"Chuck Versus the Best Friend" is the fourteenth episode of the second season of Chuck. It originally aired on February 23, 2009. When Chuck Bartowski flashes on Anna Wu's new boyfriend, Chuck is ordered to befriend Jason Wang (Jack Yang) to determine the extent of his connections with the Triad. After Morgan Grimes is caught snooping around, Chuck must convince the Triad that Morgan is not a threat, just a loser stalking Anna. Morgan, not knowing how close to death he just came, is hurt by Chuck's actions.

Plot

Main plot
A young Morgan Grimes (Andy Pessoa) is punched by a girl named Suzie for spying on her while in the gymnasium. A young Chuck Bartowski saves Morgan from a further beating. He advises Morgan to stay away from girls for at least 15 years.

In present day, approximately 15 years later, Morgan shows his friends at the Buy More a picture of his ex-girlfriend Anna Wu. Morgan suspects that Anna is seeing another man, and he wants his friends, including Chuck, to spy on her to learn more about her new boyfriend. Chuck refuses to stalk Anna, but Morgan insists that he still cares about her. Chuck and the "spy crew" follow Anna to a restaurant where she is waiting for her new boyfriend. Meanwhile, John Casey and Sarah Walker follow Chuck to learn what is he doing. A man (Jack Yang) arrives and greets Anna with a long kiss that Chuck and his friends can see perfectly from the van. Chuck flashes on the man's car and learns that his name is Jason Wang.

Chuck and the rest of his team arrive at Castle. As they wait for General Beckman (Bonita Friedericy) to contact them about the Jason Wang situation, Chuck asks about the canisters that are lying around. His handlers explain that one could release a substance that can melt iron, while the other releases a peppermint knockout spray. Chuck requests the latter, as he is always vulnerable in the field. Beckman appears and reveals that, though Wang has no criminal record, he is associating with a group of Triads who have been smuggling guns and drugs in and out of Los Angeles. To learn what Wang is doing, Chuck will have to use his social connection with Anna to get close. However, Chuck dislikes the idea of betraying Morgan.

Chuck discusses the plan with Sarah and Casey, but he is not totally convinced to betray his best friend. Casey backs him up with the Marine motto "Semper fidelis" (Always Faithful); However, he points out that orders come before loyalty. Meanwhile, Morgan asks Anna about the last night, but she avoids him, before finally telling him about her new boyfriend. Just when Morgan starts asking too many questions, Chuck enters and saves Morgan from embarrassment. Morgan leaves his friend with Anna and Chuck takes the opportunity to ask her for a double date with Sarah and her new boyfriend, due to Casey's prodding. She happily invites them to a party Jason is throwing that very evening.

Chuck discusses the plan with Sarah and Casey, and they decide that Sarah and Chuck will infiltrate the party as a couple. While Chuck tries to flash on anything useful, Sarah will plant a bug to monitor their movements. Chuck creates a sub-mission to convince Anna of what she is missing without Morgan. Chuck and Sarah enter the party, which is revealed to be an auto auction. They meet Anna right away and while Sarah continues the mission, Chuck starts trying to convince Anna to rekindle her relationship with Morgan. Jason then arrives and Anna introduces him to Sarah and Chuck. Meanwhile, Morgan spies on Anna from outside the building and discovers his best friend shaking hands with his ex-girlfriend's new boyfriend.

Chuck flashes on the many Triad members at the auction, but Sarah gets involved with Anna in a conversation, so Chuck has to continue the mission on his own. He follows the Triad members to a garage nearby and hears them talking about a shipment. Sarah talks with Anna about Morgan, and Anna is not sure about Jason, so Sarah takes advantage of it and talks her into returning to Morgan. Security guards receive an intruder code, leading Sarah and Casey to believe that Chuck was caught. However, the Triads bring in Morgan. Chuck runs to save his best friend's life, but in doing so he humiliates him in front of Anna and Jason, convincing everyone that Morgan is just a stalker. Morgan is spared, but the Triad discovers the bug Chuck planted at the garage, and they believe that Morgan really is a spy.

At the Buy More, Chuck tries to convince Morgan that he saved his life, but he cannot explain without compromising his cover. Chuck explains to Sarah that Morgan is more than a friend: he is part of the family. Sarah tells him that if they do not know the contents of the Triad shipment, everyone's best friend will be hurt.

Meanwhile, Triad enters the Buy More looking for Morgan, so Chuck incapacitates Morgan with the knockout spray and puts him in a large home theater box to sneak him out of the store. Anna stops Chuck to point out an interview with Jason on TV. Chuck flashes on a Rolls-Royce purchased by Mei Sheng (James Kiriyama-Lem), the ambassador to China. Chuck alerts Casey and Sarah that the ambassador is going to be killed. Chuck returns to Morgan, only to find that the Triad has taken the box and put it in a van.

Sarah, Casey, and Chuck drive to the car showroom to alert the ambassador of the plot to kill him. Chuck sees the van that the Triad members used to kidnap Morgan. Chuck follows the Triad members and watches them put Morgan in the trunk of the ambassador's car. Chuck flashes on the Rolls' hood ornament and realizes that the Triads are planning on blowing up the car. He alerts Sarah and Casey of the plot. Sarah goes to look for the bomb, while Casey goes after Chuck. Meanwhile, Chuck drives up in the Herder to warn the ambassador, who presumes that Chuck is a Triad member and drives away. As Chuck chases the ambassador's car, Casey sees, jumps onto, and clings to the Herder's roof. Chuck refuses to let Casey inside the Herder, knowing that he would focus on the ambassador instead of Morgan. Casey agrees to help save Morgan. As soon as Casey rappels inside, he removes a remote control from the glove box and uses it to catch up with the ambassador. When the ambassador's car stops, Casey exits, but the guards do not believe that he is in the NSA and push him to the ground.

Chuck removes the bomb from the ambassador's car and goes into the Herder with the bomb. After incapacitating the Triad leader "Smooth" Lau (Jennifer Jalene) by slamming her head against the car's steering wheel until the airbag is triggered, Sarah uses her CIA credentials to release Casey. She sees the Herder driving a short distance away before exploding. Sarah and Casey stare in disbelief and horror at the thought that Chuck just sacrificed himself, but Chuck reveals that he just used the remote control to drive it away.

Chuck opens the trunk of the Rolls-Royce, takes Morgan's snoring body back to the Buy More and explains that he fainted. Morgan apologizes to Chuck for his attitude, and they make peace. Sarah, Casey and Chuck learn from Beckman that the whole Triad group was taken into custody, including Jason. The ambassador is left with a renewed vigor to crack down on Triad activities in the United States and overseas. Beckman excuses herself to attend to other plans, drinking with Dr. Condoleezza Rice, revealing that even she has friends.

Sarah apologizes to Chuck for being insensitive about his bond with Morgan, admitting that she has no one in her life to care for her. Chuck insists that she does and holds her hand. As Toto's song "Africa" plays throughout the whole store (see Ellie, Devon, and Jeffster!), Morgan talks to Anna about his feelings, and she takes him back with a kiss.

Ellie, Devon, and Jeffster!
Ellie Bartowski and her fiance Devon Woodcomb discuss their wedding plans. She asks him to help her with the items on her "To-Do" list, and he agrees to help her with the flowers, the music, and the wedding cake. Devon asks Chuck to help him find the band. Jeff Barnes and Lester Patel, the titular members of the band Jeffster!, learn that Chuck is looking for a band to hire for his sister's wedding. They tell Chuck that they would love to play at the wedding, but Chuck declines without hesitation.

Later, the Nerd Herd receives an urgent call from Ellie. She has a computer emergency and wants Chuck to fix it, but he is unavailable. Luckily for her, Jeff and Lester want an opportunity to audition to play at Ellie's wedding, so they take the call and go to fix the computer. After they finish working, they move things around to set up their audition, but Lester nervously leaves at the last minute.

Jeff later asks Chuck about the impression they made at Ellie's house, but Chuck knows nothing. Jeff goes to Ellie's apartment for another audition, and Devon agrees. Ellie and Devon politely arrive at the Buy More to watch Jeffster!, though they deny any possibility of actually hiring the band. The band starts play the song "Africa" and the music invades the whole store.

Production
"Chuck Versus the Best Friend" was produced before "Chuck Versus the Suburbs", but the airing order was swapped in the United States due to the former being preempted for a presidential speech. As "Chuck Versus the Suburbs" has a Valentine's Day theme, it was aired on its intended date in the week of Valentine's Day. "Chuck Versus the Best Friend", however, continues plot points introduced in "Chuck Versus Santa Claus", with Morgan believing that Anna is unfaithful to him. This resulted in a continuity error, as Morgan remarks in "Chuck Versus the Suburbs" that he and Chuck have girlfriends for the holiday, yet he and Anna have broken up by the next episode.

The episode revealed that Jeff and Lester had a band, Jeffster!, a recurring plot point throughout the rest of the series.

Flashes
Chuck flashes on Jason Wang while spying on Anna.
Chuck flashes on the triad members at the car auction.
Chuck flashes on the Rolls-Royce from the news report.

Cultural references
 Jeff persuades Lester to participate in the audition by reciting the opening lines of Eminem's song "Lose Yourself".
 Jeffster performs a cover of Toto's hit single "Africa" at the episode's close.

Reception
"Chuck Versus the Best Friend" received positive reviews from critics. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A−, calling it "incredibly enjoyable" and enjoying Anna's return from a two-episode absence. Heisler concluded, "My only major complaint: Will they ever end an episode without Sarah and Chuck longingly glancing at each other, silently wishing for the quiet, datey life they can never achieve?"

Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 9.4 out of 10, writing, "This was a highly entertaining episode of Chuck, which did a great job of making use of almost the entire cast in fun and inventive ways... Even though Chuck maintains a primarily humorous tone, the show continues to do an excellent job at keeping the relationships feeling genuine, even in the midst of some very heightened situations." Goldman called Sarah's fight scene "simultaneously the most violent and sexiest one yet on this series."

The episode drew 6.592 million viewers, the lowest number up to that point.

References

External links

Best Friend
2009 American television episodes
Triad (organized crime)


"Chuck Versus the Suburbs" is the thirteenth episode of the second season of Chuck. It originally aired on February 16, 2009. General Beckman (Bonita Friedericy) sends Chuck Bartowski, Sarah Walker, and John Casey to a Los Angeles suburb on an undercover mission, with Chuck and Sarah posing as a married couple. After accidentally obtaining a part of Fulcrum's Intersect data, Chuck discovers that the suburban development is a front for Fulcrum. The team is captured by some of their neighbors, including Brad (Andy Richter) and Sylvia (Jenny McCarthy), who test Chuck by uploading their prototype to Chuck's brain. Meanwhile, Big Mike is introduced to internet dating by Morgan Grimes, Lester Patel, and Jeff Barnes at the Buy More, which backfires on Morgan.

Plot

Main plot
General Beckman (Bonita Friedericy) and John Casey provide Chuck Bartowski and Sarah Walker with their next mission: to infiltrate the suburbs of Los Angeles to locate a sleeper cell that left a former agent, Yeager (Darren Keefe), debilitated. For the mission, Chuck and Sarah will pose as a married couple living in the Meadow's Branch suburban cul-de-sac.

Chuck drives to his new driveway and enters his home to find CIA-manufactured photographs of his life, including his and Sarah's wedding pictures and vacation pictures. He even has a dog. Chuck finds Sarah in the kitchen, making potato salad, having invited the neighbors for a barbecue, during which Sylvia Arculin (Jenny McCarthy) develops an attraction to Chuck. Afterward, Casey finds a bug in the appetizers brought by one of the neighbors. Casey identifies it as belonging to the government, but Chuck flashes and learns that it was stolen by Fulcrum from a CIA substation in Omaha, Nebraska in 2006.

Chuck wakes up the next morning to find that Sarah has cooked him breakfast and prepared his travel coffee, even giving him a grocery list, demonstrating her enjoyment of the mission. Meanwhile, Casey discovers that Sylvia's husband, Cliff Arculin (Brian Thompson) has purchased specialty cabling to break into secure government websites. Cliff is identified as Cliff Siljak, a former CIA agent. Chuck is assigned to approach Cliff by pretending to begin an affair with Sylvia.

Sylvia brings Chuck upstairs into her bedroom, removes his pants, and handcuffs him to the bed. Chuck delays by asking her for Scotch whisky. Chuck manages to unlock the cuffs and find Cliff's cabling, which is attached to a computer. The computer requests a password, which Chuck deduces is "salamander." After he enters the password, Chuck unknowingly uploads a fraction of a prototype of the Fulcrum Intersect, incapacitating him.

Cliff rushes home and confronts Sylvia about Chuck. As they head upstairs, Chuck recovers and escapes through a window and off the roof, exposing himself to the neighborhood as he runs home. To keep their cover intact, Sarah feigns anger at his apparent unfaithfulness and slaps him across the face. General Beckman is angered that Chuck was exposed and endangered, removing him from the mission so that Sarah and Casey can focus on the Arculins.

As Chuck fails to understand the data he has uploaded, he flashes on a flier for the neighborhood, revealing the entire cul-de-sac to be a front for Fulcrum. He calls Sarah, only to get no answer. As Casey poses as the cable guy, Brad White (Andy Richter), a cheerful stationery salesman, tasers Casey. Sylvia and another female neighbor take Sarah into their custody. Chuck arrives at the house, frantic and yelling for Sarah. Brad smiles and tasers him as well.

Chuck is strapped to a chair, while Sarah is in another room. The Fulcrum agents try to recruit Chuck, planning to see if he can survive their experiments. They are rebuilding the Intersect to gain all the CIA's secrets (it is their belief that the government has reverted to pre-existing methods to combat terrorism), but all the other agents have died when they attempted to upload the Intersect to their brains. Chuck pleads with them to release Sarah, and the agents, realizing that he is in love with her, mocks his delusion that they could be together.

Chuck is uploaded with Fulcrum's entire prototype, apparently brainwashing him, thus leaving the Fulcrum agents convinced that their experiments were successful. They then move to experiment on Sarah. Meanwhile, Casey has escaped his bonds and entered the control room. Chuck asks to speak with Sarah, telling her to close her eyes. As all the agents are in the experiment room and unprotected from the pictorial test, Casey activates the prototype, incapacitating them. (See "Continuity")

At the Orange Orange, Chuck returns his wedding ring to Sarah.

Casey and Sarah supervise the packing up the contents at the home in the cul-de-sac.

Buy More
At the Buy More, everyone has high spirits for Valentine's Day, except Big Mike, who is taking his anger out on everyone because his wife has filed for divorce. Morgan Grimes, Lester Patel, and Jeff Barnes introduce him to internet dating, where he sees attractive women and decides to try it. Mike concocts several lies to get the good dates, fabricating the story that he is a wealthy shipping tycoon.

Big Mike later decides to tell his internet date the truth about himself. The woman, Bolonia (Patricia Rae) arrives at the Buy More, having lied herself, and thinking that the meeting was arranged at the Buy More because her 26-year-old son works there. Mike scans the store's employees, wishing aloud that her son is Chuck. Suddenly, Morgan approaches, revealing that Bolonia is his mother, horrified that she has begun a relationship with his boss.

Production
"Chuck Versus the Suburbs" was produced after "Chuck Versus the Best Friend," but the airing order was swapped in the United States due to the latter being preempted for a presidential speech. As "Chuck Versus the Suburbs" has a Valentine's Day theme, it was aired on its intended date in the week of Valentine's Day. The house used for filming the interior and exterior scenes of this episode can be found at 25611 Walker Place, Stevenson Ranch, California.

Continuity
Though the episode itself does not conclusively reveal the fates of the Fulcrum agents, subsequent episodes and online exclusives provided additional information. The activation of the prototype killed Brad, as his brain could not handle the vast amount of data, while Cliff survived the activation and was incarcerated. The fates of Vanessa and Sylvia are unknown. Brad, Vanessa, Cliff, and Sylvia all appeared on the chart hidden behind Chuck's Tron poster in "Chuck Versus the Lethal Weapon".

Flashes
 Chuck flashes on a bug, learning that it was stolen by Fulcrum from a CIA substation in Omaha in 2006.
 Chuck flashes on a brochure for the neighborhood, revealing the entire cul-de-sac to be a front for Fulcrum.
 Chuck flashes on the residents of the neighborhood.

Cultural references
 References are made to The Terminator at the beginning of the episode when Morgan, Lester and Jeff observe Big Mike at work on Valentine's Day.
 Jeff suggests that Big Mike is a cyborg and calls him a "skin job," a term used in both Blade Runner and Battlestar Galactica.
 Chuck wears a T-shirt that says "Cowbell Hero," parodying both Guitar Hero and the cowbell sketch from Saturday Night Live.
 Chuck asks if Sarah is enjoying the "whole Martha Stewart thing."
 Chuck is forcibly strapped to a chair and forced to watch encoded images, alluding to the Ludovico technique from A Clockwork Orange.
 Chuck clutches Sarah and tells her to close her eyes as the Fulcrum Intersect is set loose, like the opening of the Ark of the Covenant at the end of Raiders of the Lost Ark.
 Mike's dating alias is "Lando Calrissian," referencing the Star Wars character.

Critical response
"Chuck Versus the Suburbs" received positive reviews from critics. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A−, writing that the episode "was a treat for those who've been sticking with the show for so long. A lot happened over in the suburbs with Chuck, Sarah, Casey and [Andy Richter], but first, a word about the Buy More: those precious Buy More segments that often disappoint. They're usually too distracting from the main story line -- and not funny enough to justify it -- and always have zero bearing on future episodes. But tonight's worked right up until the end and set the stage for a lot of wonderful tension." Heisler called the reveal that Meadow's Branch was populated with Fulcrum agents "one of the better reveals in Chuck'''s history."

Eric Goldman of IGN'' gave the episode an 8 out of 10, writing, "While not an original concept for a spy scenario, Chuck and Sarah posing as a married couple was an interesting dynamic for the two... Overall, this was a decent episode: it wasn't as funny as some, but it ended up being a bit more important in the overall storyline than first expected."

The episode drew 6.836 million viewers.

References

External links

Suburbs
2009 American television episodes


Claverley is a village and civil parish in east Shropshire, England. The parish also includes the hamlets of Beobridge, Hopstone, Upper Aston, Ludstone, Heathton and a number of other small settlements.

Claverley village is east of the market town of Bridgnorth, near the Staffordshire county boundary. The village has two public houses, The Plough and The Crown. Originally there were three pubs (top middle and bottom) however the bottom pub was converted into apartments after closing in the late 2010's.

On the edge of the village is the Arts and Crafts style mansion, Brook House; it was built in 1937 for the Gibbons family, who made their money as lock and window merchants in Wolverhampton.

Church

The Church of England parish church of All Saints dates from the 11th century and has a rare 13th-century wall painting. On the north side of the nave, and dated to around 1200, a frieze of painted scenes some  long shows a series of 15 knights in armour, mostly engaged in single combat. It has been suggested that this portrays scenes from the 5th-century poem Psychomachia, a battle between virtues and vices, by Prudentius. A recent theory is that the knight with the horn is Roland (the only surviving medieval mural of this hero) and that the Holy Cross is the unifying theme of the mural scheme.

There are also a number of tombs of the Gatacre family, who dominated the parish from the Middle Ages to the early 20th century. In the Tudor period they were closely associated with religiously conservative and recusant circles. The chapels in the church were originally their private preserve.

Notable people
Sir Robert Broke (died 1558), Tudor-era judge and politician was son of a Claverley family and has tomb in Claverley Church.
Thomas Gatacre (died 1593), politician, later Protestant cleric, member of family seated at Gatacre in Claverley parish.
Lieutenant-General Sir William Forbes Gatacre (1843-1906) was a son of the family seated at Gatacre.
Mary Whitehouse (1910-2001), the tv/radio clean-up campaigner, lived in Claverley at time she set up the National Viewers and Listeners Association in 1965, using her home as its office.

See also
Listed buildings in Claverley

References

External links

Villages in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire


"Chuck Versus the Beefcake" is the fifteenth episode of the second season of Chuck. It originally aired on March 2, 2009. The team is ordered to retrieve Fulcrum intelligence hidden in the belt buckle that is in the possession of an agent named Cole Barker (Jonathan Cake), who they codenamed beefcake. Upon capture, Cole is revealed to be an undercover MI6 agent. Though broken up with Sarah Walker, Chuck Bartowski becomes jealous after noting Sarah's interest in Cole. Meanwhile, Jeff Barnes and Lester Patel's search for a new Buy More employee turns into a search for the "Buy More Babe". Morgan Grimes' reluctance to live with his mother while she is in a relationship with Big Mike leads to Chuck and Morgan to make an important decision.

Plot

Main plot
Cole Barker (Jonathan Cake) robs the grave of Brad White, a Fulcrum agent killed in "Chuck Versus the Suburbs" after testing an Intersect prototype on Chuck Bartowski. At Castle, General Beckman (Bonita Friedericy) orders Chuck, Sarah Walker, and John Casey to determine why someone would rob a CIA dump site and how that person even knew where to find it. Later, Beckman informs the team that the grave robber is Cole Barker, a Fulcrum agent. Chuck suddenly flashes to learn that Cole's belt buckle belonged to White and contains government intelligence. Casey reveals that Sarah will have to seduce Cole to remove his pants, ironically after Chuck has just "dumped" her (See "Chuck and Sarah").

Sarah seduces Cole at a hotel bar. As they ride an elevator to his room, Chuck flashes to identify two men as Fulcrum agents. While Casey follows the agents, Sarah and Cole violently undress and she manages to remove his belt. As Casey chases the agents, he lets a woman go after seeing she has a baby. However, she is also revealed to be a Fulcrum agent, and a shootout ensues. Meanwhile, Chuck races to and breaks into Cole's room to find a scantily-clad Sarah holding Cole at gunpoint, with his belt tied around her wrists.

Sarah gets dressed, and they drag Cole to the roof for transport. Cole warns them that they have made a mistake and he is actually an MI6 agent working undercover. Suddenly a helicopter appears and fires on the team. Cole protects Sarah and shoots a gas pipe that explodes and destroys the helicopter. He later explains that the only way to read the chip hidden in the belt buckle is to retrieve the playback device. Chuck pleads with the team to let him try to hack the chip, but they all say it's too risky, agreeing to let Cole go back under cover to contact Fulcrum. As Cole meets with Fulcrum agents at the hotel, Chuck attempts to hack the chip at the Buy More, triggering a homing device. Fulcrum agent Alexis White (Katrina Law) learns that their meeting is a setup, and she takes Sarah and Cole hostage. Alexis tracks the chip back to the Buy More. Chuck hacks the Fulcrum chip and finds his Fulcrum download video with his nom de guerre. As Alexis is walking in the Buy More, Chuck panics and smashes the chip.

As Cole, Sarah, and Chuck hang from chains in an abandoned warehouse, Chuck reveals that the chip contains information about him. Sarah warns Chuck not to tell the Fulcrum agents about the Intersect, no matter what the torture. Suddenly, Alexis arrives and threatens to poison Sarah if Chuck does not tell her who has the Intersect. Cole interrupts and asks if she really believes Chuck could be the Intersect. Just as Chuck reveals that he is the Intersect, Casey arrives with a tactical squad and saves Sarah. Rather than be taken prisoner, Alexis injects herself with ricin and smiles at Casey as she dies, saying "Fulcrum wins."

Cole promises not to tell anyone about Chuck's true identity, and the CIA lets him go. However, a policeman later pulls up to the car Cole is riding in and shoots the driver. Sarah arrives at Ellie Bartowski's house to tell Chuck he must go under 24-hour protection, meaning they will have to move in together. Their cover relationship must continue, canceling Chuck's plan of living with Morgan.

Chuck and Sarah
As Chuck eats breakfast with Ellie and her fiancée Devon Woodcomb, Ellie worries about Chuck, who appears to be ignoring Sarah. Taking Ellie's advice, Chuck heads to the Orange Orange yogurt shop and ends his cover relationship with Sarah, ironically only moments before Sarah is ordered to seduce Cole. Chuck is forced to listen to said seduction, while Casey enjoys his discomfort.

Chuck later decides to prove his worth to Sarah by hacking the chip, which only results in them being tortured with Cole. Chuck continues his  attempts to impress Sarah by enduring as much torture as Cole, but he faints when threatened with a needle. Though Sarah regrets being "dumped" by Chuck, she rewards Cole with a passionate goodbye kiss. Unfortunately, Chuck watches the exchange from a security monitor. Hurt, he approaches Morgan Grimes and asks him to be his roommate so that he can move out of Ellie's house and they can move on with their lives. However, Sarah is forced to put Chuck under 24-hour protection, meaning he and Sarah will have to move in together and continue their cover relationship.

Morgan
Morgan is growing increasingly disturbed by his mother's new relationship with his boss Big Mike, who has begun to refer to him as "son." Morgan avoids his mother's house by staying with Ellie and Devon. However, they discover Morgan looking for a snack one night, completely naked, greatly disturbing Ellie.

Chuck later approaches Morgan and asks him to be his roommate so that he can move out of Ellie's house and they can move on with their lives. Morgan is overjoyed. However, Sarah is forced to put Chuck under 24-hour protection, meaning Chuck and Sarah will have to move in together and continue their cover relationship.

Buy More
Jeff Barnes and Lester Patel are assigned to hire a new Buy More employee, which they turn into the search for the "Buy More Babe." They manage to lie to and offend nearly every potential employee. Threatened with a lawsuit by a swimsuit model (Brooklyn Decker), Jeff and Lester blame the entire encounter on Chuck, causing Chuck to be slapped. Big Mike receives a number of calls from Human Resources and demands that Chuck come to his office.

Production
Although "Chuck Versus the Best Friend" was produced before "Chuck Versus the Suburbs", the former was preempted for a presidential speech, and the airing order was swapped in the United States so that the Valentine's Day-themed "Chuck Versus the Suburbs" could air on its intended date in the week of the holiday. As a result, "Chuck Versus the Beefcake" continues plot points introduced in "Chuck Versus the Suburbs", with the episode beginning shortly after Brad White's burial.

Flashes
Chuck flashes on Cole's belt buckle in the surveillance video of him.
Chuck flashes on the Fulcram agents in the hotel.
Chuck flashes on Alexis as she enters the Buy More.

Cultural references
 Chuck inquires if he will be home in time to watch Charlie Rose.
 Cole is portrayed as a homage to James Bond.
 Barker says, "Come with me if you want to live," a direct quote from every installment of the Terminator franchise.
 Jeff mimics Sharon Stone in Basic Instinct by uncrossing his legs.

Critical response
"Chuck Versus the Beefcake" received positive reviews from critics. Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B, calling it "a pretty good, if slightly-less-than-top-quality episode of one of the most predictably entertaining hours on television," explaining, "Why less-than-top quality? I think the Chuck/Sarah relationship is starting to go around in circles, and not in a fun, merry-go-round kind of way... That said, there was nothing really wrong with the way this episode treated Chuck and Sarah, and really nothing wrong with the way Zachary Levi and Yvonne Strahovski played it, particularly the long sequence in which our hero is forced to listen to Sarah make out with the titular beefcake (Jonathan Cake)."

Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 out of 10, writing, "Overall, this was a decent episode, which gets a bit of a nudge up in my rating thanks to a couple of notable moments – most especially the absolutely huge action sequence that came near the end, as Barker and Sarah took on a heavily armed Fulcrum helicopter. Barker, two guns a' blazin', blowing up a gasoline tank, and the helicopter with it, was very cool and one of the biggest and most impressive action set pieces we've seen on this show."

Viewer response was also positive, with an 8.5/10 user rating at TV.com. The episode drew 6.657 million viewers.

References

External links

Beefcake
2009 American television episodes


Graafwater is a town in the Sandveld in the Western Cape province of South Africa situated 300 km from Cape Town, about halfway between Clanwilliam and Lamberts Bay. Graafwater is the Afrikaans term for "digging for water" referring to the Afrikaans farming culture found in South Africa at the time of establishment.  It is located in the Cederberg Municipality.

Graafwater is often divided into Graafwater North and Graafwater South.

After the railway junction between Cape Town and Bitterfontein was built in 1910, the town Graafwater was established. The local Dutch Reformed Church of Leipoldtville developed the town further. The Graafwater Dutch Reformed church formed its own congregation after a few years.

Tourist attractions
 The Heerenlogement - A cave about 30 km from the town that 'lodged' both Simon van der Stel and Olaff Bergh.

References

Populated places in the Cederberg Local Municipality


Events in the year 1786 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
 2 October - Lofthusreisingen begins, a large peasant revolt in South Norway.

Arts and literature

Births
15 May - Johan Bülow Wamberg, politician, (d.1852)
26 May - Engebret Soot, canal engineer (d.1859)
29 June - Peder Christian Hersleb Kjerschow, bishop (d.1866)

Full date unknown
Samuel Mathiassen Føyn, ship-owner and politician (d.1854)

Deaths
18 February – Ludvig Daae, priest and landowner (born 1723).

Full date unknown
 Anders Olsen, trader, explorer and colonial administrator (born 1718)

See also


Albert Vilhelm Bøgh (29 April 1843 – 11 April 1927) was a Norwegian actor.

He was a son of district stipendiary magistrate Ole Bøgh (1810–1872) and his wife Anna Dorothea Sagen (1809–1850). He was the brother of Johan Bøgh. On the maternal side he was a grandson of Lyder Sagen, and on the paternal side he was a nephew of archivist Vilhelm Frimann Christie Bøgh.

He worked at Christiania Theatre from 1871 to 1872, at Møllergatens Teater from 1872 to 1876. Then, for the rest of his career he worked at Den Nationale Scene.

Through his brother Johan, he was the uncle of tourism administrator Christen Gran Bøgh.

References

1843 births
1927 deaths
Norwegian male stage actors
19th-century Norwegian male actors


Petton is a small village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. It was mentioned in Domesday as "Peetone", a name probably derived from Old English paec-tun, "settlement by the hill".

Petton is near to the village and parish of Cockshutt, south-east of the town Ellesmere. The two parishes have in recent years combined their parish councils under the name Cockshutt-cum-Petton.

See also
Listed buildings in Petton

References

Civil parishes in Shropshire
Villages in Shropshire


Laughter in animals other than humans describes animal behavior which resembles human laughter.

Several non-human species demonstrate vocalizations that sound similar to human laughter. A significant proportion of these species are mammals, which suggests that the neurological functions occurred early in the process of mammalian evolution.  Laughter as communication is found in over 60 species.

Apes
Chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling. This behavior is documented in both wild and captive chimpanzees. Chimpanzee laughter is not readily recognizable to humans as such, because it is generated by alternating inhalations and exhalations that sound more like breathing and panting. It sounds similar to screeching. The differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. One study analyzed sounds made by human babies and bonobos when tickled. It found that although the bonobo's laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed the same sonographic pattern of human babies to include as similar facial expressions. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body such as the armpits and belly.

Research has noted the similarity in forms of laughter among humans and apes (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans) when tickled, suggesting that laughter derived from a common origin among primate species, and therefore evolved prior to the origin of humans.

Rats

Rats emit long, 50-kHz ultrasonic calls that are induced during rough and tumble play, and when tickled by humans. The vocalization is described as distinct "chirping".  Like humans, rats have "tickle skin", areas of the body that generate greater laughter responses than others. Rats that laugh the most also play the most and prefer to spend more time with other laughing rats.  It has been reported that there is no decline in the tendency to laugh and respond to tickle skin as rats age, however, it has also been reported that in females, brain maturation after puberty appears to redefine tickling as aversive, leading to avoidance rather than appetitive responses. Further studies show that rats chirp when wrestling one another, before receiving morphine, or when mating.  The sound has been interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding. High frequency ultrasonic vocalizations are important in rat communication and function to elicit approach behavior in the recipient.

The initial goal of research by Jaak Panksepp and Jeff Burgdorf was to track the biological origins of how the brain processes emotions and social behavior.  They compared rat vocalizations during social interactions to the joy and laughter commonly experienced by children in social play. They concluded that the 50-kHz rat vocalizations might reflect positive affective states (feelings or emotions), analogous to those experienced by children laughing during social play.

More recent studies have investigated the emotional states of rats after being tickled.  An animal's optimism or pessimism can be assessed by cognitive bias studies. After being tickled, rats are more optimistic, indicating the interaction invokes a positive affective state.  Furthermore, rats self-administer playback of the 50-kHz trill calls and avoid playback of 22-kHz calls.

When rats are given naloxone (an opioid antagonist), tickling no longer evokes the 50-kHz vocalisation which indicates that the rewarding properties of tickling are modulated by endogenous opioids.

Dogs
Dogs sometimes pant in a manner that sounds like a human laugh. By analyzing the pant using a sonograph, this pant varies with bursts of frequencies. When this vocalization is played to dogs in a shelter setting, it can initiate play, promote pro-social behavior, and decrease stress levels.  One study compared the behaviour of 120 dogs with and without exposure to a recorded "dog-laugh".  Playback reduced stress-related behaviors, increased tail wagging, the display of a "play-face" when playing was initiated, and pro-social behavior such as approaching and lip licking.

Dolphins
In 2004, researchers who were studying dolphins in Sweden noticed a particular set of sounds that they had not heard before.  These sounds consisted of a short burst of pulses, followed by a whistle. After further observations the researchers discovered that these signals were only being made by dolphins during play-fighting, and never during aggressive confrontations. Their conclusion was that these sounds were being made by the dolphins to indicate that the situation was pleasant and/or non-threatening, and to help prevent it escalating into something like a real fight. This, according to psychologists, is the reason why laughter exists in the first place, suggesting these noises were the dolphin equivalent of a human laugh.

References

External links
Simonet 2005 (includes a sample of dog laughter)
Goodall 1968 & Parr 2005 (a sample of chimpanzee laughter)

Ethology
Animals
Laughter


Atrévete a Soñar (English: Dare to dream) is a Mexican  teen telenovela, produced by Luis de Llano for Televisa, under the license of Ideas del Sur. Atrévete a Soñar is an adaptation of the Argentine telenovela, Patito Feo (Ugly Duckling).

Danna Paola stars as Patito, Eleazar Gómez as Mateo, Violeta Isfel and Cynthia Klitbo, play antagonist roles as Antonella and Bianca. The telenovela also features adult protagonists, René Strickler and Vanessa Guzmán.

It first aired on March 8, 2009, as the first telenovela to debut on a Sunday in Mexico.  After a year of success, becoming a major hit in Mexico, especially among children, its final episode was on  March 7, 2010, also a Sunday.

Plot
Ana takes charge of the cafeteria at the neighborhood high school called el(the) CAMP and lives in the same establishment in which el(the) CAMP is located. There Patito comes to study and soon meets a group of new friends.  She also makes enemies with a group of other girls.  Her entrance to the high school brings before her a yet unknown reality: that of prejudices, qualms, and discrimination.  To the leaders of the high school, headed by the frivolous Antonella, daughter of Bianca, Patito is an ugly duckling, and direct at her all their mockery and tricks.  Here she meets her prince, Mateo.

Patito becomes the leader of Las Populares (The Populars), sensible young ladies who do not want to be "bimbos" like Las Divinas (The Divines) who only care about power and appearances.  The fight gets serious when the high school decides to participate in an intercollegiate musical contest.  The goal is to represent the school, but Las Populares and Las Divinas do not agree with each other.  There is only one way: a competition that decides who will sing in public. Las Divinas think they have it in the bag, but Patito ruins their plans.  Las Populares with the help of Patito who, despite her shyness to sing in public, with the help of Rodrigo succeed in winning the contest. Throughout the school year, Las Populares and Las Divinas wage a battle tinged with adventure, tricks, and adversities.

Six months after the before-mentioned, Ana has another baby (the son of Rodrigo) and Patito has changed her look thanks to her grandmother. She finds herself caught in an amorous discord on account of Giovanni, a newcomer to the community (but not a student at CAMP). Giovanni's arrival represents immediate competition to Mateo and all the other CAMP boys, yet he becomes Antonella's ally as she attempts to take Patito out of the Divinas' way. Meanwhile, Rodrigo wants to spend as much time as possible with his children and wife and great surprises await throughout the second chapter: a woman who will tell Bianca how to get a hold of Ana's body and get her out of her life; the return of Amaya's biological mother; Patito's quinceañera (a 15th birthday celebration, like a Sweet Sixteen); and the arrival of new loves, great friends and mortal enemies.

Patito comes to celebrate her 15th birthday, but Antonella wants to ruin her party.  Antonella contrives a plot where she rigs a bucket, behind the scenes, that contains chicken gizzards. Antonella's father catches her and begs her to reconsider, warning her that if she chooses to go down this path it will have dire life consequences.  Antonella reconsiders and has a change of heart without ceasing to divine.

Later, Mateo wants to dedicate a song to Patito, but Giovanni plans to do the same—he's stolen Mateo's song.  Antonella, who knew Giovanni's plan, tells Mateo everything, and he knocks Giovanni out on stage, leaving him unconscious.  Mateo finally sings the song with the K&B.

Patito and Mateo get together during the performance of the CAMP students where she asks him to be her boyfriend.  Antonella asks Patito to forgive her for all the bad she's done.  Patito tells her that she has nothing to forgive, that for her, they were always friends and they return to being so.
Antonella becomes Johnny's girlfriend again. Finally, they show the viewer what their future was like and what they did, but they don't actually act it out.
At the end of the final episode, is at Patito 15 party and she sings "Mundo de Caramelo" and that becomes The End.

Cast

Soundtrack
Studio albums
 Atrévete a soñar (2009)
 Atrévete a soñar 2 (2009)

Compilations
 Atrévete a soñar 1.5 (2009)

DVDs
 Viviendo Atrévete a soñar (2009)

Live albums
 Atrévete a soñar: El concierto (2010)

Awards

References

External links

2009 telenovelas
2009 Mexican television series debuts
2010 Mexican television series endings
Children's telenovelas
Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Mexican children's television series
Teen telenovelas
Television series about teenagers


EcoCAR: The NeXt Challenge was a yearly competition from 2008 to 2011, that built on the 19-year history of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) advanced vehicle technology competitions by giving engineering students the chance to design and build advanced vehicles to demonstrate cutting-edge automotive technologies, with the goal of minimizing the environmental impact of future personal transportation. The DOE has again joined General Motors (GM), the Government of Canada (Transport Canada, Natural Resources Canada), and other sponsors for this new competition series, named the EcoCAR Challenge. Argonne National Laboratory, a DOE research and development facility, will organize and operate the EcoCAR Challenge. Some previous types of advanced vehicle technology competitions include FutureTruck, FutureCar, and Challenge X. these type of competitions are usually supported by one or more of the Big Three American Automobile Manufacturers.

Background on EcoCAR
The DOE announced a Notice of Program Interest for North American colleges and universities with accredited engineering programs to compete for the opportunity to participate in EcoCAR: The NeXt Challenge—a new international collegiate vehicle engineering competition—through a request-for-proposal (RFP) process in 2008.

EcoCAR seeks to advance the level of vehicle technology capable of reducing petroleum consumption and  greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while demonstrating the real-world performance of a range of technology options. Schools interested in receiving an RFP describing in detail the requirements for competing for one of the up to 17 available slots in EcoCAR were invited to express their interest.

Technology Development
The technologies explored in EcoCAR are identical to those being investigated by the automotive industry to meet the demands of improved energy efficiency and dramatic reductions in Greenhouse gas (GHG)s, as well as to address California zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) regulations. These technologies include full-function electric, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell hybrid vehicles. The only fuels approved for use in EcoCAR are E10 ethanol, E85 ethanol, B20 biodiesel, compressed gaseous hydrogen, and the energy carrier electricity.

Teams selected will design and integrate advanced-technology powertrains, lightweight materials, and aerodynamic improvements into a production vehicle. Using this approach, EcoCAR will explore pathways for future vehicles while giving the student participants the knowledge and experience they need to rapidly develop critical engineering skills and become the next generation of leaders in the automotive industry.

EcoCAR is based on a real-world integrated vehicle design and development process. Teams of engineers from the selected schools will develop their vehicles following a modified GM Global Vehicle Development Process (GVDP) for each phase of the three-year competition. By the end of the competition, the sponsors expect fully developed vehicles equivalent to prototypes ready for a production decision. While applying proven methods for engineering successful prototype vehicles, students will learn real-world engineering skills that will make them highly effective in the automotive industry. At the conclusion of each of EcoCAR’s three years, a week-long competition involving all of the participating schools will take place at a GM vehicle proving ground or other appropriate location in North America.

Participation

Teams will receive $10,000 in seed money in Year One, a wide range of powertrain components, a vehicle donated by GM, and technical and mentoring support from the competition sponsors. EcoCAR teams will also have a GM mentor knowledgeable in technologies relevant to the team assigned to assist them during the competition. Substantial funds will also be provided to each university to support a full-time graduate student who will provide the team with leadership and continuity over the three-year program.

Schools will be required to match cash seed money donations from EcoCAR sponsors and to provide class credit for students participating in the competition, release time equal to at least one class per semester for a faculty advisor from the engineering school, and logistical and promotional support for their team. Teams may also be asked to match seed money each year to support a full-time, graduate-level engineering team leader. A signed letter of support will be required from the Dean of the Engineering Department with each proposal. If accepted into EcoCAR, each school will be required to sign an annual Good Faith Agreement reaffirming the school's full support of their team and explicitly stating its willingness to participate in all EcoCAR activities with at least one faculty advisor in attendance.

Outreach

As part of the competition, EcoCAR teams are required to participate in different types of outreach events. These events include things such as press releases, community outreach, K-12 education, etc. Each team is asked to reach out to their communities and get them interested in EcoCAR.

Results
In Year One (2009), teams use modeling and simulation to develop their vehicle architecture. In Year Two (2010), designs are turned into functioning prototype vehicles. In Year Three (2011), Vehicles are refined to "Near Showroom Quality". Year Three was the final year of the EcoCAR: The NeXt Challenge competition, succeeded by EcoCAR 2, and EcoCAR 3

Sponsors

Headline
 U.S. Department of Energy 500kg
 General Motors Company

Diamond
 Government of Canada
 Transport Canada
 Natural Resources Canada
 California Air Resources Board

Platinum
 dSPACE Inc.
 National Instruments
 The MathWorks
 Freescale Semiconductor
 A123 Systems
 United States Environmental Protection Agency

Gold
 National Science Foundation
 Woodward MotoTron Control Solutions
 Vector CANtech
 Sensors Inc.
 Robert Bosch LLC

Silver
 Snap-On, Inc.
 Renewable Fuels Association
 Magna International/Magna Powertrain

Bronze
 Siemens Digital Industries Software
 Delphi Foundation
 igus
 Women in the Winner's Circle
 Ecomotors
 CarSim by Mechanical Simulation Corporation
 Electric Power Research Institute

Universities Competing in EcoCAR: The NeXt Challenge
17 universities competed in the three-year span competition EcoCAR: The NeXt Challenge.

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (Daytona Beach, FL) Team Website
Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA) Team Website
Howard University (Washington, D.C.)
Michigan Technological University (Houghton, MI)
Mississippi State University (Starkville, MS) Team Website
Missouri University of Science and Technology (Rolla, MO)
North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC)
Ohio State University (Columbus, OH) Team Website
Pennsylvania State University (University Park, PA) Team Website
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (Terre Haute, IN) Team Website
Texas Tech University (Lubbock, TX) Team Website
University of Ontario Institute of Technology (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) Team Website
University of Victoria (Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) Team Website
University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (Madison, WI)
Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA) Team Website
West Virginia University (Morgantown, WV)

Notes

References

 About EcoCAR. Argonne National Laboratories. https://web.archive.org/web/20161023072933/http://ecocarchallenge.org/about_ecocar.html. Retrieved 2009-3-30.
 EcoCAR, a. Argonne National Laboratories. http://www.ecocarchallenge.org. Retrieved on 2009-2-20.
 EcoCAR, b. "2008 Competition Rules". Argonne National Laboratories. https://web.archive.org/web/20080329222703/http://www.ecocarchallenge.org/. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team. Burkholder, Graham; Gantt, Lynn; Nelson, Doug; Robinson, Adam; Sewell, Brandon; Sewell Brian; Stover, Mike. http://www.me.vt.edu/hevt. Retrieved 2009-3-30.

Alternative education organizations
Automotive technologies
Energy technology competitions
Engineering competitions
Engineering education
Green vehicles
One-off cars
Student competitions


Perry K. Generating Station is a small multi-fired power station producing steam for one of the largest central district steam heating systems in the United States. The plant is located on the south side of downtown Indianapolis, at the intersection of Kentucky Avenue and West Street. Its coal-fired units were among the oldest operating power plants in the United States at the time, and were converted to natural gas in 2016. Perry K. is owned by Citizens Thermal, a division of Citizens Energy Group.

History
In 1892–1893, the Indianapolis Light and Power Company, a predecessor of the Indianapolis Power and Light Company (IPL), constructed a generating plant on Kentucky Avenue near the intersection with West Street. The $300,000 plant, originally known as the "Kentucky Avenue Plant", had a capacity of 1,120 kilowatts. Its output was initially used for street and commercial lighting, but in 1905 the plant was modified to provide steam for the district heating of a number of downtown businesses.

A plant expansion in 1937 included the installation of 650 psig boilers and the use of pulverized coal. That same year the Kentucky Avenue plant and the nearby West plant at 744 West Washington Avenue were renamed as Sections K and W, respectively, of the Charles C. Perry Plant.

In 2000, IPL sold the district heating system and the Perry K plant to Citizens Gas and Coke Utility (later renamed as Citizens Energy Group).

See also

 List of power stations in Indiana

References

External links

Energy infrastructure completed in 1925
Energy infrastructure completed in 1938
Buildings and structures in Indianapolis
Towers in Indiana
Coal-fired power stations in Indiana
1925 establishments in Indiana
District heating in the United States


Calogero (Charly) Chiarelli (born October 2, 1948) is a Canadian writer, storyteller, actor and musician.

Born in Racalmuto, Sicily, Chiarelli grew up in the industrial north end of Hamilton, Ontario. He has a Master's degree in Social Work from Carleton University; also degrees in Psychology from McMaster University and Linguistics from the University of Toronto.

As a writer, storyteller and virtuoso harmonica player Charly Chiarelli is well known for his one-person plays, most notably Cu'Fu, Mangiacake, Brutta Figura and Sunamabeach directed for theatre by Ronald Weihs. A filmed performance of Cu'Fu, Mangiacake and Brutta Figura directed by Gemini Award winner, Dennis Beauchamp, were first aired on May 31, 2000 on Bravo! and has been re-aired periodically. He co-wrote and starred in the 2019 film Road to the Lemon Grove with Burt Young, Nick Mancuso, Rossella Brescia, Loreena McKennitt and Tomaso Sanelli. Chiarelli was inducted in 2003 into the McMaster University Alumni Gallery  that includes inductee notables like Martin Short, Dave Thomas and Eugene Levy. As a Jazz and Blues harmonica player Chiarelli has contributed to recordings and live performances as well as creating his own musical works.

References

External links
 Road to the Lemon Grove
 Artword Theatre

1948 births
Living people
Italian emigrants to Canada
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male stage actors
Male actors from Hamilton, Ontario
Carleton University alumni
McMaster University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male film actors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors


Tantou () is a town located in the county-level city of Changle, Fuzhou City, Fujian, China.

A large part of the town's population lives abroad, mainly in New York City (Chinatown, Manhattan), Europe (Chinatowns in Europe), and Taiwan.

See also
 List of township-level divisions of Fujian

References

Township-level divisions of Fujian
Fuzhou
Towns in China


Huberdeau can mean:

People
 Gustave Huberdeau (1874–1945), a French operatic bass-baritone
 Jonathan Huberdeau (born 1993), Canadian ice hockey player
 Rémy Huberdeau, Canadian filmmaker
 Sébastien Huberdeau (born 1978), an actor from Quebec, Canada

Places
 Huberdeau, Quebec


Vilhelm Frimann Christie Bøgh (2 June 1817 – 1 July 1888) was a Norwegian archivist.

He was a son of district stipendiary magistrate Christopher Benedict Bøgh (1773–1825) and his wife Andrea Perbøl (1785–1859). Having lost his father at an early age, he was raised by Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie. He started his career as an assistant in the National Archival Services of Norway, and in 1854 he was hired as the diocesan archivist in the Diocese of Trondhjem. He was also a school teacher in Trondhjem, as well as a theatre instructor. He was known as a "prominent personality in the social life of Trondhjem".

In April 1854 in Fresvik he married Jensine Dorothea Hille (1823–1914), a sister of bishop Arnoldus Hille. He was a brother of jurist Ole Bøgh, and thus the uncle of Johan and Albert Vilhelm Bøgh. He died in July 1888 in Trondhjem.

References

1817 births
1888 deaths
Norwegian archivists
People from Trondheim


Kryptonics was founded in 1965 and originally manufactured polyurethane products for the mining and computer industry.

In the mid-1970s, the company introduced the Kryptonics Star Trac line of wheels that drastically changed the functionality of skateboards. It was the first company to offer wheels in color coded durometers, and to use millimeter sizing. Kryptonics soon became the dominant wheel for all types of skateboarding, excelling on all types of terrain and winning more races than any other wheel brand.

Skateboarders such as Stacy Peralta, Tony Alva, Steve Alba, Micke Alba, David Hackett, Bobby Piercy, Tommy Ryan, and many others were or are sponsored by Kryptonics.

References

External links

Skateboarding companies

Official website from Brazil
https://www.kryptonics.com.br


Brzostkow may refer to either of the following places in Poland:
Brzostków, west-central Poland
Brzóstków, south-central Poland


KPDC may refer to:

 Prairie du Chien Municipal Airport (ICAO code KPDC)
 KPDC-LP, a defunct low-power television station (channel 25) formerly licensed to Indio, California, United States


The Salton Sea is a saline lake in the Colorado Desert of Southern California.

Salton Sea may also refer to:

Places
 Salton Sea Airport
 Salton Sea Beach, California, a community on the lake
 Salton Sea State Recreation Area, a state park located on the northeastern side of the sea
 Naval Auxiliary Air Station Salton Sea, a defunct U.S. Navy facility

Entertainment
 Salton Sea, a 2012 album by Tomas Barfod
 The Salton Sea (2002 film), starring Val Kilmer and Vincent D'Onofrio
 The Salton Sea (2016 film), starring Jamie Anne Allman
 Salton Sea (2018 film), starring Joel Bissonnette
 Miracle in the Desert:  The Rise and Fall of the Salton Sea (2020 film), award-winning documentary

Other
 Salton Sea Authority

See also
 Salton (disambiguation)
 Salt Lake (disambiguation)
 Salton Trough
 Salton Sink
 Dead Sea or the Salt Sea


Brzostow may refer to:
Brzostów, west Poland
Brzóstów, central Poland


Northwest Technical College is a public technical college in Bemidji, Minnesota. It is part of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System. It was founded in 1965 as Bemidji Area Vocational Technical Institute.

References

External links

Community colleges in Minnesota
Education in Beltrami County, Minnesota
Universities and colleges established in 1965
Two-year colleges in the United States
1965 establishments in Minnesota


"Back from the Edge" is the first and only single released to promote Bruce Dickinson's third solo studio album, Skunkworks, released on 7 March 1996. The single peaked at number 68 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listing
 "Back From The Edge"  (Bruce Dickinson/Alex Dickson) – 4:19
 "Rescue Day" – 4:11
 "God's Not Coming Back" – 2:19
 "Armchair Hero" – 2:43

"I'm in a Band with an Italian Drummer"
"I'm in a Band with an Italian Drummer" is an ironic/spoof rock song, first issued as the b-side of "Back from the Edge" (only on its 7-inch vinyl format), and subsequently released on the second disc of the 2001 The Best of Bruce Dickinson compilation album.

It was written by bassist Chris Dale, who was in Dickinson's short-lived backing band for the Skunkworks album, also named Skunkworks. The song's instrumentation features funny breaks with many deliberately off-beat electronic drum machine effects, each occurring immediately after the line "...and when he plays his drums it sounds like this". The lyrics, which (unusually for Dickinson) are composed of rapped verses and sung choruses, are a jocular portrait of the band's drummer Alessandro Elena , who is "really Italian" - as a line in the lyrics defines him - and feature most of the clichés commonly associated with the way Italians are perceived outside of Italy, in the Italians Do It Better style.

The song's end was spoken by the drummer in Sicilian language, more specifically in the dialect of Palermo, starting with a line in heavily inflected, "Italianized" English and then going straight into dialect. The speech features him complaining about his complete lack of understanding of what Dickinson is singing, all spiced up with "colourful" Italian and Sicilian-language expressions.

Credits
 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Alex Dickson - Guitar
 Chris Dale - Bass guitar
 Alessandro Elena - drums

Chart positions

References

1996 singles
1996 songs
Bruce Dickinson songs
Songs written by Bruce Dickinson
EMI Records singles


Andrea Callard (born 1950 in Chicago) is an American media artist connected with the artists group Colab in New York City.

Biography

Early life
Andrea Callard was born in Chicago in 1950 and grew up in Muncie, Indiana. She graduated from high school at Kingswood School Cranbrook in 1968, continued her education at St. Louis School of Fine Arts at Washington University (1968–1970) and graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute with a BFA in painting in 1972. In San Francisco, Callard found an artistic community that included Jim Vincent, Bonnie O'Neill, Baylor Trapnell, Mac Becket, Carol Williams, Reese Williams, and Robin Winters.

1970s
In 1973, Callard moved to New York City and into a raw loft building at 150 Chambers St. Again, Callard found a community of artists including Daisy Youngblood, Joe Haske, Robert Israel and Cara Perlman who lived in the same building and Bernice Rubin who lived in the neighborhood. In 1976 Callard moved to the top floor of 40 Lispenard St. She, Cara Perlman, and Bernice Rubin acquired a net lease for the upper three floors and renovated the building.

Callard's involvement in creating the artist group Collaborative Projects Inc., (known as Colab) was one of her strongest contributions to the New York art community. The organization mimicked corporate structure in an attempt to garner grant support that the organization then redistributed among its members or used for collaborative projects such as television programs. In addition, Colab organized several group art exhibitions from 1979 to 1985, and it actively sought to collaborate with other fringe art groups, most notably Fashion Moda in the South Bronx, resulting in what Lucy Lippard called unprecedented and "fragile cross-class, cross cultural alliances". Colab embodied a rough and highly political art scene that deviated from contemporary art spaces and production practices. Andrea Callard served as Secretary to the group from 1978 to 1980. She and a small group of others produced the Times Square Show of 1980 in an unrented four story building at Times Square. Her photographs thoroughly document the artworks of the event, a show that challenged many minds about art and culture.

Andrea Callard's professional career also developed during this time period. She made numerous contributions to Colab shows and created many of individual artworks including field recordings, super 8mm films, videos, photographs, drawings, and watercolors. Her artwork centered on issues of environmentalism, which is particularly evident in her Ailanthus series. Additionally, her work attended to issues of cultural change evident in her contribution to the 1979 Custom and Culture II show at the NYC Customs House. In 1977, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) awarded her an Individual Artist's Fellowship for Drawing. She also participated in several art residencies beginning in 1978 at the Cummington Community for the Arts in Cummington, Massachusetts. With Reese Williams, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, and Mark Thompson, Callard started the LINE organization to raise and distribute money for artists' books.

1980s
In the 1980s, Callard gradually separated from Colab but continued to look for opportunities to collaborate with other artists. This desire manifests in her 1980 Site, Cite, Sight show with Bonnie O'Neill in San Francisco, her collaboration with Kathy High on a street poster for Colab, her contributions to Steve Ning's film Freckled Rice and her work with Sam Sue on The Tenement: Place for Survival, Object of Reform in 1988. These projects are notable but represent only a portion of Callard's collaborations throughout the 1980s.

In 1985, she founded the Avocet Portfolio with Jollie Stahl at Art Awareness, a multi-arts center in the Catskill Mountains. They worked with Vince Kennedy as he developed his nontoxic water-based inks for Createx Ltd. From 1985 to 1991, Avocet published 48 editions of screenprints by 33 artists from Colab and the wider artworld, many who have become well known since then.

Additionally, Callard participated in numerous art education residencies sponsored by the New York Foundation for the Arts including ones in Malone, New York, at the Hecksher Museum, at the Huntington Public Library, at Carthage Central Schools in Black River, New York, at Rockland Center for the Arts, the Baldwinsville Schools and Studio in a School. Over the years, she has lectured at Williams College, Wake Forest University, the Virginia Commonwealth University, and others.

1990s
During the 1990s, she exhibited in solo and group shows including The Waste Stream: at the Storefront for Art and Architecture and a show of master printer's portfolios titled Multiple Connections at the Bronx River Art Center. She also participated in several residencies and visiting artist positions including one at the American Academy in Rome, Italy. Finally, she took on leadership roles as Art Coordinator for the National Council of Jewish Women, Director of Arts and Crafts at Brant Lake Camp, and a Project Arts Coordinator at the New York City Board of Education.

2000s
In 2008, Callard earned an MFA in Integrated Media Arts, Department of Film & Media at Hunter College.

In 2010, preservation efforts began on Callard's films, resulting in international screenings of her work. In 2012, Callard compiled many short films and slide shows to create Talking Landscape, Early Media Work 1974-1984. It includes her work on super 8mm film and early video formats.

Working with digital media, she continues to make videos, photographs, texts, and audio compositions.

Between 2008 and 2019, Callard produced over 150 industrial, marketing films for a recycling company based in Oakland, CA.

Personal life
Callard is the mother of Callard Luke Geller who was born in 1988, also an artist. Her parents were Patricia and Charles G. Callard. Andrea Callard continues to live and work in New York City.

Filmography
Talking Landscape, Early Media 1974-1984 includes:Fragments of a Self Portrait (video, Sony Portapak, sound, black & white, 1974-1975)Drawers (video, Sony Portapak, sound, black & white, 1974-1975)Window Open/Close (Super 8, sound, color, 1974-1975)Balls with Club (Super 8, sound, color, 1974-1975)Sweep (Super 8, sound, color, 1974-1975)Rubber Shoes (Super 8, sound, color, 1974-1975)Delaware Stone Throw (Super 8, sound, color, 1976)Fluorescent/Azalea (Super 8, sound, color, 4 min, 1976, preserved by National Film Preservation Foundation)Lost Shoe Blues (Super 8, sound, color, 4 min, 1976) Flora Funera (for Battery Park City) (Super 8, sound, color, 4 min, 1976)Contact Mics with Cara (Super 8, sound, color, 1977)Lispenard Ladder (Super 8, sound, color, 1977)11 through 12 (Super 8, sound, color, 11 min, 1977, preserved by National Film Preservation Foundation)The Customs House (35mm slides transferred to video, silent, color, 1977/2012)Notes on Ailanthus (Super 8, sound, color 1978-1979)Commuting from Point to Point (35mm slides transferred to video, silent, color, 1980/2012)The Times Square Show 1980 (35mm slides transferred to video, silent, color, 1980/2012)Pus Factory 1984 (Computer animation on Via Video, 8" floppy disk transferred to 3/4" Umatic, silent, black & white, 1984)Other filmsSome Food May Be Found in the Desert (Super 8, color, sound, 8 min., 1976, preserved by New York Women in Film & Television)Utah Movie Road Map (Super 8, color, silent, circa 1976) Standard Adult Wheelchair (Super 8mm, sound, color, 1977)Sample Map #1 (digital video, sound, color, 13 min., 2013)Something Medical'' (digital video, animated brain scans, silent, black & white, 2015)

Notes

Bibliography
Magasin. Especes D'Espace, The Eighties First Part. 2008, pp. 178–9.
Marvin Taylor, ed. The Downtown Book. Princeton University Press. 2006, pp. 13, 34, 86, inner leaves.
Lisa Phillips. The American Century, Art & Culture 1950–2000. Whitney Museum, photos: pp. 298, 291.
Holland Cotter. "Way Up In the Bronx a Hardy Spirit Blooms", NY Times. May 7, 1999.
Robert Kahn, ed. City Secrets Florence, Venice & the Towns of Italy. The Little Bookroom 2001, pp. 292, 296, 320, 340, 346.
Robert Kahn, ed. City Secrets Rome. The Little Bookroom 1999, pp. 17, 25, 83, 85, 97, 169, 219
Peter Bellamy. The Artist Project. IN Publishing, NY 1991, pp. 51.
Roni Henning. Screenprinting: Water-Based Techniques. Watson Guptill Publications 1994, pp. 9, 24, 42, 55, 67, 81, 87, 103, 125.
Brian Wallis, ed., If You Lived Here...The City in Art, Theory, and Social Activism. The Dia Art Foundation Bay Press 1991, pp. 300–306.
Andrea Callard & Sue Darmstedter. "The Idea of Pretty," Artists in Residence - Partners In Education. The New York Foundation for the Arts, 1989, pp. 25–26.
Andrea Callard & Sam Sue. "The Tenement; Place for Survival, Object of Reform", Real Life Magazine. Winter 88/89, pp. 17–20.
Andrea Callard. Terminal Clusters, drawing, Bomb Magazine #6, 1983, pp. 74.
John Howell. "Synesthetics", Art Forum, 1985.
Geurt Imanse. "Colab, Kunst en de Lower Eastside", Metropolis M. Nov.1984, pp. 5–6.
Sarah Booth Conroy. "Art in Raw", Washington Post. May 4, 1983, pp. 87.
Sylvia Falcon. "Inside/Out", East Village Eye. June 1983, pp. 33.
Peter Halley. "Beat, Minimalism, New Wave & Robert Smithson", Arts Magazine. May 1981, pp. 120.
Jeffery Deitch. "Report from Time Square", Art in America. 9:80. pp. 61–3.
Grace Glueck. New York Times, May 30, 1980.
Grace Glueck. New York Times, May 4, 1979.
John Perrault. "Custom Made" Soho Weekly News. May 17, 1979.
Willoughby Sharp. Impulse Magazine. Summer 1979, pp. 39.

Sources
andreacallard.com
AND - Artists Network Database: Andrea Callard
The Fales Library guide to the Andrea Callard papers
Andrea Callard. Flypaper, 1986.
The biography was originally written by Jessica Shimmin while processing the papers of Andrea Callard for the Fales Library & Special Collections at New York University.

20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
Artists from Muncie, Indiana
Living people
1950 births
American women painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists


Rose-Adélaïde Ducreux (1761 – July 26, 1802) was a French painter and musician, born in Paris. She was the eldest daughter of Joseph Ducreux, with whom she also studied. She showed her works at the Louvre Salons in 1791, 1793, 1795, 1798, and 1799. She was accomplished both as a performer and as a composer.

Biography
In 1786, Ducreux first exhibited at one of Pahin de la Blancherie's bi-weekly exhibitions, known as the Salon de la Correspondance. This self-portrait in pastel at an unknown location depicted the artist in the act of painting. Her self-portraits often included musical and artistic attributes.

A self-portrait of Ducreux seated at a piano-forte, c. 1785, formerly part of the Erlanger Collection, was misattributed to Jacques-Louis David for a long time, as were other pieces of her work. Work by Decreux has also been misattributed to her contemporaries, Antoine Vestier and Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. In her brief career, Ducreux exhibited at a number of important exhibitions beginning in 1786 and continuing until 1799, including the January 1786 Salon de la Correspondance. Ducreux made her debut at the Louvre Salon in 1791, where she submitted a portrait of a young woman and a life-size, full-length self-portrait in which she is depicted playing the harp; the latter oil on canvas is now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, though many of her works remain untraced today. She never signed her work. As with many women artists of the eighteenth century, Ducreux painted herself with an object of accomplishment, the harp, rather than her painterly tools in the fashion of her male counterparts.

In 1802, Ducreux moved to Saint-Domingue, where she married the maritime prefect, François-Jacques Lequoy de Montgiraud. She died shortly after of yellow fever.

Art

Ducreux adopted the Rococo style in her work. The colors in her portraits were light and gentle to the eye. These portraits were also asymmetric, often having the subject pose and stare off to the side while appearing to be doing something. The following are known pieces of her work.

Self-Portrait with a Harp

Created in 1791, it is painted in oil on canvas, with the dimensions 76 x 50 ¾ in (193 x 128.9 cm). This work has been identified with a self-portrait that Mademoiselle Durceux exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1791. The portrait was made around the time of the French Revolution, so to some it may seem odd that the painting depicts such a luxurious garment at a time when the population of France revolted against luxury and totalitarianism. However, the painting represents the transitional time of 1791; having the luxury of fabrics contrast the simplicity of the background.

Portrait of the Artist

Created in 1799, it is painted in oil on canvas.

Portrait d'une femme tenant sa fille sur ses genoux

Painted in oil on canvas, its dimensions are 77 x 51.2 in (195 ½ x 130 cm). This work depicts a woman holding a child bearing flowers. The simple background greatly contrasts with a luxury of fabrics.

Portrait of a Lady

Painted in oil on canvas, its dimensions 75 ½ x 50 ½ in (194 x 128 cm).

Portrait of Diane de la Vaupaliere

Created in 1790, it is painted in oil on canvas and shows a portrait of a lady seated before a harp and reading some books. The major color of the painting is brown and in contrast, the lady in white looks like an angel. The painting gives people a peaceful feeling and is now in the collection of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.

References

1761 births
1802 deaths
French women painters
French classical composers
French women classical composers
Deaths from yellow fever
Painters from Paris
18th-century French painters
18th-century French women artists
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
18th-century women composers


Noblex, formerly Docter Optics, is a German manufacturer of optics, including binoculars, rifle scopes, spotting scopes, red dot sights, flashlights and reading glasses. Its headquarters are in Eisfeld, Thuringia, Germany, where most of the products are developed and manufactured. Docter is part of the Analytik Jena Group.

History

The company grew out of binocular production by the forerunner of Carl Zeiss AG before World War Two. In 1952 a part of the company VEB Carl Zeiss Jena was established in Eisfeld in what was then East Germany. Starting from tasks as supplier of parts and pre-assembling products for the Zeiss factories in Jena the company continuously developed over the following years to become a producer of precision-engineered optical consumer goods and industrial products. Besides that VEB Carl Zeiss Jena produced military optics for the armed forces of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) like the NVA DF 7x40 and NVA EDF 7x40 roof prism binoculars.

A year after the German reunification, the Eisfeld plant of the Jenoptik Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH, which employed 550 staff, was taken over by Bernhard Docter, who lent his name to the company and products. The company now traded under the name Docter-Optic-Eisfeld GmbH and continued with the production of binoculars, riflescopes, spotting scopes, magnifying glasses and opto-electronic measurement equipment. The company Docter-Optic in Wetzlar declared bankruptcy for the whole business on 15 November 1995.

On 1 May 1997 a part of the business with 40 staff was continued by Analytik Jena GmbH, to which traditionally good relations existed. Already the first year after the takeover was completed with very good turnover and results. By 2006 Docter Optics employed 100 staff.

On 1 May 2016 Docter Optics was acquired by Noblex GmbH, a subsidiary of the Frankfurt holding company VF Capital GmbH. At IWA Show in 2018 the process of re-branding started and most of the products received Noblex brand name. Most of the older model lines were discontinued in 2018 and new products lines were renamed in accordance with the Noblex brand nomenclature.

Products

Since the beginning of 2019 Noblex Optics is producing Binoculars, Telescopic sights, Red dot sights and Monoculars.

Majority of their production is concentrated on their Red Dot Sights, which are well known globally. Noblex Sights are produced in the following variants:
 Noblex Sight II Plus
 Noblex Sight II Plus IPSC
 Noblex Sight C
 Noblex Sight III
 Noblex QuickSight

Noblex QuickSights is significantly different that all other Noblex Red Dot Sights, since it is designed to fit on shotguns and to mount directly on shotgun ribs. It comes with 5.0 MOA dot as standard.
The rest Noblex Sights share the same footprint that became an industry standard and is used also by brands like Meopta, Vortex Optics, Leica Camera and others. They come with either 3.5 MOA red dot (for rifle use) or with 7.0 MOA red dot (for handgun use).

Riflescopes produced by Noblex are divided in the following series:
 Noblex N6 ED
 Noblex N6  (formerly known as Docter V6)
 Noblex N5
 Noblex N4 (Formerly known as Docter Basic)

The number in the naming stands for the zoom factor. All of the Noblex rifle scopes come with illuminated reticle as standard.

Noblex is also producing the following binoculars in 2019.
 Noblex ED (8x42, 10x42 and 8x56)
 Noblex Compact (8x21 and 10x25)
 Noblex B/GA (7x40 and 10x42)

They are all produced in Jena and ED models feature magnesium housing and Open Bridge design.

Noblex also produces a single monocular called Noblex Mono 8x21 which has an unusual design incorporating a Porro prism.

References

External links
 Docter company website

Lens manufacturers
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Optics manufacturing companies
Firearm manufacturers of Germany
German brands
Optoelectronics


The House of Palavandishvili () is a Georgian aristocratic family, known from the 12th/13th century and received among the princely nobility of Imperial Russia as Princes Palavandov () in the 19th century.

History
"Palavandishvili" means a warrior. When Georgia had a war, they agreed with their enemy not to shed one's blood and to choose one of their chosen warriors and to fight one on one. After a great battle of two magnificent warriors, Palavandishvili won and inculcated the name of warrior. According to Cyril Toumanoff, dynastic patronymic of this family – Palavandishvili literally translates as “the sons of Palavandi” – betrays their connection with the Armenian house of Pahlavuni of ancient Arsacid (Parthian) stock; and the family legend of migration may be a vague memory of the Palavandishvili's Pahlavid descent.

The Palavandishvili first established themselves in Akhaltsikhe in south Georgian province of Samtskhe which fell to the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Most of them then fled northward, in the kingdom of Kartli; those who remained in Samtskhe apostatized to Islam. In Kartli, the family were confirmed in princely rank (tavadi) and received a hereditary fief – known as Sapalavando – in the Prone valley the latter being their offshoot. In the contemporary aristocratic hierarchy, the Palavandishvili were grandees of the first class and vassals to the Princes of Mukhrani. After the Russian annexation of Georgia they were confirmed as princes of the Russian Empire in 1825 and 1850 and they made many marriage with Russian noble families members They are also relative of Khimshiashvili dynasty.

References

Noble families of Georgia (country)
Russian noble families
Georgian-language surnames


Howard Lindzon is a Canadian Author, financial analyst, technical analyst and super angel investor. Lindzon manages a hedge fund, serves as managing partner of the holding company Social Leverage, limited partner at Knight's Bridge Capital Partners, and is the co-founder of StockTwits. Lindzon was named one of The Best Tweets for Your Money in 2013 by Barron's.

Background
Lindzon went to High School at Forest Hill Collegiate Institute where he graduated in 1986. He then went on to receive a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Western Ontario before moving to the United States to attend Arizona State University for a Master of Business Administration. Lindzon later received a Masters in International Management from the Thunderbird School of Global Management in 1991.

While Lindzon was in high school, his parents divorced and his mother trusted him to manage their money. The first stock he purchased was Clearly Canadian and the loss from that trade impacted his philosophy of defensive money management and his own characterization of risk.

Lindzon met his future wife, Ellen, through a blind date in Phoenix, Arizona and they were married on May 7, 1994. They currently reside in Phoenix, Arizona with their two children, Max and Rachel.

Lindzon's first investment was in 1994 with a company named Pro-Innovative Concepts following graduate school. Phoenix resident Mark Scatterday created The Gripp that sold enough products to become a QVC hall of fame for the product.

In June 1998, Lindzon began managing his hedge fund. His brokerage firm endured some financial hardships in 2002 due to his partner's "thievery and fraud". Lindzon was principal at Knight's Bridge Capital Partners but now serves as a limited partner. He utilizes funds for his work as an angel investor.

Wallstrip
Wallstrip was a daily business satire news video podcast launch in October 16, 2006. Founder and sole creator of the podcast, Lindzon described his vision for the show in the first teaser of two teasers that were released two days beforehand. The initial concept was to highlight publicly traded companies whose stock was trading at or near an all-time high. In May 2007, the program was acquired by CBS's interactive unit at an estimated value of US$5 million.

Just two months short of the two-year anniversary show, the offerings of episodes stopped abruptly with no prior announcements after the final episode on December 12, 2008. As the podcast was not generating the anticipated revenue, despite the popularity of the show, it appeared that CBS would no longer provide on-going funding. In all, around 500 episodes were produced during the 26-month period.

Lindzon published his first book The Wallstrip (TM) Edge: Using Trends to Make Money – Find Them, Ride Them, and Get Off in 2009 discussing market trends, company research, and risk management.

2008 SEC short selling ban
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initiated a temporary ban on short selling on 799 financial stocks from September 19, 2008 until October 2, 2008 in an effort to slow the bear market. Lindzon was an opponent to the short lived SEC short selling ban in 2008 calling it "a disservice to investors and market participants."  "I think the market was well on its way to a crash and I think it would have ended a lot faster if they hadn’t intervened this way," Lindzon said. "For people who were really doing good work on Wall Street to get punished like this, it's a shame that their models went right out the window." " An assessment of the effect of the temporary ban on short-selling in the United States and other countries in the wake of the financial crisis showed that it had only "little impact" on the movements of stocks, with stock prices moving in the same way as they would have moved anyhow, but the ban reduced volume and liquidity.

StockTwits

Lindzon was an early user of Twitter but once passed on the opportunity to invest in the company. Lindzon still ended up with shares of Twitter due to his investment in BetaWorks when Twitter acquired Summize for its search engine.

The idea for the company came from a 2008 blog post where Lindzon suggested that Twitter would be great for stocks and markets. StockTwits began in 2009 with Lindzon and Soren Macbeth by utilizing Twitter's application programming interface (API) to integrate StockTwits as its own "highly graphical platform of market news, sentiment and stock-picking tools." StockTwits received the first annual Shorty Award in the 2008 finance category. Time magazine listed StockTwits as one of their 2010 "50 Best Websites". StockTwits was named one of the "top 10 most innovative companies in finance" in 2012 by FastCompany.

StockTwits utilized what some have called "cashtags" to identify a stock ticker symbol, similar to the Twitter hashtag, as a way of indexing people's thoughts and ideas about a company and the stock. Twitter incorporated the "cashtags" into their platform in 2012 effectively "hijacking" the StockTwits idea. In response to this announcement, Lindzon blogged that "It's interesting that Twitter has hijacked our creation of $TICKER i.e. $AAPL". He went on to note that "You can hijack a plane but it does not mean you know how to fly it."" Lindzon sold all of his Twitter stock in 2012 as a result of this controversy.

As of 2011, the number of monthly visitors to StockTwits had tripled over traffic from the previous year to over 100,000 users. Lindzon encourages new traders to spend time on StockTwits learning the language. He says that "You don’t learn Spanish in one day, and you’re not going to learn how to invest in stocks in one day. Treat it like a language." Lindzon coauthored the book The StockTwits Edge: 40 Actionable Trade Set-Ups from Real Market Pros with Philip Pearlman and Ivaylo Ivanhoff to assist new users with getting the most out of the service.

Lindzon was named one of The Best Tweets for Your Money in 2013. Later that same year, Lindzon invested $50,000 from his hedge fund to follow traders as a part of a "social investing and social leverage" collaboration with Ditto Trade and his own StockTwits network.

As of June 2013, StockTwits has raised $8.6 million in venture capital but has not yet made a profit. Fifty percent of the company's revenue comes from financial data sold to clients including Bloomberg L.P. and Google. Lindzon believes a "cultural change" is needed for the large financial institutions to embrace this technology and that change may take as long as five years.

Mentoring
Lindzon is highly accessible and provides formal and informal mentoring to entrepreneurs. DreamIt Ventures is a startup accelerator program that includes Lindzon as a mentor. He also mentors start-ups as part of the Techstars program.

Networking is a priority for Lindzon. Networks include both real collaborators but could mean access to his Twitter network as he did for James Altucher in the launch of his 140Love online dating business.

The 2010 LeWeb international technology conference hosted Lindzon as the keynote speaker. Lindzon spoke on why there's never been a better time to build a business at The Next Web Conference 2011.

Angel investor
Lindzon is an angel investor and the managing partner for holding company Social Leverage. Social Leverage invests in web businesses that are early in their development.

eBay bought rent.com in 2005 for $415 million. Lindzon had been an early investor in rent.com.

LifeLock, an identity theft protection company offering services intended to detect fraudulent applications for various credit and non-credit related services, received funding from Lindzon in 2007.

Ticketfly was started in 2008 with funding from Lindzon in concert with High Peaks Venture Partners, Contour Venture Partners and another angel investor Roger Ehrenberg.

Lindzon sold his interest in limos.com, and Comcast purchased golfnow.com in 2008.

Lindzon has invested in Betaworks and with them like he did in supporting TweetDeck.

Disqus is an online discussion and commenting service for websites and online communities that uses a networked platform that received funding from Lindzon in 2008.

UserVoice received funding from Lindzon in 2009 to continue development of their customer engagement tools. Their customer feedback aggregation tools were moved into the mainstream with this additional financing.

Holding a previous investment in bit.ly, Lindzon decided to increase his investment to assist with the company's growth in 2010.

InternMatch provides internship services for students, employers and educators. The site offers free internship searching, an intern blog, and a library of internship and job-search resources designed for both students and employers. InternMatch's mission is to "Help students find and explore great internships with a focus on leading technology companies and non-profits." Lindzon provided funding support for growth of the company in 2011.

UsingMiles is a Techstars graduate startup that aims to make it easier for travelers to aggregate their loyalty program rewards in one place.

When Klout was looking for investors in 2011, Lindzon was one of the people interested.

BillGuard watches and alerts users when credit card hidden fees, scams or billing errors are present in their accounts. This project, still only a beta version, was supported by Lindzon in 2009.

GoInstant was acquired by Salesforce.com in July 2012 for US$70 million.

In 2012, Lindzon provided part of the $2M in funding to DailyWorth as well as serving as an advisor.

Lindzon's interest in making data available lead to his support of Plexus Engine, doing business as Little Bird. Little Bird has been automating the process of finding and verifying research sources, making "lists, then aggregate the blog URLs, Twitter handles, and content published" by researchers. Plexus Engine was selected to participate in the Portland Incubator Experiment in 2012.

Lindzon has been involved in funding many other start-ups including but not limited to: Foodzie, Life360, Simply Measured, Clarity, Lucky Sort, Seamless Receipts, Scopely, Colingo, Unbounce, LaunchRock, SendHub, Retrofit, Betable, Dekko, YieldBot, Embedly, New Hive, Buddy Media, Videolicious, Laffster, YCharts, Fanium, BlogTalkRadio, StationCreator, Skyscraper, TubeMogul, MyTrade, MaxMyInterest, Zentact.

In 2013, Lindzon presented at AMP Capital’s Amplify Festival for angel investors in Australia.

References

External links
 Lindzon's Message Archive at Stocktwits
howardlindzon.com – Lindzon's website
Knight's Bridge Capital Partners
Social Leverage site lists all Lindzon's investments
Howard Lindzon on Facebook
@howardlindzon on Twitter

American business writers
American financial analysts
American stock traders
W. P. Carey School of Business alumni
Living people
Writers from Toronto
Technical analysts
Thunderbird School of Global Management alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


Camp Four on Campbell Farm, about  from Fort Smith, Montana, is nationally significant for its association with Thomas D. Campbell, "once the world's largest wheat farmer", and "a pioneer in industrialized corporate farming methods."  It is the best preserved of two permanent camps, which along with six temporary camps, served the wheat farm during the period from 1918 to the 1960s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.  It has 12 buildings and three other structures, including five bunkhouses, two commissaries, a workshop, a water tank, a "cowboy house" and an "oil house."

See also
Thomas D. Campbell House, in Grand Forks, North Dakota, log cabin and wood-frame house that was Thomas Campbell's childhood home, also NRHP-listed

References

External links
Campbell Farming Corporation Camp Four, at Big Horn County Historical Museum and Visitor Center

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Big Horn County, Montana
1920 establishments in Montana
Buildings and structures completed in 1920
Wheat production


Vendotaenids are Precambrian macrofossils of uncertain nature originally interpreted as Brown algae. Little studies are available on Vendotaenids as they are rare.

Morphology
Vendotaenids typically are  in width and characteristically are commonly preserved as unbranched red or black ribbons. The remains are often curved and have been found twisted or untwisted. Vendotaenia tends to be untwisted whereas Tyrasotaenia tends to be twisted. Specimens of the vendotaenid Krolotaenia possess lateral branching, however it is not common to find a branch that branches into lateral ribbons. Tyrostaenia is unbranching and crumpled.

Classification
Originally interpreted as brown algae, the fossils are now thought to represent Sulfide-reducing Bacteria. There are potentially other taxa within Vendophyceae, listed in Tewari, 1999 as "synonyms". These synonyms are listed as: "Vendotaenia, Aataenia, Katnia, Laminarites, Proterotainia, Sinotaenia, Tyrasotaenia, Vidhyania, and Krolotaenia."  There is little information on the fossils so it is difficult to reconstruct a full Phylogenetic tree of Vendotaenids.

Occurrence
Vendotaenids are able to be extracted from the surrounding sediments by HF dissolution and are found within Ediacaran rocks dating to .

See also
 List of Ediacaran genera

References

Fossils
Ediacaran life
Ediacaran