Zenith Cable Modem was one of the first proprietary cable modems. The two basic models are one operating at 500 kilobits per second (kbit/s), and the other at four megabits per second (mbit/s) with BPSK and approximately a 25% alpha.

History
The Zenith Cable Modem was originally developed for a mid-split cable television network in the mid-1980s. It was used as an 8-bit full-height PC/AT-type card containing an Intel 80186 dedicated CPU, connected to an external white box about 2" x 12" x 6". Other similar products were made by Ungermann-Bass (UB) under the 10BROAD36 standard and Vitalink. UB had models supporting RS-232 and Ethernet outputs, as well as a re-modulating frequency translator.

In late 1993, Zenith Electronics and Prodigy provided 12 modified 500 Kbit "white modems" to Cox Communications in San Diego, including two with IBM Microchannel support. These modified modems were intended to support the Prodigy Cable Modem trial, which began on a 1500 homes-passed fiber node in El Cajon, CA. The modification allowed sub-split operation, with a fixed upstream frequency and a downstream at 74.75 MHz, within the 4 MHz space between analog channels four and five.

The initial trial consisted of a Prodigy server in the El Cajon headend, connected via the Microchannel-based cable modem to an Olsen Frequency Translator. This basic network supported the 1500 home passed fiber nodes, with six "subscribers" including one employee of Cox, who was also the head-end manager. One card was installed in rackmount PC in the Federal headend, another in the El Cajon headend. 1500 high pass filters were installed to eliminate any ingress from the drops. Service was reasonably reliable.

Zenith updated their white modems to a matte black case, adding the Homeworx name and marketing to cable operators at the $350 price range for 250 units. The new design used the same size external case, added LEDs to indicate power/TX/RX/activity and replaced the full sized 8-bit ISA card with a smaller 16-bit version. The new design dropped the onboard CPU. The modem connected to the card used a 15-pin D-shell connector—which exactly matched the PC's game connector. Both models were powered by the PC. The new modem was frequency agile, with a configuration utility that ran on the PC to set up US and DS frequencies. The option to configure the card's MAC address was soon dropped. However, the card's MAC address was not printed on the outside of the board, and thus was invisible once installed into the PC. Nor was the MAC address printed in a machine readable (bar code) format. Cox added these to the CM prior to installation, and tracked the subscriber to modem MAC address in an Excel spreadsheet, as the MAC address contained too many digits to fit into any fields within the customer billing system.

Product versions
 White modem, from 1980s based design
 Black internal modem, Homeworx
 External modem, one Ethernet jack
 External modem, two Ethernet jacks
 HW revision A: first black case modem
 HW revision B: volume production of an estimated 7501000 units for shipment to 810 cable operators
 HW revision C: introduced a two board model and 4" tall case that would allow use with a traditional Ethernet 10BASE-T connection instead of an internal PC card. The external models used an RJ-14 style phone jack for serial control, configuration, and management using a Zenith supplied utility application.
 HW revision D: eliminated the susceptibility to RF interference from nearby cell phones. The fault caused the transmit side phased locked loop (PLL) to fail. Resolution required a power cycle, fault was non-detectable in software other than no connectivity.
 HW revision E: introduced dual 10BaseT interface for University of California San Diego, and other customers. Added modem MAC address to external CM, and in a bar code readable format.
All Zenith modems contained a small switch controlling the second coax port. The modem could either operate on one coax (built in diplex filter) or two (Headend use, dual plant networks, or external diplex filter.)

The initial Zenith "Headend" design was to use a residential cable modem inside a server, and a frequency translator to convert the upstream transmit frequency to the downstream receive frequency.

This design did not scale to more than a few networks, so the Channelmizer was introduced—a 2.5" tall rack mountable device with separate US and DS RF ports, the diplex filter switch, and an Ethernet port.

The first large scale Zenith headend was constructed in Cox San Diego using Zenith's booth demonstration hardware from the 1994 Western Cable Show. Three Frequency Translators, plus four Channelmizers were installed in El Cajon. These plus three other Channelmizers were interconnected to an 8 port Cisco Catalyst 1200 Ethernet switch with single mode FDDI uplink for a 4 device, 140 km FDDI ring around San Diego county. The Prodigy server obtained a traditional Ethernet card.

The seven frequency translators plus seven Channelmizers supported 65,000 homes passed on 23 fiber nodes, and occupied a full rack.

Technology demonstration to initial deployment

Prodigy was deployed over cable modem to 200 users in time for the 1994 Western Cable Show. To grow the system from 16 users in three fiber nodes, to 200 required adding what became 64,000 homes passed, making the Cox San DiegoProdigy cable modem field trial the world's largest cable modem deployment (by service area) at the time.

The acceptance criteria were too strict to achieve the 65% homes passed high speed internet penetration which is common today:

Prodigy Subscriber greater than nine months
Cable Subscriber
Live in 2-way activated area
Open slot in 80386 based PC or greater
Willingness to participate, when called between December 15, 1994, and January 3, 1995
The result was a population of 1/4 of 1% of the homes passed, or 64,000 homes passed for 150 users.

At the time two-way communication over this service area was assumed reliable given that two-way Impulse Pay Per View cable boxes were deployed to these same places. The Pioneer Set Top Boxes used FSK, retransmitted up to 32 times over three days, and worked for up to five purchases without a return path.

The Zenith MAC layer
CSMA/CD, or Ethernet "like" was expanded by reducing the data rate to 500 kbit/s for up to 50 (100?) miles plant radius and to 4 Mbit/s for up to  plant radius. The transmitting device first listened for activity. If there was activity, it would activate the "A" LED, and wait. Activity is defined as any RF energy, intelligible or not, at an absolute amplitude of -25 dBmV into the device receive port within a 1 MHz or 6 MHz passband (500kbit/s or 4 Mbit/s respectively.)

Upon detection of no activity, using appropriate backoff timers (as per Ethernet CSMA/CD standard), the CM transmitted a preamble followed by the start of the Ethernet frame. Simultaneously, the transmitting CM would begin listening for its own burst. If the CM were able to decode its own burst, and correctly compare a checksum of the first 17 bytes of the packet, it would declare no-collision, and continue. If there was a checksum error, it would declare a collision, and stop transmitting after the 19th byte. This was easily and directly measured using Novell LANalyzer software on a dedicated Windows 3.1 for Workgroups PC.

The card kept some locally accessible counters on excessive and late collisions, but there was no driver or management.

By November 20, 1996, Zenith released SNMP MIBs and management for their Channelmizer under software release 9.32, under the title "Node Data Controller SNMP".

Provisioning
The physical possession of a properly installed modem connected the subscriber to the network, and the use of this modem with a packet sniffer would enable full viewing of all transmitted and received packets from every user sharing that frequency translator.

Removing a device for non-payment required physically retrieving the device and preventing the availability of used or stolen modems. Modems could not be disabled remotely.

Quality perceptions and reality
While not directly competing against an existing product—residential ISDN penetration was sub 0.1%, the technology had severe growing pains:

The team identified 19 Independent causes of two errors—CT-9 and CT-16, "A communications failure has occurred".

Driver  Software
 IPX driver not loaded when launching windows
 IDNX 56 kbit/s link from local Prodigy Server in El Cajon Headend to Yorktown, NY, was down
 Prodigy Server in El Cajon Headend experienced driver wedge due to excessive noise in return path, and inability to transmit packets, call Prodigy and request server reset
 Duplicate CM MAC address
 Lost modem frequency configuration
 Traffic Storm  ARP Storm, excessive traffic of any kind, or an ARP storm would shut down the network. Fastest resolution was often to take the network down and reboot the affected systems. (Often required calling the customer on the phone and asking them to do so.)

Modem hardware
 Cell phone used near the cable modem, PLL unlocked, power cycle to resolve
 Channelmizer lock up, cell phone used near headend cable modem, PLL unlocked. Power Cycle to resolve
 Frequency translator drift, resolution: replace the Olsen unit with model made by Wavecom (now Vecima Networks, who now makes upconverters for the Cisco DOCSIS compliant CMTS platforms)
 Diplex filter switch got "bumped"
 Modem module disconnected or plugged into PC game port instead of modem card. (Less of an issue with black modem as LEDs would go dark, but impossible to verify on white modem without LEDs.)

RF
 LRC STS-75 end of line terminator causing Common Path Distortion (CPD) A mechanical design defect occurred when a 22-gauge piece of stainless steel wire was press fit into an aluminum housing and compressed to become "watertight." Unfortunately, corrosion developed anyway, and the resultant diode from dissimilar metals caused the CPD. Resolution: replace 10,000 units at $4/part + $25/labor with gold anodized model.
 Return path alignment and headend combining: Independently develop the "X-point" return path alignment and amplitude compensation process. Due to the Amplitude Modulation (AM) format of the return path FP lasers, a +25 dBmV CW tone injected at the fiber node status monitoring module would not arrive at the headend with constant amplitude. Pad inputs to frequency translator to ensure +5 dBmV input on this tone for each fiber node (individually).
 Filter Corp brick wall filter on the output path to the frequency translator was too sharp, introducing excessive group delay.
 PCS Cable Telephony trial precision CW clock distribution tone at 73.25 MHz jamming subscriber transmitters, causing "A" light on solid, and 100% collisions
 Poorly chosen upstream frequency for white modems, resolved for deployment of black modems.
 Too many homes passed per frequency translator. Worked reliably with 8500 to 10,000, but much better at about 6500 homes passed.
 Speaker modulation. When the coax connector on a nearby television set is loose, and the audio is really loud, the mechanical vibration of the television set alters the physical connection of the coax, allowing ingress and other interference.
 Missing return-path amplifier. During the early days of the trial, few repair trucks carried return-path capableamplifiers. One amplifier was replaced with a one-way amplifier and improperly noted.

RF requirements

Carrier/anything of at least 25 dB at the receive port of all modems. To support the time varying nature of an HFC network, 35 dB C/anything was required at the input to the frequency translator in the headend.

"Carrier/anything" includes: C/Noise, C/Interference and distortion products.

Downstream input to each cable modem of +5 dBmV ± 2 dB. Due to the non-existence of any real input AGC, the lack of a re-modulating frequency translator and lack of upstream transmit power control, the tight receive level range accommodated upstream path variation.

In comparison, a 2003 DOCSIS 2.0 compliant CMTS operating at 0.5 to 1 dB from theory dprovide both 16QAM and 64 QAM in 6.4 MHz at 25 dB C/noise, and in some cases negative C/I. Next-Gen CMTSs

RF plant maintenance in 19941995
An HP 8590L (low cost version of 8591c), video out connected to a Cadco channel modulator operating above 550 MHz, with a Radio Shack black and white TV (picture tube) tuned to UHF channels to see the picture. Add to that a comb generator with 46 CW tones, an HP Calan 1776 "portable" spectrum analyzer. Not all amplifiers contained a good return-path test point, so the repair lab was asked to modify some line extender diplex filters to pass the forward, and divert the return path to an F connector. A pad socket was also converted. Any signal entering an amplifier with an amplitude above -45 dBmV was located and fixed. CLI was reduced to under 5 uV/m. Two years later, Milo Medin, CTO of @Home was reported to have said, "Please show me the fiber receivers that are connected to the outside plant, these don't have enough noise, so they are certainly not connected or properly aligned." Later, he was quoted as saying "Cox San Diego return plant is so clean you could eat off it." San Diego never had serious RF issues when it came to return path after 1995.

Network Operations Center (NOC)
Modeled after the University of California, San Diego Telecommunications NOC at the Central Utilities Building, Novell LANalyzer software w/ internal cable modem, and a technician to manually move the test connection between frequency translators. Only one frequency translator could be measured at a time. HP OpenView (HPOV) and a 24 port HP AdvanceStack Ethernet HUB with AUI "uplink" was available. This combination allowed the AdvanceStack hub to send out IPX diagnostic packets to the NDIS driver in each PC. Assuming the PC was running the driver at all times, the HP OpenView application would display the NetWare device ID – 00000, mac-address as there was no real NetWare serverrouter. The management software would generate NDIS "diagnostic pings" from the hub, and report the number of successful responses. Rebooting the PC, loading and unloading the driver, or experiencing RF faults would cause each cable modem to transition from active to inactive hundreds of times per day.

HPOV could export the log file to a Paradox database for later analysis and trending. Eliminating the PC reloads and driver reloads from the RF faults, and correlating RF faults on a single frequency translator vs. the entire flat network was not available. These methods became the justification and fundamental research for what was later patented by others:  and . Eventually, this technique became mandatory in DOCSIS 3.0, although it was rejected and ignored for three years as a "proprietary extension to DOCSIS" by @Home and copied by every DOCSIS CMTS vendor.

By September 1994, the NOC was expanded with the introduction of two @ Cisco Catalyst 1200 Ethernet to FDDI switches, and two @ Cabletron MMAC-three FNB hubs (six Ethernet plus two FDDI), constructing a reliable path from the Federal Headend to the El Cajon headend, and eliminating one unreliable path between the AdvanceStack hub and the various Channelmizers and frequency translators.

Videoconferencing over cable modems in 19941995
CUs-SeeMe and Apple QuickTime Conferencing 1.0 beta ran over the Zenith and Lancity proprietary cable modems when the RF path was sufficiently clean. These modems were able to interoperate on the same RF fiber nodes using Frequency Division Multiplexing, using an Ethernet switch to join the otherwise incompatible networks.

Late in the beta, 160 x 120 pixel video was increased to 320 x 240, and the audio quality greatly improved on the Apple Power Macintosh 7100 AV.

Cogeco
Cogeco in Canada launched with the 4 Mbit/s, external Rev D cable modem in roughly 1996, and by August 1997 had 2500 subscribers. The network experienced failures for three reasons:

 The Zenith network is a pure bridged CSMA/CD Ethernet. It has no understanding of the Layer-3 ARP protocol. Thus ARP storms through the layer-2 switches used in the first headend designs would clog the network.
 The Layer-2 switches and Layer-3 routers of the time did not perform any QOS or rate limiting, thus a 4 Mbit/s input port on the Channelmizer could be flooded with up to 10 Mbit/s of traffic bursts.
 The Cogeco network contained an unusual reverse path amplifier as part of the retrofit to accommodate return path. This amplifier contained a design defect whereby the pad and equalizer plug-in modules would literally fall off the circuit board when the device was opened. A thermal incompatibility existed causing the holes for the parts to increase in diameter, while the pins would elongate and become smaller. This fault was documented and proven as a result of Cogeco's first DOCSIS deployment with the Cisco uBR7246, MC11-FPGA linecard, and IOS 11.3(4)NA, which contained the "flap list."

References

External links

 David Waks recalls 1993-1994 launch Article
 Modern CMTS performance measurements Article
 Patent Search  Patent Numbers: 6,032,019,  5,943,604 Echo device method for locating upstream ingress noise gaps at cable television head ends

Modems


Gloria Lund Main (née Lund; born 1933) is an American economic historian who is a professor emeritus of history at University of Colorado Boulder. She authored two books about the Thirteen Colonies.

Life
Gloria Jean Lund was born to Mr. and Mrs. Howard Lund of Mount Hermon, California. She graduated from Analy High School. Lund completed her bachelor's degree at San Jose State College (now San Jose State University). She was an economics graduate student at University of California, Berkeley where she was the only female graduate student. In 1956, Lund paused her studies to marry her former undergraduate professor, Jackson Turner Main, a grandson of historian Frederick Jackson Turner. After their three children were school aged, she earned a M.A. from Stony Brook University.

Influenced by her husband's field of study, Main completed a Ph.D. in American history at Columbia University. Her 1972 dissertation on personal wealth in the Thirteen Colonies was the basis of her first book. She applies her economics training to her studies of colonial time periods. After a few years of lecturing part time in the New York area, Main joined the faculty at University of Colorado Boulder. , she is a professor emeritus.

Selected works

Books

Articles

References

University of Colorado Boulder faculty
Living people
Historians from California
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
American women historians
Historians of Colonial North America
American economic historians
1933 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Stony Brook University alumni
20th-century American women writers
University of California, Berkeley alumni
21st-century American women
San Jose State University alumni


"The Wheels of If" is an alternate history science fiction story by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. It was first published in the magazine Unknown Fantasy Fiction for October, 1940, and first appeared in book form in de Camp's collection The Wheels of If and Other Science Fiction (Shasta, 1940). It later appeared in the paperback edition of the collection published by Berkley Books in 1970, in de Camp's subsequent collections The Virgin & the Wheels (Popular Library, 1976) and Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp (NESFA Press, 2005), and in the anthology Unknown Worlds: Tales from Beyond (Galahad Books, 1989). It also appeared, together with a sequel by Harry Turtledove, in The Pugnacious Peacemaker/The Wheels of If (Tor Books, 1990) and Down in the Bottomlands and Other Places (Baen Books, 1999). The story has also been translated into German.

Plot summary
New York lawyer Allister Park is inexplicably torn from his normal existence and thrust into a series of parallel universes. Each morning he discovers he has become someone else, in a world changed from his own, initially finding himself in worlds where the American Revolution failed and France won the Napoleonic Wars. Ultimately he finds himself a bishop in the alternate New York City of New Belfast, in Vinland, a North America colonized by descendants of the Vikings and now divided between Norse-derived and native polities. He determines that this new world's differences from his own stem from two divergences in the course of history, relative to his own world.

The first was that King Oswiu of Northumbria was persuaded by Celtic Christianity, rather than the pre-Schism Roman tradition at the Synod of Whitby in 664 AD. The other was that the Franks lost the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, aborting the later rise of Charlemagne and disrupting the formation of France due to continued Umayyad insurgency and occupation. This meant that Italy placed itself under the protection of the Byzantine Empire, given that the Celtic/Roman schism had rendered Roman Catholicism weaker than it was in our timeline. Gorm, a Danish monarch, succeeded in unifying the British Isles and Scandinavia, which stayed united thereafter, despite intervals of disunity. In the tenth century, one "Ketil Ingolfson" discovered North America. However, Europe had nowhere near the population scale that it possessed by the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in our own timeline. This meant that Vinland's growth was truncated as Native Americans recovered from the arrival of European germs and epidemic disease and engaged in political consolidation. By its twentieth century, Vinland has a parliamentary democracy with several political parties and an elected legislature. "New Belfast" (New York) is its largest city. In technological terms, they have automated vehicles and aircraft, albeit steam powered in the latter case, as well as telephones in its alternate 1940.

The displacement of his consciousness turns out to have been incidental to a plot directed against his other self, Bishop Ib Scoglund, whose campaign to extend civil rights to Vinland's native inhabitants, the Skrellings, has aroused opposition. However, that opposition also attracts foreign intervention, most notably from Sioux-dominated Dakotia, which encompasses Ohio, Wisconsin and the extreme eastern areas of North and South Dakota in our timeline.  To get home, Park must continue his counterpart's struggle while somehow unraveling the mystery of how to reunite the minds of all his selves with their proper realities. Ultimately successful in these goals, he decides the life he has built for himself as "Scoglund" is better than anything he would be likely to achieve in his original life, and elects to remain in Vinland. At the very end of the story, the International Court appoints Skoglund/Park as a member of a trouble-shooting international tribunal established to deal with disputes among the various American nations.

Reception
P. Schuyler Miller described the story as a "typical de Camp adventure with an alternative future wryly reminiscent of certain episodes in our own history."

Influence
"The Wheels of If" is one of de Camp's most notable works. A thematic follow-up to his first significant work of alternate history, the novel Lest Darkness Fall (1939), the story is according to Steven Silver "an even more ambitious" work, in that, while most such works "limited themselves to the first few years after the change occurred", this story focuses on the consequences of divergences from actual history taking place over a thousand years in its past. It "opened the floodgates" of the field, with "approximately 1,500 novels and short stories ... published since de Camp first began exploring the field" as of 1998 (the figure is attributed to bibliographer Robert Schmunk).

American philosopher David lewis credits the story in a footnote of his 1968 paper "Counterpart theory and quantified modal logic" as a source for his conception of individuals across possible worlds (p.115, fn.3)

Sandra Miesel identified it as one of the influences of Larry Niven's The Magic Goes Away series.

Sequel
Many years after publication of de Camp's story, Harry Turtledove wrote a sequel, "The Pugnacious Peacemaker", in which Park/Scoglund serves as a diplomat attempting to defuse a war between Tawantiinsuuju (his adopted world's still-existent Inca Empire) and the Muslims who have colonized Brazil, known as the Emirate of the dar al-Harb in this timeline. Turtledove's sequel does not use de Camp's device of mind-transfer between alternate worlds, focusing instead completely on Park/Scoglund's new life in his adopted world subsequent to "The Wheels of If". The story was published together with de Camp's original story in The Pugnacious Peacemaker/The Wheels of If (Tor Books, 1990), and later in Down in the Bottomlands and Other Places (Baen Books, 1999).

References

Alternate history short stories
Short stories by L. Sprague de Camp
1940 short stories
Works originally published in Unknown (magazine)


Henry Wright may refer to:
Henry Clarke Wright (1797–1870), American abolitionist
Henry Wright (artist) (1849–1937), English artist and war correspondent
Henry Wright (civil servant) (1794–1879), Accountant General and Controller of Revenue of Ceylon, 1841–1847.
Henry Smith Wright (1839–1910), British Member of Parliament for Nottingham South, 1886–1895
Henry Parks Wright (1839–1918), Yale's first college dean
Henry W. Wright (1868–1948), American politician from California
H. FitzHerbert Wright (1870–1947), British politician
Henry Burt Wright (1877–1923), theology professor at Yale University, son of Henry Parks Wright, above
Henry Wright (planner) (1878–1936), American urban planner and architect
Henry Oswald Wright (1880–1963), rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada
Henry Wright (footballer) (1882–1953), Australian footballer
Henry Wright (baseball) (1906–?), American Negro leagues baseball player
Henry T. Wright, American anthropologist and archaeologist
Sir Henry Wright, 1st Baronet (c. 1637–1664), member of parliament for Harwich
Henry Wright (Massachusetts politician), early Massachusetts settler

See also
Harry Wright (disambiguation)


Geothermal energy in Romania is mainly located, in the western part of the country, in the Banat region and the western part of the Apuseni Mountains with the most important source located in the Bihor County especially around the city of Oradea, that has been using geothermal energy for more than a hundred years. Theoretically Romania has the third highest potential geothermal capacity in Europe after Greece and Italy.

The direct-use heating has been mostly district heating serving 5,500 residences in Oradea and the city of Beiuş is the only city in Romania entirely heated by geothermal energy. Romania has a total of 200 drilled wells at depths between  and  and a capacity of 480 MWt with a utilisation of 7,975 TJ/year or 2,215 GWh/year.

See also
 Energy in Romania
 Wind power in Romania
 Solar power in Romania
 Hydroelectricity in Romania
 Renewable energy by country

References

Geothermal energy in Romania


Mário Garnero (Campinas, 15 August 1937) is a Brazilian banker and entrepreneur.

Biography
Born in 1937, Mário Garnero obtained a law degree from the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo) where, as a student, he presided over the "Centro Acadêmico 22 de Agosto" (the University's Law Students' Association).

Brasilinvest
Mario Garnero is chairman of the board and principal shareholder of the Brasilinvest Group, a business organization established in 1975 as a private business agency operating along the lines of a classic "banque d'affaires" or merchant bank, which has a present net worth estimated in US$700 million. The establishment of the Brasilinvest Group, which has already attracted investments in the range of US$12 billion to Brazil, gathers partners from 16 different countries, some of which are still minority shareholders. In addition, Mario Garnero is president of Jurisul – the Interamerican Institute for Juridical Studies on Mercosur, president of Forum das Américas, and of the United Nations Association-Brazil.

After becoming director of Volkswagen do Brasil in 1979, Garnero chaired the National Automakers Association and subsequently chaired the National Confederation of Industries (CNI). He was one of the main supporters of that time's recently developed Brazilian Ethanol Program, named Proálcool.

As the Chairman of NEC do Brasil in the beginning of the 1990s, Mario Garnero was the pioneer in bringing the mobile phone technology to Brazil.

UNA-Brazil
Throughout the years, Garnero became a personal friend of some of the most influential personalities in the world, including Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon, US Secretary of Defense William Cohen, banker and statesman David Rockefeller and Jacob Rothschild, US Presidents Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, among others. It is reported that Garnero once managed to work out a meeting between a delegation of 70 American businessmen and Ernesto Geisel, Brazil's President during the late 1970s, which brought a major wave of foreign investment to Brazil. Henry Kissinger was also a guest of his during the difficult years of Brazil's foreign debt negotiations. More recently, in 1996, it was President George H. W. Bush who came to Brazil under Garnero's invitation.

Apart from his business, this is a kind of "private diplomacy" that few people carry out like Garnero. Back in 1965, he took the initiative of inviting Senator Robert F. Kennedy to visit Brazil. As a result of Kennedy's visit, Mario Garnero decided to found an institution to debate environmental and hemispheric issues in the Americas, which happened in 1978, with the creation of Fórum das Américas, Brazil's pioneer "think tank" on democracy and regional economic integration.

These initiatives are added to the creation in 1998 of the United Nations Association-Brazil, following a meeting in New York City between Mario Garnero and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, who later visited São Paulo under the invitation of Fórum das Américas. UNA-Brazil is part of a group of similar institutions to be found in 115 countries, working as a bridge between the United Nations, its principles and values, and the Brazilian civil society.

As chairman of UNA-Brazil, he supported the media coverage by Brazil's most important newspaper of the Independence Process in East Timor, that brought to the attention of a large Brazilian audience the popular consultation in that Asian Portuguese-speaking territory, approved by the UN Security Council, that eventually led to the independence of that country from Indonesia. He also led the campaign throughout Brazil so that José Gregori could be elected to the United Nations Human Rights Award given in 1998.

Publications
Garnero is the author of several publications, including Brazil in the World—Views on Brazil's Role in the Global Market (2008), Tough Deal (1988), The Imperative of Dialogue (1983), Why I Do Believe (1983), Energy: The Future is Today (1980) and Salzburg Letter (1975). His most recent book, JK, The Courage of Ambition, describes Garneo's appreciation of the personality and legacy of Juscelino Kubitschek, who was president of Brazil in the late 1950s and to whom Mario Garnero was a close friend and collaborator while still a young student leader.

Father of the Ethanol Car
In the year of 1979 Mario Garnero held the position of director for Industrial Relations of Volkswagen Brazil and was subsequently appointed president of the National Association of Automotive Vehicle Manufacturers (ANFAVEA).  1979 was a crucial year for the Brazilian economy as the petroleum crisis pushed the federal government to consider imposing a ration on gasoline use which would ultimately mean disaster for the sales in the automotive industry. Garnero, as president of ANFAVEA, visualized the car empowered by ethanol as the only solution for the ongoing fuel crisis and took the first step for its implementation on a national scale.

Initially, Garnero convinced and got the approval of the presidents of the four major automobile producers in Brazil—Joseph O'Neill, president of Ford do Brasil, Wolfgang Sauer, president of Volkswagen, Joe Sanchez, of General Motors, and Silvano Valentino, of Fiat—to establish the audacious goal of producing 1 million cars moved by ethanol, which at the time corresponded to the entire automobile production of the preceding year. The quartet, under Garnero's leadership, left behind any idea of competition to unite themselves around the historic objective of transforming the fleet of cars from gasoline to ethanol. Afterward, Garnero elaborated together with Brazil's National Industry Confederation (CNI) a complete business plan which sanctioned the possibility of the production of 1 million cars moved on ethanol, thus eliminating any technical doubts on the feasibility of the process.

Garnero then produced a document which contained the signatures of over 800 of the most prominent leaders of the Brazilian economy, all in support of the production of the ethanol empowered automobile. The private sector by that time was entirely mobilized. Finally, Garnero persuaded his friend and president of the Republic, General João Batista Figueiredo, to engaged himself in the cause and launch the "One million ethanol cars" operation, which conveyed governmental support to the ethanol and sugarcane producers in order to guarantee the sufficient availability of ethanol fuel and also to the automotive industry in order to be thoroughly equipped, in a period of only four months, for the transformations caused by the substitution of gasoline by ethanol.

Three years later and 90% of Brazil's new automobiles were consuming ethanol fuel, notably cheaper than gasoline. Mario Garnero still today is called the father of the ethanol car in the private initiative, remembered by his tireless contribution for the implementation of over 1 million ethanol cars while president of the National Association of Automotive Vehicle Manufacturers and also for his unshakable belief in the future of alternative energy.

References

External links
 official website
 Fuel in Brazil
 Magazine

Brazilian businesspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


William Edward Osborne Williams (15 December 1866 – 22 June 1945) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Cardiff and London Welsh. Williams was capped for Wales five times over a period of four years.

Rugby career
Williams was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead.  He first came to prominence as a rugby player while representing Cardiff, a team he captained after Charlie Arthur.  Williams was first selected for the Welsh national rugby team in a game against Scotland as part of the 1887 Home Nations Championship. Williams was one of three new Welsh caps chosen for the match, along with half-back George Bowen and full-back Hugh Hughes. The game was a one-sided affair with Scotland scoring 12 tries without reply. Despite the crushing defeat the selectors kept faith with the squad, making few changes. Williams was reselected for the next game of the Championship, played at Birkenhead, which Wales won, mainly thanks to a drop goal from Arthur 'Monkey' Gould.

Williams didn't play during the 1888 Championship, but played one game during the 1889 tournament. Under the captaincy of Frank Hill, Williams found himself part of another away loss to Scotland, but this time was not in the squad that faced Ireland in the last game of the Championship. Williams played two more games for the Wales team, both in the 1890 Home Nations Championship. The opening game of the tournament saw Wales lose to Scotland, but Williams' last international match was a historic first win for the Welsh team over England. Williams may well have played in more international games, but while playing for Cardiff in an encounter against Newport in November 1890, Williams sustained a serious injury which ending his rugby career. Williams had only just be given the captaincy of Cardiff, and his vice-captain, D.W. Evans was promoted to captain after Williams' retirement.

International games played
Wales
  1890
  1887
  1887, 1889, 1890

Bibliography

References

1866 births
1945 deaths
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union forwards
Cardiff RFC players
Wales international rugby union players
London Welsh RFC players
People educated at St John's School, Leatherhead


Meikit, ketjut ja vyöt (Make-up, Necklaces and Belts) is the second studio album by Finnish pop rock singer-songwriter Maija Vilkkumaa. Released by Warner Music in Finland physically on 9 April 2001, and digitally on 16 June 2008, the album debuted at number one on the Finnish Albums Chart, maintaining the peak three weeks and spending 26 weeks on the chart. Meikit, ketjut ja vyöt has sold over 36,000 copies to date in Finland, which has granted it a platinum certification.

Singles
The (rough) English translations of the tracks are in the brackets.
"Noinko vaikeeta se on?" ("Is It That Hard?", promotional)
"Ingalsin Laura" ("Laura Ingals  [Wilder]")
"Totuutta ja tehtävää" ("Truth and Dare")
"Prinsessa Jää" ("Princess Ice")

Track listing
Digital download

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

|-

|-

|-

Certifications

References

2001 albums
Maija Vilkkumaa albums
Finnish-language albums


Ernest Tubb Record Shop is an album by American country singer Ernest Tubb, released in 1960 (see 1960 in music). It is named after Tubb's record shop in Nashville.

Reception

In his AllMusic review, Eugene Chadbourne wrote of the album "There are records by this artist that are a bit more inspired and feature even better instrumental lineups. But this one really should satisfy any kind of fan of country music..."

From 1947 to 2022, the Ernest Tubb Record Shop was situated at 417 Broadway in Nashville. There were several other shops throughout the years that included Music Valley in Nashville, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, and Fort Worth, Texas, but the location on Broadway in Nashville was the last remaining store open.  It was the location of the inaugural Music City News Awards, the oldest MTV awards show ceremony that MTV acquired in 2000, as well as the Midnite Jamboree, WSM's late-night weekly program that aired after the Grand Ole Opry. On March 11, 2022, the owners of the Broadway location announced it would close and sell the shop in the spring, ultimately doing so after a 75th anniversary celebration on May 3.

Track listing
"Do It Now" (Jimmie Dallas)
"He'll Have to Go" (Joe Allison, Audrey Allison)
"Mister Blues" (Jack Toombs)
"You Win Again" (Hank Williams)
"I Believe I'm Entitled to You" (Mel Foree, Cliff Carlisle, Chester Rice)
"Who Will Buy the Wine?" (Billy Mize)
"White Silver Sands" (Charles G. Matthews, Gladys Reinhardt)
"Am I That Easy to Forget?" (Carl Belew, W. S. Stevenson)
"A Guy Named Joe" (Harlan Howard)
"Kind of Love She Gave to Me" (Mae Boren Axton, Glenn Reeves)
"Pick Me Up on Your Way Down" (Harlan Howard)
"Why I'm Walkin'" (Melvin Endsley, Stonewall Jackson)

Personnel
Ernest Tubb – vocals, guitar
Howard Johnson – guitar
Grady Martin – guitar
Buddy Emmons – pedal steel guitar, guitar
Bobby Garrett – pedal steel guitar
Jack Drake – bass
Farris Coursey – drums
Buddy Harman – drums
Floyd Cramer – piano

References

Ernest Tubb albums
1960 albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
Decca Records albums


Murch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anna Valentina Murch (1949–2014), artist
Arthur Murch (1902–1989), Australian artist
Jamie Murch (born 1975), Australian cricketer
Jordan Murch (born 1989), Scottish football player
Nigel Murch (1944–2020), Australian cricketer
Simmy Murch (1880–1939), baseball player
Thompson H. Murch (1838–1886), politician, stonecutter, editor, publisher and merchant from Maine
Walter Murch (born 1943), Academy Award-winning film editor/sound designer
Walter Tandy Murch (1907–1967), still life painter

See also


The 2009 season is the 99th season of competitive football in Paraguay.

Primera División

Apertura champion: Cerro Porteño (28th title).
Top scorer:  Pablo Velázquez (16 goals).
Clausura champion: Nacional (7th title).
Top scorer: Cesar Caceres Cañete (11 goals).
Source: RSSSF

Transfers

 List of transfers during the 2009 season registered under the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol.

Paraguay national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Paraguay national football team in official competitions during 2009.

KEY:  F = Friendly match; WCQ2010 = 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

References

External links
 Paraguay 2009 by Eli Schmerler and Juan Pablo Andrés at RSSSF
 Diario ABC Color

Seasons in Paraguayan football


The "Rauch-Haus-Song" is a track performed by West Berlin band Ton Steine Scherben on their second studio album Keine Macht für Niemand. It has become famous in leftwing circles in Germany.

Background
The double album Keine Macht für Niemand ('No power for no-one') was released in 1972 by rock band Ton Steine Scherben. The track "Rauch-Haus-Song" describes the scenes when the police attempted to evict the squatted Georg-von-Rauch-Haus in December 1971. Members of the band were involved in the squat and were present when the police attacked.
A derelict nurses' dormitory, part of the former  hospital, had been occupied in early 1971. It was one of the first buildings to be squatted in Berlin. The squatters had renamed the building Georg-von-Rauch-Haus after Georg von Rauch, a leftist who was shot dead by the police on 5 December 1971. The police action was unsuccessful and the Georg-von-Rauch-Haus remains in existence almost fifty years later.  Within the German squatter movement, the "Rauch-Haus-Song" became an anthem, with the refrain "Das ist unser Haus" (This is our house) being shouted out as a motto.

Excerpt

R:Und wir schreien's laut:Ihr kriegt uns hier nicht raus!Das ist unser Haus, schmeißt doch endlichSchmidt und Press und Mosch aus Kreuzberg raus.

(Refrain:)
And we shout it loud: You won't get us out!This is our house, At long last kick Schmidt and Press and Mosch out of Kreuzberg.

 Covers

WestBam published a remix on Pop 2001 - Geschichte wird gemacht'' in 2001.

Notes

External links
 commented song text

Anarchist movements
Autonomism
German rock songs
History of West Germany
Political songs
Squatting in Germany


Censorship in Communist Poland was primarily performed by the Polish  (Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk), a governmental institution created in 1946 by the pro-Soviet Provisional Government of National Unity with Stalin's approval and backing, and renamed in 1981 as the Główny Urząd Kontroli Publikacji i Widowisk (GUKPiW). The bureau was liquidated after the fall of communism in Poland, in April 1990.

Library collections were systematically cleansed, the majority of the books destroyed, some isolated in Party or academic libraries.
A list of prohibited publications and black-listed writers was created in 1950 during the darkest years of Stalinism in Poland with some 1,682 items, and subsequently modified many times by the communist authorities in the Polish People's Republic. Some writers popular before World War II, for example Wacław Kostek-Biernacki who was sentenced to death as an enemy of the state in 1953, had their books not only removed from libraries, but also meticulously destroyed. In addition to the censorship of the publications, the state also jammed foreign radio stations, such as Radio Free Europe and Voice of America. The decades of relentless censorship fed the underground press and publications in Poland (called bibuła in Polish).

After the rise of Solidarity movement in 1980, independent editors were allowed to indicate, with a sequence [----], that a fragment had been censored, instead of hiding such deletions or withdrawing their entire publications. Publishers demanded the right to leave a white space to indicate how much of the text was cut, but that was rejected. Nevertheless the change spelled a setback for GUKPiW and interventions were less common: an article with dozens of cuts might have a greater impact on the readers' minds than the words missing.

The censorship law was eliminated after the fall of communism in Poland, by the Polish Sejm on 11 April 1990 and the GUKPiW was closed two months later.

Defection of Tomasz Strzyżewski
In 1977 one of the Polish censors, Tomasz Strzyżewski, defected to Sweden with stolen classified documents which he published in the . The book was based on one of two copies of guidelines in the safe of every censorship department of GUKPPiW (Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk). The official name of the guidelines in Polish was "Książka Zapisów i Zaleceń GUKPPiW" (The Book of Records and Recommendations of GUKPPiW). These materials included photocopies of the originals and personal notes in his notebooks. No-one at his office was allowed to take them out of the building or reprint them: the Bureau censors were allowed only to remove these guidelines from the safe and read them on site. The document was generic in nature: "It's forbidden to write about any info on the disaster in X".  "It's forbidden to write about any increase in deaths from xy ". Natural catastrophes, or even carcinogenicity of asbestos, or noxiousness of the plastic used in artificial Christmas trees were also covered there.

Other topics were mentioning the names of censored authors, unless negative arguments about their works were given. Even statistical data about coffee drinking in Poland were banned as this might cause protests against reexporting this product from Poland.

In the 1990s when after the Bureau was dissolved and its archives released, not all copies of such censorship guidelines were submitted and their existence was denied. However some years later former censors of the Bureau confirmed that they had such books in their departments, and that they used it as a reference.

See also
 Czarna ksiega cenzury PRL – The Black Book of the Censorship of People's Poland. In two or one parts called in English: The Black Book of the Censorship of People's Poland—Part 1, ed. T. Strzyżewski, ANEKS, London, 1977 The Black Book of the Censorship of People's Poland—Part 2, ed. T. Strzyżewski, ANEKS, London, 1977.
 Culture in the Polish People's Republic
 Propaganda in the Polish People's Republic
 Eastern Bloc information dissemination
 Katyn massacre

Other Eastern Bloc states:
 Censorship in East Germany

Notes and references

Censorship in Poland
Censorship in the Eastern Bloc
Polish People's Republic
1990 disestablishments in Poland


Alatuncusia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Alatuncusia bergii (Möschler, 1890)
Alatuncusia canalis
Alatuncusia fulvescens (Hampson, 1918)
Alatuncusia gilvicostalis Hampson, 1918
Alatuncusia subductalis

References

Dichogamini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel


Alatuncusiodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Alatuncusiodes korytkowskii, which is found in Peru.

References

Dichogamini
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of South America
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe
Crambidae genera


Keith Downey may refer to:

 Keith Downey (agricultural scientist) (born 1927), Canadian agricultural scientist
 Keith Downey (politician) (born 1960), Minnesota politician


Alloperissa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Alloperissa creagraula, which is found on Fiji.

References

Schoenobiinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Fiji
Crambidae genera


Almita is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Almita portalia B. Landry, 1995
Almita texana B. Landry, 1995

References

Crambini
Crambidae genera


Almonia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Classification
The Crambidae are the grass moth family of (butterflies and moths). They are quite variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass-stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies include brightly colored and patterned insects which rest in wing-spread attitudes.

In many classifications, the Crambidae have been treated as a subfamily of the Pyralidae or snout-moths. The principal difference is a structure in the ears called the praecinctorium, which joins two tympanic membranes in the Crambidae, and is absent from the Pyralidae. It would seem to be a matter of personal opinion (therefore not susceptible to definitive decision) whether this distinction merits division into two families, or whether the common presence of ventrally-located ears should unify them into one family. The latest review by Munroe & Solis, in Kristensen (1999) retains the Crambidae as a full family.

Species
 Almonia atratalis Rothschild, 1915
 Almonia truncatalis Walker, [1866]

Former species
 Almonia cristata (Hampson, 1891)
 Almonia lobipennis (Moore, 1886)

References

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


County Kildare was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons to 1801.

History
In the Patriot Parliament of 1689 summoned by James II, County Kildare was represented with two members.

Members of Parliament

1429 Sir Richard FitzEustace
1560 Nicholas Eustace and James Flattisbury
1585 William Sutton and Thomas Fitzmorris
1613–1615 John Sutton and Sir William Talbot, 1st Baronet
1634–1635 Sir Nicholas Whyte and Maurice Eustace (Speaker)
1639 Maurice Fitzgerald (expelled and replaced 1642 by Henry Warren) and Maurice Eustace (Speaker)
1661–1666 Hon Robert Fitzgerald and Sir Paul Davys

1689–1801

Notes

References

Bibliography

Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Historic constituencies in County Kildare
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


Ambia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Ambia albiflavalis Hampson, 1917
Ambia albomaculalis Hampson, 1897
Ambia ambrealis Viette, 1960
Ambia andasalis Viette, 1960
Ambia anosibalis Viette, 1958
Ambia argentifascialis Marion, 1957
Ambia catalaianus (Viette, 1954)
Ambia chalcichroalis Hampson, 1906
Ambia chrysogramma Hampson, 1917
Ambia colonalis (Bremer, 1864)
Ambia cymophoralis Hampson, 1917
Ambia ellipes (Tams, 1935)
Ambia fulvicolor Hampson, 1917
Ambia fusalis Hampson, 1906
Ambia gueneealis Viette, 1957
Ambia iambealis (Walker, 1859)
Ambia locuples (Butler, 1889)
Ambia magnificalis Swinhoe, 1895
Ambia mantasoalis Viette, 1978
Ambia marmorealis Marion & Viette, 1956
Ambia melanalis Hampson, 1906
Ambia melanistis Hampson, 1917
Ambia mesoscotalis Hampson, 1906
Ambia naumanni Speidel & Stüning, 2005
Ambia nosivalis Viette, 1958
Ambia novaguinensis Kenrick, 1912
Ambia obliquistriga Rothschild, 1915
Ambia oligalis Hampson, 1906
Ambia pedionoma West, 1931
Ambia phobos Viette, 1989
Ambia pictoralis Viette, 1960
Ambia prolalis Viette, 1958
Ambia ptolycusalis Walker, 1859
Ambia punctimarginata Rothschild, 1915
Ambia schistochaeta Tams, 1935
Ambia tendicularis Rebel, 1915
Ambia tenebrosalis Hampson, 1896
Ambia thyridialis Lederer, 1855
Ambia vagilinealis Hampson, 1906
Ambia vilisalis Viette, 1958
Ambia xantholeuca Hampson, 1896
Ambia yamanakai Kirpichnikova, 1999

References

Musotiminae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


Randon may refer to:

Arzenc-de-Randon, canton of France, located in the Lozère department, in the Languedoc-Roussillon region
Châteauneuf-de-Randon, commune in the Lozère department in southern France
Rieutort-de-Randon, commune in the Lozère department in southern France

People with the surname
Gabriel Randon, real name of the poet Jehan-Rictus (1867–1933)
Jacques Louis Randon, 1st Comte Randon (1795–1871), French military and political leader
Lucile Randon (1904–2023), French supercentenarian


Ametrea is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Ametrea nebulalis, which is found on the Sula Islands.

References

Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Indonesia
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Amselia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It was established in 1959 by Stanisław Błeszyński.

Species
Amselia heringi (Amsel, 1935)
Amselia leucozonellus (Walsingham & Hampson, 1896)

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Stanisław Błeszyński


Anaclastis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Anaclastis apicistrigellus, which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland and New South Wales.

References

Crambinae
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Australia
Crambidae genera


Anageshna is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1956. Its only species, Anageshna primordialis, the yellow-spotted webworm, was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1907. It is found in the US states of Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.

The wingspan is about 11 mm. Adults are on wing from August to November.

Hosts plants are unknown.

References

External links

 "Species Anageshna primordialis - Yellow-spotted Webworm Moth - Hodges#5176". BugGuide. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
 Solis, M. Alma (May 2008). "Pyraloidea and Their Known Hosts (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Plummers Island, Maryland". Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington. pages 88-106.

Monotypic moth genera
Crambidae genera
Spilomelinae
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Analcina is a monotypic genus of moths of the Cybalomiinae subfamily of the Crambidae. It contains only one species, Analcina penthica, which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

References

Cybalomiinae
Moths of Australia
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner


Analyta is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Analyta apicalis Hampson, 1896
Analyta albicillalis Lederer, 1863
Analyta beaulaincourti Rougeot, 1977
Analyta calligrammalis Mabille, 1879
Analyta gammalis Viette, 1958
Analyta heranicealis (Walker, 1859)
Analyta nigriflavalis Hampson, 1913
Analyta pervinca Ghesquière, 1942
Analyta semantris Dyar, 1914
Analyta vansomereni Tams, 1932

Former species
Analyta aldabralis (Viette, 1958)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Ascot was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1968 to 1989.

The district was based in the eastern suburbs of Perth. First contested at the 1968 state election, its first member was Merv Toms, hitherto the member for Bayswater, who finished his career as Speaker of the Assembly. He died on 8 October 1971 while exercising his casting vote for the Government on the floor of the Assembly, where the Government and Opposition were evenly divided. At the resulting by-election, 28-year-old schoolteacher Mal Bryce was elected. Bryce, who later served as Deputy Premier to Brian Burke in the Burke Ministry, held the seat until his resignation in 1988. The seat's last member was Eric Ripper, who served as Deputy Premier to both Dr Geoff Gallop and Alan Carpenter and became the member for Belmont after Ascot was abolished at the 1989 state election.

The seat was held at all times by members of the Labor Party.

Members for Ascot

Election results

Ascot
1968 establishments in Australia
1989 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1989
Constituencies established in 1968


Anamalaia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Anamalaia nathani, which is found in India.

References

Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe
Crambidae genera


Anania is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1823.

Species

Anania acutalis (Dognin, 1905)
Anania ademonalis (Walker, 1859)
Anania albeoverbascalis Yamanaka, 1966
Anania alta (Maes, 2005)
Anania amaniensis (Maes, 1997)
Anania amphinephela (Meyrick, 1933)
Anania ankolae (Maes, 1997)
Anania antigastridia (Hampson, 1899)
Anania arenacea (Warren, 1892)
Anania aurea (Butler, 1875)
Anania aureomarginalis (Maes, 2012)
Anania auricinctalis (Hampson, 1918)
Anania austa (Strand, 1918)
Anania bifossata (Hampson, 1918)
Anania bryalis (Hampson, 1918)
Anania camerounensis (Maes, 1997)
Anania caudatella (Dyar, 1912)
Anania cervinalis (Warren, 1892)
Anania chekiangensis (Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Anania conisanalis (Hampson, 1918)
Anania contentalis (Schaus, 1912)
Anania coronata (Hufnagel, 1767)
Anania coronatoides (Inoue, 1960)
Anania crocealis (Hübner, 1796)
Anania cuspidata (Zhang, Li & Wang, 2002)
Anania delicatalis (South in Leech & South, 1901)
Anania desistalis (Walker, 1862)
Anania dichroma (Moore, 1888)
Anania egentalis (Christoph, 1881)
Anania elutalis (Kenrick, 1917)
Anania epanthisma (Dyar, 1914)
Anania epicroca (Lower, 1903)
Anania epipaschialis (Hampson, 1912)
Anania explicalis (Dyar, 1914)
Anania extricalis (Guenée, 1854)
Anania federalis (Capps, 1967)
Anania ferruginealis (Warren, 1892)
Anania flava (Maes, 2005)
Anania flavicolor (Munroe & Mutuura, 1968)
Anania flavidecoralis (Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Anania flavimacularis (Zhang, Li & Song, 2002)
Anania flavipartalis (Hampson, 1918)
Anania flavomarginalis (Maes, 2005)
Anania fovifera (Hampson, 1913)
Anania funebris (Ström, 1768)
Anania fusalis (Hampson, 1912)
Anania fuscalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Anania fuscobrunnealis (South in Leech & South, 1901)
Anania fuscofulvalis Yamanaka, 2000
Anania glaucostigmalis (Hampson, 1918)
Anania gobini (Maes, 2005)
Anania gracilis (Maes, 2005)
Anania griseofascialis Maes, 2003
Anania hasanensis (Kirpichnikova, 1998)
Anania hortulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anania hyalactis (Dognin, 1905)
Anania ieralis (Kaye, 1925)
Anania impunctata (Warren, 1897)
Anania inclusalis (Walker, 1866)
Anania intinctalis (Dyar, 1920)
Anania labeculalis (Hulst, 1886)
Anania lancealis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Anania ledereri (Amsel, 1956)
Anania leucocraspia (Hampson, 1899)
Anania leuschneri (Munroe, 1976)
Anania lippensi (Maes, 1997)
Anania lobibasalis (Hampson, 1918)
Anania luctualis (Hübner, 1796)
Anania lutealis (Warren, 1892)
Anania luteorubralis (Caradja, 1916)
Anania lysanderalis (Walker, 1859)
Anania melastictalis (Hampson, 1913)
Anania mesophaealis (Hampson, 1913)
Anania metaleuca (Hampson, 1913)
Anania monospila (Hampson, 1913)
Anania murcialis (Ragonot, 1895)
Anania mysippusalis (Walker, 1859)
Anania nerissalis (Walker, 1859)
Anania nullalis (Guenée, 1854)
Anania oberthuri (Turati, 1913)
Anania obliquata (Moore, 1888)
Anania obtusalis (Yamanaka, 1987)
Anania occidentalis (Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Anania ocellalis (Warren, 1892)
Anania ochriscriptalis (Marion & Viette, 1956)
Anania ochrofascialis (Christoph, 1882)
Anania otiosalis (Lederer, 1863)
Anania pata (Strand, 1918)
Anania perflavalis (Hampson, 1913)
Anania perlucidalis (Hübner, 1800–1809)
Anania phaeopastalis (Hampson, 1913)
Anania piperitalis (Hampson, 1913)
Anania plectilis (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Anania powysae (Maes, 2005)
Anania profusalis (Warren, 1896)
Anania pulverulenta (Warren, 1892)
Anania quebecensis (Munroe, 1954)
Anania recreata (Meyrick, 1938)
Anania rudalis (Zerny, 1939)
Anania ruwenzoriensis (Maes, 1997)
Anania shafferi (Speidel & Hanigk, 1990)
Anania shanxiensis Yang & Landry, 2019
Anania solaris (Caradja, 1938)
Anania stachydalis (Zincken in Germar, E. F., 1821)
Anania subfumalis (Munroe & Mutuura, 1971)
Anania subochralis (Dognin, 1905)
Anania taitensis (Maes, 2005)
Anania teneralis (Caradja, 1939)
Anania tennesseensis Yang in Yang, Landry, Handfield, Zhang, Solis, Handfield, Scholtens, Mutanen, Nuss & Hebert, 2012
Anania terrealis (Treitschke, 1829)
Anania tertialis (Guenée, 1854)
Anania testacealis (Zeller, 1847)
Anania trichoglossa (Meyrick, 1936)
Anania tripartalis (Hampson, 1899)
Anania verbascalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Anania vicinalis (South in Leech & South, 1901)

Former species
Anania gyralis (Hulst, 1886)

References

External links

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Anarmodia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Anarmodia arcadiusalis Schaus, 1924
Anarmodia bistralis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia corylalis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia damalis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia elongalis Schaus, 1924
Anarmodia flaccidalis (Snellen, 1892)
Anarmodia glaucescens Hampson, 1918
Anarmodia inferioralis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia inflexalis (Snellen, 1892)
Anarmodia inscriptalis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia lojalis Schaus, 1924
Anarmodia majoralis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia nebulosalis Dognin, 1903
Anarmodia obliqualis Hampson, 1913
Anarmodia pallidicostalis Dognin, 1903
Anarmodia perfulvalis Dognin, 1903
Anarmodia polystriata Hampson, 1913
Anarmodia punctilinealis Hampson, 1899
Anarmodia remotalis Dognin, 1903
Anarmodia remusalis (Walker, 1859)
Anarmodia repandalis Schaus, 1924
Anarmodia salviusalis Schaus, 1924
Anarmodia sibilalis (Guenée, 1854)
Anarmodia tesselliferalis Hampson, 1918

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Anarpia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Anarpia incertalis (Duponchel, 1832)
Anarpia iranella (Zerny, 1939)

References

Scopariinae
Crambidae genera


La Prensa () is a Honduran newspaper founded on October 26, 1964, by Organización Publicitaria, S.A., whose publications also include El Heraldo and Diario Deportivo Diez. In 2008, La Prensa reported its audited circulation as 61,000 units. It has full color and tabloid-sized pages. Although it is distributed all across the country, it is in the north area of Honduras where its presence is more important.

Family business
Jorge Canahuati Larach is the president of Organización Publicitaria. His grandfather, the founder of the company, Jorge J. Larach, died in 1985. Canahuati has been a member of the Inter American Press Association Executive Committee.

Notable people
 Ángela Valle (1927-2003), writer, journalist, essayist

References

External links
 Diario La Prensa Online

Daily newspapers published in Honduras
Spanish-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1964
Mass media in San Pedro Sula
1964 establishments in Honduras


Anatralata is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Anatralata versicolor, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California to Idaho and British Columbia. The habitat consists of mountainous areas and low-elevation grasslands along the coast of central California.

The length of the forewings is 5–7 mm. The forewings are chestnut-brown with black scales, but pale whitish green scales in the basal third and subterminal area. The hindwings are black fuscous, with pale green scales along the inner margin. Adults are on wing from March to July.

The larvae feed on Wyethia angustifolia.

References

Odontiini
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of North America
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe
Taxa described in 1961


The Wallin Family is an American family of traditional ballad singers from Madison County, North Carolina.  Their repertoire of Appalachian folk ballads— many of which were rooted in "Old World" ballads traceable to the British Isles (such as the Child Ballads) — brought them to the attention of folk music enthusiasts during the American folk music revival of the 1960s.  Wallin family members have recorded numerous times over a period of nearly four decades, and have appeared in several independent documentaries.

Family members and lineage
Members of the Wallin family are either descendants of or married to descendants of Hugh Wallin (1829—1864), a Union Army recruiter assassinated by Confederate soldiers during the U.S. Civil War.  Among the children of Hugh and his wife, Rosannah, were sons Mitchell Wallin (1854—1932) and Thomas Jefferson "Tom" Wallin (1857—1948).  After Hugh's death, Rosannah married John Bullman, and their children included daughter Mary Bullman Sands (1872—1949).  Children of Thomas Jefferson Wallin included Robert Lee Wallin (1889—1973), Chappel Wallin (1898—1984), Jeter Wallin (1899—1985) and Cas Wallin (1903—1992).  Robert Lee (usually listed as simply "Lee Wallin"; 1889-1973) and his wife Berzilla (née Chandler; 1892-1986) had more than 10 children, including Martin Douglas "Doug" Wallin (30 July 1919—15 March 2000) and Jack Wallin (7 May 1932—3 January 2005).  Berzilla was the sister of ballad singers Lloyd Chandler and Dellie Chandler Norton, and a cousin of Dillard Chandler.

Cecil Sharp visit

In the latter years of World War I, British folklorist Cecil Sharp and his assistant Maud Karpeles traveled extensively across Central and Southern Appalachia in hopes of finding British ballads that had been passed down to the inhabitants of the more remote parts of the region from their British ancestors.  One of the first places they visited was Madison County, where they arrived in late July 1916.  Sharp met Mary Sands on July 31, and over the next few days collected 25 ballads from her, including "The Silkmerchant's Daughter," "Earl Brand," "The Daemon Lover," and "Sheffield Apprentice."  On August 4, Sharp met Sands's half-brother, Mitchell Wallin, who gave Sharp ballads such as "Betsy" and "Early, Early in the Spring" and the fiddle tune "High March."  Over subsequent weeks, Sharp collected dozens of ballads from the Wallins' neighbors, namely the Shelton, Gosnell, and Chandler families.

Sharp described Mitchell Wallin as a "bad singer" and a difficult fiddler to notate due to his penchant for improvisation, but considered his visit to Wallin and Sands "fruitful."  Years later, Berzilla Wallin said many residents of Madison County were initially suspicious of Sharp, believing that his purpose in the area was to secretly map the region for the construction of a dam and reservoir (and thus require the evictions of hundreds of residents).  Others thought Sharp was a German spy.  Doug Wallin later said that his grandfather, Tom Wallin— who had become a devout Baptist and disapproved of singing any songs other than hymns— threatened to disown family members if they performed for Sharp.  In spite of local skepticism, Madison County proved to be one of the more ballad-rich areas Sharp visited.

American folk music revival

Around 1960, folk music enthusiasts Peter and Polly Gott moved to Madison County.  They quickly met Lee Wallin, who played the banjo regularly at local events, and Lee introduced them to his relatives.  In August 1963, Gott and folk musician John Cohen recorded Lee, Cas, Berzilla and several relatives for the album Old Love Songs and Ballads, which was released by Folkways Records the following year.  Cohen made subsequent field recordings of Wallin family members and their cousin, Dillard Chandler, in 1965 and 1967, many of which were released by Smithsonian Folkways on the 2005 album Dark Holler: Old Love Songs and Ballads.  Dillard Chandler was the subject of Cohen's 1973 documentary, The End of an Old Song.  In the early 1980s, folklorist Mike Yates traveled to Madison County and made several field recordings of Cas Wallin and his wife, Virginia ("Vergie"), as well as Berzilla Wallin.  In most recordings, the Wallins sing alone and unaccompanied, although a fiddle is occasionally used for embellishment.

In 1990, Doug Wallin was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. In 1992 and 1993, he and his brother, Jack, recorded several tracks for the North Carolina Arts Council that were released by Smithsonian Folkways on the album Family Songs and Stories from the North Carolina Mountains.

References

External links
Wallin Family at Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Retrieved October 12, 2015

Musicians from Appalachia
People from Madison County, North Carolina


Ancylolomia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1825.

Description
Palpi porrect (stretched forward), thickly clothed with hair, and extending about three times the length of head. Maxillary palp triangularly scaled. Frons oblique. Abdomen long. Tibia with outer spurs about two-thirds lengths of inner. Forewings long and narrow. The rounded apex. The outer margin excised below apex, then excurved. Veins 3, 4 and 5 from angle of cell and veins 7, 8 and 9 stalked. Vein 10 free and vein 11 becoming coincident with vein 12. Hindwings with vein 3 from close to angle of cell. Veins 4 and 5 from angle or stalked. Vein 6 from above middle of discocellulars and obsolescent. Vein 7 anastomosing (fused together) with vein 8.

Species
Ancylolomia aduncella Wang & Sung, 1981
Ancylolomia agraphella Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia albicostalis Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia arabella Błeszyński, 1965
Ancylolomia argentata Moore, 1885
Ancylolomia argenteovittata Aurivillius, 1910
Ancylolomia atrifasciata Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia auripaleella Marion, 1954
Ancylolomia caffra Zeller, 1877
Ancylolomia capensis Zeller, 1852
Ancylolomia carcinella Wang & Sung, 1981
Ancylolomia castaneata Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia cervicella Błeszyński, 1970
Ancylolomia chrysargyria Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia chrysographellus (Kollar & Redtenbacher, 1844)
Ancylolomia claudia Bassi, 2013
Ancylolomia croesus Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia disparalis Hübner, 1825
Ancylolomia dives Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia drosogramma Meyrick, 1936
Ancylolomia elisa Bassi, 2013
Ancylolomia elongata D. Lucas, 1917
Ancylolomia endophaealis Hampson, 1910
Ancylolomia felderella Błeszyński, 1970
Ancylolomia fulvitinctalis Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia gracilis Fawcett, 1918
Ancylolomia hamatella Wang & Sung, 1981
Ancylolomia holochrea Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia indica C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
Ancylolomia inornata Staudinger, 1870
Ancylolomia intricata Błeszyński, 1970
Ancylolomia irrorata Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia jacquelinae Rougeot, 1984
Ancylolomia japonica Zeller, 1877
Ancylolomia kuznetzovi Błeszyński, 1965
Ancylolomia laverna Błeszyński, 1970
Ancylolomia lentifascialis Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia likiangella Błeszyński, 1970
Ancylolomia locupletellus (Kollar & Redtenbacher, 1844)
Ancylolomia longicorniella Song & Chen in Chen, Song, Yuan & Zhang, 2004
Ancylolomia melanella Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia melanothoracia Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia micropalpella Amsel, 1951
Ancylolomia minutella Turati, 1926
Ancylolomia mirabilis Wallengren, 1876
Ancylolomia nigrifasciata Bassi, 2004
Ancylolomia obscurella de Joannis, 1927
Ancylolomia obstitella (Swinhoe, 1886)
Ancylolomia ophiralis Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia orchidea Błeszyński, 1970
Ancylolomia palpella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Ancylolomia paraetoniella Turati, 1924
Ancylolomia parentii Bassi in Bassi & Trematerra, 2014
Ancylolomia pectinatellus (Zeller, 1847)
Ancylolomia pectinifera Hampson, 1910
Ancylolomia perfasciata Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia planicosta E. L. Martin, 1956
Ancylolomia prepiella Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia punctistrigellus (Mabille, 1880)
Ancylolomia rotaxella Błeszyński, 1965
Ancylolomia saharae P. Leraut, 2012
Ancylolomia sansibarica Zeller, 1877
Ancylolomia saundersiella Zeller, 1863
Ancylolomia shafferi Rougeot, 1977
Ancylolomia shefferialis Rougeot, 1984
Ancylolomia simplella de Joannis, 1913
Ancylolomia taprobanensis Zeller, 1863
Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hübner, 1796)
Ancylolomia tripolitella Rebel, 1909
Ancylolomia tripunctalis Maes, 2011
Ancylolomia umbonella Wang & Sung, 1981
Ancylolomia uniformella Hampson, 1896
Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller, 1863

References

 , 2004: Crambidae: Crambinae and Cybalomiinae (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). – In: W. Mey (ed.), The Lepidoptera of the Brandberg Massif in Namibia, Part 1. Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie Memoir 1: 215–220.
 , 1970: A revision of the Oriental species of the genus Ancylolomia Hübner (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera Pyralidae part 49). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 113 (1): 27-43.
 , 2011: New Crambidae from the Afrotropical region (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae). Lambillionea 111 (3) Tome 1: 241-248.
 , 1982: New species and new records of the genus Ancylolomia Hübner from China with notes on specifying the Palaearctic species groups (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 24 (2): 196-202.

Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Ancyloptila is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Ancyloptila lactoides, which is found on Aru.

References

Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Indonesia
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Ancylostomia is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1893. Its one species, Ancylostomia stercorea, the pigeonpea pod borer, was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1848. It is found in southern Florida, southern Texas, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Grenada, St. Kitts, Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil, Guyana, Dominica, Montserrat and Antigua.

Adults are on wing year round.

The larvae feed on Cajanus cajan, Cicer and Dolichos species. They bore into the seed cavity of their host plant. A small mound of frass and silk covers the entrance hole. They feed on the seeds. Pupation takes place in the soil.

References

Phycitini
Monotypic moth genera
Moths described in 1848
Moths of North America
Moths of South America
Pyralidae genera
Taxa named by Émile Louis Ragonot


Miljenko Licul (6 August 1946 – 16 March 2009) was a Slovenian graphic designer of Croatian descent. He was one of the most prominent graphic designers in independent Slovenia.

Life and work
Licul was born in the Istrian town of Vodnjan, which was then part of the Yugoslav occupation zone of the Julian March (now in Croatia). His parents were Istrian Croats. He moved to Slovenia in his youth and lived and worked there most of his life.

He was a founder of the group Znak, and leader of studios Zodiak and Diptih. For some time, Licul taught typography at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Ljubljana. Licul's work covers a wide spectrum of arts; from designing publications, posters and magazine covers to postage stamps and calendars.

One of his most prominent career highlights was in 1991, when he won the contest for designing new Slovenian currency, the tolar. The banknotes, which were in circulation from October 1991 until the end of 2006, featured portraits of prominent Slovenian personalities, the work of painter Rudi Španzel. When Slovenia adopted the euro as the national currency, Licul designed the national side of Slovenian euro coins, together with Maja Licul and Janez Boljka. Licul and Boljka designed tolar coins together, as well.

Besides the national currency, Licul also designed several official documents, such as the Slovenian passport, identity card and health insurance card. His other works include the designing of a new graphic image for the Slovenian National Gallery.

Awards
For his opus, Licul was awarded several prizes. In 1985 he received the Prešeren Foundation Award for his achievements in graphic design. In 1988 Licul won the Plečnik Award, the highest award in the field of design, architecture and urban planning in Slovenia. In 2008 he was awarded the Prešeren Award, the highest Slovenian national prize in the field of arts, together with translator Janez Gradišnik. On that particular occasion, it was substantiated that Licul's works were of highest quality and that he was among the authors who renewed the strictly modernistic style of the 1970s, without omitting the historical features.

References

1946 births
2009 deaths
People from Vodnjan
Slovenian people of Croatian descent
Slovenian graphic designers
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
Prešeren Award laureates


Diderik or Didrik is a Norwegian male given name. In North Germanic languages, the native form would be Tjodrik, but Diderik and Didrik have been loaned from Low German and are now a common name in Norway. It may also be a variant of the related Dutch name Diederik. People with the name include:

Diderik Batens (born 1944), Belgian logician and epistemologist at the University of Ghent
Diderik Bøgvad (1792–1857), Norwegian politician
Diderik von Cappelen (1761–1828), Norwegian merchant and politician
Diderik Hegermann Rye (1832–1914), Norwegian civil servant
Diderik Hegermann (1763–1835), Norwegian councillor of state and Minister of the Army
Diderik Schnitler (born 1946), Norwegian businessperson
Diderik Iversen Tønseth (1818–1893), Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party
Diderik Wagenaar (born 1946), Dutch composer and musical theorist
Didrik Pining (c. 1430 – 1491), German privateer, nobleman and governor of Iceland

Norwegian masculine given names
Masculine given names


Angustalius is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Angustalius besucheti (Bleszynski, 1963)
Angustalius casandra Bassi in Bassi & Trematerra, 2014
Angustalius ditaeniellus Marion, 1954
Angustalius malacelloides (Bleszynski, 1955)
Angustalius malacellus (Duponchel, 1836)
Angustalius philippiellus Viette, 1970

Former species
Angustalius hapaliscus (Zeller, 1852)

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera


Södergren is a Swedish ornamental surname, which means "south branch", from the elements söder ("south") and gren ("branch"). Alternative spellings include Södergren, Sødergren, and Soedergren. The name may refer to:

Anders Södergren (born 1977), Swedish cross-country skier
Benny Södergren (born 1948), Swedish cross-country skier
Evert Sodergren (1920–2013), American furniture maker
Håkan Södergren (born 1959), Swedish ice hockey player
Caroline Sodergren Forrest (born 2001), American comedian

See also
Söderblom (disambiguation)
Söderholm
Zederbaum

References

Swedish-language surnames


The following lists events that happened during 2000 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Harald V
 Prime Minister – Kjell Magne Bondevik (Christian Democratic Party) until 17 March, Jens Stoltenberg (Labour Party)

Events

January
 19 January – Five people die when a bus is taken by an avalanche in Lyngen.

March
 11 March – Three people die when a community center in Målselv collapse due to heavy snowfall.
 17 March – Stoltenberg's First Cabinet was appointed.

April
 5 April – Two freight trains collide at Lillestrøm Station. 2,000 people were evacuated because of the danger of a gas explosion.

May
 19 May – Baneheia murders

June
 23 June – The Frøya Tunnel is opened.
 June – Project Deep Spill: the first intentional deepwater oil and gas spill, which was done in order to study how crude oil behaved at depth.

December
 1 December – King Harald V of Norway informs the Norwegian government about the engagement between Crown Prince Haakon and Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby.
 4 December – The state-owned telecommunications company Telenor is partially privatised and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.

Popular culture

Sports
19 to 26 February – The Biathlon World Championships 2000 were held in Holmenkollen.

Music

 Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000

Film

Literature

Births

10 January – Erik Botheim, footballer
6 February – Jørgen Strand Larsen, footballer
18 February – Anders Waagan, footballer
27 February – Erik Sandberg, footballer
29 February – Hugo Vetlesen, footballer
7 April – André Klippenberg Grindheim, swimmer.
7 May – Markus Karlsbakk, footballer
21 July
Erling Haaland, English-born Norwegian footballer
Jens Lurås Oftebro, Nordic combined skier
19 September – Jakob Ingebrigtsen, middle- and long-distance runner.

Notable deaths

9 January – Olaug Hay, politician (b.1902)
11 January – Edvard Magnus Edvardsen, politician (b.1910).
21 January – Kristian Asdahl, politician (b.1920)
27 January – Asle Enger, priest (born 1906).
3 February – Aslaug Fredriksen, politician (b.1918)
16 February – Karsten Solheim, golf club designer and businessman in America (b.1911)
2 March – Audun Boysen, middle-distance runner and Olympic bronze medallist (b.1928)
3 March – Egil Werner Erichsen, politician (b.1901)
6 March – Ole Jacob Hansen, jazz drummer (b.1940).
18 March – Randi Hultin, jazz critic and impresario (b.1926).
2 April – Greta Gynt, singer, dancer and actress (b.1916)
2 April – Synnøve Anker Aurdal, textile artist (born 1908).
11 April – Olav Økern, cross country skier and Olympic bronze medallist (b.1911)
22 April – Arnt Eliassen, meteorologist (b.1915)
28 April – Anders Skauge, politician (b.1912)
19 May – Petter Hugsted, ski jumper and Olympic gold medallist (b.1921)
11 June – Aud Alvær, politician (b.1921)
22 June – Svein Finnerud, jazz pianist (b.1945).
26 June – Arne Thomas Olsen, actor, stage producer and theatre director (b.1909)
27 June – Dagmar Maalstad, politician (b.1902)
2 September – Johannes Sandven, educator (born 1909).
17 October – Joachim «Jokke» Nielsen (36), rock musician and poet.
10 September – Haldis Havrøy, politician (b.1925)
4 November – Anneliese Dørum, politician (b.1939)
18 November – Torstein Tynning, politician (b.1932)
28 November – Margith Johanne Munkebye, politician (b.1911)

Full date unknown
Bjarte Birkeland, literary researcher (b.1920)
Finn-Egil Eckblad, mycologist and professor (b.1923)
Jostein Goksøyr, microbiologist (b.1922)
Kjell Holler, politician and Minister (b.1925)
Jul Låg, soil researcher (b.1915)
Arne B. Mollén, sports official (b.1913)
Odd Narud, businessperson (b.1919)
Christian Norberg-Schulz, architect, architectural historian and theorist (b.1926)

See also

References

External links


"The Helmsman" (German: "Der Steuermann") is a short story by Franz Kafka, written sometime between 1917 and 1923. The story deals with a man who is deposed from his role as a helmsman and complains that his shipmates refuse to help him regain his rightful position.

Plot summary
The story begins with a struggle between the helmsman, who narrates, and a stranger who refuses to accept his position, takes over the helm and drives the narrator away. The helmsman goes to his shipmates to complain and get their help, but, although they agree that he is the true helmsman, they seem to be hypnotized by the stranger, and do nothing to drive him away. When the stranger tells them not to disturb him, they withdraw, leaving the narrator to wonder, "What kind of people are these? Do they ever think, or do they only shuffle pointlessly over the earth?"

The story was not published in Kafka's lifetime. It first appeared in Beschreibung eines Kampfes (Prague: Verlag Heinrich Mercy Sohn, 1936). An English translation by Tania and James Stern was first published in Description of a Struggle (New York: Schocken Books, 1958).

A comic-book adaptation of the story, illustrated by Peter Kuper, is included in Give It Up!.

External links

Short stories by Franz Kafka


Bayswater was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1962 to 1968.

The district was based in the eastern suburbs of Perth. First contested at the 1962 state election, it was held for two terms by Merv Toms of the Labor Party, hitherto the member for Maylands. Bayswater was abolished at the 1968 state election, and Toms went on to become member for the new seat of Ascot.

Members for Bayswater

Election results

Bayswater
1962 establishments in Australia
1968 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1962
Constituencies disestablished in 1968


Inness may refer to:

 Gary Inness (born 1949), a Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 George Inness (1825-1894), an American landscape painter
 George Inness, Jr. (1854-1926), an American figure and landscape artist, and son of George Inness
 Inness-Fitts House and Studio/Barn, a historic house in Medfield, Massachusetts
 Mathew Inness (born 1978) an Australian cricket player


Alexis Alexanian is an American independent film producer. She was the President of New York Women in Film & Television, 2012–2017.

Footnotes

External links

Locomotive Taps Producer Alexis Alexanian as President Production

1962 births
Independent Spirit Award winners
Living people
American film producers
American people of Armenian descent


Spahn may refer to:

People
Andy Spahn (born 1953), American political consultant and fundraiser
Carl Spahn (1863–1943), Swiss politician
Carol Spahn, director of the Peace Corps
Claus Spahn (born 1940), director of cultural television programs at the German company WDR
Dieterich Spahn (1938–2021), German-born American artist
Erich Spahn (1948–2009), Swiss cyclist
Jens Spahn (born 1980), German politician and Federal Minister of Health
George Spahn (1889–1974), rancher who owned the Spahn Ranch near Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California, US
Helen May Spahn (1867–1957), American bandleader and composer
Helmut Spahn (born 1961), FIFA security director
Moe Spahn (1912–1991), American basketball player
Paul Bernd Spahn (born 1939), emeritus professor of public finance at the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Peter Spahn (1846-1925), German politician (Centre Party)
Tom Spahn (born 1955), American composer
Warren Spahn (1921–2003), American baseball player

Other uses
Spahn Ranch,  ranch at 1200 Santa Susana Pass Road, Chatsworth, California
Spahn Ranch (band), electro-industrial group from Los Angeles
Spahn tax, a type of tax proposed by Paul Bernd Spahn
Warren Spahn Award, annual Baseball award given out by the Oklahoma Sports Museum

German-language surnames
Occupational surnames


William Bain Scarth (November 10, 1837 – May 15, 1902) was a Scottish-born businessman and political figure in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada. He represented Winnipeg in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1891 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Aberdeen, the son of James Lendrum Scarth and Jane Geddes, was educated in Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and came to Upper Canada in 1855. Scarth campaigned for Isaac Buchanan in Hamilton and then Adam Hope in London and then Toronto, also working as manager of the Toronto branch of Hope's hardware company. In 1869, he married Jessie Stuart Franklin Hamilton. He entered business on his own as a timber merchant and shipowner in 1871.

Land speculation and investments

Scarth was also involved in real estate, mining and railways, and managed capital invested in Canada on behalf of British investors. Scarth served as a member of Toronto city council in 1879 and 1882. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Manitoba assembly in 1886. Scarth founded North British Canadian Investment Company (1876) and The Scottish Ontario and Manitoba Land Company (1879) to speculate and develop land around Toronto and the then new province of Manitoba. The latter land company owned land around the original location of the Rosedale Golf Club, which he later used to develop into residential homes in North Rosedale. In 1882, he became managing director of the Canada North-West Land Company, which had purchased land grants in Manitoba formerly owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway; the CNWLC lobbied for his retirement from politics and Scarth was forced to support Hugh John Macdonald as federal candidate in 1891.

Later life in politics and death

Scarth became federal deputy minister of agriculture in 1895 and remained in office until his death in Ottawa at the age of 64.

Scarth's Scottish Ontario and Manitoba Land Company lives on in a series of buildings at 664-680 Yonge Street in Toronto. They were completed in 1883 and now remains standing with stores on the ground floor with upper residential units.

References

Toronto city councillors
Politicians from Aberdeen
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
19th-century Canadian civil servants
1837 births
1902 deaths


This is a list of films which placed number-one at the South Korean box office during 2009, based on admissions.

Highest-grossing films

References

See also
 List of South Korean films of 2009

2009 in South Korean cinema
2009
South Korea


No. 329 Squadron RAF (French language: 329 Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres) was a Royal Air Force fighter squadron founded upon the personnel and traditions of the French 1/2 fighter squadron Storks (Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes), having markings "5A" 1944-1945.

RAF service
During the period of the Second World War, a large number of the squadrons of RAF were manned by personnel from countries which had been overwhelmed by German military expansionism. This French Air Force unit was an amalgamation of the two flights SPA 3 and SPA 103, which had been two of the more illustrious units of the Great War. The squadron distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940 but was disbanded in August 1940, after the fall of France. It was re-formed in July 1941, flying Dewoitine D.520 aircraft. In May 1942, its transfer to North Africa was begun. In November 1942, Operation Torch opened and gave the squadron and other French forces in North Africa, the opportunity to join the Free French Forces. At the end of 1943, it was embarked in HMS King George V, arriving in Ayr, Scotland in January 1944. Once assembled there, on 5 January, the former escadron became 329 Squadron RAF.

After assembling at Ayr, it moved to Perranporth, in Cornwall, UK, to begin equipping with Spitfire Vs.  By March, these had been replaced by Mark IXs.  Becoming operational on 1 March, by which time the mark Vs had been withdrawn. The squadron joined No. 415 Wing RAF Free French units of 2nd Tactical Air Force on 14 April and provided cover for the D Day landings in Normandy in the following June. At this stage, its commanding officer was Lieutenant-colonel (Wing commander) Fleurquin. In August, it moved to Sommervieu, near Bayeux in Normandy, under the command of Capitaine (Flight lieutenant) Ozanne. As a squadron of a tactical wing, it specialized in ground attack of troop movements, road and river supply convoys and V-weapon launch sites. However, the job included air-to-air combat, and after it had moved forward into the Low Countries in September, it met its first jet-propelled opposition in December 1944. In March 1945, No. 329 returned to the UK. It was stationed at Turnhouse. In May 1945, it was moved to the West of England but fifteen of its aircraft participated in the Victory fly-past in Paris on 14 July 1945. It was disbanded in the UK, at Fairwood Common on 17 November 1945.

On the fifteenth, it moved to Friedrichshafen via Le Bourget as EC 1/2 Cigognes (Fighter Squadron 1/2 "Storks"), a unit of the newly reconstituted 2nd Fighter Wing of the French Air Force.

Aircraft
 February 1944 to March 1944 - Supermarine Spitfire Mk. VB.
 February 1944 to March 1944 - Supermarine Spitfire Mk. VC.
 February 1944 to March 1945 - Supermarine Spitfire Mk. IX
 April 1945 to November 1945 - Supermarine Spitfire Mk. IX
 February 1945 to April 1945 - Supermarine Spitfire Mk. XVI

Profiles of the squadron's aircraft, with its markings may be seen on the RAF web site. This shows all the squadron's aircraft with cannon as would suit a ground attack rôle.

Armament
The Mk VA mounted eight 0.303 machine guns. Mk VB had two 20 mm canon and four 0.303" machine guns. The Mk VC had a universal wing capable of mounting eight 0.303" machine guns or two 20 mm canon and four machine guns. As well as these options, the VC could carry two  bombs. In addition, all three had a centre-line rack for carrying either a  bomb or an external fuel tank. Each was fitted with a Merlin 45 engine: .

The Mk IX was essentially a Mk V with a more powerful engine (Merlin 61) and the low-level versions had clipped wings. Likewise, the Mk XVI had a more powerful engine still (Packard Merlin 266: ).

References
 Churchill, W.S. The Second World War, Cassel, London. (1951) Vol. IV Chapters XXXIV & XXXV.
 Official French Air Force web site (fr). Squadron entry
 Gunston, Bill. Encyclopedia of the World's Combat Aircraft. Leisure Books, London. (1976)
 Mason, O. Bartholomew Gazetteer of Britain. John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd., Edinburgh. (1977)
 Official Royal Air Force web site Squadron entry
 Unofficial Royal Air Force History web site Squadron entry.

Footnotes

329
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


The Huron River is a  river in the northern Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States.  Locally, it is commonly called the Big Huron River to distinguish it from the nearby Little Huron River. Another much larger Huron River is in Southeast Michigan.

The east and west branches of the Big Huron rise in L'Anse Township in eastern Baraga County, southeast of Mount Arvon, near the boundary with Marquette County. The East Branch runs through a corner of Marquette County before flowing back into Baraga County. The east and west branches merge in Arvon Township shortly before flowing into Lake Superior a few miles east of Huron Bay.

The Huron River is almost completely unmodified and undeveloped by humans. It flows almost entirely through woodlands and includes a number low waterfalls and rapids.  The National Park Service ranks it highly in its Nationwide Rivers Inventory for scenery and geology.

The river is highly regarded for its sport fishing, especially for steelhead trout.  Camping and canoeing are also popular, though both are considered difficult due to a lack of supporting facilities.

Scenic waterfalls
The following is a partial list of waterfalls along the Huron River and its branches, generally listed in order heading upstream.

Huron River, mainstream
Lower Huron Falls (Big Erick's Falls)

Huron River East Branch
East Branch Falls
Big Falls

Huron River West Branch
West Branch Falls
Lower Letherby Falls
Leatherby Falls
Upper Leatherby Falls

References

Rivers of Michigan
Tributaries of Lake Superior
Rivers of Baraga County, Michigan
Rivers of Marquette County, Michigan


Welshpool was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1974 to 1989.

The district was based in the south-eastern suburbs of Perth. First contested at the 1974 state election, its first member was Colin Jamieson, hitherto the member for Belmont. Jamieson was leader of the Labor Party from 1976 to 1978 and remained the seat's member until 1986. He was succeeded by another Labor MP in Bill Thomas, who became the member for Cockburn after Welshpool was abolished at the 1989 state election.

Members for Welshpool

Election results

Welshpool


Jack Paul McClinton (born January 19, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. McClinton played shooting guard for the University of Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team.

He was selected in the second round by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2009 NBA draft.  After being waived by the Spurs, he played for Aliağa Petkim (Turkey), Gilboa Galil (Israel), BC Budivelnyk (Ukraine), and the Reno Bighorns (D-League).

High school career
McClinton attended South Kent School in Connecticut for one season, where one of his teammates was future NBA player Dorell Wright, following a four-year career at Calvert Hall College High School in Baltimore.

College career
After graduating from high school, McClinton received a few scholarship offers for basketball, and decided to attend Siena College, a small college in New York. He transferred out of Siena as his coach, Rob Lanier, was fired at the end of the season. Several schools were interested in McClinton's services, including the University of Maryland, College Park, but he chose to attend the University of Miami instead as he thought UM would provide more playing time. After sitting out a full year because of NCAA transfer regulations, McClinton was selected to the 2007–08 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season First Team All-ACC, after leading the league in three-point field goals and free throw percentage. For the 2008–09 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season, McClinton joined Tyler Hansbrough as the only players to repeat First-Team All-ACC Honors. He finished as the third leading scorer in the ACC, averaging 19.4 points per game.

Jack McClinton was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 2022.

College statistics

Professional career
After McClinton was waived by the San Antonio Spurs he signed with Aliağa Petkim in the Turkish Basketball League. Halfway through the season he was averaging 16.1 points on 40.4% shooting and 34.1% from 3-point range in 30.7 minutes per game. He shot his free throws at an accuracy of 85.7%. His highest scoring game of the season took place on December 23, 2009, when he made 8 three-pointers on his way to 33 points.

McClinton played in Israel with Gilboa Galil during the 2010–2011 season, averaging 8.4 ppg in 27 games.

In August 2011, McClinton signed with BC Budivelnyk of the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague. In November 2012 he was selected in the 1st round of the NBA's D-League draft by the Erie BayHawks.

On December 27, 2012, McClinton was traded to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants. In February 2013, he was waived by the Mad Ants. He did not appear in a game for them.

Outside basketball
McClinton together with Carlos Boozer co-founded a men's swimwear company, Loaded Dock.

References

External links
NBA D-League profile
Israeli League profile
Ukrainian League profile

1985 births
Living people
Aliağa Petkim basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Baltimore
BC Budivelnyk players
Calvert Hall College High School alumni
Miami Hurricanes men's basketball players
Point guards
Reno Bighorns players
San Antonio Spurs draft picks
Siena Saints men's basketball players
Shooting guards
South Kent School alumni