The Kraichgau Railway ( ) is a 64.8 km long railway line in the region of Kraichgau in northwestern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It runs from Karlsruhe via Bretten and Eppingen to Heilbronn and was built in 1880. It gained international  renown in 1992 as the first dual-system rail/tram route of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, the section between Karlsruhe and Bretten being the prototype for the so-called Karlsruhe model.

Geography

Topography
The western section of the line runs across the main direction of stream flows in the Kraichgau. These rivers flow in a north-westerly direction, while the line runs north east from Karlsruhe to Eppingen. The resulting transitions between mountains and valleys require a winding route with significant gradients. Overall, it crosses five mountain ridges between the valleys of the Pfinz, Walzbach, Saalbach, Kraichbach, Elsenz and Lein, requiring three tunnels. It only runs for a significant distance in a river valley between Flehingen and Sulzfeld, in this case the valley of the Kohlbach. In the eastern sections the natural conditions are favourable and the line runs largely through the valley of the Lein.

Route
Services on the Kraichgau Railway cross from the Karlsruhe tram network to the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft network after crossing the A 5 and before running through the platforms of Karlsruhe-Durlach station, where they stop at platform tracks 11 and 12, which were built in 1992. There is provision for these platforms to be used by trams, including a turning loop northeast of the station. After crossing the Rhine Valley Railway, running between Karlsruhe and Heidelberg by a bridge on which Hubstraße Stadtbahn stop is located, and running parallel with the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker railway, it changes its safe-working system from the tram operating procedures (BOStrab) to rail operating procedures EBO shortly before Grötzingen.

The Kraichgau Railway branches off at Grötzingen Oberaustraße station, running from Jöhlingen West to Wössingen Ost as a two-track line. At Bretten station it passes over the Württemberg Western Railway on a bridge, which is now served by Karlsruhe Stadtbahn line S 9 and regional service R 91. It has sections of double track from Bretten-Gölshausen to Gölshausen Industriegebiet and Eppingen West to Epping station. The only other sections of double track are near stations. After Eppingen the Steinsfurt–Eppingen line branches off to the left. The Kraichgau Railway is duplicated from Leingarten West. Shortly before Heilbronn Hauptbahnhof, the line crosses the Franconia Railway on the flat and the Stadtbahn services leave the Kraichgau Railway to run over tram tracks to the station forecourt and through the city of Heilbronn.

History

Origins to 1880
By 1870, the central Kraichgau was surrounded by four railway lines. These are:
The Baden Rhine Valley Railway, connecting Heidelberg via Bruchsal to Karlsruhe;
The Württemberg Western Railway, running from Bruchsal via Bretten to Bietigheim;
The Württemberg Northern Railway from Stuttgart to Heilbronn via Bietigheim;
The Baden Odenwald Railway, connecting the Northern Railway, Heidelberg, Meckenheim, Sinsheim and Jagstfeld with Heilbronn.

The square surrounded by these lines comprises a vast territory on the border of Baden and Württemberg around the Baden city of Eppingen. These diverted the traditional trade routes and threatened the general economic development of the Eppingen region, which as a result sought the construction of a railway through the region in order to overcome this disadvantage. The Württemberg city of Heilbronn, which desired better transport links to the west, and Karlsruhe supported this proposal.

This gave rise to a plan for a line from Karlsruhe (more precisely Grötzingen) via Bretten and Eppingen to Heilbronn. In addition to the local needs, the proposed line was also seen to play a role in the larger context, namely the idea of a possible direct line from France towards Nuremberg and from there to the east. Such a direct connection was supported in Heilbronn in preference to a purely Baden route that would have connected Bretten to the Meckenheim–Jagstfeld railway.

The project received approval from state authorities in both countries. The Baden government was not able to quickly implement construction, as it was busy with other railways (mainly the Black Forest Railway). To accelerate construction, the city of Karlsruhe, under Mayor Wilhelm Florentin Lauter, offered to build the Baden section to Eppingen as directed with the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway to operate the line, initially paying rent and later buying the line by instalments.

The government of Baden went along with this proposal, and so the law authorising its construction was passed on 30 March 1872. Before construction could begin, however, negotiations had to be carried out with Württemberg. This resulted in a treaty agreed to on 29 December 1873, which envisaged other connections between the states in the Neckar Valley and the Kinzig Valley. Württemberg would build the Heilbronn–Eppingen section; Eppingen was identified as the interchange station. The Baden section would cross the Western Railway in Bretten. This was operated along its entire length by Württemberg, including the section through Baden territory between Ruit (near Bretten) and Bruchsal. In order to avoid the operation of a Württemberg-owned railway through Baden territory, Baden claimed the right to repurchase the section the Western Railway situated on its territory, which was its right under the treaty that originally authorised its construction. The negotiations dragged on over several years until a treaty was signed on 15 November 1878 that enabled Baden to acquire the Bruchsal–Bretten section.

Because the Baden railways had a financial crisis, the city of Karlsruhe found it difficult at first to find a contractor to build the line, so that it was not until 15 November 1876 that a contract could be issued. The contractor was Ph. Holzmann & Cie. of Frankfurt am Main. On 15 October 1879, the line was opened from Grötzingen to Eppingen, on 10 October 1878, the Royal Württemberg State Railways opened the section between Heilbronn and Schwaigern and, on 7 August 1880, the gap was closed between Eppingen and Schwaigern. Planning and construction of the Württemberg section came under construction supervisor (Oberbaurat) Carl Julius Abel. During the discussion of the remaining section of the route the council of the then independent municipality of Stetten am Heuchelberg presented the designers with a fait accompli: it built a local station before it was clear that the line would pass through the site at all.

With the completion of the line, the Baden State Railway took up the provision of the original agreement, taking full ownership of the railway, by taking over the balance of Karlsruhe's borrowing for the line for 12 million marks. Patronage on the Kraichgau Railway steadily increased in subsequent years.

1880–1945
In 1900, the Steinsfurt–Eppingen line was opened connecting the Kraichgau Railway to the Meckenheim–Jagstfeld line. This line runs was along the Elsenz.

The towns of Dürrenbüchig and Gölshausen (now both districts of Bretten) that are located on the Kraichgau Railway had complained about not having stations. Their wishes were finally granted in 1906. In 1888 the Bretten–Eppingen–Heilbronn section of the line was duplicated as part of a military supply route from central Germany via Nuremberg, Crailsheim, Heilbronn, Bretten, Bruchsal, Zweibrücken in the Saarland to Lorraine. The importance of the connection in peacetime, however, remained low, and the administrators of the Kraichgau Railway did not listen to requests for fast trains between Karlsruhe and Würzburg/Nuremberg. However, due to overloading at Stuttgart from 1906 to 1914, a luxury train, the "Paris–Carlsbad Express" ran over the Kraichgau Railway. It was considered to be a branch of the Orient Express running via Nuremberg to Carlsbad. The outbreak of the First World War, however, brought an end to this service.

On 31 March 1920 the Baden and Württemberg State Railways were absorbed into the newly founded Deutsche Reichsbahn. Because Germany had to pay war reparations, having lost World War I, there were no funds for further upgrading of the line. Efforts were made in subsequent years to duplicate the remaining single section between Durlach and Bretten, without success. From 1935, the so-called Dieseleiltriebwagen (express diesel railcars) of class VT 137 were used on the line.

Deutsche Bundesbahn (1945–1992)
Towards the end of the Second World War the Kraichgau Railway, like most other German railways, suffered significant damage. As the German army had blown up bridges in Grötzingen and Rinklingen and the line between Karlsruhe and Bretten was impassable for several months, services between Karlsruhe and the Kraichgau had to operate via Bruchsal. At the same time some track was dismantled to allow the re-opening of the Bietigheim viaduct on the only rail link between Karlsruhe and Stuttgart in August 1945.

The era of scheduled steam operations ended in May 1972. From now on services on the Kraichgau Railway were operated with multiple units and locomotives of class 218 and class 212 hauling Silberling carriages. From 1976, Deutsche Bundesbahn published plans to close the line, together with the line between Eppingen and Sinsheim. So it had dismantled most of the continuous double-track section between Bretten and Heilbronn, replacing it with single track. The closure plans then stirred fierce opposition in the community.

In the late 1980s, Class 628 DMUs took over passenger operations. At the same time operation between Bretten and Heilbronn on the weekends were sometimes altered.

Acquisition by AVG, and expansion of light rail (since 1992)
As a result, the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Alb Valley Transport Company, AVG), an undertaking of the city of Karlsruhe, took over, from about 1990, the funding of the modernisation and electrification of the line as a pilot project. The  electrification system used was the usual Deutsche Bahn system of 15 kV AC.

The Karlsruhe–Bretten-Gölshausen section of the line was opened on 25 September 1992 as line B of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn network; the first Stadtbahn line, which had operated since 1975 on the Alb Valley Railway, was renamed as line A. While the latter was operated continuously with 750 V direct current, the Kraichgau Railway was the world's first line that changed over the course of its journey from tram and rail operating procedures in addition to the change between AC and DC. This form of operations is known as tram-train and its adoption on the Kraichgau Railway was the final step in the development of the Karlsruhe model.

While the existing stations were modernised, several new stations were established, especially in the town of Bretten, for example, Bretten Stadtmitte in central Bretten. The AVG also restored several sections of double track, while a continuous second track was created from Jöhlingen West to Wössingen Ost. Since all tunnels were built for two tracks, the continuous electrification of the line was possible without great effort because the single track could be moved to the middle of the tunnels.

The success of the new Stadtbahn line was immediate: instead of the previous average of 1,800 passengers using the line between Karlsruhe and Bretten, in early 1993 it was used by 8,500 passengers per day. Patronage even grew on Deutsche Bundesbahn's DMU services on the line.

There were now regular services on Sundays, leading to an increase in the number of rail passengers by up to 30 times. So an extension of Stadtbahn route from Bretten seemed to make sense. In 1996, the remaining DB through trains between Karlsruhe and Heilbronn were abandoned. Henceforth, these only shuttled between Bretten-Gölshausen and Heilbronn.

On 1 June 1997, Stadtbahn services were extended as far as Eppingen, with DB trains operating between Eppingen and Heilbronn. On 26 September 1999, the Stadtbahn was extended to Heilbronn station, following the operation of trial Stadtbahn services between Eppingen and Heilbronn on weekends from March 1999. In 2000, Bretten station was modernised. Since 2001, the trains on the Kraichgau Railway run from Heilbronn station through the city centre and since 2004 though Heilbronn's eastern suburbs. On 10 December 2005 Stadtbahn services were extended to Öhringen after two years of construction on a section of the Hohenlohe Railway.

With a length of 155 km and a travel time of more than 3.5 hours, the Kraichgau Railway became in 2003–2004 part of the longest light railway line in the world, as a continuous run from Freudenstadt on the Murg Valley Railway to Karlsruhe and on to Heilbronn. As these services were prone to delays, they were abandoned with the extension of Stadtbahn services to Öhringen and the alignment was changed to run to Baden-Baden and Achern. The 2005/2006 timetable included a daily continuous service between Freudenstadt and Öhringen with a journey time of 4:14 h.

Operations

Operators
The electrified line is now operated by the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft as a section of line S 4 (Öhringen–Heilbronn–Karlsruhe–Rastatt–Achern) with modern electric Stadtbahn vehicles of class GT8-100C/2S and GT8-100D/2S-M. On the sections between Karlsruhe Albtalbahnhof (AVG station) and Karlsruhe Durlach and between Heilbronn Hauptbahnhof and Heilbronn Pfühlpark the services run on tram lines through streets. AVG has leased the line between Karlsruhe-Grötzingen and Heilbronn from Deutsche Bahn for 25 years.

The Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (Karlsruhe Transport Association, KVV) and the Heilbronner Hohenloher Haller Nahverkehr (Heilbronn Hohenlohe Hall Local Transport, H3NV) coordinate fares on the line on either side of Eppingen. Other transport associations are also affected.

Stations
The platform height above rail level in Wössingen Ost, Bretten, Gölshausen Industrie and all stations between Eppingen and Heilbronn is 55 cm, thus making possible level access to the Stadtbahn vehicles of class GT 8-100D/2S-M. All other stations have a platform height of 38 cm.

All platforms have a minimum length of 120 m, so that during periods of very high traffic load—especially in the morning peak of work and school transport—three sets of multiple units can be coupled. But, because the central on-street sections in Karlsruhe and Heilbronn are designed only to handle two sets coupled and because of the difficulty of separating and recombining trains for the inner city sections, trains rarely run at maximum length.

The section from Grötzingen (km 0.0) to beyond Eppingen (km 43.5) has the official route number 4201; the following section to Heilbronn (km 140.0 to 118.6) is part of route 4950, which continues to Crailsheim. The zero point for the measurement of the chainage on the Hohenlohe Railway is at Goldshöfe station on the Upper Jagst Railway.

The subsequent stops in Heilbronn's city centre are Bahnhofsvorplatz (with change from EBO to BOStrab procedures and electrification system), Neckar Turm am Kurt-Schumacher-Platz, Rathaus, Harmonie, Friedensplatz, Finanzamt and Pfühlpark. Directly after this station Stadtbahn services operate over a ramp to connect back to the Hohenlohe Railway with a reversal of safeworking procedures from BOStrab to EBO and of the electrification system.

Timetable
Through trains run between Karlsruhe and Heilbronn twice an hour, with one of the services operating as an "express train" with a smaller number of intermediate stops. The travel time between the central squares of the two cities by the stopping trains is 98 minutes and it is 81 minutes by the express trains.

Freight
Although the Kraichgau Railway connects the cities of Karlsruhe and Heilbronn, freight traffic between the two cities was never significant. Agricultural traffic from the fertile Kraichgau was of significance for the line, especially for the removal of sugar beet during the beet harvest. Deutsche Bahn abandoned this form of transport by the end of 1993 on the  Kraichgau Railway as well as on all other railway lines in Baden-Württemberg. In 2001, the complete cessation of freight traffic on the line was considered as part of the rationalisation of freight operations known as MORA C. Then AVG took over passenger and freight transport on the Kraichgau line between Bretten and Heilbronn, while between Karlsruhe and Bretten there was for some time no freight traffic.

Currently (May 2006) the AVG regularly serves freight sidings in Eppingen (two metal-processing companies and the Raiffeisen cooperative) and in Sulzfeld (a metal processing company).

Notes

References

External links

 Rail-and-Relax (Linie „710.4 Kraichgaubahn“ auswählen)

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Railway lines opened in 1878
1878 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Karlsruhe (district)
Buildings and structures in Heilbronn (district)
Transport in Heilbronn
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn


Pure Shit (censored as Pure S) is a 1975 Australian drama film directed by Bert Deling.

When the film premiered at Melbourne’s Playbox in May 1976, the Vice Squad raided the theatre. It was initially banned, then given an R certificate, and the title was changed from Pure Shit to Pure S.

The low-budget film provoked a hostile reaction from the mainstream media on its initial release. It is now considered an "underground" classic.

Plot summary
A young woman dies of a heroin overdose. Four junkies who knew her commandeer her car and spend 24 hours searching the streets of Melbourne for good quality heroin, and excitement.

Cast
Gary Waddell as Lou
Ann Hetherington as Sandy
Carol Porter as Gerry
John Laurie as John
Max Gillies as Dr Wolf
Tim Robertson as TV interviewer
Helen Garner as Jo
Phil Motherwell
Russell Kirby as Shoplifter / TV Interviewee
Greig Pickhaver as Record shop worker
Vicki Heal as Girl on Phone

Production
The film's budget was partly provided by the Film, Radio and Television Board of the Australia Council and partly by the Buoyancy Foundation, an organisation to help drug takers. Bert Deling says he was particularly influenced by Jean Renoir and Howard Hawks.

Lead actor Garry Waddell says he helped with the script:
It was really good having Bert there because he helped me a lot. If you weren't sure of anything you could always get reassurance from him or the cameraman, Tom Cowan. It wasn't a hard movie to work on because it was so enjoyable. The relationships between people on the film were always good.

Writer Helen Garner has a small role as a speed-addled woman named Jo. Garner starred in the film shortly before she published Monkey Grip (1977), which is set in a similar milieu of communal drug use.

Release
The Commonwealth film censors initially banned the movie but allowed it to be released with an "R" rating provided the title was changed from Pure Shit to Pure S. Deling later said that the film "played two weeks at Melbourne’s Playbox and had a short Sydney run … but very few people got to see it, and we didn’t make a cent from it." The movie was polarising, with the critic of the Herald calling it "the most evil film that I've ever seen" but others such as Bob Ellis championing it.

The film was released on DVD in 2009.

Accolades

See also
Cinema of Australia

References

External links

Pure Shit at the Australian screen
Pure S at Oz Movies
Anne Hetherington -image of Anne Hetherington at 78 Curtain St, North Carlton

1975 films
Australian drama films
Films set in Melbourne
Films shot in Melbourne
Films about heroin addiction
1975 drama films
1970s English-language films
Films directed by Bert Deling
English-language drama films


The Act 1 Jas. 1. c. 11, sometimes called the Bigamy Act 1603, the Bigamy Act 1604, the Statute of Bigamy 1603 or the Statute of Bigamy 1604, was an Act of the Parliament of the Kingdom of England. It created the offence of bigamy as a capital felony. Bigamy had not previously been a temporal offence (that is to say, within the jurisdiction of the common law courts as opposed to the ecclesiastical courts).

Further provision was made by the Bigamy Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 67).

Section 1

References

Acts of the Parliament of England
1603 in English law
1603 in England
Repealed English legislation
Marriage law in the United Kingdom
Polygamy law


Vitta usnea is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

Distribution
Vitta usnea, (common name olive nerite) is a euryhaline organism living at salinities ranging from 0 to 19 ppt. It feeds on epiphytic and epibenthic algae. It ranges from north Florida on the Atlantic Coast through the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to Trinidad (Russell, 1941).

Vitta usnea lives in shallow protected bays from just above high water to approximately 1.5 meters in depth where it is found on sea grasses, emergent marsh plants, rocks, and stumps. It is known to climb up marsh grass blades at high tide to avoid predators. One such predator is the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

Life cycle
The life span is 3–5 years in an aquarium.

Human use
This species is used as algae-eating snail among freshwater aquarists. In an aquarium, the shell of this species grows 1.3-2.5 cm. This snail prefers an aquarium temperature of 22.2-25.6 °C.

References

 Eichhorst T.E. (2016). Neritidae of the world. Volume 2. Harxheim: Conchbooks. pp. 696–1366

External links
 Röding, P.F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp
 Morelet, A. (1849). Testacea novissima insulae Cubanae et Americae Centralis, Pars I. Paris: Baillière. 31 pp
 Reeve, L. A. (1855-1856). Monograph of the genus Neritina. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 9, pls 1-37 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London.
 Adams, C. B. (1851). Descriptions of new freshwater shells which inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology. 9: 174-175
 Czaja, A.; Meza-Sánchez, I. G.; Estrada-Rodríguez, J. L.; Romero-Méndez, U.; Sáenz-Mata, J.; Ávila-Rodríguez, V.; Becerra-López, J. L.; Estrada-Arellano, J. R.; Cardoza-Martínez, G. F.; Aguillón-Gutiérrez, D. R.; Cordero-Torres, D. G.; Covich, A. P. (2020). The freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Mexico: updated checklist, endemicity hotspots, threats and conservation status. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 91: e912909

Neritidae
Gastropods described in 1798


Bhekokwakhe "Bheki" Hamilton Cele (born 22 April 1952) has been the South African Minister of Police since February 2018. He was National Commissioner of the South African Police Service for two years, until misconduct allegations led to his suspension in October 2011 and removal in June 2012. He has also served as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, on the KwaZulu-Natal Executive Council, and in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature. He is a member of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress, and was imprisoned on Robben Island during apartheid.

Life and career

Cele was born on 22 April 1952 in Umzumbe, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal). He holds a teacher's diploma, and in 1980 became a founding member of the progressive, non-racial National Education Union of South Africa. In exile in Angola in the mid-1980s, he joined Umkhonto we Sizwe, and he was imprisoned on Robben Island from 1987 until he was released, along with other political prisoners, in 1990.

1994-2009: KwaZulu-Natal government

In the 1994 elections, Cele was elected to the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature. During his time in the legislature, he served as Chairperson of the Portfolio Committee on Safety and Security and later as the chairperson of chairpersons. From 2004, he was member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Transport, Community Safety and Liaison in KwaZulu-Natal.

2009-present: National government

In July 2009, he was appointed National Commissioner of the South African Police Service (SAPS). He was fired in June 2012, following allegations that he had been involved in unlawful property deals. Thereafter, he was Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from May 2014 until late February 2018, when President Cyril Ramaphosa appointed him Minister of Police in his first cabinet reshuffle. Reaction to Cele's appointment was mixed.

ANC membership

Cele remains a member of the African National Congress (ANC), and currently serves in its chief executive organ, the National Executive Committee. For a period in the mid-1990s, he was safety and security spokesman for the party's KwaZulu-Natal branch, and in the 2000s he served as party chairman in the eThekwini region. In the 2000s, Cele was characterised as an ally of Jacob Zuma. However, during the hotly contested ANC leadership elections of 2017, he aligned himself with Cyril Ramaphosa and against Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.

Controversies

"Shoot-to-kill" remarks and use of deadly force

In July 2007, the Sowetan reported that Cele, then MEC for safety in KwaZulu-Natal, had told a meeting in Durban that police should "shoot to kill" when confronting criminals, as well as making other remarks endorsing the use of deadly force. Although Cele denied that he used the words "shoot to kill," he admitted to having made other similar remarks, including, "We cannot allow police to be killed by criminals. Once criminals pull their guns, police must aim for the head." In 2010, Cele sued the Sowetan for defamation, and R200 000 in damages, on the basis of two of its 2007 reports on the saga, including one published alongside a digitally altered photograph of Cele holding a gun. The case was dismissed. A reporter from the Sowetan testified that he was personally present at the meeting in Durban and had heard Cele utter the remarks; and the court pointed out that the only other newspaper to send a reporter to the meeting, the Citizen, had also reported that Cele had called for police to shoot to kill.

In August 2009, shortly after taking office as National Commissioner of SAPS, Cele caused a national controversy when he allegedly repeated the "shoot to kill" remarks to the Weekend Argus. Speaking about a proposed amendment to Section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act, which outlines grounds for the justifiable use of deadly force, Cele reportedly said that police should be able to "shoot to kill" criminals without worrying about "what happens after that." Speaking to the Los Angeles Times, Cele denied that he had said the police should shoot to kill – instead, his point had been that it was dangerous for police officers to be unsure about whether they were permitted to use deadly force in a confrontation with an armed criminal. Elsewhere he clarified that police should not shoot innocent people, but should "decisively defend themselves" against armed and dangerous criminals. Asked about his remarks in 2018, after his appointment as Minister of Police, he again denied that he had used the phrase "shoot to kill," but said, "I’ve said that... when [police] deal with the tough brutal criminals, they must not die with their guns in their hands and I still say so." Since then, he has on several occasions reminded SAPS officers that they should use deadly force when necessary.

Conflict with Inkatha Freedom Party

In January 2009, in the run-up to the elections, Cele was present at a stand-off between ANC supporters and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) supporters at an ANC rally in Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal. The IFP accused Cele of provoking police to "brutalize" IFP supporters. Cele claimed that these claims were defamatory and, in February, filed a court application to interdict their publication. The application was dismissed.

Roux Property Fund property deals

In early 2011, when Cele was National Commissioner of SAPS, the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, found that the government had leased office buildings in Pretoria and Durban – intended to serve as police headquarters – at vastly inflated rates. The leases were worth more than R1.5 billion and were signed with Roux Property Fund. Madonsela said that the deals were "unlawful" and "illegitimate," and she held Cele – along with the Minister of Public Works, Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde – responsible. She deemed his conduct "improper, unlawful and amounting to maladministration." Although he had not signed the lease for the Pretoria building personally, he had signed a memorandum authorising funding for the lease. Cele denied any wrongdoing.

In October 2011, the then President Jacob Zuma suspended Cele with pay, pending the outcome of an inquiry, chaired by former judge Jake Moloi, into his possible misconduct. One of the questions pursued by the board of inquiry was the extent of Cele's relationship with Roux Shabangu of the Roux Property Fund – that is, whether Cele's conduct had been not only unlawful but also corrupt, as some have suggested. The board of inquiry found that Cele had been dishonest and was unfit for office, and recommended his dismissal. On 12 June 2012, Zuma announced that he had fired Cele on the basis of these findings. Nearly seven years later, however, in April 2019, the Pretoria High Court set aside the inquiry's report, following a protracted legal struggle by Cele to clear his name.

Whistleblower protection

In 2018 the Public Protector, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, claimed that Cele and SAPS had failed to provide personal protection to two whistleblowers who had reported corruption in the Umzimkulu municipality in KwaZulu-Natal. However, Cele took the report under judicial review, and in 2020 the Gauteng North High Court declared it invalid, clearing Cele of all wrongdoing. The court said that, as set out in legislation, it is not the responsibility of the police to ensure that witnesses and whistleblowers receive personal protection.

COVID-19 pandemic

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, Cele's leadership of the police was criticised, with Cele accused of "excessive policing" of compliance with lockdown regulations.

Gun control

Cele supports strict gun control, and has said that he does not think that private citizens should be permitted to own firearms. A piece of gun control legislation introduced under his police ministry in 2021, the Firearms Control Amendment Bill, has encountered opposition from some civil society groups. Under the proposed law, self-defence would not be considered a valid reason for seeking a firearm license. Cele has defended the Bill on the grounds that most murders in South Africa are committed with firearms.

Incident with Ian Cameron
In an event in Gugulethu, Police Minister Bheki Cele had a confrontation with Ian Cameron, director of community safety for Action Society, a non-profit organisation focusing on violent crime. The incident occurred during a community policing engagement where Cameron made comments regarding the community having to do the work of the police, which appeared to agitate Cele. Cele responded with remarks about his experiences during apartheid and shouted "shut up" at Cameron before officials removed Cameron from the premises. Cameron later expressed that his issue was not with Cele personally but with the position he occupied and his handling of crime-related matters. This incident highlighted tensions and differing perspectives on community safety, police efficacy, and responsibility in addressing crime.

References

1952 births
Living people
Zulu people
African National Congress politicians
South African police officers
Law enforcement in South Africa
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa


Alfred Obrey (3 June 1912 – 26 November 1986) was an English former footballer.

Career
Obrey played for Longton before joining Port Vale as an amateur in May 1936, signing as a professional in October of that year. He made his debut in October 1936 and his first game was the first of a thirteen-game unbeaten run for the club, the first nine of which Obrey helped prevent the opposing centre-forwards from scoring any goals. He scored his first senior goal against York City on 13 February 1937, in a 2–1 victory at Bootham Crescent. He finished the 1936–37 season with 33 appearances to his name. He lost his first team place in December 1937, and was limited to 16 Third Division North appearances in 1937–38. He was transferred to Tranmere Rovers in June 1938, who were relegated out of the Second Division in 1938–39. Obrey returned to Port Vale as a guest in September 1939, but left on the conclusion of the 1939–40 season as the club went into abeyance due to the war.

Career statistics
Source:

References

People from Cheadle, Staffordshire
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. wartime guest players
English Football League players
1912 births
1986 deaths


Quitexe is a town and municipality in Uíge Province in Angola. The municipality had a population of 34,297 in 2014.

References

Populated places in Uíge Province
Municipalities of Angola


"Cherry Blossom Clinic" is a song by British rock band The Move, written by their lead guitarist, vocalist, and primary songwriter Roy Wood, intended as the follow-up single to their hit "Flowers in the Rain", which reached number two in the Record Retailer chart. Like many of Wood's other songs, "Cherry Blossom Clinic" deals with clinical insanity and loneliness, and makes several pop culture references throughout, which he largely credits to an ambition for writing a children's book. The track was initially recorded in August 1967 at Advision Studios, but was abandoned for three months before being re-recorded in November of that year, and lacks a production credit.

Featuring a baroque arrangement by Tony Visconti, the song, coupled with "Vote For Me", was scheduled to be released as the group's fourth single, an idea that was primarily shelved due to a controversy involving a lawsuit from United Kingdom's prime minister Harold Wilson regarding a publicity stunt for "Flowers In The Rain". Though the matter was eventually settled through royalties going to charities of Wilson's choice, the band became unnerved and felt that the political satire "Vote For Me" wouldn't go well in the political climate at that time, leading to the single being shelved and replaced by "Fire Brigade", with "Cherry Blossom Clinic" appearing on the group's April 1968 debut album Move.

In 1969, following several line-up changes, the Move re-recorded "Cherry Blossom Clinic" under the title "Cherry Blossom Clinic Revisited". This version, featuring a more progressive arrangement, lacks the string and brass ensemble found on the original, and was released on the group's second album Shazam in February 1970. Both renditions of the song have received critical acclaim.

Background and recording

On 25 August 1967, the Move released their third single, the flower power song "Flowers in the Rain", which was an immediate hit, reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart, and number four in the Irish Singles Chart in October of that year. However, the Move's manager at the time, Tony Secunda, decided to pull yet another publicity stunt in order to promote the band, something he'd done multiple times before. This included releasing a postcard depicting the at the time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Labour Party leader Harold Wilson in bed with his secretary Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender. Wilson sued, and as a result all further royalties from "Flowers in the Rain" were directed to a charity of Wilson's liking, an arrangement which is still enforced to this day. It's been estimated that Wood has lost approximately £200,000 in royalties for the song.

In style with many other releases by the Move, it revolves around the thematic concept of madness and loneliness. It was among the earlier songs that Wood composed, where he admitted that it was based on a psychiatric hospital, albeit a better one. He has also stated that it was an ambition of his to write a children's book with twists in order to appeal to an adult audience. The song tells the story of a man slipping into madness and what he imagines as he hallucinates in his clinic room, but also his awareness of the isolation. It alludes to the mistreatment of mentally ill in psychiatric hospitals, especially in the first verse where it is revealed that the narrator is restrained to his bed. Keeping with the theme of madness, a line in the song about a "teatray in the sky" is a reference from Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland.

The song was first attempted by the Move, when they entered Advision Studios on 25 August 1967 to record it and "Vote For Me", another composition by Wood. While they were satisfied with "Vote For Me", their rendition of "Cherry Blossom Clinic" which was recorded that day didn't live up to their standard, and it was subsequently discarded. The group would not touch upon the composition for another three months, before once again entering Advision on 1 November 1967 in order to re-record the track. It was one of the only tracks recorded by the band to share a production credit; it was produced by both the band and their standard producer Denny Cordell. The song features a string and brass arrangement by assistant producer Tony Visconti. While the master tapes of the songs exists, the tape containing the horn section is missing, something later confirmed by Rob Caiger, who remastered the album in 2007.

Release
The band had envisioned "Cherry Blossom Clinic" as a follow-up single to "Flowers in the Rain", with "Vote For Me" acting as its B-side for release in November 1967. However, "Vote For Me", a satirical song which makes fun of corrupt politicians, alluded too much to their legal troubles with Wilson. Scared by the possibly controversial song, and its potential legal consequences, both Regal Zonophone Records and the Move felt that it was unwise to release the single, which was discarded before even getting a catalogue number. Instead, the Move returned to the studio in December to record "Fire Brigade" which would substitute the release of "Cherry Blossom Clinic". However, bassist Ace Kefford stated made a contrasting statement, saying that "Cherry Blossom Clinic" was cancelled due to Roy Wood coming up with "Fire Brigade" which the band thought was superior. "Fire Brigade "was released as a single in January of 1968, backed by "Walk Upon the Water", and reached number three in the UK charts, becoming their fourth top-five single. "Cherry Blossom Clinic" on the other hand, was vaulted until it was eventually released as the final track of the group's debut album, Move in April 1968.

The song generally received positive reviews upon release. In a review for Move in Melody Maker, Bob Dawbarn wrote that "Cherry Blossom Clinic" is the "extreme climax" to the album, positively noting the string arrangement on the track. In his review for the song, AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger called it a highlight of the album, noting the lyrical associations with madness, along with the tuneful verses.

Cherry Blossom Clinic Revisited

The Move revisited "Cherry Blossom Clinic" while recording their second studio album, Shazam, in 1969. This version was recorded with a different lineup to that of the original song, since both bassist Ace Kefford and rhythm guitarist Trevor Burton had either quit the band or were let go. Although Jeff Lynne was considered to be hired by the band, he turned down the offer because of his hectic schedule with his own band, The Idle Race. Instead, Rick Price was hired as a bassist, while all guitar parts were played by Wood. Like the original "Cherry Blossom Clinic", it was recorded at Advision Studios in London.

This version has a spoken introduction by drummer Bev Bevan, in which he, assisted by Roy Wood on acoustic guitar, quotes an alternative version of the original opening lyrics. This rendition is notably less psychedelic, and more progressive. The wah-wah guitar is less noticeable, and the string and brass arrangements are both missing. The song continues Wood's usage of musical quotation, which he started in 1966 with the single "Night of Fear". On Shazam the song is followed by a medley of J. S. Bach's "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring", Paul Dukas' The Sorcerer's Apprentice and Tchaikovsky's "Thé" (the Chinese dance) from his ballet The Nutcracker; this medley appears as a hidden track on the same index as "Cherry Blossom Clinic Revisited".

The song was first issued in February 1970, when it was included on side one of the Move's second studio album Shazam. The album, while not commercially successful, received critical acclaim. In his review for Shazam, AllMusic critic stated that "Cherry Blossom Clinic Revisited" is similar to the three songs on Side B of the album. Something Else! wrote that the musical quotation, along with the harder sound than the original leads to it becoming a "class-A classical rock orgy." Rolling Stone critic John Mendelsohn wrote that "Cherry Blossom Clinic" was an adaptation of another song about mental hospital confinement, which has "orgasmic choruses".

Personnel
The Move
Carl Wayne – backing vocals, percussion
Roy Wood –  lead guitar, co-lead vocals
Trevor Burton – rhythm guitar, co-lead vocals
Ace Kefford –  bass, backing vocals
Bev Bevan –  drums, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Tony Visconti - orchestral arrangements
Denny Cordell - producer

References

The Move songs
1968 songs
1968 singles
Songs written by Roy Wood
1970 songs
Songs about mental health
Regal Zonophone Records singles
Songs about cherry blossom


Sanza Pombo is a town and a municipality in Uíge Province in Angola. The municipality had a population of 68,391 in 2014.

Infrastructure
Sanza Pombo is served by Sanza Pombo Airport which is 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) northwest of the town.

References

Populated places in Uíge Province
Municipalities of Angola


The 1987 McDonald's Open took place at MECCA Arena in Milwaukee, United States. This was the first edition of the McDonald's Championship and was a round-robin competition between 3 teams: Milwaukee Bucks, Tracer Milano and the USSR. The decider was played between Milwaukee Bucks and the Soviet Union on 25 October 1987 and had the feel of an Olympic Final with highlights of past national team encounters between USA and the USSR in other sports showed on the court's video screen.

Background
The three teams competed for a $50,000 prize and a trophy emblazoned with the moon-shaped face of former company mascot Mac Tonight in a brand new competition sanctioned by FIBA that had just omitted the term Amateur from its acronym. The tournament was of extra importance as for the first time a Soviet Union team would face an NBA club.
The tournament came at an interesting time in terms of the two nations’ basketball relationship during the Cold War. NBA teams had recently begun drafting Soviet players with the hopes of holding onto their rights and perhaps one day signing them to contracts. Sarunas Marciulionis would go on to be the first Soviet player to sign with an NBA team, while Alexander Volkov would play a couple years with Atlanta Hawks (Arvydas Sabonis was injured for the McDonald’s Open). At the same time the Bucks entered  the tournament without Sidney Moncrief, Jay Humphries, Ricky Pierce, Craig Hodges and John Lucas II who were unavailable due to injuries and contract issues and Junior Bridgeman had just announced his retirement. Tracer Milano were Europe's reigning champions with former NBA players in its roster, and Italian legend Dino Meneghin.
As Borislav Stankovic had sanctioned the tournament FIBA Europe sent one of its best referees for the games, Costas Rigas. Referee Darell Garretson represented NBA in the competition.

Participants

Games
October 23, 1987

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October 24, 1987

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October 25, 1987

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Rosters

Milwaukee Bucks: Jack Sikma, Randy Breuer, Paul Pressey, Terry Cummings, Jerry Reynolds - Charles Davis, Pace Mannion, JJ Weber, Paul Mokeski, Keith Smith, John Stroeder, Bob McCann, Dudley Bradley, Winston Garland. Coach: Del Harris
Soviet Nationals: Tiit Sokk, Viktor Pankrashkin, Valery Tikhonenko, Aleksandr Volkov, Sarunas Marciulionis - Alexander Belostenny, Sergei Tarakanov, Valdemaras Chomičius, Rimas Kurtinaitis, Valdis Valters, Sergei Grishaev, Valery Goborov. Coach: Aleksandr Gomelsky
Tracer Milano: Bob McAdoo, Riccardo Pittis, Fausto Bargna, Rickey Brown, Mike D'Antoni, Dino Meneghin, Roberto Premier, Massimiliano Aldi, Pieto Montecchia, Mario Governa. Coach: Franco Casalini

Final standings

Sources
Bucks vs Soviet Union
Bucks vs Tracer
Soviets vs Tracer
Historical
História 1987

External links
NBA International Pre-Season and Regular-Season Games
List of champions at a-d-c

1987-88
1987–88 in American basketball
1987–88 in Italian basketball
1987–88 in Soviet basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by the United States
Soviet Union national basketball team games


Songo  is a town and a municipality in Uíge Province in Angola. The municipality had a population of 61,682 in 2014.

References

Populated places in Uíge Province
Municipalities of Angola


Nailsea Court in Nailsea, Somerset, England, is an English manor house dating from the 15th century. Pevsner  describes the house as "historically highly instructive and interesting" and it is a Grade I listed building.

In 1574 the house was owned by George Perceval, the father of Richard Percivale who was born in the house and later deciphered Spanish documents for Queen Elizabeth about the Spanish Armada. Later owners in the 16th and 17th centuries included the local member of parliament Richard Cole and Nathaniel Wade who was condemned to death for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion. After 1795 a series of owners, who never lived in the house, leased it for use as a farmhouse and it fell into disrepair. In 1906 it was bought by Charles Edward Evans who undertook a major restoration project including bringing in materials from surrounding Tudor manors. After World War II it was converted into flats and in the 1990s into five private dwellings.

The building has been changed and expanded over the centuries. It now consists of a main 3 storey block with two wings. The interior includes fine wooden panelling and plaster ceilings. Some of the original fireplaces survive and many of the rooms include decorative stained glass. It is surrounded by landscaped grounds including a sunken garden and a knot garden. There is a 17th-century barn adjacent to the house.

History

The exact date of construction is not known, but is believed to have started in the 15th century and was definitely before 1574, when the initials of the owner George Perceval, the father of Richard Percivale, were added to the chimney piece in the library. One of his descendants Richard Percivale (or Perceval) contributed to the English response to the plans for invasion by the Spanish Armada by deciphering Spanish documents for Queen Elizabeth. Perceval sold the estate to the Bristol merchant and member of parliament Richard Cole in 1582 and it was passed down to his descendants.

In 1693, the house was purchased by Nathaniel Wade and around this time the roof was raised and a floor added into the original hall house. In 1685, during the Monmouth Rebellion Wade supported James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. After the defeat of the rebels at the Battle of Sedgemoor Wade was captured. Judge Jefferys condemned him to death at Taunton King James, interviewed him and granted a pardon after which Wade returned home to Nailsea.  On Wade's death in 1718 the house was bought by a London Barrister Christopher Appleby for £2,000. It was then sold to the Dowager Lady Coleraine and passed to her son-in-law a Dr Rogers. On the death of his wife the house became the property of her son in law Sir Robert Knight. From 1795 it had various owners including: Henry Cam Seymour, John Hugh Smyth Pigott in 1834, Reginald Rodbard in 1846, Thomas Todd Walters in 1865 and Henry John Mirehouse in 1874. However none of them lived in the house and the building was used as a farmhouse and fell into disrepair.

Charles Edward Evans purchased Nailsea Court in 1906. He then started a restoration programme which took seven years. He employed Arthur James Stratton, an expert on Tudor architecture to reconstruct the west wing. The restoration included the use of materials from Over Langford Manor. The panelling was installed in his new withdrawing room. Consequently, this room was called the Langford Parlour but is now known as the Langford Room. The Latch porch from Langford was at Nailsea Court for nearly twenty years, before being returned by Charles Evans to Upper Langford in 1923. The rebuilding included the erection of a tower. The first version looked similar to a lighthouse and was changed to one of Tudor appearance which was incorporated into the south wing. During World War I, in an effort to conserve coal, brick insets were built into the fireplaces to reduce their size.

The Whitefield family bought the house after Evans death in 1944. They converted part of it into flats. The next sale was to a Mr McGrath in the 1970s. A private development company purchased the house and grounds in the 1990s, after which it was converted into five private homes.

Architecture
The building consists of a main three storey block with two wings with gabled roofs in a Z-plan. The porch has a 4-centred arched door opening and a frieze with Greek fret carving. The construction of the building encompasses four phases; the fifteenth century, the Elizabethan era, the seventeenth century and a restoration by Arthur Stratton in the early twentieth century.

The interior of the building has been changed many times since its construction. The decorative features include several brought in from other buildings. Panelling was brought from Judge Jeffreys' house at  No 18, Fore Street, Taunton. An over-mantel was imported from Field Marshal Sir Lintorn Simmons' house Over Langford Manor. In addition sections of wooden panelling were brought from Over Langford Manor. The result of these additions lead to the room being called The Langford Room. a fine plaster ceiling and carved frieze were brought to Nailsea Court from Ashley Manor in Bristol. The dining room door, which dates from around 1590, is also known as the "Nailsea door". It is decorated with a large arcaded and elaborately carved upper panel. In the hall there is a framed ceiling, this is formed into six bays each of which has chamfered and stopped beams. There is also a stone fireplace in the hall.

There is a variety of stained glass within the building including coats of arms, a sundial and depictions of various birds. A window to the west of main range has medieval stained glass including a picture of a swan ringing a bell, as at the Bishop's Palace, Wells, with others including a peacock, a heron, an owl, a crane and a bird with a bell attached to one leg.

Gardens
The House is surrounded by  of gardens and approached by a tree-lined drive of mature sweet chestnut, walnut and cherry trees. There is a walled sunken garden and kitchen garden has raised vegetable beds, a glass-house and box knot garden. Many of the walls, gatepiers and the balustrade are from the 16th century but have been revised in the subsequent centuries. The old tennis court has been converted to a formal lawn with herbaceous borders. There is also a stone summerhouse which is early Jacobean.

A remodelled 17th century barn stands about  east of the house.

See also
 List of Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset

References

Further reading

Houses completed in the 15th century
Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
Grade I listed houses in Somerset
Nailsea


Cold Comfort Farm is a 1995 British comedy film directed by John Schlesinger and produced by the BBC and Thames Television, an adaptation of Stella Gibbons' 1932 book of the same name, the film stars Kate Beckinsale, Joanna Lumley, Ian McKellen and Rufus Sewell. Originally broadcast on 1 January 1995 on the BBC, it was Schlesinger's final film shot in his home country of Britain, and was picked up for theatrical release in North America through Gramercy Pictures, where it was a small success.

Plot

After the death of her parents, young Flora Poste goes to stay with her friend, the eccentric divorcee Mrs. Mary Smiling. Flora initially aspires to be a writer, deciding that the only way for her to live whilst researching her writing is to stay with one of her many “dreadful” relatives. Mary suggests anything else, including beekeeping.

Due to her relative lack of means, her city-based relations show no interest.  Flora sends letters to her country relatives. While the smattering of responses are generally unsuitable, one is intriguing. Flora chooses to stay for a while with the Starkadder branch of the family on their rundown farm.

The Starkadders are an assortment of rustic, uncouth, truly eccentric and quite possibly mad characters, each with a secret or not-so-secret heart's desire. Flora’s desire is to find out what was the ancient wrong which was “done to” her father and why the resulting doom lay over the Starkadder farm.

She finds out that her cousin Judith, is morose and depressed while Judith’s husband, Amos, wants to be the leader of his own, somewhat “Pentecostal” religion, the Quivering Brethren. But believing himself responsible for the farm, and shunning vanity, he makes everyone else unhappy. Meanwhile the brothers Seth and Reuben fear Flora’s influence and believe she’s come to take the farm away from them.

Flora quickly realises that, as a sensible, modern woman, she has the ability to assess, coax and organise each person into solving their own problems.

Cast

Production
The film was edited at Rank Film Laboratories, part of The Rank Organisation. The film itself reached a length of 2,902 metres, and ultimately became 105 minutes long in movie format. The soundtrack was created through development of pre-existing pieces remixed for the film. The majority of the songs used in the film were arranged by Robert Lockhart. The soundtrack was recorded at Lansdowne Studios in London, and was rerecorded at Twickenham Film Studios.

Director John Schlesinger was the only one who thought it would work in North America cinemas and so had to put up the money himself to blow up the print from 16mm to 35mm; he took the new format to the Toronto Film Festival, where its success led to a North American release.

The production visited Kent where they filmed at Kent & East Sussex Railway which provided the trains for Flora's journey from London to her relatives at Cold Comfort Farm and Northiam station in East Sussex which is the fictional railway station of Beershorne.

Further scenes were filmed in Brightling in East Sussex, and Twickenham Studios in London.

The Royal Military Canal was also used for scenes where Flora and Elfine walk and chat.

Reception
In the opening weekend of the film's release in the United States, it grossed $4,139,000. During its theatrical release in North America, the film grossed $5,682,429 in total.
Cold Comfort Farm received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 83% based on reviews from 40 critics.

Emanuel Levy of Variety wrote: "The fun that Schlesinger and his first-rate ensemble must have had while working on this production is infectious, for there isn't one dull -- or quiet -- moment in the film."

References

External links

 Cold Comfort Farm at the British Film Institute

 New York Times review

1995 films
1995 television films
1995 romantic comedy films
British romantic comedy films
British comedy television films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by John Schlesinger
Films about orphans
Films based on British novels
Films set in Sussex
Films set in the 1920s
Films shot in England
British independent films
Universal Pictures films
BBC Film films
Films set in country houses
Films set on farms
Gramercy Pictures films
1995 independent films
Films shot in 16 mm film
1990s British films


Oslo Kunstforening is a contemporary art gallery and art society located in Oslo, Norway.

History
Oslo Kunstforening is located at Rådhusgata 19. The gallery, situated in one of the oldest houses in the Kvadraturen area, is the oldest art gallery in Norway. During the year, many varied shows are organized within the fields of drawing, painting, photography, lithography, textile, collage and sculpture. There is usually a new exhibition every month. The gallery features temporary exhibitions of Contemporary Art.

Oslo Kunstforening's main objective is to support emerging Norwegian artists and present international artists that have not been shown in Norway before. Oslo Kunstforening has done this for the past 180 years. Oslo Kunstforening's main goal is to promote and communicate knowledge about contemporary art and to increase the availability of arts and culture in society.

The gallery was founded as Christiania Kunstforening in 1836 by Norwegian cultural personalities including Johan Sebastian Welhaven, Johan Fjeldsted Dahl, Frederik Stang and Henrik Heftye. It was modeled as a facility mounting temporary art exhibitions after the Kunstvereine model common in many German speaking cities, such as Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden and Kunsthalle Düsseldorf. The National Gallery of Norway had not been established at that time, so the art society provided a permanent site for public art exhibition in the country's capital.

Oslo Kunstforening is supported by the City of Oslo and the Arts Council Norway. Since 1986, OK has awarded an artist grant through the kind support of Sparebanken Oslo and Akershus. Since 2008, the Savings Bank Foundation DNB has awarded an annual grant in collaboration with OK to emerging artists. The grant has previously been awarded to Ellisif Hals and Susanne Skeide (2008), Ignas Krunglevicius (2009), Ann Cathrin November Høibo (2010), Kaia Hugin (2011), Marie Buskov (2012), Sandra Mujinga (2013), Ingrid Lønningdal (2014), Andrea Bakketun and Christian Tony Norum (2015) and Tor Børresen (2016).

Previously exhibited artists at Oslo Kunstforening includes Gavin Jantjes, Fujiko Nakaya, Ukichiro Nakaya, Judy Chicago, Runo Lagomarsino, Jacques Tati, Moataz Nasr, Uriel Orlow and Celine Condorelli, Marit Følstad, Eline McGeorge and Inger Johanne Grytting among others.

References

External links
Official site

Art museums and galleries in Norway
Arts organizations established in the 1830s
Organisations based in Oslo
Organizations established in 1836
1836 establishments in Norway


"The Night Is Still Young" is a 2009 song performed by German singer Sandra featuring Thomas Anders. The song was written by Toby Gad and Audrey Martells, and produced by Jens Gad. It was released in May 2009 as the second single from Sandra's ninth studio album Back to Life and was moderately successful on the German singles chart. The CD single also includes Sandra's solo version of the song as well as the English-French track "Redis moi" available only on the digital edition of Back to Life. The music video for "The Night Is Still Young" was filmed in Ibiza by Susanne Sigi.

Track listing
CD maxi single/digital download
"The Night Is Still Young" – 3:22
"The Night Is Still Young" (Casa Sylt Mix) – 4:45
"The Night Is Still Young" (Solo Version) – 3:22
"Redis moi" – 3:45

Charts

References

External links
 "The Night Is Still Young" at Discogs
 The official Sandra channel at YouTube

2009 singles
2009 songs
Sandra (singer) songs
Song recordings produced by Jens Gad
Songs written by Toby Gad
Thomas Anders songs
Virgin Records singles
Male–female vocal duets


Little Racers is a racing game by Spanish developer Milkstone Studios for the Xbox 360 published in 2011. In February 2014, it was released for the Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux, as Little Racers STREET.

Gameplay
The main gameplay mechanics of Little Racers are similar to other Top-down Racing games such as Super Sprint, Indy Heat and Super Off Road.

References

External links

 Little Racers at Xbox.com

2011 video games
Linux games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Top-down racing video games
Video games developed in Spain
Windows games
Xbox 360 games


Dichlorine trioxide, Cl2O3, is a chlorine oxide. It is a dark brown solid discovered in 1967 which is explosive even below 0 °C. It is formed by the low-temperature photolysis of ClO2 and is formed along with Cl2O6, Cl2 and O2. Its structure is believed to be OCl−ClO2 with possible isomers such as Cl−O−ClO2. The isomer having a structure of OCl–O–ClO would be the theoretical anhydride of chlorous acid.

References

Chlorine oxides
Chlorine(V) compounds
Sesquioxides
Substances discovered in the 1960s
Explosive chemicals


Johannes Thomassen Heftye (17 October 1792 – 2 November 1856) was a Norwegian businessperson and politician.

He was the son of merchant Thomas Johannessen Heftye (1767–1827), an immigrant from Switzerland who founded the family company Thos. Joh. Heftye & Søn. He was the father of banker Thomas Johannessen Heftye and grandfather of Thomas Heftye. He was also an older brother of Henrik Heftye and a brother-in-law of ship-owner Mogens Thorsen.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1827, representing the constituency of Christiania. He worked as a merchant and consul there. He only served one term.

References

1792 births
1856 deaths
Norwegian businesspeople
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Oslo
Norwegian people of Swiss descent


Barlamunda is a tribal village in Koraput district, Odisha, India. It has no electricity, running water or road access, despite being promised rudimentary facilities (beginning with a road) under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.

References

External links

Villages in Koraput district


Baillie is a surname of Scottish origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Baillie of Jerviswood (died 1684), Scottish conspirator
Sir Adrian Baillie, 6th Baronet (1898–1947), British politician
Albert Victor Baillie, Anglican clergyman
Alec Baillie, American bassist
Alexander Baillie, English cellist
Allan Baillie (born 1943), Australian writer
Augustus Baillie (1861–1939), British soldier and lawyer
Bill Baillie (born 1934), New Zealand athlete
Bruce Baillie (1931-2020), American film director
Caroline Baillie, British materials scientist and academic at the University of San Diego
Charles Baillie, several people
Chris Baillie (hurdler), Scottish athlete
Chris Baillie (politician), New Zealand politician
Cuthbert Baillie (died 1514), Treasurer of Scotland
David Baillie (comics) (born 1977), Scottish writer and illustrator
David Baillie (footballer) (1905–1967), English footballer
Donald Macpherson Baillie (1887–1954), Scottish theologian, ecumenist, and parish minister
Doug Baillie (born 1937), Scottish footballer and sportswriter
Evan Baillie (1741–1835), British West Indies merchant, landowner and Whig politician
Sir Frank Wilton Baillie (1875–1921), Canadian industrialist
Lady Grisell Baillie (1822–1891), first woman to be created a Deaconess in the Church of Scotland
Lady Grizel Baillie (1665–1746), Scottish songwriter
Henry Baillie (1803–1885), British Conservative politician
James Baillie, several people
Sir Gawaine Baillie, 7th Baronet (1934–2003), amateur motor racing driver, engineer, industrialist, stamp collector
Isobel Baillie (1895–1983), Scottish soprano
Jackie Baillie (born 1964), Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Dumbarton constituency
James Black Baillie (1872–1940), British moral philosopher
James Evan Bruce Baillie (1859–1931), British Unionist politician
Joanna Baillie (1762–1851), Scottish poet and dramatist
Joe Baillie (1929–1966), Scottish footballer
John Baillie, several people
Jonathan Baillie (born 1985), Scottish footballer
Martha Baillie (born 1960), Canadian poet and novelist
Marianne Baillie (1795?-1830), nee Wathen, traveller and verse-writer
Matthew Baillie (1761–1823), Scottish physician and pathologist
Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton (1924–2013), British peer
Mike Baillie, Professor of Palaeoecology at Queen's University of Belfast
Olive, Lady Baillie (1899–1974), Anglo-American heiress
Robert Baillie (1602–1662), Scottish divine and historical writer
Thomas Baillie, several people
Tim Baillie, British slalom canoeist
William Baillie, several people

See also

Baillie baronets
Hamilton-Baillie
Bailey (surname)
Bailie (name)


Martin Owen (born 22 September 1973) is a British classical horn player. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music. He was principal horn of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO) 19982008. In 2008, he was appointed principal horn of the BBC Symphony Orchestra.

He often plays guest principal horn with the major London orchestras, and others including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and the Chamber Orchestra of Europe. He also has a varied solo career outside the orchestra and appears as soloist and chamber musician in some of the leading music festivals around the world. He is a regular performer at the Wigmore Hall; he made his debut there in 1997 in Benjamin Britten's Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings with Philip Langridge and Guildhall Strings. He has since performed the same work there with Toby Spence and the Scottish Ensemble. That collaboration led to a recording for Linn Records, of which Paul Driver said in the Sunday Times, "Owen's playing is a luxury for the ear". Other recordings include Mozart's Horn Concerto No. 4 with the RPO (RPO Classics label), Schubert's Octet with among others Michael Collins (Wigmore Hall Live label), Roderick Elms' Four Seasonal Nocturnes with the RPO (Dutton Records), and Franz Danzi's Symphonie Concertante with the Cadaqués Orchestra.

In October 2006, Owen gave the world premiere of Malcolm Arnold's Burlesque for horn and orchestra, with the RPO. The work, a recently recovered fragment, is thought to be part of an uncompleted horn concerto.

Recent performances include Schumann's Konzertstück for Four Horns and Orchestra with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra at the 2007 BBC Proms, Britten's Serenade at the 2008 Bad Kissingen festival with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and the London premiere of Elliott Carter's Horn Concerto at the Barbican Centre with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Oliver Knussen, for the composer's 100th birthday.

In 2009, he performed Knussen's Horn Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra at the BBC Proms live on BBC Four TV and on BBC Radio 3.

In 2006, he was awarded a Fellowship by the Royal Academy of Music. He has been professor of horn there since 2008.

Martin Owen is represented by Worldwide Artists Management.

Performances 2011
 3 February 2011 Bridgewater Hall, Manchester:  Oliver Knussen horn concerto, Halle Orchestra/Knussen
 9–14 March 2011 Vinterfestspill i Bergstaden, Norway:  Recital and Chamber Concerts
 19 March 2011 Trinity Church, Harrow: Britten Serenade, Trinity Orchestra/Murray
 30 March – 6 April 2011 Kharkov, Ukraine:  Recital and Masterclasses
 15 April 2011 Hitchin: Britten Serenade, BBC Symphony Orchestra/Hussain
 20–22 May 2011 Auditorio Nacional de Madrid, Spain:  Knussen and Carter concerto's, Orquesta Nacional de Espana/Knussen
 21 June 2011 Konzerthaus, Detmold, Germany:  Britten Serenade, Detmolder Kammerorchester/Perl
 September 2011 Kharkov, Ukraine:  Chamber concerts and Masterclass

References

External links
BBC Symphony Orchestra
Worldwide Artists Management
Royal Academy of Music

1973 births
Living people
British classical horn players
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music


Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 U.S. 301 (1965), was a landmark First Amendment Supreme Court case, in which the ruling of the Supreme Court struck down § 305(a) of the Postal Service and Federal Employees Salary Act of 1962, a federal statute requiring the Postmaster General to detain and deliver only upon the addressee's request unsealed foreign mailings of "communist political propaganda."

Background
39 U.S.C. 4008 (1964) required the U.S. Postmaster General to detain and not deliver "communist political propaganda," unless a recipient affirmatively indicated their consent to receive such materials through the mail.  Dr. Corliss Lamont had a copy of the Peking Review detained and declined to respond to the government's inquiry as to whether he wished to receive the delivery.  Lamont subsequently filed suit alleging that Section 4008 violated his 1st Amendment and 5th Amendment rights.

Opinion of the court
The Court held:the Act, as construed and applied, is unconstitutional, since it imposes on the addressee an affirmative obligation which amounts to an unconstitutional limitation of his rights under the First Amendment.

The Court was unanimous in the judgment (8-0, with Justice White recused). Justice Brennan wrote a concurring opinion (which Justice Goldberg joined) and Justice Harlan also wrote a concurring opinion.

See also
Chilling effect

References

Further reading

External links

Anti-communism in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States Free Speech Clause case law
1965 in United States case law
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
United States Postal Service litigation
China–United States relations
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law


The penteconter (alt. spelling pentekonter, pentaconter, pentecontor or pentekontor; , pentēkónteros, "fifty-oared"), plural penteconters, was an ancient Greek galley in use since the archaic period.

In an alternative meaning, the term was also used for a military commander of fifty men in ancient Greece.

History
The penteconters emerged in an era when there was no distinction between merchant ships and warships. They were versatile, long-range ships used for sea trade, piracy and warfare, capable of transporting freight or troops. A penteconter was rowed by fifty oarsmen, arranged in a row of twenty-five on each side of the ship. A midship mast with sail could also propel the ship under favourable wind. Penteconters were long and sharp-keeled ships, hence described as long vessels (, nḗes makraí ). They typically lacked a full deck, and thus were also called unfenced vessels (, áphraktoi nḗes).

Homer describes war ships during the Trojan War of various numbers of oars varying from twenty-oared, such as the ship that brought Chryseis back to her father, to fifty-oared, as Odysseus’ ship that had fifty-seven men and as many as 120 men of the Boeotian ships.

According to some contemporary calculations, penteconters are believed to have been between  long, approximately 4 m wide, and capable of reaching a top speed of . However, modern reconstructions of penteconters, as well as other ancient ship designs such as triremes, crewed by modern untrained amateurs, attained that top speed fairly easily on initial sea trials, which implies that the top speed of that type of ship in the ancient era had to be substantially higher. Ancient Greeks also used the triaconter or triacontor ( triakontoros), a shorter version of the penteconter with thirty oars. There is a general agreement that the trireme, the primary warship of classical antiquity, evolved from the penteconter via the bireme. The penteconter remained in use until the Hellenistic period, when it became complemented and eventually replaced by other designs, such as the lembus, the hemiolia and the liburnians.

See also
 Hellenistic-era warships
 Pentecopterus, a genus of eurypterid named after the penteconter.

References

Galleys
Ships of ancient Greece
Naval history of ancient Greece
Naval warfare of antiquity
Achaemenid navy


Return Home is a 1990 Australian drama film directed by Ray Argall. Argall won the AFI Award for Best Director in 1990 and Frankie J. Holden was nominated for Best Actor in a Lead Role.

The story
Noel McKenzie is a successful but divorced insurance broker in Melbourne. He returns briefly to hometown Adelaide where his brother Steve operates a traditional service station and workshop. Steve has a happy family life but is struggling to compete with more modern servos with convenience store and self-service bowsers. Over time the brothers reconcile to each other’s life choices and recognise value in the suburb they grew up in.

Cast
Dennis Coard as Noel
Frankie J. Holden as Steve
Ben Mendelsohn as Gary
Mickey Camilleri as Judy
Rachel Rains as Wendy
Gypsy Lukewood as Clare
Ryan Rawlings as Wally
Paul Nestor as Brian
Alan Fletcher as Barry
Joe Camilleri appears as a busking friend of Noel.

Production
The film was funded by the Australian Film Commission and Film Victoria with no private investment. It was shot in Adelaide over six weeks in February–March 1989 on 16mm but the AFC agreed to blow it up to 35mm.

Argall and the cast rehearsed for four weeks prior to filming. He said he worked on the script for seven years prior to the shoot.

Box office
Return Home grossed $236,252 at the box office in Australia.

See also
Cinema of Australia

References

Further reading

External links

Return Home at the Australian screen
Return Home at Oz Movies
DVD review

1990 films
Films shot in Adelaide
Australian drama films
Films shot in Melbourne
1990 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s Australian films


was a Japanese linguist and essayist. He is best known for his many contributions to Japanese linguistics and lexicography. In honor of him, the Shinmura Izuru Prize is annually awarded for contributions to linguistics.

Background
Shinmura was born in Yamaguchi prefecture on October 4, 1876. He graduated from the Tokyo Imperial University in 1899 where he studied philology under the instruction of Ueda Kazutoshi. Between 1906 and 1909 he studied abroad in England, Germany, and France where he studied linguistics. In 1919 he received a Doctor of Letters.

Career
In 1902, Shimura taught at Tokyo Higher Normal School, and in 1904 at Tokyo Imperial University. After returning from studying abroad, he taught at Kyoto Imperial University for a number of years.

Shinmura introduced western linguists to Japan and created the fundamental foundation of modern Japanese linguistics. His research included a study of the historical development of the Japanese language, a comparative study of Japanese with neighboring languages, and etymology. He also made important contributions to the study of 16–17th-century Christian missionaries in Japan.

During his career, Shinmura compiled a number of Japanese dictionaries:  in 1935,  in 1949, and  in 1955, for which he is most known.

In 1956 Shinmura was awarded the Order of Culture for his many contributions.

Major works
 Nanban Sarasa, Kaizōsha, 1924
 Nanban Kōki, Iwanami Shoten, 1925
 Tōhō Gengoshi Sōkō, Iwanami Shoten, 1927
 Tōa Gogen Shi, Oka Shoin, 1930
 Genrin, Zenkoku Shobō, 1949
 Kōjien, Iwanami Shoten, 1955

Notes

References

Linguists from Japan
Japanese essayists
Japanese Esperantists
Japanese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Japanese expatriates in Germany
Japanese expatriates in France
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Academic staff of Kyoto University
University of Tokyo alumni
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
1876 births
1967 deaths


"Radio Wall of Sound" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in October 1991 as the first single from their compilation album Wall of Hits. Written and produced by bassist Jim Lea, the single reached  21 on the UK Singles Chart. It remained in the top 100 for five weeks and became Slade's last hit single, discounting later chartings of "Merry Xmas Everybody".

Background
After their contract with RCA expired in 1987, Slade decided to take an 18-month break. Although they announced their intentions to record a new album, these plans did not materialise. Later, in 1991, their former label Polydor approached them with the idea of recording two new singles to promote a compilation album Wall of Hits. The two singles, "Radio Wall of Sound" and "Universe", were soon completed, with the former being released in October 1991. It reached No. 21 in the UK, earning the band their twenty-fourth Top 40 single and their first Top 40 hit since 1984. It was even voted the 'Single of the Week' by listeners on Simon Mayo's BBC Radio 1 show. As part of the deal with Polydor, if both "Radio Wall of Sound" and the follow-up single "Universe" were successful, a new studio album would be recorded. However, "Universe" failed to chart over Christmas, and Slade disbanded in 1992.

"Radio Wall of Sound" was originally a solo song by Lea, who had completed much of the recording before it became a Slade tune. He had first mentioned it in a 1990 fan club interview: "It sounds just like Slade, even my brother Frank says it sounds like Slade." In 1991, when Holder attempted to record his vocals, the band realised that Lea's existing recording was not in his key. As a result, Lea performed the lead vocal, with Holder joining in during the chorus. To provide the DJ voice-over parts in the song, the band approached the broadcaster/presenter Mike Read. Recalling the song in his autobiography Seize the Day, Read said: "They felt that the song needed a punchy American-style DJ delivery to give it some pace, so they asked if I'd pop up to the studio in north London."

Describing the song as a "more commercial, good instant rock track", Holder said of the single's performance, in a 1992 fan club interview: "It wouldn't have needed that many sales to have reached that position, not a vast amount. The initial shipping out to the shops was around 30,000 copies, I think, which is a good pre-order figure, good enough to go Top 40 first week out. The problem was sustaining the momentum after using up all the available TV's there was nowhere else to go. We couldn't get on Wogan, which would have helped, so really that was all the TV possible." In a 2000 interview with Mojo, Lea recalled of the song: "Our last hit was "Radio Wall of Sound", which I wrote and sang. The others thought it was a load of shit. Towards the end the records were completely my songs. I'd taken control and it didn't feel like a band any more. All the fun had gone out of it, so I started getting into the property business, and took a psychology course at college."

Release
"Radio Wall of Sound" was released by Polydor Records on 7" vinyl, CD and cassette in the UK and across Europe. In the UK, the single was also released on 12" vinyl. The B-side, "Lay Your Love on the Line", written by guitarist Dave Hill and ex-Wizzard keyboardist Bill Hunt, was exclusive to the single and would later appear on the band's 2007 compilation B-Sides. On the 12" and CD formats of the single, the band's 1973 hit "Cum On Feel the Noize" was also included as a second B-side.

Promotion
A music video was filmed to promote "Radio Wall of Sound", which was directed by William Clark and filmed in September 1991. The video was set on the roof-top of a radio station and featured an appearance from disc jockey Mike Read. Towards the end of the video, the radio tower on the roof of the building explodes. In the UK, the band performed the song on Top of the Pops and Motormouth.

Critical reception
Upon its release, Alan Jones of Music Week chose "Radio Wall of Sound" as the magazine's "pick of the week" and commented, "More than 20 years after Noddy and his pals first came to prominence their spelling has improved, and their ability to write rock anthems remains intact. Should be their first Top 40 hit since 1984." Mike Dillon of the Paisley Daily Express praised the song as "actually quite good" and added, "It blows anything Status Quo have done in the last 10 years away. Rock 'n' roll by geratrics, but good nevertheless." Tony Parsons of The Daily Telegraph wrote, "I just paid £4.29 for the CD maxi single of the week – Slade's 'Radio Wall of Sound', a riot of mindless hormones and wanton hedonism. I call that a bargain."

In a 1991 feature on Slade, John Millard of News of the World commented, "Slade are still very, very noisy. October's hit 'Radio Wall of Sound' was a less-than-gentle reminder of Slade's raucous, stomping heyday in the seventies." In the 2013 book Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop, author Bob Stanley described the song as a "stellar moment" in the band's latter-day career.

Track listings
7-inch and cassette single
 "Radio Wall of Sound" – 3:47
 "Lay Your Love on the Line" – 3:09

12-inch and CD single
 "Radio Wall of Sound" – 3:47
 "Lay Your Love on the Line" – 3:09
 "Cum On Feel the Noize" – 4:31

Personnel
Slade
 Noddy Holder – vocals
 Jim Lea – lead vocals, bass, producer
 Dave Hill – lead guitar
 Don Powell – drums

Additional personnel
 Mike Read – DJ voice
 The Leisure Process – design

Charts

Cover versions
 In 2001, English vocalist/musician Mick White recorded a version of the track for the tribute album Slade Remade.

References

1991 singles
1991 songs
Slade songs
Songs written by Jim Lea
Polydor Records singles
Song recordings produced by Jim Lea


Darwin Dragons SC was an Australian soccer club from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Darwin Dragons played in the NT Northern Zone Premier League in 2007.

References

External links
 Darwin Dragons SC FFNT Official Webpage
 Darwin Dragons Website

Soccer clubs in the Northern Territory
Sport in Darwin, Northern Territory

Defunct soccer clubs in Australia


James Wootton (1895–1960) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Port Vale and Nelson shortly after the First World War.

Career
Wootton played as a guest for Walsall during the First World War, before joining Port Vale as a guest amateur in October 1916. After four goals in seventeen games in the war league he was unavailable from March 1917. He had a spell at Leek Alexandra, before re-joining Port Vale in August 1919. The club was readmitted into the Football League for the 1919–20 season, replacing Leeds City. Wootton made 19 Second Division appearances in the season, and was a member of the side that shared the North Staffordshire Infirmary Cup in 1920. He played 25 league and cup games in the 1920–21 season, and scored goals against Hull City and Clapton Orient. He lost his first team place at The Old Recreation Ground in March 1921 and joined Nuneaton Town of the Birmingham League in the summer where "the position of outside-left... [had] given the Nuneaton Town officials considerable anxiety". He went on to play seven league and five cup games for the club. He returned to the Football League with Nelson in January 1922. He played 14 times in the Third Division North for the "Admirals" during the remainder of the 1921–22 season, before moving back into non-League with Hereford United. He went on to play for Rugby Town and Oakengates Town, before ending his career with Walsall Early Closers in August 1932.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Walsall
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Walsall F.C. wartime guest players
Port Vale F.C. wartime guest players
Port Vale F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Nelson F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Rugby Town F.C. players
Oakengates Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
1895 births
1960 deaths


Steve Goulding (born 18 August 1960) is an English former Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Goulding was recruited to the VFL from NTFA club North Launceston after being a member of their 1979 premiership team. He played two senior games mid season, a 114-point loss to Geelong at Kardinia Park and he kicked two goals the following week against Richmond, for whom Francis Bourke was making his 300th league appearance.

An on-baller and centreman, Goulding joined Claremont in 1982 and spent six seasons there, during which time he was a Western Australian interstate player. He also represented Tasmania at the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival and in 1988 he finished his career back at North Launceston, turning the Robins into a powerful combination where he was captain-coach until 1990, where he won the 'ABC Footballer of the Year' award despite missing many games mid-season due to a knee injury.

After a stellar finals series, Goulding badly injured his other knee in the opening minutes of the 1990 TFL Grand Final against Hobart and subsequently retired as a player but remained non-playing coach of the Robins until the end of the 1992 season where his highly fancied North Launceston team were beaten by Hobart in the Preliminary Final.

He won the 1989, and also 1990 North Launceston 'Best and Fairest' awards.

Goulding also coached Deloraine in the Northern Tasmanian Football League.

He was a 2008 inductee into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame.

Goulding's son, Chris, is a basketball player in the National Basketball League.

References

External links

Steven Goulding player profile page at WAFL FootyFacts
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1960 births
Living people
North Melbourne Football Club players
Claremont Football Club players
North Launceston Football Club players
North Launceston Football Club coaches
Tasmanian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees


Samuel Hanson Stone (December 4, 1849 near Richmond, Kentucky – April 3, 1909 in Galveston, Texas) was an American politician.

Life
Stone was born as a son of the merchant, farmer and banker James C. Stone from Leavenworth, Kansas and the daughter of a lawyer Matilda, born Hanson, a sister to the Confederate General Roger Hanson. As from 1864 Stone visited the Lee High School in West-Massachusetts and started in 1866 with his study of jurisprudence at the University of Leipzig (Saxony, Germany). In January 1870 Stone relocated to Heidelberg, Germany where he became – after already becoming a member of the Corps Thuringia in Leipzig – a member of the Corps Rhenania Heidelberg. Within the same year Stone moved back to the U.S. where he started off as an assistant clerk at the Second National Bank in Leavenworth. In 1874 Stone took residence in Madison County, Kentucky as a farmer and entrepreneur. Stone established 1876 close to Fort Estill Station a cattle farm and started to rear thoroughbred horses and rose to become the second biggest tobacco grower in the county.

From 1895 to 1899 Stone officiated as Auditor of Public Accounts for Kentucky. In 1899 he was defeated by the latter – controversial - office holder William S. Taylor (1853-1928) in the nomination campaign as candidate for the Republican Party for the office of Governor of Kentucky by a few votes.

External links
 Biography

1849 births
1909 deaths
Kentucky Republicans
People from Leavenworth, Kansas


Willem de Vos (c. 1593 – c. 1629) was a Flemish Baroque painter from Antwerp.

Biography
He was a nephew of the painter Maerten de Vos and his students included Justus Sustermans. His portrait was engraved by Anthony van Dyck for his iconography series. He is mentioned in Cornelis de Bie's book of artists as Guiliam de Vos.

References

Flemish Baroque painters
Painters from Antwerp
1590s births
1629 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain


Malcolm Roy Bailey (14 April 1950 – 14 November 2017) was an English footballer who played as a centre-half.

He failed to establish himself in the Football League with Port Vale, and so went into non-League football with Northwich Victoria and Runcorn in the 1970s. He played for Altrincham between 1977 and 1983, where he won two Alliance Premier League titles and triumph in the Cheshire Senior Cup and FA Trophy. He later played for Telford United and Hyde United.

Career

Early career
Born in Biddulph, Bailey graduated through the Port Vale youth side to sign as a professional in May 1967. His Fourth Division debut came on 21 April 1969, in a 1–0 home win over Grimsby Town. He was only to play once more however before being given a free transfer in May 1970. He moved on to Northwich Victoria of the Northern Premier League, and then switched to league rivals Runcorn.

Altrincham
Bailey signed with Altrincham, also of the Northern Premier League, for the 1977–78 season, and formed a partnership with John Owens. In his first season, he scored the winning goal against former club Runcorn that booked "Alty" a place in the 1978 FA Trophy Final. In the final, Altrincham beat Leatherhead 3–1. The following season the club finished second in the Northern Premier League, and Bailey played in the FA Cup against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane, but missed the replay due to injury. In the 1979–80 campaign he helped the club to claim the inaugural Alliance Premier League title and the third round of the FA Cup. The following season he picked up his second championship medal, though he began to miss an increasing amount of games due to injury. The next season he helped the club to reach the 1982 FA Trophy final and to lift the Cheshire Senior Cup. He struggled with injury at Moss Lane, though still managed to make 262 appearances for the club, scoring 20 goals.

Later career
Bailey signed with Telford United, also of the Alliance Premier League, for the 1983–84 campaign. He signed for Hyde United in 1984, making his debut in a 4–1 win over Southport. He spent just half a season with the club, making 21 appearances in all competitions.

Personal life
As well as his footballing career, Bailey worked in the engineering trade. His son, Michael (born 1985), also played for Altrincham.

Career statistics

Honours
Altrincham
FA Trophy: 1978; runner-up: 1982
Alliance Premier League: 1979–80 & 1980–81
Conference League Cup runner-up: 1980
Cheshire Senior Cup: 1982

References

1950 births
2017 deaths
People from Biddulph
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Port Vale F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Runcorn F.C. Halton players
Altrincham F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
National League (English football) players


Turalei is a large town and government seat of Twic County, Warrap State, South Sudan. It has four suburbs: Kauc Agok, Pan Cuei, Pan Noot, and Pan Yai, as well as other villages: Langic Aguek jokngar, Majok Kuel, Majok Amuol, Nyiel-Abiel, Majak-Aher, Pandit, Ayen, Marol, Riau Manyin, Anyiel Kuac, Mangok-Amiol, Achol, Wunkur, Makuac, Pan-Laj, and War-Rual.

Location
Turalei is in Warrap State. It is the gubernatorial headquarters of Twic County. Its location is in Turalei Payam in the north of South Sudan near the border with the Republic of the Sudan and the Abyei Area. This location lies about  by road, northwest of Juba, the capital and largest city in the country.

Overview
Turalei is the birthplace of several exceptionally tall basketball players, including NBA star Manute Bol, who was  and Ring Ayuel, who is . Bol's remains were buried in Turalei.

Due to its proximity to the border with the Sudan, Turalei suffered extensive destruction during the Second Sudanese Civil War of 1983 to 2005. Efforts are underway to assist in the rehabilitation of the settlement. Manute Bol was involved in some of those efforts. As a result, a hospital was built in the area.

In 2011, as hostilities flared up in neighbouring Abyei, Turalei has received an influx of refugees, who overwhelmed local resources. In June 2011, Turalei itself was attacked by militiamen believed to be affiliated with the Khartoum government. Several fatalities were recorded.

Population
The population of Turalei is not known but estimations are around one hundred thousand. Its population was gathered from the previous bomas which form Turalei payams. These bomas include Ayen-Amuol, Anyiel-Kuac, Nyiel-Abiel, Pandit-Amuol, Mangok-Amuol, Majak-Aher and Kac-Beek payams.

See also
 Abyei
 Aweil
 Gogrial
 Mayom County

References

External links
  Turalei is very near Abyei
 South Sudan's Administrative Divisions

Photos
 Photo of Turalei
 Satellite Map of Turalei
 Photos Taken In Turalei At Flickr.com

Populated places in Warrap (state)
Bahr el Ghazal


Willem de Vos may refer to:
Willem de Vos (academic)
Willem de Vos (painter)


Dean Brody is the debut studio album by Canadian country music singer Dean Brody. It was released on April 28, 2009 via Broken Bow Records under the production of Matt Rovey. The album includes the single "Brothers", his only country hit in the United States. Brody wrote or co-wrote nine of the album's eleven songs.

Critical reception

Chris Neal of Country Weekly magazine gave the album a three-and-a-half star rating out of five. He said that the album contained well-written lyrics with a strong sense of individuality. He also said that Brody "doesn't reinvent current Music Row formulas — he just does them a little smarter and sharper than some do."

Matt Bjorke of Roughstock called the album a "fantastic collection of traditionalist modern country music," that wasn't the hit it should have been. He noted that only one single, the hit "Brothers" was the only track to make it to the charts in the U.S. While Brody's debut album was clearly not a breakout in the United States, it fared better in the artist's homeland of Canada where three singles earned top 10 rankings. The three hit singles were, "Brothers," "Dirt Road Scholar" and "Undone."

The single "Brothers" won the Canadian Country Music Association "Song of the Year" for 2009. "Dirt Road Scholar" was 2009's most-played music video for a new artist in Canada.

Track listing

Personnel
 Eddie Bayers – drums
 Dean Brody – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 Jim "Moose" Brown – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ, Wurlitzer electric piano
 Melodie Crittenden – background vocals
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
 Paul Franklin – steel guitar
 Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar
 B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar
 Brent Mason – electric guitar
 Jeff Middleton – banjo
 James Mitchell – electric guitar
 Phillip Moore – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, slide guitar
 John Wesley Ryles – background vocals
 Scotty Sanders – Dobro
 Russell Terrell – background vocals
 Rhonda Vincent – background vocals
 Bruce Watkins – acoustic guitar, banjo
 Lonnie Wilson – drums
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar

Chart performance

Album

Singles

References

2009 debut albums
BBR Music Group albums
Dean Brody albums


Narbir Singh Yadav is a politician and a member of the Bhartiya Janata Party. He is an active social and political reformer. Currently, he is Vice-President, BJP, Haryana and was Cabinet Minister (2014–23), Government of Haryana for Department of Public Works (B&R), Haryana  and Department of Public Health Engineering (Water Supply and Sanitation), Haryana. He won as BJP candidate from Badshahpur constituency during the 2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election.

Early life
Mr. Singh was born in Rewari which was a city in South Punjab (now in Haryana) on 2 April 1961. Mr. Singh is a grandson of Mohar Singh Yadav who was an M.L.C. in Punjab state before partition of India and Pakistan in 1942. His father Mahavir Singh Yadav was also a former cabinet Minister in the State of Haryana.

Political career
He has successfully contested Legislative elections from Jatusana (Haryana) in 1987 and Sohna (Haryana) in 1996. He has previously held the portfolios of State Home Minister in 1987 and Transport, Food & Supply and Cooperation Minister in 1996 in the Government of Haryana. He became the youngest elected representative in the country to hold the office of State Home Ministry at age 26. He also had additional charge of Sports and Printing & Stationery ministry in 1996. He unsuccessfully contested Lok Sabha election from Gurgaon in 2009.

Career graph
1982 – Director, Central Cooperative Bank, Gurgaon
1983 – Sarpanch, Village Gairatpur Bass
1984 – Chairman, Market Committee, Sohna
1987 – MLA (Jatusana constituency)
1987 – State Home Minister, Government of Haryana youngest  minister at age of 25? which is record and holds till now
1996 – MLA (Sohna constituency)
1996 – Food & Civil Supplies, Transport and Cooperative Minister, Government of Haryana
2014 onward – Chairman, Rao Mohar Singh College of Education, Behrampur
2014 onward - Vice President, BJP Haryana.
2014 - Cabinet Minister, Government of Haryana for Department of Public Works (B&R), Haryana Official website and Department of Public Health Engineering (Water Supply and Sanitation), Haryana

References

Living people
People from Rewari
1961 births
State cabinet ministers of Haryana
Haryana MLAs 2014–2019
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana
Haryana Janhit Congress politicians
Haryana Vikas Party politicians
Lok Dal politicians


Drymaeus multilineatus, common name the lined treesnail, is a species of medium-sized air-breathing, tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Bulimulidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in Florida, USA and Yucatan, Mexico.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20090802144455/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/tree_snail03.htm

Drymaeus
Gastropods described in 1825


Willem M. de Vos (born 30 October 1954, in Apeldoorn) is a Dutch academic and microbiologist. He studied for his PhD at the University of Groningen. He is notable for winning the Spinozapremie in 2008. De Vos is currently serving as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland.

Since 2009 De Vos is member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References

External links
http://www.wewur.wur.nl/popups/vcard.aspx?id=VOS017&lang=uk
NWO/Spinoza Prize jury report for Prof. W.M. (Willem) de Vos

1954 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
Dutch microbiologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Apeldoorn
Spinoza Prize winners
University of Groningen alumni
Academic staff of Wageningen University and Research


PASW may refer to

 Plant available soil water, in water science
 Predictive Analytics SoftWare (PASW), another name for SPSS statistical analysis software
 Skwentna Airport, ICAO code PASW
 Puntland Agency For Social Welfare, social welfare agency of Puntland state, Somalia


Cenobio is an Italian language quarterly literary magazine based in Lugano, Canton Ticino, Switzerland. It is the largest literary magazine in the Italian speaking part of Switzerland.

History and profile
The magazine was founded by Pier Riccardo Frigeri in 1952. After his retirement in 2002, Manuel Rossello became the editor-in-chief until 2007, followed by Pietro Montorfani in 2008. Its current editor-in-chief is Pietro Montorfani.

Cenobio is published on a quarterly basis.

See also
List of magazines in Switzerland
List of literary magazines

References

External links
 Cenobio' home page

1952 establishments in Switzerland
Italian-language magazines
Magazines established in 1952
Mass media in Lugano
Literary magazines published in Switzerland
Quarterly magazines published in Switzerland