Mary Fitzgerald (also known as Pickhandle Mary; 4 August 1883 – 26 September 1960) was an Irish-born South African political activist and was considered to have been the first female trade unionist in the country. She was South Africa's first female master printer. As editor of the Voice of Labour, she published articles advocating for women's enfranchisement, racially integrated trade unions and revolutionary socialism. She played a lead role in the Black Friday Riots of 1913. She was the first woman to be elected to the Johannesburg City Council (JCC) in 1915 and later served as Deputy Mayor of Johannesburg.

Early life
Mary was born into a farming family in the townland of Gortins, near Cleariestown, County Wexford in 1883. Her parents were Thomas Sinnott and Margaret Dunne. They had four other children: Dennis who was born in 1880, Doris and Sarah who were born in 1886, and Barbara. Mary attended the Presentation Convent in Wexford, where she qualified as a shorthand typist.

Her father Thomas travelled to America and got a job as a representative for the Singer Sewing Machine Company. Three months later, he moved to rapidly growing Cape Town as the company representative. In 1900 he returned to Wexford and travelled back to Cape Town with Mary, with plans that the rest of the family would follow.

Career and family life
At first, Mary found a job working at British military headquarters as one of the first female shorthand typists in South Africa. Her mother and siblings sailed from Southampton to the Cape in December 1900. Margaret Sinnott started work as a dressmaker on her sewing machine while Dennis got a job on the tramways.

Everything was going well for the new immigrant family until Dennis had a fall from the top of a tram and died of his injuries. His tram conductor friend John Fitzgerald visited the bereaved family. John and Mary married in St. Mary's Cathedral and went on to have five children.

Trade unionism
The Sinnotts and Fitzgeralds later moved to Johannesburg. Mary Fitzgerald became a typist for the Mine Workers Union which was known as South African Mine Workers Union. She witnessed the appalling conditions of the miners and soon became actively involved speaking herself at union gatherings. Though a short, quietly-spoken woman she captivated her audience with her oration. She developed a firm friendship with suffragette Nina Boyle and became a pioneer in organising unions for women and in the fight for women's votes and for equality of pay and opportunity.

Fitzgerald trained as a printer and became South Africa's first female master printer. She co-owned a printing plant where she printed and edited a radical publication known as The Voice of Labour, which advocated for workers' rights. She also co-edited the pioneering feminist journal, Modern Woman in South Africa, under the auspices of the Women's Enfranchisement League.

Fitzgerald supported the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), an international labour movement advocating "revolutionary industrial unionism", syndicalism and racial integration of trade unions. She was involved in two Johannesburg tramway strikes in 1911. The strikers sat on tramlines to stop scab drivers from leaving the depots. Mounted police carrying pickhandles tried to quell the crowd in Market Square but when the police dropped some of their pickhandles in the battle, the crowd took possession of them. They carried these to protest meetings, with Mary earning the nickname "Pickhandle Mary". Other sources attribute the name to an incident in the same year, when a group of protesting women broke into a hardware store armed with pick handles. Fitzgerald was involved in many other strikes in Johannesburg leading her "pickhandle brigade" to break up anti-union meetings.

Fitzgerald played a lead role during the Black Friday riots in 1913. On 4 July 1913, the government declared martial law after 18, 000 miners had stopped work. A mass meeting in Johannesburg's Market Square was attacked by 4,000 policemen and British troops. They were driven back by a barrage of broken bottles, stones and tin cans. As the Royal Dragoons charged the crowd on horseback, Fitzgerald stood on an oil drum and appealed to the crowd to resist. Her female commandos surged into the cleared space to rally their menfolk who were starting to leave the square. Fitzgerald became separated from the crowd and pinned between a mounted Dragoon Commandant's horse and a wall. She took a big hat pin from her hat and drove it into the horse, which ran away.

In the first elections for the Johannesburg municipality in 1915, Mary was elected to the city council and served until 1921. She was the first woman to hold public office in the city. She later served as Deputy Mayor of Johannesburg.

In 1918, she founded the Women's Industrial League (WIL), an organisation of waitresses, hospital laundry workers, and female workers in the Pretoria mint. WIL members were involved in expelling "coloured" waiters from a Johannesburg social club and forcing management to hire white women.

She attended the 1921 conference of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in Geneva as a delegate of the South African government.

She was arrested in 1922 for allegedly leading a group that set fire to Park Station during the Mine Workers Strike.

Retirement from public life
In 1918 she divorced John Fitzgerald and married labour leader Archie Crawford in 1919. They had one child also named Archie. Her husband Archie died in 1924 and she did not take part in public life after 1926.

On her retirement she was presented with a car bought by public donations, the first to be owned and driven by a Johannesburg woman.

Death and legacy
Fitzgerald died in 1960 at the age of 77.

In 1939, Market Square in Newtown, Johannesburg was renamed Mary Fitzgerald Square. The pickhandle she is said to have used is on display in Museum Africa, which is located on the square.

In 2005, Mary Fitzgerald Square hosted the Johannesburg leg of the Live 8 series of concerts organised by Bob Geldof and the square was officially designated a ‘fan park’ during the 2010 World Cup.

'Mama Mary Fitzgerald' was posthumously awarded The Order of Luthuli (Silver) by the Presidency of the Republic of South Africa in 2018. The Order of Luthuli is awarded to South Africans who have made a meaningful contribution in the struggle for democracy, human rights, nation-building, justice, peace and conflict resolution.

References

 Mary Fitzgerald at SAHistory.org.za
 Pickhandle Mary at Ancestors Research South Africa

1883 births
1960 deaths
Trade unionists from County Wexford
South African syndicalists
South African trade unionists
South African women in politics
White South African anti-apartheid activists
20th-century South African politicians
Members of the Order of Luthuli


Joseph Loughran (12 August 1915 – 23 August 1994) was an English professional footballer who scored three goals in 268 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham, Luton Town, Burnley and Southend United. He played as a wing half.

Loughran was born in Consett, County Durham, and was a physical education student when he joined Birmingham in August 1933. He made his debut in the First Division on 5 October 1935, in a 2–1 home win against Chelsea, and played regularly during the 1935–36 season. Appearances were harder to come by the following season, at the end of which he moved on to Luton Town. He later played for Burnley, and then for Southend United, finally retiring in May 1953 at the age of nearly 38 after playing more than 150 games for the club.

After his playing career ended he worked as a schools' physical education advisor in East Sussex. He died on 23 August 1994, aged 79.

References

1915 births
1994 deaths
Footballers from Consett
English men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Birmingham City F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Newhaven F.C. players
English Football League players


David Witzthum (; born on January 17, 1948) is an Israeli television presenter and editor and lecturer on German history and culture. He is mostly known in Israel as one of the main presenters of the nightly news program MeHayom LeMahar.

Biography
David Witzthum was born in Petah-Tikva, Israel. His father immigrated from Berlin, his mother from Chernivtsi. He grew up (with his sister Orna) in Haifa and graduated from the Hebrew Reali School in 1966. After military service as a meteorologist in 1966–1969, he earned a B.A. in Political Science and International Relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1969–1972).

A year later, he won a scholarship for graduate studies at the Collège d'Europe, in Bruges, Belgium, on European Integration, (Promotion "Mazzini", 1974), and then went to Oxford University, England (political philosophy, 1974–1977, at Wolfson College). Later, Witzhum received his M.A. Degree from the Hebrew University (Political Science) and started research towards Ph.D. at the Hebrew University (2nd and final stage – of actual writing the dissertation on "the image of Germany in Israeli television, 1970–1995").

He serves on the Advisory Board of the Israel Council on Foreign Relations.

Witzthum is married and has two children and one granddaughter. His wife Tsipora works for the classical music department of Israel Radio. The family lives near Jerusalem, in Mevaseret Zion.

Media career
Witztum has been a journalist with the Israel Broadcasting Authority since 1971. He became chief foreign editor in 1972 and rejoined Israel Radio in 1977 upon return from England. In summer 1982 he was sent to Europe as Bureau Chief and Correspondent in Europe for IBA Television and Radio, stationed in Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany (till 1985). In 1987 he moved to television as Chief Foreign Editor, Israel Public Television (Channel 1) and in 1988 became the first Moderator and Editor of the weekly foreign newsmagazine Roim Olam which started August 20, 1988. In 1991 he joined Yedioth Aharonoth, Israel's largest daily newspaper, as commentator on Foreign Affairs. As of 1994 – he serves as chief editor, commentator on foreign affairs and moderator of news and culture programs at the News division, Israeli Television (Channel 1) with responsibility to the nightly news program MeHayom LeMahar (From Today to Tomorrow), along with Emmanuel Halperin, and as moderator of the weekly news and culture program Globus.

He has directed and moderated various documentary films, among them: The Nahariyade (2004) German-Jewish History (1996), (both in Hebrew and German versions), From Bittburg to Berlin (1985), The German Green Movement (1984), Germany and Its Past (1983), and many others on Jewish history (e.g. Po-Lan-Ya – the 1000-year history of Polish Jewry, a 7 parts television documentary, 1999), German history and politics, and classical music.

From 1995, he has taught at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem (German History and Communication studies), Tel Aviv University (Political Science and Communication Studies) Open University and other institutions in Israel and abroad.

His book Mahadura Meyuhedet ["Special Edition"] explores Israeli and worldwide television coverage of terrorism and the social role of this coverage.

Published works

Books

 The Beginning of a Wondrous Friendship? The story of Israeli-German reconciliation 1948-1960, Schocken Publishing House, Tel Aviv, December 2018
Breaking News – Television news in hard times (Hebrew), Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem 2006
 Mahadura Meyuhedet ("Special Newscast") (Hebrew)

Articles
 "A Political avoidance of Tragedy": Israel-German Relations, in: Shahran Chubin (ed.): Germany and the Middle East: Patterns and Prospects, Pinter, London 1992. (English) pp. 55 – 92.
 Israeli Media: Engagierte Medien - kämpferische Medien, (German) in: Kultur in Israel; eine Einführung. Anat Feinberg (ed.), Gerlingen: Bleicher Verlag, 1993, pp. 207 – 229.
 Ernst Nolte, the Holocaust and Today's Extremism, in SoWi-Sozial-Wissenschaftliche Informationen, heft 1/1993, (German).
 The Israeli Media and Germany, in Zimmermann M. (ed.): Normal Relations: 25 Years of Israeli-German Relations. (Hebrew) Magnes Press, Jerusalem 1994, pp. 103 – 128.
 Image and Reality: Israeli Media and Germany, (German: Realität und Image; die bilateralen Beziehungen) in H. Lichtenstein, O. R. Romberg (eds.): Füenfzig Jahre Israel: Vision und Wirklichkeit, Bonn 1998, pp. 244–254. Appeared also in Tribüne; Zeitschrift zum Verständnis des Judentums. Frankfurt a.M. no. 146 (1998), pp. 216 – 228, English version in: From Vision to Reality, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung,  Bonn 1998
 "Conservative Revolutionaries": Composers and Music in the Third Reich, (Hebrew) in M. Zimmermann (ed.): The Third Reich, a Historical Balance, Magnes Press, Jerusalem 1999, pp. 158–177.
 The Image of Germany in Israel, (in German – "Gegenwaert und Gedaechtnis"), with M. Zimmermann), in Krauts – Fritz – Piefkes…? – in: Deutschland von aussen, Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ed.) Bonn 1999, pp. 132–139.
 Die jüdischen Grundpositionen zu Jerusalem und den Heiligen Stätten, (German), In: Provokation Jerusalem; eine Stadt im Schnittpunkt von Religion und Politik: Konkel M. And Schuegraf O. (eds.), Münster: Aschendorff, 2000  pp. 143–155
 Shifts in Israeli society (English): in Alfred Witttstock (ed.): Israel in Nahost – Deutschland in Europa: Nahstellen. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany 2001, pp. 187–194.
 The Israeli - Palestinian Conflict: The Role of the Media (English and German), in: Media, Conflict and Terrorism, Die Deutsche Stiftung für internationale Entwicklung (DSE), Bonn 2002. Also in: https://web.archive.org/web/20041023152050/http://www.dse.de/ef/media/witzthum.htm#top
 The Television News Report and History, in: History and Cinema – Dangerous Relationships? Bereshit H., Zand S. and Zimmermann M. (eds.), Shazar Center, Jerusalem 2004 (Hebrew), pp. 169–197.
 Israeli-German Relations: the role of the Media  (Hebrew), in M. Zimmermann (ed.): Germany and the land of Israel, a Cultural Encounter, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, Israel 2004, pp. 188–216.
 The Media, Israel and Europe (English), in Bertelsmann Stiftung Seminar Papers 2004, Guetersloh and Jerusalem (forthcoming).
 Die israelisch-palästinensische Konfrontation und ihre Widerspiegelung in der öffentlichen Meinung Israels (German), in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, B 20/2004 Berlin, pp. 29–37. Also in http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/DFO8Y1,0,Die_israelischpal%E4stinensische_Konfrontation_und_ihre_Widerspiegelung_in_der_%F6ffentlichen_Meinung_Israels.html
 Deutsche Presse in hebräischer Sprache: Drei Wenden und ihre Bedeutung, in: Zimmermann M., Hotam Y., (eds.): Zweimal Heimat: Die Jeckes zwischen Mitteleuropa und Nahost (German),  Beerenverlag, Frankfurt a.M. 2005 pp. 287–294. (also in The same book in Hebrew).
 "Der lange Weg zur politischen Vernunft: Joschka Fischers Welterklärung und deutsche Nahost-Politik" (book review), in Internationale Politik, Berlin, (German) vol. 60 (2005) no.8 pp. 128–130.
 "Nahariyade": in Gisela Dachs (ed.): Die Jeckes, Jüdischer Almanach des Leo Baeck Instituts: Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp, (German) Frankfurt a.M. 2005, pp. 79–85.
 "History and the Moving Picture", in Hotam y. Schmidt M. and Zadoff N. (eds.): History as Vocation, a collection of essays in honor of Moshe Zimmermann on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Magnes Press (Hebrew), Jerusalem 2006, pp. 57–64.
 Israels medien in Zeiten der Not, (German), in: Aus Politik Und Zeitgeschichte no. 17/2008, Berlin, also in: http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/SC0B5O,0,Israels_Medien_in_Zeiten_der_Not.html

See also
MeHayom LeMahar
Television in Israel

References

External links
 Interviews by Witzthum
 David Witzthum interviews TV-Moderator Cherno Jobatey at IBA-TV
 Between Berlin and Jerusalem: Jewish Problems-German Problems, Doron Mendels, Angelika Timm, David Witzthum, Robert Wistrich, January 9, 2005 (in Hebrew)

Israeli radio presenters
1948 births
Living people
Israeli television presenters
College of Europe alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
People from Mevaseret Zion


Clarkia borealis is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name northern clarkia. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the forests of the southern Klamath Range and the southernmost Cascade Range foothills. It is an annual herb growing an erect, slender stem. The leaves are oval in shape and borne on short petioles. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence, in which the lowest flowers open first and hanging, pointed flower buds occur at nodes at the top. The sepals separate as the flower blooms, revealing purplish pink petals. Each petal is between 1 and two centimeters long, elongated triangular to semicircular in shape, and sometimes flecked with dark purple. There are 8 stamens with anthers bearing blue-gray pollen, and a protruding stigma.

Both subspecies of this plant are rare. ssp. biloba is known from only about 20 occurrences in Shasta and Trinity Counties, and the even less common ssp. arida, the Shasta clarkia, is known only from the forests around Shingletown.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Profile
Photo gallery: ssp. borealis

borealis
Flora of California
Plants described in 1971


The Côney () is a  long river in the Vosges and Haute-Saône départements, northeastern France. Its source is near Lion Faing, a lieu-dit in Dounoux. It flows generally southwest. It is a left tributary of the Saône into which it flows in Corre.

It shares its valley with the canal de l'Est on most of its course.

Départements and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
Vosges: Dounoux, Uriménil, Uzemain, Xertigny, Charmois-l'Orgueilleux, La Chapelle-aux-Bois, Harsault, Les Voivres, Hautmougey, Bains-les-Bains, Fontenoy-le-Château, Le Magny, Montmotier,
Haute-Saône: Ambiévillers, Mailleroncourt-Saint-Pancras, Pont-du-Bois, Alaincourt, Selles, La Basse-Vaivre, Passavant-la-Rochère, Demangevelle, Vougécourt, Corre,

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Vosges (department)
Rivers of Haute-Saône
Rivers of Grand Est
Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté


The New Engineering Contract (NEC), or NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, is a formalised system created by the UK Institution of Civil Engineers that guides the drafting of documents on civil engineering, construction and maintenance projects for the purpose of obtaining tenders, awarding and administering contracts. The NEC contract is widely used in both the United Kingdom. There have been attempts, largely unsuccessful, to introduce the NEC contract into both Australia and New Zealand from at least 1994 but the contract remains  relatively obscure in both countries.

There have been four editions, the first in 1993, the second in 1995, the third in 2005 and the most recent in 2017. The NEC3 was launched in 2005 and it was amended in April 2013. The NEC Users' Group, with over 400 members worldwide, brings together organisations and individual users of the NEC contract suite to exchange knowledge and best practice.

History
Originally contracts in the civil engineering and construction industries were bespoke and drafted by Chancery pleaders using their knowledge of leases rather than building processes. In 1879, Royal Institute of British Architects for construction projects created RIBA forms which lead to the Joint Contracts Tribunal, JCT forms. For civil engineering the need for a formalized approach to contracts led the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) to produce a formalised set of conditions of contract. In 1986, the ICE commissioned the development of a new form of contract as it was felt that there was a need for a form that had clearer language, clearer allocation of responsibilities and reduced opportunities for contractual “gamesmanship”. In 1991, this resulted in a consultative form of the New Engineering Contract form of contract. The first edition was published in 1993. Wider use of the NEC was recommended by the Latham Report in 1994.

NEC's history started in 1986 when Martin Barnes was commissioned to start drafting a contract to stimulate good project management. The first edition of NEC was launched in 1993. NEC2 arrived two years later, in 1995. NEC2 was used to build the High Speed 1 railway, between London and the Channel Tunnel.

NEC is a division of Thomas Telford Ltd, the commercial arm of the ICE.

NEC3
The NEC3 suite was launched in 2005 and it was fully revised in 2013 - NEC's 20th anniversary. This suite was used in projects such as Crossrail, London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games, Halley VI in Antarctica, and the Tin Shui Wai Hospital in Hong Kong. NEC3 was endorsed by the Construction Clients' Board (formerly Public Sector Construction Clients' Forum), Crown Commercial Services, the Facilities Management Board of the UK Cabinet Office, the South African Construction Industry Development Board, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Association for Project Management (APM) and the British Institute of Facilities Management (BIFM).

The Hong Kong government decided to use NEC3 contracts generally for all government projects tendered in 2015/16. After a series of successful NEC3 projects in the region, the Hong Kong government announced in November 2016 that the NEC contract suite would be used for all future public works projects as far as practicable. Since 2017, Hong Kong has progressively moved to adopt NEC4.

NEC4
NEC4 was announced in March 2017 and has been available since June 2017. This new edition reflects procurement and project management developments and emerging best practice, with improvements in flexibility, clarity and the ease of administration. It also introduced two new contracts: the NEC4 Design, Build and Operate Contract (DBO) and the NEC4 Alliance Contract (ALC). An NEC4 contract suite covering facilities management was released in 2021.

Several changes to terminology were introduced in NEC4, for example:
The term "Employer" was replaced with "Client"
"Scope" was used in place of "Works Information"
The term "Risk Register" was replaced with "Early Warning Register".

One former NEC3 clause which dealt with the "spirit" of the contract was divided into two clauses, to show that both aspects should be complied with:
Clause 10.1: the parties and the service manager act as stated in the contract
Clause 10.2: the parties and the service manager act in a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation.

Characteristics
The NEC is a family of standard contracts, each of which stimulate good management of the relationship between the two parties to the contract and, hence, of the work included in the contract, can be used in a wide variety of commercial situations, for a wide variety of types of work and in any location, and are clear and simple documents using language and a structure which are straightforward and easily understood. The contracts legally define the responsibilities and duties of Employers (the party which commissions the work) and Contractors (the party which carries out the work) in the works information. The contract consists of two key parts, divided between contract data provided by the Employer and that provided by the Contractor. The NEC3 complies fully with the Achieving Excellence in Construction (AEC) principles. The Efficiency and Reform Group of the UK Cabinet Office recommends the use of NEC contracts by public sector construction procurers on construction projects.

NEC documents use some of their own terminology in a specific manner, for example "compensation event" is a term used to encompass variations, losses and expenses, and extensions of time. The term implies that in some situations the contractor will be "compensated" with additional payment, e.g. for additional expenses incurred as a result of client actions, but financial compensation may not always arise and in some cases variations will result in a cost saving.

Contract family
The NEC contracts now form a suite of contracts, with NEC being the brand name for the "family" of contracts. When it was first launched in 1993, it was simply the "New Engineering Contract". This specific contract has been renamed the "Engineering and Construction Contract" which is the main contract used for any construction based project. It now sits alongside a number of other contracts, making the NEC suite suitable for use in many stages of the lifecycle of a project and for any party within a project. The contracts available within the suite are:

Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC):

Suitable for any construction based contract between an Employer and a Contractor. It is intended to be suitable for any sector of the industry, including civil, building, nuclear, oil and gas, etc. Within the ECC contract there are six family level options, from which the Employer is to choose the most suitable and offer the best option/value for money on that project:

 Option A: Priced contract with activity schedule
 Option B: Priced contract with bill of quantities
 Option C: Target contract with activity schedule
 Option D: Target contract with bill of quantities
 Option E: Cost-reimbursable contract
 Option F: Management contract

These options offer a framework for tender and contract clauses that differ primarily in regard to the mechanisms by which the contractor is paid and how risk is allocated and motivated to control costs.

The core clauses (of the main option listed above) are used in conjunction with the secondary options and the additional conditions of contract.

The clauses of these options have been be adapted for simpler less risky work (short contracts), for use as subcontracts, and for professional services such as design as below.

The Engineering and Construction Subcontract Contract (ECS)

Very similar in detail and complexity of contractual requirements to the ECC contract above, but allows the contractor to sub-let the project to a subcontractor imposing most of the clauses that she/he has within her/his headline contract. There is very little difference between the ECC and the ECS, other than the names of the parties are changed (contractor and subcontractor) and some of the timescales for contractual responses are altered to take into account the timescales required in the ECC contract.

The Engineering and Construction Short Contract (ECSC)

This is an abbreviated version of the ECC contract and most suitable when the contract is considered "low risk" (not necessarily low value) on a project with little change expected. This contract is still between the employer and contractor but does not use all of the processes of the ECC making it simpler and easier to manage and administer.

The Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS)

Allows the contractor to sub-let a simpler lower risk contract down the line to a subcontractor. It is back-to-back with the ECSC but is frequently used as subcontract when the main contract is under the ECS.

The Professional Services Contract (PSC)

This contract is for anyone providing a service, rather than undertaking any physical construction works. Designers are the most obvious party to fit into this category. Whilst they are producing a design for an employer or contractor, they would sign up and follow the clauses within the PSC. Most of the clauses within this contract are the same or similar to those in the main ECC contract, so that all contractors, designers and subcontractors have broadly the same obligations and processes to follow as each other. The PSC can be used in a wide variety of situations with relatively little change required.

As with the ECC contract, there are several main options:
Option A: Priced contract with activity schedule
Option C: Target contract
Option E: Time based contract
Option G: Term contract.
Options B, D and F do not exist.

The Professional Services Short Contract (PSSC)

This was added to the family in April 2013 and was co-developed with the Association for Project Management. It is for simpler less complex assignments than the PSC, such as the appointment of small team for managing an ECC contract on the Employer's behalf. E.g. the Project Manager and Supervisor. It is frequently used as a subcontract to the PSC for design work.

Framework Contract (FC)

Parties enter into a "framework" of which work packages will then be let during the life of that framework. Any individual projects will then be awarded using one of the other contracts within the suite, meaning that the parties follow the headline clauses within the framework contract (which is a fairly slim contract) and then the individual clauses within the chosen contract for that package. Different work packages can be let using different contracts during the life of the framework.

Term Service Contract (TSC)

For parties on a project that is operational or maintenance based, e.g. maintaining highway signage, where the contract is to ensure that a certain standard is maintained. This contract is not generally used for constructing new works, but can include some amount of betterment. There is also a "Term Service Short Contract" where the project is a relatively low risk project and/or the work is primarily re-active. It is an abbreviated version of the main TSC.

Supply Contract/Short Supply Contract (SC/SSC)

These contracts were launched in 2010. This is for a supplier of supplies or goods to a project, and puts extra contractual requirements on them during their procurement/manufacture period. The Supply Contract is for big bespoke items i.e. designed and manufactured specifically for that contract, with the Short Supply Contract potentially being for more run of the mill / commoditised items on a project. Neither of these contracts cover working on a site as they are not written as 'supply and install' contracts.

Dispute Resolution Services Contract (DRSC) - previously Adjudicator's Contract

If there is a dispute between the parties on a project, the Adjudicator will follow the clauses within this contract in order to come to a decision.

Design Build and Operate (DBO)

The NEC4 Design, Build and Operate Contract (DBO) allows the procurement of a more integrated whole-life delivery solution. It combines responsibility for design, construction, operation and/or maintenance, procured from a single supplier.

It can include a range of different services to be provided before, during and after engineering and construction works are completed.

Alliance Contract (ALC)

The NEC4 Alliance Contract (ALC), published initially in a consultative format, was created to support clients who wish to take a step forward by fully integrating the delivery team for large complex projects.

The ALC should be used to engage in a single collaborative contract with a number of participants in order to deliver a project or programme of work. The basis of the contract will be that all parties work together in achieving client objectives, and share in the risks and benefits of doing so.

Facilities Management contract suite

The NEC4 FMC suite includes the Facilities Management contract (FMC), subcontract (FMS), short contract (FMSC) and short subcontract (FMSS).

Guidance Notes and Flowcharts

Each of the different contracts listed above comes with its own set of guidance notes and flowcharts which should aid understanding of the intent of the drafted clauses. The guidance notes expand on each clause to give extra substance and intent of the original drafters as to how a clause should be understood and interpreted. The flowcharts then map out each of the main processes within each contract and demonstrate how it should operate and what to do next if a party has or has not carried out the next contractual action.

Comparison

The following demonstrates the differing approaches to drafting in the NEC and ICE forms of contract using the illustration of circumstances when the contractor is entitled to additional time and cost for physical conditions:

NEC Engineering and Construction Contract Second Edition Clause 60.1 (12)
The Contractor encounters physical conditions which are within the site, are not weather conditions and which an experienced contractor would have judged at the contract date to have such a small chance of occurring that it would have been unreasonable for her/him to have allowed for them.
ICE Conditions of Contract Sixth Edition Clause 12(1)

If during the execution of the Works the Contractor shall encounter physical conditions (other than weather conditions or conditions due to weather conditions) or artificial obstructions which conditions or obstructions could not in her/his opinion reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor the Contractor shall as early as practicable give written notice thereof to the Engineer.

Z clauses
Employers often use additional conditions of contract ("Z clauses") to amend or delete contract provisions relating to certain obligations, and the Efficiency and Reform Group of the Cabinet Office in the UK (formerly the OGC) has published generic public sector Z clauses for use with NEC contracts. A standard Z clause relating to fair payment for sub-contractors (often labelled "Z5") was recommended for public sector use in 2011, and additional public sector Z clauses were later published to reflect the contract termination provisions and other requirements of the Public Contracts Regulations 2015.

Excessive use of Z clauses has been criticised as "onerous" and "poorly drafted"; NEC guidance states that "additional conditions should be used only when absolutely necessary to accommodate special needs".

Guidance notes and further information
Guidance notes and flow charts are published by the ICE, which are supplemented by the frequently asked questions sections of the NEC website. Prospective users of the NEC3 contract are encouraged to study the FAQ's in order to avoid unintended contract provisions. The often unintended Option C scenario where a Contractor is paid monies in excess of the Target Cost plus maximum share provisions is specifically not addressed in the guidance notes or frequently asked questions. Other common misinterpretations are minutes of meetings as communications, deleted work and paying for correcting defects.

Footnotes

External links
 NEC Engineering and Construction Contract website
 Free independent NEC helpdesk
 Free NEC3 & NEC4 Guidance Notes, Flow Charts & Publications
 NE Consult

Building engineering
Construction documents
Law of the United Kingdom
Legal documents
Construction management
Construction law


Hatsingimari is the headquarter of South Salmara-Mankachar District (Assam), India. Previously, it was the headquarter of South Salmara Mankachar Subdivision. On 26 January 2016, Assam's Chief Minister SriTarun Gogoi announced South Salmara-Mankachar as an administrative district along with other 4 districts. On 9 February 2016, the district was inaugurated. It has a population of 3445 people (as per the 2011 census). It also has a Higher literacy rate of 77.73% as compared to the 73.72% of Assam.

Etymology
The name Hatsingimari is derived from two different words Hat and Singimari.  The word Hat means weekly market, and every Sunday a hat is held in the place, and that's why it got the word Hat in its name. The word Singimari means, "fishing of Cat fish(Heteropneustes fossilis)".

Geography
Hatsingimari is located at the westernmost part of the south bank of Assam. To its South it is Mankachar town, to its West it is river Jinjiram a tributary of the Brahmaputra. Moreover, it shares its border with Meghalaya in the East. It is just 3 km away from Indo-Bangladesh border.

Politics
Hatsingimari is the part of Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency) whose present MP is AIUDF chief Badruddin Ajmal (as per 2019 elections). And, Hatsingimari is included 21, Mankachar constituency of the Assam Legislative Assembly, whose present MLA is Adv.Aminul Islam ( AIUDF ) 2021( Assembly election)  Dr.Motiur Rohman Mondal (as per 2016 elections). In grassroot levels, Hatsingimari is under Fulerchar Gram Panchayat and Sukchar Zila Parishad.

Education
Hatsingimari Junior College, Hatsingimari
Hatsingimari College,Hatsingimari
 S. Ali HS SCHOOL, Sukchar
 Janata HS SCHOOL , Kharuabandha
 Nabadip High School , Sellakandi

Market
The weekly market, or "Hat" is held every Sunday from 7am to 6pm. It is held over an area of 2 km2 and is recognised as one of the largest market in Assam. Each type of products has been assigned a specific place in the Hat, and these places are known as Hatii. For example, in Vegetable Hatii, only vegetables  are sold. There are about 30-40 Hatii in the Hat and each Hatii contains more than 10-15 shops and all are always adjacent to each other. Livestock, Vegetables, Cashew, Iron and Steel Weapons, Timber , Fruits, Poultry, Jute, Rice Grain, Clothes, Toys, Pulses and Lentils, Various Spices, Fishes, Beef, Milk and Milk products, Furnitures, Clay products, Dry Fishes, Iron Items, Mechanical Items and various other products are sold and each category has a different Hatii.

Shopping Mall
There's a newly opened shopping mall in Hatsingimari, called M Baazar opened on 28th Dec 2019.

Notable People
 Adv.Aminul Islam, MLA - 21 Mankachar Constituency, General Secretary & Chief Spokesperson (AIUDF), Politician, Social Worker
 Dr. Motiur Rohman Mondal, Ex MLA, Politician, Physician
 Zabed Islam, Politician, Ex MLA

References

Dhubri
Cities and towns in South Salmara-Mankachar district
Villages in South Salmara-Mankachar district


Frogshall is a small hamlet within the civil parish of Northrepps in the English county of Norfolk. The hamlet is  southeast of Cromer,   north of Norwich and  north of London. Craft Lane  runs through the hamlet between Northrepps and Southrepps. The nearest railway station is at Gunton on the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The hamlet as part of the greater parish of Northrepps had in the 2011 census, a population of 886. For the purposes of local government, the hamlet falls within the district of North Norfolk.

Description
The hamlet is a small scattered settlement in the wooded valley of the River Mun in the south-east of the parish of Northrepps. Within the hamlet is the house called Templewood. Most of the houses were originally workers' cottages for the estate workers. Craft Lane gives road access to the hamlet from Southrepps and Northrepps.  The lane is also a designated Quiet Lane.

Templewood
Templewood house was built 1938 as shooting box and base for other country activities for Samuel Hoare, Lord Templewood by Paul Edward Paget of the architectural firm Seely & Paget. Hoare was Paget's uncle. The house incorporates fragments from the old Bank of England by John Soane, and from Nuthall Temple which stood in  Nottinghamshire and was one of only four houses built in the United Kingdom generally said to have been inspired by Palladio's  Villa Capra in Vicenza. The two sphinxes which flank the terrace in front of the portico were salvaged from Nuthall Temple, which was demolished in 1929. The four columns which support the portico were salvaged from Soane's Old Bank of England. Paget retired in 1970 to Templewood together with his wife and her children. He had inherited Templewood from his uncle when the latter died in 1959.

The listed building is in excellent condition and is set in parkland and approached down a long chestnut tree-lined avenue.

Gallery

Wildlife
Wildlife that can be seen in the locality include:

Birds
 Barn owl, buzzard, wood pigeon, kingfisher, tawny owl, heron

Animals
Rabbit, hare, hedgehog, mole, Chinese water deer, red deer, muntjac deer, fallow deer, badger, pipistrelle bat, grey squirrel

Public transport
Bus

Services are provided by the following Sanders Coaches run between Cromer and North Walsham.
 Sanders coaches

Notable residents
 Verily Anderson
 Paul Edward Paget
 Samuel Hoare, Lord Templewood

References

Hamlets in Norfolk
Northrepps


The Church of Our Lady of Loreto () is an ornate church in Praga, a district of Warsaw, Poland, on the east bank of the Vistula River. The church stands on Ratuszowa (City Hall) Street and is Praga’s oldest monument. What may be seen today is a former chapel that on its south side was once attached to a baroque church and a Bernardine (Minor Friars) monastery.

History
A chapel is all that remains of the old building that used to stand adjacent to the Bernardine church and monastery. On 4 October 1617 the cornerstone of the baroque church was laid in the presence of King Sigismund III Vasa. The St. Andrew's church was constructed between 1628 and 1638.

The Loreto Chapel was built between 1640 and 1642, in the southern part of the shrine. The construction was financially supported by King Władysław IV Vasa and Queen Cecilia Renata. Other members of the royal family, especially king's brothers, also participated in the construction. The chapel was built according to design by Royal architect Constantino Tencalla and modelled after Basilica della Santa Casa by Donato Bramante and Andrea Sansovino. Tencalla adjusted the original renaissance design to the baroque forms.

The copy of Mary’s house, so-called Loreto house, was placed inside the chapel. According to legend the Loreto house was transported by angels from the Holy Land to Croatia, and later to the Italian town of Loreto in about 1294. Inside a small room of the chapel the statue of Virgin Mary of Loreto, brought from Italy at the king’s initiative, was arranged. In 1641 Queen Cecilia Renata established golden crowns for the statue. The solemn consecration of the chapel occurred in 1642.

During the Deluge the chapel was ransacked and destroyed by Swedish and Brandenburgian forces. It was rebuilt thanks to donations of Stefan Warszycki, castellan of Kraków and Michał Warszycki, voivode of Sandomierz. Again during the Kościuszko Uprising the building was severely damaged, when the city was besieged by the Suvorov army.

The most precious item in the church was transferred here in 1807, when the Skaryszew Church was pulled down by the Napoleon's Army. It is a Gothic cedar statue of the Madonna and Child of Kamion. The statue was removed several times, when it finally found the place in the main altar of the Loreto Chapel (the statue of the Loreto Virgin was moved to the St. Anne' Church).

Around 1811 the Bernardine monastery was pulled down to build Praga fortifications, but the Church of Our Lady of Loreto was preserved in answer to a protest by the inhabitants.

During the Warsaw Uprising the church was badly damaged by German artillery fire. It was rebuilt in 1953 to Alfons Kropiwnicki design.

See also

 Places of worship in Warsaw
 St. Hyacinth's Church

Notes

Images

External links
  Kościół Matki Boskiej Loretańskiej

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1642
Loreto
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Poland
Baroque church buildings in Poland
1642 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Former Bernardine (Franciscan) monasteries in Poland


Red Wing  Seminary was a Lutheran Church seminary which operated from 1879 to 1932 in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, with brick buildings on a bluff called College Hill overlooking the Mississippi River.

History
Red Wing Seminary was the educational center for Hauge's Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod in America, commonly known as the Hauge Synod. The synod de-emphasized formal worship and stressed personal faith in the Haugean tradition (haugianere). Red Wing Seminary opened in 1879 and was in operation until 1917. Notable alumni included Bernt B. Haugan, Nils Nilsen Ronning, August Herman Andresen,
 and Knute Hill.

In 1917, the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America was formed by merger of the Hauge Synod, the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (commonly called the Norwegian Synod), and the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. Each of the three churches operated a seminary, so the Norwegian Synod's Luther Seminary and the United Norwegian's United Church Seminary, both in Saint Paul, Minnesota, were merged with the Red Wing Seminary to form the Luther Theological Seminary on the site of the United Church Seminary.

Following the merger in 1917, the Red Wing facility initially continued as an academy and junior college of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. In 1932, those programs were merged into St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota and the Red Wing campus was used for other purposes. None of the old seminary buildings remain standing.

References

Additional sources
Wolf, Edmund Scott (1889) The Lutherans in America; a story of struggle, progress, influence and marvelous growth  (J.A. Hill. New York)
Jarchow, Merrill E. (1973) Private Liberal Arts Colleges in Minnesota: Their History and Contributions (Minnesota Historical Society Press)

External links
Luther Seminary - History
Stavanger students of Red Wing Seminary, 1901
Red Wing Seminary Building
Red Wing Seminary (1908)

Buildings and structures in Goodhue County, Minnesota
Lutheran buildings and structures in North America
Lutheran seminaries
Red Wing, Minnesota
Seminaries and theological colleges in Minnesota


Raymond Moos Redheffer (April 17, 1921 – May 13, 2005) was an American mathematician. He was the creator of one of the first electronic games, Nim, a knowledge game.

Early life
He earned his PhD in 1948 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under Norman Levinson.

Career
He taught as a Peirce Fellow at Harvard from 1948 to 1950. His teaching skills were acknowledged 6 decades later by one of his students. He taught for 55 years at the University of California, Los Angeles, writing more than 200 research papers and three textbooks.

Notable and unusual is the physically motivated discussion of the functions of vector calculus in his book with Sokolnikoff. He is known for the Redheffer matrix, the Redheffer star product, and for (with Charles Eames) his 1966 timeline of mathematics entitled Men of Modern Mathematics that was printed and distributed by IBM. He collaborated with Eames on a series of short films about mathematics, and may have invented a version of Nim with electronic components.

Recognition

 UCLA Distinguished Teaching Award (1969).

Books

.
.
.

References

1921 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty


The 2004–05 NBA season was the 17th season for the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association. The Heat entered the season with high expectations following the acquisition of All-Star center Shaquille O'Neal from the Los Angeles Lakers, plus signing free agents Christian Laettner, three-point specialist Damon Jones, and Shandon Anderson. O'Neal was traded away from the Lakers following recurrence of bad blood with former teammate Kobe Bryant. Despite their numerous conflicts during their 8 years as teammates, the duo led the Lakers to 3-straight championship titles from 2000 to 2002. The team played solid basketball posting a 14-game winning streak between December and January winning 25 of their first 32 games, then winning twelve straight between February and March. At midseason, the team re-signed free agent All-Star center Alonzo Mourning, and re-acquired former Heat guard Steve Smith from the expansion Charlotte Bobcats. The Heat finished in first place in both their division and conference with a 59–23 record, which was the franchise's best since 1996–97.

Second-year star Dwyane Wade led the Heat in scoring averaging 24.1 points per game, while O'Neal finished second on the team in scoring with 22.9 points per game. Both players were selected to play in the 2005 NBA All-Star Game at Denver, which marked Wade's first All-Star appearance.

In the first round of the playoffs, the Heat swept the New Jersey Nets in four straight games, then swept the Washington Wizards in four straight in the semi-finals. However, the Heat were eventually eliminated in seven games during the Eastern Conference finals by the 2nd-seeded, and defending NBA champion Detroit Pistons. The Wade and Shaq-led Heat were expected by many to face the Spurs in the Finals (They would eventually meet 8 years later). Following the season, Eddie Jones was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies, Damon Jones signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Laettner and Smith both retired.

This was the first and last time the Heat would be eliminated in the Conference Finals until 2022.

Key dates
 June 24 - The 2004 NBA draft took place in New York City.
 July 8 - The free agency period started.
 July 14 - The Heat traded Lamar Odom, Caron Butler, Brian Grant and a 2006 first round draft pick (Jordan Farmar) to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for Shaquille O'Neal.
 October 5 - The Heat played their first preseason game on the road against the Houston Rockets at the Toyota Center.
 October 27 - The Heat's regular season began with an away game versus the New Jersey Nets at the Continental Airlines Arena.

Offseason

2004 NBA draft

Free agency

Additions
Re-signings:
 Rasual Butler
Signings:
 Michael Doleac (from Denver)
 Keyon Dooling (from L.A. Clippers)
 Damon Jones (from Milwaukee)
 Christian Laettner (from Golden State)
 Wesley Person (from Atlanta)
Trades:
 Shaquille O'Neal (from L.A. Lakers)

Subtractions
Free agents:
 Rafer Alston (to Toronto)
 Samaki Walker (to Washington)
Trades:
 Caron Butler (to L.A. Lakers)
 Brian Grant (to L.A. Lakers)
 Lamar Odom (to L.A. Lakers)
Expansion draft:
 Loren Woods (to Charlotte)

Roster

Pre-season

Regular season

Standings

Record vs. opponents

Game log

|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 1
| November 3
| @New Jersey Nets
| 100–77
|
|
|
| Continental Airlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 2
| November 4
| Cleveland Cavaliers
| 92–86
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines
|
|- style= "background:#cfc;"
| 3
| November 6
| @Washington Wizards
| 118–106
|
|
|
| MCI Center
|
|- style= "background:#cfc;"
| 4
| November 9
| Washington Wizards
| 103–93
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 5
| November  11
| Dallas Mavericks
| 93–113
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 6
| November  12
| @San Antonio Spurs
| 84–93
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 7
| November 14
| Milwaukee Bucks
| 112–110
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 8
| November 16
| @Minnesota Timberwolves
| 97–108
|
|
|
| Target Center
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 9
| November 17
| @Milwaukee Bucks
| 113-106
|
|
|
| Bradley Center
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 10
| November 19
| Utah Jazz
| 107–105
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 11
| November 21
| Philadelphia 76ers
| 93–83
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 12
| November 23
| Portland Trail Blazers
| 87–99
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 13
| November 24
| @Atlanta Hawks
| 99–93
|
|
|
| Philips Arena
|
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 14
|November 26
|@Detroit Pistons
| 77–78
|
|
|
| The Palace of Auburn Hills
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 15
|November 28
| Boston Celtics
| 106–104
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#fcc;"
| 16
| November 30
| Toronto Raptors
| 92–94
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
}}

|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 17
|  December 3
| @Chicago Bulls
| –
|
|
|
| United Center
|
|- style=
| 18
| December 4
| @Denver Nuggets
| –
|
|
|
| Pepsi Center
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 19
| December 6
| @Utah Jazz
| –
|
|
|
| Delta Center
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 20
| December 8
| @Milwaukee Bucks
| –
|
|
|
| Bradley Center
|
|- style=
| 21
| December 10
| Memphis Grizzlies
| –
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 22
| December 12
| Toronto Raptors
| –
|
|
|
| Air Canada Centre
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 23
| December 13
| Washington Wizards
| –
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 24
| December 15
| @Washington Wizards
| 98–93
|
|
|
| MCI Center
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 25
| December 17
| Denver Nuggets
| 107–100
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 26
| December 19
| Orlando Magic
| 117–107
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 27
| December 21
| Boston Celtics
| 108–100
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 28
| December 23
|
| 109–107
|
|
|
|
| ARCO Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 29
| December 25
| 104–102
|
|
|
|
| STAPLES Center
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 30
| December 27
| Atlanta Hawks
| 116–102
|
|
|
| AmericanAirlines Arena
|
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 31
| December 30
| @Detroit Pistons
| 89–78
|
|
|
| The Palace of Auburn Hills
|

Playoffs

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 24
| New Jersey
| W 116–98
| Dwyane Wade (32)
| Haslem, O'Neal (11)
| Dwyane Wade (8)
| American Airlines Arena20,212
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 26
| New Jersey
| W 104–87
| Alonzo Mourning (21)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Dwyane Wade (10)
| American Airlines Arena20,276
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 28
| @ New Jersey
| W 108–105 (2OT)
| Shaquille O'Neal (25)
| Udonis Haslem (19)
| Dwyane Wade (8)
| Continental Airlines Arena20,174
| 3–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 1
| @ New Jersey
| W 110–97
| Dwyane Wade (34)
| Udonis Haslem (11)
| Dwyane Wade (9)
| Continental Airlines Arena20,174
| 4–0
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| May 8
| Washington
| W 105–86
| Dwyane Wade (20)
| Eddie Jones (8)
| Dwyane Wade (7)
| American Airlines Arena20,151
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| May 10
| Washington
| W 108–102
| Dwyane Wade (31)
| Udonis Haslem (13)
| Dwyane Wade (15)
| American Airlines Arena20,205
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 12
| @ Washington
| W 102–95
| Dwyane Wade (31)
| Alonzo Mourning (13)
| D. Jones, Wade (6)
| MCI Center20,173
| 3–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 14
| @ Washington
| W 99–95
| Dwyane Wade (42)
| Udonis Haslem (13)
| Damon Jones (6)
| MCI Center20,173
| 4–0
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| May 23
| Detroit
| L 81–90
| Eddie Jones (22)
| Eddie Jones (8)
| Damon Jones (5)
| American Airlines Arena20,203
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| May 25
| Detroit
| W 92–86
| Dwyane Wade (40)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Dwyane Wade (6)
| American Airlines Arena20,228
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 29
| @ Detroit
| W 113–104
| Dwyane Wade (36)
| D. Jones, Wade (7)
| D. Jones, O'Neal (5)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills22,076
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 31
| @ Detroit
| L 96–106
| Dwyane Wade (28)
| Eddie Jones (10)
| Dwyane Wade (6)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills22,076
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| June 2
| Detroit
| W 88–76
| Shaquille O'Neal (20)
| Udonis Haslem (13)
| Damon Jones (6)
| American Airlines Arena20,225
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6
| June 4
| @ Detroit
| L 66–91
| Shaquille O'Neal (24)
| Shaquille O'Neal (13)
| Damon Jones (6)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills22,076
| 3–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 7
| June 6
| Detroit
| L 82–88
| Shaquille O'Neal (27)
| Udonis Haslem (10)
| Dwyane Wade (4)
| American Airlines Arena20,241
| 3–4
|-

Player statistics
Bold designates team leader.

Playoffs
Bold designates team leader.

Awards, records and milestones

Awards

Week/Month

Shaquille O'Neal "32"
Dwyane Wade "3"

Transactions

Trades
Shaquielle O'Neal from L.A. Lakers

Free agents

Additions

Subtractions

References

Miami Heat seasons
Miami Heat
Miami Heat
Miami Heat


42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), formally named Fafnir ( or ), is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco.  As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star.

Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus.

Nomenclature

42 Draconis is the star's Flamsteed designation. Following its discovery the planet was designated 42 Draconis b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Fafnir for this star and Orbitar for its planet.

The winning names were submitted by the Brevard Astronomical Society of Brevard County, Florida, United States. Fafnir was a Norse mythological dwarf who turned into a dragon, it is also the name of a fictional planet in Larry Niven's known space universe of similar description, ('Draco' is Latin for 'dragon'); Orbitar is a contrived word paying homage to the space launch and orbital operations of NASA.

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016, the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Planetary system

42 Draconis b was discovered in 2009. It is an example of a super-Jupiter. However, the existence of this planet was questioned in 2021.

See also
 HD 139357
 Iota Draconis
 Lists of exoplanets

References

External links

K-type giants
Draconis, 42
170693
090344
6945
Draco (constellation)
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Durchmusterung objects


The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain was the fourth race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season. It was taken place on 9 August in the Odsal Stadium in Bradford, Great Britain It was the third British SGP but the first and only in Bradford. The race was won by Danish rider Brian Andersen. It was the first and only win in his career.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Joe Screen from Great Britain as Wild Card.

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
Gr
1997
Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain


Víziváros (meaning Watertown, , ) is a neighborhood of Esztergom, Hungary on the right bank of the Danube, under the royal castle and the St. Adalbert Primatial Basilica. The name Watertown derives from the numerous hot springs in the area.

Víziváros was established by Matthias Rátót, Archbishop of Esztergom in 1239. The town fell under Ottoman rule in 1543, and it was only taken back by Christian forces in 1683. During that 140 years, the Turks built baths, religious buildings and re-enforced the castle. The Öziçeli Hacci Ibrahim Mosque on Berényi Zsigmond street is the oldest still standing mosque of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube.

After the siege of 1683 reconstruction of the town began, but during Rákóczi's War for Independence it was destroyed in the winter of 1705–1706. Víziváros was repopulated by Germans. In 1827 its population was 697. By 1891 the town had 1158 Hungarian residents. The Cathedral Library (Bibliotheca) opened in 1853. The library building was designed by József Hild. The Christian Museum was founded by archbishop János Simor in 1875, when he opened his private collection of religious art to visitors. The Primatial Palace was built in 1883. In 1895 Víziváros was merged with Royal Esztergom as third district. The same time neighboring Szentgyörgymező became fourth and Szenttamás became second district.

References

Neighbourhoods of Esztergom
1239 establishments in Europe
Former municipalities of Hungary


Silhouette refers to a method of interpretation and validation of consistency within clusters of data. The technique provides a succinct graphical representation of how well each object has been classified. It was proposed by Belgian statistician Peter Rousseeuw in 1987.

The silhouette value is a measure of how similar an object is to its own cluster (cohesion) compared to other clusters (separation). The silhouette ranges from −1 to +1, where a high value indicates that the object is well matched to its own cluster and poorly matched to neighboring clusters. If most objects have a high value, then the clustering configuration is appropriate. If many points have a low or negative value, then the clustering configuration may have too many or too few clusters.

The silhouette can be calculated with any distance metric, such as the Euclidean distance or the Manhattan distance.

Definition

Assume the data have been clustered via any technique, such as k-medoids or k-means, into  clusters.

For data point  (data point  in the cluster ), let

be the mean distance between  and all other data points in the same cluster, where  is the number of points belonging to cluster , and  is the distance between data points  and  in the cluster  (we divide by  because we do not include the distance  in the sum). We can interpret  as a measure of how well  is assigned to its cluster (the smaller the value, the better the assignment).

We then define the mean dissimilarity of point  to some cluster  as the mean of the distance from  to all points in  (where ).

For each data point , we now define

to be the smallest (hence the  operator in the formula) mean distance of  to all points in any other cluster (i.e., in any cluster of which  is not a member). The cluster with this smallest mean dissimilarity is said to be the "neighboring cluster" of  because it is the next best fit cluster for point .

We now define a silhouette (value) of one data point

, if

and

, if

Which can be also written as:

From the above definition it is clear that

Note that  is not clearly defined for clusters with size = 1, in which case we set . This choice is arbitrary, but neutral in the sense that it is at the midpoint of the bounds, -1 and 1.

For  to be close to 1 we require . As  is a measure of how dissimilar  is to its own cluster, a small value means it is well matched. Furthermore, a large  implies that  is badly matched to its neighbouring cluster. Thus an  close to 1 means that the data is appropriately clustered. If  is close to -1, then by the same logic we see that  would be more appropriate if it was clustered in its neighbouring cluster. An  near zero means that the datum is on the border of two natural clusters.

The mean  over all points of a cluster is a measure of how tightly grouped all the points in the cluster are. Thus the mean  over all data of the entire dataset is a measure of how appropriately the data have been clustered. If there are too many or too few clusters, as may occur when a poor choice of  is used in the clustering algorithm (e.g., k-means), some of the clusters will typically display much narrower silhouettes than the rest. Thus silhouette plots and means may be used to determine the natural number of clusters within a dataset. One can also increase the likelihood of the silhouette being maximized at the correct number of clusters by re-scaling the data using feature weights that are cluster specific.

Kaufman et al. introduced the term silhouette coefficient for the maximum value of the mean  over all data of the entire dataset, i.e.,

where  represents the mean  over all data of the entire dataset for a specific number of clusters .

Simplified Silhouette and Medoid Silhouette
Computing the silhouette coefficient needs all  pairwise distances, making this evaluation much more costly than clustering with k-means. For a clustering with centers  for each cluster , we can use the following simplified Silhouette for each point  instead, which can be computed using only  distances:
 and ,
which has the additional benefit that  is always defined, then define accordingly the simplified silhouette and simplified silhouette coefficient

.

If the cluster centers are medoids (as in k-medoids clustering) instead of arithmetic means (as in k-means clustering), this is also called the medoid-based silhouette or medoid silhouette.

If every object is assigned to the nearest medoid (as in k-medoids clustering), we know that , and hence .

Silhouette Clustering

Instead of using the average silhouette to evaluate a clustering obtained from, e.g., k-medoids or k-means, we can try to directly find a solution that maximizes the Silhouette. We do not have a closed form solution to maximize this, but it will usually be best to assign points to the nearest cluster as done by these methods. Van der Laan et al. proposed to adapt the standard algorithm for k-medoids, PAM, for this purpose and call this algorithm PAMSIL:

 Choose initial medoids by using PAM
 Compute the average silhouette of this initial solution
 For each pair of a medoid  and a non-medoid
 swap  and
 compute the average silhouette of the resulting solution
 remember the best swap
 un-swap  and  for the next iteration
 Perform the best swap and return to 3, otherwise stop if no improvement was found.

The loop in step 3 is executed for  pairs, and involves computing the silhouette in , hence this algorithm needs  time, where  is the number of iterations.

Because this is a fairly expensive operation, the authors propose to also use the medoid-based silhouette, and call the resulting algorithm PAMMEDSIL. It needs  time.

Batool et al. propose a similar algorithm under the name OSil, and propose a CLARA-like sampling strategy for larger data sets, that solves the problem only for a subsample.

By adopting recent improvements to the PAM algorithm, FastMSC reduces the runtime using the medoid silhouette to just .

See also
 Davies–Bouldin index
 Determining the number of clusters in a data set

References

Clustering criteria


Jinfeng may refer to these places:

Taiwan
Jinfeng, Taitung (金峰鄉), a township in Taitung County

China

Districts
Jinfeng District (金凤区), in Yinchuan, Ningxia

Towns
Jinfeng, Jiulongpo District (金凤), in Jiulongpo District, Chongqing
Jinfeng, Kaizhou District (金峰), in Kaizhou District, Chongqing
Jinfeng, Fujian (金峰), in Fuzhou, Fujian
Jinfeng, Jiangsu (锦丰), in Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu
Jinfeng, Mianyang (金峰), in Mianyang, Sichuan
Jinfeng, Nanchong (金凤), in Nanchong, Sichuan

Townships
Jinfeng Township, Hunan (金凤乡), in Xinhua County, Hunan
Jinfeng Township, Sichuan (金峰乡), in Jingyan County, Sichuan
Jinfeng Township, Zhejiang (金峰乡), in Chun'an County, Zhejiang

See also
Jinfeng Gold Mine, a gold mine in Guizhou, China


Get Married is an American television series appearing weekdays on Lifetime Television. The series is hosted by event planner and lifestyle expert Colin Cowie, and co-hosted by reality television star Deanna Pappas.

History
Get Married spawned from a local version in Atlanta called Get Married Atlanta, hosted by Renée Roberts and Jenn Hobby, which began airing in January 2006. With the success of the local show, the series went national on April 15, 2007, as Get Married, when WE tv aired six weekly episodes. Seeking a larger audience, show creator Stacie Francombe took the series to Lifetime Television for an October 1, 2007 premiere.

Cast
For the short run on WE tv, the series was hosted by Renée Roberts and Jenn Hobby, and featured wedding expert Crys Stewart and correspondent Jessica Campbell. The first season on Lifetime was hosted by David Tutera with correspondent Jessica Campbell, both of whom were replaced for the second season. Deanna Pappas was hired by show creator Stacie Francombe after watching Pappas on the fourth season of The Bachelorette. Show creator Stacie Francombe hosted the final season of Get Married.

References

External links

2010s American television series
2007 American television series debuts
Lifetime (TV network) original programming
Wedding television shows


Clarkia delicata is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names Campo clarkia and delicate clarkia. It is native to northern Baja California and adjacent San Diego County, California, where it grows in the woodland and chaparral of the Peninsular Ranges. This is an annual herb producing an erect stem just over half a meter in maximum height. The leaves are oval or widely lance-shaped, up to 4 centimeters long, and borne on very short petioles. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence, in which the lower flowers open while the upper buds hang closed. The sepals remain fused as the flower blooms from one side. Each unlobed oval petal is about a centimeter long and pink to pinkish-lavender. There are 8 stamens, some with large orange anthers and some with smaller, paler anthers. There is also a protruding stigma with four large, fuzzy lobes.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Profile
The Nature Conservancy
Photo gallery

delicata
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Plants described in 1905


The 1990 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament began with 32 teams and ended on December 15, 1990, when UCLA defeated Pacific 3 games to 0 in the NCAA championship match.

UCLA won the program's second NCAA title in women's volleyball by defeating Pacific 15-9, 15-12, 15-7. UCLA was led by Natalie Williams and Marissa Hatchett who had 12 kills a piece. The Bruins finished the 1990 season 36-1.

The 1990 Final Four was held at the Cole Field House in College Park, Maryland.

Records
{|
| valign=top |

Brackets

West regional

South regional

Mideast regional

Northwest regional

Final Four - Cole Field House, College Park, Maryland

NCAA tournament records

There is one NCAA tournament record that was set in the 1990 NCAA tournament.

Kills, match (team record) - 112 - Texas vs. LSU

See also
NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship

References

NCAA women's volleyball tournament
NCAA
Volleyball in Maryland
1990 in sports in Maryland
December 1990 sports events in the United States
Sports competitions in Maryland
Women's sports in Maryland


Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the kidney.  It tends to be aggressive, difficult to treat, and is often metastatic at the time of diagnosis.  Most individuals with this type of cancer have sickle cell trait or rarely sickle cell disease, suggesting that the sickle cell trait may be a risk factor for this type of cancer.

Signs and symptoms
In a case series of 34 patients, Davis and colleagues reported the following signs and symptoms:
 macroscopically visible (gross) hematuria (60%)
 abdominal or back/flank pain (50%)
 significant weight loss (25%)
Other researchers have reported a palpable renal mass or enlarged lymph nodes.

Causes
The etiology of renal medullary carcinoma is still not completely understood.  However, the majority of individuals diagnosed with this type of cancer have had sickle cell trait, in which the person carries one normal copy of the hemoglobin A gene (HbA) and one copy of the hemoglobin A gene harboring the genetic mutation found in sickle cell disease (HbS).  These individuals do not have sickle cell disease but can manifest symptoms such as kidney damage over the course of their lives.  The other genetic or environmental factors that contribute to the risk of renal medullary carcinoma are unknown.

Mechanism
The finding that virtually all people affected by renal medullary carcinoma carry at least one copy of the HbS mutation suggests that sickle cell trait somehow predisposes to this type of cancer. The precise mechanism is unknown, but red blood cells with a sickle cell configuration have been identified in pathology specimens.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of renal medullary carcinoma is typically made after individuals with sickle cell trait present with the typical signs and symptoms outlined above, in combination with radiographic imaging (usually abdominal/pelvic CT scan) studies and ultimately surgical biopsy and pathological examination of the tumor.  Findings on radiographic examination are non-specific and can reveal a mass deep within the kidney. Histopathology studies show a distinctive pattern that can be distinguished from other renal tumors.

Classification
Renal medullary carcinoma has been termed "the seventh sickle cell nephropathy" because it is found almost exclusively in individuals with sickle cell trait or occasionally in those with sickle cell disease.

Prevention
Renal medullary carcinoma is extremely rare and it is not currently possible to predict those individuals with sickle cell trait who will eventually develop this cancer.  It is hoped that early detection could result in better outcomes but screening is not currently feasible. With genomics and science advancing, we can possibly find these mutated genes with proactive genetic screening so that future generations don’t differ but science can interfere with its natural course to a more directed course, avoiding such mutations from manifesting and cause death in later generations.

Management
This cancer is typically aggressive, presents at an advanced stage when the cancer has already metastasized, and is resistant to chemotherapy.  It therefore poses a significant management challenge. Current treatment options include surgical resection and chemotherapy with a variety of agents, including (but not limited to) ifosfamide, etoposide, carboplatin, and topotecan.  A recent study looked at the use of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in 3 patients and saw a partial response and longer survival than historical reports. Carboplatin, gemcitibine, and paclitaxel provided a complete response in a patient with advanced disease. The role of radiation is unclear; some tumors have shown a response to radiation. Due to the apparent propensity for the tumor to spread to the central nervous system, it has been suggested that prophylactic craniospinal irradiation should be considered.

Prognosis
Since the cancer most often presents at an advanced stage, prognosis is generally very poor, with median survival times of 3 months (range 1–7 months).  Longer survival of beyond one year was reported in one patient and of up to eight years in one individual whose tumor was well circumscribed and non-metastatic at the time of diagnosis, suggesting that early detection could dramatically improve survival.

Epidemiology
As of 2009, there have been approximately 120 reported cases of renal medullary carcinoma. In every instance except for one, the patients were positive for cell sickling. Wilms' tumor, the most common renal tumor of childhood, is responsible for 6-7% of childhood cancer whereas all remaining primary renal tumors (among which is included renal medullary carcinoma) collectively account for less than 1% of all childhood cancer and less than 10% of primary kidney tumors in childhood.

History
Renal medullary carcinoma was first described as a clinicopathologic entity in 1995.

References

External links

Kidney cancer


HD 139357 is a 6th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 370 light years from Earth, visible in the constellation Draco. Its mass is four thirds that of the Sun but its radius is 11.47 times larger. However, despite being a giant star, it is only 3.07 billion years old, which is younger than the Sun.

It hosts a substellar companion with a minimum mass of , discovered in 2009. A 2022 study estimated the true mass of HD 139357 b at about  via astrometry, although this estimate is poorly constrained. If this is the true mass, the object would be a brown dwarf.

See also
 42 Draconis
 Iota Draconis
 List of extrasolar planets

References

K-type giants
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Draco (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
139357
076311
5811


"America" is Killing Joke's first single from their seventh studio album, Outside the Gate. It was released by E.G. Records on 18 April 1988. It was the first official single by Killing Joke to be self-produced, after the departure of producer Chris Kimsey.

The single was accompanied by a satirical music video depicting Jaz Coleman as a presidential candidate and dressed as Uncle Sam, in a dystopian scene of the United States.

"America" charted at No. 77 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listings
The song was first released as a 7" single with "Jihad" as the B-side. It was also released as a 12" single in the UK and Germany, featuring "America (The Extended Mix)" as the A-side, and "Jihad" and a remix of "America" by Glenn Skinner on the B-side.

This was the first single by Killing Joke to be released as a CD maxi single, featuring the Glenn Skinner remix of "America", "Jihad (Beyrouth Edit)", "America (The Extended Mix)" and the original 1980 remix of "Change".

7" single
Side A
"America" – 03:47

Side B
"Jihad" – 06:00

12" single
Both versions of "America" were mixed by Glenn Skinner.
Side A
"America (The Extended Mix)" – 06:45

Side B
"Jihad" – 05:26
"America" – 03:44

CD maxi single
Both versions of "America" were mixed by Glenn Skinner.

"America" – 03:44
"Jihad (Beyrouth Edit)" – 05:08
"America (The Extended Mix)" – 06:45
"Change (Original 1980 Mix)" – 04:00

Charts

References

External links

1988 songs
Killing Joke songs
Songs written by Jaz Coleman
Songs written by Geordie Walker
E.G. Records singles


Kelen may refer to:

 Kēlen, a constructed language
 Kelen, a surname; notable people include:
 Christopher Kelen (born 1958), Australian academic, writer and artist
 István Kelen (1912–2003),Hungarian table tennis player, journalist and playwright
 János Kelen (1911–1991), Hungarian long-distance runner
 József Kelen (1892–1939), Hungarian engineer and socialist
 Michael A. Kelen (born 1948), Canadian judge
 Ron Vander Kelen (1939–2016), American football player
 S. K. Kelen (born 1956), Australian poet and educator
 Tibor Kelen (1938–2001), Hungarian opera singer and cantor
 Kelen, a given name; notable people include:
 Kelen Coleman (born 1984), American actress

See also
 Kellen, another name
 Kelan (disambiguation)


Sanxi Station (), formerly Yuzhu Station () during planning, is a station on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under Huangpu Avenue East () near Tangxiachong () in the Tianhe District. It opened on 28December 2009.

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Tianhe District


FLEX Records is a Danish record label. Label founded by Scandinavian Records in 1994 to release various electronic music (mainly - dance genres). It was sold to the Danish branch of the EMI group in 1996.

FX Records is a sublabel of FLEX Records which positions itself in ambient music.

Past and present musicians
FLEX Records has signed many popular artists from multiple genres, including

 Aligator, DJ
 Baby D
 Baruch
 B.B.E.
 Cartoons
 Celvin Rotane
 Dado, DJ
 De Bos
 Dub Tractor
 Groovezone
 Heller 'N Farley Project
 Hypetraxx
 iiO
 Infernal
 Josh Wink
 Laid Back
 Little Jam
 Los Umbrellos
 Mo-Do
 Norman Bass
 Outhere Brothers, The
 Paul Johnson
 Ruffneck Featuring Yavahn
 Simpson Tune
 Sunzet Sunzation!
 Threesome Allstars, The
 Tiggy
 Tom Wilson
 Vincent De Moor
 Whigfield

See also
 List of record labels

External links
 FLEX Records (DK) at Discogs

Danish record labels
Record labels established in 1994
IFPI members


Mary Fitzgerald may refer to:

 Mary Fitzgerald (trade unionist) (1883–1960), Irish-born South African political activist
 Mary Fitzgerald (artist) (born 1956), Irish artist
 Mary Anne Fitzgerald (born 1945), South African-born British journalist, development aid worker and author
 Mary Fitzgerald (politician), member of the South Dakota House of Representatives

See also
 Mary Fitzgerald Square in Johannesburg, South Africa


The Pécs TV Tower is a television tower in Pécs, Hungary, standing on the Misina peak of Mecsek (535 meters), measuring 197 metres, the tallest building in Hungary, with a publicly accessible observation deck at a height of 75 metres, and a restaurant at 72 metres. The tower was built from 1968 to 1973. There is a dinosaur exhibition at the restaurant level, with two life-sized dinosaur mock-ups, depicting the once native Komlosaurus.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081225073417/http://www.vendegvaro.hu/Tv-torony-Pecs

Towers in Hungary
Towers completed in 1973
Buildings and structures in Pécs
Tourist attractions in Pécs


The United States Post Office at Hannibal, Missouri, is a federal building previously used as a post office and as a courthouse. It is also known as the Federal Building or the Naval Reserve Center, and is located at 600 Broadway.  The building's architect was Mifflin E. Bell, and it was completed in 1888. The building is an excellent example of a late Second Empire architectural style.  The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri met in this building until 1960, and the U.S. Circuit Court for that district met here until that court was abolished in 1912. It is now owned by the city.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as "Federal Building".  It is located in the Central Park Historic District.

References

Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Missouri
Federal buildings in the United States
Hannibal, Missouri micropolitan area
Post office buildings in Missouri
Federal courthouses in the United States
Second Empire architecture in Missouri
Government buildings completed in 1888
Buildings and structures in Hannibal, Missouri
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Marion County, Missouri


Pineoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the pineal gland. A pineoblastoma is a supratentorial midline primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Pineoblastoma can present at any age, but is most common in young children. They account for 0.001% of all primary CNS neoplasms.

Epidemiology
Pineoblastomas typically occur at very young ages. One study found the average age of presentation to be 4.3 years, with peaks at age 3 and 8. Another cites cases to more commonly occur in patients under 2 years of age. Rates of occurrence for males and females are similar, but may be slightly more common in females. One study found incidence of pineoblastoma to be increased in black patients compared to white patients by around 71%. This difference was most apparent in patients aged 5 to 9 years old.

Pathophysiology
The pineal gland is a small organ in the center of the brain that is responsible for controlling melatonin secretion. Several tumors can occur in the area of the pineal gland, with the most aggressive being pineoblastoma. Pineoblastomas arise from embryonal cells in the pineal gland and are rapidly growing. They are considered grade 4 tumors, meaning they are malignant and may metastasize. Due to the pineal gland's location at the center of the brain and the rapidly growing nature of this disease, obstruction of CNS fluid is a common symptom.

The exact cause of pineoblastoma is unknown. MicroRNA dysregulation has been found to be associated with many cases of pineoblastoma, specifically, mutations in DICER1 and DROSHA genes. DICER1 germline mutations cause a tumor predisposition syndrome, and should be considered in patients with pineoblastoma.

Pineoblastoma may occur in patients with hereditary uni- or bilateral retinoblastoma. When retinoblastoma patients present with pineoblastoma this is characterized as "trilateral retinoblastoma". Up to 5% of patients with hereditary retinoblastoma are at risk of developing trilateral retinoblastoma. This tumor combination is more aggressive than an isolated pineoblastoma. Prognosis of patients with trilateral retinoblastoma is dismal, only a few patients have survived more than 5 years after diagnosis; all survivors were diagnosed with small tumors in a subclinical stage. Recent advances in (high-dose) chemotherapy treatment regimens and early detection have improved survival of patients with trilateral retinoblastoma to up to 50%.

Additionally, various mutations or deletions in chromosomes 1, 9, 13, 16 and 22 have been associated with pineoblastoma incidence.

Clinical Features
The most common symptoms to occur with pineoblastoma are headache, behavior changes, and cognitive disturbances. These masses also often cause obstructive hydrocephalus, leading to increased intracranial pressure. This can result in vision changes and Parinaud's syndrome.

Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, tumor spread at the time of diagnosis is common. Pineoblastomas often invades locally, with spread to the head and spine seen in 25-41% of patients. While CNS spread is relatively common, these tumors rarely cause distant metastases.

Diagnosis

Several imaging methods can be used to diagnose pineoblastoma. Initially, urgent CTs are recommended, followed by MR imaging. CT will show large, multilobulated masses with heterogenous contrast enhancement and peripheral calcification of the pineal gland. On MRI, pineoblastomas again appear as masses with heterogenous enhancement. They often appear hypo- to isointense on T1 and slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Some areas of necrosis or hemorrhage may be seen as well. PET-CT has also been used in diagnosis, and shows increased uptake of fludeoxyglucose with pineoblastomas compared to other pineal masses.

Diagnosis also requires CSF sampling via lumbar puncture to assess for cytology and tumor markers.

Biopsy is required for diagnosis. Pineoblastomas appear as high grade, highly cellular, small blue cells histologically. Features of aggressive malignancies can be seen, like high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ration, poorly differentiated cells, high mitotic activity, and necrosis. Homer Wright, or neuroblastic, and Flexner-Wintersteiner, or retinoblastic, rosettes can also be seen. In contrast to other masses of the pineal gland, pineocytomatous rosettes are not present. Immunohistochemistry staining will reveal neuronal, glial, and photoreceptor marker positivity. This includes synaptophysin, neurofilament protein, and CRX, a specific pineal or retinal marker, positive staining.

Treatment
Initial treatment for pineoblastoma often includes a shunting procedure to redirect accumulated cerebrospinal fluid secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. This shunt can help manage increased intracranial pressure and relieve some symptoms. Surgery to remove the tumor is associated with better outcomes, however, this is not always possible due to the proximity of the pineal gland to neurovascular structures. Complete tumor resection is only seen in about 30% of cases. Following surgery, radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord can increase survival. However, radiation can only safely be used in patients over 3 years old due to the risk of significant neurological impairment. Chemotherapy treatment can also be used, either before or after surgery; its optimal use is still under investigation.

Prognosis
Pineoblastomas are very aggressive tumors. 5-year survival for patients with pineoblastomas is around 58%. Prognosis for patients under 5 years old is lower, between 15 and 40%. Disseminated disease at diagnosis is also associated with worse outcomes. When pineoblastomas occur with retinoblastomas, the prognosis is typically worse, and these patients require more aggressive treatment.

Complete gross tumor resection is associated with improved prognosis, but is difficult and rare to achieve. Radiation therapy after surgery is also linked to improved survival.

References

External links

Endocrine neoplasia
Brain tumor


The 2010 America East men's basketball tournament was held from March 4–7 at Chase Arena on the University of Hartford campus. The final was held at Patrick Gym in Burlington, VT on March 13. As winners, the Vermont Catamounts won an automatic berth to the 2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament for the fourth time as a member of the America East conference, and first since 2005. Vermont was given the 16th seed in the West Regional of the NCAA Tournament and faced the #1 seed Syracuse Orange in a game played on March 19. As winners of the regular season championship the Stony Brook claimed an automatic berth to the 2010 National Invitation Tournament, seeded at #8, the Seawolves took on #1 seeded Illinois Fighting Illini at home on March 17. The Boston University also gained a bid to the 2010 CBI, were given the #4 seed in the West Region, and faced the Oregon State Beavers on March 17 in Corvallis, OR.

Bracket and results

Trivia
Binghamton was initially slated as the #5 seed in the tournament.  However, due to a series of scandals surrounding the program, the Bearcats announced they would sit out the tournament.  According to The New York Times, the conference's other members pressured Binghamton to sit out. Conference commissioner Patrick Nero, however, said the decision was Binghamton's alone. Therefore this led to the original #6 seed Hartford Hawks to become the #5 seed, the #7 seed New Hampshire Wildcats to become #6, and the cancellation of the first-round game between UMBC and Albany who become the #7 and #8 seeds in the tournament.
This was the first time in America East Conference history that the Men's and Women's basketball tournaments were held at the same arena over the same weekend.
It was also the first time the Women's Championship game was not held at a 'neutral site' and was played at the highest remaining seed's home arena.

See also
America East Conference

References

America East Conference men's basketball tournament
2009–10 America East Conference men's basketball season
West Hartford, Connecticut
College basketball tournaments in Connecticut
College basketball tournaments in Vermont
Sports competitions in Burlington, Vermont
Sports competitions in Hartford County, Connecticut