Avid Unity ISIS is a storage system for video files used by television broadcasters developed by Avid Technology. ISIS stands for "Infinitely Scalable Intelligent Storage."

Capabilities
Isis Version 2.0 has 400 megabytes per second of bandwidth for each engine, and 10 gigabit per second connectivity, allowing uncompressed files. 330 clients can use the system at once, with total storage of 384 terabytes, or 196 terabytes capable of being used with mirror mode, meaning that data is always stored twice, but in random locations rather than using specific pairs of drives. This is sufficient for 430 hours of uncompressed HD or 8300 hours of compressed 50-megabyte-per-second HD.

"Infinitely scalable," according to David Schleifer, Avid vice president for technology and work groups, means that, in theory, storage is unlimited because individual systems can be linked to each other. Each time a new system is added, he says, the data moves from the existing system to the new system in such a way that the two systems have the same amount of information. "Intelligent Storage" refers to advancing beyond the idea that a central server must be accessed each time a file is desired.  This type of system limits the number of users at a time. Senior product manager Andy Dale says 16 "blades," or circuit boards, make it possible for many users to access the system at once. The system components—engines, switch blades, storage blades, and power/cooling units—can be changed without work stopping. Individual units can make decisions themselves, improving productivity for the entire system.

Since broadcasters need their video files at all times in a world of 24-hour news, and since there are more of them needing such access, the ability to retrieve such files instantly is no longer a luxury. Sharing of systems cuts costs and allows data to be backed up in the event a possible problem is detected.

History
Avid Unity ISIS was introduced in October 2005 as a successor to Avid's Unity system, which could hold 20 terabytes for as many as 60 clients. Unity ISIS could hold 64 terabytes and could be used by as many as 100 clients at once. Schleider said content could be retrieved at 50 gigabytes per second, making HD files possible. CBS News planned to use the system as it upgraded to a digital newsroom concept. Competitors at the time with smaller systems included Quantel, Grass Valley and Omneon.

In January 2007, WBZ-TV in Boston, Massachusetts switched to a tapeless system, using a 64-terabyte ISIS system capable of storing 2200 hours of content.

References

Film and video technology
Computer storage devices


Claremont High School is a public high school nestled in the northern foothills of the Pomona Valley in Claremont, California, United States. Part of the Claremont Unified School District, it is a California Distinguished School, a two-time national Blue Ribbon School of Excellence (1986–1987, 1999–2000), and a nationally recognized International Baccalaureate (IB) World School.

The school serves Claremont and a small section of Pomona.

Athletics

Claremont's sports programs include football, basketball, volleyball, golf, baseball, softball, water polo, swimming and diving, wrestling, tennis, soccer, track and field, and cross-country.  The varsity football team has won 21 league championships, including 5 CIF titles.  The cross-country team earned a fourth-place finish at the 2009 CIF State Meet and a third-place finish at the 2010 CIF State Meet, in recent years they have been dominant, with a 3rd place finish in 2011, 4th place finish in 2014, 4th place in 2015, STATE CHAMPS in 2016, 4th place in  2017, 3rd place in 2018, and 3rd again in 2019 (All at the D2 State meets). The girls cross-country team won first-place in the 2016, 2017, and 2018 CIF State Meets, and made Nationals both in 2017 and 2018. The boys also finished first in the 2016 CIF State Meet. In 2009 and 2010, the varsity tennis team won CIF  titles. The soccer team won back to back league titles in 1993, 2001–2002 and 2011.

Claremont is part of the Palomares League. Claremont High School has 24 varsity athletic teams.

Notable alumni
 Jessica Alba, actress and model
 Ady Barkan, political activist and author
 Tony Beltran, MLS defender for the Real Salt Lake
 Jacob Bertrand, actor
 Brittany Brown, sprinter
 Kori Carter, NCAA and 2017 world champion in 400 meter hurdles
 Craig Colclough, operatic bass-baritone
 John Darnielle, musician and singer-songwriter
 Malu Dreyer, German politician, Minister-President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, spent 1977 as an exchange student at Claremont
 Aundrea Fimbres, singer and dancer
 Justin Germano, baseball player in the U.S, Japan and Korea
 Rod Gilfry, leading American operatic baritone
 Elliot Graham, film editor
 Ben Harper, musician and singer-songwriter
 Martin Hewitt, actor
 Alex Hinshaw, MLB baseball player for the San Francisco Giants
 Anastasia Horne, actress/singer
 Hughes brothers, film directors, producers and screenwriters
 Todd Hughes, film director, producer and screenwriter
 Matt Jones, actor
 Dan McGwire, former NFL quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks
 Cameron Morrah, NFL tight end for the Seattle Seahawks
 Cameron Munter, U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan
 Locke Olson, gold medal-winning USA Basketball player at the 1955 Pan American Games
 Sam Quinones, journalist and former reporter for Los Angeles Times (2004-2014)
 Dileep Rao, actor
 Dave Rice, college basketball coach, UNLV
Noah Song, professional baseball player
 Dillon Tate, baseball player
 Peter Thum, co-founder of Ethos Water
 Rozz Williams, founder of American gothic rock band Christian Death and pioneer of the American gothic rock scene

References

External links

 Official website

Claremont, California
High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Public high schools in California
Educational institutions established in 1964
International Baccalaureate schools in California
1964 establishments in California


This is a list of all seasons played by GNK Dinamo Zagreb in national and European football, from 1945 (the year the club was officially founded) to the most recent completed season. The club spent its entire existence playing top-flight football (from 1946 to 1991 in the Yugoslav First League, from 1991 onwards in the Prva HNL).

This list details the club's achievements in all major competitions, and the top scorers for each season (note that only goals scored in league matches are taken into account). Players in bold were also top league scorers that season.

Seasons

Key
Divisions
1. JSL = Yugoslav First League 1946–1991
1. HNL = Croatian First League 1992–present

League
P = Games played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
GF = Goals for
GA = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position
N/A = Not applicable

Cup/Europe
PR = Preliminary round
PO = Play-off round
QR = Qualifying round
R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
GS = Group stage
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals
RU = Runners-up
W = Winners

1946–1991
Following the club's formation as the municipal multi-sports club FD Dinamo in June 1945 the club's first competitive success was winning the first post-war Zagreb municipal championship held in January and February 1946 and then finishing as runners-up behind Hajduk Split in the SR Croatia regional championship which doubled as a qualifying tournament for the 1946–47 Yugoslav First League (officially called "First Federal League", ), the first edition of the post-war national top level. Dinamo soon established themselves as one of the so-called "Big Four" of Yugoslav football (along with Hajduk Split, Partizan and Red Star), a quartet of teams who dominated the game in SFR Yugoslavia, by finishing runners-up in 1947, and winning league titles in 1948, 1954 and 1958 and were never relegated from top level until leaving the league in 1991 following Croatia's independence. During the Yugoslav era Dinamo won four league titles and seven Yugoslav Cups. They were only the third Yugoslav side to play in an UEFA-sponsored competition when they appeared in the 1958–59 European Cup (after Partizan in 1955 and Red Star in 1956).

The club's most successful period was between 1960 and 1969, during which they reached the Yugoslav Cup finals six times (winning four) but failed to clinch a single league title (finishing runners-up five times). The club also had two successful campaigns in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup during this period, reaching the final in 1963 and 1967 and winning the latter by beating England's Leeds United. This was the only European silverware won by any Yugoslav club until Red Star Belgrade won the 1990–91 European Cup 24 years later. The club's second "golden age" came between 1980 and 1986, when Dinamo reached another five cup finals (winning two) and won the 1981–82 league title, their first league win in 24 years.

In the Yugoslav era three Dinamo players were top league scorers on four occasions: Franjo Wölfl in 1947 and 1948, Dražan Jerković in 1962 (who also went on to become joint top scorer at the 1962 FIFA World Cup that year) and Snješko Cerin in 1982. Cerin went on to become the club's most prolific scorer in the period with a total of 103 league goals for Dinamo between 1976 and 1986. The most successful managers were Milan Antolković who led the club to three cup finals (1960, 1963 and 1963 - winning the first two) and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final in 1963; and Miroslav Blažević who led the club to the 1981–82 league win and three cup finals (1982, 1983 and 1986 - winning only the 1983 edition).

1992–present
Following the 1990–91 Yugoslav First League Croatian clubs abandoned the league amid the breakup of Yugoslavia and joined the present-day Croatian football league system as the country declared independence. Dinamo Zagreb were thus founding members of the Prva HNL (1. HNL). Affected by the ongoing war in Croatia the league's inaugural season was shortened and held over the course of only one calendar year from February to June 1992. During the season the club took part in European competitions on account of qualification secured at the end of the 1990–91 Yugoslav season as Dinamo had finished runners-up in the league and qualified for the 1991–92 UEFA Cup. Due to the ongoing war Croatian clubs had to host their European games abroad so Dinamo played their UEFA Cup first round fixture against Trabzonspor in Klagenfurt, Austria. The following 1992–93 season no Croatian club was allowed to enter European competitions as the Croatian Football Federation, the league's governing body, was not yet recognized by UEFA and officially became its affiliate as late as June 1993.

Amid political turmoil in the early 1990s club's officials began claiming direct lineage to pre-WWII Zagreb-based clubs Građanski Zagreb and HAŠK and in order to reflect this Dinamo were renamed "HAŠK Građanski" in June 1991. They finished fifth in the inaugural 1. HNL season and reached the Croatian Cup final which they lost to minnows Inker Zaprešić. In February 1993 the club were renamed "Croatia Zagreb". They won five league titles and three domestic cups and participated in the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League group stages carrying that name before reverting to "Dinamo Zagreb" in February 2000.

Notes
 Between the 1988–89 and 1991–92 seasons drawn games went to penalties with only the shootout winners gaining the point. Figures in brackets in the drawn games column represent points won in such shootouts.
 Includes only goals scored in league matches. Players indicated in bold were also top league scorers that season.
 The 1952 Yugoslav First League was shortened and completed over a period of three and a half months, beginning on 2 March and ending on 22 June. The reason for the changes was a desire to start the next season in the fall of 1952, thus implementing the fall–spring format that had become a norm all across Europe by this time. The clubs were initially divided into two groups of six teams each, where everyone within a given group played each other twice (home and away). After ten rounds Dinamo topped their group and qualified for the four-team championship group in the second stage in which four best-placed teams from preliminary groups played each other twice. Eventually Dinamo finished fourth, six points behind winners Hajduk Split. The statistics for the 1952 season thus show season totals and not just the final standings in the second stage group.
 In the 1955–56 and 1974–75 seasons the Yugoslav Cup was not held. On both occasions the cup edition was skipped for rescheduling purposes as the Yugoslav FA had decided to move the date of cup finals from 29 November (or Republic Day, the anniversary of the establishment of communist Yugoslavia) to on or around 25 May (or Youth Day, a national holiday which doubled as the official celebration of Josip Broz Tito's birthday).
 Due to the match-fixing scandal in the 1985–86 season, ten clubs had started the 1986–87 Yugoslav First League season with a deduction of 6 points, among them Dinamo Zagreb. Vardar, who had not been deducted any points, won the title and participated in the 1987–88 European Cup, with Dinamo originally finishing eighth in the league. After post-season legal proceedings the situation was resolved in July 1987 with a court ruling which nullified the deductions and which meant that the title was given back to Partizan and that Dinamo finished the season in sixth place.

Achievements

Domestic
 Croatian First League
Winners (24): 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23

Runners-up (4): 1994–95, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2016–17
 Yugoslav First League
Winners (9): 1923, 1926, 1928, 1936–37, 1939–40, 1947–48, 1953–54, 1957–58, 1981–82
Runners-up (11): 1946–47, 1951, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1989–90, 1990–91
 Croatian Football Cup
Winners (15): 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2021
Runners-up (7): 1992, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2014, 2017, 2019
 Yugoslav Football Cup
Winners (7): 1951, 1960, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1980, 1983
Runners-up (8): 1950, 1964, 1966, 1972, 1976, 1982, 1985, 1986
 Croatian Super Cup
Winners (7): 2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2019, 2022
Runners-up (4): 1993, 1994, 2004, 2014
 Yugoslav Super Cup
Runners-up (1): 1969

International
 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Winners (1): 1966–67
Runners-up (1): 1962–63
 Balkans Cup
Winners (1): 1976

References
General

Specific

Seasons

Dinamo Zagreb
Dinamo Zagreb Seasons
Gnk Dinamo


The Fifth Patient is a 2007 American thriller film written and directed by Amir Mann, and starring Nick Chinlund and Marley Shelton. The film was shot in the United States and Mexico, and released on June 10, 2007.

Premise
John Reilly, an American national, finds himself in an African hospital where, he learns he has spent the last two years due to a head injury. He remembers nothing of his past and is accused of being a spy. The film features Helen, a woman Reilly believes might be his wife.

Cast and characters
 Nick Chinlund – John Reilly
 Isaach De Bankolé – Cpt. Mugambe
 Brendan Fehr – Vince Callow
 Marley Shelton – Helen
 Harsh Nayyar – Apu
 Edi Gathegi – Darudi
 Alec Newman – Dr. Stevenson
 Olek Krupa – Khodorov
 Henry Czerny – Gerard Pinker
 Peter Bogdanovich – Edward Birani

Production
The film is Amir Mann's first feature.

Release
The film was internationally distributed, as El quint paciente in Spanish, O quinto paciente in Portuguese, for example.

Reception
Las Vegas Weekly stated: "This is an immediate and engrossing set-up, similar to the basic template for plenty of thrillers, and it lends The Fifth Patient a certain momentum that lasts more than halfway through the film, until writer-director Mann starts providing some answers about why exactly his main character (Chinlund) is in Africa, and what his mysterious tormentors and/or allies are trying to get out of him. As the possible spy begins to regain bits and pieces of his memory, along the way becoming more confident in his own espionage skills, the film resembles The Bourne Identity on a smaller scale." A review in Variety also  found that "the guessing games lose their intrigue since the underlying mystery is suspiciously thin".The Hollywood Reporter too judged  that the film was " for the first hour at least a taut, claustrophobic mystery".

References

See also
 List of American films of 2007

External links

 The Fifth Patient - Shoreline Entertainment

2007 films
2007 thriller films
American thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


The Namibian Newspaper Cup is an under-20 football (soccer) tournament for the top men's U-20 players in Namibia. It also promotes women's football in Namibia by holding a match between top Namibian women's squad prior to the final. it is sponsored by the newspaper The Namibian. The Namibia Football Association considers it preparation for the All Africa Games and Summer Olympics. The event has been held in Walvis Bay, Oshakati, Gobabis, Otjiwarongo, Mariental and Keetmanshoop. The 2009 version was held from 10 April to 13 April at Sam Nujoma Stadium in Katutura, Windhoek.

References

External links
RSSSF competition history

Football competitions in Namibia


This is a list of current stations of the Oslo Tramway, Norway:

List

The following table lists the name of each station; the line the station is located on; the services (11 through 13 and 17 through 19); the date the station opened. Further details are available in the articles on each station.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Oslo Tramway stations
Tram
Tramway stations


Xuân Thủy (September 2, 1912 – June 20, 1985) was a Vietnamese political figure. He was the Foreign Minister of North Vietnam from 1963 to 1965 and then chief negotiator of the North Vietnamese at the Paris Peace talks.

Thủy was born in Hà Đông Province in Northern Vietnam on September 2, 1912.  His name means "spring water". He was educated at a French school in Hanoi. Becoming interested in nationalist politics in his early teens, the fourteen-year-old Thuỷ entered the Revolutionary Youth League of the communist leader Ho Chi Minh. At sixteen, he was arrested for the first time. When he was eighteen, he was sent to the penal colony on Côn Sơn Island in the South China Sea. Two further jail terms followed. In 1938, Thuỷ became a member of the Indochina Communist Party. After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, he was imprisoned in Sơn La, being held there for six years until the end of the war in 1945. However, he used his internment to edit the underground communist newspaper Suoi Reo.

After his release, Thủy became the editor and director of the newspaper Cứu quốc, the official organ of the Viet Minh national liberation movement formed by Ho Chi Minh in 1941 in opposition to both French and Japanese control over the country. In 1946, he then became a member of the National Assembly of the just-proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The Assembly was started by the Viet Minh as a vehicle of resistance against French colonial rule in what would become the First Indochina War. Speaking both French and Chinese fluently and known as an expert in agitprop, Thuỷ traveled both Asia and Europe visiting Vienna, Stockholm, Rangoon, Beijing, and Moscow in 1950 to gather support for the North Vietnamese cause. In 1961 and 1962, he attended the Geneva Conference on Laos as the deputy chairman of the Vietnamese delegation. An American diplomat at the meeting described him as "a top-drawer negotiator, a dreadful fellow to face across the table day after day." In 1963, he then became Foreign Minister of North Vietnam. However, in 1965 he had to step down. Thuỷ's health was cited as the reason for his resignation, yet his losing a power struggle, in which he supported a pro-Soviet line, is the more likely cause. His successor was Nguyen Duy Trinh, an avowed supporter of China in the Sino-Soviet split. Thuỷ then fell out of favor with the ruling party, but he returned to the political scene in 1968, as North Vietnam's chief diplomat at the Paris peace talks. These meetings finally led to American withdrawal from the country. He was known to use long tirades to test the American negotiators' endurance during the meetings. Thuỷ served briefly as one of the Vice Presidents of Council of State from 1981 to 1982. He was also made Vice-Chairman of North Vietnam's National Assembly, a position he retained until his death.

Thuỷ died of heart failure in Hanoi on June 20, 1985.

References

"Xuan Thuy, Hanoi Envoy at Paris Talks, Dies". New York Times. June 20, 1985.
"Xuan Thuy: Abrasive Advocate". Time. May. 10, 1968.
"Xuan Thuy; Negotiator for Hanoi at Paris Peace Talks". Los Angeles Times. June 30, 1985.

1912 births
1985 deaths
Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War
Vietnamese atheists
Vietnamese communists
Vice presidents of Vietnam
Members of the National Assembly (Vietnam)
Foreign ministers of Vietnam
Members of the 4th Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Alternates of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 4th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Government ministers of Vietnam
People from Hanoi


Vilakuvelil Cherian Samuel (Malayalam: വി.സി. ശമുവേൽ ; Syriac: ܫܡܽܘܐܝܶܠ ܆ ܫܡܘܐܝܠ ; Hebrew: שְׁמוּאֵל ; Greek: Σαμουήλ ; Arabic: صموئيل; Latin: Samūēl ; Amharic: ሳሙኤል ) (1912–1998), called Samuel Achen was an Indian Christian philosopher, scholar, university professor, theologian, historian, polyglot and ecumenical leader. He was a priest of the Indian Orthodox Church. He was the author of many doctrinal books and papers including The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: Historical Theological Survey.

Early life
Samuel was born 6 April 1912, at Edayil House - Cheekanal in the village of Omallur, in the British Raj Province of Travancore, now Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. He was born in an Orthodox Syrian Christian family. He was the fifth child of nine children of his parents E. I. Cherian and Annamma. His father was a school teacher and educator who established 15 primary schools when there were few facilities for modern education and a member of the Legislative Assembly (Sree Moolam Popular Assembly).

Education
Samuel was educated at a primary school founded by his father in his village and the Government English Middle School, Pathanamthitta, going on to the St. Thomas English High School (St. Thomas Higher Secondary School Kozhencherry). He received his English School Leaving Certificate (E.S.L.C) in 1931 with distinction.

Seminary teacher and scholar

In In addition to his general education, Samuel learned the Syriac language, which was the ecclesiastical and liturgical language of the St. Thomas Christians of Kerala.

Patriarch Mar Ignatius Elias III of Antioch visited India in 1932. Samuel had a keen interest in the patriarchal mission and was deeply moved when the Patriarch died at Manjanikkara, close to his home in 1932. The place where the Patriarch had died soon grew in stature as St. Ignatius Church, a center of religious activities, including the teaching of Syriac and Antiochene Syrian ecclesiastical doctrine.

Samuel pursued further Syriac studies at Manjanikkara Dayara (monastery). He had been attracted there by the presence of the Syrian Metropolitan Elias Mar Julius, the delegate of the Patriarch, and the Syrian Deacon and Rabban 'Abdel Ahad (monk), (who later become Patriarch Mor Ignatius Ya`qub III).

At the time, Samuel wanted to continue his theological research but had no plans to be ordained. He began to share teaching duties with a colleague, Malpan Dn. Abdul Ahad Remban and also served as the secretary and translator for the  Metropolitan.

In addition to Malayalam, his mother tongue, Samuel learned Sanskrit,  Tamil, Hindi and English. He continued studying languages, later learning  Syriac. He maintained his knowledge of English by reading books on church history, theology, and biblical and devotional subjects.

In 1944, Samuel joined the Union Christian College as a priest and followed a programme of study and research for another sixteen years.

1944-1948 Union Christian College Alwaye, India: B.A. Degree in philosophy, first rank with gold medal, University of Travancore later University of Kerala)
1948-1950 Madras Christian College, India: M.A., Philosophy, First Class, Madras University
1950-1953 United Theological College, Bangalore, India: B.D., Theology, Distinction, with Special awards Serampore College, West Bengal, India
1953-1954 Union Seminary, New York: S.T.M, Post Graduates Degree in Theology magna cum laude
1954-1957 Yale Divinity School, New Haven, US: PhD, Yale University magna cum laude
1957-1960 Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (C.I.S.R.S), Bangalore; Ramakrishna Mission Centers; India; University of Chicago, Chicago, US: Post Doctoral Research Scholar, Rockefeller Foundation Fellow

Samuel carried out research in several academic centres: Serampore College, West Bengal; United Theological College, Bangalore; CNI Library, Kottayam and Syriac Library of Pampakkuda all in India; Addis Ababa Library - Ethiopia; Bodleian Library, Oxford; British Museum Library / British Museum Reading Room, London; Library of the Bossey Ecumenical Institute, Switzerland; Library of the Jesuit College, Louvain; and the Vatican Library, Rome.

Doctoral research: Christological controversy
With a background in secular education, Samuel researched the History of Christian thought, which he chose for his specialization; the classical doctrine of the Person of Christ worked out in the fifth century, which led to the first division in the Church that continues today.  Samuel's knowledge of philosophy, Syriac and Greek made it possible for him to work with ancient texts and documents to carry out his Alexandrine-Antiochene Christologies. In choosing this area of research, Samuel's purpose was ecumenism.

The Council of Chalcedon in 451 was called to discuss the definition of the Godhead and manhood of Christ. Differences in opinion led to a major division in the Christian Church which has been interpreted by Church traditions, each in its own way to imply that the other sides were at fault. Samuel's purpose was, firstly, to find out why the division arose, and secondly, to clarify for all concerned why the Churches exist in a divided state. Finally, his work was intended to be of service to the Churches and improve the cause of Christian unity.

Samuel had a special concern for the Churches of the East, particularly those of the Oriental Orthodox family, which have continued in the history without formally acknowledging the Council of Chalcedon. These Church traditions have been referred to as "monophysite" heretical community by the Byzantine or the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Catholic Church and the major Protestant Churches. Samuel researched the real point of the division following the Council and the teaching of the Church Fathers who opposed it. He hoped to rescue Oriental Orthodoxy from centuries of intellectual oblivion. The doctoral thesis, "The Council of Chalcedon Re-examined: A Historical and Theological Survey" was published worldwide along with several papers. This stand represented the Oriental Orthodox perspective.

Post-doctoral research scholar
Samuel promoted the concept that the Church in India should be Indian. He had a deep interest in comparing the roots of the historic Christian faith with the religious heritage of Hinduism. He knew that the claim of Apostolic origin and the identity as Syrian Christians of India did not match  its present standing either as part of the Catholic Church or of Antiochene Syrian Church. From this point of view both these sections of the Indian Christianity could envision a common future. Over the years, he promoted the history of the Indian Church and its foreign connections. He took the opportunity to compare them with other ancient Churches, particularly those of the East.

On completing his doctorate at Yale, an opportunity arose for him to research Hinduism. At this time Dr. P.D. Devanandan was establishing the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society in Bangalore. Samuel joined in 1957 under an appointment for the post-doctoral research programme sponsored by the University of Chicago. He was awarded the Rockefeller Fellowship for a period of three years which included research for two years in India and one year in Chicago. Besides Indian Philosophy, Sankaracharya's Advaita, Ramanujacharya's Visishtadvaita and Madvacharya's Dvaita Vedanta, he gained first-hand knowledge of the Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda and working of the Ramakrishna Mission as well as of several others in contemporary Indian movements like Mahatma Gandhi's gramaswaraj and Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement.

Polyglot
Samuel was familiar with fifteen languages including his mother tongue, Malayalam and a scholar in Sanskrit, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, Ge'ez and Arabic which he could teach in seminaries and universities.

Career

Teaching

1933-1944	Manjanikkara Dayara - Seminary (Malphano), Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.
1960-1963	Serampore College, Serampore, West Bengal, India.
1963-1966	Theological College of the Holy Trinity, Haile Selassie I University (Addis Ababa University), Ethiopia.
1966-1968	United Theological College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
1968-1976	Theological College of the Holy Trinity, Haile Selassie I University, Addis Ababa
1977-1978	Ecumenical Christian Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore.
1978-1980	United Theological College, Bangalore.
1981-1991	Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam (Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary), Kottayam, Kerala.
1982-1991	Federated Faculty for Research in Religion and Culture, Kerala.

In addition to the above, Samuel served as a professor, guide, and examiner in almost all the seminaries and theological colleges in India, and many abroad.

Ecumenical movement
Samuel contributed to the ecumenical movement in the international arena for three decades. He was an accredited delegate of the Indian Orthodox Church at four of the General Assemblies of the World Council of Churches:

1954 - Evanston, United States.
1961 -	New Delhi, India
1968 -	Uppsala, Sweden, and
1976 - Nairobi, Kenya.

Faith and Order Commission
The New Delhi World Assembly of World Council of Churches in 1961 voted Samuel as a member of the council's Faith and Order Commission. He held that position until 1984. The fourth general assembly of the WCC, at Uppsala in 1968, elected him as a member of the commission's Working Committee and later in its steering committee. His active participation in the meetings of Faith and Order Commission was influential and expressed the importance of church unity. In his paper in the Faith and Order meeting at Accra 1974 on the subject "How can the Unity of the Church be Achieved" he points to the influence of "different intellectual and cultural backgrounds" in the evolution the different church traditions, awareness of which should help relativize these traditions. He was a participant of seven meetings of the commission.
 1963 - Montreal, Canada
 1964 - Arhus, Denmark
 1967 - Bristol, UK
 1971 - Louvain, Belgium
 1974 - Accra, Ghana
 1978 - Bangalore, India and
 1982 - Lima, Peru

Joint commissions
Samuel took a part in a number of study projects and joint commissions of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Protestant Churches. The papers presented took an interest in discussing the issues from an Oriental Orthodox perspective. The papers were published under the auspices of the World Council of Churches:

Apostolicity and Catholicity
The Early Councils
The Council of Chalcedon
Authority of the Bible
Uniatism and its Problem
Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry Text; or Lima Document

Dialogue between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox theologians

Samuel attended the "Unofficial Consultation of Theologians of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches" held in Arhus-1964, Bristol-1967, Geneva-1970 and Addis Ababa-1971 and presented papers at all of them. He was involved in the participants’ arriving at the conclusion that the difference in Christological Doctrine between the two families of Churches was only verbal and not substantial. These papers and joint agreed statements have been published in different journals.

Dialogue between Catholic and Oriental Orthodox theologians
Samuel was involved in four consultations organised by the Pro Oriente Foundation of Vienna, Austria in 1972. These were called "Unofficial Consultations of Theologians of the Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches". He participated in them as an Orthodox theologian, presenting papers that were published under the auspices of the Pro Oriente Foundation. The first three of the consultations discussed the doctrine of the Person of Jesus Christ, on which there was agreement among participants that the difference between two Church traditions was not substantial.

Starting in 1964, Samuel took part in almost all the various meetings of the Unofficial Consultation of Theologians of Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches presenting papers, participating in discussions, and drafting out the agreed statements. He served as a member of a group called together by the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches for a study, first of the Councils of early Church, and later of the Council of Chalcedon. The papers presented were published in the Greek Orthodox Theological Review, Brookline, Massachusetts, United States, Wort und Worhiet, Pro Oriente, Vienna, Ecumenical Review, World Council of Churches, Geneva and Abba Salama, Addis Ababa. Samuel's research helped to pave the way for a closer understanding and better relationship between the Chalcedonian and Non Chalcedonian Christendom, after a period of fifteen centuries of split and schism.

Ethiopian life

The Church of Ethiopia and Haile Selassie I University (since renamed Addis Ababa University) persuaded Samuel to travel to Ethiopia. The college appointed him Dean of the Theological College of the Holy Trinity in 1969, a position that he held until he left Ethiopia in July 1976. He also served as the Secretary of the Faculty Council of the university.

The Great Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches

Samuel helped organize the Conference of the Oriental Orthodox Churches with the initiative of both the Emperor Haile Selassie I and the acting Patriarch of Ethiopia, Abune Theophilus (later Patriarch). The conference brought together the five Oriental Orthodox Churches, Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, Ethiopian and Indian, which were isolated after the fifth century.

He was a member of the local committee and General Coordinator, responsible for the preparatory work of the Addis Ababa Conference of the Heads of Oriental Orthodox Churches, held in January 1965. He was also one of the delegates along with Fr. T. C. Jacob and others in the Conference with the Catholicos Baselios Augen I and others representing the Indian Orthodox Church. He also edited and published the report of the Conference.

Association of Ethio-Hellenic Studies
Samuel entered into a programme initiated by Methodios Fouyas, the Metropolitan of the Greek Orthodox Church of Aksum, founding the Association of Ethio-Hellenic Studies. He was the vice-president and was on the editorial board of the publications 'Abba Salama' and the 'Ecliastca Fharan', in English, Greek, Amharic and Ge'ez languages. Throughout his life, he expressed his desire to see the unity of the Indian churches that belong to the Syrian tradition.  Unity with the 'Jacobite Faction' of the Indian Orthodox Church was given priority. An ecumenical unity with the churches belonging to the Protestant tradition was also envisaged.  As an Indian Christian V.C Samuel advocated the need of fostering wider ecumenism with other faiths in general and Hinduism in particular.

Ministry in the Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Church
Ordained at the age of twenty-five Samuel continued his ministry in the Indian Orthodox Church for a period of six decades:

1931-1932 	Inspector, Sunday School
1932-1940	Secretary and Translator of Elias Mar Julius, Delegate Bishop of the Patriarch
194-1940 Malpan St. Ignatius Dayara, (Seminary), Manjinikkara, Omalloor
1935	Ordained as a Deacon.
1937	Ordained as a Priest
1937-1940 	Priest and Malpan, Manjinikkara Dayara and Seminary
1940-1944	Vicar and Malpan, St. Thomas Syrian Orthodox Church Chengalam, Kottayam, Kerala
1944-1948	Alwaye, Kerala, India
1944-1998	Member, Governing Board of the Christu Shishya Ashram, Thadakom, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
1948-1950	Service in Thambaram and Madras City
1950-1953	First full-time Vicar, of the Orthodox Christian Church in Bangalore, Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore.
1950-1953 Started a new congregation in Jalahalli area and conducted Holy Qurbana intermittent
1957-1959	 During Post Doctoral Research program,  Spiritual service in Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore and Jalahally intermittent. Later in 1966 Jalahalli Congregation developed in to full-fledged parish dedicated in the name of St. Mary. in 1966. Founder Father of St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapally, Jalahally East, Bangalore
1960-1963	Spiritual Service in Serampore College Chapel, Barrakpore, across the River Hoogly, Calcutta
Foundation Stone laid for the Calcutta Parish
1963-1966	Indian Orthodox Congregation, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
1966-1968	 During the teaching in United Theological College Intermittent Service in Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore and St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapally, Jalahalli
1966 Appointed as the founder president of the new Church building Committee for Bangalore Orthodox Congregation
1972 New Church was dedicated in the name of St. Gregorios of Parumala (St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bangalore) 1972
1968 Appointed as the Ambassador of the Indian Orthodox Church in Ethiopia and African Countries, by Baselios Augen I, Catholicose of the East
1968–1976	Vicar, Addis Ababa
1970	Inauguration of the parsonage of the St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bangalore
1976-1982	Formation of new Congregation in Bangalore East. Conducted Holy Qurbana in Sevanilayam Chapel for six years
1982	Bangalore East congregation built a new church building and dedicated in the name of St. Thomas. Founder Father of the St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Bangalore East
1982-1998	Formation of St. Stephen's Orthodox Chapel, Rajajinagar, Bangalore. later St. Stephens Orthodox Church, Vijayanagar, Bangalore. Founder Father

Association
Founder Chief Advisor, Church Weekly, Alwaye, India
Chief Advisor and Lifelong Governing Board member; Christu Sishya Ashram, Tadagom, Coimbatore, India
Hindu Christian Dialogue, CISRS, Bangalore
Editor, Indian Journal of Theology, Calcutta
Secretary and Editor, Theological Forum, Bangalore
Founder Vice-president and Editor, Association of Ethio-Hellenic Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Editor Abba Salama, Review of Ethio Hellenic Studies, Journal, Addis Ababa
Editor Ecclisiastica Faran. Addis Ababa
Patron, Indian Community School, Addis Ababa
President, St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bangalore (Church Building Committee 1967
WCC Delegate, Christian Muslim Dialogue
Advisor, All Africa Christian Conference
Advisor, Emperor Haile Selassie I
Advisor,  Abuna Theophilos, Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
Member and Chief Advisor, Church History Association of India, Bangalore
Editorial board member, History of Christianity in India, Bangalore
Editorial Executive Member, Bible Commentary, CSS, Thiruvalla
Editorial Executive Encyclopedia of Indian Orthodox Church
Editorial Board Ethiopian Orthodox Church Publications
Governing board member, Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam
Resource Person, Thiruvachanabhashyam, Kottayam
Resource Person Divyabodhanam, Kottayam
Editorial board member, Malankara Sabha, Kottayam
Editorial board member, Purohithan
Member Joint International Commission: Catholic Church and Malankara Orthodox Church
Chief Editor, Harp, Kottayam
Chief Advisor, St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, Kottayam
President, Fifty Golden Years Celebrations Committee, Bangalore

Ambassador of the Indian Church
The church planned to consecrate him as a bishop in the early 1950s. He declined the offer and instead chose to continue to pursue ecumenism through academia.

In 1968, the Catholicose Baselius Ougen I, the Head of the Malankara Orthodox Church appointed Samuel as the Christian Embassador to Ethiopia and other African Countries.

Doctor of the Church
In 1991, Professor Samuel Chandanappally published Malankara Sabha Pithakkanmar Fathers of the Malankara Church. The book listed Samuel as the greatest Doctor of the Indian Church.

Marriage and Family Life
After serving as a priest for approximately sixteen years, Dr. V. C. Samuel made the decision to marry at the age of forty-one. Prior to this step, he obtained formal permission from both his Bishop and His Holiness the Catholicos.
Dr. V. C. Samuel addressed the topic of priestly marriage in various publications, including Church Weekly. He emphasised that there was no theological basis to insist that marriage must occur exclusively before one's ordination as a priest.

His argument revolved around two key points:
Firstly, he underscored that already a majority of priests within the Orthodox Churches were fulfilling their roles while being married. Therefore, he believed that choosing to marry after ordination would not impact one's status as a priest.

Secondly, Dr. V. C. Samuel pointed out that historical records indicated the Church of Malabar had previously permitted priests to marry, and even remarry in cases of widowhood, subsequent to their ordination. Furthermore, there were instances where notable figures such as Patriarch Peter III and various Bishops, both Syrian and Indian, had approved individual cases of priests entering matrimony and even remarrying.

Interestingly, it was the Roman Catholics who arrived in Kerala during the 16th century that opposed the idea of married priests.

The task of regularising and formalising this historical practice fell to Dr. V. C. Samuel.

In 1953, at the age of forty-one, he married Kunjannamma Pilo in the chapel of Chisthu Sishya Ashram in Thadagam. They shared an exemplary married life, and in 1954, they welcomed their only son, Zacharia. Unfortunately, Kunjannamma's life was tragically cut short in 1968 due to a car accident.

Death
Samuel died in the early morning of Wednesday 18, November 1998 at his residence in Bangalore. The funeral service was conducted two days later at St. Gregorios Cathedral where he had served. Bishops Philipose Mar Eusebius and Mathews Mar Severus, his former students, led the service assisted by hundreds of Priests. Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II, who was unable to attend due to hospitalization, flew directly to Bangalore after his discharge from the hospital on 22nd morning and conducted Thanksgiving Holy Qurbana at the cathedral, and delivered a memorial.

Bibliography
Samuel published in India and abroad. A list of most titles, with publisher and date of publication, is given below. His writings are listed under three headings.

	Articles, papers, book reviews etc., in popular newspapers like Malayala Manorama, Deepika, Weeklies, Church Papers and Religious journals. Some of them deal with the issues in a learned way and some in a more popular manner.
	Lengthy papers dealing with theology, Christology, Church history, ecclesiology, canon, ecumenism, Hinduism, Philosophy of Vivekananda, and Ramakrishna Mission and other contemporary subjects, were published, by WCC, Geneva, Greek Orthodox Theological Review, Athens, Wort and Worhiet, Vienna, Abba Salama, Addis Ababa, Indian Journal of Theology, Religion and Society, Star of the East, etc.
	Books:  From 1959 to 1995, Samuel published twenty-five books. He has also written the History of Christianity, in Kerala section in volume IV of the History of Christianity in India for the Church History Association of India. His autobiographical piece 'Ente Chinthavikasanam' (Evolution of My Thinking) 1957 and the 'Swanubhavavediyil, (My Life Experience) which was published at the age of 85.

Books in English
	Marriage and Celibacy; Addis Ababa, 1972
	Ramakrishna Movement: The World Mission of Hinduism; Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (CISRS), Bangalore, India, 1959
	The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965; Ed. For the Interim Committee, m Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1965.,
	Christianity and Indigenization; Addis Ababa, 1976
	The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: A Historical Theological Survey; Indian Theological library, No.8, Christian Literature Society (C.L.S), Madras, India, 1977. British Orthodox Press, London, UK, 2003.
	An Orthodox Catechism on The Faith and Life of the Church;  Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student
	Movement (MGOCSM), Kottayam, India, 1983.
	Truth Triumphs: Life and Achievements of Metropolitan Mar Dionysius VI;  Malanakara Orthodox Church (M.O.C), Kottayam, India, 1986
	The Growing Church:  An Introduction to Indian Church History; Divya Bodhanam Publication, Orthodox Theological Seminary (O.T.S), Kottayam, India, 1992.
	Fifty Golden Years; Orthodox Congregations, Bangalore, India, 1994.
	Orthodox Catechism: Text Book - Class VIII, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
	Orthodox Catechism: Text Book - Class IX, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
	Orthodox Catechism: Text Book - Class X, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
	Orthodox Catechism: Text Book - Class XI, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
	Orthodox Catechism: Text Book - Class XII, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
	An Introduction to Christian Theology

Co-author

	Syrian Orthodox Eucharistic Worship: Ways and Worship; Ed.H.R.Machphail, Madras, 1950.
	An Ancient Church: A Glance into the Past and Peep into the Future; New Life in an Old Church, Ed. M.V.George, Calcutta, 1963.
	Faith of Christianity; Christianity, published by Punjab University, 1969.
	The Faith of the Church; The Church of Ethiopia:A Panorama of History and Spiritual Life, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1972
	God Whom We Worship: The Teachings of Gregory Nazianzen; Prayer and Contemplation, Asirvanam Benedictine Monastery, Bangalore, 1980
	Grace in the Cappadocian Fathers; Divine Grace and Human Response, Asirvanam Monastery, 1981.
	The Indian Church and Autonomy; Orthodox Identity in India, Ed, M.K.Kuriakose, Fr.V.C.  Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore -1988
	Christological Controversy; Orthodox Identity in India
	History of the Malanakara Orthodox Christians, 18th Century; Indian Church History, Vol.

Books in Malayalam

	Yesu Christu Aaru (Who is Jesus Christ?);  Christian Literature Society (CLS),  Thiruvalla, India. 1967.
	Ithe Oru Indian Sabhayo? Is this an Indian Church?;  Distribution,  C.L.S, Thiruvalla, India, 1974.
	Sabha Valarunnu, (The Growing Church);: Indian Church History, Vol. I, Divyabodahan Series, O.T.S, Kottayam, India, 1984.
	Adhunika Bharatha Sabha (Modern Indian Church): Indian Church History, Vol.II; Divyabodahanam Series,
	O.T.S, Kottayam, India, 1984.
	Apposthala Pravarthikal Oru Vyakayanam, (Acts Of Apostles and Commentary); Translation from Greek and
	The Commentary;  Thiruvachanabhashyam, O.T. S, Kottayam, India.
	Mar Divannasios Nalaman, Cheppad Mar Divannasios: Mar Dionysius Charitable Trust, Kerala, India.
	Swanubhavavediyil: Malayalam, Autobiography, MGOCSM, Kottayam, India.
	Malankara Anthiokian Bandhathile Chila Charitra Satyangal  (Certain Truth about the Connection between
	The Churches of Malanaka and Antioch): Malankarasabhadeepam, Kottayam, India.
	Kristhuvijnaniyam; (A series of articles designed for publication as a book), Purohithan, Kottayam

Co-author
	Sabhayude Adisthana Viswasangal (Basic Faith of the Church);  Irupatam Nuttandile Malankara Sabha (The Church of Malabar in the Twentieth Century) Ed. T.G.Zacharia and K.V.Mammen, Kottayam, 1977.
	Malankara Sabhayude Antiokian Bandham (The Connection of Church of Malabar with Antioch); Irupatham Nuttandile Malankara Sabha, Ed.T.G.Zacharia and K.V.Mammen, Kottayam, 1977. It was published in Malankara Sabha, Kottayam.
	Yesu Christu - Aposttolica Prakyapanam (Jesus Christ - Apostolic Proclamation: Vedaputhakabhashyam (One Volume Commentary) Theological Literature Society, Thiruvalla, India, 1979.
	Daivasastra Darsanam (The Theological Vision of M.M.Thomas);  Viswasavum
	Prathyayasasthrvum (Faith and Ideology), Ed. Varghese George, CLS Thiruvalla.

Translation
	Pentakosthi Muthal Janana Perunalvare - Aradhana Getangal Malayalam, Translation from Syriac.
	Visudha Qurbana Thaksa;  Malayalam, Translation from Syriac Text.
	Holy Qurbana; English, Translation from Syriac Text.
	Peedanubhava Aazhchayile prarthanakal, (Worship of Holy Week): Malayalam, from Syriac, Addis Ababa.
	Wedding Ceremony: According to the Order of Malankara Orthodox Church.
	Baptism Ceremony:  According to the Order of Malankara Orthodox Church.
	Apposthala Pravarthikal (Acts Of Apostles) Translation from Greek Text.

Papers in English
	Towards a Doctrine of the Church; Church Weekly, Alwaye, India, 1955
	Cosmos on the Church of Malabar; Church Weekly, 1955
	Christ and Creation: Religion and Society, Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (CISRS) Bangalore, India, 1957.
	Religious Affirmation of Ramakrishna Movement: Religion and Society, CISRS,  Bangalore, 1959.
	Vivekananda's Appraisal of Person of Jesus Christ;  Chicago University, 1959
	Ramakrishna Mission and its Work; Chicago, 1960.
	A Brief Historical Survey of the Council of Chalcedon, Indian Journal of Theology  (I.J.T), Calcutta, 1962
	And Church Weekly (C.W), Kottayam, India..
	Where they Monophysites?;  I.J.T, Calcutta and Church Weekly Kottayam, 1962
	Doctrine of Creation; Religion and Society, CISRS, Bangalore 1962.
	One Incarnate Nature of God the Word: Greek Orthodox Theological Review, winter, 164–165, Athens, 1964
	And Does Chalcedon Divide or Unite?; Ed. Paulos Mar Gregorios, William Lazareth and Nikos A Nissiotis, World Council of Churches (WCC), 1981.
	Humanity of Christ in Christian Tradition, Orthodox Theological Review, Athens, 1967
	Euteyches and His Condemnation, Bangalore Theological Forum, United Theological College, Bangalore 1967
	Proceedings of the Council of Chalcedon, The Ecumenical Review, October 1970,  Geneva and Abba Salama, 1970, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
	A Brief History of Efforts to Reunite the Chalcedonian and Non-Chalcedonian Sides,  Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 1971
	Witness of Orthodoxy;  St. Thomas 19th Centenary Souvenir, Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam, 1972.(What is Orthodoxy)
	Marriage and Celibacy;  Abba Salama, Addis Ababa, 1972, and Church Weekly, 28 April 1974 to 23 June 1974
	The Christology of Severus of Antioch:  Abba Salama, Addis Ababa, 1973.
	The Understanding of the Christological Definition of both the Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Traditions in the Light of the Post-Chalcedonian Theology: An Analysis of Terminologies in a Conceptual Framework, Wort und Wahrheit, Pro Oriente Vienna, 1973
	How can the Unity of Church be Achieved?;  Uniting in Hope, Commission of Faith and Order, World Council of Churches (W.C.C), Geneva, 1976
	Christianity and Indigenization;  Abba Salama, 1976 Addis Ababa
	Further Studies in the Christology of Severus of Antioch; Papers referring to the Theological Dialogue between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Ed.  Archbishop Methodios of Aksum, Athens, 1976
	An Oriental Orthodox Assessment of the First Vatican Council's Infallibility Doctrine: Wort und Wahrheit, Theological Dialogue between Roman Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Pro-Oriente, Vienna, 1978.
	Vienna consultations, Star of the East, July 1979, Kottayam, India
	The Christological basis of some Syrian Orthodox Traditions, Star of the East, July 1980.
	The Nicene Creed, its Authorship and the Faith it Conserves: Star of the East, Oct-Dec. 1981, Kottayam.
	The Trinitarian Understanding of the Christian God in Relation to Monotheism and Polytheism;  WCC, Lima, 1982.
	Tradition Community and Hermeneutics; Indian Journal of Theology, Calcutta, July - December 1982.
	Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches: A Movement towards Church Unity; Star of the East, Kottayam, July – Sept. 1982.
	The Nicene Creed: Compared to the Apostles' Creed, the Quincunque Vult and the New Testament: The Roots of Our Faith, Ed. Hans-Georg Links, WCC Geneva, 1983.
	Our Church in History; Star of the East, Dec. 1983.
	The Mission Implications of Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry; International Review of Mission, Geneva, 1983.
	Mission in the Context of Religious Heritage: Councilor Unity, Ecumenical Christian Centre, Bangalore.
	Christian Missiological Challenges in a Society of other Religions: International Consultation of Theological Education, Gurukul, Madras.
       The International Syriac Conference, Mar Aprem and V.C.Samuel; Harp Vol.I, No1, St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research institute(SEERI), Kottayam, India.1987,
	Christology and Terminology, Harp Vol.I, No. 2&3, St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research institute(SEERI), Kottayam, India.
       A Way of Christian Unity, Harp Vol.I, No.1, SEERI, Kottayam, India
	Christology; Joint International Commission for Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Malankara

Books About V.C. Samuel
ORTHODOX IDENTITY IN INDIA: Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel; Ed. M.K. Kuriakose, Bangalore - 1988.

Fifty Golden Years: History of Orthodox Church in Bangalore; V.C. Samuel - 1994

Malankara Sabha Pithakkanamr (Church Fathers of Malankara Sabha) Dr. Samuel Chandanappally, CDS Books, 1991

Vaidikarude Vaidikan, Commemorative Volume, Ed, Dr. K.L. Mathew Vaidyan and E.J. Varghese, Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Study Forum, Konni, 2001

Maanavikathayum Ecumenisavum Samkalina Velluvili; Prof. Ninan Koshy,  Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Study Forum, Konni, 2004

Araadhanavijnaniyam, V.C. Samuel's posthumous work; Ed. E.J. Varghese,  Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Study Forum, Konni, 2004

The Twain Shall Meet: Ed. Fr. V.C. Jose, Orthodox Theological Study Series, Kottayam -2013

Sapthathiyude Niravil: History of Orthodox Church Bangalore; M.S. George, Bangalore, 2014

Reenvisioning Indian Orthodox Identity: A Historico Theological Understanding of V.C. Samuel,Dr. Ninan K. George, ISPCK, Delhi-2015.

References

External material

References

The St. Thomas Christians of India was called Nazranis; Marthomman Christians; Jacobite Syrian Christians Etc. Father V.C. Samuel named the Indian Orthodox Church in the second half of the twentieth century. See Samuel, V.C:  Ithe Oru Indian Sabhayo? (Is this an Indian Church?); Malayalam, C.L.S. Thiruvalla, India, 1974 and Kuriakose M.K, Fr. Ed. Orthodox Identity in India:  Dr. V.C. Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore.
Member of the Legislative Assembly - Sreemoolam Praja Sabha of Travancore.
Samuel V.C.; The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: A Historical Theological Survey; For the Senate of Serampore College; Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1977; British Orthodox Press, , 2001.
Religion and Society: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1957.
Geevarughese Mar Osthathios: My Elder Brother and Guru; Ch. Vaidikarude Vaidikan: Commemorative Volume;  p. 492, Konni, Kerala, India, 2001.
Kuriakose M.K.; Ed, Orthodox Identity in India.
Samuel V.C: Ed. The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965: Addis Ababa – August 1965.
Abba Salama: Addis Ababa, 1972
Thomas M.M.: Opening Indian Orthodoxy for Dialogue about its Future; Orthodox Identity in India
Mathew Vaidyan K.L, Fr.Dr; Vaidikarude Vaidikan, Commemorative Volume, Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Forum, Konni, India, 2001.
Who was a Church leader, literary orator and winner of Catholicate Award
Samuel Chandanappally Dr: Malankara Sabha Pithakkanmar,  Grace Samuel, Ceedees Books, Chandanappally, 1991.
Kuriakose M.K: Orthodox Identity in India: Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel; Vaidikarude.

Sources

The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: Father V.C.Samuel;  For the Senate of Serampore College;
Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1977; British Orthodox Press, , 2001
A Brief Life History of Father V.C.Samuel: Sunny Kulathakka;  Ed. Kuriakose, M.K; Orthodox Identity in India: Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel; Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore – 1988
Ente Chintha Vikasanam (Evolution of My Thinking); Autobiographical piece, Church Weekly, Alwaye, India. 1954.
Malayala Manorama Daily; Nov.19, 1998.
Ecumenical Contribution of V.C.Samuel; Sebastian, J. Jayakiran; Thomas, T.K; Ecumenical Review, 1 January 1999, WCC, Geneva.
The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965: Samuel, V.C:  Ed, Addis Ababa, August 1965.
Fifty Golden Years: Samuel, V.C:  Bangalore, 1994.
Vaidikarude Vaidikan: Rev.Dr.V.C.SamuelCommemorative Volume; Mathew Vaidyan, K.L, Fr.Dr.: Chief Editor, Varghese E.J, Editor, Ecumenical Forum, Konni, Kerala, India.

External links

 Official Website
Biography of V. C. Samuel
Ecumenical contribution
vc samuel album
Oriental Orthodox Churches
A Brief Biography
My Elder Brother and Guru; Gevarghese Mar Osthathios

Indian Christian theologians
Malayali people
1912 births
1998 deaths
Theological College of the Holy Trinity alumni
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Christians
Yale Divinity School alumni
20th-century Oriental Orthodox Christians
People from Omallur


Czernin von und zu Chudenitz is a noble family originating in Bohemia.

Czernin may also refer to the following places in Poland:

Czernin, Pomeranian Voivodeship
Czernin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship


Moraea bituminosa is a species of the genus Moraea in family Iridaceae.

It is a cormous geophyte 25 – 30 cm high with two leaves. The plant is sticky to the touch. Flowers are yellow with deep yellow nectar guides. The outer tepals are 22–32 mm long and inner tepals are 20 to 29 mm long.

It flowers from October to December with flowers opening in the afternoon. It is endemic to the Western Cape, from Bredasdorp in the south-east to Wellington and Tulbagh in the north, on stony sandstone slopes. It was first described by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in 1782 as Iris bituminosa. In 1805, John Bellenden Ker Gawler moved this species to its current name, Moraea bituminosa.

References

bituminosa
Plants described in 1782


Belgian wine is produced in several parts of Belgium and production, although still modest at 1,400 hectoliters in 2004, has expanded in recent decades.

History
Belgian wine first appeared in the Middle Ages, around the 9th century. It is unlikely that wine was made in the area now known as Belgium before that, since the climate was not suitable and Gaul was covered with thick forests. However, there are mentions of Paris vineyards in the 4th century. From that time, vine cultivation spread northward and in the 8th century the banks of the Rhine were covered with vineyards. The first attempts at viniculture in Belgium were made around the same time. Moreover, the vineyards were already well established in Amay. The vineyard at Vivegnis, in the north of the province of Liège, was already considered old in the 9th century, as well as the vineyard at Huy, which belonged in part to the Bishop of Liège. The edges of the Meuse River were intensively cultivated because they offered well-exposed hillsides.

In the 14th century, each city had its own vineyard, whether within or outside the city walls. The cities of Tournai, Louvain, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, Thuin, Hal, Dinant, Namur, Tongres, and Huy, among others, have left signs of their vinicultural activities in the form of local place names such as Wijnberg, mount of vines, Wijngaard, Dutch vineyard, Vivegnis and Vinalmont.

The first to cultivate vines in the region were monks, who needed a clean, safe beverage for their celebrations, one that would risk contaminating neither the citizens nor the rainwater catchment; the vine responded to their efforts, and so the first vineyards were the property of abbeys.  Some of the more organized abbeys even owned vineyards outside of their districts.  Wine grapes were also cultivated by individuals, as well as by seigneurs such as the Dukes of Burgundy, who owned the vineyards at Brussels, Louvain, Aarschot, Namur and Mons.

Climatic conditions in the 15th century presented difficulties for viniculture, with the onset of the Little Ice Age.  Some vineyards in favorable microclimates survived until the 17th century.

During this same era, techniques of beer production advanced and, owing to the addition of hops, storage life was prolonged.  Beer gained in popularity, and eventually supplanted wine as the most common bacteriologically safe
beverage.

The expansion of the Belgian winegrowing area in the late 20th and early 21st century is part of a larger trend of increase in cold-climate winemaking. In many cases, new vineyards have been created in areas previously known for orchards.

Wine regions

Wine production occurs in both Wallonia and Flanders. As French is one of Belgium's official languages, the official terms used for Belgian wine regions are the same as those for French wine. Belgium has five officially demarcated Appellations d'origine contrôlées (AOCs), four in Flanders and one in Wallonia, and two Vin de pays regions. Hageland, situated in Flemish Brabant close to Leuven, was the first AOC was created, in 1997. AOC Haspengouw (Hesbaye) followed in 2000, located in Limburg, close to the border with Netherlands, and home to Belgium's most famous "château" and largest wine producer, Wijnkasteel Genoels-Elderen. AOC Heuvelland followed in 2005. In Dutch, these three Flemish AOCs are written as Hagelandse wijn, Haspengouwse wijn and Heuvellandse wijn, respectively, and the official term corresponding to the French term AOC is Gecontroleerde oorsprongsbenaming. There is also an AOC for quality sparkling wine from Flanders, Vlaamse mousserende kwaliteitswijn, created in 2005.

The first Wallonian AOC, Côtes de Sambre et Meuse, was created in 2004, and is situated between the rivers Sambre and Meuse, in the vicinity of Liège.

The two Vin de Pays (country wine) regions cover Flanders and Wallonia, respectively. The Flemish country wine is simply designated Vlaamse landwijn, while the Wallonian country wine carries the slightly more fanciful name Vin de pays des Jardins de Wallonie.

Wine styles

Wines of different styles are produced, but around 90 percent of the production is white wines. Those that receive the most attention are white wines produced from Chardonnay grapes, produced in a style somewhat reminiscent of a white Burgundy wine. While both unoaked ("Chablis-style") and oaked ("Côte de Beaune-style") Chardonnay wines are produced, the oaked examples have been more successful with wine critics.

Grape varieties

For AOC Hageland, the following grape varieties are authorised:

 White grapes: Auxerrois, Bacchus, Chardonnay, Müller-Thurgau, Kerner, Optima, Ortega, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Siegerrebe, Würzer.
 Red grapes: Dornfelder, Pinot Meunier, Pinot noir.

For AOC Côtes de Sambre et Meuse, the following grape varieties are authorised:

 White grapes: Auxerrois, Bronner, Chardonnay, Chasselas, Chenin, Johanniter, Madeleine Angevine, Merzling, Müller-Thurgau (or Rivaner), Muscat, Ortega, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Seibel, Sieger, Traminer (or Gewürztraminer).
 Red grapes: Gamay, Merlot, Pinot noir, Pinot noir précoce, Regent.

For Flemish sparkling wine:

 White grapes: Auxerrois, Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling.
 Red grapes: Pinot Meunier, Pinot noir.

Other grapes grown in Belgium include: Muscat bleu, Solaris.

Wine competition
The country counts few wine competitions. But only the International Wine Contest of Monde Selection received the patronage of the O.I.V.

References

See also

 Winemaking
 Agriculture in Belgium

External links

 Haspengouwse  Wijnbouwers

Belgian cuisine
Belgian drinks
Wine by country
Agriculture in Belgium


Clwb Pel-Droed Dyffryn Banw Football Club are a Welsh football team who play at Cae Morfa, Llangadfan. The team currently play in the Central Wales League Northern Division.

Honours

Montgomeryshire Football League 1st Division – Winners: 2007–08
Montgomeryshire Football League 1st Division – Runners-up: 2004–05, 2005–06
Montgomeryshire Football League 2nd Division – Runners-up: 1996–97
Montgomeryshire Football League League Cup – Winners: 2001–02
Montgomeryshire Football League League Cup – Runners-up: 2004–05, 2007–08
Village Cup – Winners:  1998–99
Village Cup – Runners Up: 2001–02, 2007–08
Mike Harris Cup – Winners: 2005–06, 2007–08
Derek Mills Cup – Winners: 1995–96
Consolation Cup – Runners Up: 1995–96
Llanfechain K.O – Winners: 2004
Llanfechain K.O – Runners Up: 2006
Bishops Castle Challenge Cup – Winners: 1997
Bishops Castle Challenge Cup – Runners Up: 1998

Current First Team Squad

Staff

 Chairman:  Barry Smith
 Treasurer:  Gerallt Davies
 Club Secretary:   Gerallt Evans

External links
 Official Website

Football clubs in Wales
Mid Wales Football League clubs
Sport in Powys
Montgomeryshire Football League clubs


Crazy Horse is a 1996 American Western television film based on the true story of Crazy Horse, a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota, and the Battle of Little Bighorn.

The film is directed by John Irvin and stars Michael Greyeyes as Crazy Horse. Ned Beatty stars as Dr. McGillicuddy, Irene Bedard as Black Buffalo Woman, Wes Studi as Red Cloud and Peter Horton as George Armstrong Custer.

Other First Nation stars include Jimmy Herman as Conquering Bear, August Schellenberg as Sitting Bull, Gordon Tootoosis as Akicita and Lorne Cardinal as Young Man Afraid.

It was shot in Black Hills, South Dakota.

Cast
Michael Greyeyes as Crazy Horse
Irene Bedard as Black Buffalo Woman
Ned Beatty as Dr. Valentine McGillicuddy
Peter Horton as George Armstrong Custer
Jimmy Herman as Conquering Bear
Gordon Tootoosis as Akicita
Lorne Cardinal as Young Man Afraid of His Horses
August Schellenberg as Sitting Bull
Wes Studi as Red Cloud
Daniel Studi as Wasu
Scott Means as No Water
Larry Sellers as Spotted Tail

References

External links

1996 television films
1996 films
American television films
1996 drama films
Films shot in South Dakota
American films based on actual events
Films directed by John Irvin
Films about Native Americans
Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer
Cultural depictions of Crazy Horse
1990s English-language films


Four Steps to Death is a 2005 historical novel by John Wilson. It is about the horrors and tragedies of the Battle of Stalingrad. The plot revolves around the lives of various characters involved in the battle on both sides of the conflict and shows how horrible war can be.

The title is derived from a line of the Soviet song "Zemlyanka": "And here there are four steps to death."

Plot summary

In this novel by John Wilson set during the Battle of Stalingrad, three participants — two soldiers and a boy — are caught in its horrors. Their story is told over seven days of fierce and deadly street-by-street fighting. Vasily is a patriotic Russian soldier determined to rid his country of the hated Nazi invaders — if he can stay alive long enough. Conrad is a German tank officer, part of the seemingly unstoppable force sweeping eastward over the steppe, expecting a quick victory over Stalin's ill-trained and badly equipped Red Army.

Between them is eight-year-old Sergei, whose home is the maze of rubble that used to be the city of Stalingrad. None of them can know that their fates will be intertwined as the cataclysm engulfs them.

In the middle of the conflict is eight-year-old Sergei who lives in the cellar of his former apartment, scavenging among the ruins of his hometown while the Germans and Russians wage war on one another. Thousands of bodies litter the streets, and yet, Sergei is not bothered by any of this, being hardened by the horrors that he faces every day. He dreams of being a famous sniper one day and ridding his homeland of the "Fascists".

Characters
Sergei Illyich Andropov: Sergei is an eight-year-old boy living in the city of Stalingrad. He faces the horrors of The Battle of Stalingrad every day and is physically and mentally hardened by the sights and challenges he faces.

Vasily Sarayev: Vasily is a seventeen-year-old Soviet soldier fighting to defend Stalingrad, following the orders of Joseph Stalin, their leader.

Conrad Zeitsler: Conrad is an eighteen-year-old German tank officer serving under Adolf Hitler. He is the younger brother to Josef Zeitsler.

Josef Zeitsler: Josef is the twenty-two-year-old, older brother to Conrad Zeitsler. While barely present in the novel he has a sense of maturity and joviality about him.

Nominations and reception
Four Steps to Death was nominated for the 2006 Sheila A. Egoff Children’s Literature Prize, the 2006 Geoffrey Bilson Award, the 2007 White Pine Award. The novel was recognized as a Society of School Librarians International Honor Book (2006), and as a Manitoba Reader's Young Choice Award Honour Book. It was shortlisted for the Stellar Award, the Isinglass Award (2008), and was starred in the CCBC Our Choice 2006.

References

 Rebizant, Rita. "Four Steps to Death." Manitoba Library Association. Manitoba Library Association 19 March 2009. See 'Four Steps to Death' at umanitoba.ca

2005 Canadian novels
Canadian historical novels
Canadian young adult novels
Children's historical novels
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in 20th-century Russia
Works about the Battle of Stalingrad
Children's books set in Russia
Children's books set in the 1940s
Children's books set during World War II


The Buddy is a motor scooter distributed in the United States by Genuine Scooters of Chicago, Illinois. Introduced in 2006, the Buddy is the most popular scooter sold by Genuine and is sold in 240 of its dealerships throughout the country.  It is manufactured by PGO Scooters of Taiwan, and is marketed in similar configurations as the Bubu in Taiwan, the Metro in Canada, and the Ligero in the United Kingdom.

The Buddy features a 50 cc two-stroke engine, a larger displacement 125 cc four-stroke engine, air-cooled, or a 168 cc fuel injected model that was introduced in 2011.  They all have automatic (CVT) transmissions (twist and go; no shifting). The braking system consists of front disc and rear drum brakes.  Models with 150 cc engines as special editions with special trim have been offered.

Buddy models

As of September 2019, the Buddy is offered in the following models:
 Buddy 50 (50 cc)
 Buddy 125 (125 cc)
 Buddy Little International 50 (50 cc)
 Buddy 170i (168 cc)
 Buddy International 170i (168 cc)
 Buddy KICK (125 cc)

References

External links
Genuine Scooters website

Scooter manufacturers
Motor scooters


Anne of Brittany was the object of representations very early on. The royal propaganda of Charles VIII and, later on, of Louis XII idealized her as a symbol of the perfect queen, on the union between the kingdom and the duchy, and of the return to peace. Maximilian's Austria having been evicted from the marriage, had a different perspective on the events. Throughout the centuries, historians and popular imagery forged a very different Anne of Brittany, attributing her physical or psychological characteristics or actions that are not necessarily verifiable through historical data.

Sources

Anne of Brittany's physique

We have a few descriptions of Anne of Brittany's physique provided by chroniclers, a good number of portraits on wood or on illuminated manuscripts, her profile on medals, the statues on her funeral monument in Basilica of Saint Denis and maybe her face sculpted by Michel Colombe as the allegory of Prudence, at a corner of the tomb of Francis II in Nantes. At the time, physical beauty was not as praised and was to be only the reflection of moral beauty. The portraits and sculptures present a woman with a regular and pleasant face, meeting the universal canons and 15th and 16th century Europe. These are all ordered works and present few distinctive features:
under Charles VIII, her representations are without personality: she is only a queen, next to her husband;
under Louis XII, she personifies peace, the union between Brittany and France: she is given the traits of the Virgin Mary.

Anne of Brittany was, however, generally represented as a blonde. The contemporary descriptions feature clothing appropriate to her rank: brocade dresses enhanced with fur, necklaces, jewellery, and hennin. Zaccaria Contarini, ambassador of Venice, describes her in the following manner in 1492:

Symbol of the Union between France and Brittany

The image that Anne spreads of herself, through commissions (portraits, stories), is one of a queen personifying the union between France and Brittany. Until the incorporation of Brittany into France was assured, she is called Reine de Sure Alliance (Queen of the Certain Alliance). She is devoted, like all queens of France, to her kingdom. She appears as a symbol of peace and union between France and Brittany, mostly after her marriage to Louis XII, which is why she is nicknamed "Dame Union" after her third wedding.

In the arts, France was then represented as an enchanted garden (a tradition since the beginning of the 14th century), where porcupines (symbol of Louis XII) and ermines (symbol of Anne of Brittany) run. She is endowed with the virtues suiting the queen of France: she is liberal, pious and loving, and contributes these three qualities to the government (generosity, prayer and love for the king), a living example for the subjects of the kingdom.

These public displays of attachment reinforce the alliance between the Breton people and the French. The Marie de la Cordelière episode (10 August 1512), during the war against England, shows that the two peoples were coming closer together, even though some Bretons were reluctant to fight for "an excommunicated monarch". At the Battle of St. Mathieu a united Franco-Breton fleet fought the English marine, with the warship Marie de la Cordelière, flying the Breton pavilion, in front.

Anne of Brittany commissions three histories of Brittany over the course of her life:
the first is commissioned in 1498 to Pierre Le Baud (who had already written one in 1480 for Jean Derval), traces the history of the province from Conan Meriadoc to Francis II and is edited in 1515;
the second is commissioned to Alain Bouchard, advisor to Francis II and lawyer in the Parliament; finished and edited in 1514, then reedited in 1518, 1531, 1532 and 1541. Each edition includes additions (on the reigns of the kings of France, starting with Charles VIII);
the third is commissioned in 1512 to Jean Lemaire de Belges, but is never edited.

Evolution of Anne of Brittany's image

In his essay on the queen's biographies, Anne de Bretagne, Didier Le Fur takes the image that a number of writers and historians have given of Anne through the centuries after her death and compares it with the sources available to him. He concludes that the story of Anne of Brittany has been enriched by hagiographical or depreciatory elements, not recounted in the writings contemporary to the duchess, hard to prove or invented. The following paragraphs synthesize most of the arguments found in his book. Georges Minois' Anne de Bretagne draws, on the contrary, a non-lenient portrait of Anne by a critical reading of the sources.

Anne, "heroic orphan" and a duchess loved by the Bretons

The reedition of Bouchard's Histoire de Bretagne from 1518 includes an addition on her trip to Brittany in 1505 (while the king was sick and which includes a pilgrimage) to insist on the festive atmosphere of the trip and on the reciprocal love between the Queen and her duchy (which is not a compulsory figure of the royal voyages accounts, popular affection being the best manifestation of the legitimacy of the kings). The government of Brittany by Louis XII is not related by Bouchard, who states, on the contrary, that Anne of Brittany governed the duchy by herself, and that she defended Brittany's privileges. These additions where deleted in 1531 (during the negotiation of the Union Treaty) and reintroduced in 1532 and 1541. This story is there to defend the privileges of the Breton nobility and, as an incitation, a reminder for the king to respect them. Four years after her death, Anne is presented as a person loved by her people and while there is no trace of this through her lifetime, this emotional relationship was to be reused in the following centuries.

In 1577, the States of Brittany opposed the levying of new taxes. This position is based upon Anne's second wedding contract and use as a justification the Annales de Bretagne to Bertrand d'Argenté, Breton law scholar and grand-nephew of Le Beaud. These Annales, edited in Rennes in 1582 and Paris in 1588, 1605, 1611, 1618 and 1668, create an outcry (d'Argenté is accused of supporting the claims of the Duke of Mercœur on the Duchy of Brittany), are partially censored and open a debate on the suzerainty of the king of France on Brittany. Henri III commissions a refutation to Nicolas Vignier (who dies in 1596; his story is published in 1619). Based on a few acts signed by Anne between 1489 and 1491 and on two quotes, he creates the image of a young girl, called "the heroic orphan" by Didier Le Fur:
 who governs the Breton state between 1488 and 1491 (from ages 11 to 14);
 and who has to face a brutal campaign by Charles VIII.

This image is used and amplified afterwards. François de Mézeray, royal historian, adds, in 1646, that she leads the campaign by herself, refuses to see others govern in her place (in 1489–91) and rejects an imposed wedding. He uses the thesis of her will to govern Brittany by herself. He does so in order to justify the capacity of a woman, Anne of Austria, then the regent of Louis XIV, to govern France, a little before the Fronde.

The second contesting of the levying of new taxes takes place in Brittany at the end of the 17th century, with the rebellion against the papier timbré. This episode started a new wave of stories of Brittany, including a commission by the Breton States to the Benedictines of Saint-Maur. It was started by Dom Audren, who died while he was writing it, and finished by Dom Lobineau. It uses the thesis of d'Argenté and also created an outcry, without being censored. It was refuted by abbé Vertot. Lobineau transforms what were private considerations about the refusal to marry Alain d'Albret into political will; she makes a sacrifice during the 1489–1491 war for the happiness of her people.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the image of Anne of Brittany is more one of a duchess than of a queen, more attached to her duchy than to the kingdom of France with, for instance, the Histoire de Bretagne by abbé Desfontaines (1739), which has been used since: he states that "the title of duchess was dearer to her than that of queen"; he multiplies her trips to Brittany; Anne of Brittany is saddened by the union of Brittany to France. For Le Fur, her will to govern by herself becomes obvious. The "heroic orphan" image develops afterwards: she campaigns alone, with her people, against the king of France. The numerous patriotic episodes are invented.

In the 19th century, her character as defender of Breton independence is accentuated: in one book, she appears at the Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, she loves only her native land, her trips take the Bretons out of their state of lethargy, encourage the founding of covenants and the construction of religious buildings. Her biographies of the 19th century are devoted, for half of them, to her youth (until 1491), a period of her life for which sources are very few. After 1850, in the regional histories and sometimes in the republican, Anne of Brittany is never presented as French; she is the one who preserves the autonomy of Brittany after 1491. It becomes obvious, even to major historians like Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie.

With the creation of the separatist movement in 1911, Anne makes the sacrifice of her life in order to preserve the name and independence of Brittany. She does nothing for the union of the duchy to France which becomes guilty of not respecting its engagements. In 1934, a little-known historian, Bardin, even compares her to Joan of Arc.

Finally, Didier Le Fur systematically finds these characteristics of autonomism in all the descriptions made of duchess Anne in the histories of Brittany after 1945.

The forced wedding

Of this image of the Breton duchess, attached to the independence and happiness of her duchy, derives another myth: that of the forced wedding, accepted in the face of an incompatible struggle against the king of France and the defence of the autonomy of the duchy. The story of the forced wedding is based on an extract by Jean de Molinet, a historian from Burgundy attached to Margaret of Austria, who was abandoned by Charles VIII to the benefit of Anne of Brittany. In the extract, Anne has more affection for Maximilian of Austria than for the king of France. The latter becomes Anne's mortal enemy. The only reason for the wedding is interests of State.

This thesis is corroborated by the royal chronicler Philippe de Commines.

Bernard d'Argenté uses the same vision: the histories of Brittany after him transform Maximilian into an accepted husband because he is far (thus preserving the autonomy of the duchy) but condemn him because he does not defend his wife; the wedding with Charles VIII disgusts Anne, for religious (her engagement to Maximilian of Austria is the theme that gave birth to the legend of her piety, and then of her bigotry) and political reasons: she makes a sacrifice. This sacrifice becomes more and more important in the stories of the 19th century and even her wedding to Maximilian becomes one.

The abduction theme, derived from the Austrian propaganda of 1491–1492, reappears in the middle of the 19th century and is profusely used by separatists (who state that the abduction story came from "a popular tradition"), the abduction is being used to delegitimized the union of Brittany to France. It was also used in the 1940s by Breton nationalists, who interpreted it a sign that Brittany should have been unified with the Holy Roman Empire (centred in Germany) rather than France. The pro-Nazi Breton National Party sought to ally an independent Brittany with Hitler's new empire.

Bad temper and traitor to France

This part of the posthumous image of Anne comes from royal, then national stories.

Her reputation of having a bad temper comes from an extract of the Mémoires of Philippe de Commines, in which she shows rancour towards Louis of Orléans. She is portrayed in a happy mood, even shortly after the death of the child she had by Charles VIII. This aspect of her personality was ignored until the 17th century and was then used and amplified by Pierre de Brantôme. With a partial reading of a few sources (the trial of the maréchal de Gié), she becomes cynical, calculating and devoured by ambition: this trial "reveals" her desire to flee to Brittany. From the 18th century on, she is depicted as dominating Louis XII, who is in love with her; her advice is claimed to have provoked the defeats of 1512–1513; she wanted to steal the royal treasury (episode by Gié during her imagined escape) and she is willing to make an alliance with the enemies of France. This description culminates with Michelet, who describes Louis XII as a feeble king, dominated by his wife. After him, histories of France give her numerous faults, linked to her preference for her native duchy.

Anne, "duchess in clogs", an idealized image

For Didier le Fur, Breton regionalists, as soon as the Breton Association was founded, were searching for a personality capable of personifying their ideal view of an agrarian and regional renewal, while manifesting their attachment to the French nation. They choose Anne of Brittany, who is increasingly portrayed in Breton costume in images. As prescribed by decorum in the 15th century, the duchess permanently wears a headdress (see contemporary representations of the duchess). For Didier Le Fur, the regionalists use this clothing accessory to attach Anne to their people, and to demonstrate the simplicity of the national (Breton) tastes. Didier Le Fur later indicates that regionalists give Anne simple and dark clothing (with the exception of official ceremonies, during which she wears sumptuous clothes, as seen on the official iconography). But the headdress was also adopted by the Breton bourgeoisie at the end of the 19th, which mitigates the peasant character of the portrayal of Anne at this time.

At the end of the 19th century, Anne becomes popularly known as "la bonne duchesse". The expression "Anne of Brittany, duchess in clogs" also becomes popular, based on a nursery rhyme Les Sabots d'Anne de Bretagne. Le Fur describes the song as a parody of another one, En passant par la Lorraine. This song appears in 1880 because of Adolphe Orain who is said to have collected it in the Ille-et-Vilaine region and he added a verse. The song originally becomes popular in children's literature. It is then adapted for the participants in the Celtic banquets of Paris who sing it at the end of the meal as early as 1884, which make it the Marseillaise of the Bretons. Historically, this image of the duchess in clogs was never justified, neither was it ever presented as a historical truth. Historians start to question it in 1976. The expression, well known in France in the early 20th century, is still used today in a number of history books as well as in children's literature and touristic pamphlets.

Depictions in art, fiction and drama
Anne is widely portrayed in dramatisations and artworks, mostly in Brittany. Many of these date from the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth centuries. A stained glass window in Vannes Town Hall depicts her marriage to Charles VIII, as does a tapestry, formerly in the Parlement of Brittany, Rennes. Her marriage was also depicted in a large bronze sculpture in Rennes Town Hall, which was destroyed by Breton nationalists in 1932. She appears greeting the Breton people in a large stained glass window in the Church of Saint Malo in Dinan. A statue by Jean Fréour is placed outside the castle of the Dukes in Nantes.

She is also depicted in musical works. Anne de Bretagne was the title of an opera composed by Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray in the 1870s.  Bourgault, himself distantly related to Anne, was also born in Nantes and aimed to promote Breton culture throughout much of his music. Two operas, also called Anne de Bretagne, were also created in the 21st century. Anne de Bretagne, an opera by Breton composer Pierick Houdy, libretto by Jean-Michel Fournereau, was first performed in Rennes 2001, featuring Agnès Bove in the title role. Houdy also wrote an Anne de Bretagne Mass. The second operatic work was the rock opera Anne de Bretagne, by Alan Simon, was first performed in Nantes in June 2009 starring Cécile Corbel (as Anne), Fairport Convention, Nilda Fernandez, Tri Yann, Les Holroyd and others.

Anne is also referred to in songs. A song of Gilles Servat evokes her life: Kaoc'h ki gwenn ha kaoc'h ki du. If dead died, an anonymous poem going back to her funeral, and now performed by the popular Breton folk musicians Tri Yann. Another song of their repertory refers to the Duchess.

Her name is widely used in other contexts, such as Duchesse Anne, the name of a beer produced in Brittany. The square three-masted ship Duchesse Anne, is currently moored in the Port of Dunkirk.

Anne is the subject of Eleanor Fairburn's historical novel, Crowned Ermine, published in 1968.

Anne plays a large role in Robin LaFevers' historical YA series His Fair Assassin.

See also
Cultural depictions of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

References

Cultural depictions of French queens


Eric Hoffmann (born 21 June 1984) is a Luxembourgian football player who last played for FC Lorentzweiler.

Club career
Hoffmann started his career at lower league side Orania Vianden before joining Etzella for the 2002/2003 season. He won promotion to the Luxembourg National Division in his first season and lost two successive cup finals in 2003 and 2004.

International career
He made his debut for Luxembourg in a March 2002 friendly match against Latvia, aged 17 and still only playing at Orania Vianden in Luxembourg's third division. At the end of his international career he had earned 88 caps, scoring no goals. He played in 15 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

External links

References

1984 births
Living people
Luxembourgian men's footballers
Luxembourg men's international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
FC Etzella Ettelbruck players
Jeunesse Esch players
FC UNA Strassen players
US Hostert players
FC Lorentzweiler players
Luxembourg National Division players
People from Ettelbruck


Aubrey Dan  (born October 4, 1963) is a Canadian businessman and philanthropist as well as a producer and impresario. He is the son of Leslie Dan, a Canadian entrepreneur and founder of the generic pharmaceutical manufacturer Novopharm. He graduated from the University of Western Ontario and received a Bachelor of Management and Organizational Studies. The department was later renamed after Aubrey Dan in 2006, and is now called the DAN Department of Management & Organizational Studies.

Business ventures
According to the Dancap website, Dan founded a number of companies under the Dancap moniker including:  Dancap Private Equity,  Dancap Global Asset Management, Dancap Productions and Dancap Catering.

Philanthropy
As a philanthropist, Dan has donated millions to various charitable organizations including: $5 million to the Baycrest Centre Foundation; $8 million to the Sunnybrook Foundation's Centre for High Risk Mothers & Babies; and $350,000 to Ontario Wound Care Inc. for the hyperbaric oxygen treatment of diabetic wounds.

On April 7, 2016, the School of Drama and Music at Queen's University was renamed the DAN School of Drama and Music in recognition of a $5-million donation from Dan, whose daughter is a graduate of the school's Drama program.

Awards and recognition
Additional accolades for Dan include an honorary Doctorate of Laws Degree from Assumption University in 2008 and Member of the Order of Canada in 2019.

References

External links
Dancap website and Aubrey Dan Bio

1963 births
Living people
Canadian businesspeople
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
University of Western Ontario alumni
Members of the Order of Canada


Royal Air Force Hibaldstow or more simply RAF Hibaldstow is a former Royal Air Force satellite station located south of Hibaldstow in Lincolnshire and  south east of Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, England.

The airfield was built with greater things in mind, but it only became a satellite airfield for RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey in 1941. When the runways were constructed, some of the hardcore was made from material taken from demolished bungalows on the site.

History
The airfield was commissioned on 12 May 1941 when No. 255 Squadron RAF took up residence with their Boulton Paul Defiant night fighters. These planes had been drawn from RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey and made one 'kill': an Heinkel He 111 which was shot down near Louth on 5 June 1941.

In June 1941 the Defiants were replaced by Bristol Beaufighter IIFs and on 23 September 1941 No. 253 (Hyderabad) Squadron from RAF Skeabrae, Orkney, arrived. In addition Douglas Havocs from RAF Hunsdon in Hertfordshire also came to the base.

By the start of 1943, the high risk of night attacks by the Luftwaffe led to the closure of the airfield on 23 January 1943.  It re-opened on 9 May 1943 for No. 53 Operational Training Unit RAF (OTU) and once again closed on 15 May 1945. Shortly before closure WAAF Margaret Horton had an 'unexpected ride on the tail of a Supermarine Spitfire' while acting as a tailweight: she was sitting on the tail of the plane, as was common practice, in order to stop it overturning while it taxied to the end of the runway, a hazard stemming from design drawbacks, strong wind and bouncy grass field.  The pilot, anxious to be airborne, forgot about her and failed to stop to allow the WAAF to jump off the tail.  As soon as the plane was in the air, the pilot realised that there was something very wrong with the handling of his aircraft.  He radioed the control tower to report the problem.  The emergency services were called out and the pilot talked back in without being told what had happened.  The aircraft landed safely with Margaret Horton still in one piece.

On 6 August 1947 the station finally closed and during 1960-61 it was sold off for use as agricultural land. It was also used for Sunday markets, as a skid-pan by Lincolnshire Police and by a local parachute club. The control tower was converted to a two-storey house in 1976.

The following squadrons were here at some point:

Units
 No. 5 (Pilots) Advanced Flying Unit RAF

Hibaldstow Airfield

The airfield was taken over in 1992 as a parachute centre and has run skydiving courses there continuously since this period. As one of the biggest civilian dropzones, they have become a regular host to the British National Championships.

Army cadet Stephen Hilder fell  to his death at Hibaldstow airfield in July 2003, after the risers on parachutes had been cut. Although murder was initially suspected, an inquest returned an open verdict.

See also
List of former Royal Air Force stations
Target Skysports

References

Citations

Bibliography

Royal Air Force stations in Lincolnshire


Barnin , , is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Będzino, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north of Będzino,  west of Koszalin, and  north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

References

Barnin


Early general elections were held in Kuwait on 16 May 2009, the country's third in a three-year period. Kuwait had voted on six occasions between 1991 and 2009. The turnout rate was 50%. The election was notable in that four women were elected for the first time since Kuwait gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.

Background
The Constitutional Court dissolved the National Assembly of Kuwait on 18 March 2009 over accusations of supposed abuse of democracy and threats to political stability. The government had resigned just two days before to evade questioning in parliament. Suggested solutions to this recurring problem (government resignation) include the formation of a government without any members of the royal family (a so-called "popular government"), thus making the possibility of parliamentary questioning a reality, or appointing the crown prince as PM, which would make parliamentary questioning sufficiently unlikely so that it would not be a problem any more.

Candidates
210 candidates attempted to win 50 seats. 16 were female.

Results
The results were announced on 17 May 2009. Liberals won at least 8 seats while Independent candidates won 20 seats. Four elected female MPs won. Four women were elected in the parliament. Aseel al-Awadhi and Rola Dashti were victors in the third district. Also winning were Massouma al-Mubarak and Salwa al-Jassar. When voting was first introduced in Kuwait in 1985, Kuwaiti women had the right to vote. This right was later removed. Women in Kuwait were later re-granted the right to vote and stand in parliamentary and local elections in May 2005.

Sunni Islamists lost more than 10 seats less than the 2008 elections.

References

Kuwait
Elections in Kuwait
Election


Cape San Juan Light (Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan) is a historic lighthouse located on the northeastern part of the highest point of Cape San Juan in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. The lighthouse was constructed in 1880 and was officially lit on May 2, 1882. The original illuminating apparatus, not changed until after 1898, had an  range and displayed a fixed white light which every three minutes flashed red.

The lighthouse owned by the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust is part of the Las Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve. The   reserve includes a bioluminescence bay, rare flora and fauna, various trails and boardwalks, and a  scientific research center. Despite its small size, the reserve shelters seven different ecological systems, including beaches, lagoons, dry forest, coral reefs and mangroves.

In 1898, the lighthouse played a major role in the Battle of Fajardo during the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish–American War. The lighthouse was listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the United States government on October 22, 1981.

In 2001, under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act, it became the first lighthouse to be transferred to a non-governmental organization in Puerto Rico.

Gallery

See also
 List of lighthouses in Puerto Rico

References

External links
 Faro De Las Cabezas De San Juan. National Park Service

 Las Cabezas de San Juan Reserva Natural 'El Faro'. Lonely Planet review
 Puerto Rico Conservation Trust

Lighthouses completed in 1882
Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Historic American Engineering Record in Puerto Rico
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Puerto Rico
Neoclassical architecture in Puerto Rico
1882 establishments in Puerto Rico