneath and the rudder hinge post carried a water-rudder for directional control at low speeds on the surface. Since the main floats were not widely spaced, there were two more floats attached to the underside of the lower wing immediately below the outer pairs of interplane struts to provide lateral stability. Fuel was stored in tanks in the floats but there was another large and very conspicuous tank mounted centrally above the upper wing. This gravity-fed the engine and was replenished by pumping (hand- or wind-powered) fuel from the float tanks.

Operational history
The Fremantle's first flight was on 28 November 1924, with Norman Macmillan at the controls. Macmillan flew it throughout its flying programme, which lasted until the following June. He reported that it was a pleasant aircraft in the air and on water, though there were some control modifications made during the flying programme. It left the water under full load even with flat sea conditions; on its last flight it carried seven passengers. During this period, the lone Fremantle carried the RAF serial N173 and the civil registration, for the proposed around-the-world flight, G-EBLZ.  No such attempt was made, as three Douglas aircraft had already performed this feat in September 1924, two months before the Fremantle flew. It flew with the Royal Aircraft Establishment on radio navigation development during 1926.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Fremantle
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924


John Ferguson (April 17, 1840 – July 7, 1908) was a Scottish-born farmer, lumberman and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Renfrew South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1900 as an Independent Conservative member.

He was born in Granart, Argyleshire, the son of Archibald Ferguson and Margaret Barr, and came to Canada West with his family in 1847, settling in Admaston. He was married three times: to a Miss Bremner around 1862, to Jessie Mackenzie in 1877 and to Margaret Bedington in 1890. Ferguson was defeated in the 1887 federal election but was elected in a by-election held later that year following the death of Robert Campbell. He was unsuccessful when he ran for reelection to the House of Commons in 1900. Around 1888, Ferguson became an agent for lumber baron J.R. Booth.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 AJ Gemmill

1840 births
1908 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
British emigrants to Canada


Belkofski (Taxtamax̂ in Aleut; ) is an unincorporated community and Alaska Native Village Statistical Area (ANVSA) in the Aleutians East Borough in Alaska. It has been uninhabited since the 1980s, reporting a population of zero in 1990, 2000 and 2010.

Location
Belkofski is on a point at the eastern end of the Alaska Peninsula, 12 miles southeast of King Cove.

History
Russians originally invaded Aleuts at Belkofski in 1823 to harvest sea otters in the area; at its height, it was the area's most important village. It was called "S(elo) Belkovskoe" from "belka," meaning "squirrel." In the 1880s, three stores were constructed, which were stocked with goods from San Francisco. There was a Russian Orthodox Holy Resurrection church built at that time as well. When the sea otter population diminished, so did the population. The economy switched to trapping wild game, and many of Belkofski’s inhabitants would move to the neighboring communities of Sand Point, Alaska and King Cove. The final few inhabitants vacated Belkofski for King Cove in the 1980s, bringing everything with them and establishing a new Orthodox Church.

The village’s abandoned buildings reportedly burned down in 2013.

Demographics

Belkofski first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of Belkovsky with 268 residents (making it the 25th largest community in the Alaska Territory). It appeared as "Belkovsky" in 1890, as Belkofski Village in 1900, it did not report in 1910, and as Belkofski from 1920-1970, with the exception of 1940 when it was erroneously reported as "Balkofski." Beginning in 1980, it was classified as an "Alaska Native Village" and from 1990 through 2010 censuses as an Alaska Native Village Statistical Area (ANVSA), but on the last three censuses has reported a population of zero.

Climate
The area is in a maritime climate zone. Temperatures range from . Average snowfall is , with an annual precipitation of  a year.

Elevation
Generally  above sea level.

References

External links

 www.alaska.hometownlocator.com
 www.awrta.org
 Pictures from Belkofski, Alaska by Eubank, William R.

1823 establishments in North America
Populated coastal places in Alaska on the Pacific Ocean
Populated places established in 1823
Road-inaccessible communities of Alaska
Unincorporated communities in Aleutians East Borough, Alaska
Ghost towns in Alaska
Towns in the United States


Events in the year 1878 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II

Events
 A law is passed that requires teachers to speak the local dialect of their pupils and not the other way round.

Arts and literature

Births

13 January – Henrik Østervold, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1957)
17 January – Olaf Husby, sport shooter
18 January – Gudmund Sundby, engineer (died 1973).
1 February – Thoralf Glad, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1969)
7 February – Lul Krag, painter (died 1956)
19 February – Kristofer Uppdal, poet and author (died 1961)
14 April – Karl Johan Pettersen Vadøy, politician (died 1965)
27 April – Christian Fredrik Monsen, politician (died 1954)
27 May – Arne Kavli, painter (died 1970)
18 July – Egill Reimers, architect, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1946)
12 August – Østen Østensen, rifle shooter and Olympic silver medallist (died 1939)
7 November – Knut Markhus, educator and politician (died 1963).
28 November – Peder Kolstad, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (died 1932)

Full date unknown
Per Berg Lund, politician and Minister (died 1954)
Magnus Olsen, linguist and professor of Norse philology (died 1963)
Anton Frederik Winter Jakhelln Prytz, politician (died 1945)

Deaths
25 April – Nils Christian Irgens, military officer, politician and Minister (born 1811)
8 September – Ulrik Frederik Lange, politician (born 1808)

Full date unknown
Jørgen Wright Cappelen, bookseller and publisher (born 1805)
Johan Widing Heiberg Landmark, jurist and politician (born 1802)
Peter Tidemand Malling, bookseller, printer and publisher (born 1807)

See also

References