Avraham Shalom Bendor (; 7 July 1928 – 19 June 2014) was head of Shin Bet from 1981 to 1986. He resigned after being accused of ordering the killing of two Palestinian prisoners and organising the subsequent cover-up.

Early life
Shalom was born in Vienna, Austria. In 1939, he moved with his family to what was then Mandatory Palestine. In 1946, he joined the Palmach and later fought in the battle of Mishmar HaEmek amongst other battles.

Shin Bet
He joined the Shin Bet in 1950, and participated in the capture of Adolf Eichmann in 1960. He was eventually appointed to the head of the Shin Bet in 1980.

Shalom Bendor was one of the head of company Atwell Security in Tel Aviv, an Israeli security company staffed with high-ranking Shin Bet and Mossad agents. Peter Malkin helped to the deal which would put control of security at the World Trade Center through a contract with the Port Authority of New York in 1987. Atwell Security was a subsidiary of Eisenberg Group.

Kav 300 affair

After the hijacking of a bus from Tel Aviv on 12 April 1984, it was reported that all four hijackers had been killed. However, following publication of pictures taken at the scene it emerged that two surviving hijackers were questioned by Brigadier General Yitzhak Mordechai and then handed over to Shin Bet agents who executed the prisoners—allegedly on the orders of Shalom.

At least one witness indicated Shalom personally beat one of the prisoners to death. "Avrum was holding a pistol and he brought its butt with all of his strength on the head of one of the terrorists. I saw the butt actually entering the skull."

During the subsequent investigation, Shalom led a cover-up in the Shin Bet that implicated Mordechai as responsible for the killings. In 1985, General Mordechai was put on trial but his acquittal led to questions being asked about Shalom's role.

The cover-up caused internal disorder and dysfunction within the Shin Bet, but only became public when in May 1986 Attorney-General Yitzhak Zamir resigned after attempting to pursue a course of holding Shalom to account for falsifying evidence.

In June 1986, Shalom offered his resignation in exchange for a pardon from President Chaim Herzog. Herzog controversially issued pardons to Shalom and four other Shin Bet officers.

In July 1986 during a high court appeal against the pardons it was revealed in a letter of application for pardon that Shalom claimed that all his actions were "authorised and approved". This placed responsibility on his immediate superior, the Prime Minister at the time, Yitzhak Shamir. Shamir denied the blame. The supreme court upheld the pardons.

After leaving the Shin Bet, Shalom became an advocate for peace with the Palestinians, criticizing prime minister Ariel Sharon's efforts to sideline Yasser Arafat. He later appeared in the film The Gatekeepers, where he described his experience in the Shin Bet.

Death
Shalom died at the age of 86 on 19 June 2014 in Tel Aviv, Israel.

References

Directors of the Shin Bet
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to Mandatory Palestine
1928 births
2014 deaths
Palmach members
Adolf Eichmann
Recipients of Israeli presidential pardons


The Zeitgeist Movement is an activist movement established in the United States in 2008 by Peter Joseph. The group is critical of market capitalism, describing it as structurally corrupt and wasteful of resources. The group dismisses historic religious concepts as misleading, and embraces sustainable ecology and scientific administration of society.
VC Reporter's Shane Cohn summarized the movement's charter as: "Our greatest social problems are the direct results of our economic system".

History
The Zeitgeist Movement was formed in 2008 by Joseph shortly after the late 2008 release of Zeitgeist: Addendum, the second film in the Zeitgeist film series.

Zeitgeist was first linked to the Venus Project, which had been founded by Jacque Fresco in 1985. In April 2011, partnership between the two groups ended in an apparent power struggle, with Joseph commenting, "Without [the Zeitgeist Movement], [the Venus Project] doesn’t exist – it has nothing but ideas and has no viable method to bring it to light."

The first Zeitgeist documentary which predates the organization Zeitgeist movement, borrowed from the works of Eustace Mullins, Lyndon LaRouche, and radio host Alex Jones. Much of its footage was taken directly from Alex Jones documentaries.

The group holds an annual event, Z-Day (or Zeitgeist Day), an "educational forum" held in March. The New York Times reported on the second Z-Day held at Manhattan Community College in New York in 2009 which included lectures by Peter Joseph and Jacque Fresco. This event sold out with 900 people paying $10 each to attend. The event's organizers said that 450 connected events in 70 countries around the globe also took place.

Reactions
An article in the Journal of Contemporary Religion describes the movement as an example of a "conspirituality", a synthesis of New Age spirituality and conspiracy theory.

Michelle Goldberg of Tablet Magazine called the movement "the world's first Internet-based apocalyptic cult, with members who parrot the party line with cheerful, rote fidelity." In her opinion, the movement is "devoted to a kind of sci-fi planetary communism", and the 2007 documentary that "sparked" the movement was "steeped in far-right, isolationist, and covertly anti-Semitic conspiracy theories."

Alan Feuer of The New York Times said the movement was like "a utopian presentation of a money-free and computer-driven vision of the future, a wholesale reimagination of civilization, as if Karl Marx and Carl Sagan had hired John Lennon from his "Imagine" days to do no less than redesign the underlying structures of planetary life."

See also

 Anti-consumerism
 Criticism of capitalism
 Environmental movement
 Environmentalism
 Money Free Party
 Post-growth
 Post-scarcity economy
 Structural fix
 Technocracy
 Technological utopianism
 Yellow socialism

References

External links

Anti-consumerist groups
Environmental organizations established in 2008
International sustainability organizations


John Pitts may refer to:

John Pitts (Catholic scholar) (1560–1616), English Catholic
John Pitts (merchant) (born 1688) a  Massachusetts merchant, who was born in England
John W Pitts, US inventor of the 1928 Pitts Sky Car.
John E. Pitts, Jr. (1924–1977), United States Air Force officer
John Pitts (American football) (born 1945), former American football defensive back
John Pitts (composer), British composer

See also
John Pitt (disambiguation)


The Thorn Birds is a 2009 musical adaptation of the 1977 novel of the same name by Colleen McCullough. The lyrics were written by McCullough herself, the music was composed by Gloria Bruni and it was directed by Michael Bogdanov behind Wales Theatre Company.

It starred Matthew Goodgame as Father Ralph de Bricassart, Helen Anker as Meggie Cleary and Peter Karrie as Cardinal di Conti-Verchese. The cast included Andrea Miller, Kieran Brown, Ieuan Rhys, Phylip Harries, Richard Munday and Llinos Daniel.

The UK tour features visits to Poole, Swansea, Wolverhampton, Aberystwyth, Bradford, Hull, Llandudno, Windsor, Plymouth, Malvern, Birmingham and then finishing in the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff in July.

External links

Dominic Cavendish: "The Thorn Birds: Grand Theatre, Swansea". The Telegraph, 24 April 2009
"UK critics pan Thorn Birds musical". ABC News, 28 April 2009
Robert Gould: "Review: The Thorn Birds, the musical - a tragic disaster in Swansea". Broadway World, 22 April 2009
Vanessa Thorpe: "Epic romance is reborn as Thorn Birds, the musical". The Observer, 4 January 2009

2009 musicals
Musicals based on novels
Musicals set in Australia


Retlaw may refer to:

Companies
 Retlaw Enterprises, privately held company owned by the Disney family

People
 C. J. Hamilton (author) (1841–1935), author who wrote under the pen name Retlaw Spring
 Retlaw Yensid, an alias of Walt Disney
 William Retlaw Williams (1863–1944), Welsh writer

Places
 Retlaw, Alberta


Scrobipalpa acuminatella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in most of Europe, as well as Turkey, southern Siberia, Central Asia (Afghanistan, northern Iran, western Kazakhstan) and China (Anhui). It was recently reported from Canada, with records from Ontario and Québec.

The wingspan is . Terminal joint of palpi shorter than second. Forewings pointed, especially in female rather dark fuscous, paler-sprinkled, often ochreous- mixed in disc, sometimes with a few blackish scales posteriorly; stigmata darker, indistinct, first discal beyond plical; traces of pale fascia at 3/4 faintly perceptible. Hindwings over 1, light grey, sometimes darker posteriorly. The larva is grey-greenish; dots black; head brown; 2 pale brown, with two blackish spots.

The moths are on wing from April to August depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Carduus and Cirsium species, but also Cotton thistle, Artemisia species and Serratula tinctoria.

References

External links
 Lepidoptera of Belgium
 Microlepidoptera.nl
 Plant Parasites of Europe

Scrobipalpa
Moths described in 1850
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by John Sircom


The 1988 Barambah state by-election was a by-election held on 16 April 1988 for the Queensland Legislative Assembly seat of Barambah, based in the town of Kingaroy. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of National MP and former Premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Until the by-election, the seat had been considered the Nationals' safest seat in Queensland.

Candidates
The candidates were:

 Warren Truss of the National Party, the chairman of the Shire of Kingaroy;
 Trevor Perrett, a Kingaroy grazier and former National Party member  who represented the Citizens Electoral Council, a conservative party;
 John Lang of the Labor Party; and
 Kevin Polzin, a Wondai peanut farmer who used the title "New Country Party" (not related to the New Country Party which was formed by former One Nation members in 2003).

Results
The result was a shock to most observers, and came about largely because 89% of Labor voters' preferences went to the CEC. It was seen by contemporary observers as a clear setback to new party leader Mike Ahern in his efforts to stabilise the party ahead of the 1989 election.

|-
|  |
| style="text-align:left;"| New Country Party
| style="text-align:left;"| Kevin Polzin
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,092
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.48
| style="text-align:right;"| +9.48
|-

Aftermath
Though elected as a Citizens Electoral Council candidate, Trevor Perrett defected to the National Party in December 1988, and was re-elected as a National candidate at the 1989 state election. Perrett became a minister in the Coalition government of Rob Borbidge and held the seat of Barambah until his defeat at the 1998 state election.

Defeated National Party candidate Warren Truss was elected as the member for the division of Wide Bay at the 1990 Australian federal election. He served as a minister in the government of John Howard and became federal leader of the National Party in 2007 and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia in 2013 and served as a minister in the governments of Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull .

See also
List of Queensland state by-elections

References

1988 elections in Australia
Queensland state by-elections
1980s in Queensland


This list of tallest buildings in Kunming ranks skyscrapers in Kunming, Yunnan, China by height.  the tallest buildings in Kunming are the  twin towers at Wanda Plaza (Fanya International Finance Building North/South). Before that, the 150-meter (492-foot) Kai Wah Plaza A dominated the skyline for many years.

Kunming is the largest and the capital city of Yunnan Province. It is the political, educational, cultural, financial, economical, communication and transportation center of the province. With an urban population of 3,200,000 and total of 6,193,300 people, Kunming is ranked as the 3rd largest city in Western China (after Chongqing and Chengdu).

Tallest buildings
This lists ranks Kunming skyscrapers that stand at least  tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height. All the structures in this list has been topped, but some may not be ready to use.

Tallest under construction, approved, and proposed

Under construction
This lists buildings that are under construction in Kunming and are planned to rise at least 90 m (295 feet). Buildings that have already been topped out are not included.

References
General

Specific

External links
 The World's best Skyline

kunming
Skyscrapers in Yunnan
Buildings and structures in Kunming


Alan Lorenzo Caldwell (born May 22, 1956) is a former professional American football defensive back in the National Football League. He attended University of North Carolina. He would play with the New York Giants in 1979.

External links
Pro-Football reference

1956 births
Living people
Players of American football from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
American football defensive backs
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
New York Giants players


Scrobipalpa aptatella (tobacco stem borer) is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in China (Xinjiang), Australia (where it has been recorded from Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia), New Zealand, Samoa, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Palestine and in Africa, where it has been recorded from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

The wingspan is . The forewings are ochreous, slightly fuscous-tinged, with darker irregular spots throughout, obscure and sometimes hardly traceable, not forming definite markings. The hindwings are light fuscous.

The larvae feed on Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana rustica, Datura species, Solanum dubium, Solanum melongena and Solanum tuberosum. They bore the stem of their host plant.

References

External links
 Caterpillars of Australia

aptatella
Moths of Africa
Moths of Asia
Moths of Oceania
Moths of Australia
Insects of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Insects of Namibia
Moths described in 1864


Nesta Toumine (October 28, 1912 – February 1, 1996) was a dancer, choreographer, artistic director and teacher in Canada.

She was born Nesta Williams in Thornton Heath, Croydon, England, the daughter of Alfred Edward Williams and Agnes Mary Sievers, and was educated in Ottawa. She studied ballet in Ottawa, New York City, with Nikolai Legat, Serafina Astafieva and Margaret Craske in London, in Paris and with Julia Sedova in Nice. Williams performed as Nesta Markova with the Ballets Russes de Paris and Léonide Massine's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.

In 1941, she married Sviatoslov Toumine. The couple settled in New York but moved to Ottawa after the birth of their sons, Peter and Lorne.

With Yolande Leduc, Toumine founded the Ottawa Ballet Company in 1947. She taught ballet in her school in Ottawa, in Scranton, Pennsylvania and in Montreal.

Toumine died in Ottawa.

Dancers trained by Toumine include:
David Lee Moroni, founding principal of the professional division of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet School
David Peregrine, former principal dancer for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet

Toumine developed the choreography for a number of ballets including:
 Maria Chapdelaine
 Les Sylphides
 Les Valses
 Pas de Quatre
She also choreographed shows for the Orpheus Musical Theatre Society.

The Society of Russian Ballet established the Nesta Toumine Memorial Award in 1996.

References

External links
 Nesta Toumine fonds (R368) at Library and Archives Canada

1912 births
1996 deaths
Canadian choreographers
Canadian women choreographers
British emigrants to Canada


Dadra  is one of the two talukas in Dadra and Nagar Haveli district, India. It is an enclave lying a few kilometres north west of Nagar Haveli and is surrounded by Gujarat.

Dadra is located 6 km west from district headquarter Silvassa. Dadra consists of Dadra town and two other villages - Demni and Tighra

History
Until 1954, Dadra was part of Portuguese India. Under Portuguese rule, Dadra formed a freguesia (administrative parish) of the Nagar Haveli concelho (municipality). In turn, the Nagar Haveli concelho was part of the Daman district.

Demography
Dadra is a Census Town city in district of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The Dadra Census Town has population of 13,039 of which 8,193 are males while 4,846 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1639 which is 12.57% of total population of Dadra (CT). In Dadra Census Town, Female Sex Ratio is of 591 against state average of 774. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Dadra is around 935 compared to Dadra and Nagar Haveli state average of 926. Literacy rate of Dadra city is 90.51% higher than state average of 76.24%. In Dadra, Male literacy is around 94.53% while female literacy rate is 83.23%.

Dadra Census Town has total administration over 3,385 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

References

Cities and towns in Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Enclaves and exclaves


Virtual mobility refers to students and teachers in higher education using another institution outside their own country to study or teach for a limited time, without physically leaving their home. It complements physical mobility in which students travel to study abroad, such as within the Erasmus Programme. The two forms of mobility together constitute academic mobility. Student and teacher mobility are perceived as important quality issues in higher education.

Virtual mobility has been defined as an activity that offers access to courses and study schemes in a foreign country and allows for communication activities with teachers and fellow students abroad via the new information and communication technologies.

Striving for a European educational space, the European Ministers of Education consider virtual mobility as a necessary addition to the traditional ways of studying abroad that require travelling. In Europe, databases like Educontact provide students with an overview of available courses.

The public policy background is to be found, e.g. in the Leuven declaration on Mobility, by 46 European Higher education ministers.

A non-commercial guide to virtual mobility is suitable for universities and schools that start with virtual mobility.

Notes and references

See also
 Academic mobility

Distance education
Higher education


This is a list of British television-related events from 1996.

Events

January
1 January – The James Bond film Never Say Never Again is aired as part of BBC1's New Year's Day schedule, starring Sean Connery.
3 January – Debut of Hetty Wainthropp Investigates on BBC1, starring Patricia Routledge.
7 January – The Herald (Glasgow) reports that STV have sold their shares in HTV to United News and Media.
9 January – The US science-fiction series The X-Files makes its debut on BBC1 with the episode Humbug.
12 January – Gaby Roslin presents her final edition of The Big Breakfast on Channel 4 after three years, weeping live on the air.
14 January – The network television premiere of Father of the Bride on ITV, starring Steve Martin and Diane Keaton.
15 January – Zoe Ball begins hosting The Big Breakfast on Channel 4.
15 January–11 March – Our Friends in the North, a nine-part drama spanning from the 1960s to the 1990s in the lives of four friends, begins airing on BBC2.
22 January – The Sci-Fi Channel begins airing episodes 109–150 of the BSB soap Jupiter Moon which were not televised during the series original 1990 run. Two episodes are aired per day up to 19 February.
23 January – The network television premiere of Single White Female on ITV, starring Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh.
26 January – The findings of the judicial review into the ITC's decision to award the licence for a fifth UK television channel to Channel 5 Broadcasting Ltd are published. The review concludes that there was no illegality or unfairness in the process.
January – L!VE TV introduces the News Bunny.

February
5 February – Breakfast News Extra is launched. The 20-minute programme which airs at the end of the main edition of Breakfast News is presented by Juliet Morris.
9 February –  The entertainment show TFI Friday makes its debut on Channel 4, presented by Chris Evans. The show ran for six series over four and a half years until 2000.
11 February – Debut of the Irish-set drama series Ballykissangel on BBC1.
18 February – The final episode of the long-running satirical puppet show Spitting Image is broadcast on ITV.
19 February – At the 1996 BRIT Awards, aired by ITV, Pulp's lead singer Jarvis Cocker invades the stage during Michael Jackson's performance of Earth Song. Jackson, surrounded by children was dressed as a Christ-like figure, an image which Cocker found objectionable.
21 February – Debut of the long-running crime drama Silent Witness on BBC1, starring Amanda Burton.
24 February – BBC1 begins airing a four-part adaptation of the Minette Walters psychological thriller The Sculptress. The miniseries stars Pauline Quirke, Caroline Goodall and Christopher Fulford and is shown over two consecutive weekends, on 24–25 February and 2–3 March.

March
1 March – The Media Authority of Berlin and Brandenburg (Medienanstalt Berlin-Brandenburg) awards a terrestrial television licence to BBC World, thought to be the first time a country has awarded a television frequency to a foreign broadcaster.
2 March – The network television premiere of The Marrying Man on ITV, starring Kim Basinger and Alec Baldwin.
4 March – Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends returns to with a new series once again narrated by Michael Angelis, but instead of airing on free-for-air television, it will now air on satellite and cable channel Cartoon Network.
8 March – Mersey Television boss and creator of Channel 4 soaps Brookside and Hollyoaks, Phil Redmond predicts that in the future, every major soap on television will be aired five nights a week.
11 March – Launch of the business and financial news channel CNBC Europe which is based in London.
13 March – In the wake of the Dunblane school massacre, ITV postpones the James Bond film Licence to Kill which was due to be shown this evening.
14 March – Channel 4 is forced to apologise to viewers after an ident showing The Big Breakfast presenter Mark Little firing a gun at the camera is seen on screen the day after the Dunblane school massacre.
16 March
Cable channel L!VE TV stages a live reconstruction of the Frank Bruno vs. Mike Tyson fight using lookalike boxers as a way of hitting back at pay-per-view television on which the actual fight is being shown.
The network television premiere of A Few Good Men on ITV, starring Tom Cruise, Demi Moore and Jack Nicholson.
Debut of the crime drama series Dalziel and Pascoe on BBC1.
Launch of the pay-per-view service Sky Box Office.
18 March – Debut of the drama series This Life on BBC2.
19 March – Debut of And The Beat Goes On on Channel 4.
24 March
ITV airs Coronation Street – The Cruise, something which proves to be controversial as the film had only been released on VHS a few months earlier to celebrate the show's 35th anniversary.
The final episode of the long-running storytelling series Jackanory is broadcast on BBC2, although it would be briefly revived in 2006.
26 March – Cadbury becomes the first company to sponsor Coronation Street after signing a deal with Granada. The sponsorship will begin in September.
30 March – The final episode of Saturday Disney is broadcast on ITV.
March – After two years of Pages from Ceefax Level 2 teletext graphics, they return to using the more basic Level 1 Teletext format.

April
1 April
Sir Christopher Bland succeeds Marmaduke Hussey as Chairman of the BBC.
All BBC commercial activities, including BBC Publications, is merged into BBC Enterprises Ltd.
2 April – The popular comic strip character from The Beano, Dennis the Menace, is brought to life with a new animated series on BBC1 as part of the CBBC lineup.
5 April – BBC1 airs Eskimo Day, Jack Rosenthal's poignant comedy about parents letting go of their children when they make their way in the world.
13 April
Channel 4 airs the first of ten editions of The Gaby Roslin Show, a chat show presented by Gaby Roslin which aims to recapture the atmosphere of 1970s series such as Parkinson. Ratings for the show quickly fall from 3 million to less than a million and it is panned by viewers and critics alike.
Andi Peters and Emma Forbes present their final edition of Live & Kicking on BBC1.
15 April – ITV airs Episode 4000 of Coronation Street.
18 April
The ITC confirms the awarding of the Channel 5 licence to Channel 5 Broadcasting Ltd, setting out its broadcasting remit. 50% of programming must be original, while there are quotas for the amount of public service programming that must be aired.
Marketing (magazine) reports that Midland Bank will sponsor ITV Drama Premieres, starting on 1 May with the latest series of Sharpe.
21 April – The BBC Arabic television service closes down when the Saudi backer pulls out following a row over coverage of the execution of a princess accused of adultery.
23 April – Debut of Edward on Edward, a documentary produced for ITV by Prince Edward's company Ardent Productions and is presented by the Prince himself. It tells the story of the Abdication of Edward VIII.
27 April – Granada confirms that O. J. Simpson has been booked to appear on the first edition of Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan's new series, Tonight with Richard and Judy, scheduled to air on 13 May. The former football star will be paid a nominal fee of £1 for his first interview since being cleared of murder in 1995, though Granada will also pay for his travel expenses. The interview proves to be controversial with both Madeley and Finnigan attracting media criticism for what is deemed to be their "candyfloss" questioning of Simpson. Ultimately, the show airs for just one series.
April – The BBC becomes the world's first digital terrestrial broadcaster after conducting a test transmission.

May
1 May – Imperial College London wins the 1995–96 series of University Challenge on BBC2, beating the London School of Economics 275–220.
2 May – Debut on BBC1 of Airport on BBC1, a fly-on-the-wall documentary series about London's Heathrow Airport.
6 May – BBC1 airs the first episode of a new series of The Liver Birds which catches up with Beryl (Polly James) and Sandra (Nerys Hughes) two decades on from the original series.
9 May – The BBC announces its plans for digital television. They include a free-to-air news channel, widescreen versions of BBC1 and BBC2, "side channels" which will broadcast extra programmes related to what is on the main channels and several paid-for channels featuring programming from the BBC archives.
13 May – After an eight year absence, the game show Call My Bluff returns to BBC1, presented by Bob Holness.
18 May – Ireland's Eimear Quinn wins the 1996 Eurovision Song Contest with "The Voice".
21 May – Bill Treacher makes his final appearance as EastEnders character Arthur Fowler. Having left the series in December 1995, he briefly returned to the role of Arthur to film scenes in which his character is killed off.
24 May – The final edition of Good Morning with Anne and Nick is broadcast on BBC1.
25 May
Paul Doody wins the seventh series of Stars in Their Eyes on ITV, performing as Marti Pellow. He is the second Grand Final winner to portray the singer.
Debut of the golf-based game show Full Swing on BBC1, presented by Jimmy Tarbuck. However, the series is not a success and is axed after eight episodes on 27 July.
27 May – Doctor Who, a US television movie continuation of the famous British series of the same name is broadcast on BBC1. It is regarded as being a part of the same story as the original series and is an unsuccessful pilot for a new, American co-produced series. This marks the end of Sylvester McCoy's era as the Seventh Doctor. Paul McGann stars as the Eighth Doctor. Doctor Who would return for a full series when it was revived in 2005.

June
1 June – Darren Day succeeds Matthew Kelly as the presenter of You Bet! on ITV.
5 June – Channel 4 beginning showing the US Horror series American Gothic, starring Gary Cole.
7 June – The BBC is restructured by the Director-General John Birt. In the new structure, BBC Broadcast will commission programmes and BBC Production will make them.
8–30 June – The BBC and ITV broadcast live coverage of Euro 96 which is held in England.
10 June – For the Summer period, the late afternoon block of children's programmes aired on BBC1 are transferred to BBC2.
14 June – After 32 years, excluding six months in 1973, Top of the Pops moves from its traditional Thursday evening slot to Fridays on BBC1.
21 June – Debut of the children's game show To Me... To You... on BBC2 and later on BBC1, presented by the Chuckle Brothers.
26 June – The BBC and ITV broadcast live coverage of the England v. Germany semi-final match of Euro 96 that is collectively watched by 26 million viewers.
30 June – Neil Haidar wins the 1996 series of MasterChef on BBC1.

July
7 July – BBC1 airs Killing Me Softly, a Screen One film about the Sara Thornton case that stars Maggie O'Neill and Peter Howitt.
9 July – The final episode of the game show Going For Gold is broadcast on BBC1, although it would make a brief return to Channel 5 in 2008.
11 July
BBC2 airs South African President Nelson Mandela's historic address to the Houses of Parliament. The programme is introduced by Michael Buerk.
ITV announces a deal with Doritos sponsoring ITV Movies with the premieres of Demolition Man, Unforgiven, Groundhog Day and Sleepless in Seattle, the sponsorship will begin on 17 August.
19 July–4 August – The BBC provides full live coverage of the 1996 Olympic Games. Live coverage runs for 15 hours a day, 1:40pm until 4:30am with highlights at breakfast time and morning-long extended highlights of the previous day's action. In addition to BBC1's coverage for the first time, the BBC also provides alternative live action during the overnight hours on BBC2.
24 July – Buckingham Palace ends the BBC's monopoly on producing the Royal Christmas Message which has been the sole responsibility of the broadcaster for 63 years. It is produced by ITV from 1997, before returning to the BBC in 1999, then ITV again from 2001, and so on in continuation.
25 July – A report commissioned collectively by the broadcasters that make up ITV claims that Channel 5's plans to retune millions of televisions and video recorders are inadequate and underfunded. The report follows a survey conducted on 700 households in Channel 5's pilot retuning area in Surrey which says fewer than 60 per cent of households have been contacted by the retuning teams and less than 50 per cent have had their equipment successfully retuned.
26 July
The BBC and Hat Trick Productions are fined £10,000 each in the High Court for contempt of court over comments made on a 1994 edition of Have I Got News for You in which presenter Angus Deayton referred to Ian and Kevin Maxwell as "two heartless, scheming bastards" ahead of their trial.
Scottish acquires Caledonian Publishing, at this time publishers of The Herald (Glasgow) and Glasgow Evening Times, and renames itself Scottish Media Group (SMG).
29 July – Sources at Channel 5 Broadcasting confirm the estimated cost of the retuning operation required for people to watch the channel has risen by at least 25 per cent above the original £55 million budget.

August
10 August
BBC1 begins airing Stephen King's The Stand, a miniseries based on the novel of the same name. It is shown in four parts over two weekends, on 10–11 August and 17–18 August.
The network television premiere of Uli Edel's 1993 erotic thriller Body of Evidence on BBC1, starring Madonna, Willem Dafoe, Joe Mantegna, Anne Archer and Julianne Moore.
13 August – Flextech plc, the UK's second largest supplier of subscription television, confirms it is in talks with the BBC about setting up to six new cable and satellite channels.
16 August
The US animated science-fiction comedy series Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys makes its UK debut on ITV before airing in its homeland the following month.
Sky Sports 3 launches with broadcasting hours of midday to midnight and Sky Sports Gold closes.
22 August – BBC World begins broadcasting to Berlin.
27 August – The late afternoon block of children's programmes returns to BBC1.
30 August
London Weekend Television launches new idents.
Zoe Ball presents her final edition of The Big Breakfast on Channel 4; she is leaving the series in order to present BBC1's Live & Kicking with Jamie Theakston.
August – David Elstein of BSkyB is appointed Chief Executive of Channel 5.

September
1 September
Sky 2 launches. It is a sister channel to the then-titled Sky1. It closes a year later, but a channel of almost the same name would launch in 2005.
The Computer Channel is launched. It is later renamed .tv (pronounced Dot TV).
Two US weather channels launch UK versions. The Weather Channel begins broadcasting in the UK. It transmits for five hours each morning on Sky and 24 hours on cable in some areas. The Weather Network launches on the same day on many other cable networks. They take advantage of the localness of cable franchises by providing on-screen local weather forecasts.
London's Burning returns to ITV for a new series, its ninth since launching in 1988 and the first to be shown in two halves, with a US-style hiatus over Christmas. Following episode 11 on 17 November, the series takes a break until 12 January 1997 when the final four episodes of the series are shown. London's Burning continues to air with this format until the end of the thirteenth series in 2001. The hiatus is shifted to coincide with Easter from the twelfth series when it becomes part of ITV's Winter schedule rather than its Autumn line-up.
2 September
Carlton Television's first spin-off channel, Carlton Food Network, launches exclusively on cable. It broadcasts on weekday afternoons and shares space with SelecTV.
Launch of "Daytime on 1", BBC1's new daily schedule that includes six and a half hours of drama, quiz shows, discussion programming, chat shows and cooking shows.
The ITV region Tyne Tees Television is rebranded as Channel 3 North East. The rebranding is unsuccessful and returns to its original name two years later.
Former Olympic swimmer Sharron Davies succeeds Zoe Ball on The Big Breakfast on Channel 4.
4 September – Debut of the hugely popular makeover series Changing Rooms on BBC2, presented by Carol Smillie.
5 September – The Canadian animated series based on the books by Else Holmelund Minarik and Maurice Sendak called Little Bear makes its UK debut on BBC1.
9 September – The NBC Super Channel renames itself as NBC Europe or simply known as NBC on the air.
10 September – The Nickelodeon animated series Hey Arnold! makes its UK debut on ITV a month before its debut in the US.
12 September – The children's magazine show It's a Mystery makes its debut on ITV.
14 September – The final episode of the practical jokes series Beadle's About is broadcast on ITV.
15 September – Debut of Rhodes, an eight-part BBC1 series about the life of the controversial British adventurer and empire-builder Cecil Rhodes. The series concludes on 3 November. It took a decade to make, employed over 10,000 extras and at a cost of £10 million is the most expensive British television project to date. However, despite a high-profile publicity campaign leading up to its launch, Rhodes attracts relatively poor viewing figures with 7.6 million tuning into the first episode and 4.8 million watching the second and it is quickly panned by critics. The BBC is also forced to launch an accompanying booklet about Cecil Rhodes as the series assumes a prior knowledge of the figure and many viewers are unfamiliar with him.
20 September – The Independent reports that Channel 5 will employ another 1,500 people to undertake its retuning operation, bringing the total number of people working on the task to 8,500. An estimated 11.4 million televisions and video recorders will need to be retuned before the channel goes on air next year.
21 September – Zoe Ball and Jamie Theakston present their first edition of Live & Kicking on BBC1.
29 September – It was reported that the comedian and TV presenter Leslie Crowther has died at the age of 63.
30 September – Debut of the three-part fantasy drama Wilderness on ITV, starring Amanda Ooms, Michael Kitchen and Owen Teale which is based on Dennis Danvers 1991 lupine horror novel of the same name, adapted by Andrew Davies and Bernadette Davis. It concludes on 14 October.

October
1 October
Granada Sky Broadcasting launches with four new channels, Granada Plus, Men & Motors, Granada Good Life and Granada Talk TV.
The Granada-produced series Springhill makes its debut on Sky1, a supernatural soap set in Liverpool which airs for two series of 26 episodes. It is later shown on Channel 4.
2 October – It is reported that Channel 5 Broadcasting is planning to bid for newly available space on the Astra 1A satellite in the hope of reaching a further one million UK viewers.
5 October – Channel 4 airs The Ghost of Ivy Tilsley, a programme telling the story of singer and actress Lynne Perrie who played Ivy Tilsley in Coronation Street in which she speaks about her time with the soap and how she lost her sense of self in her search for fame.
6 October – Scottish Television launches new idents.
7 October – The final episode of the game show Turnabout is broadcast on BBC1 after six years on the air.
9 October – Debut of the popular cookery series Two Fat Ladies on BBC2, presented by Clarissa Dickson Wright and Jennifer Paterson.
11 October – After nearly 14 years, Channel 4 is given a whole new look replacing the original coloured blocks idents with all-new circles idents.
19 October – Fox Kids Network launches in the UK, becoming the first Fox Kids channel in Europe.
23 October
NYNEX, Vidéotron and Bell Cablemedia merge with the subsidiary of Cable & Wireless, Mercury Communications. The new company is called Cable & Wireless Communications.
The network television premiere of Groundhog Day on ITV, starring Bill Murray and Andie MacDowell.
24 October – The US sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun makes its UK debut on BBC2.
26 October
ITV show the Jonathan Ross hosted documentary In Search of Dracula, followed by the UK terrestrial premiere of the 1992 Francis Ford Coppola film Bram Stoker's Dracula, starring Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Keanu Reeves and Anthony Hopkins.
27 October – Lucy Wright wins the 1996 series of Junior MasterChef on BBC1.
October – United News & Media buys Scottish Television's 20% stake in HTV.

November
1 November – Sky Scottish launches. The channel is a joint venture between Scottish Television and British Sky Broadcasting.
6–7 November – A two-part special episode of the sitcom Absolutely Fabulous called The Last Shout is broadcast on BBC1. It was billed as the final episode at the time but the series would return in 2001.
11 November – UTV introduces a new series of idents which showcase scenic locations in Northern Ireland. These include the Giant's Causeway, a waterfall at Glenarriff and Portaferry harbour. Some of the idents feature UTV personalities.
12 November – Debut of the music-based comedy panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks on BBC2, presented by Mark Lamarr.
15 November – Sarah Lancashire makes her final appearance in Coronation Street as Raquel Watts.
17 November – BBC1 airs Ruby Wax Meets the Duchess of York, a one-off interview with Sarah, Duchess of York conducted by US comedian Ruby Wax.
21 November – Campaign (magazine) reports that ITV's decision to stop airing Baywatch midway through the season and replace it with Sabrina the Teenage Witch has raised questions about the vulnerability of sponsorship deals to programme rescheduling. Wella had renewed its sponsorship of Baywatch with ITV earlier in the year, but the show was pulled from its Saturday evening timeslot after only eight of the scheduled twenty-two episodes were shown with Sabrina the Teenage Witch, set to air from 23 November. ITV says the decision was taken because it began airing Baywatch earlier than planned after a previously scheduled programme, SeaQuest 2032 did not prove as popular with viewers as anticipated, this led to episodes of Baywatch catching up with their airdates in the US. ITV says the programme will return in 1997 while Wella will continue its sponsorship.
23 November – The BBC picks up the terrestrial rights to The Simpsons which is first shown at 5:30pm on BBC1 with a Sunday lunchtime repeat on BBC2. There's No Disgrace Like Home is the first episode to be shown on BBC1, later being beaten in the ratings by Sabrina the Teenage Witch which made its UK debut on that day.
24 November – ITV introduces a fourth weekly episode of Coronation Street, airing on Sundays at 7:30pm.
25 November – Carlton launches a new set of idents.
30 November – During a live broadcast of The National Lottery Live on BBC1, the draw machine does not start, causing it to be delayed by 50 minutes. Resident psychic Mystic Meg later said that she had been predicting it all day.

December
6 December – The Adam and Joe Show, written and hosted by comedy performers Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish makes its debut on Channel 4.
12 December – The popular game show Strike It Lucky returns under the new name of Strike It Rich on ITV. Like its predecessor, it is presented by Michael Barrymore.
17 December  BBC2 shows the first episode of the four-part Gothic Horror documentary series Nightmare: Birth of Horror.  Written and hosted by Christopher Frayling, the series looks at the creators of the horror genre: Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker, Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle and examines their impact and cultural legacy.
18 December – Labour Party leader Tony Blair is a guest on ITV's Des O'Connor Tonight where he famously admits to trying to run away from school as a teenager by attempting to stow away on a flight to the Bahamas.
21 December – BBC1 airs the first Christmas episode of The Simpsons.
23 December – ITV airs the pilot of In the Dark with Julian Clary, a game show in which couples must complete everyday tasks while in complete darkness. The show is not picked up for a full series by ITV, but a series is recorded for the US where Julian Clary will be introduced to American viewers. However, it is pulled a few hours before its transmission. Two series of In the Dark are later produced for Channel 5 starting in 1998, but presented by Junior Simpson.
24 December – Christmas Eve highlights on BBC1 include the network television premieres of Super Mario Brothers, starring Bob Hoskins, John Leguizamo and Dennis Hopper and Cliffhanger, starring Sylvester Stallone.
25 December
Christmas Day highlights on BBC1 include the network television premiere of Steven Spielberg's 1993 dinosaur adventure Jurassic Park.
Only Fools and Horses returns with a new episode after three years with Heroes and Villains, the first of a three-part miniseries that Radio Times suggests "may prove to be its swansong". The second part, Modern Men airs on 27 December, followed by the final part, Time on Our Hands on 29 December.
Top of the Pops is guest presented by the Spice Girls. Their three performances are introduced by Robbie Williams, Mark Morrison and Gina G.
26 December
The network television premieres of Sommersby, a 1993 period drama starring Richard Gere and Jodie Foster and Free Willy, starring Jason James Richter and Lori Petty, both on BBC1.
Ian Kelsey makes his final appearance in Emmerdale when Dave Glover dies in a fire.
27 December – The network television premiere of The Firm on BBC1, starring Tom Cruise and Jeanne Tripplehorn.
29 December – Time On Our Hands, the final episode of the Christmas trilogy of the popular sitcom Only Fools and Horses, airs on BBC1. Originally publicised as the last ever episode, it draws 24.35 million viewers, the largest ever audience for a sitcom in the UK and discounting the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, the following year, the biggest UK television audience of the 1990s. However, the show returns for three subsequent specials, one shown each Christmas from 2001.
31 December – New Year's Eve highlights on BBC1 include Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country starring William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy and Shadowlands starring Anthony Hopkins.

Debuts

BBC1
1 January – The Peacock Spring (1996)
2 January – The Demon Headmaster (1996–1998)
3 January
 Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars (1996)
 Hetty Wainthropp Investigates  (1996–1998)
4 January – The Morph Files (1996)
8 January – The Genie from Down Under (1996–1998)
16 January – Free Willy (1994)
28 January – A Mug's Game (1996)
11 February – Ballykissangel (1996–2001)
12 February – BBC Newsline (1996–present)
14 February
Out of Tune (1996–1998)
Into the Fire (1996)
15 February – Alien Empire (1996)
21 February – Silent Witness (1996–present)
24 February – The Sculptress (1996)
16 March – Dalziel and Pascoe (1996–2007)
2 April – Dennis the Menace (1996–1998)
5 April – Eskimo Day (1996)
7 April – Over Here (1996)
12 April – Little Mouse on the Prairie (1996)
17 April – Madson (1996)
28 April – Karaoke (1996)
2 May – Airport (1996–2005)
5 May – No Bananas (1996)
25 May – Full Swing (1996)
27 May – Doctor Who (1996)
16 June – A Royal Scandal (1996)
21 June
To Me... To You... (1996–1998)
Future Fantastic (1996)
21 July – The Writing on the Wall, called Operation Schmetterling in Germany (1996) (4 episodes)
5 August – The Alphabet Game (1996–1997)
24 August – The Bite (1996)
5 September
Little Bear (1995–1999)
The Hello Girls (1996–1998)
6 September – Muppets Tonight (1996–1998)
15 September – Rhodes (1996)
22 September – The Legacy of Reginald Perrin (1996)
24 September – Romuald the Reindeer (1996)
2 October – Beck (1996)
4 October – Satellite City (1996–1999)
6 October – Clive Anderson All Talk (1996–1999)
7 October – Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1995–2000)
28 October – Billy Connolly's World Tour of Australia (1996)
3 November – Accused (1996)
4 November – The Crow Road (1996)
10 November – The Prince and the Pauper (1996)
14 November – Crocodile Shoes II (1996)
17 November – The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996)
Unknown – Deep Secrets (1996)

BBC2
15 January
 Our Friends in the North (1996)
 Look and Read: Spywatch (1996)
18 March – This Life (1996–1997)
21 April – A History of British Art (1996)
4 September – Changing Rooms (1996–2004)
12 September – Neverwhere (1996)
16 September – Megamaths (1996–2002)
27 September – All Rise for Julian Clary (1996–1997)
9 October – Two Fat Ladies (1996–1999)
24 October – 3rd Rock from the Sun (1996–2001)
12 November – Never Mind the Buzzcocks (1996–2015)
23 November – The Simpsons (1989–present) (Terrestrial rights, initially on BBC1)
2 December – Wicked Women (1996) (Anthology: Brazen Hussies; King Girl; Giving Tongue)
22 December – Cruel Train (1996)
29 December – The Moonstone (1996)

ITV
2 January – Santo Bugito (1995)
3 January
Delta Wave (1996)
Potamus Park (1996–1998)
5 January
 Bimble's Bucket (1996–1998)
 The Tide of Life (1996)
8 January – Call Red (1996)
12 January – Carnal Knowledge (1996)
13 January – The Bare Necessities (1996)
26 January – Paul Merton in Galton & Simpson's... (1996–1997)
6 February – The Girl (1996)
15 February – London Bridge (1996–1999)
25 February – My Wonderful Life (1996–1999)
5 March – Married for Life (1996)
19 March – The Island (1996–1997)
4 April – Crazy Cottage (1996–1998)
10 April – Bodyguards (1996–1997)
11 April – Ellington (1996)
15 April – The Big Bang (1996–2004)
1 May – The Adventures of Captain Zeelig (1996)
3 May – The Treacle People (1996–1997)
4 May – Man O Man (1996–1999)
7 May – Frontiers (1996)
10 June – An Independent Man (1996)
11 June – Gayle's World (1996–1997)
8 July – Red Amber Green (1996–1999)
27 July – The Big Big Talent Show (1996–1997)
4 August – The English Wife (1996)
7 August – Chatterhappy Ponies (1996–1998)
11 August – Some Kind of Life (1996)
16 August – Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys (1996–1997)
6 September – Barry Welsh is Coming (1996–2004)
7 September – Professor Bubble (1996–1997)
10 September – Hey Arnold! (1996–2004)
11 September – Retrace (1996–1998)
12 September – It's a Mystery (1996–2002)
13 September – Roger and the Rottentrolls (1996–2000)
20 September
Oscar and Friends (1996)
The Adventures of Dawdle the Donkey (1996–1997)
30 September – Wilderness (1996)
1 October – Springhill (1996–1997)
2 October – Poldark (1996)
29 October – Zot the Dog (1996–1997)
31 October – Frighteners (1996–1997)
1 November
Snug and Cozi (1996–1997)
Staying Alive (1996–1997)
7 November – Out of Sight (1996–1998)
9 November – Kiss and Tell (1996)
20 November – Matt's Million (1996)
23 November – Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996–2003)
24 November – Emma (1996)
1 December
Percy the Park Keeper (1996–1999)
The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders (1996)
5 December – Hillsborough (1996)
31 December – Cuts (1996)
Unknown
Wake Up in the Wild Room (1996–1998)
Bug Alert
Mole in the Hole

Channel 4
1 February – Annie's Bar (1996)
9 February – TFI Friday (1996–2000)
23 February – The Mark Thomas Comedy Product (1996–2003)
19 March – And the Beat Goes On (1996)
6 April – Insektors (1994–1995)
17 May – Life After Birth (1996)
26 May – Cold Lazarus (1996)
5 June – American Gothic (1995–1996)
20 September – Caroline in the City (1995–1999)
6 November – The Fragile Heart (1996)
6 December – The Adam and Joe Show (1996–2001)
13 December – Family Money (1996–1997)
24 December
The Adventures of Toad (1996)
Famous Fred (1996)
Unknown – Cybill (1995–1999)

Sky One/1
7 January – Murder One (1995–1996)
20 January – Sliders (1995–2000)
9 June – The Feds (1993–1996)
8 September – The Beast (1996)
1 October – Springhill (1996–1997)
22 December – Millennium (1996–1999)
Unknown
What-a-Mess (Series 3) (1995–1996)
Ned and Stacey (1995–1997)

Sky 2
2 September – Water Rats (1996–2001)

Fox Kids UK
19 October – Billy the Cat (1996–2001)

Disney Channel UK
21 October
Brand Spankin' New! Doug (1996–1999)
Mighty Ducks (1996–1997)
Unknown – Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1996)

Cartoon Network UK
2 September – Dexter's Laboratory (1996–2003)
Unknown
Omer and the Starchild (1992)
Monchhichis (1983)

Nickelodeon UK
6 January – CBBC on Nickelodeon (1996–1999)
Unknown – Bruno the Kid (1996–1997)

Channels

New channels

Defunct channels

Rebranded channels

Television shows

Changes of network affiliation

Returning this year after a break of one year or longer
 4 March – The Wombles (1973–1975, 1990–1991 BBC, 1996–1997 ITV)
 10 April – The Two Ronnies for a 25th Anniversary special (1971–1987, 1991, 1996, 2005)
 6 May – The Liver Birds (1969–1979, 1996)
 13 May – Call My Bluff (1965–1988, 1996–2005)
 27 May – Doctor Who (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–present)

Continuing television shows

1920s
BBC Wimbledon (1927–1939, 1946–2019, 2021–present)

1930s
The Boat Race (1938–1939, 1946–2019)
BBC Cricket (1939, 1946–1999, 2020–2024)

1940s
Come Dancing (1949–1998)

1950s
Panorama (1953–present)
Take Your Pick! (1955–1968, 1992–1998)
What the Papers Say (1956–2008)
The Sky at Night (1957–present)
Blue Peter (1958–present)
Grandstand (1958–2007)

1960s
Coronation Street (1960–present)
Songs of Praise (1961–present)
World in Action (1963–1998)
Top of the Pops (1964–2006)
Match of the Day (1964–present)
Mr. and Mrs. (1965–1999)
Sportsnight (1965–1997)
Call My Bluff (1965–2005)
The Money Programme (1966–2010)

1970s
Rainbow (1972–1992, 1994–1997)
Emmerdale (1972–present)
Newsround (1972–present)
Last of the Summer Wine (1973–2010)
Wish You Were Here...? (1974–2003)
Arena (1975–present)
One Man and His Dog (1976–present)
Grange Hill (1978–2008)
Ski Sunday (1978–present)
Antiques Roadshow (1979–present)
Question Time (1979–present)

1980s
Play Your Cards Right (1980–1987, 1994–1999, 2002–2003)
Family Fortunes (1980–2002, 2006–2015, 2020–present)
Children in Need (1980–present)
Timewatch (1982–present)
Brookside (1982–2003)
Countdown (1982–present)
Right to Reply (1982–2001)
Surprise Surprise (1984–2001, 2012–2015)
The Bill (1984–2010)
Channel 4 Racing (1984–2016)
Thomas & Friends (1984–2021)
EastEnders (1985–present)
The Cook Report (1985–1998)
Crosswits (1985–1998)
Screen Two (1985–1998)
Telly Addicts (1985–1998)
Blind Date (1985–2003, 2017–2019)
Comic Relief (1985–present)
The Chart Show (1986–1998, 2008–2009)
Equinox (1986–2006)
The Really Wild Show (1986–2006)
Casualty (1986–present)
Chain Letters (1987–1997)
The Time, The Place (1987–1998)
ChuckleVision (1987–2009)
You Bet! (1988–1997)
Playdays (1988–1997)
Wheel of Fortune (1988–2001)
London's Burning (1988–2002)
On the Record (1988–2002)
Fifteen to One (1988–2003, 2013–2019)
This Morning (1988–present)
Children's Ward (1989–2000)
Mike and Angelo (1989–2000)
Birds of a Feather (1989–1998, 2014–2020)
Bodger & Badger (1989–1999)

1990s
Drop the Dead Donkey (1990–1998)
One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000)
Rosie and Jim (1990–2000)
MasterChef (1990–2001, 2005–present)
How 2 (1990–2006)
Stars in Their Eyes (1990–2006, 2015)
2point4 Children (1991–1999)
Big Break (1991–2002)
The Brittas Empire (1991–1997)
Soldier Soldier (1991–1997)
Noel's House Party (1991–1999)
GamesMaster (1992–1998)
Heartbeat (1992–2010)
Men Behaving Badly (1992–1998)
The Big Breakfast (1992–2002)
999 (1992–2003)
Sooty & Co. (1993–1998)
Mr. Motivator exercise routines (1993–2000)
Breakfast with Frost (1993–2005)
Ky’s Cartoons (1994–1999)
Animal Hospital (1994–2004)
The National Lottery Draws (1994–2017)
Time Team (1994–2013)
The Vicar of Dibley (1994–2007)
Wipeout (1994–2003)
Frasier (1993–2004)
Wycliffe (1994–1998)
Top of the Pops 2 (1994–present)
Oh, Doctor Beeching! (1995–1997)
Father Ted (1995–1998)
Hollyoaks (1995–present)
Is It Legal? (1995–1998)

Ending this year
 Jackanory (1965–1996, 2006)
 Finders Keepers (1991–1996, 2006)
 Only Fools and Horses (1981–1996, 2001–2003, 2014)
 Spitting Image (1984–1996)
 Beadle's About (1986–1996)
 Going for Gold (1987–1996, 2008–2009)
 That's Showbusiness (1989–1996)
 Turnabout (1990–1996)
 The Upper Hand (1990–1996)
 Bitsa (1991–1996)
 Absolutely Fabulous (1992–1996, 2001–2004, 2011–2012)
 Good Morning with Anne and Nick (1992–1996)
 Brill (1992–1996)
 Chef! (1993–1996)
 Doctor Finlay (1993–1996)
 Jo Brand Through the Cakehole (1993–1996)
 Saturday Disney (1993–1996)
 The Good Sex Guide (1993–1996)
 Body Heat (1994–1996)
 The Magic House (1994–1996)
 Budgie the Little Helicopter (1994–1996)
 Dino Babies (1994–1996)
 Pets Win Prizes (1994–1996)
 Small Talk (1994–1996)
 God's Gift (1995–1996)
 Out of the Blue (1995–1996)
 Raise the Roof (1995–1996)
 The Thin Blue Line (1995–1996)
 Call Red (1996)
 Full Swing (1996)
 Our Friends in the North (1996)
 Rhodes (1996)
 The Fragile Heart (1996)
 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996)
 The Moonstone (1996)
 The Sculptress (1996)

Births
3 January – Florence Pugh, actress
26 January – Tyger Drew-Honey, actor and presenter
2 February – Sophie Turner, actress and model
23 April – Charlie Rowe
1 June – Tom Holland, actor
21 July – Anya Chalotra, actress
30 July – Synnøve Karlsen, actress
17 September – Ella Purnell, actress
25 October – Georgia Lock, actress and presenter

Deaths

See also
 1996 in British music
 1996 in British radio
 1996 in the United Kingdom
 List of British films of 1996

References

External links
List of 1996 British television series at IMDb


In 1818 the Red Star Line (also known as Red Star Packet Line, New Line, and Second Line) was founded by Byrnes, Trimble & Co. from New York. (It should not be confused with the same-named Belgian/US-American shipping company Red Star Line, whose main ports of call were New York City and Philadelphia in the United States and Antwerp in Belgium). On September 11, 1835 the line was bought by Robert Kermit from New York, a ship-owner and agent for packet ships, and was renamed Robert Kermits Red Star Line (aka Kermit Line). In 1851 Robert Kermit took his brother-in-law Charles Carow into partnership as Kermit & Carow to carry on the business of general ship owning, commission and commercial trading. Robert Kermit died in 1855 and Carow assumed the business. In 1867 the Red Star Line went down.

Establishment

In August 1817 Thomas S. Byrnes, George T. Trimble and Silas Wood established Byrnes, Trimble & Co. This was some years before the opening of the Erie Canal, when the chief supplies of breadstuffs for this market came from Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the firm, for some years engaged in the Chesapeake trade, was among the largest receivers of flour and grain from there. Silas Wood was by birth a New Yorker but he resided at the city of Fredericksburg upon the Rappahannock River to promote that part of the business. The partners also became owners and managers of several merchant ships, and in late 1818 established the Red Star Line of packet ships.

Regularly scheduled sailings
The first line of regular packet ships between New York and Liverpool, the Black Ball Line was established in 1817 by Isaac Wright & Son (William), Jeremiah and Francis Thompson as well as Benjamin Marshall, and made semi-monthly sailings for Liverpool. The initial announcement of new competition for the Black Ball Line (now also called the Old Line) came in early January, 1822, from Byrnes, Trimble & Co. and their Red Star Line (aka New Line). Since the partners had been operating ordinary traders to Liverpool for a few years, they finally decided to start a regularly scheduled line traffic with four packet ships between New York and Liverpool: the Panthea, Meteor, Hercules and the Manhattan. The monthly service included sailings from New York on the 25th and from Liverpool on the 12th of each month. In 1823, the dates were changed to the 24th and 8th. Soon other South Street merchants launched competing lines to race against the Black Ball Line, and the Red Star Line finally was called the Second Line instead of the New Line.

In 1822, Messrs Fish, Grinnell & Co. began the Swallowtail Line, known as the “Fourth Line of Packets for New York,” their first ships being the Silas Richards, Napoleon, George and York, which soon moved to bi-weekly service. By 1825, vessels were advertised as leaving New York on the 8th and leaving Liverpool on the 24th of every month. Their actual schedules eventually varied, sometimes wildly, due to weather and other conditions. The names of the lines were somewhat confusing and mixed, as their organizations and owners changed during the years. The classification above is adequate for what has been used by Albion and Staff. Within the following years, new ships were added to the Red Star Line-fleet, for example the John Wells and John Jay which was replaced by England in 1834. The new vessels were not necessarily faster than the old ones, but they were certainly more attractive from the passenger's point of view.

Thomas S. Byrnes died in 1828, but the business was continued under the name Byrnes, Trimble & Co. until 1831. When Silas Wood returned to New York to take an active share in its management, the name became Wood & Trimble, and so continued until its final dissolution, September 11, 1835, after the sale of their shipping interest to Robert Kermit.

Robert Kermit

Robert Kermit, who gained a mercantile training in the shipping house of William Codman, and who went into own business in 1817, already owned the Saint Line in his earlier years, but was not successful. With the help of some wealthy backers, he finally took over the owner ship of the Red Star Line in 1835.

Unlike other operators, Kermit owned shares in all the ships of the line, while the rest of them were mainly owned by various ship builders and ship captains. Under Kermit's management, several misadventures and shipwrecks occurred, but in the quality of the ships, and their speed and regularity, the performance of Red Star Line was still better than it had been before. A list of ships, that finally sailed under the flag of the Red Star Line: John R. Skeddy (1845), West Point, Constellation (1849), Underwriter (1850) and Waterloo. Other ships of Robert Kermits Red Star Line included John Wells, England, Empire, Virginian, Samuel Hicks, Stephen Whitney, United States as well as Sheffield.

In the pressure of hard competition, packet schedules were tightened when reorganizing sailings due to disasters, new launchings, etc. In 1844-1848, several ships made three-month round trips instead of the traditional four months, calculated from one Liverpool departure to the following one.  West Point, Waterloo, and especially Virginian were among the fastest on the North Atlantic route. Virginian also was one of the most susceptible ships and often ended in reporting problems and misadventures.

For many years, Kermit operated the line in his own name (it was often called Kermit Line too) but since 1851 he was associated with his brother-in-law, Charles Carow. After Robert Kermit's death in 1855, Carow took over the business, but faced a disastrous drop in income and immense losses during the slump after the end of the American Civil War. Another reason for closing was simply that steamships had taken the business, first the mail service and the fine freight, and by the late 1860s, also the emigrant business. Red Star Line continued their service until 1867.

Notes

Literature
Albion, Robert Greenhalgh: Square-Riggers on Schedule. The New York Sailing Packets to England, France, and the Cotton Ports, Princeton 1938. ASIN B0006AO5QE
Staff, Frank: The Transatlantic Mail, Massachusetts 1980.
Scoville, Joseph Alfred (Barrett, Walter = pseud.): The old merchants of New York City (1863), ,
Laakso, Seija-Riitta: Across the Oceans (academic dissertation, University of Helsinki, Finland), ,
Morris, Sylvia J.: Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady, , ,

Shipping companies of the United States
Packet trade


Polypedilum is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae. This is probably the most species-rich of all chironomid genera. Larvae of Polypedilum may also be among the most abundant invertebrates in eutrophic ponds, reaching densities of up to 1200 larvae per square meter.

Species
Subgenus Cerobregma Zhang & Wang 1999
P. paucisetum Zhang & Wang, 2009)
Subgenus Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913
P. botiense Oyewo & Sæther, 2008
P. scirpicola (Kieffer, 1921)
P. botosaneanui Oyewo & Sæther, 2008
P. camposense Oyewo & Sæther, 2008
P. exsectum (Kieffer, 1916)
P. intuber Oyewo & Sæther, 2008
P. nubens (Edwards, 1929)
P. reei Oyewo & Sæther, 2008
P. sordens (van der Wulp, 1874)
P. tissamaharense Oyewo & Sæther, 2008
P. tritum (Walker, 1856)
P. wittei (Freeman, 1955)
Subgenus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912
P. acutum Kieffer, 1915
P. albicorne (Meigen, 1838)
P. albosignatum Kieffer, 1925
P. amoenum Goetghebuer, 1930
P. arundineti (Goetghebuer, 1921)
P. barboyoni Serra-Tosio, 1981
P. dudichi Berczik, 1957
P. fallax (Johannsen, 1905)
P. intermedium Albu & Botnariuc, 1966
P. laetum (Meigen, 1818)
P. lene (Becker, 1908)
P. nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804)
P. nubifer (Skuse, 1889)
P. octopunctatum (Thunberg, 1784)
P. pedestre (Meigen, 1830)
P. vanderplanki Hinton, 1951
Subgenus Probolum Anderson & Sæther, 2010
P. marcondesi Pinho & Mendes, 2010
P. excelsius Townes sensu Grodhaus & Rotramel, 1980
P. simantokeleum Sasa, Suzuki & Sakai, 1998
P. bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004
possibly Polypedilum longinervis (Kieffer, 1922)
possibly Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) excelsius Townes, 1945
Subgenus Tripodura Townes, 1945
P. acifer Townes, 1945
P. aegyptium Kieffer, 1925
P. akani Bjørlo, 2001
P. amplificatus Bjørlo, 2001
P. amputatum Bjørlo, 2001
P. apfelbecki (Strobl, 1900)
P. bicrenatum Kieffer, 1921
P. chelum Vårdal, 2001
P. dagombae Bjørlo, 2001
P. elongatum Albu, 1980
P. ewei Bjørlo, 2001
P. malickianum Cranston, 1989
P. ogoouense Bjørlo, 2001
P. patulum Bjørlo, 2001
P. pulchrum Albu, 1980
P. pullum (Zetterstedt, 1838)
P. quadriguttatum Kieffer, 1921
P. scalaenum (Schrank, 1803)
P. spinalveum Vårdal, 2001
P. tetracrenatum Hirvenoja, 1962
Subgenus Uresipedilum Oyewo & Sæther, 1998
P. convictum (Walker, 1856)
P. cultellatum Goetghebuer, 1931
P. marsafae Ghonaim, Ali & Osheibah, 2005
P. minimum Lin, Qi, Zhang & Wang, 2013

See also
 List of Polypedilum species

References

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


The Pirita Velodrome () is a velodrome and football stadium in the Pirita district of Tallinn, Estonia.

It has 1602 seats.

See also
List of cycling tracks and velodromes

References

External links

Football venues in Estonia
Velodromes in Estonia
Sports venues in Tallinn
Cycle racing in Estonia
1969 establishments in Estonia
Sports venues completed in 1969


Shayuan Station () is an interchange station of Guangzhou Metro Line 8 and Guangfo Line. It is located at the underground of the junction of Rongjing Road and Gongye Avenue North in Haizhu District. It was put into service on November 3, 2010. The Guangfo Line service has entered operations on December 28, 2015.

Station layout

Exits

Gallery

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2010
Guangzhou Metro stations in Haizhu District
Foshan Metro stations


Robert Pollard (born 1957) is an American singer-songwriter, lead singer of Guided by Voices.

Robert Pollard may also refer to:

 Robert Pollard (American football) (born 1981), American football defensive end
 Robert Pollard (engraver) (1755–1838), English engraver and painter
 Robert Nelson Pollard (1880–1954), United States federal judge
 Bob Pollard (born 1948), American football player
 Bob Pollard (footballer) (1899–after 1933), English footballer


Guitar bracing refers to the system of wooden struts which internally support and reinforce the soundboard and back of acoustic guitars.

Soundboard or top bracing transmits the forces exerted by the strings from the bridge to the rim. The luthier faces the challenge of bracing the instrument to withstand the stress applied by the strings with minimal distortion, while permitting the top to respond as fully as possible to the tones generated by the strings. Brace design contributes significantly to the type of sound a guitar will produce. According to luthiers W. Cumpiano and J. Natelson, "By varying brace design, each builder has sought to produce a sound that conformed to his concept of the ideal."

The back of the instrument is braced to help distribute the force exerted by the neck on the body, and to maintain the tonal responsiveness and structural integrity of the sound box.

Materials
Braces may be made from top woods (spruce or cedar), balsa wood or, in high-end instruments, carbon fiber composites.

Nylon string guitar bracing

Fan bracing
This is the standard bracing pattern on the classical guitar, dating to the work of Antonio Torres Jurado in the 19th century. Although the originator of this bracing style has not been reliably established, the earliest known use is by Spanish luthier Francisco Sanguino in the mid to late 18th century.

Kasha Bracing
In the 1970s, scientist Michael Kasha radically overhauled every aspect of guitar design to incorporate principles such as mechanical impedance matching.

Lattice bracing
The Australian guitarmaker Greg Smallman introduced guitars with an extremely thin soundboard, which is supported by bracing in the shape of a lattice. Smallman combines this with heavier, laminated back and sides with a frame. Smallman's guitars are used by John Williams.

Smallman's design was inspired by research  by Torres who made a guitar with a papier mâché back and sides to show that the soundboard was the most important factor in guitar sound projection.  Smallman also uses two 45 degree pole supports in the frame running from the bottom of the guitar to the waist to prevent the string tension from distorting the body and sound board.

Steel string flat-top guitar bracing

In all steel-string instruments, the ends of the top braces taper at the edge of the soundboard. In most factory built guitars the brace tops are given a round profile, but are otherwise left unshaped. This produces a stronger top and may reduce the number of warranty claims arising from damage, however, over-built tops are less responsive. Braces are usually made from Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis). Some luthiers use Adirondack Spruce, also known as "Red Spruce" (Picea rubens), in high end instruments.

X-Bracing
The tops of most steel string acoustic guitars are braced using the X-brace system, or a variation of the X-brace system, generally attributed to Christian Frederick Martin between 1840 and 1845 for use in gut string guitars.
The system consists of two braces forming an "X" shape across the soundboard below the top of the sound hole. The lower arms of the "X" straddle and support the ends of the bridge. Under the bridge is a hardwood bridge plate which prevents the ball end of the strings from damaging the underside of the soundboard. Below the bridge patch are one or more tone bars which support the bottom of the soundboard. These abut one of the X braces and usually slant down towards the bottom edge of the soundboard. The top tone bar butts against a portion of the bridge patch in most instruments. Above the sound hole a large transverse brace spans the width of the upper bout of the soundboard. Around the lower bout, small finger braces support the area between the X-braces and the edge of the soundboard.

Double X-bracing

In this system, two overlapping X shapes form a diamond surrounding the underside of the bridge plate. Some luthiers prefer it where additional strength is required, for instance for twelve string guitars.
This bracing does not allow the top to move or vibrate as much as it normally would but offers more strength and prevent bellying around the bridge area.

A-bracing
Several bracing styles are designated as A-bracing. Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms lists two. The first, typical of instruments built by Tacoma, use two long longitudinal struts that diverge from near the neck block to near the tail end of the guitar. This bracing style is used on instruments that feature a soundhole that is not centrally located. The second style listed is that used by some models of Ovation guitars, also called Adamas bracing. There is also a variation on X-bracing called A-bracing. The X-shaped structure under the bridge is retained,  but the transverse
strut between the fingerboard and soundhole is replaced by two diagonal braces which splay outward going toward the soundhole. It is used by Lowden Guitars.

V-Class Bracing
V-Class bracing is a bracing style developed by Andy Powers for Taylor Guitars.  It is similar to A-bracing, however the main braces diverge across both sides of the sound hole towards the neck side of the top, and converge at the endblock to form the shape of a V.  A lateral brace positioned between the soundhole and bridge plate spans the width of the top, and there are two sets of tone/finger braces between the bridge plate and endblock that are roughly perpendicular to the longitudinal V-braces and run from the V-brace towards the edge of the top. It is purported to allow the top to be both stiff and flexible in order to produce more volume and sustain.  Taylor also purports that the design improves harmonic intonation.

Falcate bracing
Falcate (sickle-shaped) bracing is a symmetric bracing style designed by luthier and engineer Trevor Gore, and used on his steel-string and classical nylon-string guitars. It claims a more even sound over the frequency spectrum, and more responsiveness and volume without being too delicate.

Brace shape and 'voicing' or 'tap tuning'
Luthiers building higher quality instruments adjust the stiffness of the top and shape the braces to maximize the response of the top while maintaining structural integrity. Tone bars and bottom halves of the X-braces may be either scalloped or parabolic in shape. Above the X-brace joint, braces usually have a parabolic shape. Experienced luthiers 'voice' or 'tap-tune' the tops and backs of high end guitars to produce optimum tone and responsiveness in the hands of the player.

Scalloped vs. parabolic bracing
Bracing style and shape will affect the tone of the instrument. According to luthiers Bob Connor and David Mainwaring, "scalloped braces will produce a warmer sounding bass response in the guitar
with smooth mids and crisp highs. Parabolic braces will yield a quick response with a more pronounced mid range and a more focused bottom end."

Ladder bracing
This simple system, where braces are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular
to the direction of the strings, is employed on most guitar backs. The earliest steel string guitars very often had ladder braced tops, a practice which survives in the Maccaferri guitar. It is considered more suitable for parlor guitars and lightly strung instruments.

Archtop bracing
Archtop guitars originally had two near-horizontal braces or "tone bars" on either side from bridge to neck, a system known as parallel bracing. The braces roughly run under the feet of the archtop guitar's bridge.  X-bracing, similar to that of flat-top guitars was later introduced. Their tops are inherently stronger than flat tops, so less bracing may be required. "Trestle" bracing was a system used on some Gretsch archtops

References

Guitars


Troika Ranch is an American/German performance ensemble. It creates contemporary, hybrid artworks through an ongoing examination of the moving body and its relationship to technology. The company is the collaborative vision of artists Mark Coniglio and Dawn Stoppiello.

History
Established in 1994, and based in Portland, Oregon and Berlin, Germany, Troika Ranch produces live performances, interactive installations and digital films. They combine traditional aspects of these forms with advanced technologies. The artists' mission is to create artwork that best reflects and engages contemporary society.

The name Troika Ranch refers to Coniglio and Stoppiello's creative methodology, which involves a hybrid of three artistic disciplines, dance/theater/media (the Troika), in cooperative interaction (the Ranch). This method preceded the organization, which was formed as a means to support the artists'. During the 1990s, Troika Ranch was among the pioneers in the field that came to be known as Dance and Technology. They performed in festivals and venues internationally and were sought after as guest artists, teachers and lecturers.

In response to the desire in the international arts community to understand this emerging genre, Coniglio and Stoppiello began developing educational programs.

Education
Their public outreach activities include workshops, lectures, online and traditional publications, websites, software and hardware. They conceptualized and invented much of the technology, equipment, and techniques currently in use. Their educational programs have become a significant part of their contribution to the arts.

References

External links

Washington Post feature
youtube channel

New York (state) culture
Performance artist collectives


Helsinki Velodrome () is an outdoor velodrome, American football and field hockey stadium in Helsinki, Finland. The protected functionalist concrete building was designed by Hilding Ekelund.

History
It was built in 1938–1940 for the 1940 Summer Olympics which were cancelled due to World War II. After the war, it was a venue of the 1952 Summer Olympics for the track cycling and field hockey events. The Velodrome hosted the four-track cycling events and the whole field hockey event for the Olympics. The original building was deemed inadequate during the games and additional space was quickly erected to accommodate the athletes and press. Some temporary seating was also constructed for additional capacity.

Before the renovation of 1997–2000, the center area had a natural grass pitch and was used for soccer, hosting local teams like Ponnistus, Käpylän Pallo and Atlantis FC.

Docomomo has listed it as a significant example of modern architecture in Finland.

Usage

Cycling
The cycling track is 400 meters in length and is used for most national events. The banking in the bends is 37.5˚ and 16˚ on the straights. The length of the track and the lack of built safety measures make the track unsuitable for international cycling competitions.

Helsinki Velodrome also acts as a starting and ending point for the annual cyclosportive Tour de Helsinki.

American football
The Helsinki Velodrome is the home field of most American football teams in Helsinki, including East City Giants and the Vaahteraliiga teams Helsinki Roosters and Helsinki Wolverines. The ground also caters to lacrosse and field hockey players.

In 2010 a training pitch designated primarily for American football was opened in the near vicinity of the Helsinki Velodrome, making the area an unofficial American football center of Helsinki.

Field hockey
During the summer season the field is used for playing field hockey.

References

Football venues in Finland
Velodromes in Finland
Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics
Cycle racing in Finland
Olympic cycling venues
Olympic field hockey venues
Hilding Ekelund buildings
American football venues in Finland
Pasila
1941 establishments in Finland
Sports venues completed in 1941
Lacrosse venues
Field hockey venues


Leonhard Beck ( – 1542) was a painter and designer of woodcuts in Augsburg, Germany. He was the son of Georg Beck, who was active as a miniaturist in Augsburg -1512/15. He worked with his father on two Psalters for the Augsburg monastery in 1495.  He was an assistant to Hans Holbein the Elder, working on a Holbein altarpiece now in the Städel in Frankfurt am Main in 1500–1501.

His most notable work came when he joined the stable of artists, most in Augsburg, used by Emperor Maximilian I for his series of self-propagandising projects in or with woodcut. He was the main designer for the heavily illustrated poem Theuerdank (1517), producing 77 of the 118 woodcuts, and apparently all the many adjustments Maximilian required for the second edition in 1519. In these, his style often contrasts painfully with those of the better artists whose work he was altering. He designed 126 blocks for Der Weisskunig and 7 for the Triumphal Procession. He painted and drew a number of portraits, and designed woodcuts, mostly for book illustrations.

Beck is also known for a compilation of 123 woodcuts, all by him, entitled the Genealogy of the House of Habsburg (or in French Images de Saints et Saintes issus de la famille de l'empereur Maximilien I). The work was commissioned by Maximilian I, intended to show saintly members of his family. Some of the images show saints connected to the Abbey of Maubeuge, which apparently received a copy of the set.

References

External links

1480 births
1542 deaths
Artists from Augsburg
German draughtsmen
German printmakers
16th-century German painters
German male painters
German Renaissance painters


42nd Jäger Division () was a light infantry formation of the German Army during World War II. It can trace its origins to the 187th Infantry Division which was based in Austria until September 1942, when it was redesignated as the 187th Reserve Division. The 187th was sent to Croatia and was redesignated the 42nd Jäger Division in January 1944. 42. Jäger-Division was formed 22 Dec 1943 in Croatia from the 187. Reserve-Division. After taking part in Operation Margarthe, (the military occupation of Hungary) in March 1944, and then returned to Yugoslavia in May. In July 1944 the division was transferred to Italy where it remained for the rest of the war and surrendered in April 1945.

Background
The main purpose of the German Jäger Divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The Jäger divisions were more heavily equipped than their 'mountain' counterparts, but not as well armed as a larger infantry division. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains. The Jägers (meaning hunters in German) relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the Jäger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.

Adolf Hitler declared that all infantry divisions were to be Grenadier Divisions in 1943 except for his elite Jäger and Mountain Jaeger divisions.

War crimes
The division is one of several implicated in the Ronchidoso massacre, Emilia-Romagna between 28 and 30 November 1944, when 66 civilians were executed.

Commanders
 General der Infanterie Walther Graeßner (15 October 1939 - 6 February 1940)
 Generalleutnant Konrad Stephanus (7 February 1940 - 15 August 1942)
 Generalleutnant Josef Brauner von Haydringen (15 August 1942 - 26 April 1944)
 Generalleutnant Walter Jost (26 April 1944 - 24 April 1945)

Area of operations
As 187th Division
Austria (October 1939 - August 1942)

As 187th Reserve Division
Austria (August 1942 - September 1942)
Croatia (September 1942 - January 1944)

As 42nd Jäger Division
Croatia (January 1944 - March 1944)
Hungary (March 1944 - May 1944)
Yugoslavia (May 1944 - July 1944)
Italy (July 1944 - April 1945)

Order of battle (1944)
 Jäger Regiment 25
 Jäger Regiment 40
 Reconnaissance Battalion 142
 Artillery Regiment 142
 Pioneer Battalion 142
 Panzerjäger (anti-tank) Kompanie 142
 Mountain Flak Kompanie 142
 Signals Battalion 142
 Feldersatz Battalion 142
 Versorgungseinheiten 142

References

Jäger Divisions
Military units and formations established in 1939
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


This list of tallest buildings in Guiyang ranks skyscrapers in Guiyang, Guizhou, China by height. The tallest building in Guiyang is currently the Guiyang International Financial Center, which rises 401 m (1,315 feet).

Tallest buildings
This lists ranks Guiyang skyscrapers that stand at least 95 m (311 feet) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height. All the structures in this list has been topped, but some may not be ready to use.

Tallest under construction, approved, and proposed

Under construction
This lists buildings that are under construction in Guiyang and are planned to rise at least . Buildings that have already been topped out are not included.

Proposed
This list buildings that are proposed in Guiyang and that are planned to rise at least . Buildings that have already been topped out are included.

References
General
Skycraperpage.com Guiyang

External links
 List of Guiyang buildings on SkyscraperPage
 List of Guiyang buildings on Emporis
 List of Guiyang skyscrapers on Gaoloumi (in Chinese)

guiyang
Buildings and structures in Guizhou


The Hannington-Kiff sign is a clinical sign in which there is an absent adductor reflex in the thigh in the presence of a positive patellar reflex. It occurs in patients with an obturator hernia, due to compression of the obturator nerve.

The adductor reflex is elicited by tapping over either the medial epicondyle of the femur or the medial condyle of the tibia, which should cause the adductor muscles of the hip to contract, moving the leg inwards.

The sign was described by John G Hannington-Kiff in 1980.

See also
 Howship–Romberg sign

References

Medical signs


James Paton may refer to:

James Paton (bishop) (1522–1596), Bishop of Dunkeld, Scotland
James Paton (museologist)
James Paton (seaman) (1869–1917/18), Scottish-born seaman who sailed to the Antarctic
James Paton (Prince Edward Island politician) (1853–1953), Scottish-born merchant and political figure in Prince Edward Island
James Paton (sport shooter) (born 1957), Canadian sport shooter
James Alexander Paton (c. 1885–1946), newspaper owner and politician in British Columbia

See also
James Patton (disambiguation)
James A. Patten (1852–1928), American financier and grain merchant


Caryocolum blandella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found from central and northern Europe to the Ural Mountains and southern Siberia.

The larvae feed on Stellaria holostea. Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. They can be found from April to June.

References

External links

 lepiforum.de
 UK Moths

blandella
Moths described in 1852
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by John William Douglas