The Briar Street Theatre is a theatre located in Chicago, Illinois, and is home to the long-running Blue Man Group. Originally the carriage house for the Marshall Field and Company horses, the space was purchased by Walter Topel and reconstructed into a theater. The Briar Street Theatre is most notably associated with the Blue Man Group act, which began performing at the Briar Street Theatre in 1997 and, as of March 20, 2022, is still performing there.

History

Built in 1901, the space was used as the stables where the horses used and owned by Marshall Field's would stay.  These horses were used for the company's delivery service. As time passed, the lot became useless and in 1970, Walt Topel, founder of Topel and Associated, Ltd., bought the building from Werner Kennelly Moving and Storage Company and redesigned it into a sound stage and office where his film production company would thrive from.  From 1977 to 1985, this building also housed Walt Topel's post-production company, Cinetronics, Ltd.  This business was later renamed Swell and moved downtown in 1984. In 1985, the theater was reopened and became a part of the culture of Chicago.  Today, the Topel family is still the owner of the venue and the original second floor actually hangs from the ceiling by large turnbuckles that can still be seen.

Notable performers

The Briar Street Theatre has hosted many performers:
 Mickey Rooney: Mickey Rooney was an America film actor and entertainer whose film, television, and stage appearances spanned nearly his entire lifetime. During his career he won multiple awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character, Rooney had one of the longest careers of any actor.
 Veronica Hamel: Veronica Hamel is an American actress. Hamel is probably best remembered for her role in Hill Street Blues. In recent years, Hamel had a recurring role in the NBC television series Third Watch and appeared in the ABC series Lost.
 Sada Thompson: Sada Thompson has been nominated for 3 Golden Globes and has been nominated 8 times for an Oscar and has won 1. She has also won Broadway's 1972 Tony Award as Best Actress (Dramatic) for Twigs.
 Ellen Burstyn: Ellen Burstyn is an Academy Award-winning American actress. Burstyn was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Miniseries or Special, for the TV movie The People vs. Jean Harris (1981) and again for another TV movie, Pack of Lies (1987). In 2006, she was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Special for HBO's Mrs. Harris as Dr. Tarnower's "Ex-Lover #3".
 Dorothy Loudon: Dorothy was an American actress noted for her comedy and belting singing voice, which she used to deliver a wide range of musical comedy and songs of the Roaring Twenties. In 1982 she won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre. Her best-remembered role is as evil orphanage administrator Miss Hannigan in Annie, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in 1977.
 Shelley Berman: Shelley Berman was an American actor and was nominated once for an Emmy and nominated once for the Screen Actors Guild Awards.
 Betty Buckley: Betty Buckley is an American actress and has had 2 Daytime Emmy nominations and 1 TV Land Award nomination.
 George Segal: George Segal, Jr. (February 13, 1934 – March 23, 2021) was an American actor of stage and screen.

The venue also has artworks within the lobby created by artists such as Van Gogh, Brancusi, Stanton, Picasso, and the Blue Man Group.

Current productions

Blue Man Group

The Blue Man Group is a group of three bald men dressed in black clothing with the remaining showing skin painted blue. The Blue Man Group formed in the late 1980s and have performed in many major cities. Inside, PVC pipes cover the walls and ceilings as well as digital screens that play unique messages. In the actual theater, there are elements such as paint, PVC based instruments, L.E.D. visuals, a human paint project, and Cap'n Crunch cereal, among other elements. The first five rows are labeled "Poncho Seats" that provide ponchos to protect the audience members from things coming from the stage. There is also an element known as the "late alarm" that will be set off when an audience member walks in late.

Past productions
Since the opening of the Briar Street Theatre, singers have not been the only performances held. Other noteworthy productions hosted at the theater have been run by Fox Theatricals and have included the following:
 Driving Miss Daisy: An elderly Jewish widow living in Atlanta can no longer drive. Her son insists she allow him to hire a driver, which in the 1950s meant a black man. She resists any change in her life but, Hoke, the driver is hired by her son. She refuses to allow him to drive her anywhere at first, but Hoke slowly wins her over with his native good graces. The movie is directly taken from a stage play and does show it. It covers over twenty years of the pair's life together as they slowly build a relationship that transcends their differences.
 Laughter on the 21st Floor
 Having Our Say: A story of Sadie and Bessie Delany, two African-American (they preferred "colored") sisters who both lived past the age of 100. They grew up on a North Carolina college campus, the daughters of the first African-American Episcopal bishop, who was born a slave, and a woman with an inter-racial background. With the support of each other and their family, they survived encounters with racism and sexism in their own different ways. Sadie quietly and sweetly broke barriers to become the first African-American home-ec teacher in New York City, while Bessie, with her own brand of outspokenness, became the second African-American dentist in New York City. At the ages of 103 and 101, they told their story to Amy Hill Hearth, a white New York Times reporter who published an article about them. The overwhelming response launched a bestselling book, a Broadway play, and this film.
 Jackie Mason's Politically Incorrect: Political talk show based on the idea that debate is stifled by too much seriousness. Guests are chosen from the worlds of politics and entertainment, often with the goal of creating conflict (ultra-sensitive special-interest groups matched with outrageous comedians). Nevertheless, a relatively friendly atmosphere is maintained, with none of the swearing or chair-throwing common on 'shock-talk' shows. Regular features have included the "Get Over Yourself" award, given to the week's most self-absorbed public figure.
 Steve Martin's Picasso at the Lapin Agile: Picasso at the Lapin Agile is a play written by Steve Martin in 1993. It features the characters of Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso, who meet at a bar called the Lapin Agile (Nimble Rabbit) in Montmartre, Paris. It is set on October 8, 1904, and both men are on the verge of an amazing idea (Einstein will publish his special theory of relativity in 1905 and Picasso will paint Les Demoiselles d'Avignon in 1907) when they find themselves at the Lapin Agile, where they have a lengthy debate about the value of genius and talent while interacting with a host of other characters.
 Concerts by Barbara Cook: Barbara Cook is a Tony Award-winning American singer and actress.

Layout and features

The theater has 625 seats. The dimensions of the Briar Street Theater's stage is a proscenium of 38'w x 20', a width of 36'4", a depth of 32', and a height of 23' to grid. The theater is also wheelchair accessible and offers closed-circuit headsets.

Notes

References

http://www.theatreinchicago.com/theatredetail.php?theatreID=82
http://www.gotickets.com/venues/il/briar_street_theater.php
https://web.archive.org/web/20090303151326/http://chicago.metromix.com/theater/theater/briar-street-theatre-chicago/136277/content
https://web.archive.org/web/20090104005901/http://www.foxtheatricals.com/briar-street.htm
http://gochicago.about.com/od/chicagotheaterproductions/p/blue_man.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20090221094259/http://www.ticketluck.com/venues/Briar-Street-Theatre/index.php
http://www.theatermania.com/chicago/theaters/briar-street-theater_321/
https://web.archive.org/web/20090216015422/http://www.blueman.com/popups/15

Theatres in Chicago


In 2015 it was estimated, as per official statistics, that there are 47,291 Shiite mosques and 10,344 Sunni mosques in Iran.

List of mosques in Iran
This is a list of mosques in Iran.

Ardabil Province

 Jome mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Germi
 Jameh Mosque of Namin

East Azerbaijan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Ahar
 Jameh Mosque of Tabriz
 Jameh Mosque of Sarab
 Hajj Safar Ali Mosque
 Saheb-ol-Amr Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Marand
 Jameh Mosque of Mehrabad
 Blue Mosque, Tabriz
 Stone Tark Mosque
 Mirpanj Mosque

Gilan Province
 Hajj Samad Khan Mosque
 Chahar Padshahan

Golestan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Gorgan

Fars Province

 Jameh Mosque of Atigh
 Vakil Mosque
 Nasir-ol-molk Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Lar
 Jameh Mosque of Kabir Neyriz
 Jameh Mosque of Jahrom
 Jameh Mosque of Darab
 Jameh Mosque of Arsanjan

Hamadan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Sarabi

Hormozgan Province

 Malek bin Abbas Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Bastak
 Jameh Mosque of Bandar Abbas
 Jameh Mosque of Qiblah
 Jameh Mosque of Qeshm

Isfahan Province

 Agha Bozorg Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan
 Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
 Jameh Mosque of Khansar
 Jameh Mosque of Khozan
 Jameh Mosque of Zavareh
 Jameh Mosque of Golpayegan
 Jameh Mosque of Nain
 Jameh Mosque of Natanz
 Jameh Mosque of Nushabad
 Jarchi Mosque
 Agha Nour Mosque
 Ali Gholi Agha Mosque
 Barsian mosque and minaret
 Darvazeh No Mosque
 Dashti Mosque
 Rahim Khan Mosque
 Gar mosque and minaret
 Ilchi Mosque
 Roknolmolk Mosque
 Kaj Mosque
 Maghsoudbeyk Mosque
 Meydan Mosque, Kashan
 Mohammad Jafar Abadei Mosque
 Hakim Mosque, Isfahan
 Seyyed Mosque (Isfahan)
 Shah Mosque (Isfahan)
 Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
 Safa Mosque
 Tabriziha Mosque
 Lonban Mosque
 Mesri Mosque
 Hafshuye Mosque

Kerman Province

 Jameh Mosque of Kerman
 Malek Mosque
 Hajj Agha Ali Mosque
 Pamenar Mosque, Kerman

Kermanshah Province

 Jameh Mosque of Kermanshah
Jameh Mosque of Shafei
 Emad o dolah Mosque
 Abdullah ibn Umar Mosque
 Hajj Shahbazkhan Mosque

Khuzestan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Dezful
 Jameh Mosque of Shushtar
 Rangooniha Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Khorramshahr

Kurdistan Province

 Dar ul-Ihsan Mosque
 Hajar Khatoon Mosque

Lorestan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Borujerd
 Soltani Mosque of Borujerd

Markazi Province

 Jameh Mosque of Arak

 Agha Zia ol Din Mosque

 Jameh Mosque of Saveh

Mazandaran Province

 Farahabad Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Amol
 Jameh Mosque of Babol
 Jameh Mosque of Sari

Qazvin Province

 Jameh Mosque of Qazvin
 Al-Nabi Mosque, Qazvin
 Heidarieh Mosque, Qazvin
 Jameh Mosque of Qerveh

Qom Province

 Jameh Mosque of Qom
 Jameh Mosque of Pachian
 Imam Hasan al-Askari Mosque
 Azam mosque of Qom
 Chehel Akhtaran Mosque
 Jamkaran Mosque

Razavi Khorasan Province
 Sunni Mosque of Lotfabad
 Gonbad Kabud Mosque
 Goharshad Mosque
 Haji Jalal Mosque
 Howz-e Ma'jardar Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Gonabad
 Jameh Mosque of Kashmar
 Jameh Mosque of Marandiz
 Jameh Mosque of Nishapur
 Jameh Mosque of Radkan
 Jameh Mosque of Sabzevar
 Khosrow Shir Mosque
 Pamenar Mosque, Sabzevar
 Shah Mosque (Mashhad)
 Sheikh Fayz Mosque
 Qadamgah Mosque

Semnan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Aradan
 Imam Mosque, Semnan
 Jameh Mosque of Semnan
 Jameh Mosque of Damghan
 Jameh Mosque of Shahrud
 Jameh Mosque of Forumad
 Tarikhaneh
 Sheikh Bastami Mosque
 Pamenar Mosque, Mehdishahr

thumb|Jameh Mosque of zahedan

Sistan and Baluchestan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Makki

thumb|Jameh Mosque of ferdows

South Khorasan Province

 Mahvid Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Fathabad
 Jameh Mosque of Ferdows
 Jameh Mosque of Raqqeh

Tehran Province

 Jameh Mosque of Tehran
 Jameh Mosque of Damavand
 Jameh Mosque of Varamin
 Sepahsalar Mosque
 Shah Mosque (Tehran)
 Fakhr al-Dawla Mosque
 Mirza Mousa Mosque
 Hedayat Mosque
 Lorzadeh Mosque
Vali-e-Asr Mosque

West Azerbaijan Province

 Jameh Mosque of Urmia
 Jameh Mosque of Takab
 Dash Aghlian Mosque
 Sardar Mosque
 Menareh Mosque
 Hojjatieh Mosque

Yazd Province

 Jameh Mosque of Ardakan
 Amir Chakhmaq Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Abarkuh
 Jameh Mosque of Eslamiyeh
 Jameh Mosque of Fahraj
 Jameh Mosque of Yazd
 Zir Deh Mosque
 Chahar Suq And Hajj Muhammad Husayn Mosque

Zanjan Province

 Khanom Mosque
 Jameh Mosque of Zanjan
 Jameh Mosque of Sojas

Haram And Tomb

 Imam Reza shrine
 Fatima Masumeh Shrine
 Shah Abdol-Azim shrine
 Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini
 Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine
 Tomb of Daniel
 Tomb of Hassan Modarres
 Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami mausoleum complex
 Imamzadeh Davood
 Imamzadeh Hamzah, Tabriz
 Imamzadeh Saleh, Shemiran
 Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar
 Imamzade Hossein, Qazvin
 Imamzadeh Seyed Mohammad
 Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza
 Imamzadeh Shahreza
 Imamzadeh Shahzadeh Hoseyn
 Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd
 Imamzadeh Hadi
 Imamzadeh Esmaeil and Isaiah mausoleum
 Hosseinieh Azam Zanjan Mosque
 Shah Cheragh
 Monar Jonban
 Kushk Complex

References

External links

Iran

Mosques


Bogdan Vladimirovich Karyukin (; born 20 August 1985) is a Russian football player. He plays for FC Dynamo Barnaul.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Kuban Krasnodar on 14 March 2009 in a game against FC Rubin Kazan.

External links

References

1985 births
Footballers from Barnaul
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Dynamo Barnaul players
FC Novokuznetsk players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players
FC Kuzbass Kemerovo players


Sweet and Sour is an Australian television talk show produced in Perth, Western Australia. It is filmed at the Central Institute of Technology, and is screened across Australia on Community Television stations. The show debuted in July 2000, and originally was supposed to run for just eight episodes.

Overview
Sweet & Sour is a community orientated talk show in which people can write in and share their situation to a panel who helps to solve them. The panel consists of the talk show host, Gary Mitchell, and a rotating panel of special guests.

The show is produced entirely by screen media students who are currently studying in Western Australia. The show is filmed in the studio of the Central Institute of Technology in Perth and is hosted by Gary Mitchell.

The Host
Executive Producer Gary Mitchell has been the host of Sweet and Sour for over 10 years; his first episode was broadcast on 11 September 2001. He was compared to the 2004 National Community TV Awards, The Antennas, broadcast from Melbourne, when Sweet and Sour won its first big gong, the award for Australia's Best Panel Show.

Guests
Many thousands of guests have appeared on the show throughout the years including Tony Barber, Justin Langer, Kim Hughes, Sam Newman, Barry Crocker, Dannii Minogue, Normi Rowe, Johnny Young, Bambi LeFist, Paige Piper, Alex Andra, and Lucy Nicol.

Awards
 2004 -  Australia's Best Panel Show - Antenna Awards

External links
 Official Website

Australian television talk shows


This article will list all fortifications that were built, partially built, or ordered to be built by the Portuguese throughout the globe. All forts in this list are outside the modern territory of Portugal, and were built for the purpose of colonialism and the Portuguese Empire.

Portuguese explorers have discovered many lands and the sea routes in the 15th-18th centuries during the Age of Discovery. Along the way they built outposts and fortresses, many of which still exist today all over the world. Similar in design they are often easy to recognize although not in Portuguese hands for many years or centuries already.

List of forts by region

Africa

Americas

Asia-Pacific

See also
 Architecture of Portugal

References

Notes

Portuguese colonial architecture


Walter Gerwig (26 November 1899 – 9 July 1966) was an influential German lutenist, choral conductor and composer. He was one of the pioneers in the revival of early music revival and historical performance practice. He was also a choral conductor. Through his concerts and recordings Gerwig made a significant contribution to the revival of the lute and its repertoire in Europe and America.

Together with Fritz Jöde, he was one of the co-founders of the first folk music school in Berlin, the Berliner Volksmusikschule. From 1928 he was the lute teacher at the Berlin's Akademie für Kirchen- und Schulmusik. During the Nazi era he did not join the NSDAP and avoided appearing at Nazi-sponsored events. From 1952 he headed the lute course at the State Academy of Music in Köln.

Gerwig made numerous LP recordings of Baroque and Renaissance lute repertoire. He received the prize of the Deutschen Schallplattenkritik in 1965, for the recording of J.S. Bach's Suite in G minor (BWV 995) a year before his death. In addition, Gerwig also composed several works for lute, guitar and other stringed instruments.

Recordings
 Bach: Lute Music (Nonesuch H-71137)
 The Baroque Lute (Nonesuch H-71229)
 The Art Of The Lute: Renaissance And Baroque Masterpieces From France, England And Germany (RCA VICS-1362)
 The Art of the Lute, Vol. 2: Renaissance Masterpieces From Italy (RCA VICS-1408)

References

1899 births
1966 deaths
German lutenists
20th-century German composers
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing


Dimensia in Excelsis is an album by the British industrial group Throbbing Gristle. The music was recorded live at the Veterans Auditorium in Los Angeles on 22 May 1981. The album was released in November 1998 under the German label Tesco Organisation in LP record and compact disc format. The album is actually considered to be a bootleg recording; see Throbbing Gristle bootleg discography.

Dimensia is likely to be an intended misspelling of the word dementia, but it is also the name of a high-end television system produced by RCA in the 80s; see RCA Dimensia.

Track listing

Side one

 "Dimensia" 4:51
 "Scorched Earth" 6:39
 "Tangible" 1:04
 "Carnality" 5:43
 "Marriage Carriage" 6:06

Side two

 "Still Walking" 5:51
 "Slam" 8:54
 "Principia Disciplina" 6:19
 "Forbidden" 3:23

References
discogs.com

1998 live albums
Throbbing Gristle live albums


Heo Young-saeng (; born: November 3, 1986) is a South Korean entertainer. He is the vocalist of the boy band SS501. He's also the leader of Double S 301.

In 2010, Heo left DSP Media, who managed him as part of SS501, and moved to B2M Entertainment, with bandmate Kim Kyu-jong, to pursue his solo career. His debut album as a soloist entitled Let It Go was released in May 2011. He then released several albums more in Korea and Japan, with the hit tracks "Crying", "The Art of Seduction", "Weak Child", and "1.2.3", among others. In 2012, Heo played his first acting role in KBS2's sitcom I Need A Fairy.

Heo has performed in musicals as well: he debuted in The Three Musketeers, playing the role of D'Artagnan during 2011, and appeared in 2013, the Summer Snow musical.

On October 31, 2013, Heo started his mandatory, 21-month military service as a police officer. He completed his military service on July 30, 2015. He also joined CI Entertainment.

In December 2015, Heo returned to theater to play the role of Han Min-ho in the musical Haru. It's together with Kim Hyung-jun. Also, it served as the musical comeback of Heo after 21-month of hiatus due to military service.

In January 2016, Heo reunited with Kim Kyu-jong and Kim Hyung-jun and grouped as Double S 301. CI Entertainment released a photo teaser for their comeback. The group released an album entitled Eternal 5 on February 16, 2016, followed by a Japanese album entitled Eternal S on April 20, 2016.

Career

Early life
Heo Young-Saeng was born on November 3, 1986 in Gochang County Jeollabuk-do, South Korea as the only child of his family. He graduated high school at Hyundai High School and graduated college at Dong Seoul University. He started as a trainee at SM Entertainment for about 2.5 years. He then joined DSP Media, formerly known as DSP Entertainment and trained for 3 months before debuting. He debuted as a member of SS501 on June 8, 2005.

2005–2009: SS501 debut

Heo debuted as a member of SS501 on June 8, 2005, along with their debut album, Warning. Their second mini album, Snow Prince, was released in late 2005, five months after their debut. During this time, the band established their official fan club name, "Triple S", and its color, pearl green. The group earned instant popularity and won many rookie awards following their debut.

Heo hosted SS501's radio program SS501's Youngstreet on SBS along with fellow member Park Jung-min from May 1 to August 21, 2006. He was forced to leave the program due to a throat condition that required laryngeal surgery, and bandmate Kim Kyu-jong took over as DJ.

SS501 soon promoted their first studio album S.T 01 Now. In late 2007, they expanded their activities in the Japanese market to challenge themselves outside Korea with the release of their Japanese single Kokoro, along with the establishment of "Triple S Japan". The single debuted at number 5. They had two more successful releases in Japan entitled Distance and SS501 The band received the Newcomer Award by Japan Gold Disc Award in January 2008; this was the first time Korean artists had received this award.

Having built their foundation as artists in Japan and Korea, SS501 continued to release singles and albums in both Korea and Japan, such as Deja Vu in Korea and Lucky Days in Japan, both released in 2008. However, they stopped their activities as a group for a period of time as Park Jung-Min and Kim Hyun-Joong were given solo projects for the Grease musical and the Boys Over Flowers series, respectively. Nevertheless, the three remaining members, with Heo as lead singer, continued to tour, dubbed as the SS501 Project Group. They released a project album named U R Man in November 2008, with the high-tempo dance title track "UR Man". They also contributed to the Boys Over Flowers soundtrack with "내 머리가 나빠서" (Because I'm Stupid), and appeared as a cameo in episode four, performing their track, "U R Man". The track won Song of the Month for February at the 32nd Cyworld Digital Music Awards on March 28, 2009. as well as the Best OST of the year during the 2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards.

In 2009–2010, SS501 released All My Love, Solo Collection, Rebirth, and Destination consecutively before their contracts ended. Heo wrote his solo track "사랑인거죠" (Is it Love?) by himself, which made him the first SS501 member to compose and write the lyrics of the song. "사랑인거죠" (Is it Love?) was written during SS501's activities in Japan in 2007, as well as the lyrics for his part of "완.두.콩." (Green Peas), a song written for their fans. Moreover, Heo composed "영원토록" (Until Forever), which was originally a wedding song, but since he felt sad whenever he heard the song, he did not give it a wedding-themed title.

In 2009, Heo started contributing soundtracks to television dramas, which includes "눈물을 지워가" (I Erase Tears) from Friend, Our Legend and "사랑해요..미안해요.." (I Love You.. I'm Sorry..) from Will It Snow for Christmas?.

2010–2012: Leaving DSP Media, solo and acting debut
In June 2010, upon the expiration of SS501's contract with DSP Media, Heo along with fellow band member Kim Kyu Jong, signed with B2M Entertainment, the agency of former DSP Media songstress Lee Hyori, to embark on his solo career. In launching his solo career, he and Kim held a joint fanmeeting, Kyu Jong & Young Saeng Story in Seoul on December 4, which continued in Hong Kong, Japan and countries across Asia.

He was scheduled to launch his solo singing career on April 28, 2011, but had to postpone because he pulled the ligaments on his right hand during a dance practice. He was also scheduled to guest star on SBS's Good Sunday variety show Running Man, on May 8, 2011, but due to his injury, he appeared only briefly to hand out a mission.

Heo's solo debut mini album, Let It Go, was released on May 12, 2011, which features Spica's Park Ju-hyun on the music video, and Kim Kyu Jong and Hyuna on "Rainy Love" and "Let It Go" tracks respectively. The album peaked at number one on Gaon's album chart for the week starting on May 8.

On November 9, 2011, Heo, along with other Korean and Japanese artists, performed at the Seoul Tokyo Music Festival 2011 at the Saitama Super Arena, Japan. At the same time, Heo made his musical debut in The Three Musketeers, playing the role of D'Artagnan from November 3 to December 18.

In February 2012, KBS confirmed that Heo would be part of KBS2's daily sitcom called I Need A Fairy (also known as Sent From Heaven), playing the role Heo Young Saeng/ Kaki. A month later, he released a soundtrack of the said drama entitled "Love Song".

On May 9, 2012, B2M Entertainment officially announced via Twitter that Heo, himself, participated in the planning process and production of his new mini album Solo. As an artist, he wanted to go from being an idol to co-producing his work, especially since he had participated in the making of this album. The music video teaser was released on May 18, 2012.

Heo released his first Japanese album entitled Overjoyed in Japan on September 19, 2012 under Pony Canyon Japan. It consists of eight songs, including three Japanese versions of songs from his previous Korean mini albums. Overjoyed entered the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts at No. 29.

2013–2014: Summer Snow musical, music expansion and military service
Together with Bada, Bobby Kim, and Jeon Soo-kyung, Heo was invited to be a guest judge on MBC's Birth of A Great Star 3 in January. He was also invited to do a collaboration with Lee Jung Bong later on. They produced a duet song named "Goodbye My Love", which was released on January 31. During this time, he was already preparing for his upcoming third mini album. His company also confirmed through their website on February 14 that Heo was to join the cast of Summer Snow musical, originated from a Japanese Drama, to be held in April in Osaka, Japan, and at the end of May to June in Tokyo, Japan. They had a press conference on February 20 held in Tokyo.

On March 18, he released his third mini album Life containing four songs, including his music video entitled "The Art of Seduction". After his album promotions, he left to Japan and started his Summer Snow musical. He played the role of Tachibana Seiji, a young doctor who has a one-sided love to his patient, Katase Yuki.

On May 29, news was spreading that Heo planned to enlist for his mandatory military service in November. According to one of B2M Entertainment's representatives, he planned to enlist by the end of 2013 upon receiving a draft notice. At the time, he already completed the checkup, and was found to be fit for active duty by the Office of Military Manpower Administration.

During SS501's eight anniversary, Heo, along with the SS501 members posted one video of them celebrating and greeting their fans onto each of their own official YouTube accounts. Kim Hyun Joong was not able to be in the video at that time because he was filming for his variety show, Barefooted Friends. However, Kim Hyun Joong still talked about their anniversary on his Korea fan meeting entitled 2013 KHJ Show – Party People, held on the same day of their anniversary.

During early June, Heo's Japan official website released tracks and information for his upcoming second Japanese album entitled Memories To You, which was released on July 3. The title is said to be Heo's memories shared with his fans. The album mainly consists of SS501 cover songs and rearranged tracks from his past albums, but there are also two new songs included. In addition, Heo's first solo composed song entitled "First Sky I've Ever Seen" (はじめて見る空だった), originally from Kokoro album, is also included in the album, totaling up to ten songs. A concert was held in Zepp Tokyo on July 11.

Heo had his first fanmeeting tour in South and Latin America together with co-member Park Jung-min starting on August 17. Although it is said to be a joint fanmeeting tour put by Zafiro Productions, the two of them would not have the same time and meetings with their fans. The tour originally consisted of four stops: two in Peru, and one in Mexico and Ecuador. However, B2M later announced that Heo's fanmeeting in Saeng Quito, Ecuador and Arequipa, Peru on August 22 and 24 respectively were cancelled due to lack of time for proper preparation. As said earlier, there will be two different shows, so only Heo's meeting was cancelled, not Park's. Fanmeetings in Lima, Peru on August 17 and Mexico on August 20 were held as originally planned, and an encore in Lima, Peru on August 24 was added later on.

Heo performed during the Lotte Family Festival 2013, together with the other 28 performers in Seoul. He performed during the second day of the festival on September 14, which was largely devoted to K-drama popular original soundtracks. In particular, he sang "Because I'm Stupid" from Boys Over Flowers original soundtrack, which won several awards back in 2009.

On October 3, B2M officially announced Heo's enlistment details through his official website. They confirmed that he would officially enlist on October 31 at 2 pm at Nonsan Korean Army Training Center. Four days later, B2M once again announced Heo was to release his last album release on October 16, before joining the army the following month after his first concert in Korea. At the same time, Yesasia released a pre-order version of She special album. The album contains five tracks about a man's regrets and painful memories for a past lover, and his single, "Weak Child", featured Japanese actress Fujii Mina.

On October 26, Heo had his first and farewell concert in Seoul entitled "2013 Heo Young-saeng Seoul Concert 0513 My Story" held at the UNIQLO AX Hall. The event marked the first time that all five members of SS501 appeared together on one stage onscreen and performed together as a group again after three years. On the side note, his fans from all over the world had donated a total of 1.23 tons of rice, 200 eggs, and 2,400 coal briquettes to be given to a Heo's chosen charity.

Heo is the second member of SS501 to be enlisted after Kim Kyu-jong. He was enlisted as a conscripted policeman for about twenty-one months after passing in late July, which he has been preparing for after receiving the draft notice. During his training, he became one of the leaders of the troop while enjoying his army life with his unit members, as told by his handwritten letter to his fans.

2015–present: Military discharge, departure from B2M, Haru,  and Double S 301
On July 30, 2015, Heo completed his military service and was officially discharged. He made his exit quietly through a private discharge ceremony without holding any special events or meeting with the press. It was also reported that the singer has officially signed an exclusive contract with CI Entertainment, also home to Kim Dong Wan and fellow SS501 member Kim Hyung-jun. CEO of CI ENT shared that Heo Young Saeng will actively begin promotions in singing as well as acting in the near future. His very first official schedule following his discharge was a fan meeting in Korea on August 29 at Sungshin Women's University's Woonjung Green Campus auditorium. On August 4, tickets for the fan meeting were opened on Interpark. Within a minute, all of the seats were sold out. Following his domestic fan meeting, he held a second one in Tokyo on September 5, greeting his overseas fans for the first time since enlistment.

According to CI ENT, "We are very pleased and honored that yesterday's (August 4) ticket open for Heo Young-saeng's fan meeting sold out. Heo Young Saeng is working hard to repay the fans who have a lot of interest and support for Heo Young Saeng's first activity after being discharged from the army, so please have a lot of anticipation for Heo Young Saeng's fan meeting on August 29."

Itt was reported that Heo was in negotiations with CI Entertainment as early as June 2015, during his enlistment.  The agency told Newsen, "We're currently positively meeting with Heo Young-saeng regarding his contract. Around the time of his discharge, the decision on his contract is expected to come out. The company is actively recruiting and Heo Young Saeng is said to be positively looking over it. If the contract does get signed, we plan on support Heo Young Saeng in all aspects from singing to acting."

Heo together with Kim Hyung-jun were cast in the musical Haru. They performed the musical at the Meijijao Theater in Tokyo Japan from December 13 to the 25th featuring Kim Hyung-jun and Heo as Kang Young-won and Han Min-ho respectively.

In January 2016, Heo reunited with Kim Kyu-jong and Kim Hyung-jun and grouped as "Double S 301". While, Hyun Joong and Jung Min were inactive at the time due to military service duty, CI Entertainment released a photo teaser for their comeback. On January 20, 2016, CI Entertainment revealed second photo teaser and announced release date for album "ETERNAL 5". The album released on February 16, 2016. The group held a concert at BLUE SQUARE Samsung Card Hall on March 19 and 20, 2016 entitled "2016 Double S 301 CONCERT〈U R MAN IS BACK〉IN SEOUL".

Following the Double S 301 Korean debut, they are debuted in Japan with an album entitled Eternal S, followed by a concert in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan. Particularly in Tokyo Dome City Hall and Orix Theater on April 25 and 27 respectively. 4 months after their Korean debut, the group released a special album Estreno for SS501's 11th anniversary since debut.

In June 2016, Heo started to participate in MBC's Duet Song Festival with Lee Jeong-Hyuk. The Duo won during their first performance covering TVXQ's Mirotic. After his win was announced, Heo said, "This is the first time I've won No. 1 in anything in six years." Heo continue to participate in various show just like King of Mask Singer and Singing Battle – Victory.

In Dec 2016, prior to Double S 301's comeback activities, Heo rose gained popularity from singing the song, 'I cannot forget' in the OST for 'Blow Breeze', on MBC Weekend Drama, released on December 3, 2016.

Discography

Solo work

 Overjoyed (2012)
 Memories to You (2013)

Filmography

Television series

Musical theater
 2011: The Three Musketeers – as D'Artagnan (November 3 – December 18)
 2013: Summer Snow Musical – as Tachibana Seiji (May 31 – June 14)
 2015: Musical Haru – as Han Minho (December 13–25)
 2017 – 2018: All Shook Up – as Elvis (November 24 – February 10)

Radio DJ
 May – August 21, 2008: SBS Power FM – SS501's Young Street ()

Bibliography

August 2011: Photo Message Book
December 2011: Heo Young-saeng & Kim Kyu-jong – 2012 Double Attraction (Limited Edition with DVD)
December 2012: 2013 Desk Calendar (with Making DVD)
August 2013: Eternal Life

Awards

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
B2M Entertainment artists
South Korean singer-songwriters
SS501 members
DSP Media artists
People from Gochang County
Musicians from North Jeolla Province
South Korean male idols
South Korean radio presenters
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male singers
South Korean pop singers
CI Entertainment artists
KQ Entertainment artists
South Korean male singer-songwriters


Patrick Liney (14 July 1936 – 10 August 2022) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for clubs in both Scotland and England for Dalry Thistle, Dundee, St Mirren, Bradford Park Avenue and Bradford City.

Born in Paisley, Liney was Dundee's first-choice goalkeeper during their 1961–62 Scottish Division One season, in which Dundee won the only league championship in the club's history. A vital part of achieving this goal, league-winning teammate Alan Gilzean stated of him that "Pat Liney's contribution to Dundee's Championship season should never be underestimated and the fact that he was an ever present that year speaks for itself. He was rock solid and never let us down." After his playing career, Liney was nominated to Dundee's Hall of Fame and appointed as Honorary Club President.

Playing career

Dundee
After spending his youth seasons with Scottish Junior Football Association side Dalry Thistle, Liney was signed by Dundee in 1957. He made his debut for the Dee in the final game of the 1957–58 season against Rangers at Ibrox, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 away win. Liney played two games for Dundee the following season, and took over as first choice goalkeeper beginning the 1959–60 season following the departure of Bill Brown to Tottenham Hotspur. During Liney's three seasons as Dundee's first-choice goalie, he played a further 97 league games, as well as 3 appearances in the Scottish Cup, 16 in the Scottish League Cup, and five games in the 1962 International Soccer League.

Liney's defining moment as Dundee's league-winning keeper came in the penultimate game of the season at home against his boyhood club, St Mirren. With a chance to overtake Rangers in the title race who lost to Aberdeen, Dundee gave away a late penalty to St Mirren while holding a slender 1–0 lead. Despite the weight of a title fight sitting on his shoulders, Liney clawed down Jim Clunie's shot to the top-right corner, and minutes later Dundee scored a second goal to secure a win and clear the way for a league win. After the full-time whistle, a pitch invasion ensued and Liney had to be escorted to the pavilion by four policemen. In a 2011 interview, Liney said about the penalty that he "was probably the coolest guy in the packed ground" as his father, also a lifelong Buddies fan, told him exactly where Clunie would place his penalty.

Unfortunately, Liney made only two more appearances for Dundee as he was replaced as first choice by ex-Liverpool goalie Bert Slater. By the end of his time with Dundee, Liney had made a total of 126 appearances for the Dark Blues, 102 of them being in the league.

St Mirren
Liney left Dundee in 1963 to join fellow Scottish Division One side St Mirren. A lifelong supporter of the Buddies, Liney described the feeling of making his debut for them in a 2013 interview as "the best feeling in the world." Liney made 48 league appearances for St Mirren over three seasons, and left the club in 1966.

England
Liney moved to Bradford Park Avenue in 1966, before joining city rivals Bradford City the following year. He became a mainstay and fan favourite of the Bantams, becoming known for regularly singing in Bradford's Edwardian Club after matchdays. During Liney's time with the club, they enjoyed promotion from the English Fourth Division in 1968–69. Liney left the club in 1972 and returned to Bradford Park Avenue, but retired the following season.

Post-playing career
A popular figure at Valley Parade, Liney spent the immediate years after retiring as Bradford City's host for pre-match hospitality until 1978, when he returned north to Scotland where he provided the same role regularly for Dundee. In 2011, Liney was inducted into the club's Hall of Fame, the first goalkeeper to receive the honour. Later on that same year, he was also appointed to be the Honorary Club President of Dundee.

Liney died in August 2022, at the age of 86.

Honours
Dundee
 Scottish Division One: 1961–62
 Dundee Hall of Fame: 2011 Legends Award

Bradford City
 Football League Fourth Division promotion: 1968–69

References

External links

1936 births
2022 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Dalry Thistle F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Footballers from Paisley, Renfrewshire


Gordia is an ichnofossil known from Precambrian to modern sediments and is the most common trace fossil in the Kaili biota displaying "smooth, cylindrical or subcylindrical, non-branching, winding and irregularly curving burrows, commonly self-overcrossing". Probably made by a worm-like creature displaying fodinichnial (sediment scavenging) behaviour.  It takes the form of unlined, curving parallel-walled burrows that often end with a nub, probably created as the creature probed the over- or under-lying sediment. It resembles Helminthopsis and Haplotichnus''.

References

Burrow fossils
Invertebrate paleozoology


HMS Pincher was a coal-fired  destroyer of the Royal Navy built by William Denny and Brothers and launched on 15 March 1910.

Construction and design
Pincher was one of sixteen s ordered under the 1908–1909 construction programme for the Royal Navy, and the only one of the class from the Scottish shipbuilder William Denny and Brothers . The Beagles were intended as a smaller and slower follow on to the previous , which would be affordable enough to be built in large numbers. The use of coal as a fuel was ordered to reduce costs. The Beagles were not built to a standard design, with detailed design being left to the builders of individual ships in accordance with a loose specification.

Pincher was  long, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  normal. Five Yarrow boilers fed Parsons steam turbines rated at , driving three shafts and giving a design speed of .  During sea trials she reached a speed of .

The class had a gun armament of one BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VIII on the ships forecastle, and three QF 12-pounder 12 cwt guns. Torpedo armament consisted of two  torpedo tubes, with one between the ship's funnels and the aft gun, and one right aft at the stern of the ship. Two spare torpedoes were carried. The ships had a crew of 96 officers and men.

Pincher was laid down on 20 May 1909 at Denny's Dumbarton shipyard as Yard number 878 was launched on 15 March 1910, and completed on 2 September 1910.

Service history
The Beagles joined the 1st and 2nd Destroyer Flotillas as they commissioned, but in 1912, a reorganisation of the Home Fleet resulted in the Beagles forming the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla. Pincher remained part of the 3rd Flotilla in March 1913.  In October 1913, the Beagles, including Pincher, were moved to the Mediterranean as the newly formed 5th Destroyer Flotilla.

Pincher was still part of the 5th Flotilla at the outbreak of the First World War. On the eve of war, the Mediterranean Fleet was deployed to find the German battlecruiser  and cruiser . On the night of 5/6 August 1914, Pincher accompanied the battlecruisers  and  and the cruisers  and  as they patrolled west of Sicily, with Pincher putting into Bizerte on 6 August to coal and to take two captured German merchant ships, Kawak and Kalymnos into port.

In November 1914, as a response to a shortage of destroyers in home waters, Pincher was one of eight Beagle-class destroyers recalled to Britain, reaching Plymouth on 29 November, and being used to operate from Portsmouth, patrolling the routes used by cross-Channel transports. It had been planned to use the Beagles to equip a new Tenth Destroyer Flotilla based at Harwich, but the need for escorts for transports in the Channel led to these plans being abandoned, and the ships remained at Portsmouth.

On 26 March 1915, following the failure of attempts to force the Dardanelles had failed, these eight Beagles were ordered to rejoin the 5th Destroyer Flotilla Mudros for operations in support of the Dardanelles Campaign.  During the initial landings at ANZAC Cove and at Cape Helles, Pincher joined several other destroyers in minesweeping operations in the Dardanelles straits to allow  Allied battleships to bombard Turkish positions.  On the night of 12/13 May, the pre-dreadnought battleships  and  were anchored in Morto Bay, supporting French troops. To protect the two battleships, Pincher patrolled the centre of the straits,  and  patrolled the north side of the straits, with  and  patrolling the southern side. Despite these patrols, the Turkish destroyer  managed to sneak past Beagle and Bulldog on the northern side of the straits and torpedoed and sunk Goliath before successfully escaping. From March 1916, Pincher operated in the Aegean, patrolling the Dodecanese, Sporades and Cyclades and the Turkish coast.

Pincher remained with the 5th Flotilla until December 1917, but by 2 January 1918, she had returned to British waters, and was repairing at Pembroke Dock before joining the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, operating with the Northern Division of the Coast of Ireland Station and based at Buncrana in the north of Ireland. By June 1918, Pincher had transferred to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla at Devonport.

On 24 July 1918, whilst escorting the Standard Tanker War Hostage from Devonport through the Western Approaches with , Pincher took a course that brought her dangerously close to the Seven Stones Reef, between Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (the reef that would claim the supertanker Torrey Canyon in 1967). Errors in navigation due to fog compounded the error and Pincher struck the reef at high speed. The impact tore open her hull and she sank at 03:33 hours. After the accident, her commander — Lieutenant Patrick W.R. Weir — was subjected to a court-martial, at which he was sentenced to be reprimanded for steering an unsafe course.

Notes

Citations

References
 Archibald, E.H.H.; Ray Woodward (ill.) (1971). The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1860-1970. New York: Arco Publishing Co.. .

External links

1910 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Beagle-class destroyers
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Cornish shipwrecks
Maritime incidents in 1918


Aslan Taimurazovich Zaseev (; born 7 March 1982) is a former Russian football player.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 with FC Kuban Krasnodar.

External links

  Profile on the FC Kuban Krasnodar site

1982 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
PFC Spartak Nalchik players
Men's association football defenders
FC Tambov players
FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players


The Tennessee River Blueway is a  section of the Tennessee River that flows between the Chickamauga Dam and the Nickajack Dam and through downtown Chattanooga, Tennessee and the Tennessee River Gorge. The City of Chattanooga, the Tennessee River Gorge Trust, and other agencies have designated the section of river as a blueway for canoe and kayak paddler. The Blueway has camping areas next to the river, as well as museums, restaurants, activities, entertainment, and natural attractions.
From there, the Blueway meanders its way to quieter places like Williams Island State Archaeological Park. Williams Island divides the river channel with a  tract of land inhabited only by wildlife. From about 1000 to 1650, this area was home to several Native American tribes. It is now managed by the Tennessee River Gorge Trust.
Then next of course is the  stretch of the Tennessee River Gorge, a steep canyon formed by the Tennessee River. The land provides habitats for more than a thousand varieties of plants, ferns, trees, grasses and flowers as well as a wildlife population. Many of these are rare or endangered species such as the mountain skullcap. Dozens of archaeological sites bear evidence of man's presence in the Gorge for at least 10,000 years.
There is a secluded spot where you can see Nickajack Cave from the water. Tennessee Valley Authority biologists monitor its bat population and encourage the public to "bat watch." There is no cave access, but canoeists and kayakers can observe the bats from the river.

Map of the Tennessee River Blueway
View a Google Map

Gallery

External links
 Tennessee River Gorge Trust Website
 Tennessee Valley Authority Website
 Tennessee River Blueway Website
 Canoeing the Tennessee River Blueway
 City of Chattanooga Website

Tourist attractions in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Water trails
Protected areas of Hamilton County, Tennessee
Geography of Chattanooga, Tennessee
National Recreation Trails in Tennessee


Mollusca

Newly named bivalves

Archosauromorphs

Newly named dinosaurs

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

References

1890s in paleontology


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance is a Canadian Forces Primary Reserve medical unit in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.

History
This unit has a long and distinguished history that lives up to the Medical Branch's tradition of being faithful in adversity. It is the latest in a line of Saskatchewan army medical units dating back to 21 Field Ambulance of World War I and 10 Field Ambulance of World War II.

World War II
From 1940 to 1941, the unit trained at Camp Dundurn, in preparation for deployment to England. Once deployed, the unit provided medical services, as well as successfully evacuating thousands of Canadian and Allied units.

Post-World War II to 1990
In the early 1970s, the unit was disbanded along with all militia medical units across Canada, but was reformed as a Medical Company, as part of 16 Service Battalion, a combat service support unit, based out of Regina Garrison in Regina, Saskatchewan.

1990–present
In the early 1990s, the unit received official detachment status for its detachment operating in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, out of Sgt. Hugh Cairns VC Armoury. In 2004, the Canadian Forces Medical Service underwent a reorganization, and 16 Medical Company became its own unit again, and was renamed 16 (Regina) Field Ambulance.

Royal Canadian Army Cadets
16 (Regina) Field Ambulance is affiliated with 328 Royal Canadian Army Medical Cadet Corps, based in Saskatoon.

References

External links
 16 (Regina) Field Ambulance Official Website
 CFMS History/Heritage Page
 Canadian Forces Medical Service : Introduction to its History and Heritage
 Canadian War Museum

Medical units and formations of Canada
Military units and formations established in 2004
Organizations based in Regina, Saskatchewan
2004 establishments in Saskatchewan


Chapter One ~Complete Collection~ is a greatest hit album from Beni Arashiro under label Avex Trax. This was her first and also her last greatest hit album she released as Beni Arashiro before she switched to label Universal Music Japan and stage name BENI. The last 3 tracks are new songs which were originally going to be released as a single. However the single was cancelled and listed on this album due to Beni's label switch. Southern Star is a CM theme song for Orion Beer, BIG BANG is theme song for Mainichi Housou TV's broadcast of the Koushien Bowl theme song and Mellow Parade is a movie theme for the movie called Bra bra Ban ban which featured Beni herself. The DVD contains all her PVs and a First Live Digest.

Track listing
 Harmony
 Infinite...
 Here Alone
 Miracle
 Give me Up
 Hikari no Kazu dake Glamorous (光の数だけグラマラス;As Glamorous as the number of Lights)
 THE POWER
 CALL ME, BEEP ME!
 Cherish
 GOAL
 FLASH FLASH (feat. KOHEI JAPAN)
 How Are U?
 Luna
 Southern Star
 Mellow Parade
 BIG BANG

DVD

 Harmony PV
 Infinite.. PV
 Here alone PV
 Miracle PV
 Hikari no kazu dake GLAMEROUS (光の数だけグラマラス;As Glamerous as the number of Lights)
 Cherish
 How Are U?
 Luna
■First LIVE digest 2007
 BAD GIRL
 光の数だけグラマラス
 Eternal flame
 Gems
 Luna
 Infinite...
 Here Alone
 How Are U ?
 Give Me Up

References

Beni (singer) albums
2008 compilation albums
2008 video albums
Music video compilation albums
2008 live albums
Live video albums


Banni is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography

According to 1998 census of Kashmir, its population was 1,389.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


From his election in 1998 until his death in March 2013, the administration of the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez proposed and enacted populist economic policies as part of his Bolivarian Revolution.

In the early 2000s when oil prices soared and offered Chávez funds not seen since the beginning of Venezuela's economic collapse in the 1980s, Chávez's government became "semi-authoritarian and hyper-populist" and consolidated its power over the economy in order to gain control of large amounts of resources. Domestically, Chávez used such oil funds for populist policies, creating the "Bolivarian missions", aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural and social conditions.

As Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro began to increase domestic spending after the oil price collapse, high inflation, currency controls, an unfriendly environment with private businesses, as well as the risk of default, prevented the entrance of stronger foreign currencies into Venezuela. Previously, the Chávez government turned to China to fund its overspending on social programs. Despite warnings near the beginning of Chávez's tenure in the early 2000s, his government continuously overspent in social spending and did not save enough money for any future economic turmoil, which Venezuela faced shortly before and after his death. Other industries suffered as a result of the over-reliance on oil, with the share of manufacturing in GDP dropping from 17.4% in 1998 when Chávez took office to 14.2% in 2012. As a result of Chávez's overspending and policies such as price controls, there were shortages in Venezuela and the inflation rate grew to one of the highest in the world.

Government policies

Petroleum and natural resources

Venezuela is a major producer of oil products, which remains the keystone of the Venezuelan economy. Under the Chávez government, crude oil production decreased from 3.12 million barrels a day when Chávez took office in 1999, to 2.95 million barrels a day in 2007, whilst oil prices increased 660%. Stephen Randall, Director of the University of Calgary's Latin American Research Centre, points out that during Chávez's years in power Venezuela increased its dependency on oil exports to 95% (2012) from 80% when he took power in 1999. Furthermore, before the financial crisis in 2008 Venezuelan oil was selling at $129/barrel. It then dropped to $43/bbl by March 2009. Instead of reining in spending Chavez responded to reduced revenues by introducing more exchange controls and continuing with nationalizations. A 2014 article by CNBC stated that under Chávez, oil production declined from 3.5 million barrels per day to 2.6 million barrels per day, though Venezuela only made a profit from 1.4 million barrels per day due to Venezuela giving large amounts of its oil away for free. CNBC continued stating that though oil production decreased, public spending increased to over 50% of the GDP, spending more than received in oil profits which led to foreign loans that amounted to over $106 billion as of 2012. Foreign investment flows by the end of his presidency in 2013 were half what they had been in 1999.

On 13 November 2001, under an enabling law authorized by the National Assembly, Chávez enacted the Hydrocarbons Law, through which it sought to gain greater state control over the oil industry. The law increased the transnational companies taxation in oil extraction activities to 30% and set the minimum state participation in "mixed companies" at 51%, whereby the state-run oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA), could have joint control with private companies over industry.

Chávez used PDVSA funds to support political projects. Chávez also explored the liquidation of some or all of the assets belonging to PDVSA's US-based subsidiary, Citgo, which received criticism amongst the Venezuelan public due to corruption. According to finance minister Nelson Merentes, the Venezuelan 2006 budget would get more income from taxation than from the petroleum industry, unlike formerly.

In 2012, analysts said that PDVSA was in a "crisis" since "in the last ten years, they haven't been able to grow production". Analysts and OPEC also disagreed with Venezuela's claims of oil output. Critics have also noticed that investments in oil and natural gas production only amounted to US$17.9 billion while the government spent US$30.1 billion on social programs and Russian fighter jets. The secretary general of the United Federation of Petroleum Workers of Venezuela (FUTPV) said "PDVSA is falling apart" and that "lack of direction, investment and maintenance are wrecking the oil and natural gas industries". Critics have also accused Chavez of letting loyalists run PDVSA instead of those qualified for the positions since the company only hires political supporters of the president. In 2013, PDVSA took more than US$10 billion in loans from China and Russia due to an alleged lack of hard currency and had a financial debt of US$39.2 billion.

Cooperatives and economic democratization
Since Chávez was elected in 1998, over 100,000 worker-owned cooperatives—representing approximately 1.5 million people—were formed with the assistance of government start-up credit, technical training, and by giving preferential treatment to cooperatives in state purchases of goods and equipment. There has been an increase in the amount of cooperative enterprises that have tax incentives in the new 1999 constitution. As of 2005, approximately 16% of Venezuela's formally employed citizens were employed in a cooperative. However, a 2006 census showed that as many as 50% of the cooperatives were either functioning improperly, or were fraudulently created to gain access to public funds.

Additionally, several thousand "Communal Councils" (Consejos Communales) were created. In these Communal councils, citizens form assemblies to determine what will be done with government funds in their local area. Groups are made up of 150-200 or more families in urban areas, and starting at around 15-20 families in rural areas, and their decisions are binding to local government officials. 21,000 of these groups were created in 2007, and 30,179 by 2009. As of 2007, about 30% of state funds were directly controlled by communal councils, with a goal of eventually having them control 50%.

Banking laws passed in 2001 require that all banks set aside at least 3% of their capital for micro-loans.

Poverty reduction programs and social spending

One of the primary ways that the Chávez administration attempted to fix the problem of economic inequality was by wealth redistribution, primarily via land reform, and social programs. The Chávez government pursued a series of Bolivarian Missions aimed at providing public services (such as food, healthcare, and education) to improve economic, cultural, and social conditions. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), poverty rates fell from 49.4% in 1999 to 23.9% in 2012. Data from the National Institute of Statistics (INE) shows that Venezuela's poverty rate decreased between 1999 and 2013 from 48.7% to 32.1%. A 2010 OAS report criticizing Venezuela's human rights standards indicated achievements in addressing illiteracy, healthcare and poverty, and economic and social advances.

The Chávez government overspent in social spending, however, and did not save enough money for any future economic difficulties. On 31 March 2000, Chávez initiated policies that resulted with the Venezuelan government spending more than it received as oil prices began to rise. Poverty in Venezuela began increasing going into the 2010s. During Chávez's campaign before the 2012 presidential election, he tripled Venezuela's deficit while on a "spending spree". In 2014 El Universal reported that in the previous five years that included years under Chávez's policies, purchasing power for those with minimum wage jobs had dramatically decreased compared to other countries in the region, supposedly due to the high inflation rate and the multiple devaluations of Venezuela's currency.

Price controls
The Venezuelan government also set price controls in 2003 on around 400 basic foods in an effort according to The Washington Post, to "counter inflation and protect the poor", and in March 2009, they set minimum production quotas for 12 basic foods that were subject to price controls, including white rice, cooking oil, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, cheese, and tomato sauce. However, the lack of free-floating currency meant that the government was overpaying for these foods, which led shortages as limited amount of these foods began to be imported, even while demand was growing.

Missions and other projects
Chávez created many projects and missions during his presidency, though he often took credit for some started by his predecessors as well. Many projects initiated during his presidency have remained incomplete and have experienced difficulties due to funding issues, political costs, corruption and bad execution. As of late 2013, over 4,000 projects initiated remained incomplete with 25% of those projects beginning before 2006. Despite the investment of billions of dollars, such projects that were not completed and experienced multiple delays included repairs to the Parque Central Complex, moving the Las Mayas garbage center, the clean up of the Guaire River, a National Cancer Center, Plan Vargas 2005, and multiple transportation projects.

Chávez also initiated Mission Habitat, a Venezuelan government program to construct new housing units for the poor. The housing mission has also experienced difficulties with El Universal stating that one of the Chávez administration's outstanding weaknesses was the failure to meet its goals of construction of housing. Chávez promised to build 150,000 houses in 2006, but in the first half of the year, completed only 24 percent of that target, with 35,000 houses. In 2013, the Venezuelan government also failed to complete nearly 50% of projected homes. The housing market in Venezuela had also shrunk significantly. Developers have avoided Venezuela due to the massive number of companies who have had their property expropriated by the government.

According to the Venezuelan government, the "Miracle Mission" program had the Venezuela and Cuban governments collaborated to perform free eye care to over 1,139,798 people, with an average of 5,000 operations occurring on a weekly basis in 74 medical centers around Venezuela, as of July 2010. Several thousand people from other Latin American nations—including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay—were also given free treatment under the program.

Agriculture and land reform
From 2003, Chavez set strict price controls on food, and these price controls caused shortages and hoarding. In January 2008, Chavez ordered the military to seize 750 tons of food that sellers were illegally trying to smuggle across the border to sell for higher prices than what was legal in Venezuela. In February 2009, Chavez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he claimed they had been avoiding in response to the price caps. In May 2010, Chavez ordered the military to seize 120 tons of food from Empresas Polar. In March 2009, Chavez set minimum production quotas for 12 basic foods that were subject to price controls, including white rice, cooking oil, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, cheese, and tomato sauce. Business leaders and food producers claimed that the government was forcing them to produce this food at a loss. Chávez nationalized many large farms. Chávez said of the farmland, "The land is not private. It is the property of the state." Some of the farmland that had been productive while under private ownership is now idle under government ownership, and some of the farm equipment sits gathering dust. As a result, food production fell substantially. One farmer, referring to the government officials overseeing the land redistribution, stated, "These people know nothing about agriculture." Chávez seized many supermarkets from their owners. Under government ownership, the shelves in these supermarkets are often empty. In 2010, after the government nationalized the port at Puerto Cabello, more than 120,000 tons of food sat rotting at the port. In May 2010, after price controls caused shortages of beef, at least 40 butchers were arrested, and some of them were held at a military base and later strip searched by police.

Although the Venezuelan government allows small farmers to work the land, it does not always give them title to the land, and they are sometimes required to work as part of a collective. This reallocation of land does not necessarily lead to better food production; farmers are hurt by the state setting low prices for their produce.

The government also tried to introduce large-scale urban agriculture to the populace, to increase local self-reliance. In Caracas, the government launched Organoponico Bolivar I, a pilot program to bring organopónicos to Venezuela. Urban agriculture was not embraced in Caracas as it has been in Cuba. Unlike Cuba, where organopónicos arose from the bottom-up out of necessity, the Venezuelan organopónicos were clearly a top-down initiative based on Cuba's success. Another problem for urban agriculture in Venezuela was the high amounts of pollution in major Venezuelan urban areas.  At the Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician comes every 15 days to take a reading from the small pollution meter in the middle of the garden.

Nationalizations
In 2006, the Chávez government began nationalizing several industries as part of its policy of wealth redistribution and reducing the influence of multinational corporations. As a result of these nationalizations, production of goods in Venezuela had dropped.

A 3 January 2007 article in the International Herald Tribune reported that price controls were causing shortages of materials used in the construction industry. In 2008, cement production was largely nationalised, with Venezuelan-located plants belonging to Mexico's Cemex, Switzerland's Holcim, and France's Lafarge being bought by the government. Compensations of $552 million for Holcim and $267 million for Lafarge were agreed upon, with both of those companies agreeing to stay on as minority partners and retaining 10 to 15 percent shares; the takeover from Cemex was less friendly and compensation had not been agreed on as of March 2009. According to a 4 April 2008 article from CBS News, Chavez ordered the nationalization of the cement industry, in response to the fact that the industry was exporting its products in order to receive prices above those which it was allowed to obtain within the country. In 2013, it was reported that production of cement dropped by 60%, furnaces stopped and cement had to be imported from Colombia. It was also reported that some stores had shortages of cement and would ration the number of cement bags purchased. Workers of the Socialist Cement Corporation protested against their employers due to not being paid and not being able to receive help at clinics due to company debt.

Chavez nationalized Venezuela's largest telephone companies and electric utilities. The main telephone company, CANTV, was nationalised by buying US-based Verizon Communications' 28.5 percent share for $572 million. Since the nationalizations of communication companies, allegations of censorship by the government and CANTV have been made, especially during the 2014 Venezuelan protests.
The nation's largest private electricity producer, 82-percent owned by US-based AES Corp, was obtained by paying $740 million to AES for its share. Since then, Venezuela's electrical grid has been plagued with occasional blackouts in various districts of the country. In 2011, it had so many problems that rations on electricity were put in place to help ease blackouts. On 3 September 2013, 70% of the country plunged into darkness with 14 of 23 states of Venezuela stating they did not have electricity for most of the day.
In 2008 the Venezuelan government nationalized the leading steel company, Argentine-controlled Sidor, following months of strikes and labour-management disputes. Since the nationalization of Sidor, the production of the company has dropped every year.

In 2008 Chávez ordered the halting of the construction of a mega-shopping mall, in downtown Caracas by Sambil, saying that it was inappropriate development in an already overcrowded, over-trafficked area. He suggested the land would be nationalized and turned into a hospital or university. Since then, the mall has rarely been used. It opens occasionally and its parking garage shelters the homeless.
A food plant owned by US giant Cargill was nationalised in early 2009.
On 28 February 2009 Chavez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he claimed they had been avoiding in response to the price caps.
Banco de Venezuela was nationalized in 2009; Banco Bicentenario was created in late 2009 from nationalized banks taken over in the course of the Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009-2010.

Taxation
The Venezuelan government instituted several new taxes on non-priority and luxury goods, aiming to shift the nation's tax burden from the poor to the wealthy, and to control inflation. In 2012, Venezuela's taxes were ranked 188th out of 189 countries due to the high number of payments per year and a 61.7% tax on income per year.

From March 2009 VAT tax rate was raised to 12% to cover for oil price reduction

Infrastructure

Transportation
Despite the large scale of road building beginning in the 1960s that benefitted the aluminum and oil industry; public services, especially within the infrastructure of Venezuela, was poor.
At the beginning of August 2008, Chávez announced that Venezuela would partner with Argentina and Brazil to build a train that would connect Venezuela's capital (Caracas) with Argentina's (Buenos Aires), and cities in between.

Venezuela's rail project is being put on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion and owing China Railway nearly $500 million.

International economic policies

One of the Chávez administration's primary goals was to reduce the influence of foreign capitalists in Venezuela, as part of its overall push towards localized economic democratization. Towards this aim, it strongly promoted various forms of Latin American economic and political integration—such as regional currencies (e.g. SUCRE, somewhat analogous to the Euro), regional credit/financial institutions such as Bancosur (to remove dependence on the IMF/World Bank), and trade pacts (such as ALBA, Petrosur, or bartering oil for doctors with Cuba).

The SUCRE system is a virtual currency system used mainly by Venezuela and Ecuador. There are some risks such as money laundering and fraud. However, it has been seen as beneficial for trade since Ecuador uses the United States dollar as its national currency and Venezuela's strict currency controls have created a US dollar shortage in Venezuela.

Regional integration

Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras, Bolivia, and Ecuador joined Venezuela as members of the Bolivaran Alliance for the Americas (ALBA). Chávez described ALBA as "a flexible model for the integration of Latin America that places social concerns in the forefront."

Eudomar Tovar, president of the Unified System of Regional Compensation (SUCRE) said:

Foreign debt
Chávez announced Venezuela's withdrawal from the International Monetary Fund and World Bank after paying back all his country's debts to both institutions; he charged them with being an imperial tool that aims to exploit poor countries, news sources reported. But as of March 2008, Venezuela is still a member of both institutions.

In 2005, the Venezuelan government partnered with Argentina, and Brazil to negotiate their foreign debt as a collective bloc. Chávez also suggested that at least 10% of all Latin American foreign debt be paid into an "International Humanitarian Fund", that would be used to fund social programs without having structural adjustment requirements attached.

The Venezuelan government had been running out of hard currency to pay bills before the death of Chavez. A major railway project in Venezuela was delayed because Venezuela cannot pay US$7.5 billion and owes China Railway nearly US$500 million. Many international airlines such as Air Canada, Air Europa, American Airlines, and United Airlines suspended operation in Venezuela. The Venezuelan government faced accusations of owing international airlines more than $3.7 billion and violating treaties, with the International Air Transport Association accusing the government of failing to "repatriate" $3.7 billion in air ticket revenue owed to foreign airlines.

Currency and foreign reserves
When initially elected into office in 1998, Chávez promised that he would not create currency exchange controls.

In order to prevent capital flight, and maintain the stability of the Venezuelan bolívar, the Chávez administration enacted strict currency controls in January 2003, making it more difficult for investors to exchange bolívars for dollars. The controls forced many Venezuelan investors to seek out domestic investment opportunities, rather than foreign investments. It also resulted in a large increase in foreign currency reserves, which had reached $35 billion by 2006, which is as high as Canada's (which has a slightly higher population), and on a per capita basis is much larger than Germany's ($55 billion)
By the end of 2013, gold and foreign reserves of Venezuela dropped $9 billion in one year to $21 billion.

Since the currency controls were imposed in 2003, there was a series of devaluations, disrupting the economy; the devaluation of February 2013 was the seventh since Chavez took power.

Foreign trade
Foreign trade from Venezuela was ranked 179 out of 185 countries due to many reasons. One was the large number of documents that are needed in order to export and import. The amount of time to export goods from Venezuela is more than 5 times longer than the average country with the time importing is 8 times longer than average. Prices for trade are also 3 times higher than the average country.

Even though Venezuela has been trying to seek autonomy from most foreign countries, the United States has continued to be its largest trade partner. Venezuela sends 39.3% of its exports to the United States and the majority of imports compiling to 31.2% are from the United States.

Economic indicators

Economic growth and production

The Chavez government's confiscations of private businesses, especially oil businesses, greatly weakened the private sector; oil production collapsed. The government of Venezuela treats PDVSA as a cash-cow, and the company only hires political supporters of the president. The GDP of Venezuela was approximately the same in 2012 as it was in the 1970s.

For the year 2009, the Venezuelan economy shrank by an average of 2.9% due to the global recession.

Income and poverty
Datos reports real income grew by 137% between 2003 and Q1 2006. The World Bank estimates that 31.9% are below the poverty line.

Social scientists and economists have declared that the government's reported income poverty figures did not fall in proportion to the country's vast petroleum revenues in the last two years, much of which was directed to social spending to decrease the cost of living.

Venezuela's infant mortality rate fell by 18.2% between 1998 and 2006.

Consumer prices and inflation

When Chávez took office, the annual inflation rate was at 29.5% and according to Banco Central de Venezuela, inflation dropped to 14.4% in 2005. During 2005, imported goods were cheaper than commodities made in Venezuela; variability in the price of goods was linked to import performance and exchange stability. In the second quarter of 2006, gross fixed investment was the highest ever recorded by the Banco Central de Venezuela since it started tracking the statistic in 1997.

In 2009 the inflation rate was 27.1%. According to the Economist, the Chávez government's economic policies, including strict price controls, have led to Venezuela having the highest inflation in the world at the time. When Chávez left office, the inflation rate was at 29.4%, which was .1%  less than when he first took office.

Government spending
Teresa A. Meade wrote that Chávez's popularity "rests squarely on the lower classes who have benefited from these health initiatives and similar policies".

Implied value and currency black market

The implied value or "black market value" is what Venezuelans believe the hard bolívar is worth compared to the United States dollar. In the first few years of Chavez's office, his newly created social programs required large payments in order to make the desired changes. On 5 February 2003, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. Its creation was to control capital flight by placing limits on individuals and only offering them so much of a foreign currency. This limit to foreign currency led to a creation of a currency black market economy since Venezuelan merchants rely on foreign goods that require payments with reliable foreign currencies. As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held the majority of the more reliable currencies.

At the end of 2013, the official exchange rate was US$1 to Bs.F 6.3 while the black market exchange rate was over ten times higher since the actual value of the bolívar is overvalued for Venezuelan businesses. Since merchants can only receive so much necessary foreign currency from the government, they must resort to the black market which in turn raises the merchant's prices on consumers. The high rates in the black market make it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods since the government often forces these businesses to make price cuts.
This leads to businesses selling their goods and making a low profit, such as Venezuelan McDonald's franchises offering a Big Mac meal for only $1. Since businesses make low profits, this leads to shortages since they are unable import the goods that Venezuela is reliant on. Venezuela's largest food producing company, Empresas Polar, has stated that they may need to suspend some production for nearly the entire year of 2014 since they owe foreign suppliers $463 million. The last report of shortages in Venezuela showed that 22.4% of necessary goods are not in stock. This was the last report by the government since the central bank no longer posts the scarcity index. This has led to speculation that the government is hiding its inability to control the economy which may create doubt about future economic data released.

Food and agriculture
When agricultural measures of the Chávez administration took effect, food imports rose dramatically, and such agricultural mainstays as beef, rice, and milk saw drops in production. With declining oil revenues, food shortages became more widespread. Venezuela faced serious food shortages, as the Chávez government's price controls distorted the market.

In January 2008, Chávez ordered the military to seize 750 tons of food that sellers were illegally trying to smuggle across the border to sell for higher prices than what was legal in Venezuela. In February 2009, Chávez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he claimed they had been avoiding in response to the price caps. In May 2010, Chávez ordered the military to seize 120 tons of food from Empresas Polar after inconsistencies in reports from the Empresas Polar conglomerate were said to have been detected by authorities.

As part of his strategy of food security Chávez started a national chain of supermarkets, the Mercal network, which had 16,600 outlets and 85,000 employees that distributed food at highly discounted prices, and ran 6000 soup kitchens throughout the country. The food was sold at as much as 40% below the price ceiling set for privately owned stores. Simultaneously Chávez expropriated many private supermarkets. The Mercal network was criticized by some commentators as being a part of Chávez's strategy to brand himself as a provider of cheap food, and the shops feature his picture prominently. The Mercal network was subject to frequent scarcities of basic staples such as meat, milk and sugar – and when scarce products arrived, shoppers had to wait in line.

In March 2009, the Venezuelan government set minimum production quotas for 12 basic foods that were subject to price controls, including white rice, cooking oil, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, cheese, and tomato sauce, which is intended to stop food companies from evading the law. Business leaders and food producers claimed that the government was forcing them to produce this food at a loss. Chávez expropriated and redistributed 5 million acres of farmland from large landowners, saying: "The land is not private. It is the property of the state... The land is for those who work it." But, the lack of basic resources made it difficult or impossible to make full use of the expropriated lands by its new tenants – leading to a lower overall degree of productivity in spite of a larger overall area of land under cultivation.

In 2011, food prices in Caracas were nine times higher than when the price controls were put in place and resulted in shortages of cooking oil, chicken, powdered milk, cheese, sugar and meat. Datanálisis, an independent polling firm found that powdered milk could be found in less than half of grocery stores in Venezuela and that liquid milk was even more scarce in the country. Jose Guerra, former executive of the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) explained that Venezuela's large increases on purchasing food in 2012 and reserves that are at their lowest levels since 2004 contributed to dollar shortages that Venezuela suffered in the years following 2012.

In 2007 14,383 tonnes of milk, rice, pasta, beef and chicken, worth $54 million were also abandoned. In 2010, after the government nationalized the port at Puerto Cabello, more than 120,000 tons of food worth 10.5 bolívars sat rotting at the port. In May 2010, during a shortage of beef, at least 40 butchers were detained on charges of speculation for allegedly selling meat above the regulated price; some of them were held at a military base and later strip-searched by police.

Employment
According to government figures, unemployment dropped by 7.7% since the start of Chávez's presidency. It dropped to 10% in February 2006, from the 20% high in 2003 during a two-month strike and business lockout that shut down the country's oil industry. According to the government, an unemployed person is a citizen above the age of 15 who has been seeking employment for more than one week.

Business environment
According to Gilberto Gudino Millán, president of the Trade Union and Business Services in the Zulia State (UCEZ), 490,000 businesses had left Venezuela from 1998 to 2014 in what he called a "business holocaust". In 2006, the business environment in Venezuela was listed as "risky and discouraged investment", by El Universal. As measured by prices on local stock exchanges, foreign investors were willing to pay on average 16.3 years worth of earnings to invest in Colombian companies, 15.9 in Chile, 11.1 in Mexico, and 10.7 in Brazil, but only 5.8 in Venezuela. The World Economic Forum ranked Venezuela as 82 out of 102 countries on a measure of how favorable investment was for financial institutions. In Venezuela, a foreign investor needed an average of 119 days and had to complete 14 different applications to organize a business, while the average in OECD countries was 30 days and six applications. The International Finance Corporation ranked Venezuela one of the lowest countries for doing business ranking it 180 of 185 countries for its Doing Business 2013 report with protecting investors and taxes being its worst rankings.

In January 2013, The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal gave Venezuela's economic freedom a low score of 36.1, twenty points lower than 56.1 in 1999 and was ranked very low at 174 of 177 countries on its 2013 Index of Economic Freedom report with its freedom trend heading downward.

Foreign investment
In 2006, the business environment in Venezuela was listed as "risky and discouraged investment" by El Universal. As measured by prices on local stock exchanges, foreign investors were willing to pay on average 16.3 years worth of earnings to invest in Colombian companies, 15.9 in Chile, 11.1 in Mexico, and 10.7 in Brazil, but only 5.8 in Venezuela. The World Economic Forum ranked Venezuela as 82 out of 102 countries on a measure of how favorable investment was for financial institutions. In Venezuela, a foreign investor needed an average of 119 days and had to complete 14 different applications to organize a business, while the average in OECD countries was 30 days and six applications.

See also
 Economy of Venezuela
 Shortages in Venezuela

References

Crisis in Venezuela
Economic history of Venezuela
Hugo Chávez


Events in chess in 1916:

Chess events in brief
 The 1st Isaac Rice Memorial Tournament – fourteen participants played in New York City, from January 18 to February 4, 1916. Wealthy German–American inventor Isaac Leopold Rice (1850–1915) was a lover of chess (Rice Gambit) and a patron of chess competitions. The event included two stages (preliminaries and final). The preliminaries started as a round-robin tournament. Five players qualified for the final. José Raúl Capablanca played superior chess in the preliminaries. Since the results of the preliminaries carried over into the finals, Capablanca with a 3½-point lead was a heavy favorite to win the tournament. Dawid Janowski, Boris Kostić and Abraham Kupchik tied for 2nd-4th, and Oscar Chajes took 5th place. The final tournament was won by Chajes (who beat Capablanca) and Janowski, ahead of Capablanca, Kostić and Kupchik. Summary, the winner was Capablanca (+12 –1 =4), followed by Janowski 11 points, Chajes 10½ points, Kostić and Kupchik 10 points each.

Tournaments
 Triberg chess tournament (Triangular), won by Efim Bogoljubow ahead of Ilya Rabinovich and Alexey Selezniev, 1915/16.
 London (the 26th London championship), won by Theodor Germann and Edward Guthlac Sergeant, 1915/16.
 New York City (Rice Memorial), won by José Raúl Capablanca followed by Dawid Janowski, Oscar Chajes, Boris Kostić and Abraham Kupchik, 18 January – 4 February.
 New York City (Manhattan Chess Club Championship), won by Kupchik.
 Vancouver (the 1st British Columbia Championship), won by John Ewing, finished 25 February.
 Warsaw won by Moishe Lowtzky and Akiba Rubinstein, followed by Jan Kleczyński, Jr., Zdzisław Belsitzmann and Alexander Flamberg, March.
 Chicago (the 17th Western Chess Association), won by Edward Lasker ahead of Jackson Whipps Showalter, finished 23 August.
 Milan (the 1st Torneo Nazionale Crespi) won by Arturo Reggio ahead of G. Cenni and A. Dolci.
 Triberg won by I. Rabinovich ahead of E. Bogoljubow and A. Selezniev.
 Amsterdam won by Max Marchand ahead of Adolf Georg Olland.
 Copenhagen (the 9th Nordic Chess Championship), won by Paul Johner ahead of Orla Hermann Krause, Otto von Löwenborg and M. Marchand.
 Copenhagen (Nordic-ch, B-tournament), won by Karl Berndtsson ahead of O. Nilsson.
 Stockholm won by Gustaf Nyholm ahead of E. Jakobson.
 London (the 27th London championship), won by E.G. Sergeant.
 Brno won by Julius Brach ahead of J. Dobiaš.
 Brno won by J. Dobiaš followed by F. Nachtikal, J. Brach and J. Rašovsky.
 Běluň won by Karel Opočenský ahead of Jan Schulz.
 Budapest (Quadrangular), won by Gyula Breyer followed by Zoltán von Balla, Richard Réti, Johannes Esser.
 Vienna (the 8th Leopold Trebitsch Memorial Tournament) (Trianglular), won by Carl Schlechter ahead of Milan Vidmar and Arthur Kaufmann, 1916/17.
 Łódź won by A. Rubinstein ahead of Gersz Salwe and Teodor Regedziński, 1916/17.

Matches
 Emanuel Lasker beat Siegbert Tarrasch (+5 –0 =1) in Berlin.
 Akiba Rubinstein won against Moishe Lowtzky (+2 –0 =1), play-off in Warsaw.
 Edward Guthlac Sergeant beat Theodor Germann (+2 –0 =0), play-off in London.
 Arthur Kaufmann defeated Savielly Tartakower (+2 –0 =2) in Vienna.
 Alexander Alekhine won against Alexander Evensohn (+2 –1 =0) in Kiev.
 Siegbert Tarrasch defeated Jacques Mieses (+7 –2 =4) in Berlin; prize was 1/2 pound of butter.

Births
 7 January - Paul Keres born in Narva, Estonia. EST-ch 1935,42,42,45,53. GM 1950.
 4 February - Octav Troianescu born in Romania. ROU-ch 1946,54,56,57. IM 1950.
 6 May - Povilas Tautvaišas born in Lithuania.
 11 May - Osmo Ilmari Kaila born in Helsinki, Finland; twice FIN-ch 1939, 1954. IM 1952.
 15 May - Vincenzo Castaldi born in Marradi, Italy; seven times ITA-ch. IM 1950.
 20 August - Paul Felix Schmidt born in Narva, Estonia; twice EST-ch 1936, 1937 and GER-ch 1941. IM 1950.
 3 September - Alexander Koblencs born in Riga, Latvia. LAT-ch 1941,45,46,49. IM.
 16 September - Vernon Dilworth born in England. Dilworth variation.
 18 November - Miguel Cuéllar Gacharná born in Colombia; eight times COL-ch, IM 1957.

Deaths
 5 July - Friedrich Köhnlein died in the Battle of Somme, France.
 26 July - Henry Charlick died in Adelaide, Australia, the 1st AUS-ch 1887.
 2 October - Robert Henry Barnes died in New Zealand.
 27 December - Hugo Süchting died in Valluhn, Germany.

References

20th century in chess
Chess by year


Georgi Guramovich Dzhioyev (; born 13 June 1986) is a Russian football coach and former player. He is an assistant coach with FC Khimki.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 for FC Rostov.

In December 2009, his contract with FC Kuban Krasnodar expired and on 29 December 2009 he joined FC Tom Tomsk.

Playing for Kuban he was runner-up of the Russian First Division in 2008.

References

1986 births
People from Tskhinvali
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Rostov players
FC Tom Tomsk players
Russian Premier League players
FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi players
FC Amkar Perm players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
Men's association football defenders


Canada's Golgotha is a  bronze sculpture by the British sculptor Francis Derwent Wood, produced in 1918. It illustrates the story of the Crucified Soldier from the First World War and depicts a Canadian soldier crucified on a barn door and surrounded by jeering Germans. It is now on show at the Canadian War Museum.

Background

The story of the crucified soldier emerged in 1915, when it was claimed that a Canadian officer (later said to have been a sergeant) was crucified by German soldiers. The authenticity of the event was never established, though several soldiers claimed to have seen the body of the victim on display.

Two sworn statements were presented, and one from a Victoria Cross holder attached a name to the victim: "Sergeant Brant". The sworn testimony from the two English soldiers, who claimed to have seen "the corpse of a Canadian soldier fastened with bayonets to a barn door", was subsequently debunked when it was discovered that the part of the front involved had never been occupied by Germans. In 2002 British documentary maker Iain Overton alleged that the crucified soldier did exist, and named him as Sergeant Harry Band (not "Brant").

Controversy

The sculpture was included in the exhibition of the Canadian War Memorial Fund collection in London, and was widely publicized before the exhibition opened. It was reproduced in more than one British newspaper, notably the Daily Mail. The exhibition, at Burlington House, London, was due to open in January 1919, just before the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden requested further investigation into the veracity of the story. At this time the German government formally requested that the Canadian government publicly acknowledge that the story of the crucified soldier was untrue, or else provide evidence. The official Canadian response to the Germans was that they had sufficient evidence to believe that the account was true, but when the Germans demanded a part in the investigation, the sculpture was withdrawn from the exhibition. It was not shown again until the 1990s.

A de facto government ban on exhibiting or even photographing the sculpture was in effect as late as 1989, when a request by Maria Tippett to include a photograph of it in an exhibition was denied. The statue was finally displayed again in 1992 in a Canadian War Museum exhibition, "Peace Is the Dream". The sculpture was also displayed in 2000 at an exhibition entitled "Under the Sign of the Cross: Creative Expressions of Christianity in Canada" at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in 2000, when the controversy was again commented upon.

Bibliography
Notes

References

 - Total pages: 211
 - Total pages: 327

External links
Flickr (non-free) image
Catalogue entry for Canada's Golgotha

Bronze sculptures in Ontario
1918 sculptures
Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
Controversies in Canada
Sculpture controversies
Photography controversies


The Albatross expedition (Albatrossexpeditionen) was a Swedish oceanographic expedition that between July 4, 1947, and October 3, 1948, sailed around the world during 15 months covering 45 000  nautical miles. The expedition is considered the second largest Swedish research expedition after the Vega expedition. The expedition was very successful, received international attention, and is considered one of the important steps in the history of oceanography.

The Albatross
The expedition was carried out on board the newly built training ship Albatross. The 70 meter long and 11 meter wide vessel was a combined motor and sailing vessel. The Boström line (Broströmskoncernen) had just built the student ship to train prospective ship's officers and this vessel with associated crew was lent to the expedition.

Since the Boström line lent the ship at almost no cost, the expedition could be financed and carried out with only private donations. The leader of the expedition was Swedish physicist and oceanographer Hans Pettersson.

The main task of the expedition was to take up to 20 m long sediment cores from the ocean floor. This was made using a newly developed corer, known as piston sampler, developed by Börje Kullenberg. Until then the longest cores that could be taken were 2 m.

The expedition also carried out the first seismic reflection measurements of the sediment thickness, using sink bombs. The results of the sediment studies were ground-breaking since they revealed that the sediment thickness increased away from the mid-oceanic ridges, along with the sediment accumulation time. This was one of several pieces of evidence that eventually led to the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics.
Apart from sediments, the expedition looked at biology. The first deep sea trawling, at 7 600-7 900 m depth, revealed that those depths were not the dead zone that previously had been the accepted view.

Notes

Other sources
Hans Pettersson (1950) Med Albatross över havsdjupen (Stockholm: Bonnier)
Eric Olausson (1996) The Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition with the "Albatross" 1947-1948 (Novum, Grafiska AB)

Oceanography
Science and technology in Sweden
Oceanographic expeditions
Expeditions from Sweden


The  is an art gallery in Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.

The building was opened in November 1987. Designed by Nihon Sekkei (), it is of reinforced concrete construction, with one basement floor and three floors above ground, and has floor space of 4059 square metres.

The permanent collection of the gallery includes works by such artists as Tsuguharu Fujita, Zenzōrō Kojima (), Shikanosuke Oka (), Kazuo Sakata (), and Kumi Sugai ().

The museum is at Meguro 2–4–36, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, a ten-minute walk from Meguro Station.

The museum holds frequent exhibitions.

References

External links
Meguro Museum of Art, Tokyo

Art museums and galleries in Tokyo
Modern art museums in Japan
Art museums established in 1987
Buildings and structures in Meguro
1987 establishments in Japan


Templeton On The Green, converted from the Templeton Carpet Factory, is a distinctive building near the People's Palace, in Glasgow, Scotland, opened in 1892. In 1984 it was converted into the Templeton Business Centre, then in 2005 a major regeneration project made it into a mixed use 'lifestyle village' incorporating apartments, office space, and the WEST brewery, bar and restaurant.

History

The building was designed and built as a carpet factory for James Templeton and Son, for the manufacture of Templeton's patented spool Axminster carpets.

After repeated design proposals had been rejected by Glasgow Corporation, James Templeton hired the famous architect William Leiper to produce a design that would be so grand it could not possibly be rejected, so William Leiper modelled the building on the Doge's Palace in Venice. (Venetian Gothic style)

Construction began in 1888. On 1 November 1889, during construction, the factory façade collapsed due to insecure fixings and the wind which blew it down. 29 women were killed in adjacent weaving sheds. The building was completed in 1892. (The story of the disaster is carved in a section of stone beneath the base of Templeton Gate, installed during refurbishment work to the area in 2005.) The building was completed in 1892, at a cost of £20,000, but restoration of the collapsed facade and weaving sheds added £3000 to the building costs.

A fire in the factory in 1900 resulted in more deaths, commemorated by a female statue on top of the facade.

In 1983, James Templeton & Co merged with A F Stoddard and Henry Widnell & Stewart to form Stoddard Carpets. The building was converted by the Scottish Development Agency and became a business centre in 1984.

Current use
In 2005, the building was extensively modified in a £22 million regeneration project to form a mixed use 'lifestyle village'. This incorporates 143 new apartments, accommodation for Sportscotland (the Scottish Institute of Sport), [IDP Architects], Front Page (a creative design studio) and the WEST brewery, bar and restaurant, which takes up the ground floor of the main building.

References

External links

Video footage of Templeton's Carpet Factory

Buildings and structures in Glasgow
Listed industrial buildings in Scotland
Category A listed buildings in Glasgow
Brick buildings and structures
Gothic Revival architecture in Scotland
Venetian Gothic architecture in the United Kingdom
Glasgow Green