Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.

Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of  to  inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.

Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).

The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.

The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.

Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.

Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.

Life cycle
Males patrol for females.  The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes.  It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots.  There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen.  The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable.  It has three or more broods per year.

Host plants
 Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
 White vine, Funastrum clausum
 West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia

References

eresimus
Butterflies of North America
Butterflies of Central America
Butterflies of the Caribbean
Nymphalidae of South America
Butterflies of Cuba
Lepidoptera of Brazil
Butterflies described in 1777
Least concern biota of North America


The Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all areas of cardiology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the International Society for Cardiovascular Translational Research. It was established in 2008 and the editor-in-chief is Enrique Lara-Pezzi, CNIC, Madrid, Spain.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.319.

References

External links

 International Society for Cardiovascular Translational Research

English-language journals
Cardiology journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 2008


The Council elections held in Wolverhampton on Thursday 1 May 1986 were one third, and 20 of the 60 seats were up for election.

Due to a vacancy in Wednesfield North two members were elected.

The Labour Party gained the following wards from the Conservatives:

Bilston North,
Fallings Park,
Oxley,
Wednesfield North (1 seat).

The SDP/Liberal Alliance gained Spring Vale from Labour.

Prior to the election the constitution of the council was:

Labour 34
Conservative 23
Alliance 2
Vacancy 1

Following the election the constitution of the council was:

Labour 38
Conservative 19
Alliance 3

Election result

1986
1986 English local elections
1980s in the West Midlands (county)


This is a list of members of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1619 to 1775 from the references listed at the end of the article. The members of the first assembly in 1619, the members of the last assembly in 1775 and the Speakers of the House are designated by footnotes. Surviving records do not include lists of members for some years, especially before 1676, and do not include all the members for some of the sessions. Some of these omissions may be covered by the names of persons who served in several sessions. This list does not include officials of the assembly, such as chaplains or clerks, who were not burgesses, or persons who were elected but denied a seat.

"(Burgess)" is used in many titles of linked articles or planned articles below to distinguish members of the Virginia House of Burgesses from other persons with the same name.  Two burgesses of the same name are distinguished by showing the first year served in the assembly after the word "burgess" in the link. "Burgess" may need to be added to some titles of unwritten articles if articles of similar name are written first and need for disambiguation arises.  Militia officer grades are shown only if they are identified as such or included with a military grade title (e.g. captain) on a list of burgesses in a source or in a thumbnail or other biography. These grades, or ranks, were generally, but not always, shown on original lists of members of sessions. The absence of such a grade before a name on the list should not be assumed to mean the burgess was not a militia officer at some time in his life.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

See also
 List of speakers of the Virginia House of Burgesses

Notes

References
 Hening, William Waller. The Statutes at Large; being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the year 1619, Volume I. New York: Published pursuant to an act of the General Assembly of Virginia, passed on the Fifth day of February One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eight, Printed for the Editor by R. and W. and G. Bartow, 1823 (Second Edition).
 Leonard, Cynthia Miller. The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978, A Bicentennial Register of Members. Richmond: Published for the General Assembly of Virginia by the Virginia State Library, 1978. .
 Stanard, William G. and Mary Newton Stanard. The Virginia Colonial Register. Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons Publishers, 1902. , Retrieved July 15, 2011.
 Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Volume 1. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915. . Retrieved July 15, 2011.

Lists of Virginia politicians
Virginia


Edward Lowry Henderson (1873 – 26 September 1947) was a priest in the Church of England and the Scottish Episcopal Church.

Born in 1873 and educated at Radley and Oriel College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1899. His first post was as a Curate of St Anne's Limehouse, after which he was Rector of St Margaret's Church, Lowestoft and then a Residentiary Canon at Gloucester Cathedral. In 1919, he was appointed Provost of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh. In 1925, he became Dean of St Albans and a decade later of Salisbury. He retired in 1943, becoming Dean Emeritus and died on 26 September 1947.

His son Edward was Bishop of Bath and Wells from 1960 to 1975.

References

1873 births
People educated at Radley College
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Provosts of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
Deans of St Albans
Deans of Salisbury
1947 deaths


The Kubus scheme was a scheme that originated in South Africa in the 1980s and was subsequently exported to the United States. It involved the cultivation of milk yeast cultures, which was sold to the originator, and the recultivating of the next batch. The producers had to canvass new members to the organisation to ensure sustainability. The whole scheme crashed when the government decided to implement a law in retrospect, thereby declaring the scheme illegal. The originator had to pay back all the money to claimants, likewise all who benefited had to return their earnings.

Origins
The scheme was initiated by Adriaan Nieuwoudt after his grandmother showed him a milk culture she used as a skin product. He turned the culture into a remote work business by selling dried plants that would produce thick milk for R500, which would produce 10 jars of culture a week. In return he paid R10 per envelope or R100 per week for producers who sent him a teaspoon of the culture, making for break-even within five weeks.
The dried product sent back by activation kit buyers were ground up, without first being removed from the envelopes in which it was shipped – and resold as new activators.

Thousands of people invested a reported R140-million in the scheme before it was declared an illegal lottery. In the end, after it was declared illegal through retrospective legislation, Mr. Nieuwoudt said that he could have repaid every cent to the participants but does not confirm that he actually did. However many people still claim that they have lost considerable amounts of money, some as much as their life savings and others their pension and claim to have never received any payback. Other copy-cat schemes who followed the same basic recipe, were in no way associated with Kubus.

In the United States

According to subsequent evidence presented at trial, the Kubus business was exported to the United States in 1984. By late 1984 several corporations had been established around the product, among them: Activator Supply Company, Inc. sold "activator kits" that allowed the making of the milk culture for $350 per a minimum of ten kits; Culture Farms, Inc. produced, bought and sold culture; and Cleopatra's Secret, Inc., (also known as House of Cleopatra) was to utilise the culture in manufacturing cosmetics.

References

Pyramid and Ponzi schemes
History of South Africa


Northern Regional College (or NRC) is a third level educational institution in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The college has six campuses around the north-east of Northern Ireland (County Antrim and eastern County Londonderry): Ballymena (Trostan Avenue and Farm Lodge campuses), Ballymoney, Coleraine, Magherafelt and Newtownabbey. It also had a campus in Antrim and Larne but these have closed.

History
The college was set up following a review of further education in Northern Ireland. NRC includes campuses from three predecessor institutions:
 Causeway Institute
 East Antrim Institute
 North East Institute.

References

Further education colleges in Northern Ireland
Educational institutions established in 2007
Coleraine
2007 establishments in Northern Ireland
Newtownabbey


The Barse () is a  long river in the Aube department in north-east central France. Its source is under the château, in Vendeuvre-sur-Barse. It flows generally west. It is a right tributary of the Seine into which it flows at Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres, near Troyes.

Communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth: Vendeuvre-sur-Barse, Champ-sur-Barse, La Villeneuve-au-Chêne, Briel-sur-Barse, Montreuil-sur-Barse, Montiéramey, Lusigny-sur-Barse, Courteranges, Montaulin, Ruvigny, Rouilly-Saint-Loup, Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Aube
Rivers of Grand Est


The Scottish edition of the Sunday Express newspaper published a front page article by Paula Murray on 8 March 2009, "Anniversary Shame of Dunblane Survivors", which was critical of survivors of the Dunblane massacre, by then aged 18 and 19, for posting "shocking blogs and photographs of themselves on the Internet". The “shocking” content, read from the survivors’ social networking pages, with Bebo being mentioned in the article, included colloquial language and some swearing, mentions of sex and alcohol and joking references to a confrontation (interpreted by the tabloid as a “boast” about “getting in fights”) and to being a “Scottish terrorist” in London. The article received a great deal of negative attention given the tenuous grounds for making the attacks. Survivors and members of the public complained to the UK Press Complaints Commission.

The news article was removed from the Daily Express web site, but continued to provoke strong reactions, particularly among the blogging community. An online petition was drawn up asking for a front-page apology from the paper, as well as disciplinary action against the journalist and editor responsible; by 30 March, when it closed, it had attracted 11,186 signatures.

Liz Smith, a Member of Scottish Parliament, was also criticised for describing the contents of some blogs as "in bad taste", a comment that was implied by the article to apply to those of the Dunblane survivors. She later claimed that her comments were quoted out of context, and were directed at teenage bloggers in general — a claim disputed by the Scottish Sunday Express editor Derek Lambie.

Apology

On 22 March, the Scottish Sunday Express printed an apology, stating that: "Our front-page story about the teenage survivors of the Dunblane massacre and their use of social networking websites has caused terrible offence, not only in that town, but across Scotland and around the world. Where possible, we have spoken to the families involved and given them a heartfelt apology. Today we apologise to you, our loyal readers."

The organisers of the online petition criticised the apology as "inadequate", stating that it "dodges the issue of what was wrong with the original article, fails to provide a satisfactory explanation for how this piece happened, holds nobody to account for its publication and offers no reassurance that this won't happen again".

Press Complaints Commission

On 22 June 2009, the Press Complaints Commission issued an adjudication stating that the paper had made a "serious error of judgement" and further remarked that the subjects of the article "were not public figures in any meaningful sense, and the newsworthy event that they had been involved in as young children had happened 13 years previously ... since then they had done nothing to warrant media scrutiny, and the images appeared to have been taken out of context and presented in a way that was designed to humiliate or embarrass them."

Whilst noting the newspaper's apology, the Commission ruled that "the breach of the Code was so serious that no apology could remedy it", and upheld the complainants' claim that it "had only been made because of a national outcry and a petition which had attracted 11,000 signatures."

References

Journalistic scandals
Mass media in Scotland
Controversies in Scotland
2009 in Scotland
2009 controversies
Daily Express


Compendium is a computer program and social science tool that facilitates the mapping and management of ideas and arguments. The software provides a visual environment that allows people to structure and record collaboration as they discuss and work through wicked problems.

The software was released by the not-for-profit Compendium Institute. The current version operationalises the issue-based information system (IBIS), an argumentation mapping structure first developed by Horst Rittel in the 1970s. Compendium adds hypertext functionality and database interoperability to the issue-based notation derived from IBIS.

Compendium source code was fully released under the GNU Lesser General Public License on 13 January 2009. Compendium can still be downloaded, but is no longer actively maintained.

Applications
Compendium visually represents thoughts and illustrates the various interconnections between different issues, questions, ideas, answers, and arguments. It can be used for applications as varied as: issue mapping in meetings, design rationales and requirements analysis, meeting management (agendas and minutes), action item and issue tracking, requirements management, classification, management templates, and reference databases (such as personal knowledge bases).

The creation of issue maps graphically represents the relations between issues and ideas, and facilitates the understanding of interconnected topics through diagrammatic representation.

The software can be used by a group of people in a collaborative manner to convey ideas to each other using visual diagrams. A group facilitation method called dialogue mapping is especially suited for use with Compendium.

Compendium templates for critical thinking can be used to create argument maps using the argumentation schemes developed by argumentation theory scholars such as Douglas N. Walton, Chris Reed, and Fabrizio Macagno. Argumentation schemes are pre-defined patterns of reasoning for analysing and constructing arguments; each scheme is accompanied by a list of critical questions that can be used to evaluate whether a particular argument is good or fallacious. By using these argumentation schemes, users of Compendium can examine claims in more detail to uncover their implicit logical substructure and improve the rigor and depth of discussions.

Features
Ideas are represented as icons called nodes. There are ten types of node: question, answer, list view, map view, pro, con, note, decision, reference, argument. There are three types of relationship between nodes: associative, transclusive, categorical. Images can be placed directly into a view, assigned to a node, or assigned to the background picture. Features of Compendium include:

 Drag and drop documents and websites onto a map
 Complete freedom to arrange icons
 Keyword tagging
 Map and label the connections between concepts to illustrate links
 Create dialogue maps to display links between everyone's ideas in group projects
 Create argument maps collaboratively, editing each other's writing
 Create issue/problem templates
 Share learning pathways
 Organise large amounts of information
 Place resources in sequence to develop a learning path

Users can choose to use Compendium with either the Apache Derby (internal) or MySQL (external) relational database management system.

The software is networked and supports concurrency and different views when using MySQL.

History
Compendium is the result of fifteen years of development in collaborative modeling, initiated in the mid-1990s by Al Selvin and Maarten Sierhuis at NYNEX Science & Technology; the theory behind the software hails from the 1970s, when IBIS was first conceptualised by Horst Rittel. Selvin and Sierhuis built on Jeff Conklin's earlier hypertext issue mapping software: gIBIS and QuestMap.

Many associations have thence contributed ideas to the development of Compendium. These institutions include Blue Oxen Associates, Center for Creative Leadership, Open University's Knowledge Media Institute, Verizon, CogNexus Institute, and . In 2012, the Compendium community established CompendiumNG to further advance and develop the software.

See also

 Argument map
 Concept map
 Graph database
 Issue tree
 Knowledge base
 List of concept- and mind-mapping software

References

Further reading

External links

Argument mapping
Collaborative software
Java platform software
Mind-mapping software
Note-taking software
Free QDA software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Concept- and mind-mapping software programmed in Java


The siege of Grol or Groenlo in 1595 was a siege of Groenlo by States forces under Maurice of Nassau during the Eighty Years' War in an attempt to capture it from the Spanish Empire. It lasted from 14 to 24 July 1595, ending with the arrival of a Spanish relief force under Cristóbal de Mondragón and Maurice's retreat. Two years later, in 1597, Maurice returned to carry out another siege of Groenlo. Both these sieges formed part of what would later be called the Ten Glorious Years.

Context
The fortified town of Grol, present-day Groenlo, was a small, but relatively important stronghold along the eastern border of the Dutch Republic. Groenlo formed a crucial link between the Dutch cities that were members of the Hanseatic League, such as Deventer, Kampen, Zwolle, and Zutphen, and the Holy Roman Empire. Situated in a difficultly passable region, Groenlo developed extensive fortifications that from the late Middle Ages were constantly improved, so that by 1595 the medieval brick city wall was itself surrounded with moats and bastions and armed with cannons. In 1580, after the Spanish took control of the provinces of Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe, and Overijssel, Groenlo, which itself lay in the bordering province of Guelders, was taken over by Spanish troops as well. From 1581 onwards, a Spanish garrison was stationed in the city.

Meanwhile, Maurice of Orange, then the stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht, had launched an offensive against the Spanish forces, led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, to retake the Dutch forts and cities that were in Spanish hands. As a result, Maurice managed to take Breda, Deventer, and Zutphen between 1590 and 1593. In 1594, Maurice started to plan a campaign to retake the cities of Twente, such as Enschede, Oldenzaal, and Lingen. To form a bridgehead into Twente, Maurice planned a siege on Groenlo, despite discouragements of Maurice's nephew and military advisor, William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, who thought that the fortifications of the city were as good as impregnable. William Louis advised Maurice to lay siege to Lingen instead, but Maurice wove his critique aside and started the preparations for his plans anyway. Maurice had great difficulty to find enough funds and troops for his plans, whereby the campaign into Twente did not start until 1595, when the siege of Groenlo finally begun.

Siege

The siege started on 14 July, with the arrival of Maurice at Groenlo, along with 6000 foot soldiers, several companies of cavalry, and sixteen cannons. The arrival at Groenlo was delayed because one of the cannons got stuck near the town of Vragender, today part of Lichtenvoorde. When the Spanish governor of Groenlo, Jan van Stirum, noticed the advance of Maurice, he ordered the return of his troops to Groenlo, which he had temporally stationed in Goor. On their way back to Groenlo, the Spanish troops were ambushed by Maurice's forces, who killed at least forty Spaniards. The next day, Maurice started the construction of a base camp to the west of Groenlo, and the construction of several trenches. William Louis, who assisted Maurice in the siege, stationed his troops to the east. The construction of the camps and trenches were completed within a week, after which Maurice sent a message to Stirum to capitulate, accompanied with three warning shots. Jan van Stirum sent a response letter, in which he refused to surrender and stated that he would defend Groenlo for 'God and King until his last drop of blood'. Stirum used two cannons to fire iron shreds at the besiegers and sent a message to his superiors for reinforcement.

Mondragon's arrival
To answer Stirum's request for help, the 81-year-old general and governor of Antwerp Cristóbal de Mondragón, nicknamed 'the good old Mondragon', was sent to Groenlo, accompanied by 7000 foot soldiers and 1300 cavalry. Although Mondragón was primarily ordered to keep Groenlo out of Dutch hands, he planned on a clash with Maurice to stop his campaign into Twente altogether. When Maurice heard of the approaching Mondragón on 21 July, he sped up the preparations of the battle field and completed the trenches the same day. In addition, Maurice ordered the dismantling of several bridges. Aware that the reinforcement troops led by Mondragón posed a major threat to the campaign, Maurice started to bombard Groenlo on 24 July and ordered its immediate surrender. After heavy deliberation with William Louis, Maurice discontinued the siege the next day, fearing that the approaching reinforcement troops would attack from the back and surround the Dutch forces.

Aftermath
Because of a shortage of cars and coaches, Maurice burned the camp sites, together with hard-to-move equipment, and led his troops through Borculo and Ulft to Zelhem. The campaign into Twente was called off and Maurice used his troops instead to combat several bandit groups in the area. The artillery was sent to the city of Doesburg, which was in Dutch hands. Maurice suspended his Twente campaign until 1597, when he lay siege on Groenlo successfully.

References

Groenlo
1595 in the Dutch Republic
1595 in the Habsburg Netherlands
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
16th-century military history of Spain
Groenlo (1595)
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Groenlo (1595)
Groenlo (1595)
Groenlo (1595)
Groenlo (1595)
Groenlo
History of Oost Gelre


Noel Road is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  The Municipality of the District of East Hants in Hants County.  The community is named after Noel Doiron.

References
Noel Road on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Estérel is a city in Les Pays-d'en-Haut Regional County Municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. The municipal territory almost entirely extends around Lake Masson, whereas the village itself is situated on the eastern shore of this lake.

History
The area of Estérel was first part of the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson, which formed in the early 1860s.

Around 1920, Baron Louis Empain, son of Belgian industrialist Baron Édouard Empain, acquired substantially all the land around Lake Masson intending to build a resort called Estérel, named after the Esterel massif in Provence, south-east France. In 1939, the Estérel Post Office opened.

In 1958, Fridolin Simard, an industrialist from Abitibi, bought over 2000 hectares of the baron's estate and completed the holiday resort. A year later in 1959, The Town of Estérel was formed when it separated from Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson.

On October 10, 2001, the Town of Estérel and the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson were merged to become the Town of Sainte-Marguerite–Estérel. On January 1, 2006, after a municipal referendum, the Town of Estérel was however re-established and the Town of Sainte-Marguerite–Estérel was renamed to its former name of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Estérel had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Population trend:
 Population in 2021: 262 (2016 to 2021 population change: 33.7%)
 Population in 2016: 196
 Population in 2011: 199
 Population in 2006: 256
 2001 to 2006 population change: 41.4%
 Population in 2001: 181
 Population in 1996: 108
 Population in 1991: 119

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 17%
 French as first language: 75.5%
 English and French as first language: 3.8%
 Other as first language: 5.7%

See also
List of cities in Quebec

References

External links

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Cities and towns in Quebec


The Dean of St Albans is the head of the Chapter of St Albans Cathedral in the city of St Albans, England in the Diocese of St Albans. As the Dean of St Albans is also the Rector of St Albans, with parochial responsibilities for the largest parish in the Church of England, it is regarded as one of the most senior Deaneries in the United Kingdom.

The Chapter and Dean of St Albans was founded and constituted by Letters patent in February 1900. The first incumbent was Walter Lawrance and the incumbent is Jo Kelly-Moore.

List of deans
1900–1914 Walter Lawrance
1914–1924 George Blenkin
1925–1935 Edward Henderson
1936–1955 Cuthbert Thicknesse
1955–1963 Kenneth Mathews
1964–1973 Noel Kennaby
1973–1993 Peter Moore
1994–2003 Christopher Lewis
2004–2021 Jeffrey John
2021–present Jo Kelly-Moore

References

St Albans
Diocese of St Albans


Paul Robert Bing (5 May 1878 in Strasbourg – 15 March 1956 in Basel) was a Swiss neurologist remembered for Bing's sign.

Biography
Robert Bing was born in Strasbourg, now France in 1878. He studied medicine at the University of Basel until 1902, and also trained in Frankfurt am Main, Paris, London and Berlin. He worked as a neurologist in Basel, becoming Lecturer at the University of Basel in 1907, and Professor of neurology in 1932. He wrote a neurology textbook and published many papers; his main area of research was on the spinocerebellar tract. He also published work on cluster headache.

External links

References

1878 births
1956 deaths
Swiss neurologists


Dale was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1950 to 1989.

Dale was a mostly rural district based to the east of Perth. It was a safe seat for the Liberal Party. The district was abolished ahead of the 1989 state election, when its last member Fred Tubby won the new seat of Roleystone.

Members

Election results

Dale
1950 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1950
1989 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1989


Bing's sign or Bing's reflex is a clinical sign in which pricking the dorsum of the foot or toe with a pin causes extension of the great toe. It is seen in patients with upper motor neuron lesion of the lower limbs. It is one of a number of Babinski-like responses.

This sign is named after Paul Robert Bing.

References

External links

Symptoms and signs: Nervous system


Count Jan van Stirum (Borculo, 1567 - ?, 1613) was a Dutch figure of the Eighty Years' War. Originally a canon in Cologne, he later moved to serve in the military of the Spanish Empire, rising through its ranks to become governor of Grol from 1592 to 1597 (including during its 1595 siege).

He married in 1612 Walburga Anna of Daun, countess of Falkenstein, daughter of Wirich VI, Count of Daun-Falkenstein. They had no children.

References

Further reading

Jan van Stirum
1567 births
1613 deaths
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (Spanish Empire)


Shubenacadie East is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Colchester County.

References
Shubenacadie East on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Colchester County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


CFTL-FM, is a First Nations community radio station which operates at 100.3 MHz FM in Big Trout Lake, Ontario, Canada. The station is owned by the Ayamowin Communications Society and is a rebroadcaster of CBC Radio One outlet CBQT-FM in Thunder Bay.

CFTL-FM was originally established in 1974 and was the first community radio station in Ontario, established locally with the support of the Wawatay Native Communications Society; its popularity led communities, first at Muskrat Dam then elsewhere, to ask for similar assistance. By its 1992 CRTC licence renewal, it was authorized to broadcast 59 hours of local programming in Oji-Cree, 10 hours of Wawatay programs, and 99 hours of output from the CBC Stereo FM network. In later years, it switched from CBC Stereo to CBC Radio One through CBQT-FM in Thunder Bay.

References

External links

Ftl
Ftl


"Something's Always Wrong" is a single by alternative rock band Toad the Wet Sprocket. The song is included on their 1994 album Dulcinea. "Something's Always Wrong" was co-written by Glen Phillips and Todd Nichols. Although not as popular as "Fall Down", "Something's Always Wrong" became a hit in the United States and Canada and helped propel Dulcinea to platinum status.

Background

Singer Glen Phillips said,

Chart performance
"Something's Always Wrong" was a hit, although not to the extent of "Fall Down." The single peaked at number nine on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single also peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 15 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart. The single helped to make Dulcinea Toad the Wet Sprocket's first top-forty album on the Billboard 200.

Track listing
"Something's Always Wrong"
"Don't Go Away (Live)"
"Corporal Brown (Live)"

Charts

In popular culture
The song was featured in the films Fear and Tuesdays with Morrie and in the TV series Scrubs and Cold Case.

References

1990s ballads
1994 singles
1994 songs
Columbia Records singles
Protest songs
Songs written by Glen Phillips (singer)
Songs written by Todd Nichols (musician)
Toad the Wet Sprocket songs
Alternative rock ballads


West Anglia may refer to:

 The College of West Anglia, further education college
 The medieval kingdom of Mercia, as the westernmost part of England settled by the Angles
 The West Anglia Main Line (WAML), railway line
 West Anglia Great Northern, a former WAML franchise operator

See also
 Anglia (disambiguation)
 East Anglia
 Mid Anglia (disambiguation)


Mid Anglia  may refer to:

 The central part of the East of England region
 Mid-Anglia Radio, former radio broadcaster
 Mid-Anglia Constabulary, now Cambridgeshire Constabulary

See also
 Anglia (disambiguation)
 East Anglia
 West Anglia (disambiguation)
 Middle Angles


Gustav Nikolaus Tiedemann (February 17, 1808 Landshut, Bavaria - August 11, 1849 Rastatt) was a German soldier who joined the revolutionaries during the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany, eventually becoming the commander of the last holdout of the revolution, the fortress at Rastatt.

Biography
He was the son of Friedrich Tiedemann,
an eminent anatomist and physiologist and professor at Heidelberg University.
After completing high
school in Mannheim, on a suggestion from an uncle, he attended a military
school. From there, he worked his way up to appointments as regimental
adjutant in two locations in succession. Then he entered veterinary school
and was trained in English at the royal stables in Hannover. Through
conflicts with superiors, he ended up in prison and resigned from the service
in 1833.  He then entered the Greek service as an under officer and again
became a regimental adjutant and finally director of the military school in
Piræus. Then a change of administration in 1843 deprived all
foreigners of their posts, and having a Greek wife, he looked to find another
occupation in Greece.  This was unsuccessful, and in 1847 he returned to
Germany hoping to find something in the postal or railroad service. This did
not work out either, and his wife started getting homesick, so he returned to
Greece in 1848, shortly after inducing some peasants to lay down their arms in
Heidelberg. Again he failed to find an occupation in Greece.

After a year,
in 1849, he was in Baden thinking of entering the Schleswig-Holstein service.
Instead he became a revolutionary, his younger brother having married a sister
of Friedrich Hecker. He was appointed a major and belonged to the staffs of Franz Sigel and
Ludwig Mieroslawski. He took part in a battle near Neckar, but then went to Karlsruhe
as he did not feel well. There he displeased Mieroslawski by seeking the
discharge of incapable adventurers from the service. He was put into custody
and taken to Rastatt. Once the defense against the Prussians had failed
outside the fortress on June 30 — the same day Carl Schurz entered the
fortress — Sigel appointed him as fortress commander. Sigel himself
evacuated with the rest of the unsuccessful revolutionary army. Tiedemann's
duties mostly consisted in suppressing the residents and soldiers who wanted
to surrender the fortress.

After the surrender, he was tried by a Prussian court martial and shot. Prussia visited a similar punishment on his brother.

See also
 Otto von Corvin (another, and somewhat more fortunate, inhabitant of the fortress of Rastatt during Tiedemann's administration)

References

19th-century German military personnel
Executed German revolutionaries
People of the Revolutions of 1848
1808 births
1849 deaths
People from Landshut
People executed by firing squad
Executed people from Bavaria
People who were court-martialed


Lorne is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Pictou County along Route 374.

Lorne was originally known as "Big Brook". Sir Simon Fraser, a future Australian senator, was born in the area. His grandson Malcolm Fraser became Prime Minister of Australia.

References

Communities in Pictou County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Tyneview Park is a large government office site in Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Tyneview Park is home to many departments of The Pension Service, a sector of the Department for Work and Pensions and HMRC.

Site

Built in the early 1990s and opened in 1995, the site is set back from Whitley Road, a major route through Benton with an access road leading south from Whitley Road into the main site. Initially, the site consisted of four main office blocks (lettered A - D) with a crèche facility and a restaurant block (with a small gymnasium). Each of the four office blocks is identical in structure. With three floors in total, each floor has office space to the north and south of the building, leaving a three-storey open space, known as an 'atrium'. These atria spanned the whole building, with glass windows on the roof and semi-darkened glass to the sides of the office spaces on each floor. Inside the atria, seating areas can be found along with vending machines. Stairs and lifts to the floors could be found to the east and west of each building. In 2002, work started on a new large building to the south of the site, which would house the new 'London Pension Centre', which would be known as 'J Block'. This new building was slightly different from its A - D predecessors, although having an atrium itself, it differed from the other blocks by having open office space looking onto the atria rather than having glass walls. The building opened in 2004. In 1996, Tyneview Park was awarded the 'Quality in Urban Design' award by the Royal Town Planning Institute.

The site borders on the Coach Lane Campus of Northumbria University to the west, a DSA test centre to the north west, the 'Blue Flames' clubhouse to the north east and the Newcastle United F.C. training ground to the south. The East Coast Main Line can be found to the east of the site also, with the Newcastle to Edinburgh stretch of the line.

Departments at Tyneview Park

Tyneview Park is made up of departments solely from The Pension Service with centrally based 'centres' located here, supporting the network of regional Pension Centres across the country. The main centres at Tyneview Park are:

 Future Pension Centre (FPC) provides state pension forecasts for people approaching retirement age.
 National Pension Centre (NPC) deals with change of circumstances and enquiries regarding pension payments into bank accounts.
 Pension Tracing Service (PTS) helps track old pensions and pension schemes.
 International Pension Centre (IPC) deals with all enquiries regarding the payment of state pension, bereavement benefits, incapacity benefits and other such benefits for those living abroad.
London Pension Centre (LPC) Services London and the surrounding areas as a standard Pension Centre

Benton Park View

Tyneview Park was built as a satellite site of a larger government office site, approximately a mile west, in Longbenton called Benton Park View. Benton Park View does house a few The Pension Service departments; however this site is predominantly a HM Revenue and Customs site.

See also
 Department for Work and Pensions
 Benton Park View

References

External links
  Google Maps location for Tyneview Park

Buildings and structures in Newcastle upon Tyne
Department for Work and Pensions


Riverton is an unincorporated rural community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Pictou County.

Riverton is on the Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway freight-only railway line.

Riverview Adult Residential Care Facility, a centre for mentally handicapped and mentally ill adults operated by Riverview Home Corporation, is located in Riverton.

References

 Riverton on Destination Nova Scotia
Agriculture Profile

Communities in Pictou County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Glenn Vincent Redmon (born January 11, 1948) is a former Major League Baseball second baseman who appeared in seven games for the San Francisco Giants in . He batted and threw right-handed.

Redmon was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the nineteenth round of the 1969 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Michigan where he had been a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. While at Michigan, he spent the summers of 1967 and 1968 playing in Sturgis, South Dakota for the Sturgis Titans of the Basin League. In four seasons in Chicago's farm system, he batted .266 with 22 home runs. He was traded along with Chuck Hartenstein from the White Sox to the Giants for Skip Pitlock on February 8, .

Redmon's finest season was 1974 with the Phoenix Giants when he batted .312 with six home runs and 76 runs batted in to earn a call up to San Francisco that September. He went 2-for-4 with two doubles and an RBI in his major league debut against the Atlanta Braves.

References

External links

1948 births
Baseball players from Detroit
San Francisco Giants players
Living people
Appleton Foxes players
Asheville Tourists players
Duluth-Superior Dukes players
Florida Instructional League White Sox players
Michigan Wolverines baseball players
Mobile White Sox players
Phoenix Giants players
Tucson Toros players
Williamsport Tomahawks players


The Royal Palace of Kandy, situated in the city of Kandy, Sri Lanka, is a captivating historical complex that served as the official residence for the monarchs of the Kingdom of Kandy until the advent of British colonial rule in 1815. Noteworthy for its adherence to traditional Kandyan architectural styles, the palace complex boasts intricate woodwork, finely crafted stone carvings, and ornate wall murals. This complex encompasses a range of structures, including the Audience Hall, the Queen's Palace, the King's Palace, and the renowned Temple of the Tooth Relic. Within this royal domain lies the Temple of the Tooth, a profoundly venerated Buddhist temple with global significance. Both the palace complex and the Temple of the Tooth have earned the prestigious recognition of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History
The annals of the Royal Palace of Kandy trace a narrative that unfolds across several centuries, entwined with the reigns of diverse monarchs and leaders. In the 14th century, the inaugural palace emerged under the directive of Vickramabahu III. Centuries later, during the late 16th century, Vimaladharmasuriya I took up residence within these walls and instigated a series of enhancements to the existing palace complex. The early 17th century ushered in a tumultuous period marked by the incursion of Portuguese invaders, resulting in the destruction of the palace during the tenure of Senarat. Notwithstanding these adversities, resilience prevailed, and the palace was meticulously resurrected in 1634 by Rajasinha II.

Location and architecture

Throughout its history, the Royal Palace of Kandy has undergone shifts in its geographical placement. The inaugural palace initially graced a location across from its present site. The era of King Vimaladharmasuriya I introduced a transformation influenced significantly by Portuguese architectural aesthetics. Foreign accounts from the Portuguese era intricately delineate the palace complex, revealing a stark contrast to the architecture extant in the present day.

Invasions and destruction
The Royal Palace of Kandy grappled with a series of invasions that resulted in its repeated destruction. Numerous edifices within its confines fell victim to these adversities, leaving only a handful of structures that endure to this day. Notwithstanding the challenges, the monarchs of the Kandyan Kingdom displayed their resilience by orchestrating the palace's reconstruction across different epochs, imprinting their individualistic architectural signatures onto the complex.

Evolution

From the year 1760 onward, a pivotal alteration unfolded as the Royal Palace of Kandy transitioned its location from the western precincts to the eastern fringes. Under the reign of King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the palace complex underwent profound metamorphoses. Within its expansive domain resided an array of structures, notably the Queens' Palace, the Hall of Audience, and the venerated Temple of the Tooth.
In the wake of the Kandyan Convention in 1815, the reins of the Royal Palace slipped from the grasp of indigenous rulers to be held by the British Resident. Sir John D'Oyly marked the inception of this era, followed by successive stewardship by the Government Agent in Kandy until the year 1947. Additionally, the palace extended its hospitality to dignitaries of considerable rank, including the British Governor of Ceylon, who sought respite within its regal precincts during visits to Kandy. This tradition endured until the construction of the King's Pavilion.

Wahalkadas
The three wahalkadas, or main gateways were the main entrances to the Kandyan palace. They were located along the wall that surrounded the palace complex and stood at a height of . Historical accounts suggest that the most ancient segment of the palace stood sentinel facing the revered Natha Devale.

Maha Wahalkada
Uda Wahalkada
Pitathi Wahalkada
Mohana Wahalkada
Madhura Wahalkada
Kora Wahalkada

Main buildings

Maha Wasala

Positioned at the northern extremity of the palace expanse, the King's Palace, renowned as the Maha Wasala or Raja Wasala, commands attention. Nestled to the right of the Magul Maduwa, this structure boasts a central gateway that beckons, alongside a staircase ascending to a hall resplendent with intricate stucco and terra-cotta embellishments. Long wings flank either side, housing chambers, while a veranda overlooks the inner courtyard.

During the early British epoch, the King's Palace experienced an intriguing transformation, being utilized by the esteemed Government Agent, Sir John D'Oyly. Subsequent incumbents perpetuated this tradition, adopting the palace as their official abode. Today, the edifice has been repurposed, serving as a museum curated by the Department of Archaeology. A distinctive facet of this structure lies in the presence of the "Siv Maduru Kawulu," observation windows that afford the sovereign a panoramic vista encompassing the Queen's Palace, the Temple of the Tooth, the urban tapestry, and the enveloping Udawatta Kele Sanctuary (Uda Wasala Watta) – an awe-inspiring tableau framed by the Maha Wasala.

Maha Maluwa
The Maha Maluwa or Great Terrace is an open park area (approximately ) located in front of the Temple of the Tooth. The site was the threshing ground of a large paddy field, that is the Kandy Lake today. According to local folklore when King Wimala Dharmasuriya wanted to select a site for his capital astrologers advised him to select the site of the threshing floor which was frequented by a Kiri Mugatiya (white mongoose).

At one end of the square is a stone pillar memorial, which contains the skull of Keppetipola Disawe, a national Sinhalese hero, a prominent leader of the Uva rebellion of 1818, who attempted to wrest back the country from the British and was executed for his role in the rebellion. The park also contains a statue of Madduma Bandara and a statute of Princess Hemamali and Prince Danthakumara, who according to legend brought the tooth of Buddha to Sri Lanka.

Magul Maduwa

The Magul Maduwa or Royal Audience Hall, is where the king met his ministers and carried out his daily administrative tasks. The building was also known as the "Maha Naduwa" or Royal Court. The construction of this finely carved wooden building was commenced by the King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1779–1797) in 1783.

The Magul Maduva was utilised as a place of public audience and figured as a centre of religious and national festivities connected with the Kandyan Court. The area was where the tooth relic (Dalada) was occasionally exhibited from public veneration and it was at the Maha Maluva that the King received the Ambassadors from other countries.

The current building is an extension to the original  by  structure, undertaken by the British to facilitate the welcome of Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1872. The British removed 32 carved wooden columns from the "Pale Vahale" building replacing them with brick pillars. Out of these, 16 pillars were used to extend the "Magul Maduwa" by , with 8 pillars on each side and the old decayed bases replaced by new wooden bases. With this addition, the building has two rows of elegantly carved pillars, each row having 32 columns. A Kandyan style roof rests upon these columns.

It was here on 2 March 1815 the Kandyan Convention was signed between the British and the Kandyian Chieftains (Radalas) ending the Kingdom of Kandy, the last native kingdom of the island.

Wadahindina Mandappe
This is the palace where the king used to rest while adigars and other visitors awaiting for him. Foreign visitors were able to meet the king in this palace. It is situated near the Raja wasala and Magul maduwa. Today this building is used as Raja tuskera museum.

Inside the Rajah Tusker Hall are the stuffed remains of Rajah, the Maligawa or chief elephant in the Kandy Esala Perahera, who died in 1988. The building is just north of the Temple of the Tooth but within the same compound.

Meda Wasala
The Meda Wasala also known as the Queens' Chambers, is situated to the north of the Palle Vahale, which once served as the dwelling for royal concubines and shares a similar architectural design.

This edifice features a compact open courtyard, enveloped by verandahs and a solitary bedroom. Remarkably, it is constructed from prized timber, with a bed supported by four stone foundations. The entry to the central hall boasts substantial log beams, and the door is diminutive, tethered to the roof with wooden hinges. An intriguing facet is its design, intended for locking from the inside only. The corridor flanking the courtyard is adorned with frescoes, a distinctive attribute for a residential structure.

The Meda Wasala showcases many facets of Kandy era architecture, including intricately carved wooden pillars, piyassa embellished with pebbles, a central courtyard with a padma boradam (lotus pond), and a drainage system encircling it.

Historical accounts from the Kandy era recount that King Sri Vikrama Rajasingha secluded Queen Rangammal within this abode, granting only her most trusted attendants the privilege of seeing her. Despite its modest size, the Meda Wasala contains only one room. Notably, four copper sheets found in the archaeological museum are believed to have been employed as protective spells, concealed within pits within the four pillars of the bed. These mantras likely served to safeguard against indiscretions. Additionally, beneath the plaster on the wall's surface, floral patterns etched upon a red background have been discovered.

Palle Vahale

The Palle Vahale also known as the Lower Palace, is an emblem of historical significance, stemming from the era of Sri Vickrama Rajasingha. Erected during this epoch, it served as the abode primarily designated for the king's esteemed royal concubines, affectionately referred to as Ridi dolis and Yakada dolis.

The principal portal ushers into a modest hall, poised before the central structure, with twin wings gracefully flanking both sides. The four cardinal points are graced by interior verandas that overlook an inner central courtyard. The windows, constructed from wooden poles marked by fissures, bear testament to a regal legacy. Legend interweaves this building with King Kirti Sri Rajasingha, who is believed to have taken up residence here initially. In the year 1942, the edifice transformed into the National Museum of Kandy, presently overseen by the Department of National Museums.

Ran Ayuda Maduwa
Beyond the Meda Wasala is the Ran Ayuda Maduwa or Royal Armoury. The building has a central porch of timber columns. It is currently used for the District Courts of Kandy.

Ulpange

The Ulpange, also recognized as the Queen's Bathing Pavilion, stands as a testament to history on the shores of Kandy Lake, positioned south of the revered Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Dating back to 1806, this architectural gem emerged under the patronage of King Sri Wickrama Rajasinha, designated as a haven for his queens, including Queen Venkatha Ranga Jammal (Rengammal) and her companions.

This two-story marvel is embraced by the lake on three sides. The upper level fulfilled the role of a dressing chamber, while the lower level was a haven for bathing. Arches, bolstered by columns, ushered the sun's embrace and the touch of daylight into the aquatic realm.

The Queen's Bathing Pavilion unveils a rectangular pond with eight sides, spanning  in length and  in width, descending to  in depth. Fashioned from meticulously crafted stone slabs, the pool is skirted by a stone deck that gracefully contours its periphery. A semi-circular opening adorns the pool's structure, facilitating the egress of excess water and maintaining a consistent water level.

"Ulpange" etymologically derives from the amalgamation of "Ul" signifying "Spring," "Pan" denoting "Water," and "Ge" symbolizing "House," encapsulating the essence of "Structure of Spring Water."

The water source for the pool is believed to have originated from a natural spring, ensuring an incessant flow of fresh water. In the year 1817, a British rendering depicted a lofty-roofed square pavilion, nestled adjacent to a bathing pool. This pavilion likely served as a waiting area for queens frequenting the Ulpange. At that juncture, the Queen's Bathing Pavilion remained exposed to the heavens, with columns punctuating the pool deck. The purpose of these columns—whether intended to support a roof over the bathing pool or part of an existing roof—remains veiled.

Under British administration, transformations unfolded, altering the original stone pool deck into a floor space. From 1828 onward, the building was transformed into a library christened the "United Service Library."

It's intriguing to note that the Queen's Bathing Pavilion is often perceived as residing within Kandy Lake's embrace. However, historical verity unveils that the Ulpange predates the lake by six years, with its genesis set in the Tigol Wela paddy field. Once marshy terrain, the pavilion was erected upon this landscape. The Bathing Pool's source, a natural spring, emerged beneath the pool's foundation. Encased by stone slabs, the spring's essence shaped the elongated octagonal reservoir that graces our sight today.

Other buildings

The palace complex is believed to have originally contained 18 buildings, but 12 of them were fully destroyed by the British colonial invaders after the fall of the kingdom. Many of the remaining buildings were also modified by the invaders. Here is a list of some of the buildings that were either fully destroyed or modified by the invaders:

Deva Sanhinda
Beth Ge
Wa Eliye Maduwa
Dakina Shalawa
Kawikara Maduwa
Dakina Mandapaya
Haramakkara Maduwa
Muddara Mandapaya
Santhi Maduwa
Maha Gabada Aramudala/Aramudale
Uda Gabadawa
Demala Ilangan
Madhura Maduwa

Other Royal Palaces

In addition to the main palace in Kandy, a constellation of palatial edifices adorned the historical landscape, each bearing its distinct aura. Among them were the Hanguranketha Maligawa, Kundasale Maligawa, and Binthanne Maligawa. The Kundasale Maligawa, characterized as a summer palace, exuded an air of leisure rather than presiding over regal affairs. Binthanne Maligawa held the honor of being the birthplace of King Rajasinghe II.

Yet, the pages of time have erased these palaces from existence. They once stood as bastions of history, but the ruthless passage of British invaders in the 19th century consigned them to oblivion. Regrettably, the mantle of restoration never embraced these palaces, allowing their echoes to dissipate into the annals of history. Thankfully, foreign narratives persist, painting vibrant portraits of these regal abodes. Noteworthy amongst these accounts is Robert Knox's vivid depiction of the Hanguranketha palace, further illuminated by the mention of Kundasale's palace in the renowned local poem Mandarampuwatha.

References

External links

Houses in Kandy
Kingdom of Kandy
Museums in Kandy District
Palaces in Sri Lanka


Cristóbal de Mondragón y Otálora de Mercado (1514–1596) was a Spanish general during the Eighty Years' War.

He was a prominent military figure of the sixteenth century, and was colonel of one of the Tercios of Flanders under the Duke of Alva, Luis de Requesens, Alexander Farnese and Count Mansfeld. He fought during the Eighty Years' War against the armies of William of Orange first and after Maurice of Nassau.

His talent as a strategist led to important victories by the Spanish troops in Flanders and the Netherlands in a time of decline of Spanish domination in this region.

Mondragón developed several military techniques like wading through tidal rivers and espionage.

Life
He arrived in Flanders in 1544 and (barring two short trips in 1570/71 and 1579) remained there the rest of his life, speaking the local language and marrying a Flemish woman.

Early years
Although born in Medina del Campo like his father, Mondragon came from the town of Mondragón in Gipuzkoa. His mother belonged to one of the most important noble and powerful families in Medina del Campo.

Beginning of his military career
He enlisted in the army in 1532 during the reign of Charles V, and served as a soldier first in Italy and later in Tunisia, Provence, Germany and Flanders.

Cristóbal de Mondragón was released first in the Battle of Mühlberg against the Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League in the heroic step of the ford of the Elbe, which the playwright Lope de Vega recalled in his verses. The troops of the League were camped on the banks of the Elbe, near the present town now belongs to the German state of Brandenburg and Saxony at that time. The Saxons had destroyed the bridges over the Elbe, which implied a natural barrier impassable. Mondragon was part of the brave men who, on the night of April 24, 1547, led the fording of the river "with the sword in the mouth and chest above water", making the enemy take several pontoons in the middle of musket fire. Thanks to the pontoons stolen could build a bridge over the river that allowed the passage of large imperial army who came led by Charles V himself and the Duke of Alba taking by surprise the enemy troops.

In April 1559, with the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis he was appointed governor of Damvillers, in the Duchy of Luxembourg and Walloon colonel of the Tercios. As a colonel he served under Sancho d'Avila when they saw the first revolts in Flanders Protestants led by Prince William of Orange. By 1569 he defended the cities of Liège and Deventer against the Dutch insurgents. In 1571 he was appointed governor of Utrecht.

In 1572 he raised the siege of Goes, and in reward was appointed Stadhouder of Zeeland by the Duke of Alba. On 18 February 1574, after a long siege he handed Middelburg over to the forces of William the Silent, his Spanish garrison withdrawing with arms and honours intact. Two years later he successfully besieged Zierikzee but afterwards was unable to stop his troops (who had not been paid for a long time) from mutinying. Under Alessandro Farnese he took part in the 1578 Battle of Gembloux and 1579 siege of Maastricht.

In 1587 he was appointed governor of the citadel of Antwerp, but this did not keep him from taking the field. His last campaign was in 1595, when he was 81 years old. He raised Maurice of Nassau's siege of Groenlo. He then attempted a direct confrontation with Maurice of Nassau, but Maurice drew back, leaving Mondragon to drive off Philip of Nassau's cavalry and capture Philip, who died of wounds the following day. He ended his days in Antwerp, where he died of old age on 4 January 1596.

References

External links
 Biography
 Biography

1514 births
1596 deaths
Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War
People from Medina del Campo
People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Military personnel of the Spanish Netherlands


This page shows the results of the Water Ski Competition at the 1995 Pan American Games, held from March 11 to March 26 in Mar del Plata, Argentina. There were six events, three for both men and women, with the United States dominating the competition. At the 1995 edition Water Skiing made its debut at the Pan American Games.

Men's competition

Slalom

Tricks

Jump

Women's competition

Slalom

Tricks

Jump

Team competition

Medal table

References

 Sports 123

Events at the 1995 Pan American Games
1990s in water skiing
1995 in water sports
1995


A tax protester is someone who refuses to pay a tax claiming that the tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid. Tax protesters are different from tax resisters, who refuse to pay taxes as a protest against a government or its policies, or a moral opposition to taxation in general, not out of a belief that the tax law itself is invalid. The United States has a large and organized culture of people who espouse such theories. Tax protesters also exist in other countries.

Legal commentator Daniel B. Evans has defined tax protesters as people who "refuse to pay taxes or file tax returns out of a mistaken belief that the federal income tax is unconstitutional, invalid, voluntary, or otherwise does not apply to them under one of a number of bizarre arguments" (divided into several classes: constitutional, conspiracy, administrative, statutory, and arguments based on 16th Amendment and the "861" section of the tax code; see the Tax protester arguments article for an overview). Law Professor Allen D. Madison has described tax protesters as "those who refuse to pay income tax on the basis of some nonsensical legal argument that he or she does not owe tax."

An illegal tax-protest scheme has been defined as "any scheme, without basis in law or fact, designed to express dissatisfaction with the tax laws by interfering with their administration or attempting to illegally avoid or reduce tax liabilities." The United States Tax Court has stated that "tax protester" is a designation "often given to persons who make frivolous antitax arguments".

Tax protesters raise a number of different kinds of arguments. In the United States, these typically include constitutional arguments, such as claims that the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was not properly ratified or that it is unconstitutional generally, or that being forced to file an income tax return violates the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Others are statutory arguments suggesting that the income tax is constitutional but the statutes enacting the income tax are ineffective, or that Federal Reserve Notes or other relevant currencies do not constitute cash or income. Yet another collection of arguments centers on general conspiracies involving numerous government agencies.

Some tax protesters refuse to file a tax return or file returns with no income or tax data supplied.

Origin of term
In the United States, the term "protest" as applied to a tax generally means "a declaration by a payer, esp. of a tax, that he does not concede the legality of a claim he is paying". Similarly, Black's Law Dictionary defines a tax protest as:

At common law, and under some earlier tax statutes, the filing of a protest at the time of payment of an erroneous tax was a requirement in order for the payor to recover a refund of the tax at a later time. In the case of U.S. federal taxes, the rule was abolished by Congress in 1924. Under the current Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the taxpayer's failure to protest does not deprive the taxpayer of the right to file an administrative claim with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for a refund and, if the claim is not allowed by the IRS, to sue for a tax refund in Federal district court.

The term "protest" is also used to describe a taxpayer's formal written request for review, by the Appeals Division of the IRS, after the IRS issues a "Thirty-Day Letter" proposing an increased tax liability following an IRS examination of a tax return.

In 1972, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania used the term tax "protestor" (protester) in United States v. Malinowski. This case, however, involved a taxpayer who was a member of the Philadelphia War Tax Resistance League who was protesting the use of tax money in the Vietnam War. The taxpayer was not making arguments that the tax law itself was invalid; he was essentially protesting the war, not the tax. The taxpayer had filed a false Form W-4, and admitted he knew that he was not legally entitled to claim the exemptions (allowances) he claimed on the W-4. Thus, Malinowski might be termed a tax resister rather than a tax protester. He was convicted, and his motion for a new trial or acquittal was denied.

A person could be both a tax protester and a tax resister if they believe that tax laws do not apply to them and also believes that taxes should not be paid based on the use to which the taxes are put. Some tax resisters have put forth legal arguments for their position—for instance that they cannot pay taxes for nuclear weapons development because this would put them in violation of the Nuremberg Principles—that could be considered varieties of tax-protester theories.

Beginning in the mid-1970s, U.S. Federal courts began using the term "tax protester" in still another, more narrow sense—to describe persons who raised frivolous arguments about the legality of Federal taxes, particularly income taxes. This particular technical sense of the term is the sense described in the remainder of this article.

History

United States

While there have been people throughout history who challenged the assessment of taxes as beyond the power of the government, the modern tax-protester movement began after World War II. One of the first people to fit this description was Vivien Kellems, a Connecticut industrialist and political activist who specifically protested monthly tax withholding. In 1948 she refused to withhold taxes from the wages of her employees, based on the claim that the government had no power to require such withholding. The IRS then seized the money owed from her bank account. She brought suit against them and, in a book she wrote, asserted that she won, although she did not challenge the constitutionality of tax withholding itself. Other notable American tax protesters include Irwin Schiff, who argued that income tax was both illegal and unconstitutional. Schiff died in prison in 2015.

The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals stated that people are attracted to the "tax protestor movement's illusory claim that there is no legal requirement to pay federal income tax." The court called the tax-protester arguments "wholly defective and unsuccessful." Ideas associated with the tax-protester movement have been forwarded under different names over time. These ideas have been put forth, for example, in the broader Posse Comitatus, Christian Patriot and sovereign citizen movements, which generally assert that the Constitution has been usurped by the federal government. One activist linked to the sovereign citizen movement, Roger Elvick, originated the redemption movement and conceived circa 1999-2000 the strawman theory, which asserts that it is possible to dissociate from one's legal person, thus becoming free of all legal obligations, including taxes.

Canada
Similar arguments are raised in the context of other legal systems, notably in Canada. Tax protester theories originating in the United States, such as denying the authority of courts, have spread into Canada, where they have been notably introduced by Eldon Warman, a student of Roger Elvick's theories who adapted them for a Canadian context. Warman originated the so-called "Detaxer" movement, which reused sovereign citizen pseudolegal concepts, including the strawman theory, and argued the illegitimacy of Canadian income tax law. Warman's theories were adapted by other Canadian Detaxer activists, including Russell Porisky and David Kevin Lindsay. As the Detaxer movement went into decline in Canada, its concepts were further adapted by the freeman on the land movement, created by Robert Arthur Menard. Freeman on the land ideas gradually spread to other Commonwealth countries. As with cases in the United States, Canadian courts have uniformly found these arguments to be invalid, and often incoherent.

Arguments

In 1986, the Seventh Circuit observed:

Arguments made by tax protesters in the United States generally fall into several categories: that the Sixteenth Amendment was never properly ratified; that the Sixteenth Amendment does not permit the taxation of individual income, or particular forms of individual income; that other provisions of the Constitution such as the First, Fifth, or a "Missing Thirteenth Amendment" eliminate an obligation to file a return; that citizens of the states are not also citizens of the United States; that the statutes enacted by the United States Congress pursuant to their constitutional taxing power are defective or invalid; that the tax code does not apply to inhabitants of U.S. territories; and that the government and the courts engage in various conspiracies to conceal the above deficiencies. Outside of the United States, tax protesters raise similar conspiracy arguments, claims that they are not "citizens" under the jurisdiction of the court where the claim is brought, and claims about the validity of statutes imposing taxation.

Such arguments are usually summarily dispensed with when presented in the courts. For example, the Fifth Circuit once noted:

In that case, the court viewed the tax-protester arguments as sufficiently frivolous to merit the imposition of sanctions—in this case twice the costs spent by the government in defending the litigation—for even bringing them up. Similarly, a Canadian Tax Court judge found claims asserted by a "tax denier" in that court to be "an absurd blend of the ridiculous arguments... unintelligible, incomprehensible, meaningless, irrelevant and factually hopeless".

Penalties
In the United States, protesting Federal income taxes is not, in and of itself, a criminal offense. However, a number of offenses arise from failing to pay taxes that are due, and from repeating arguments that have previously been invalidated by the courts.

Frivolous tax returns

The United States Congress has, however, enacted Internal Revenue Code section 6702 "in an effort to deter tax protesters from filing frivolous returns." This statute was enacted as part of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982.

The penalty under section 6702 is a civil (non-criminal) penalty, and is $500 for positions taken on or before March 15, 2007. For positions taken after that date, the penalty amount has been increased to $5,000. The Internal Revenue Service has issued a list of positions considered to be legally frivolous. Shauna Henline, Senior Technical Coordinator of the Frivolous Return Program at the Internal Revenue Service, has testified that the IRS receives about 20,000 to 30,000 frivolous tax returns per year, and that approximately 100,000 related letters and other documents are received each year.

In some cases, taxpayers have argued that section 6702, the "frivolous argument" penalty statute, is itself unconstitutional. That argument was rejected in Hazewinkel v. United States (taxpayer's arguments—that sections 6702 and 6703 violate both procedural and substantive due process because there is no right to a prior hearing, and that the word "frivolous" is unconstitutionally vague—were rejected). See also Pillsbury v. Commissioner, a case in which taxpayer Leecil Pillsbury's argument—that section 6702 violates the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause of the Constitution—was ruled to be without merit.

In that case, the court also ruled the following taxpayer arguments about section 6702 to be invalid: (1) it is an unconstitutional Bill of Attainder; (2) it unconstitutionally authorizes the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment; (3) it unconstitutionally violates the doctrine of separation of powers; and (4) it unconstitutionally violates the taxpayer's First Amendment rights to petition the government for redress of grievances. See also Duke v. Commissioner (tax-protester argument that 6702 was unconstitutional was rejected by the court), Kane v. United States (taxpayer's argument—that because section 6702 does not define the term "frivolous," the statute is unconstitutionally vague—was rejected), and Hudson v. United States (taxpayer's arguments—that section 6702 unconstitutionally violates taxpayer's First Amendment rights, that section 6702 violates due process rights by failing to provide a hearing before assessment of a penalty, that section 6702 is an unconstitutional bill of attainder, and that section 6702 is unconstitutionally vague—were ruled to be without merit).

Frivolous litigation in United States Tax Court, and appeals of Tax Court decisions

In 1939, Congress enacted section 1117(g) (entitled "Proceeding Frivolous") of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, giving the Board of Tax Appeals (now called the United States Tax Court) the power to impose a civil monetary penalty of up to $500 against any party who instituted a proceeding "merely for delay" before the Board of Tax Appeals. In 1954, this provision was continued with the enactment of section 6673 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The current version of section 6673 (in the 1986 Code) provides that frivolous arguments may result in a penalty in U.S. Tax Court of up to $25,000. Similarly, the Internal Revenue Code also provides that the U.S. Supreme Court and the federal courts of appeals may impose penalties where the taxpayer's appeal of a U.S. Tax Court decision was "maintained primarily for delay" or where "the taxpayer's position in the appeal is frivolous or groundless."

Frivolous litigation in United States district court

In a non-criminal case in a United States district court, a litigant (or a litigant's attorney) who presents any pleading, written motion or other paper to the court is deemed to have certified that, to the best of the presenter's knowledge and belief, the legal contentions "are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law". Monetary civil penalties for violation of this rule may in some cases be imposed on the litigant or the attorney under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Frivolous litigation in various other appeals

Congress has enacted section 1912 of title 28 of the United States Code providing that in the United States Supreme Court and in the various courts of appeals where litigation by the losing party has caused damage to the prevailing party, the court may impose a requirement that the losing party pay the prevailing party for those damages. A person who raises a frivolous argument in a Federal appeals court may also be subject to monetary penalties under Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. In one 2007 case, for example, the Seventh Circuit issued an order giving such an attorney "14 days to show cause why he should not be fined $10,000 for his frivolous arguments", based, in part, on Rule 38.

Frivolous filing of misconduct complaints
The "Guiding Light of God Ministries," a tax protester group organized by Eddie Ray Kahn, filed about 2,000 official misconduct complaints against employees of the IRS. Some tax agents reported that these complaints had influenced their supervisors to order them to back off from audits and collection efforts against members of the group.

Treatment by Internal Revenue Service
Prior to the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (the "1998 Act"), the Internal Revenue Service had defined a tax-protester scheme as "any scheme without basis in law or fact for the ostensible purpose of expressing dissatisfaction with the substance, form, or administration of the tax laws be [sic; "by"] either interfering with tax administration or attempting to illegally avoid or reduce tax liabilities."

The IRS has not released records indicating whom the agency defined as "illegal tax protesters" (coded as TC-148). In testimony before Congress in 1997, former IRS historian Shelley L. Davis contended that the IRS kept lists of citizens "for no reason other than that their political activities might have offended someone at the IRS [….]" and she charged that "anyone who offers even legitimate criticism of the tax collector is [labeled by the IRS as] a tax protester […]"

After the 1997 congressional hearings, Congress responded with the 1998 Act. Subsection (a) of section 3707 of the 1998 Act now prohibits "officers and employees of the Internal Revenue Service" from designating a taxpayer as an "illegal tax protester" or using any similar designation for a taxpayer. By contrast, subsection (b) of section 3707 provides: "An officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service may designate any appropriate taxpayer as a nonfiler, but shall remove such designation once the taxpayer has filed income tax returns for 2 consecutive taxable years and paid all taxes shown on such returns."

The IRS has prescribed procedures for its personnel to handle frivolous returns (whether considered valid returns or not) in the "Frivolous Return Program" section of the Internal Revenue Manual. The IRS has concluded, in Service Center Advice 200107034 dated November 15, 2000, that the statutory prohibition on the use of the term "illegal tax protester" by IRS personnel does not prohibit the IRS from maintaining a database of frivolous tax return filers as part of its Frivolous Return Program. IRS Advice 200107034 states (in part):

The Frivolous Return Program in Examination [an administrative component of the IRS] has the specific assignment of processing assessments of frivolous return penalties pursuant to [Internal Revenue Code] section 6702. The employees of that unit receive documents from throughout the country that IRS employees believe may qualify as frivolous returns under section 6702. The employees reviews the documents and determines how to proceed.

When the documents come into the Frivolous Return Program, employees enter initial data into a computerized inventory database. […] Initial data includes name, social security number, and tax examiner assigned the case. Later, a tax examiner reviews the documents to see if they qualify as frivolous. If the documents meet the frivolous test, the tax examiner does a compliance check to see if the taxpayer is properly filing returns. If the taxpayer is properly filing returns and is not potentially subject to a frivolous return penalty, then the tax examiner deletes the individual from the database […]

According to the IRS:

[…] Congress enacted section 3707 because of its concern that taxpayers may be stigmatized by a designation as an "illegal tax protester." […] Under section 3707(a)(2), the IRS is required to remove illegal tax-protester designations from its individual master file and disregard any illegal tax-protester designation in a place other than the individual master file in the case of any illegal tax-protesters designation made on or before July 22, 1998, the date of the enactment of section 3707. Although section 3707 prohibits the IRS from designating taxpayers as illegal tax protesters, it does provide that the IRS may designated  any appropriate taxpayer as a nonfiler. However, the nonfiler designation must be removed once the taxpayer has filed income tax returns for two consecutive years and paid all taxes shown on the returns. Section 3707(b).

We conclude […] that Congress was concerned that innocent taxpayers may have been mislabeled as illegal tax protesters. However, Congress did not intend to limit the IRS's ability to maintain records and to make designations, other than the illegal tax-protesters designation, where such designations are appropriate.

As a result of the enactment of sections 3707 [of the 1998 Act] and 6702 [of the Internal Revenue Code], the IRS […] has tried to balance these competing obligations by focusing on the conduct of the taxpayers and specifically identifying those frivolous arguments asserted rather than applying a general label of tax protester.

The Criminal Investigation (CI) division of the Internal Revenue Service investigates reports of violations of the federal criminal tax statutes, including tax evasion under , willful failure to file tax returns or pay tax under , willful filing of false returns under , and violations of other statutes, and refers tax cases to the Tax Division of the U.S. Department of Justice for prosecution.

In July 2008, the office of the Treasury Department's Inspector General for Tax Administration reported that the number of federal criminal tax investigations referred by the Internal Revenue Service to the Justice Department is at an eight-year high. According to the report, the fiscal year 2007 ended with 4,600 investigations. The increase is nearly 50 percent from fiscal year 2002 to year 2007. The report also concluded that federal criminal tax convictions increased by 6.7% from fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2007. The number of persons convicted in fiscal year 2007 was 2,155.

Treatment by the U.S. Department of Justice

In United States v. Amon in 1981, Alan Amon was convicted of filing a false withholding allowance certificate under . Rather than having been indicted by a grand jury, Amon had been charged by the U.S. Department of Justice in a document called an information. He appealed the conviction, in part on the ground that the government's prosecution of him was "unconstitutionally selective." The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted that the trial court had agreed that Amon was "selected for prosecution because he is an active and outspoken [tax] protester."

The trial court ruled that Amon's "status as an active protester was insufficient to establish selective prosecution" and that no illegal discrimination occurs where the government prosecutes individuals for actions they take in failing to comply with tax laws where an effect of the prosecution is "...to dissuade others from engaging in that kind of tax protest." The Court of Appeals agreed, stating: "Merely showing that the Government elected, under established IRS directives, to prosecute an individual because he was vocal in opposing voluntary compliance with the federal income tax law, without also establishing that others similarly situated were not prosecuted and that the prosecution was based on racial, religious or other impermissible considerations, does not demonstrate an unconstitutionally selective prosecution."

The Department of Justice may obtain a federal court ruling to the effect that a specific tax-protester activity constitutes the promotion of an illegal tax shelter under Internal Revenue Code section 6700 (), and may obtain a court order prohibiting that activity under , as it did in the case of United States v. Robert L. Schulz, We the People Foundation for Constitutional Education, Inc., and We the People Congress, Inc.. The Tax Division of the U.S. Department of Justice prosecutes violations of the federal criminal tax statutes, generally after an investigation and referral of a case by the Criminal Investigation division of the Internal Revenue Service. See, e.g., subsection (d) of .

As of February 2008, the Department of Justice was reported to be "planning a crackdown on the so-called tax-protester movement." United States Assistant Attorney General Nathan Hochman, the head of the Tax Division of the Justice Department, stated: "Too many people succumb to the fallacy, the illusion, that you don't have to pay any tax under any set of conditions […] That is a growing problem." According to a Bloomberg News report, the U.S. government has a 97 percent conviction rate in criminal tax denier cases.  On April 9, 2008, Hochman announced the launch of the National Tax Defier Initiative, also known as the "TAXDEF Initiative."

Responses
Many United States Courts of Appeals have made blanket statements repudiating tax-protester arguments. For example, see the Seventh Circuit case of United States v. Cheek:

Arguments about constitutionality

The Supreme Court of the United States addressed tax-protester arguments in Cheek v. United States.  John L. Cheek, a tax protester, had been prosecuted for tax evasion under . In response to Mr. Cheek's arguments on appeal, the Court stated:

Claims that some of the provisions of the tax code are unconstitutional are submissions of a different order. They do not arise from innocent mistakes caused by the complexity of the Internal Revenue Code. Rather, they reveal full knowledge of the provisions at issue and a studied conclusion, however wrong, that those provisions are invalid and unenforceable. Thus, in this case, Cheek paid his taxes for years, but after attending various seminars and based on his own study, he concluded that the income tax laws could not constitutionally require him to pay a tax.

The Court continued:

We do not believe that Congress contemplated that such a taxpayer, without risking criminal prosecution, could ignore the duties imposed upon him by the Internal Revenue Code and refuse to utilize the mechanisms provided by Congress to present his claims of invalidity to the courts and to abide by their decisions. There is no doubt that Cheek, from year to year, was free to pay the tax that the law purported to require, file for a refund and, if denied, present his claims of invalidity, constitutional or otherwise, to the courts. See 26 U.S.C. 7422. Also, without paying the tax, he could have challenged claims of tax deficiencies in the Tax Court, 6213, with the right to appeal to a higher court if unsuccessful. 7482(a)(1). Cheek took neither course in some years, and, when he did, was unwilling to accept the outcome. As we see it, he is in no position to claim that his good-faith belief about the validity of the Internal Revenue Code negates willfulness or provides a defense to criminal prosecution under 7201 and 7203. Of course, Cheek was free in this very case to present his claims of invalidity and have them adjudicated, but, like defendants in criminal cases in other contexts who "willfully" refuse to comply with the duties placed upon them by the law, he must take the risk of being wrong.

After a remand by the Supreme Court, Mr. Cheek was ultimately convicted, and the conviction was upheld on appeal. The Supreme Court refused to hear Mr. Cheek's petition for review of his conviction after the remand, and he was sent to prison.

If a jury finds that a criminal defendant had a subjective good-faith belief due to a misunderstanding based on the complexity of the tax law (and not based on an argument about its constitutionality), that belief may be a defense with respect to the element of willfulness, even if the belief is unreasonable. This is due to the general mens rea requirement needed to hold someone criminally liable and the specific intent (required by the word "willfully" in the statute) as defined in Cheek and other cases (see specific intent crimes). Persons acquitted of criminal tax evasion may still be sued civilly, and may be required to pay the taxes assessed, along with civil penalties.

See also
 Christian Patriot
 Civil disobedience
 David Wynn Miller
 Freeman on the land movement
 Full payment rule
 Redemption movement
 Sovereign Citizen Movement
 Tax choice
 Tax resistance
 Tax resistance in the United States
 Potentially dangerous taxpayer (IRS designation)

References

External links

The Truth About Frivolous Tax Arguments – An Internal Revenue Service publication
Tax Protester FAQ by attorney Daniel B. Evans
Income Tax: Voluntary or Mandatory? Professor Jonathan Siegel at George Washington University Law School explains the errors in some popular tax-protester myths.
Attorney Bernard J. Sussman analyzes court treatment of various tax-protester arguments
Is the Income Tax Unconstitutional? by Sheldon Richman, Foundation for Economic Education: In Brief June 23, 2006
tax-protester web site claiming the Average American is not liable for filing and paying income taxes
Here Is The Law Making the Average American Liable for Income Taxes by non-profit organization Financial & Tax Fraud Education Associates, Inc.
Web site of former tax protester Dr. Greg Williams
Tax-Protesters Gallery page at the financial-fraud-and-scam info site, Quatloos!

Crime in the United States
Tax resistance in the United States
Taxation in the United States


Chorizanthe rectispina is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common names prickly spineflower and straight-awned spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known from about twenty occurrences from Monterey to Santa Barbara Counties. It grows in dry habitat types such as chaparral and woodland in the hills of the Central Coast Ranges. It is a low, spreading plant with stems up to about 25 centimeters long, grayish to greenish in color and hairy in texture. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each flower surrounded by six hairy bracts which are grayish to pink in color and tipped with awns. One bract is longer than the others and has a straight awn, and the other smaller bracts may have hooked awns. The tiny flower at the center of the bract array is a few millimeters wide and white and yellow in color.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

rectispina
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of Monterey County, California
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
Natural history of Santa Barbara County, California
~
Plants described in 1934
Critically endangered flora of California


Carl Mikael Augustinus ”Mika” Tiivola (30 November 1922 – 13 April 1994) was a Finnish businessman. He was the former CEO of the former Finnish bank Union Bank of Finland (, or SYP). He was the Chairman of Nokia Corporation when SYP was its largest owner in the 1980s.

References
  Nokian pelastajat lähtivät Taloussanomat.fi (1998-03-25)

1922 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Finnish businesspeople
Nokia people
Finnish bankers


Earle Melvin Terry (1869 - May 2, 1929) was an American physicist, known for contributions to wireless transmission systems and radio.

Biography

He was born in Battle Creek, Michigan, and obtained a B.A. (1902) from the University of Michigan, as well as an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1910). He joined the faculty at the same place, where he stayed since. His fame comes from developing the WHA (AM) radio transmissions (1914), work jointly with Edward Bennett. The station was originally referred to by the callsign 9XM. Being as the necessary vacuum tubes were not yet commercially available, Terry learned glassblowing so he and his students could manufacture their own.

Terry was highly dedicated to his job, working even on Christmas Day and declining a $25,000 salary offered by RCA if he joined the private sector, saying "a man can live on $5,000" (which was his university pay). One of Terry's students, Cyril Moreau Jansky, who later taught at Wisconsin-Madison, said this of him in a 1953 letter:Terry [...] was tremendously interested in the practical application of what he did. By this I do not mean that he gave any less consideration to the academic study of basic science. Rather, he realized that science was a living thing and that discoveries in it would and should have a great impact on the lives of people.Jansky goes on to write that Terry did not envision radio broadcasting developing as it did, and had not considered commercial applications.

Randall Davidson, while researching the history of WHA for his 2007 book, 9XM Talking, found that "a breathtaking amount of material has been preserved from the station's early decades." However, "the research notes and personal papers of WHA founder Earle M. Terry are not available."  They were disposed of by his widow after his death in 1929.

Books
Advanced laboratory practices in electricity and magnetism (1922)

References

American physicists
University of Michigan alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
1869 births
1929 deaths


Philip of Nassau or Filips of Nassau (1 December 1566, Dillenburg – 3 September 1595, Rheinberg) was a Count of Nassau, Katzenelnbogen, Vianden and Dietz, fought for the United Provinces during the Eighty Years' War.  He was the son of John VI and Countess Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg.

Philip studied with his brother William Louis and his cousin Maurice in Heidelberg, and later with his cousin Maurice in Leiden.  He then spent some time in the retinue of his uncle William the Silent, who called him Flipchen ("Flippy").  Later, he enlisted in the Dutch States Army and in 1585 he became colonel of the infantry.

From 1586 to 1587, Philip was governor of Gorinchem, then in 1591, after the Siege of Nijmegen, he was governor of Nijmegen.  From Nijmegen Philip started a campaign in Luxembourg, where he engaged the Spanish enemy.  In 1594, he participated in the Reduction of Groningen.  Then, on 2 September 1595, he commanded more than 500 cavalry, in the battle on the Lippe, along with his brothers Louis Gunther and Ernst Casimir. During the battle, Philip got seriously injured. The next day he died.

He was buried on 22 October 1595 in the St Eusebius' Church in Arnhem.

References and sources
 Reinildis van Ditzhuizen, Oranje Nassau, een biografisch woordenboek, 3rd ed., Becht, 1998,
 Dr. A.W.E. Dek, Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau, Europese Bibliotheek, Zaltbommel, 1970

Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
1566 births
1595 deaths
House of Nassau
Sons of monarchs


Gerald D. Bess (born May 24, 1958) is a former professional American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played in 1987 for the Buffalo Bills. He played six seasons in the Canadian Football League. Bess also led the Canadian Football League with 12 interceptions in 1984, he also had interception for 102-yard return for a touchdown.Bess had tryouts with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Atlanta Falcons, San Diego Chargers and mini camp with the Indianapolis Colts.Gerald Bess later became a pastor at New Commandment Christian Church in Atlanta.

References

1958 births
Living people
Players of American football from Pensacola, Florida
American football cornerbacks
Tuskegee Golden Tigers football players
Buffalo Bills players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Players of Canadian football from Pensacola, Florida
Christians from Florida


was an Italian free daily newspaper, published by  in collaboration with Il Sole 24 Ore Radiocor, in the cities of Rome and Milan in Italy.

Launched in 2006, it was the first Italian free daily newspaper devoted to an upper class readership. The owners decided to cease publication on 1 April 2009, due to low advertising revenue caused by the 2009 economic crisis.

References

External links

Defunct free daily newspapers
Italian-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 2006
Publications disestablished in 2009
Defunct newspapers published in Italy
Newspapers published in Milan
Newspapers published in Rome
2006 establishments in Italy
2009 disestablishments in Italy
Daily newspapers published in Italy


The Council election held in Wolverhampton on Thursday 7 May 1987 were one third, and 20 of the 60 seats were up for election.

During the 1987 election the Conservatives gained the Bilston North, Graiseley, Wednesfield North and Wednesfield South seats from Labour whilst the SDP–Liberal Alliance gained Heath Town, East Park and Spring Vale wards from Labour.

Prior to the election the constitution of the Council was:

Labour 37
Conservative 19
Alliance 4

Following the election the constitution of the Council was:

Labour 30
Conservative 23
Alliance 7

Election result

1987
1987 English local elections
1980s in the West Midlands (county)