The 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo" () was an airborne division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. After the Armistice of Cassibile the division joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army's Italian Liberation Corps and together with the Polish II Corps liberated Ancona in the Battle of Ancona.

History

Formation
The division was activated on 1 November 1942 in Pisa. The division consisted initially of the 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo", 185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo", 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo", CLXXXIV Paratroopers Sappers Battalion, and minor units.

The 185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" was formed on 1 April 1941 in Tarquinia as 1st Paratroopers Regiment, making it the oldest paratroopers regiment of the Italian Army. On 1 September 1941 the 1st Paratroopers Regiment joined the Paratroopers Division, which was renamed 185th Infantry Division "Folgore" on 27 July 1942. On the same date the 1st Paratroopers Regiment was renamed 185th Infantry Regiment "Folgore". In August 1942 the Folgore division, with the 186th Infantry Regiment "Folgore", 187th Infantry Regiment "Folgore", 185th Artillery Regiment "Folgore", and VIII Paratroopers Sappers Battalion, was sent to Libya to fight in the Western Desert Campaign. The 185th Infantry Regiment "Folgore" remained in Italy to serve as basis for the formation of the 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo". On 15 September the regiment left the 185th Paratroopers Division "Folgore" changed and consisted of the III, X, and XI paratrooper battalions.

The 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" was raised on 24 August 1942 in Florence and consisted of the XII, XIII, and XIV paratrooper battalions, which had been trained at the Royal Air Force Paratroopers School in Tarquinia. The 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo" was raised on 15 September 1942 in Pisa and consisted of the I and II paratrooper artillery groups, which both had been trained in Tarquinia. The CLXXXIV Paratroopers Sappers Battalion was activated together with the division on 1 November 1942.

Meanwhile, the 185th Paratroopers Division "Folgore" fought in the Second Battle of El Alamein during which the division was annihilated by British XIII Corps. On 25 November 1942 the Folgore division was declared lost due to wartime events leaving the Nembo as the only Italian paratroopers division. On 11 January 1943 the army's General Staff ordered to transform the Nembo in a triangular division and therefore on 1 February 1943 the 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo" with the XV, XVI, and VIII/bis paratrooper battalions was raised by the Royal Air Force Paratroopers School in Viterbo. The VIII/bis Paratroopers Battalion was formed to replace the original VIII Paratroopers Battalion, which had been reorganized as VIII Paratroopers Sappers Battalion in May 1942 and been destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein. The 183rd Infantry Regiment joined the division on 12 April 1943 and was based in Livorno. To complete the division the 184th Artillery Regiment raised a third paratroopers artillery group and the CLXXXIV Paratroopers Sappers Battalion raised a third paratroopers sappers company.

On 30 May 1943 the 183rd Infantry Regiment, 184th Infantry Regiment, and 184th Artillery Regiment received their flags in a ceremony in Florence and the division's troops swore their oath to the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III. In May 1943 the 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo" transferred the VIII/bis Paratroopers Battalion to the 185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" and received the X/bis Paratroopers Battalion in return. The 185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" then left the division and became an autonomous unit.

Sardinia

In early June 1943 the bulk of the division was transferred to Sardinia, while the 185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" and the III Paratroopers Artillery Group were detached. In Sardinia the division was assigned to XIII Army Corps, which was responsible for the defense of the southern half of the island. The division was divided into tactical groups, which were dispersed in the island's south-western region of Campidano, while one battalion was sent to the north-western region of Nurra. The tactical groups of the Nembo, together with units of the German 90th Panzergrenadier Division, were intended to act as rapid reinforcements for the coastal units garrisoning the beaches where allied forces were expected to land.

The tactical groupings and groups were named after their commanders and based at the following locations:
 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo", in Villanovaforru
 Grouping "Quaroni", in Assemini
 Command Company/ 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo"
 Tactical Group "Gigersa" (XVI Paratroopers Battalion (reinforced)/ 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo")
 Tactical Group "Lusena" (XV Paratroopers Battalion (reinforced)/ 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo")
 Tactical Group "Conte" (CLXXXIV Paratroopers Sappers Battalion (reinforced))
 Grouping "Renzoni", in Serramanna
 Command Company/ 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo"
 Tactical Group "Rizzati" (XII Paratroopers Battalion (reinforced)/ 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo")
 Tactical Group "Corrias" (XIV Paratroopers Battalion (reinforced)/ 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo")
 Grouping "Invrea", in Marrubiu
 Tactical Group "Del Vita" (XIII Paratroopers Battalion (reinforced)/ 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo")
 Tactical Group "Cadeddu" (attached: Squadrona Group "Cavalleggeri di Sardegna")
 Tactical Group "Valletti" (X/bis Paratroopers Battalion (reinforced)/ 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo") in Fertilia
 Maneuver Grouping "Tantillo" in Sanluri (attached M14/41 tank unit from the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment)

Armistice of Cassibile
The announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 and the total lack of communication, orders or news from Rome led to a split in the division: The XII Paratroopers Battalion of the 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" decided to side with the Germans. Together with individual soldiers the battalion began to retreat with the German 90th Panzergrenadier Division towards Corsica. The division's Chief of Staff Lieutenant Colonel Alberto Bechi Luserna followed the mutinous troops to try to convince them to return to their positions and respect the chain of command. On 9 September near Borore he caught up with them and was killed together with one of the accompanying Carabinieri officers. The mutineers then dumped his body into the sea when they crossed the Strait of Bonifacio to Corsica. For his courage Alberto Bechi Luserna was awarded Italy highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour.

Following these events the Armed Forces Command Sardinia ordered XIII Army Corps to keep the division under strict surveillance and away from combat operations. Meanwhile, the division's commander disbanded the X/bis Paratroopers Battalion of the 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo" and the 284th Paratrooper Cyclists Company, which both were deemed unreliable.

Italian Co-belligerent Army

In January 1944 the 184th Artillery Regiment returned to Italy, where its two groups were equipped with more powerful 75/27 field guns respectively 100/22 howitzers. The regiment also raised a third group equipped with British QF 6-pounder anti-tank guns. In May the rest of the division was transferred to mainland Italy and joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army's Italian Liberation Corps. On 22 May 1944 the 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" entered combat followed by the rest of the division on 31 May. For the Battle of Ancona in July 1944 the Italian Liberation Corps was assigned to the Polish II Corps. In this battle the Nembo distinguished itself in the liberation of Filottrano, earning the 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo" a Bronze Medal of Military Valor and the 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo" a War Cross of Military Valor.

On 24 September 1944 the division and most of its units were disbanded and the personnel used to form the Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" and various support units for the newly activated Combat Group "Folgore", which was equipped with British materiel and uniforms. The 184th Artillery Regiment was re-equipped with British guns and assigned to the Combat Group "Folgore".

In March 1945 the combat group fought at Tossignano and on 19 April 1945 the II Battalion of the Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" fought a heavy battle against the Fallschirmjäger of the German 1. Fallschirmjäger-Division at Case Grizzano. The paratroopers of the Nembo expelled the Germans from their positions at Case Grizzano and then defeated five German counterattacks, which opened the way for the allied armies to liberate Bologna. During the battle the commander of the battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Giuseppe Izzo, was gravely injured and when he was transported to the rear he was immediately awarded the American Distinguished Service Cross, making him the only Italian recipient of the award in all of World War II. Shortly afterwards Lieutenant Colonel Giuseppe Izzo was also awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour.

Post War
On 15 October 1945 the Combat Group "Folgore" was renamed Infantry Division "Folgore", which included among other units the Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" and 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo". On 1 December 1948 the Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" was renamed 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo" and remained one of the Folgore division's infantry units until the 1975 army reform, when it was reduced to 183rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion Nembo and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia". On 1 July 1953 the personnel and equipment of the 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo" were used to reform the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment.

Organization
 184th Infantry Division "Nembo"
 Command Company
 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo"
 Command Company
 X/bis Paratroopers Battalion
 XV Paratroopers Battalion
 XVI Paratroopers Battalion
 183rd Cannons Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo"
 Command Company
 XII Paratroopers Battalion
 XIII Paratroopers Battalion
 XIV Paratroopers Battalion
 184th Cannons Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
 185th Infantry Regiment "Nembo"
 Command Company
 III Paratroopers Battalion
 VIII Paratroopers Battalion
 XI Paratroopers Battalion
 185th Cannons Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo"
 Command Battery
 I Paratroopers Artillery Group (47/32 anti-tank guns)
 II Paratroopers Artillery Group (47/32 anti-tank guns)
 III Paratroopers Artillery Group (47/32 anti-tank guns)
 2x Paratroopers Anti-aircraft batteries (20/65 Mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
 CLXXXIV Paratroopers Sappers Battalion
 184th Paratroopers Motorcyclists Company
 284th Paratroopers Cyclists Company
 184th Paratroopers Mortar Company (81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
 184th Paratroopers Telegraph and Radio Operators Company
 184th Paratroopers Engineer Company
 184th Transport Unit
 324th Carabinieri Section
 184th Medical Section
 184th Supply Section
 146th Field Post Office

Attached to the division in Sardinia:
 Squadrons Group "Cavalleggeri di Sardegna" (L6/40 tanks)

Commanding officers
The division's commanding officer was:
 Generale di Brigata Ercole Ronco (1 November 1942 - September 1943)
 Generale di Brigata Giorgio Morigi (1943 - 1944)

See also
 Paracadutisti
 Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" present day Italian Army airborne brigade

References

Airborne divisions of Italy
Divisions of Italy in World War II


Denis Nikolayevich Matiola (; born 25 October 1978) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1999 for FC Rotor Volgograd and played one game for them in the UEFA Cup 1997–98.

References

1978 births
Living people
People from Kandalaksha
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Orenburg players
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
FC Sever Murmansk players
Sportspeople from Murmansk Oblast


Tom Hughes (born 1943) is an American politician and former educator. He was the president of Metro, a regional government in the Portland metropolitan area, from 2011-2019, and was the mayor of his home town of Hillsboro from 2001-2009. He also on the city's planning commission and city council. During his time a mayor, the city built the Hillsboro Civic Center as the new city hall, with the exterior plaza then named in his honor after he left office.

Hughes was a public school teacher for 30 years and taught in Aloha. He also briefly worked as a consultant for a law firm.

Early life
Tom Hughes was born in Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon, in 1943. He is the older brother of John Hughes, an educator in the Pacific Northwest.  After spending some time in Eastern Oregon at a logging camp where his father was the bookkeeper, the family moved back to Hillsboro in 1952. He was raised in that city and attended Hillsboro High School, where he graduated in 1961. In 1965, he graduated from the University of Oregon in Eugene with a bachelor of science degree in history. He originally planned to become a chemistry teacher, but switched to history. Two years later he earned a master of arts degree in history from the University of Arizona in Tucson.

After college, he spent some time in San Francisco, California, where he sold roofing material before returning to Oregon. Back in Oregon, he began teaching first as a substitute teacher, and later as a full-time teacher in the Beaverton School District. He also received a teaching certificate from Portland State University. Hughes was married about 1969 to Gayle, and they had two daughters named Kristen and Karen.

Hughes taught at Aloha High School beginning in 1973 and taught a variety of social studies subjects. As a teacher he taught government and helped organize the Model Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention beginning in 1972. In 2003, Hughes retired from teaching at Aloha High School. Hughes is also a member of the Rotary Club and the local Chamber of Commerce.

Political career
Hughes was elected to his first political office in 1976, winning a spot on the Hillsboro City Council, where he remained until 1980. After leaving the city council he worked as a lobbyist for the League of Oregon Cities from 1980 to 1982. In 1982, he ran for a seat in the Oregon Legislative Assembly and lost. Hughes then took a position on Hillsboro’s Planning and Zoning Hearings Board in 1985 and in May 1989 was appointed to the Hillsboro Planning Commission, where he remained until 2000. During this time he also served on the budget committee for Hillsboro High School (1986–1987) and was on a county committee that examined the county’s charter (1982–1984).

Mayor
In 2000, Hughes launched a campaign to become mayor of the city. He ran against John Godsey on a platform of slower growth, including opposing the addition of the South Hillsboro urban reserve to be within the urban growth boundary. Hughes also proposed televising the city council meetings during the campaign. During the campaign, Hughes raised about $8,800 compared to Godsey’s approximately $6,000. Major donors to Hughes' campaign included the firefighters' union, a teacher political action committee, and the Oregon League of Conservation Voters. In the November general election Hughes defeated Godsey to win a four-year term as mayor, winning 61% of the vote.

Hughes took office on January 2, 2001, with priorities to increase the size of the Hillsboro Police Department and improve transportation. The next year he called for more land for the city to accommodate growth and in hopes of adding a university to the area during his State of the City address. Later that year he and other county leaders expressed dismay at Metro, the regional government, concerning the purchase of open spaces in the county using bond money approved by regional voters. Hughes complained that the county and city were not receiving as much land as they should based on the tax amounts. On May 29, 2003, he suffered a mild heart attack and had minor heart surgery at Providence St. Vincent Medical Center to undergo angioplasty and install a stent.

At the time, Providence Health System was looking to build a hospital in the city, and Hughes opposed the building of a new hospital that would compete with the only hospital in the city. Hughes would have been taken to that hospital, Tuality Community Hospital, but the emergency room was full. After three days in the hospital, Hughes was released and a week later took part in the demolition of a building. He operated a track hoe to tear down part of the building as part of a groundbreaking ceremony for the new Hillsboro Civic Center that would serve as the new city hall. During his first term as mayor, he also was the chairman of the Metro Policy Advisory Committee and worked to alleviate tensions over noise at the Hillsboro Airport.

Second term
In 2004, he ran for re-election against Bob Imbrie, grandson of the homesteader who established Imbrie Farm. Hughes won re-election to a second four-year term with 72% of the vote. During his second term he traveled to Mexico for a conference held by the Mexican government where he also hoped to find a city to partner with as sister cities. The city also worked to revise the city’s charter, but kept the two-term limit and basic role of the mayor the same. Hughes earned a Certificate of Achievement in Leadership from the National League of Cities in 2007 and served as president of the League of Oregon Cities.

He also was the co-chair of the Fairgrounds Revitalization Task Force that proposed changes to the Washington County Fairgrounds in Hillsboro, made city service available on the Internet, and began the broadcasting of city council meetings. In 2008, he shared an award from the League of Oregon Cities with Beaverton Mayor Rob Drake for his work in government. During his time in office the city built the Civic Center, opened the new main branch of the Hillsboro Public Library, and created the Glenn & Viola Walters Cultural Arts Center, while working to attract the Pacific University Health Professions Campus and a Genentech facility, and working to re-open the Venetian Theatre.  He also fought Metro on the urban growth boundary, while residents near Turner Creek Park complained about recurring sewer overflows. On January 6, 2009, Hughes left the $3,000-per-year position and Jerry Willey was sworn in as the new mayor. In April 2009, the city renamed the plaza at city hall as the Tom Hughes Civic Center Plaza, and in May the Hillsboro Chamber of Commerce named him their distinguished citizen for 2009.

Metro
After leaving office, he took a position with Tonkon Torp LLP, in the law firm’s public affairs office as a senior policy adviser. Hughes announced in December 2009 that he would run for the office of president of the Metro Council in the 2010 election. He finished first in a three-way race in the primary, garnering 37 percent of the vote after endorsements by most of the area's newspapers and chambers of commerce. Hughes faced Bob Stacey in the November 2010 general election and won by approximately 1,000 votes out of 400,000 votes cast. Hughes was sworn into office on January 4, 2011.

References

External links

Fairgrounds Revitalization

Mayors of Hillsboro, Oregon
Educators from Oregon
1943 births
Living people
University of Oregon alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Hillsboro High School (Oregon) alumni
Hillsboro City Council members (Oregon)
Metro councilors (Oregon regional government)
People from Aloha, Oregon


As distinct from abuse by some parish priests, who are subject to diocesan control, there has also been abuse by members of Roman Catholic orders, which often care for the sick or teach at school. Just as diocesan clergy have arranged parish transfers of abusive priests, abusive brothers in Catholic orders are sometimes transferred.

In response the Roman Catholic Church published its "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders" in 2005. However this did not address the significant problem of heterosexual abuse by members of Roman Catholic orders.

Canon law
Catholic Canon law had for centuries laid down the demanding professional requirements and duties of its members, and these were summarised in the Papal encyclical "Religiosorum institutio" of 1961. Paragraph 29 emphasised that – "Among the proofs and signs of a divine vocation the virtue of chastity is regarded as absolutely necessary".

Australia

Congregation of Christian Brothers

In Australia, there were allegations that during the 1970s sexual abuses took place at the junior campus of St Patricks College and St Alipius Primary School (now closed) in Ballarat, Victoria. After investigation, Brothers Robert Best, Edward Dowlan and Stephen Francis Farrell were all convicted of sex crimes. Dowlan and Best were later transferred to the senior campus, and continued to offend.

Marist Brothers

In February 2008, a teacher at Marist College Canberra, Brother John William Chute (also known as Brother Kostka), pleaded guilty in the ACT Magistrates Court to eleven charges of indecently assaulting students of the college during the 1980s. Damages for sexual abuse have also been sought by former students at Marist College Canberra.

Marist Regional College was the scene of sex offences against minors during the 1960s and 1970s. In 2007 and 2008, convictions were recorded against two former priests.

Pallottines

The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse reported by weighted average that 13.7% of the Pallottine order's priests were the subject of allegations of child abuse between 1950 and 2010.

Salesian order

In Australia, there are allegations that the Salesians moved a priest convicted of abuse in Melbourne to Samoa to avoid further police investigation and charges.

In August 2008, the Salesian head in Australia, Fr Frank Moloney SDB, apologised to victims of a former priest Paul Evans convicted of a series of offences. Evans was a Salesian priest when the offences occurred at Boys' Town in Sydney in the 1980s. He was legally and canonically removed from the Order in 1991.

Belgium

Congregation of the Fratres Van Dale

On 14 November 2005, former religious brothers Luc D. and Roger H. of the Congregation of the Fratres Van Dale were sentenced by a Belgian court to imprisonment for sexual abuse of mentally handicapped persons.

Canada

Congregation of Christian Brothers

The Congregation of Christian Brothers has been tainted by various scandals that occurred in the 20th century, especially at the Mount Cashel Orphanage in Newfoundland and in state-sponsored institutions that they ran in Ireland.

Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
Members of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate have been involved in several sex scandals in Canada, in large part due to their participation in the Residential School System. The Oblates of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Northwestern Ontario faced over 2000 lawsuits and tens of millions of dollars in damages because of sex abuse claims. As of 2018, the Oblates of Quebec were ready to settle out of court a class-action lawsuit by 72 people who say they were assaulted by 17 Oblates who worked in Quebec's Abitibi, Mauricie and North Shore regions. As well, priests of the order have been the subject of multiple allegations and lawsuits stemming from alleged abuse at St. Anne's Indian Residential School in James Bay.

Chile

Society of Jesus

The Jesuits have also been affected by abuse affairs in several of their schools and congregations in the United States and Germany.  The same abusive teacher in Germany had been guilty of similar crimes in Jesuit schools in Chile and Spain.

Germany

Society of Jesus

The Jesuits have also been affected by abuse affairs in several of their schools and congregations in the United States and Germany.

Ireland

From the 1930s up until the early 1990s, approximately 35,000 Irish children and teenagers who were orphans, petty thieves, truants, unmarried mothers or from dysfunctional families were sent to a network of 250 Church-run industrial schools, reformatories, orphanages and hostels.

In the 1990s, a series of television programs publicized allegations of systemic abuse in Ireland's Roman Catholic-run childcare system, primarily in the Reformatory and Industrial Schools.  The abuse occurred primarily between the 1930s and 1970s.  These documentaries included "Dear Daughter", "Washing Away the Stain" and "Witness: Sex in a Cold Climate and Sinners". These programs interviewed adult victims of abuse who provided "testimony of their experiences, they documented Church and State collusion in the operation of these institutions, and they underscored the climate of secrecy and denial that permeated the church response when faced with controversial accusations."  The topic was also covered by American broadcast media.  Programs such as CBS's 60 Minutes and ABC's 20/20 produced segments on the subject for an Irish-American audience.

A documentary film series titled States of Fear which detailed abuse suffered by Irish children between the 1930s and 1970s in the state childcare system, primarily in the Reformatory and Industrial Schools, was released in 1999.

Report of the Irish Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse

A lengthy report detailing cases of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of thousands of children over 70 years was published on 20 May 2009.  The report drew on the testimony of nearly 2,000 witnesses, men and women who attended more than 200 Roman Catholic-run schools from the 1930s until the 1990s.

Under a 2002 agreement between the Conference of Religious of Ireland, representing the Orders, and Irish government minister Michael Woods on the other side, all those who accepted the state/Brothers settlements had to waive their right to sue both the church and the government. Their abusers' identities were also to be kept secret.

Ireland's national police force announced that they would study the report to see if it provided any new evidence for prosecuting clerics for assault, rape or other criminal offenses. The report, however, did not identify any abusers by name because of a right-to-privacy lawsuit by the Christian Brothers order.

Shamed by the extent, length, and cruelty of child abuse, Ireland's Prime Minister Brian Cowen apologized to victims for the government's failure to intervene in endemic sexual abuse and severe beatings in schools for much of the 20th century. He also promised to reform Ireland's social services for children in line with the recommendations of the commission to Inquire into Child Abuse report. Further motions to start criminal investigation against members of Roman Catholic religious orders in Ireland were made by Irish President Mary McAleese and Prime Minister Cowen.

The highest-ranked official of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, Dublin Archbishop Diarmuid Martin slammed Irish Roman Catholic orders for concealing their culpability in decades of child abuse, and said they needed to come up with much more money to compensate victims.

At the conclusion of its summer meeting, the Irish Roman Catholic Bishops' Conference said that the abuse of children in institutions run by Roman Catholic priests and nuns was part of a culture that was prevalent in the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland.  The bishops spent a major portion of their 8–10 June meeting discussing a report from the commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, published 20 May under chairman Sean Ryan. The commission found that church institutions failed to prevent an extensive level of sexual, physical and emotional abuse and neglect.

Following a meeting with the Irish government on 4 June 2009, the 18 Irish religious orders implicated in the abuse have agreed to increase their contribution to the compensation fund for victims.  The orders also agreed to an independent audit of their assets, so that their ability to pay further compensation can be determined.  In a joint statement following the meeting, the orders said they were willing "to make financial and other contributions toward a broad range of measures, designed to alleviate the hurt caused to people who were abused in their care."

In Northern Ireland the similarly tasked Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry published the "Hart report", supervised by Sir Anthony Hart, a retired Judge, on abuse in state- and church-run institutions in 2017.

Brothers of Charity

An eight-year (1999–2007) enquiry and report by Dr Elizabeth Healy and Dr Kevin McCoy into the Brothers of Charity Order's "Holy Family School" in Galway, Ireland, and two other locations, was made public in December 2007. It found that 11 Brothers and 7 staff members had sexually abused 21 intellectually disabled children.

Congregation of Christian Brothers

In Ireland, during the latter part of the 20th century, Christian brothers schools were noted for brutal and frequent use of corporal punishment.

Sexual abuse was rife. Artane Industrial school's staff hosted a number of Brothers who had repeatedly been warned for "embracing and fondling" boys. Others accused of rape, beat or bribed their victims into silence. Accused Brothers were invariably excused, lightly admonished or, typically, moved to other institutions where they were free to continue abusing children for decades.

Marist Brothers
In Sligo, County Sligo, St. John's School had five teachers who have faced abused charges, of which three were Marist Brothers. In January 2008 "Brother Gregory" (real name Martin Meaney) admitted to abusing a boy 20 or 30 times in a four-month period in 1972, apologized unreservedly and was sentenced on five sample charges to two years imprisonment. He described the boy as "a weak little lad", and told police he had "picked on children who were not getting love at home". Meaney had previously served 12 years of an original 18-year jail sentence imposed in November 1992 where he admitted eight sample charges of buggery, rape and indecent assault on other boys, out of 109 charges. These charges arose when he was teaching at Castlerea, County Roscommon.

Norbertine Order
The Norbertine Order (or White Canons) neglected to inform the police about the abuse by Brendan Smyth from the 1950s. He was eventually charged in 1994.

Premonstratensians

Salvatorian Order
On 19 December 2007 a Patrick McDonagh of the Salvatorian Order admitted eight counts of sexual and indecent assault on four girls (aged 6 to 10) in the period 1965–1990 in Ireland. He was sentenced to four years in prison, with the last 30 months suspended. He gave the police the names of three girls, but also admitted to assaulting six other victims whom he has refused to identify. The judge described this as "remorse" and suspended most of the sentence for his guilty plea. Aged 78 in 2007, he had joined the Salvatorians in 1955 and retired in 2004.

Sisters of Mercy

The Ryan Report described the Sisters of Mercy order's tolerating physical and sexual abuse of girls in its care in Ireland. Not only that, Mercy Sisters were accused in the report of physically, verbally and emotionally, and perhaps even sexually abusing, or allowing lay personnel to sexually abuse children under the care of the order.

Dominican Order
Vincent Mercer was convicted in 2003 and 2005 of offences at Newbridge College, County Kildare, in the 1970s.

St. Patrick's Missionary Society / Kiltegan Fathers
In May 2011, allegations of sexual abuse by a member of the St. Patrick's Missionary Society in Africa were revealed on the RTÉ programme Prime Time Investigates. Alan Shatter, the Irish Minister for Justice, stated that

Jeremiah McGrath of the St Patrick's Missionary Society was convicted in Liverpool, England, in May 2007 for facilitating abuse by Billy Adams. McGrath had given Adams £20,000 in 2005 and Adams had used the money to impress a 12-year-old girl whom he then raped over a six-month period. McGrath denied knowing about the abuse but admitted having a brief sexual relationship with Adams. His appeal in January 2008 was dismissed.

In 2003 the society paid €325,000 for abuse committed by Fr. Peter Kennedy of the Kiltegan Fathers in 1982.

Sisters of Nazareth
The international Sisters of Nazareth, formerly the "Poor Sisters of Nazareth", ran "Nazareth Houses" based in Derry, Northern Ireland, and at nearby Fahan in County Donegal. They were investigated by the Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry in 2014 for allegations that "included sexual abuse by older children, visiting priests, employees and, in one instance, a nun."

Mexico

Fr Marcial Maciel

Fr. Marcial Maciel (1920–2008) founded the Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic order of priests originating in Mexico. Nine former seminarians of his order accused Maciel of molestation. One retracted his accusation, saying that it was a plot intended to discredit the Legion. Maciel maintained his innocence of the accusations. In early December 2004, a few months before Pope John Paul II's death, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (who would replace him as Pope, becoming Benedict XVI) reopened a Vatican investigation into longstanding allegations against Maciel.
On 19 May 2006, the Vatican Press Office, in a follow-up to the investigation, released a statement censuring Maciel but excusing him from a canonical trial because of his advanced age.

In early 2009, the order admitted that he had fathered a child. In 2010, after investigation, the Vatican released a report saying that Marcial committed "true crimes and manifest a life without scruples or authentic religious sentiment," the Vatican said.

Legion(aries) of Christ/Regnum Christi/Regnum Christi Federation
The damage is not limited to the Founder, Fr. Marcial Maciel. The order founded by him in Mexico in 1941 -currently in the process of changing its name again- has also been plagued by sexual abuse allegations. In May 2012, BBC News reported that the Legion had referred seven cases of sexual abuse by its members to the Vatican CDF department. In 2013 the Legionaries reluctantly and belatedly confirmed that former Novice Instructor in Ireland and the US, Fr. William (Guillermo) Izquierdo, a Spanish-born priest personally recruited by Maciel, had abused a minor seminarian under his pastoral care. https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2013/legionaries-confirm-abuse-allegation-against-retired-priest.cfm  Recently, Mexican TV personality Analu Salazar accused another Legionary priest, Fr. Fernando Martínez, of sexually abusing her as an eight-year-old at the Instituto Cumbres elementary school in Cancun in 1991–2. https://somefind.com/mexico/christs-legionaries-are-investigating-the-priest-accused-of-abuse-in-cancun/ Although it is believed that Martínez had been credibly accused previously and transferred by his superiors, a Legion press release included in the above article promised to investigate the allegation, as if it were hearing about it for the first time. Legion watchdog web page, ReGAIN, has reported other cases which have received scant coverage and action by Legion and Vatican authorities. https://regainnetwork.org/?s=Sexual+Abuse

Netherlands

Salesian Order

In February 2010 the Salesians were accused of sexual abuse in their juvenile Don Rua in 's-Heerenberg. Salesian bishop of Rotterdam van Luyn pleaded for a thorough investigation.

Poland
In 2013, Poland became another European country to discuss sexual abuse in Church. A book "Do feel afraid. The victims of pedophilia in the Polish Church tell their stories" by Ekke Overbeek and the author accused the episcopate of having no empathy towards the victims. The episcopate has criticised the book and stated that it does not address the issue and the Catholic Church authorities have stated that they will not pay compensation to the victims of sex abuse in the Church.

Spain

Society of Jesus

The Jesuits have also been affected by abuse affairs in several of their schools and congregations in the United States and Germany.  The same abusive teacher in Germany had been guilty of similar crimes in Jesuit schools in Chile and Spain.

United Kingdom

Benedictine schools

In 2007, two former monks from Buckfast Abbey were sentenced for sexually abusing boys.

In 2004, former priest John Kinsey of Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire, was sentenced at Worcester Crown Court to 5 years imprisonment for sexual assaults on schoolboys in the mid-1980s.

Kiltegan Fathers
Jeremiah McGrath of the Kiltegan Fathers was convicted in Liverpool in May 2007 for facilitating abuse by Billy Adams. McGrath had given Adams £20,000 in 2005 and Adams had used the money to impress a 12-year-old girl who he then raped over a six-month period. McGrath denied knowing about the abuse but admitted having a brief sexual relationship with Adams. His appeal in January 2008 was dismissed.

William Manahan, the Father Prior of a Buckfast Abbey Preparatory School was convicted of molesting boys in his school during the 1970s.

Marist Brothers
In June 2017, the Marist Brothers admitted to systemic failures to protect pupils from sexual abuse at the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. An extensive history of abuse has emerged from two Marist schools in the Diocese of Galloway, St. Joseph's College, Dumfries and St. Columba's College, Largs.

United States

Brothers of the Sacred Heart
In July 2007 in the United States a lawsuit was filed against the Brothers of the Sacred Heart which alleged that they moved around a Brother who was accused of sexual misconduct with an adolescent.

Congregation of Christian Brothers

According to the Chicago-Sun Times, in 1998, Brother Robert Brouillette was arrested in Joliet, Illinois, for indecent solicitation of a child. In 2002, a civil lawsuit was filed in Cook County, Illinois, against Brother Brouillette for sexual assault against a 21-year-old man. Brother Brouliette served as faculty at Brother Rice, in Birmingham, Michigan, at St. Laurence High School in Burbank, Illinois, and possibly other institutions
.
Brother Robert Brouillette was also known as Robert Sullivan according to court docket 1-07-0633 from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois.

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
Reverend Joseph Bukoski is a Roman Catholic priest of the Hawaiian Province of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.  He served in the church for many years, but was removed from his post in 2003 following allegations of sexual abuse, for which he has since apologised.

Oblates of St. Francis de Sales

Passionist order

In 2003, a Passionist priest in Chicago, John Ormechea, faced his sixth accusation for allegedly abusing young boys. As in other cases, it was alleged that the local diocese knew of similar allegations, but did nothing.

Salesian order

When priests within the Salesians of Don Bosco order based in San Francisco were accused of sex abuse, the leaders chose to keep quiet. In the United States, Salesian High in Richmond, California, lost a sexual abuse case, while in Australia there are allegations that the Salesians moved a priest convicted of abuse in Melbourne to Samoa to avoid further police investigation and charges.

Society of Jesus

The Jesuits have also been affected by abuse affairs in several of their schools and congregations in the United States and Germany.

See also
Abuse
Catholic Child Abuse Commission Report 2009
Catholic sex abuse cases
Child abuse
Child sexual abuse
Holy Orders (Catholic Church)
Institutional abuse
Religious abuse
Sexual abuse
Sexual misconduct
Spiritual abuse

References

cs:Sexuální skandály katolických duchovních
de:Sexueller Missbrauch in der römisch-katholischen Kirche
es:Casos de pederastia por miembros de la Iglesia católica
fr:Abus sexuels sur mineurs dans l'Église catholique
it:Pedofilia e Chiesa cattolica
ms:Paderi dan seks
ja:カトリック教会の性的虐待事件
pl:Skandale seksualne w Kościele katolickim
pt:Abuso sexual de menores por membros da Igreja Católica
ru:Скандал о сексуальных домогательствах в католической церкви
fi:Seksuaalisen hyväksikäytön tapaukset katolisessa kirkossa
sv:Sexuella övergrepp i Romersk-katolska kyrkan


Joseph Robert Robinson (born 25 May 1991), is an Australian guitar player and vocalist. A largely self-taught musician from Temagog, NSW, he is best known for his virtuoso guitar abilities and for winning the 2008 season of Australia's Got Talent.

Biography
Robinson was born in Temagog, New South Wales, Australia. He started playing piano at the age of six, only because he was told his fingers were too small to play the guitar. Aged ten, he quit piano and began to play the guitar. He outgrew his guitar teacher in less than 12 months, and started to teach himself from the internet.

When he was eleven years old, Joe began touring with different Australian artists, including Tommy Emmanuel, who became his mentor.

When Robinson was 13, he won the Australian National Songwriting Competition.

In 2006 he recorded his debut album, titled Birdseed, produced by Parris Macleod at Cloud Studios in Wyong, New South Wales.

At the age of seventeen, Robinson won the Australia's Got Talent grand finale on 1 July 2008, performing a fingerstyle cover of "Classical Gas."

In August 2008, Joe travelled to Nashville, Tennessee, and recorded his second album "Time Jumpin" with producer Frank Rogers. "Time Jumpin'" was released in 2009.

On 19 July 2009, Robinson was awarded the 2009 Senior Grand Champion Performer of the World at the World Championships of Performing Arts in Los Angeles and also won the instrumental category among seniors in the same competition, as well as the male instrumental categories Contemporary, Jazz, Open and Original Works in the class of 16- to 24-year-old contestants.

In September 2009, he formed the Joe Robinson Electric Project with Sam Marks on drums and Chris Haigh on bass, embarking on an Australian national tour. Joe was the opening act for Australian music icon John Farnham in a series of six consecutive shows at the Burswood Theatre in Perth in October 2009 as part of Farnham's comeback tour.

After moving to Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 18  he was invited to perform at the prestigious Bonnaroo Music Festival in June 2010.

Robinson was named "Best New Talent" in Guitar Player magazine 2010 Reader's Poll. Lenny Breau and Tommy Emmanuel have inspired him to develop his own harmonic technique.

In September 2010, he performed at Live on the Green in Nashville, TN, alongside "The Wailers." Then in November, Robinson began "The Houdini tour" in Europe, traveling through Germany, Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Serbia and Italy. From the beginning, Robinson’s concept of this tour was to "escape the expectations" of him as a performer. He added vocal selections and brought along two musicians from the United States, bassist Bernard Harris and drummer Marcus Hill. After the month-long acclaimed European performances, Robinson continued on to Japan for a stint of highly anticipated solo appearances in Tokyo and Osaka through mid-December. His first time in Japan proved to be widely lauded and well received for the 19-year-old musician. From those shows he landed a recording contract with P-Vine Records. Returning to his Australian homeland for the holidays, Robinson resumed his tour on 5 January in Eumundi and ended it on 29 January in Melbourne.

He spent much of 2011 in the studio recording his third album featuring vocal bass material and a rhythm section Keith Carlock and Michael Rhodes bass. The first single, "Out Alive," was released in Australia on 2 December 2011 with the full CD "Let Me Introduce You" released through Australian label ABC on 20 January 2012. Robinson toured Australia to promote the release, including a five performances at the Woodford Folk Festival in late December 2011.

In 2012, Robinson released the "Toe Jam" EP on which he wrote, produced and played most of the instruments. Upon completion of the EP, Joe and his two musicians, Sam Marks (drums) and Marcelo Bakos (bass guitar) toured the US, headlining shows in New York, Chicago, DC, and Boston. While in Boston, Joe gave a seminar at the prestigious Berklee College of Music.

He returned to Australia in late 2012 for a series of headline dates and festivals, which included the Festival of the Sun in Port Maquarie, NSW. Robinson released his new EP through the independent distributor MGM to coincide with the tour.

Robinson spent the majority of 2013 touring North America. Headlining clubs all over the North East, as well as stints in Texas and the West Coast. After a short headlining run in China and Japan, he spent most of the summer playing festivals, including Canada 's Ottawa Bluesfest (alongside The Black Keys and Dixie Chicks), Nashville's Live on the Green with Robert Randolph and Fender's celebration event leading up to the Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden.

In 2014, he released the "Gemini Vol.1" EP,. Although a strong vocal performance carries the EP, it is his driving guitar - a mix of blues, rock, jazz, and R&B all his own - that ties it to his previous releases. Robinson played almost every instrument on the self-produced EP, lending a level of intimacy to the album.

Following up "Gemini Vol.2" was released 31 October 2015. Joe played all the instruments, produced and mixed the 4 song EP.

Touring extensively with his solo show in 2016, Robinson also collaborated with 'Guitar Army', a trio of triple threat guitar players, writers and singers; Robinson, Robben Ford and Lee Roy Parnell.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles and EPs

Appearances

Compilations

Credits

See also
Kempsey, New South Wales
St Paul's College, Kempsey
Australia's Got Talent
Chet Atkins
Jerry Reed
Tommy Emmanuel

References

External links
Official Website
YouTube
Instagram

1991 births
Australia's Got Talent winners
Fingerstyle guitarists
Musicians from Sydney
Living people
Australian guitarists
21st-century guitarists
People from Kempsey, New South Wales


Mackerras is a Scottish surname consisting of Mac "son of" and Kerras (=Fergus), i.e. Ferguson.

Notable people with the surname include:

 Charles Mackerras AC, CH, CBE (1925–2010), Australian conductor
 Colin Mackerras AO (born 1939), Australian sinologist
 Ian Murray Mackerras (1898–1980), Australian zoologist
 Mabel Josephine Mackerras (1896–1971), Australian zoologist
 Malcolm Mackerras AO (born 1939), Australian psephologist, commentator and lecturer on Australian and American politics
 Neil Mackerras (1930–1987), Australian barrister and social campaigner

See also
 36226 Mackerras (1999 UQ4), main-belt asteroid
 Ferguson

References


Rafael Eduardo Medina (born February 15, 1975) is a Panamanian former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1998 to 1999. He also has played for the Panama national baseball team.

Career
Medina was originally signed by the New York Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1992. He began his professional career the following year with the Yankees' rookie team, then spent 1994 with the Oneonta Yankees, where he had a win–loss record of 3-7 and a 4.66 earned run average (ERA) in 14 games. He split 1995 with the Greensboro Bats and Tampa Yankees. With Tampa, he had a 2.37 ERA in six games. Medina was promoted to the Norwich Navigators, and had a 5-8 record, a 3.06 ERA, and 112 strikeouts in 19 games. After the 1996 season ended, he was traded to the San Diego Padres with Rubén Rivera for Hideki Irabu and Homer Bush.

Medina spent 1997 with the Las Vegas Stars, the Padres' AAA affiliate. He had a 7.56 ERA in 13 games, and scouts no longer considered him a top prospect like they had a season prior due to the poor stats and a lack of confidence. After a season with the Padres, they traded him to the Florida Marlins with Steve Hoff and Derrek Lee for Kevin Brown. With the Marlins, he made the opening day roster, and pitched in 12 games for the team in 1998, going 2-6 with a 6.01 ERA. The Marlins then tried using Medina as a relief pitcher, and he split 1999 with Florida and the Calgary Cannons. With the major league squad he had a 5.79 ERA in 20 games.

After the season, Medina was picked up by the Atlanta Braves. He spent the next two seasons with the Syracuse SkyChiefs and the Memphis Redbirds, then spent 2002 with the Algodoneros de Torreón of the Mexican League. He spent two more seasons playing professional baseball, then joined the Panama national baseball team. He was part of the team during the 2009 World Baseball Classic, and pitched a third of an inning in one game.

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Torreón players
Calgary Cannons players
Charlotte Knights players
Criollos de Caguas players
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Puerto Rico
Expatriate baseball players in Italy
Florida Marlins players
Gigantes de Carolina players
Greensboro Bats players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente pitchers
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Panama
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Norwich Navigators players
Oneonta Yankees players
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Canada
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Panamanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Parma Baseball Club players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Baseball players from Panama City
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Tampa Yankees players
Tigres de Aragua players
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Victoria Capitals players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Panamanian expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Chinatrust Whales players


Ishikawa's reagent is a fluorinating reagent used in organic chemistry. It is used to convert alcohols into alkyl fluorides and carboxylic acids into acyl fluorides. Aldehydes and ketones do not react with it. The reagent consists of a mixture of N,N-diethyl-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)amine and N,N-diethyl-(E)-pentafluoropropenylamine in varying proportions. The active species is the hexafluoropropylamine; any enamine is converted into this by the hydrogen fluoride byproduct as the reaction proceeds.

Ishikawa's reagent is a popular alternative to the DAST reagent, since it is shelf-stable and easily prepared from inexpensive and innocuous reagents. It is an improvement on Yarovenko's reagent, the adduct of chlorotrifluoroethylene and diethylamine, which must be prepared in a sealed vessel and once prepared keeps only for a few days, even in the refrigerator.

The reagent is mostly used to convert primary alcohols to alkyl fluorides under mild conditions with high yield. However, secondary and tertiary alcohols give a substantial amount of alkenes and ethers as side products.

Synthesis
The compound is prepared by adding hexafluoropropene to a solution of diethylamine in ether at 0 °C and distilling the product in vacuo. The amount of enamine in the product depends on temperature control during the reaction – the higher the temperature the more enamine.

References

Organofluorides
Reagents for organic chemistry
Fluorinating agents
Alkene derivatives


Complete Review (stylized complete review) is a literary website founded in March 1999. It is best known for reviews of novels in English translation, in particular drawing attention to otherwise neglected contemporary works from around the world, but there are also reviews of classics, non-fiction, drama and poetry. As of March 2009, on its tenth anniversary, there were a total of 2251 works under review, averaging over 250 new reviews added per year. A blog, Literary Saloon, was added in August 2002.

As of its 10th anniversary in 2009, 95 percent of the reviews were written by the site's founder and managing editor, Michael Orthofer (b. 1964, Austria). From the beginning, it was Orthofer's intention to create an institutionalized persona for the site, and he therefore did not sign his name or even have it anywhere easily visible. However, beginning in 2009 Orthofer, recognizing that he was the majority contributor, announced "posts and reviews will now be signed 'M.A.Orthofer', as I might as well lay claim to (and accept blame for) them."

On founding the site Orthofer said "I’ve always read a lot and been interested in literature, and I was interested in exploring the possibilities of the Internet. It struck me that while there were a lot of sites ... offering book reviews, practically no one was linking to other reviews of the same book, so that’s what I set out to do."

In 2010 Orthofer published a book about the website called The Complete Review: Eleven Years, 2500 Reviews. A Site History, with commentary on diverse and sundry related matters. In 2016, Orthofer published The Complete Review Guide to Contemporary World Fiction., a reader's guide to world literature with an emphasis on fiction published since the 1990s.

Critical and popular reception
In October 2004, David Orr of the New York Times Book Review said "it remains one of the best literary destinations on the Web." In 2005, Time magazine included it as one of the 50 Coolest Websites 2005. John Freeman of the National Book Critics Circle said of the site in 2006, "The complete review seemed to appear out of nowhere, but suddenly it became one of the most useful aggregating sites on the web for book information and news, especially from abroad." Chad W. Post at the University of Rochester in 2009 said, "I don’t think there’s a reviewer, or publication, in America that’s as diverse as Michael Orthofer's Complete Review. Nor as meticulous about record keeping and self-aware about its reviewing trends." A February 2016 article in The New Yorker by Indian novelist Karan Mahajan featured an in-depth profile of the website and Orthofer.

Notes

External links
Complete Review, official site
Literary Saloon, a blog for Complete Review.
The Complete Review: Eleven Years, 2500 Reviews, book by Michael Orthofer, 2010.
Interview with Michael Orthofer, in Conversations with Tyler Cowen

American literature websites
Internet properties established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States


Springfield has been a civil parish of the Borough of Chelmsford in Essex, England, since 1907. The parish takes in the portion of the town north of river Chelmer and west of the A12 bypass and originally comprised the manors of Springfield Hall, Springfield Barnes (now Chelmer Village), Cuton Hall, and in part New Hall (now Beaulieu Park).

History
Until the 1950s the parish was a semi-rural village lying one mile north east of Chelmsford, on the old Roman Road, with little to attract the visitor outside of the annual Essex show, a half dozen pubs and the town's prison and Essex Police headquarters, both of which still lie to the east of the Roman road. The Essex show-ground was once located on fields north of The Green, and south of Pump Lane. Since this time the former show site along with a thousand or so acres of surrounding arable land have been developed to create the most populous suburb of Chelmsford.

The historic heart of the parish is centred on the Anglican All Saints Church, Springfield Place and Green. This historic heart is one of the few areas not to have been visibly transformed in the last 50 years.

Some of the listed buildings in Springfield include Springfield Hall, The Old Rectory, Springfield Place (purchased by Thomas Brograve in 1781) and Dukes Cottages.

Influence on the City of Springfield, Massachusetts

A former resident of the village of Springfield, William Pynchon, went on to become one of the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony – a group of New World settlers whose capital city was Boston. In 1636, Pynchon and a group of pioneers founded Springfield, Massachusetts, beside New England's greatest river, the Connecticut River, amidst New England's most fertile soil. Originally named Agawam (now a suburb of the city itself, featuring the famous Six Flags New England amusement park), the settlement was renamed "Springfield" in Pynchon's honour, after Pynchon had suffered indignities from Connecticut's Captain John Mason – the notorious "Indian Killer" of British America's Pequot War – who expressed disdain at Pynchon's "delicate treatment" of the region's Native People. After this, Springfield forever aligned with Boston, although 89 miles separate the two, instead of aligning with Hartford, Connecticut, now the state capital of Connecticut – only 23 miles south of Springfield.

This city was the first of many across the English-speaking world to take the name of the Essex village. Among places named after Springfield, Massachusetts, is Springfield, Illinois, the capital of that state.

Education
The parish hosts a number of schools:
 Secondary:
 New Hall School (RC)
 The Boswells School
 Primary:
 Barnes Farm School (In Chelmer Village)
 Bishops Primary School (CoE)
 Chancellor Park (In Chelmer Village)
 New Hall School (RC)
 Perryfields School
 Springfield Primary School (Formerly: Nabbotts School)
 The Tyrrells School
 Trinity Road Community School

References

External links

Springfield Community Website
Springfield Parish Council
Springfield Green Conservation area
A Vision of Britain through Time – Springfield

Civil parishes in Essex
Chelmsford


Moumouni is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:
Abdou Moumouni (born 1982), Togolese footballer
Abdou Moumouni University, the only public university in Niger
Basile Adjou Moumouni (1922–2019), Beninese physician
Yacouba Moumouni, singer and flautist, leader of the jazz-ethnic band from Niger, Mamar Kassey

Given name:
Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye (1939–2009), Nigerien politician
Moumouni Dagano (born 1981), Burkinabé football player
Moumouni Fabre (born 1953), Burkinabé politician


Karl Lisch (24 July 1907, Kirchbichl – 5 February 1999, Tyrol) was an Austrian ophthalmologist remembered for describing Lisch nodules in 1937.

Biography
Karl Lisch studied medicine at Vienna, Zurich and Innsbruck, graduating in 1931. He worked in university eye clinics in Vienna, Innsbruck and Munich, and became the head of the eye department of the hospital in Wörgl in 1947. He remained there until he retired in 1980. He received the title Senior Adviser in Medical Affairs from the President of Austria in 1989, the Medal of Honor from the American Neurofibromatosis Society in 1992, and the First Class Cross Honor for Science and the Arts from the Austrian Ministry for Science and the Arts.

References

External links

Austrian ophthalmologists
1907 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Austrian physicians
Eye color


Dannemann Cigars (Dannemann Cigarrenfabrik in German) was founded by Gerhard Dannemann. He was born on 23 April 1851 in Bremen and died in 1921. A German-Brazilian entrepreneur and founder of the cigar company Dannemann, he later changed his name to Geraldo Dannemann. Dannemann also made the famous cigarillo brand Moods.

History
The company was founded by Bremen-born entrepreneur Geraldo Dannemann, who emigrated to Brazil in 1872 at the age of 21. In 1873, he opened a cigar factory in the small town of São Félix. He had always been in contact with cigars during his childhood, so he recognized the potential there. First he started with six employees to grow the tobacco, shape the cigars and export them to Europe. From 1910 it increased to about 4000 employees at seven factory locations. This made him one of the most important industrialists in the Brazilian state of Bahia.

In 1922 the Dannemann and Stender companies merged to form the Companhia de Charutos Dannemann.

The Second World War interrupted transatlantic trade because of the economic embargo and Dannemann was expropriated in Brazil and the company was run by the Brazilian bank Banco do Brasil.

After the war, Dannemann got his possessions back in Brazil. In 1954, he had to file for bankruptcy.

In the period that followed, the Dannemann brand belonged to the Minden-based Melitta group of companies before it was sold.

The rights to the Dannemann brand were sold to Liechtenstein. The German Dannemann GmbH and the Swiss company Burger Söhne shared the rights to use the brand. In 1988, the Burger Group bought the German trademark rights for Dannemann and took over Dannemann GmbH in Lübbecke. The brand has been in one hand ever since.

After reunification, another production site was opened in Treffurt.

Since the 1980s, the products have been further developed, so the metal can for carrying in the bag and better packaging for freshness were introduced. In 1994, the flavored cigarillo, the Dannemann Moods, was launched, followed by a variant as a filter cigarillo.

Based on the Centro Cultural Dannemann in Bahia, Brazil, the Centro Dannemann was founded in Brissago, Switzerland at the beginning of 2002.

The Dannemann Group is today (2011) one of the most traditional European tobacco companies and market leader in Germany in the field of cigarillos and cigars.

In popular culture
Dannemann cigars are mentioned in the Cold Chisel song Cheap Wine.

References

External links
 List of known Dannemann cigars

Cigar brands
Tobacco companies of Germany


Quaye is a common Ghanaian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abdullah Quaye (born 1980), Ghanaian football midfielder
Benjamin W. Quartey Quaye Papafio (1859–1924), physician and politician in the Gold Coast
Caleb Quaye (born 1948), English Afro-European rock guitarist and studio musician
Daniel Quaye (born 1980), Ghanaian football defender
Finley Quaye (born 1974), Scottish musician
Ko Quaye (born 1987), Canadian football defensive tackle
Lawrence Quaye (born 1984), Ghana born naturalized Qatari footballer
Paul Quaye (born 1995), Spanish-born Ghanaian footballer
Peter Ofori-Quaye (born 1980), Ghanaian professional association football player
Philemon Quaye (1924–2010), Ghanaian soldier, politician, diplomat and religious leader
Raphael M. Quaye (born 1975), Liberian basketball player
Shamo Quaye (1971–1997), Ghanaian footballer
Terri Quaye (born 1940), English singer, pianist, and percussionist


Mukono Town is a municipality in Mukono District in the Central Region of  Uganda. The town is administered by the Mukono Town Council. The district headquarters are located in this town.

Location
Mukono Municipality is 21 km east of Kampala along the Kampala-Jinja Highway. It is bordered by Kalagi to the north, Kira Town to the west, Lake Victoria to the south, and Lugazi to the east. The town is about  east of the central business district of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. This is approximately , west of the town of Lugazi, in neighboring Buikwe District.

The town occupies approximately  of land area. The coordinates of the town of Mukono are 00 21 36N, 32 45 00E (Latitude:0.3600; Longitude:32.7500).
Mukono Town sits at an average elevation of , above mean sea level.

Demographics
Mukono is one of Uganda's fastest growing urban areas. The 2002 national census estimated the population of the town at 46,506. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 57,400. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population at 59,000. On 27 August 2014, the national population census put the population at 162,710.

Organizational structure
Mukono Municipality administration is divided into (a) the political arm headed by the Mayor, (b) the technical arm headed by the Town Clerk and the legislative arm, headed by the Speaker of the town council. The council is the supreme policy-making organ in the town. It is composed of 26 elected councilors. Members of the town council serve four-year terms.
The mayor of the town is elected to a five-year term by universal adult suffrage using a secret ballot. The technical staff of the town council are headed by the town clerk under whom there are four municipal departments: the Management Department, the Treasury Department, the Public Health Department, and the Engineering Department.

Points of interest
The following additional points of interest are located within the town limits or close to its edges:

1. Mukono Central Market

2. Uganda Christian University, a private university affiliated to the Church of Uganda

3. Namilyango College - the oldest boys boarding high school in Uganda, located , by road, south-west of Mukono

4. Kampala-Jinja Highway, passing through the center of town in a general west to east direction

5. Mukono Health Centre IV

6. Various supermarkets located among the Kampala-Jinja highway, most notably City Shoppers, Sombe Supermarket and Paris Corner Supermarket.

7. Greater Mukono Tourism and Conservation Centre

8. Abacus Parenteral Drugs Limited, a pharmaceutical company that manufactures intravenous fluids and sterile water for use in injections, ear drops, and eye drops.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Uganda
 Namilyango College

References

External links
Official Website

Populated places in Central Region, Uganda
Cities in the Great Rift Valley
Mukono District


Liever Turks dan Paaps ("Rather Turkish than  Papist"), also Liever Turksch dan Paus ("Rather Turkish than Pope"), was a Dutch Christian slogan during the Dutch Revolt of the end of the 16th century. The slogan was used by the Dutch mercenary naval forces (the "Sea Beggars") in their fight against Catholic Spain.

Origins
During the Dutch Revolt, the Dutch were under such a desperate situation that they looked for help from many places no matter their religion, and "indeed even a Turk", as wrote the secretary of Jan van Nassau. In 1566, diplomat Joseph Nasi contacted Protestants in Antwerp to discuss an Ottoman offer of assistance against the Spaniards. In 1569, William of Orange sent a secret envoy to Nasi asking the Ottomans to support the Dutch Revolt against their common Spanish enemies. Orange had already sent ambassadors to the Ottoman Empire for help in 1566, and it is speculated that it was in response to William's request that Selim II sent his fleet to attack the Spanish at Tunis in 1574. The Dutch viewed Ottoman successes against the Habsburgs with great interest, and saw Ottoman campaigns in the Mediterranean as an indicator of relief on the Dutch front. William wrote around 1565:

The English Catholic author William Rainolds (1544–1594) wrote a pamphlet entitled "Calvino-Turcismus" in criticism of these tendencies.

The phrase "Liever Turks dan Paaps" was coined as a way to express that life under the Muslim Ottoman Sultan would have been more desirable than life under the Catholic King of Spain. The Flemish noble D'Esquerdes wrote to this effect that he:

Meaning
While the Turks had a reputation for cruelty, they were also perceived as having religious tolerance within their dominions, whereas king Philip II of Spain did not tolerate Protestant faiths. According to a 1570 letter of encouragement to the "Lutheran group" (Luteran taifesi) in "Flanders and other Spanish provinces", which has been preserved in the archives of Feridun Ahmed Bey, the Ottoman sultan (at this point Selim II) promised the rebels in the Netherlands that he would send them troops whenever they were ready to rise up against Philip II. The sultan claimed that he felt close to them, "since they did not worship idols, believed in one God and fought against the Pope and Emperor". Furthermore, various religious refugees, such as the Huguenots, some Anglicans, Quakers, Anabaptists and even Jesuits and Capuchins were able to find refuge at Constantinople and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, where they were given rights of residence and worship. Further, the Ottomans supported the Calvinists, not only in their territories of Transylvania and Hungary, but also in France.

The slogan Liever Turks dan Paaps did not mean the Dutch seriously contemplated coming under Ottoman suzerainty, as they were far away from that empire's sphere of influence; rather, it was an expression of their antipathy to the Catholic regime they had been subjected to.

Similar uses
A similar statement, "It would be better to see the turban of the Turks reigning in the center of the City (i.e., Constantinople) than the Latin mitre" () is ascribed by the historian Doukas to the last megas doux of the Byzantine Empire, Loukas Notaras, as an expression of Eastern Orthodox hostility to the Latin Church and the attempts at a union of the Churches. The veracity of the attribution of the quote to Notaras is unlikely, but it does reflect the views of some members of the anti-Unionist party in Constantinople, even at the eve of the Fall of Constantinople.

See also
 Islam and Protestantism
 Anglo-Turkish piracy
 Franco-Ottoman alliance
 Better red than dead

Notes

References
 Charles Ralph Boxer The Dutch seaborne empire, 1600-1800 Taylor & Francis, 1977

 Benjamin Schmidt Innocence abroad: the Dutch imagination and the New World, 1570-1670 Cambridge University Press, 2001
 Daniel Goffman The Ottoman Empire and early modern Europe Cambridge University Press, 2002

Political catchphrases
Dutch words and phrases
16th-century neologisms
Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Anti-Catholicism in the Netherlands
Anti-Catholic slurs


Valentin Sergeyevich Okorochkov (; born March 19, 1980, in Oryol) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. Currently, he works as an assistant manager for FC Oryol. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 for FC Kuban Krasnodar.

Honours
 Russian Second Division, Zone South best midfielder: 2010.

References

1980 births
Sportspeople from Oryol
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Russian Premier League players
Russian football managers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Avangard Kursk players
FC Oryol players


Hoosac School is a private co-educational Episcopal boarding school located in Hoosick, New York, United States.

History
Hoosac school was founded in 1889 by Dr. Edward Dudley Tibbits. Facilities are located on the Tibbits Estate, which rests on  near the Vermont border.  The school was the first in the United States to host a yearly Boar's Head & Yule Log pageant. One of the most prominent members of the Hoosac School was Father Sill, who left the Hoosac School in 1906 to found the Kent School.

Academics
The size of the student body averages about 200 students a year. The students are taught in forms, two through six, roughly equivalent to grades 8 through 12, as well as postgraduate grade levels.

The school has one faculty member for every seven students, with class sizes ranging from three to 14 students. All dorms contain separate faculty apartments, allowing the teachers to function as dorm parents to the students in the adjoining dorm. Most teachers have roles in addition to teaching at the school (sports coach, dorm parent, etc.)

In addition to full-day classes, the school has half-day Wednesday and Saturday classes, which allow the school years to be divided into trimesters instead of semesters. The school offers Advanced Placement courses.  Students from non-English speaking countries have the option to take ESL courses.

The student body is governed by a group of prefects who are elected by the administration and the previous prefects.

Hoosac School graduating seniors achieve a 100% college acceptance rate.

Student body

Most of the population consists of boarding students. Day students make up a very small percentage of the overall enrollment. Normally, the male to female ratio is just less than 2:1. Hoosac continues to draw a diverse student population, with students currently from 34 countries and 15 U.S. states. Students attend from throughout North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. ESL classes are offered in all subjects as a result. Despite the school's sectarian status, students belong to a variety of faith backgrounds or are irreligious.

According to Niche.com, Hoosac School is the 5th most diverse high school in New York.

The students are divided into two houses, the Antonians and the Graftonians.

Campus life
Classes are held six days a week, Monday-Saturday. Breakfast is served in the morning of every school day, including Saturdays, after which students are required to go to a chapel service, before classes.

Students' discipline is administered by a disciplinary committee headed by the dean of students. The majority of offenses result in a student receiving, in order of severity, detention served during what would be their evening free time, being "campused" (i.e. grounded to campus), or placed on "Category", where they are both campused and required to do labor assigned by maintenance and housekeeping.

Term breaks are usually long, to allow foreign students a chance to return home. A Christmas break of three to six weeks is normal. There are smaller breaks at the midpoint of each semester, referred to as "long weekends" which last for four days.

Facilities
Many buildings on campus are mixed-use. Tibbits Hall contains a dormitory, classrooms, and the administrative offices. Wood Hall houses a dorm, the school library and computer lab, and classrooms. The school had an astronomy dome in the science building. That astronomy dome is permanently decommissioned, but a new one has recently been built behind the Sports Complex. The most recent addition is the wood shop, which was built in the winter of 2009.

Every meal on campus takes place in the dining hall. Below the dining hall is the "Squeelery", a rec room with table tennis, foosball, and a small shop selling snacks. Sports facilities include a large multipurpose grassy field area, tennis courts, and the Harry Dickie Sports Complex gymnasium with a full-sized basketball court, fitness center, weight room, and indoor swimming pool. A hardwood basketball court was installed in September 2018. Near the school's entrance is a large pond which has been used in the past for kayaking and canoeing in warmer weather, and is still used for impromptu recreational hockey and ice skating in winter.

Dormitories
Several dormitories are scattered across the campus. A total of ten dorms, ranging in size from housing four to housing 40 students, are in use for either boys or girls. Although the school has a house system, students are not divided by house in the dormitories.

The dormitories on campus are:

For boys: Pitt-Mason Hall (the largest), Tibbits Mansion, Lewisohn House, Lavino House, Dudley Cottage, and Whitcomb Hall.

For girls: Towne Hall, McCullough House, Cannon House, and Wood Hall.

Sports
Every student is required to participate in a sports activity in the afternoons, every trimester.

Men's ice hockey at Hoosac School is the flagship sport for which the school actively recruits. This hockey program won the 2007 New England Prep School Division 2 championship. They also won back-to-back Holt Conference championships during the 2015-16 academic year and 2016-17 academic year. In deference to the steadily increasing female student population, a women's hockey team was formed at the start of the 2016-17 season. At the end of the women's inaugural season, four of five seniors went on to play college hockey. At the end of the school's second season in 2017-18, all seven seniors matriculated to college hockey programs.

The men's and women's basketball teams have also enjoyed recent success. The men's basketball team, composed mostly of underclassmen, won the NEPSAC 2011-12 Class D Championship. Hoosac now competes in AAA basketball, the highest level of competition for prep schools.On July 14, 2022 Hoosac School announced that they have hired former WNBA professional basketball player Julie McBride as women's coach.

Other sports offered include soccer, lacrosse, basketball, golf, volleyball, skiing, cross country, and flag football. During the winter trimester only, the school also has skiing, which involves daily trips to Jiminy Peak. A private ski slope with a tow rope is open to the entire student body on weekends. Lifeguard training is also available as a secondary course.

The two school houses participate in annual Olympic-style games to decide which house has bragging rights for the given year.  Each team is coached by a group of randomly chosen staff members from the same house.

Notable alumni

 Charles R. Howell, congressman
 Burgess Meredith, actor
 Thomas Pelly, congressman
 Horace Seely-Brown Jr., congressman

References

Further reading

 The Association of Boarding Schools profile

Boarding schools in New York (state)
Episcopal schools in the United States
Private high schools in New York (state)
Schools in Rensselaer County, New York
Educational institutions established in 1889
1889 establishments in New York (state)


Khalfan is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Khalfan Ibrahim (born 1988), Qatar footballer
Khalfan Khamis Mohamed (born 1974), Tanzanian national, one of numerous al-Qaeda suspects
Mohammed Khalfan Bin Kharbash, former minister of finance and industry of the United Arab Emirates
Salim Abdallah Khalfan, Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania
Talal Khalfan (born 1980), Omani footballer


Hennie Aucamp (20 January 1934 – 20 March 2014) was a South African Afrikaans poet, short story writer, cabaretist and academic. He grew up on a farm in the Stormberg highlands and matriculated at Jamestown, Eastern Cape before continuing his higher education at the University of Stellenbosch. He died in Cape Town at age 80 on 20 March 2014 after suffering a stroke.

Works

Short stories
 Een somermiddag  (1963)
 Die hartseerwals: verhale en sketse (1965)
 Spitsuur (1967)
 ’n Bruidsbed vir Tant Nonnie (1970)
 Hongerblom: vyf elegieë (1972)
 Wolwedans: 'n soort revue (1973)
 Dooierus (1976)
 Enkelvlug (1978)
 Volmink (1981)
 Vir vier stemme (1981) (Limited Edition of 25 copies)
 Wat bly oor van soene? (1986)
 Dalk gaan niks verlore nie en ander tekste (1992)
 Gewis is alles net ’n grap en ander stories (1994)
 Ook skaduwees laat spore (2000)
 'n Vreemdeling op deurtog (2007)
 Die huis van die digter (2009)
 Proses (2009)

Poetry
 Die lewe is ’n grenshotel: ryme vir pop en kabaret (1977)
 Die blou uur: 50 cocktail-kwatryne (1984)
 Rampe in die ruigte: fabels vir almal (1996)
 Koerier: 69 opdrag- en ander kwatryne (1999)
 Lyflied: ’n keur uit sy liedtekste (1999)
 Hittegolf: wulpse sonnette met ’n nawoord (2002)
 Dryfhout: 40 verse (2005)
 Vlamsalmander (2008)
 Skulp: kwatryne (2014)

Cabaret texts and plays
 Papawerwyn en ander verbeeldings vir die verhoog (1980)
 Met permissie gesê: ’n kabaret (1980)
 Slegs vir almal: ’n kabaret oor selfsug (1986)
 By Felix en Madame en ander eenbedrywe (1987)
 Teen latenstyd: verdere lirieke 1980-1986 (1987)
 Sjampanje vir ontbyt: drie verwante eenbedrywe (1988)
 Punt in die wind: ’n komedie met drie bedrywe en ’n nadraai (1989)
 Brommer in die boord (1990)
 Dubbeldop: kabarettekste en –opstelle (1994)

Critique
 Kort voor lank: opstelle oor kortprosatekste (1978)
 Woorde wat wond: geleentheidstukke oor randkultuur (1984)
 Die blote storie: ’n werkboek vir kortverhaalskrywers (1986)
 Dagblad (1987)
 Die blote storie 2: ’n werkboek vir kortverhaalskrywers (1994)
 Windperd: opstelle oor kreatiewe skryf (1992)
 Beeltenis verbode: bespiegelinge oor egodokumente en biografieë (1998)

Travel writing
 Karnaatjie: reissketse en essays (1968)
 In lande ver vandaan: China – Tibet – Nepal: ’n toerjoernaal (2001)

Diaries
 Gekaapte tyd: ’n kladboek September 1994 – Maart 1995 (1996)
 Allersiele: ’n dagboek Mei 1995 – Februarie 1996 (1997)
 Skuinslig: ’n dagboek Maart 1996 – April 1997) (2003)
 In die vroegte: herinneringe en refleksies (2003)

Selections from own work
 In een kraal: ’n keuse uit die prosa van Hennie Aucamp (1978)
 Brandglas: ’n keuse uit sy verhale (1987)

Compilations
 ’n Baksel in die More: boerestories uit die Stormberge (1973)
 Hoorspelkeur; radiodramas deur Hennie Aucamp et al. (1983)
 Van hoogmoed tot traagheid, of, Die sewe doodsondes (1996)

Commemorative
 M.E.R. 100 (1975)
 ’n Boekreis ver (1991)
 Bly te kenne: ’n bundel portrette (2001)
 ’n Skrywer by sonsopkoms: Hennie Aucamp 70 (compiled by Lina Spies and Lucas Malan).

In translation
 House visits: a collection of short stories; translated by Ian Ferguson (2005)
 Brecht sing Afrikaans (1983) (with Arnold Blumer & ander)

Wit
 Kommerkrale: ’n AB-jap vir akoliete (1983)
 Pluk die dag: aforismes en ander puntighede (1994)

Awards
1970 – Tafelbergprys
1974 – W.A. Hofmeyrprys
1980 – ATKV-prys vir Drama
1996 – Recht Malan Prize
1982 – Hertzogprys
1987 – Fleur du Cap-toneelprys
2004 – ATKV-Prestigetoekenning
2004 – Fleur du Cap-teaterprys vir lewenswerk en bydrae tot teater
2004 – Afrikaans Onbeperk Kanna vir Lewensbydrae
2004 – LitNet se Mont du Toit Kelder-wyngedigtekompetisie
2006 – Gustav Preller-prys vir Literatuurwetenskap

References

External links
 Profile, Sanlam ATKV LitNet Afrikaanse album; accessed 23 March 2014.
 HE Bates en die derde stroom, LitNet.co.za; accessed 23 March 2014.
 Muses van die modder: die tango en die kabaret, letterkunde.up.ac.za; accessed 23 March 2014.
 La Vita, Murray: Onder vier oë: Stories spring steeds uit daai onreëlmatige laaie ..., news24.com; accessed 23 March 2014.
 Stellenbosch Writers profiles, stellenboschwriters.com; accessed 23 March 2014.

1934 births
People from Dordrecht, Eastern Cape
Afrikaner people
Afrikaans-language writers
Sestigers
Afrikaans-language poets
Stellenbosch University alumni
Academic staff of Stellenbosch University
Hertzog Prize winners for prose
South African LGBT poets
2014 deaths
20th-century South African poets
African poets


Defence Munitions (DM) Glen Douglas is a military munitions depot located near Loch Long, Argyll and Bute, in Scotland. It is operated by Defence Equipment & Support, part of the Ministry of Defence. It was formerly known as RNAD Glen Douglas.

History

The facility was built between 1962 and 1966. As of 1989, it served NATO as a pre-positioned wartime ammunition depot, storing around 40,000 tons of missiles, depth charges, and conventional shells.  It is now used only by the UK. The depot lies in Glen Douglas, a  glen through which the Douglas Water flows east to Loch Lomond.  The depot itself is near the glen's head, less than a mile from Loch Long. Arrochar is the nearest village.

In the 1970s, a jetty was built at Glen Mallan on Loch Long, linked to the depot via a Ministry of Defence  (MoD) road.

It was known as NATO Armament Depot Glen Douglas and was used for munitions storage by the Royal Navy, the United States and the Netherlands. In 1993 the US withdrew from the site and the capacity was taken up by Royal Air Force munitions which were previously based at RAF Chilmark in Wiltshire, the RAF's last munitions depot prior to its closure in 1995.

In January 2003, the aircraft carrier  docked at the Glen Mallan jetty to stock up on supplies ahead of the impending invasion of Iraq. With the tacit backing of trade union ASLEF, Motherwell based EWS drivers working on a MoD contract refused to transport munitions to the depot, in opposition to what they branded a "rush to war". The drivers' action was supported in an Early Day Motion in the House of Commons signed by 25 MPs.

Facilities
The depot covers an area of  and contains 56 magazines built into a hillside, capable of storing 40,000 cubic metres of conventional weapons, typically bombs, various types of ammunition, explosives and pyrotechnics.

Northern Ammunition Jetty

The Northern Ammunition Jetty (also known as Glen Mallan Jetty) is located on the edge of Loch Long, around 3 miles south of the main depot, to which it is connected by a military road which climbs along the western flank of Craggan Hill. The jetty is capable of accommodating a variety of Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels so that they can be loaded and unloaded with munitions as well as other provisions such as food and spare parts. The explosives license for the jetty allows up to 440 tonnes of explosives to be handled there.  In 2020-21 the jetty was rebuilt to serve the s.

Rail connection
The depot is served by a branch railway line to the West Highland Line at the former Glen Douglas Halt railway station.

See also
Royal Naval Armaments Depot Coulport

References

External links
 Glen Douglas Munitions Depot  at Secret Scotland

Buildings and structures in Argyll and Bute
Installations of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Scottish coast
Geography of Argyll and Bute
Ports and harbours of Scotland
Ammunition dumps in Scotland
NATO installations in the United Kingdom

no:Defence Equipment and Support


Mirman is a Jewish English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Edie Mirman, American actor, producer, and writer
Eugene Mirman, Russian-born American comedian and actor
Leonard Mirman, American mathematician and economist
Michele S. Mirman (born 1953), American trial lawyer
Simone Mirman, French-born English milliner

See also
The Mirman School, a school in Los Angeles, California

Surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin


The Vidovdan Constitution was the first constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was approved by the Constitutional Assembly on 28 June 1921 despite the opposition boycotting the vote. The Constitution is named after the feast of St. Vitus (Vidovdan), a Serbian Orthodox holiday. The Constitution required a simple majority to pass. Out of 419 representatives, 223 voted for, 35 voted against and 161 abstained.

The Constitution was in effect until King Alexander proclaimed his 6 January Dictatorship on that date in 1929.

Adoption
The process of adopting the Vidovdan Constitution will reveal major political conflicts in the new state. Although there were earlier plans to adopt a Constitution (see the Guidelines, the Corfu Declaration, the Geneva Agreement), the Constitution was eventually adopted by a narrow majority and overriding on a national basis.

For
Democratic Party
People's Radical Party
Yugoslav Muslim Organization
Alliance of Agrarians
Džemijet

Against
Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party
Yugoslav Republican Party
Foreign Minister Ante Trumbić

Boycotted
Communist Party of Yugoslavia – left assembly in June
Croatian Republican Peasant Party – boycotted assembly since 1920 elections
Slovenian People's Party – left assembly in June
Croatian People's Party – left assembly in June
Croatian Union – left assembly in May

Provisions

The SCS Kingdom is designated as a constitutional, parliamentary and hereditary monarchy, whose language is Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian. A unitary system was established (the theory of the tribe people). The proclaimed principles of separation of powers were deformed by later provisions, but in principle parliamentarianism existed.

Legislative power was shared by the King and the National Assembly. The king had a wide range of powers - legislative initiative, sanction, promulgation of laws as well as initiative and consent to change the Constitution. He also had the right to declare war and conclude peace. He also possessed extensive powers regarding the appointment of judges and the dissolution of the assembly. In addition, he had the classic powers of the head of state.

The National Assembly was a unicameral representative body. According to the Vidovdan Constitution, citizens had political rights - voting rights, association rights, assembly and collusion. Voting rights were limited by the relatively high age bracket and were not enjoyed by women. For women, the Constitution provided for the passage of legislation that would address the issue of their suffrage, but it was not enacted throughout the life of the kingdom. Each member of the assembly had the right of legislative initiative, parliamentary question, interpellation. In the event of a change of Constitution, the Assembly dissolved and elected a new one, which had the meaning of a hidden constitutional referendum.

The Council of Ministers was accountable to both the King and the National Assembly (Orleans parliamentarism) and the ministers did not have to be MPs. There was also the criminal and civil liability of the ministers, with a special State Court. The Council of Ministers had the right to legislate, to issue regulations for the implementation of the law and those with legal force in special cases.

The courts were independent and organized as first instance, appellate and cassation courts (based in Zagreb). Special administrative courts (State Council and Main Control) were also envisaged.

A large number of socio-economic rights were prescribed, as well as a special Economic Council.

The units of territorial-administrative division were districts, districts, districts and municipalities.

Alternative proposals

Croatian Republican Peasant Party
The Croatian Republican Peasant Party adopted its Constitution of the neutral peasant republic of Croatia in Zagreb on 1 April 1921.

Croatian Union
The Croatian Union had proposed a confederation of the kingdom into six entities:
Serbia
Croatia
Montenegro
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vojvodina
Slovenia

Aftermath
On 30 June, an editorial in the People's Radical Party's journal Samouprava stated, "This year's Vidovdan restored an empire to us". On 21 July, the Minister of the Interior and member of the People's Radical Party Milorad Drašković was assassinated in Delnice by a group of communists.

The viability of the constitution dominated the 1923 parliamentary elections.

The Croatian Peasant Party did not accept the legitimacy of the constitution. After the 1925 elections, entry into the government was offered to the party by Nikola Pašić. The Croatian Peasant Party accepted and recognized the constitution. Leader Stjepan Radić  was released from prison, along with other party officials.

References

1921 documents
1921 in Yugoslavia
Constitutions of Yugoslavia
1921 in politics
June 1921 events
1921 in law


Aleksei Sergeyevich Rogachyov (; born 7 December 1979) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
Rogachyov made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2000 for FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod.

References

1979 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod players
Russian Premier League players
Olimpia Elbląg players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Poland


Strecker is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Adolph Strecker (1822–1871), German chemist who worked with amino acids
 Herman Strecker (1836–1901), American entomologist specialising in butterflies and moths
 Heinrich Strecker (1893–1981), Austrian composer of operettas and popular Viennese music
 Ignatius Jerome Strecker (1917–2003), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
 Karl Strecker (1884–1973), German general
  (1858-1934), German electrical engineer specializing in telegraphy
  (1861-1945), German philologist specializing in Medieval Latin
 Ludwig Strecker (1853–1943), owner of London music publisher Schott and Co., Limited
 Ludwig Strecker Jr. (1883–1978), music publisher and librettist
 Tania Strecker, Danish model and television presenter in the UK

Other uses
 Strecker amino acid synthesis, synthesize an amino acid from an aldehyde or ketone
 Strecker degradation, converts an α-amino acid into an aldehyde by an imine intermediate
 Strecker's chorus frog, a species of nocturnal tree frog native to the south central United States

See also
Strick
Stricker
Strack
Struck
Strucker

German-language surnames


Michael McCurdy (February 17, 1942 – May 28, 2016) was an American illustrator, author, and publisher. He illustrated over 200 books in his career, including ten that he authored. Most were illustrated with his trademark black and white wood engravings, with occasional color illustrations. His illustrations often have historical or natural themes.

Biography

Michael McCurdy was born in New York City in 1942 and grew up in New Rochelle, New York and Marblehead, Massachusetts. As a young boy, he was inspired by illustrator Lynd Ward, writing him a fan letter in his teen years that evolved into a lifelong friendship and collaboration. He also developed an interest in hand-printing, thanks to a toy printing press that he received as a present at the age of twelve.

From 1960 to 1966, McCurdy attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, where he completed his first wood engraving in 1963 and met his longtime friend and collaborator Robert Hauser. While he was at the Museum School, his roommate was David M. McPhail, the well-known children's book author and illustrator. Another future children's book illustrator, Wallace Tripp, was also in the printmaking department. At Tufts University, McCurdy earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1964 and a Master of Fine Arts in 1971. He served as an Instructor at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts from 1966-1967, at Concord Academy from 1972-1975, and at Wellesley College Library Rare Book Print Lab from 1975-1976.

A conscientious objector during the Vietnam War, McCurdy worked for two years as an orderly in the orthopedic ward at Children's Hospital in Boston to fulfill his alternative service. He married Deborath Lamb McCurdy on September 7, 1968.  When he was released from hospital duty in 1969, he and his wife used his Museum of Fine Arts award of a traveling fellowship to spend nearly five months traveling throughout Europe and the Soviet Union.

In the following years, the couple raised their two children in Lincoln and Great Barrington, Massachusetts. After retiring, McCurdy and his wife lived in Springfield, Massachusetts. He died on 28 May 2016 at the age of 74.

Penmaen Press

McCurdy founded Penmaen Press in Boston, Massachusetts in 1968 and continued production in Lincoln and Great Barrington. Penmaen Press published many high quality literary works, including first-edition poetry, fiction, and translation by leading American and European writers and poets. These writers included William Saroyan, Joyce Carol Oates, Howard Norman, William Stafford, Allen Ginsberg, Richard Eberhart, Robert Steiner, William Ferguson; and the Nobel Prize winning poet Vicente Aleixandre.

Penmaen Press also produced broadsides of poems by May Sarton, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg. A limited edition broadside of “Moloch” (taken from Allen Ginsburg’s poem Howl) was illustrated by Lynd Ward in 1978.

In 1984, McCurdy and Robert Hauser formed a partnership to produce Face to Face: Twelve Contemporary American Artists Interpret Themselves in a Limited Edition of Original Wood Engravings. Engravers who submitted self-portraits for this were McCurdy, Fred Becker, Jack Coughlin, John DePol, Fritz Eichenberg, Raymond Gloeckler, James Grashow, Judith Jaidinger, Stefan Martin, Barry Moser, Gillian Tyler, and Herbert Waters.

Penmaen Press was discontinued in 1985, as McCurdy devoted himself increasingly to writing and illustrating trade books, as well as limited editions for other publishers.

Works
Throughout his career, McCurdy illustrated books, greeting cards, corporate commissions, and logos (including those for The New Yankee Workshop and Martha Stewart). McCurdy's wood engravings and drawings are found in trade books for both adults and children and in fine limited editions. Books of note for which McCurdy provided illustrations include The Man Who Planted Trees by Jean Giono (1985), an illustrated version of The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln (1995), American Tall Tales by Mary Pope Osborne (1991), Lucy’s Summer and Lucy’s Christmas by United States Poet Laureate Donald Hall, Tales of Adam by Daniel Quinn, and a limited edition of American Buffalo by David Mamet (1992). He also designed and illustrated the John Muir Library Series for Sierra Club Books. Throughout his career, McCurdy illustrated several books and items relating to Walden by Henry David Thoreau, including a sesquicentennial edition published in 2004 with 50 new wood engravings.

McCurdy also authored numerous books, including Toward the Light (a collection of his wood engravings with accompanying anecdotes, published in Canada), The Illustrated Harvard: Harvard University in Wood Engravings and Words (1986), The Devils Who Learned to be Good, Hannah's Farm: The Seasons on an Early American Homestead, The Old Man and the Fiddle, Trapped by the Ice: Shackleton's Amazing Antarctic Adventure and An Algonquian Year: The Year According to the Full Moon. He edited and illustrated an abridged version of the first autobiography of Frederick Douglass, renamed Escape from Slavery: The Boyhood of Frederick Douglass in His Own Words, published in 1994.

Awards
Howard Norman's The Owl-Scatterer included McCurdy’s engravings and book design and was chosen by The New York Times as one of the Ten Best Illustrated Children's Books of 1986. Ann Whitford Paul's book The Seasons Sewn: The Year in Patchwork received the same recognition from the Times in 1996.

McCurdy’s collection of engravings, Toward the Light, was awarded the Bronze Medal in an international book exhibition in Leipzig in 1983. Other books have received awards from the New England Book Show and the American Institute of Graphic Arts.

McCurdy was elected a member of the Boston Society of Printers in 1971 and was selected as a Literary Light by the Associates of the Boston Public Library in 2002.

Giants in the Land, a children's picture book that McCurdy illustrated with black and white scratchboard, won numerous prizes.

Archives
The main archive of McCurdy's work as an author and illustrator, covering a period of 48 years, is housed in the Boston Public Library. Original work, dating from McCurdy's first wood engraving in 1962 to later work for both adults and children, is included along with correspondence with authors and publishers, initial sketches, proofs, and wood blocks.

McCurdy’s Penmaen Press archive is housed in the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs. The UCONN archive preserves books and ephemera printed and published at McCurdy's Penmaen Press from 1969 to 1985. The work includes first-edition books of poetry, fiction and translation, as well as correspondence.

References

External links
  1972–2010

1942 births
2016 deaths
American book publishers (people)
American children's book illustrators