Julie is an Indian Hindi erotic film produced by N. R. Pachisia and directed by Deepak Shivdasani. The film stars Neha Dhupia, Priyanshu Chatterjee, Yash Tonk, Sanjay Kapoor and Achint Kaur. It is available on Rajshri Channel of YouTube. and on the Disney+hotstar app.

Its sequel, Julie 2, starring Raai Laxmi, also directed by Deepak Shivdasani was released on 24 November 2017, after legal issues.

Plot
When Julie (Neha Dhupia), a girl next door from Goa, gets dumped by her boyfriend, Neil (Yash Tonk), she moves to Mumbai. There, she gets intimate with her boss, Rohan (Sanjay Kapoor). Heartbroken and emotionless, she loses faith in love and decides to become a call girl. A chance meeting with Mihir Shandilya (Priyanshu Chatterjee), a multi-millionaire and one of the most eligible bachelors in town, leads to their instant liking for each other. Mihir is completely besotted by her beauty and, being a family-oriented man, proposes marriage to her. All is well except that Mihir and his family are unaware of the fact that Julie is a high-profile prostitute. During a TV interview, Mihir surprises everyone by mentioning Julie is the 'someone special' in his life. Julie is now in a dilemma. How she tells her future husband about her socially unacceptable profession and if Mihir accepts her forms the rest of the story.

Cast
 Neha Dhupia as Julie
 Priyanshu Chatterjee as Mihir Shandilya
 Yash Tonk as Neil
 Sanjay Kapoor as Rohan
 Achint Kaur as Tara Aggarwal
 Anil Nagrath as Vishal (Editor-in-Chief of D Network)
 Manish Khanna as Naidu (CEO of C TV)
 Sudhir Joshi as Father of Julie
 Brij Gopal as Mr. Malhotra
 Donny Bharadwaj as Sonia Shandilya, Mihir's sister
 Master Vishal Gulati as Sunny Shandilya
 Shiva Rindani
 Ahmed Khan
 Ishwar Patel as Mihir's Uncle
 Kamini Khanna as Mrs. Shandilya, Mihir's mother
 Rishikesh Sharma as Rishi Nair

Soundtrack

All songs composed by Himesh Reshammiya and written by Sameer.

References

External links

2004 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Indian erotic drama films
Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
Indian erotic romance films
Films about sexual abuse
Films about prostitution in India
Films about women in India
Films directed by Deepak Shivdasani


Silvio Clementelli (28 October 1926 – 4 December 2001) was an Italian film producer. He produced more than 50 films between 1953 and 1991. He was a member of the jury at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.

Selected filmography
 Policarpo (1959)
 Estate Violenta (1959)
 Ferdinando I, re di Napoli (1959)
 The Passionate Thief (1960)
 Three Nights of Love (1964)
 When Women Had Tails (1970)
 Ninì Tirabusciò: la donna che inventò la mossa (1970)
 Traffic Jam (1979)

References

External links

1926 births
2001 deaths
Italian film producers
Nastro d'Argento winners


Satish Chandra (20 November 1922 – 13 October 2017) was an Indian  historian whose main area of specialisation was medieval Indian history.

Personal life
Satish Chandra was born in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh (then the United Provinces) to Sir Sita Ram, India's High Commissioner to Pakistan, and his wife, Basudevi.

He attended Allahabad University where he earned his B.A. (1942), M.A. (1944), and D.Phil. (1948) under the supervision of R.P. Tripathi. His doctoral thesis was on the Parties and Politics in 18th century India.

He was married to Savitri and had three sons.

Career
He taught at Allahabad University, Aligarh Muslim University, Delhi University, and Rajasthan University and was the Smuts' Visiting Professor at Cambridge in 1971. He was Professor of  History at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi. Along with S. Gopal, Bipan Chandra, and Romila Thapar, he co-founded the Centre for Historical Studies at the School of Social Sciences in JNU. He was chairperson of the centre for a few years. He was the Secretary and President of the Indian History Congress.

Through the 1970s, he served as the vice chairman and chairman of the University Grants Commission of India. Among his various other appointments, he served in the council of the United Nations University, Tokyo between 1980 and 1986. He was an associated director of research at the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme as well as an executive board member at the International Congress of Historical Sciences, both in Paris. In 1988, he was asked by Union Public Service Commission to head a committee to review the system of appointments to the higher civil services.

Research and ideology

Chandra has been described as one of India's leading scholars of the Mughal period and one of India's most influential historians. His book, Medieval India, has been widely used as a textbook in schools and colleges around India.

He belonged to the group of historians, along with Romila Thapar, R. S. Sharma, Bipan Chandra and Arjun Dev, who are sometimes referred to as "left-leaning." In 2004, his textbook was reintroduced in the national curriculum after a hiatus of six years.

Selected books
 Books authored

Books edited

 India's Islamic Traditions, 711-1750 by Richard Maxwell Eaton, Oxford University Press 2003,

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
University of Allahabad alumni
Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University
20th-century Indian historians
Historians of South Asia
Indian Marxist historians
21st-century Indian historians
People from Meerut
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh


Nyaribari Masaba is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of nine constituencies in Kisii County. The constituency was established for the 1988 elections.

Members of Parliament

Wards

Masaba South Sub-county
Masaba South Sub-county shares common boundaries with Nyaribari Masaba Sub-county. It's in the sub-county that the Kisii County part of Keroka is located. The Sub-county is headed by the sub-county administrator, appointed by a County Public Service Board.

References

Constituencies in Kisii County
Constituencies in Nyanza Province
1988 establishments in Kenya
Constituencies established in 1988


Ineffable Mysteries from Shpongleland is the fourth studio album by Shpongle released on 2 November 2009. The album's track list was released on 12 August via Twisted Records (UK)'s website. Songs from the album began to trickle to the public in live form, being played at many of Shpongle's 2009 concerts. Previews of the album were made available through Twisted Music's official audio player. The album was ranked at #7 on Sputnik's Best Of 2009 list.

Stylistically, the album is the culmination of what began with their previous album Nothing Lasts... But Nothing Is Lost, in the sense that it contains much more emphasis on world music influences and parts performed on various instruments by Posford, Ram and guest musicians, compared to first two albums which were heavier on sampling and with more influences from dub and electronic dance music. As one of more interesting bits of instrumental work, the track "Nothing is Something Worth Doing" is built around novel melodic percussive instrument Hang, and lines played by Austrian Hang player Manu Delago.

The cover artwork was created by Storm Thorgerson.

Track listing
 "Electroplasm" – 10:12
 "Shpongolese Spoken Here" – 6:38
 "Nothing Is Something Worth Doing" – 6:24
 "Ineffable Mysteries" – 10:26
 "I Am You" – 11:36
 "Invisible Man in a Fluorescent Suit" – 8:54
 "No Turn Un-Stoned" – 8:02
 "Walking Backwards Through the Cosmic Mirror" – 8:13
Total: 70:26

Personnel
 Raja Ram – Flute, alto flute, vocals, producer
 Simon Posford – Programming, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass, sitar, synth, drums, vocals, producer
 Michele Adamson – Vocals
 Hari Om – Vocals
 Henry Escott – Cello
 Pete Callard – Acoustic guitar
 Manu Delago – Hang
 Andy Gangadeen – Drums
 Kevin Metcalfe – Mastering
 Stormstudios – Graphic design

References

2009 albums
Shpongle albums
Albums with cover art by Storm Thorgerson


The Sethi model was developed by Suresh P. Sethi and describes the process of how sales evolve over time in response to advertising. The model assumes that the rate of change in sales depend on three effects: response to advertising that acts positively on the unsold portion of the market, the loss due to forgetting or possibly due to competitive factors that act negatively on the sold portion of the market, and a random effect that can go either way.

Suresh Sethi published his paper "Deterministic and Stochastic Optimization of a Dynamic Advertising Model" in 1983. The Sethi model is a modification as well as a stochastic extension of  the Vidale-Wolfe advertising model. The model and its competitive and multi-echelon channel extensions have been used extensively in the literature.
Moreover, some of these extensions have been also tested empirically.<ref name="CV92"

Model

The Sethi advertising model or simply the Sethi model provides a sales-advertising dynamics in the form of the following stochastic differential equation:

 .

Where:
   is the market share at  time
   is the rate of advertising at time
   is the coefficient of the effectiveness of advertising
   is the decay constant
   is the diffusion coefficient
   is the Wiener process (Standard Brownian motion);  is known as White noise.

Explanation

The rate of change in sales depend on three effects: response to advertising that acts positively on the unsold portion of the market via , the loss due to forgetting or possibly due to competitive factors that act negatively on the sold portion of the market via , and a random effect using a diffusion or White noise term that can go either way.

  The coefficient  is the coefficient of the effectiveness of advertising innovation.
  The coefficient  is the decay constant.
  The square-root term brings in the so-called word-of-mouth effect at least at low sales levels.
  The diffusion term  brings in the random effect.

Example of an optimal advertising problem

Subject to the Sethi model above with the initial market share , consider the following objective function:

where  denotes the sales revenue corresponding to the total market, i.e., when , and  denotes the discount rate.

The function  is known as the value function for this problem, and it is shown to be

where

The optimal control for this problem is

where

and

Extensions of the Sethi model

 Competitive Model:Nash differential games
 Multi-echelon Model
  Empirical testing of the Sethi model and extensions
 Cooperative advertising: Stackelberg differential games
 The Sethi durable goods model

See also

  Bass diffusion model
  differential games
  Stochastic differential equation
  Diffusion of innovations
  Stackleberg competition
  Nash equilibrium

References

Advertising
Mathematical economics
Optimal control
Stochastic models


The RAF 2000 is a two-seat kit built autogyro that was designed by Bernard J. Haseloh.  Kits were first manufactured by Rotary Air Force Marketing Inc. in Canada.  The marketing and manufacturing rights were sold to the Mocke Family in Upington, Northern Cape, South Africa in April 2007. They formed UMRTC Eben Mocke to produce the aircraft design.

The RAF 2000 is one of only a few autogyros with type approval from the Light Aircraft Association in the United Kingdom.

Development
The RAF 2000 was a development of the single seat RAF 1000 and was designed primarily by Bernard J Haseloh. The aircraft kits were manufactured by Rotary Air Force Inc of Canada until April 2007 when the marketing and manufacturing rights were transferred to UMRTC Eben Mocke located in Upington, South Africa.

As a result of test flying in the UK the RAF 2000 has been documented as being subject to Power Push Over (PPO), whereby the thrust line is above the aircraft's vertical centre of gravity. This results in a power application causing a nose-down pitching moment and increases the risk of tail to main rotor contact.

Design
The RAF 2000 is unusual amongst autogyros in that it does not have a horizontal tailplane – although aftermarket horizontal tailplanes are available.

Like almost all UK-approved amateur-built designs the RAF 2000 is subject to Civil Aviation Authority Mandatory Permit Directives, similar to airworthiness directives for certified aircraft. As of January 2010 these MPDs include repetitive inspections for rotor blade cracks, a one time installation of an emergency egress placard, a one time replacement of control system components and a one time inspection of rudder cables. As a result of a fatal accident  the CAA issued an MPD in 2009 which indicates that the design does not fully comply with the required BCAR Section T and that as a result unmodified aircraft are subject to a number of restrictions including flight with doors being prohibited, VNE limited to 70 mph and crosswind limited to 7 knots for take-off and landing, maximum 15 knots windspeed with a 10 knot gust spread are prohibited from flight in moderate or higher turbulence. Many of these restrictions can be removed by modifying the aircraft with a tailplane/rudder centring spring and new doors, although the 70 mph VNE is retained on both modified and unmodified aircraft flown in the UK.

Legal actions

The RAF 2000 has been the subject of a number of legal actions. In Frost v. Rotary Air Force Marketing, Inc. the company successfully defended a suit for the death of a builder, by showing that he had contractually agreed to get specific training and had failed to do so prior to flight and in fact did not even have a pilot's certificate at the time of the crash.

In 2005 a lawsuit was filed in a Michigan court regarding the death of Ken Becker, who had purchased a used kit from a previous buyer, and failed to contact RAFM to receive the mandatory flight training required of all RAF2000 kit builders. Due to the high costs of defending against the US litigation, estimated at over US$250,000, the company could not afford to defend itself and the suit was decided by default. The company indicated that "slander" arising from the lawsuit resulted in a loss of gyroplane sales, leaving nothing for the plaintiff to collect and the resulting "sale" of the company.

Variants
Three variants are currently available.  The primary difference between them is the engine.

RAF 2000 GTX SE
Equipped with a  Subaru flat four carburetted engine
RAF 2000 GTX SE FI
Equipped with the same engine but it is fuel injected thus making it a little more economical
RAF 2000 GTX SE FI 2.5
Equipped with a more powerful  Subaru fuel injected engine.

Specifications (RAF 2000 GTX SE)

References

External links

Manufacturer's Website

2000s Canadian sport aircraft
RAF2000
Single-engined pusher autogyros


Anton Mayr is an American photographer, author and film-maker. Anton Mayr is known for his poetry, art criticism and photography Between 1998 and 2008 Koslov-May taught at Parsons School of Design in Paris. In 2000, under the fictitious name of Lee Mayr, Koslov Mayr became one of the winners of  prestigious art competition "Search for Art" organized by the Italian fashion company Mandarina Duck. In 2006, Koslov Mayr created the Artout project, which was viewed as an important part of the Institutional Critique movement. Koslov-Mayr worked on film projects with American artists Richard Dailey and Hilton McConnico (Hope, 1999 ), and film-makers Laurent Boutonnat and Mark Boswell. Mayr and Boswell collaborated on a number of projects, the most notorious being "The United Nations is Decadent and Depraved", shown in New York and in Moscow in 2009. The project was based on Hunter S. Thomson short story "The Kentucky Derby is Decadent and Depraved." In 2010 it was nominated for the Kandinsky Prize.

Notes

References
Photographer Agency
The United Nations is Decadent and Depraved official website
Mayr Studio
Anton Koslov Mayr in IMDB

American photographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


There are two Catholic secondary schools named Bishop Kearney High School in the U.S. state of New York:
 Bishop Kearney High School (Irondequoit, New York), near Rochester
 Bishop Kearney High School (New York City), in Brooklyn


The Anna University Satellite, or ANUSAT was an Indian student research microsatellite designed, developed and integrated at Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology (MIT), Chromepet, Anna University. Students and faculty members of Madras Institute of Technology and College of Engineering, Guindy were involved in the design of ANUSAT. The project director of the ANUSAT was Dr. P. Dhanraj, CASR, Madras Institute of Technology, Chromepet. It carries an amateur radio and technology demonstration experiments. It was successfully Integrated at the clean room facility at MIT, Chrompet, Chennai and launched aboard a PSLV-CA designated PSLV-C12, along with RISAT-2, from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The launch was carried out at 01:15 GMT (06:45 IST) on 20 April 2009.

The satellite's development was sponsored by the Indian Space Research Organisation, who were also responsible for launch services.

ANUSAT was a cube with  long sides, and a mass of . It carried an amateur radio store and forward communications system, and also conducted technological research. This satellite was spin stabilized and spin axis is pointed normal towards the Sun. The satellite was integrated and tested at MICSAT, the MIT Chromepet clean room.

As on January 9, 2012, ANUSAT completed 15287 orbits around the Earth thereby exceeding its intended mission life of two years.

References

http://mitindia.edu/en/phd-research/electronics
http://mitindia.edu/en/103-mitindia/departments/aerospace/aero-staff/438-prof-r-dhanaraj

External links
AIAA IEEE Research article
ANUSAT Webpage

Student satellites
Students in India
Spacecraft launched in 2009
Spacecraft which reentered in 2012
Satellites of India
Amateur radio satellites
2009 in India


Ivan Murada (born 4 April 1965) is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 1997:
 1st, Trofeo "Rinaldo Maffeis" (together with Graziano Boscacci)
 1998:
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Ivan Murada)<ref name="sellaronda">[http://www.newspower.it/comunicati/sellaronda/AlbodoroSellaronda.rtf Sellarond ski marathon - roll of honor"]</ref>
 1999:
 1st, Trofeo "Rinaldo Maffeis" (together with Graziano Boscacci)
 2nd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Ivan Murada)
 2000:
 7th (and 2nd in "seniors II" ranking), Patrouille des Glaciers, together with Graziano Boscacci and Camillo Vescovo
 2001:
 1st, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Graziano Boscacci)
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Graziano Boscacci)
 2002:
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Graziano Boscacci)
 3rd, World Championship combination ranking
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Ivan Murada)
 4th, World Championship single race
 2005:
 2nd, European Championship team race (together with Graziano Boscacci)
 2006:
 3rd, Adamello Ski Raid (together with Graziano Boscacci and Daniele Pedrini)
 2007:
 1st, Trofeo "Rinaldo Maffeis"'' (together with Guido Giacomelli)
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Ivan Murada)
 2008:
 2nd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Ivan Murada)
 7th, World Championship team race (together with Lorenzo Holzknecht)
 2012:
 Received oral

Pierra Menta

 1995: 9th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 1998: 6th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 1999: 4th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2000: 5th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2001: 2nd, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2002: 1st, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2003: 5th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2004: 5th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2005: 4th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2006: 7th, together with Graziano Boscacci
 2007: 8th, together with Daniele Pedrini
 2008: 6th, together with Tony Sbalbi

Trofeo Mezzalama

 1999: 3rd, together with Graziano Boscacci and Luca Negroni
 2001: 1st, together with Graziano Boscacci and Heinz Blatter
 2003: 5th, together with Graziano Boscacci and Heinz Blatter
 2007: 5th, together with Graziano Boscacci and Mirco Mezzanotte
 2009: 4th, together with Graziano Boscacci and Pietro Lanfranchi

References

External links
 Ivan Murada at SkiMountaineering.org
 Boscacci & Murada at PlanetMountain.com

1965 births
Living people
Italian male ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions


In March 2009, President Raúl Castro of Cuba dismissed numerous government ministers.

Officials

 Foreign Minister Felipe Pérez Roque was dismissed on 2 March 2009. Fidel Castro then criticized him for love of power in a statement on 3 March, and Pérez Roque announced his resignation from all his party and state positions—membership on the Communist Party's Central Committee and Political Bureau, membership on the Council of State, and his role as a parliamentary deputy—in a letter published on 5 March. In that letter, he also accepted Castro's criticism and agreed that he had committed errors. He was replaced by Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.
 Secretary of Council of Ministers Carlos Lage Dávila was replaced by Brig. Gen. José Amado Ricardo Guerra. Following Fidel Castro's statement of 3 March, Lage announced his resignation from all his party and state positions—membership on the Communist Party's Central Committee and Political Bureau, membership on the Council of State, and his role as a parliamentary deputy—in a letter published on 5 March. In that letter, he also accepted Castro's criticism and agreed that he had committed errors.
 José Luis Rodríguez García, the economy minister. He was replaced by Marino Murillo Jorge.
 Raúl de la Nuez, the foreign trade minister. He was replaced by Rodrigo Malmierca Díaz, then foreign investment minister. Both ministries merged.
 Georgina Barreiro Fajardo, the finance minister. Replaced by Lina Pedraza Rodríguez.
 Alfredo Morales Cartaya, the labour minister was replaced by Margarita Marlene González Fernández.
 Internal Commerce Minister Murillo Jorge was replaced by Jacinto Angulo Pardo.
 Government Vice President Otto Rivero Torres was replaced by Ramiro Valdés Menéndez.
 Food Minister Alejandro Roca Iglesias and Fishing Minister Alfredo López Valdés were replaced by María del Carmen Concepción González.
 Education Minister Juan Vela Valdés was  replaced by Miguel Díaz-Canel.
 Heavy Industries Minister Fernando Acosta Santana was replaced by Salvador Pardo Cruz.

Government response

In March 2009, a government reshuffle was announced in Cuba, resulting in the replacement of eight ministers. The ruling Council of State and President Raul Castro explained that this move was intended to streamline and improve the efficiency of the Cuban government,  Among those dismissed were prominent young leaders, including Foreign Minister Felipe Perez Roque and Cabinet chief Carlos Lage.

Theories

Economic reforms
In an article "Purge Aims to Halt Cuba's Economic Free Fall", written by Frances Robles and Wilfredo Cancio and published in the Miami Herald in March 2009, the authors suggested that the purge was to get rid of the people who may have stood in the way of economic reforms.

Hugo Chávez
Former Mexican foreign minister Jorge Castañeda Gutman, in his Newsweek article published in the March 23, 2009 issue, suggested that Hugo Chávez was plotting a coup in Cuba due to concerns that Raul Castro would make concessions that would betray the 50-year-old Cuban Revolution. However, "long-time Cuba watchers expressed skepticism" about this claim.

According to his thesis, Hugo Chávez asked Leonel Fernández of the Dominican Republic to support the plot, but he declined. Castañeda's statements have been met with scepticism from politicians and scholars. He has admitted that he has no proof, calling his thesis "informed speculation".

References

Politics of Cuba
2009 in Cuba


Christiane Nex (born 30 November 1973) is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 2002:
 3rd, Transacavallo (together with Annamaria Baudena)
 2004:
 1st, Italian Cup
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Gloriana Pellissier)
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Annamaria Baudena and Gloriana Pellissier)
 4th, Patrouille des Glaciers (together with Gisella Bendotti and Micol Murachelli)
 6th, World Championship team race (together with Maria Luisa Riva)
 2005:
 1st, Trofeo Mezzalama (together with Gloriana Pellissier and Natascia Leonardi Cortesi)
 1st, Italian Cup
 2nd, European Championship relay race (together with Gloriana Pellissier and Francesca Martinelli)
 6th, European Championship team race (together with Gloriana Pellissier)
 2007:
 4th, Pierra Menta (together with Laura Chiara Besseghini)
 5th, Tour du Rutor (together with Laura Chiara Besseghini)

References

1973 births
Living people
Italian female ski mountaineers


Dr. Patricia A. Demers,   is a Canadian humanist and academic. She was the first female president of the Royal Society of Canada serving from 2005 to 2007.

Early life and education
Demers grew up in Hamilton, Ontario, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and French and a Master of Arts degree from McMaster University. She received a Ph.D. from the University of Ottawa.

Career
After receiving her Ph.D., she taught for three years as a sessional instructor at the University of Alberta. She then became an assistant professor and is now a professor of English and Film Studies. Her research includes Elizabethan and Jacobean drama, 17th-century poetry, children's literature, and contemporary Canadian women's writing.

From 1991 to 1993, she was Associate Dean of Graduate Studies, and from 1995 to 1998 she was Department Chair. From 1998 to 2002, she was Vice-President of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. She was made a Fellow of Royal Society of Canada in 2000 and served as its first female president from 2005 to 2007.

Selected publications
She is the author and editor of a number of scholarly publications including:

 A Garland from the Golden Age: An Anthology of Children's Literature from 1850 to 1900 (Oxford University Press, 1983)
 Women as Interpreters of the Bible (Paulist Press, 1992), Heaven Upon Earth: The Form of Moral and Religious Children's Literature to 1850 (University of Tennessee, 1993)
 The World of Hannah More (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)
 Women's Writing in English: Early Modern England (University of Toronto Press, 2005)
Travels and Tales of Miriam Green Ellis : Pioneer Journalist of the Canadian West.  (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2013.)
Women’s Writing in Canada (University of Toronto Press, 2019)

Awards and recognition
She was awarded the University of Alberta Rutherford Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, the Arts Faculty Teaching Award, the McCalla Research Professorship Award, and the University Cup. On June 30, 2016, Demers was made a Member of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston for "her insightful contributions to the study of early works of English literature and for her service to the academic community."

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian academics of women's studies
Canadian humanists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
McMaster University alumni
Members of the Order of Canada
Academics from Hamilton, Ontario
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
University of Ottawa alumni


Effie Adelaide Maria Henderson (later Rowlands and Albanesi; c.1859 – 16 October 1936) was a British novelist, better known under the pen names Effie Adelaide Rowlands, E. Maria Albanesi and Madame Albanesi. She was the author of more than 250 romance novels and short-stories for magazines and newspapers.

Personal life and family

Effie Adelaide Maria Henderson was born about 1858 or 1859 in New South Wales, Australia. She was the illegitimate daughter of the English Alexander Henderson (1828–1886) and Maria Nelson (her parents' marriage wasn't legal, because her father was already married). Her sister Caroline Sidney Henderson (alias Carrie Hope) and her niece Maria Effie Hallatt (alias May Hallatt), were actresses. In 1882 she married Cecil Rowlands, a playwright who used the stage name Cecil Raleigh, and she started to write before they divorced in 1893.

In 1896, she married Carlo Albanesi (1859-1926), an Italian concert pianist, teacher and composer who from 1893 settled in London and taught at the Royal Academy of Music. They had two daughters, Eva Olimpia Maria Albanesi (b. 1897), and Margherita Cecilia Brigida Lucia Maria Albanesi (better known as the actress Meggie Albanesi) (1899–1923).

She died on 16 October 1936 at her home in London. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

Works

Margery Daw (1886)
Woman Against Woman (1890)
My Pretty Jane (1894)
The Spell of Ursula (1894)
A Conqueror of Fate (1895)
Love the Conqueror (1895)
The Woman Who Came Between (1895)
For Love of Sigrid (1895)
At Great Cost (1895)
Little Kit (1895)
A Faithful Traitor (1896)
The Fault of One (1897)
The Blunder of An Innocent (1899)
The Kingdom of a Heart (1899)
They Laugh That Win (1899)
A Woman Scorned (1899)
A King and a Coward (1899)
Little Aldy Charles (1899)
The Heart of Hetta (1900)
Husband and Foe (1900)
Beneath a Spell (1900)
A Charity Girl (1900)
The Man She Loved (1900)
One Man's Evil (1900)
Peter, a Parasite (1901)
Brave Barbara (1901)
Love and Louisa (1902)
Susannah and One Elder (1904)
Capricious Caroline (1904)
For Ever True (1904)
Marion Sax (1905)
Selina's Love Story (1904)
Temptation of Mary Burr (1904)
The Brown Eyes of Mary (1905)
A Love Almost Lost (1905)
Angel of Evil (1905)
Her Husband and Her Love (1905)
So Like a Man (1905)
A Splendid Man (1905)
Spurned Proposal (1905)
Andrew Leicester's Love (1905)
A Heart's Triumph (1906)
Sweet William (1906)
I Know a Maiden (1906)
A Little Brown Mouse (1906)
A Young Man from the Country (1906)
The Wiles of a Siren (1906)
The End Crowns All (1906)
A Shadowed Happiness (1906)
For Love of Sigrid (1906)
Love's Greatest Gift (aka The White in the Black) (1906)
My Lady of Dreadwood (1906)
A Wife's Triumph (1906)
Love-In-A-Mist (1907)
The Strongest of All Things (1907)
Simple Simon (1907)
Pretty Penelope (1907)
Mollie's Ghost (1907)
Sister Anne (1908)
The Rose of Yesterday (1908)
Drusilla's Point of View (1908)
Pretty Polly Pennington (aka Sweet and Lovely) (1908)
The Forbidden Road (1908)
The Laughter of Life (1908)
The Invincible Amelia (1909)
A Question of Quality (1909)
Envious Eliza (1909)
The Marriage of Margaret (1909)
The Glad Heart (1910)
For Love of Anne Lambert (1910)
Maisie's Romance (1910)
Her Punishment (1910)
The Man She Married (1910)
After Many Days (1910)
Contrary Mary (1910)
A Dangerous Woman (1910)
For Love of Speranza (1910)
The Game of Life (1910)
Her Heart's Longing (1910)
Her Kingdom (1910)
John Galbraith's Wife (1910)
Love for Love (1910)
A Loyal Man's Love (1910)
The Master of Lynch Towers (1910)
The Mistress of the Farm (1910)
Bitter Sweet (1910)
A Splendid Destiny (1910)
A Wonder of Love (1911)
Poppies in the Corn (1911)
Heart of His Heart (1911)
Barbara's Love Story (1911)
Brave Heart (1911)
Carlton's Wife (1911)
Dare and Do (1911)
False Faith (1911)
For Ever and a Day (1911), Daily Mail sixpenny novel No. 149, illustrated by G. H. Evison
A Girl with a Heart (1911)
Her Mistake (1911)
Leila Vane's Burden (1911), a Daily Mail sixpenny novel, illustrated by G. H. Evison
A Life's Love (1911)
Love's Harvest (1911)
The Madness of Love (1911)
The Man at the Gate (1911)
The One Woman (1911)
The Power of Love (1911)
Splendid Love (1911)
White Abbey (1911)
A Wild Rose (1911)
A Woman Worth Winning (1911)
A Woman's Heart (1911)
The Young Wife (1911)
Love's Fire (1911)
The Triumph of Love (1911)
Olivia Mary (1912)
On the Wings of Fate
Carla
Change of Heart
False and True
For Love and Honor
The Girl's Kingdom
Interloper
Kinsman's Sin
Love's Cruel Whim
Siren's Heart
Tempted by Love
With Heart So True
Woman Against Her
Woman Scorned
A Golden Dawn (1912)
Hester Trefusis (1912)
The House of Sunshine (1912)
In Love's Land (1912)
A Love Match (1912)
The Love of His Life (1912)
The Rose of Life (1912)
Temptation (1912)
To Love and to Cherish (1912)
The Wooing of Rose (1912)
His One Love (1912)
Lavender's Love Story (1912)
Love Wins (1912)
A Modern Witch (1912)
The Beloved Enemy (1913)
One of the Crowd (1913)
Cissy (1913)
Beth Mason (1913)
Elsie Brant's Daughter (1913)
Hearts at War (1913)
The Joy of Life (1913)
Lady Patricia's Faith (1913)
Love's Mask (1913)
Margaret Dent (1913)
Ruth's Romance (1913)
Stranger Than Truth (1913)
The Surest Bond (1913)
Through Weal and Through Woe (1913)
In Daffodil Time (1913)
The Heart of a Woman (1913)
Judged by Fate (1913)
The Cap of Youth (1914)
The Sunlit Hills (1914)
The Man of Mystery (1914)
When a Woman Dreams (1914)
The Hand of Fate (1914)
Her Husband (1914)
An Irish Lover (1914)
Money or Wife? (1914)
On the High Road (1914)
Two Waifs (1914)
At Her Mercy (1914)
The Price Paid (1914)
Prudence Langford's Ordeal (1914)
Love's Young Dream (1914)
Above All Things (1915)
Sunset and Dawn (1915)
The Woman's Fault (1915)
Hearts and Sweethearts (1916)
The Girl Who Was Brave (1916)
When Michael Came to Town (1917)
The Splendid Friend (1917)
The Heart of Angela Brent (1917)
Truant Happiness (1918)
Diana Falls in Love (1919)
Tony's Wife (19aka: Punch and Judy) (1919)A Strange Love Story (1919)Patricia and Life (1920)Love's Shadows (1920)John Helsby's Wife (1920)The House That Jane Built (1921)Mary Dunbar's Love (1921)Roseanne (1922)Truth in a Circle (1922)Against the World (1923)The Flame of Love (1923)The Garland of Youth (1923)A Bird in a Storm (1924)Young Hearts (1924)The Life Line (1924)Real Gold (1924)Sally in Her Alley (1925)The Shadow Wife (1925)Out of a Clear Sky (1925)The Way of Youth (1925)Brave Love (1926)A Bunch of Blue Ribbons (1926)Lady Feo's Daughter (1926)Sally Gets Married (1927)The Green Country (1927)The Gates of Happiness (1927)A Man from the West (1927)Fateful Promise Her Golden Secret Hero for Love's Sake Unhappy Bargain Meggie Albanesi [1928)
The Moon Through Glass (1928)
Claire and Circumstances (aka In Love with Claire) (1928)
Fine Feathers (1928)
Lights and Shadows (1928)
Gold in the Dust (1929)
A Heart for Sale (1929)
Spring in the Heart (1929)
While Faith Endures (1929)
The Clear Stream (1930)
Loyalty (1930)
The Courage of Love (1930)
White Flame (1930)
Coulton's Wife (1930)
Dorinda's Lovers (1930)
The Fighting Spirit (1930)
Sunlight Beyond (1930)
Coloured Lights (1931)
The Posy Ring (1931)
Wings of Chance (1931)
Princess Charming (1931)
All's Well with the World (1932)
The Moon of Romance (1932)
Snow in Summer (1932)
Green Valleys (1932)
The Laughter of Life (1932)
A Loyal Defence (1932)
A Star in the Dark (1933)
White Branches (1933)
A Ministering Angel (1933)
Through the Mist (1934)
The Half Open Door (1934)
Frances Fights for Herself (1934)
A School for Hearts (1934)
An Unframed Portrait (1935)
A World of Dreams (1935)
The One Who Paid (1935)
As a Man Loves (1936)
The Hidden Gift (1936)
A Leaf Turned Down (1936)
The Heart Line (1936)
The Lamp of Friendship (1936)
The Little Lady (1937)
The Love That Lives (1937)
The One Who Counted (1937)
Her Father's Wish (1937)
The Top of the Tree (1937)

References

External links

1850s births
1936 deaths
Emigrants from colonial Australia to the United Kingdom
19th-century British novelists
20th-century British novelists
Dime novelists
British women novelists


Admiralty Gulf is a gulf in the Kimberley region of Western Australia that opens into the Indian Ocean.

Description
The Gulf is bounded by the Bougainville Peninsula to the north and Bigge Point to the south. The nearest populated place is Kalumburu, located  to the east.

Many islands are found within the Gulf, including Middle Osborn Island, Kingsmill Island, Borda Island and the Montesquieu Islands (including the Low Rocks and Sterna Island Important Bird Area). Two natural harbours are found in the Gulf, Port Warrender and Walmesly Bay.

History
The traditional owners of the areas around the gulf are the Wenamba peoples to the west and the Kambure peoples to the east.

Nicolas Baudin charted Cape Bougainville in 1803 and Cassini Island and was most likely the first European to visit the Gulf.

The coastline around the Gulf was explored by  Philip Parker King aboard Mermaid in 1819 as part of his survey of the area. King named the Gulf along with Port Warrender and Vansittart Bay.

References

Gulfs of Australia
Kimberley (Western Australia)
Bays of Western Australia


Romanticism is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to Romantic studies, focusing on the period 1750–1850. It was established in 1995 and is published by Edinburgh University Press.

External links

Academic journals established in 1995
European history journals
Triannual journals
Edinburgh University Press academic journals
English-language journals


In the Buddha's first discourse, he identifies craving (tanha) as the cause of suffering (dukkha). He then identifies three objects of craving: the craving for existence; the craving for non-existence and the craving for sense pleasures (kama). Kama is identified as one of five hindrances to the attainment of jhana according to the Buddha's teaching. Throughout the Sutta Pitaka the Buddha often compares sexual pleasure to arrows or darts. So in the Kama Sutta (4.1) from the Sutta Nipata the Buddha explains that craving sexual pleasure is a cause of suffering.

The Buddha then goes on to say:

The 'flood' refers to the deluge of human suffering. The 'far shore' is nirvana, a state in which there is no sensual desire.

The meaning of the Kama Sutta is that sensual desire, like any habitual sense pleasure, brings suffering. To lay people the Buddha advised that they should at least avoid sexual misconduct (See Theravada definition below). From the Buddha's full-time disciples, the ordained monks and nuns, strict celibacy (called brahmacarya) had always been required.

Overview
Former Vice President of the Buddhist Society and Chairman of the English Sangha Trust, Maurice Walshe, wrote an essay called 'Buddhism and Sex' in which he presented Buddha's essential teaching on human sexuality and its relationship to the goal (nibbana). The third of the five precepts states:

Kamesu micchacara veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami,

The literal meaning of this statement is, "I undertake the course of training in refraining from wrong-doing in respect of sensuality." Walshe comments,

The Buddha's teaching arises out of a wish for others to be free from dukkha. According to the doctrine he taught, freedom from suffering involves freedom from sexual desires and the training (Pali: sikkha) to get rid of the craving involves to a great extent abstaining from those desires.

Monastic Buddhism
Apart from certain schools in Japan and Tibet, most who choose to practice Buddhism as ordained monks and nuns, also choose to live in celibacy.

Mainstream views
Sex is seen as a serious monastic transgression. Within Theravada Buddhism there are four principal transgressions which entail expulsion from the monastic Sangha: sex, theft, murder, and falsely boasting of superhuman perfections. Sexual misconduct for monks and nuns includes masturbation. In the case of monasticism, abstaining completely from sex is seen as a necessity in order to reach enlightenment. The Buddha's criticism of a monk who broke his celibate vows—without having disrobed first—is as follows:

Japanese Buddhism

Conversely to most tenets of Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist monks were strongly associated to the partaking of pleasure and sexual relationships. Many of them were known to maintain relationships with prostitutes and geishas, often maintaining long term liaisons with them. While those aspects were a popular target of criticism and satire as charge of moral corruption, both "by Japanese who often were ideologically hostile to Buddhism themselves or by Western observers inclined to view Buddhism as an obstacle to Christian missionary success in Japan", as well as other orthodox Buddhists, some adherents to this lifestyle sometimes claimed it to be actually part of their religious practice. As such, there were currents of local esoteric Buddhism, possibly influenced by non-Buddhist folk tradition, that valued sexuality positively.

The Japanese deva Kangiten, a Buddhicized form of the Hindu god Ganesha, was considered sexually symbolic, being represented as dual figures embracing. It received a wide worship, especially among geishas and people in the business of pleasure, and its esoteric sexuality meant its image had to be usually covered from public eyes. The 12th century saw the rise of the infamous Tachikawa-ryu sect, an extreme tantric sex school where human skulls and emission of sexual fluids were used in ritual, for which they were later persecuted and suppressed by mainstream Buddhists. Finally, even in non-tantric Buddhism, influential 15th century monk Ikkyu preached for sex and love as valid ways to reach Enlightenment. He is considered both a heretic and a saint within Zen.

Lay Buddhism
The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts and the Eightfold Path, which say that one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure.  These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct.

Celibacy or Brahmacariya rules pertain only to the Eight precepts  or the  10 monastic precepts.

According to the Theravada traditions there are some statements attributed to Gautama Buddha on the nature of sexual misconduct. In Everyman's Ethics, a collection of four specific suttas compiled and translated by Narada Thera, it is said that adultery is one of four evils the wise will never praise. Within the Anguttara Nikaya on his teachings to Cunda the Silversmith this scope of misconduct is described: "...one has intercourse with those under the protection of father, mother, brother, sister, relatives or clan, or of their religious community; or with those promised to someone else, protected by law, and even with those betrothed with a garland" (etc.- child/underage)

Bhikkhu Nyanamoli has provided an English Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya 41, "He is given over to misconduct in sexual desires: he has intercourse with such (women) as are protected by the mother, father, (mother and father), brother, sister, relatives, as have a husband, as entail a penalty, and also with those that are garlanded in token of betrothal."

Sexual yoga

According to some Tibetan authorities, the physical practice of sexual yoga is necessary at the highest level for the attainment of Buddhahood. The use of sexual yoga is highly regulated. It is only permitted after years of training. The physical practice of sexual yoga is and has historically been extremely rare. A great majority of Tibetans believe that the only proper practice of tantric sex is metaphorically, not physically, in rituals and during meditative visualizations. The dominant Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism holds that sexual yoga as an actual physical practice is the only way to attain Buddhahood in one lifetime. The founder of the sect Tsongkhapa did not, according to tradition, engage in this practice, but instead attained complete enlightenment at the moment of death, that being according to this school the nearest possible without sexual yoga. The school also taught that they are only appropriate for the most elite practitioners, who had directly realized emptiness and who had unusually strong compassion. The next largest school in Tibet, the Nyingma, holds that this is not necessary to achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime. The fourteenth Dalai Lama of the Gelug sect, holds that the practice should only be done as a visualization.

Homosexuality

Among Buddhists there is a wide diversity of opinion about homosexuality. Buddhism teaches that sensual enjoyment and desire in general, and sexual pleasure in particular, are hindrances to enlightenment, and inferior to the kinds of pleasure (see, e.g. pīti, a Pāli word often translated as "rapture") that are integral to the practice of jhāna.  The Buddha Gotama once stated, “Just as rain ruins an ill-thatched hut, passion destroys an ill-trained mind.”

The third of the five precepts admonishes against "sexual misconduct"; however, "sexual misconduct" is a broad term, subject to interpretation according to followers' social norms. Early Buddhism appears to have been silent regarding homosexual relations.

According to the Pāli Canon and Āgama (the Early Buddhist scriptures), there is not any saying that same or opposite sex relations have anything to do with sexual misconduct, and some Theravada monks express that same-sex relations do not violate the rule to avoid sexual misconduct, which means not having sex with someone underage (thus protected by their parents or guardians), someone betrothed or married and who have taken vows of religious celibacy.

Some later traditions feature restrictions on non-vagina sex, though its situations seem involving coerced sex.

Conservative Buddhist leaders like Chan master Hsuan Hua have spoken against the act of homosexuality. Some Tibet Buddhist leaders like the 14th Dalai Lama spoke about the restrictions of how to use your sex organ to insert other's body parts based on Je Tsongkhapa's work.

The situation is different for monastics. For them, the Vinaya (code of monastic discipline) bans all sexual activity, but does so in purely physiological terms, making no moral distinctions among the many possible forms of intercourse.

See also
Buddhist ethics
Religion and sexuality
Tachikawa-ryu
 Buddhist view of marriage
 Buddhism and sexual orientation
 Buddhism and romantic relationships

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Buddhist Sexual Ethics: Main Issues – Alexander Berzin
Buddhist & Western Views on Sex – Alexander Berzin
Thinking through Texts: Toward a Critical Buddhist Theology of Sexuality by José Ignacio Cabezón, Public Lecture, Naropa University, September 23, 2008


Martin Wallace may refer to:

 Martin Wallace (American football) (born 1990), American football player
 Martin Wallace (bishop) (born 1948), Bishop of Selby
 Martin Wallace (game designer), English game designer
 Martin Wallace (soldier) (born 1969), Australian SASR soldier
 Martin Kelso Wallace (1898–1978), Lord Mayor of Belfast
 Martin R. M. Wallace (1829–1902), American Union brevet brigadier general


Valyra ( pronounced Valira) is a small village in southern Greece. Situated on the Peloponnese Peninsula, Valyra was the seat of the Ithomi municipality. Located near the ancient city of Messene, it lies 18 km NW of Kalamata, and about 177 km SW of Athens.

References

Populated places in Messenia
Messini


Digital inheritance is the passing down of digital assets to designated (or undesignated) beneficiaries after a person’s death as part of the estate of the deceased. The process includes understanding what digital assets exist and navigating the rights for heirs to access and use those digital assets after a person has died.

Digital media play an increasingly important role in life. The media in which a digital inheritance resides can be fully owned by the deceased or under the control of a proprietary service provider. In contrast with physical assets, digital assets are ephemeral and subject to constant change. There are currently many obstacles to successful digital inheritance processes, as estate laws and privacy laws are still catching up with the way modern life is spent in the digital realm. Issues center around user privacy, intellectual property rights, and the legal liability of online corporations. With the average person having numerous online accounts, digital inheritance has become a complex issue.

Large online service providers are increasingly offering options for users to make decisions on what happens to their data, and who can access it, in the event of their death.

Digital inheritance processes can encourage the preservation of digital content that provides both sentimental value to descendants of the deceased and informational value to society's digital heritage.

Overview
Digital inheritance is the passing down of digital assets to designated (or undesignated) beneficiaries after a person’s death as part of the estate of the deceased. What was traditionally passed down as physical assets – analog materials such as letters, financial paperwork, photographs, or books – now exist for many people almost entirely in digital form as email, online banking, digital photos, or e-books. In contrast with physical assets, digital assets are ephemeral and subject to constant threats of data corruption, format obsolescence, or licensing restrictions and proprietary control.

Digital media can be physically owned, such as those stored on personal computers, hard drives, or optical discs, in which case the digital content exists on a format which can easily be bequeathed and passed down to heirs. A growing majority of digital content and interactions, however, are stored in an online environment and not owned by the individual but by the company providing the online service or product. Examples of this include the online services provided by large corporations such as Google, Apple, Microsoft and Facebook. With the average person having 150 online accounts that require a password, digital inheritance has become a complex legal and ethical issue. Legal conflicts surrounding digital inheritance center around questions of intellectual property rights, user privacy, and estate law.

Digital estate and digital assets

The term digital estate refers to the inheritable digital assets included in a person’s estate. This must include the digital media itself as well as the rights to have control over that media. A person’s digital assets may be digital media that a person owns outright or has the rights to use according to a terms of service agreement. Assets may be stored either online or offline and include online accounts, any form of writing, images and other created static or dynamic content, or any digital content that has economic value. They may include sensitive information, such as banking and medical records, or shared information, such as social media contacts or forums. In contrast with physical assets, digital assets, particularly those stored online, are always vulnerable to change or deletion.

Two principal issues arise over a person's digital estate. First, the inheritability of the digital content must be determined. Only digital content for which the deceased holds the copyright may be passed down to an inheritor. There is a distinction in law between full ownership and right-to-use licenses such as in software, digital music, film and books and there is legal precedent for denying resale or bequest of these. Second, the heir or administrator of an estate must be able to access the content. This sometimes means navigating any online contracts or service providers’ terms of service agreements regarding their policies on user privacy and user death.

Obstacles to digital inheritance
Estate laws and privacy laws do not yet fully address the challenges presented by the ubiquitous nature of modern life in the digital world. Online service providers, such as those for social media sites, email, and cloud storage services, use terms of service agreements to outline their privacy policies. These are then used in arguments against providing family members access to a deceased user's account. One legal argument makes a distinction between the ownership of an online account and the content that is created on that account: content created by a user, regardless of the platform it is created or displayed on, constitutes that user's intellectual property and should thus be considered inheritable as a digital asset.

In the United States, online service providers craft their terms of service agreements to remain compliant with the Stored Communications Act (SCA). Originally passed in 1986, the SCA sought to protect communication privacy by prohibiting service providers from disclosing a customer's electronically stored content to a third party. This includes potential beneficiaries of a digital estate.

Contracts
Contracts with service providers may be automatically terminated (by the terms of service) when a customer dies. This may mean that there is no right for heirs to access that data. This is compounded by the fact that many digital assets are only granted with non-transferable rights of use. For example, both Amazon and Apple only offer their digital products with single user rights. This means that digital products bought through such services can only be used by the purchaser, and cannot be passed on.

Proposed solutions
Many solutions to the obstacles faced by digital inheritance have been proposed. One possible solution in the United States calls for a revision to the SCA allowing an exemption for digital estate beneficiaries. This would create less liability for online service providers and allow them to grant a beneficiary access to a deceased user's account as an authorized third party. Another possible solution would be an entirely new federal law regulating the handling of digital assets after death, in which the designated administrator of an estate would receive full access to the deceased user's online accounts. As estate law has traditionally been relegated to states, however, a proposed federal law would be a significant departure from current practice. A third possible solution proposes that online service providers present users with a list of options upon sign-up regarding the disposition of the user's content in case of death. This option would allow users to choose whether or not they desire their content to be preserved and to whom they would grant access, accommodating their right to privacy.

Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act
As a response to the lack of both federal and state laws concerning digital inheritance, in 2015 the Uniform Law Commission released the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA). This piece of legislation seeks to balance the interests of digital estate administrators and the privacy concerns of internet account users and service providers. The RUFADAA stipulates that a personal representative (estate administrator, fiduciary, or conservator) of an online account user has the right to access the user's electronic communications if the user had consented to this disclosure either via an online tool (such as Facebook's Legacy Contact feature or Google's Inactive Account Manager) or in a will. If neither of these forms of user consent are on file, an online service provider's terms of service agreement remains in effect and the provider has the right to deny a fiduciary access to electronic communications. As of 2021, 47 states have enacted the RUFADAA.

Benefits of digital inheritance
A successfully implemented digital inheritance process has both personal and societal benefits which highlight the concept's importance. In the personal realm, family members' ability to access or receive copies of their deceased loved one's online content, such as social media profiles, blogs, and emails, has real sentimental value and can aid in the grieving process just as much as a person's physical objects. Additionally, any digital content that produced economic value for the original user may continue to do so if passed on to the user's heir(s).

Digital inheritance also has beneficial implications for the preservation of society's digital heritage. The passing on of digital estates necessitates that the content of digital assets be preserved either as copies or in its original functioning environment for an heir to receive. Digital inheritance therefore encourages proper digital preservation practices rather than allowing the content of deceased users to be abandoned and/or eventually deleted. Future generations will then be able to have a better understanding of this society's digital landscape.

Practicalities

Digital estate plans
One method of ensuring that a digital inheritance is handled legally and comprehensively is to create a digital estate plan. This can be an informal plan or legally incorporated into a will. The practical approach to is to keep a regular backup of digital assets in a secure place and appoint a single person who will postmortem deal with the assets. An up-to-date list of passwords to online accounts would be essential, as well as determining how each online account provider handles data access after a user's death.

Password managers
There are several services that securely store passwords, sending them to designated people after a user's death. Some of these send the customer an email from time to time, prompting to confirm that that person is still alive. Failure to respond to multiple emails makes the service provider assume that the person is deceased and they will disclose the passwords as previously requested. A company may require two verifiers who both must confirm the death, as well as providing a death certificate, before any passwords will be disclosed.

Digital inheritance services
There are services that facilitate passing social accounts and digital cryptocurrencies to the beneficiaries after one's passing. They allow users to connect their social accounts, file storage services, and bitcoin wallets to one "vault". The upside of such an approach is that no additional transfer of assets is necessary since transfer is happening on the connected service provider's side, thus keeping risks to the minimum.

Social media
Social media services have policies and processes to confirm the identity and death of a deceased user.

Twitter does not allow access to deceased user profiles. They will, however, deactivate an account for someone who is "authorized to act on the behalf of the estate, or with a verified immediate family member of the deceased" provides the user's death certificate and their own government-issued ID.

It is Facebook's policy to automatically memorialize a profile if they are made a aware of a user's death. Only verified immediate family members of the deceased may request that the account be fully deleted. If a user would like to decide what happens to their account upon their death, they have two options. In account settings, they can choose to have their account automatically deleted after death, or set up a legacy contact who will have the ability to manage their memorialized page. Facebook will not provide an account's login information to either a legacy contact or a family member.

Both Facebook and Twitter have been prey to hoax celebrity death announcements and memorial pages, as well as being entangled in legal battles for the rights to access a departed loved one's social profiles, leading to the need for official action and processes.

Google's tool for navigating user death is the Inactive Account Manager. Using this feature, a user can specify a trusted contact that will receive a notification if the user's account has been inactive for a specified amount of time. The user can also decide which data they would like their trusted contact to receive download access to. If a user has not set up a trusted contact in Inactive Account Manager prior to their death, Google will work with families on a case-by-case basis if data from the deceased user's account is requested.

Apple users can add a legacy contact to their Apple ID (this is a new feature included with iOS 15.2, iPadOS 15.2, and macOS 12.1). A legacy contact can access all data stored on a user's iCloud account for up to three years, after which the user's account is deleted. Legacy contacts cannot access any licensed media, in-app purchases, or payment and password information.

LinkedIn has a process for removing or memorializing the profiles of deceased members. The request may be initiated by someone with legal authority to act on behalf of the deceased and who has the proper documentation. Non-authorized individuals may simply report a user as deceased.

Memorials
A digital estate memorial employs a combination of digital technology, including online memorials, for the benefit of the descendant's estate using various forms of communication, data storage and messaging to continue the legacy of the deceased as years progress.  This includes services designed to continue contact with descendants with instructions or greetings from the passed.  Some organizations ensure that digital inheritance will be protected in the event new technology emerges over periods of generational succession.  This would include new applications of the digital inheritance lifestream as technological systems develop.

See also
 Death and the internet
 Executor
 Literary executor
 Online identity
 Trustee
 Will (law)

References

Computer law
Digital rights
Inheritance
Digital preservation


Dojlidy Gorne is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok. It was incorporated into the city limits in 2006. Formerly, it was a village of the same name. The etymology of the name comes from Lithuanian word – dailidė (carpenter).

Districts of Białystok


Engstler Motorsport is a private German auto racing team based in Wiggensbach, run by driver Franz Engstler. It has competed successfully in the Asian Touring Car Championship and the ADAC Procar Series. It is sponsored by lubricants company Liqui Moly and known officially as Liqui Moly Team Engstler.

World Touring Car Championship

BMW 320i (2005, 2007)
The team made its World Touring Car Championship debut in the end of season 2005 Guia Race of Macau, with two BMW 320is for Hong Kong driver Paul Poon and New Zealander Peter Scharmach. While Poon failed to qualify for the race, Scharmach finished 16th in the first race, but retired in the second.

The team returned to the WTCC at Macau two years later, running three 320is for Franz Engstler, Andrei Romanov and David Louie. They finished 19th, 24th and 25th respectively in the first race, while in the second race Engstler came home 16th, while Romanov and Louie retired. Having only competed in the final event the team still managed to finish seventh in the independent team's trophy.

BMW 320si (2008–2010)
Engstler and Romanov competed full-time in 2008 in BMW 320sis, with Engstler scoring three points in the Overall Championship, finishing second in the Independent's Trophy, with Romanov finishing fifth. Japan's Masaki Kano competed in an older 320i model in the final two rounds of the series. The team finished second in the independent team's standings behind fellow BMW team Proteam Motorsport.

Dane Kristian Poulsen was brought in to race alongside Franz Engstler in 2009.  Engstler was leading at the end of the first lap of the second race at the Race of France when he and the safety car collided, taking him out of the race. For the Race of UK and Race of Germany, the team ran a third car for ADAC Procar Series champion Philip Geipel. Macanese driver Henry Ho made his series debut with the team at the Race of Japan while Kano returned for the race. The team ran five cars at the Race of Macau, Engstler, Poulsen and Ho were joined by series debutants Alex Liu and Jo Merszei.

Engstler was paired with Romanov for the full 2010 World Touring Car Championship season. Romanov was unable to attend the Race of UK and was replaced by SEAT León Eurocup driver Tim Coronel. The team ran an additional car at the Race of Japan for Yoshihiro Ito, they then ran two extra cars alongside Engstler and Romanov at the Race of Macau for Kano and Merszei.

BMW 320 TC and BMW 320si (2011–present)
The team ran the new BMW 320 TC chassis for the 2011 season with team owner Franz Engstler being paired with Kristian Poulsen who returned to the team after a year driving for his own team. Poulsen took the team's first podium finish in race two of the Race of Italy went he finished third behind Robert Huff and Yvan Muller. Engstler then took his and the team's first WTCC victory in race two of their home race. Formula D driver Charles Ng joined the team for the Race of Japan where he drove an older BMW 320si. Fabio Fabiani took over the third car for the Race of China having moved across from Proteam Racing while Charles Ng moving to DeTeam KK Motorsport. Fabiani wrapped up the Jay–Ten Trophy for drivers in natural aspirated cars in China while the team secured the independent team's trophy title. Fabiani was replaced for the Race of Macau by local driver Jo Merszei. Poulsen secured the Yokohama Independent Drivers' Trophy title.

Team Engstler entered the 2012 World Touring Car Championship season with team owner Engstler as their first driver. Charles Ng was later confirmed in their second car for the full season having joined to the team for the Race of Japan the previous season. Masaki Kano joined the team for the Race of Japan, driving a naturally aspirated BMW 320si. Alex Liu then took over the car for the Race of China. At the season finale in Macau, Merszei raced the team's third car.

The team returned to the WTCC for the 2013 season, retaining their lineup of Engstler and Ng.

Results

World Touring Car Championship

World Touring Car Cup

ADAC Formula 4

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

References

External links

Auto racing teams in Germany
World Touring Car Championship teams
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams
ADAC GT Masters teams
TCR International Series teams
TCR Asia Series teams
Honda in motorsport
International GT Open teams


Events in the year 1757 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Frederick V

Events
Kongsberg School of Mines was established.

Arts and literature

Births
Syvert Amundsen Eeg, farmer and politician (died 1838)

Deaths

See also

References


Supreme Court of Judicature Act (with its variations) is a stock short title which was formerly used for legislation in the United Kingdom relating to the Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales and the court of the same name for Ireland.

The Bill for an Act with this short title may have been known as a Supreme Court of Judicature Bill, or as a Judicature Bill during its passage through Parliament.

These Acts have since been superseded for Northern Ireland by the Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978 (c. 23) and for England and Wales by the Supreme Court Act 1981 (c. 54) (now renamed as the Senior Courts Act 1981).

List

England and Wales
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict. c. 66)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 77)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict. c. 9)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Officers) Act 1879 (42 & 43 Vict. c. 78)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1881 (44 & 45 Vict. c. 68)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1884 (47 & 48 Vict. c. 61)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 44)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (London Clauses) Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. 14)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. 53)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Procedure) Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 16)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 6)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1902 (2 Edw. 7 c. 31)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1910 (10 Edw. 7 & 1 Geo. 5 c. 12)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5 c. 49)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1935 (25 & 26 Geo. 5 c. 2)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1937 (1 & 2 Geo. 6 c. 2)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1938 (1 & 2 Geo. 6 c. 67)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1944 (7 & 8 Geo. 6 c. 9)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Circuit Officers) Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6 c. 78)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1948 (11 & 12 Geo. 6 c. 20)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2 c. 39)

Ireland
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877 (40 & 41 Vict. c. 57)
The Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877 Amendment Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 27)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 70)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Act 1887 (50 & 51 Vict. c. 6)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Amendment Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 27)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Act 1897 (60 & 61 Vict. c. 17)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) (No. 2) Act 1897 (60 & 61 Vict. c. 66)
The Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7 c. 44)

See also
Appellate Jurisdiction Act
Judicature Act
List of short titles

Lists of legislation by short title
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom


Waterford City Library, also known as the Central Library, is a public library in Waterford, Ireland.  It was the first to be built of Ireland's many Carnegie libraries. The philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, who had previously opened libraries in Scotland and the US, himself laid the foundation stone in 1903.

Architecture
The classical-style building was constructed on a corner site using Kilkenny limestone.  It is a protected structure. In 2004 the library was reopened after having been renovated for its centenary.

Exhibition
Images of the library were featured at the Venice Biennale of Architecture of 2008.
The title of the exhibition in question, "Lives of Spaces", was intended to elicit multiple interpretations, "suggesting that, while spaces can contain many lives, they can equally live many lives themselves".

See also
Carnegie went on to fund four more libraries in County Waterford:
Ballyduff,
Cappoquin,
Lismore
Tallow

References

External links
 http://www.waterfordcity.ie/library/centrallibrary.htm

Buildings and structures in Waterford (city)
Carnegie libraries in Ireland
Libraries in the Republic of Ireland
Library buildings completed in 1904
20th-century architecture in the Republic of Ireland
Libraries established in 1904


Mark Boswell is the founder and leading theorist of the NOVA-KINO experimental cinema movement.

Born 1960 in Asheville, North Carolina, Boswell studied film, film theory, and art history in Switzerland, France, Germany and the Florida Space Coast from 1984–1992. He co-founded the Alliance Film/Video Cooperative in 1993 (with William Keddell) and the Anti Film Festival in 1994. Some of his most widely screened films are Unknown Unknown(s), (2009) USSA: Secret Manual of the Soviet Politburger, (2001) Agent Orange, the feature film The Subversion Agency (2004) and the documentary 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero.

For many years Boswell has taught at the San Francisco Art Institute, The Ringling College of Art and Design, Florida, and the Pratt Institute in New York. He was awarded the 2004 International Media Art Award from The ZKM Museum in Karlsruhe Germany for his film The End of Copenhagen. KultKino, Boswell's five minute 1997 experimental short film, was included in the 1999 Venice Biennale. He has also lectured internationally on agit-prop cinema at the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, the Wolfsonian/FIU Museum Of Propaganda in Miami Beach, the Magis Film Conference in Italy, and the Ruskin College of Art at Oxford University, England. During the mid-nineties he edited numerous projects for Doris Wishman during the last phase of her career in Miami Beach.

Cinematic Style

Boswell’s work is sometimes noted for its elliptical montage structure featuring a wild concoction of appropriated film materials coupled with his own production footage. Another aspect of this process is his usage of subtitles over original scenes from iconic films that leads toward an entirely different storyline.

During the 2009 Cambridge Film Festival in England the British film critic Laura J Smith wrote: He refers to his work as “Nova-Kino” a pertinent cinematic theory for filmmakers and media artists alike who, as Boswell describes, “utilise found footage as source material to be re-edited or re-animated, giving radical rebirth or second life in their reconstructed state.” A vital element of Nova-Kino is “the usage of critical, political, and other highly charged points of view embedded within the structure of the work that challenge hegemonic power structures at large or in more specific realms.” By no accident, these aesthetics are undeniably similar to those of Agit-Prop cinema, which Boswell labels “the eternal bi-product of the Russian Revolution.”

In Helsinki 2003 during the Avanto Festival, for the European premiere of his first feature film"The Subversion Agency" – the Finnish film critic Manu Haapalainen wrote: The black and white film feels and looks like a version of Francis Ford Coppola's "The Conversation", set in Cuba, directed by Jean-Luc Godard and scripted by William Burroughs. The film's intricate and non-linear plot has to do with the adventures of an American arms dealer in a perplexing country called K-Zone. K-Zone is like a cross between Cuba and a kind of socialist America imaginable only in an alternative reality. "The Subversion Agency" is an extremely stylish work on the level of both image and sound. The aged, grainy archival material has been allowed to dictate the visual look of the whole film. The soundtrack of "The Subversion Agency" is chock full of something resembling electronic music, hissing sounds, beeps and interferences. The film's narrative is repeatedly interrupted by auditive and visual discontinuities and disturbances. The experience is voyeuristic and somewhat enigmatic.

Nova-Kino Manifesto

Nova-Kino is an experimental cinematic movement with departure points from the Russian twenties, film noir, situationism, the classical avant-garde, and post-modern appropriationist theory. The movement is blatantly left with variations of classical anarchism, situationism and Marxist paranoia of unrestrained capitalism.
Nova-Kino is a technologically advanced medium that incorporates digital, celluloid, analog, and pseudo-redundant motion picture technologies that en somme, actualize the free market mantra of "the democratization of technology."
Nova-Kino's fire-brand critique of Capitalism, Americanism, and Technotopia will make its acceptance into the traditional venues of exhibition, distribution, and production DIFFICULT - but not impossible.
Nova-Kino is an investigation into the political structure of the past, present, and future. It does not operate under any sequential formula. Therefore, it is a Buddhist attack on the narrative structure of History. However, unlike the old guard/avant-garde, Nova-Kino wholeheartedly embraces the telling of "stories." Nova-Kino is therefore the simultaneous raconteur of the past and prophet of the present.
Nova-Kino does not recognize the traditional property rights of the West. More specifically, the further Hollywood advances its tautological consumerism on Society, the further WE attack! Nova-Kino is like an Indian Casino; paradoxical, autonomous, and ultimately wise...

Filmography
 Nova Conspiracy (currently in post-production)
 Trust, But Verify (2016)
 Boswell on T.V. (2013)
 Royal Flush (2011)
 Unknown Unknown(s) (2009)
 The St.Petersburg Paradox (2007)
 The End of Copenhagen (2004)
 The Subversion Agency (2003)
 Deep Blue (2003)
 Stars & Stripes Forever (2003) Music Video Collaboration with experimental electronic group Matmos (Matador Records)
 Agent Orange (2002)
 USSA: Secret Manual of the Soviet Politburger (2001)
 The Life and Times of Harry D.Boswell (2001)
 Liquidation of the Wild West (2000)
 Golf Caddies and Madness (2000)
 Galaxie 500 (1999)
 Rausch & Burn (1999)
 Vast Floridias (1999)
 Maintenance (1998)
 KultKIno (1997)
 The Memory Corporation (1996)
 State Sponsored Cinema (1995)
 Words Eat Death (1994)
 The Football Man (1993)
 The Job (or) the Home Movies of V.I. Lenin (1992)
 Mongoloid (1992)

Gallery

References

External links
 16 BEAVER GROUP

American cinematographers
American art educators
Living people
1960 births
Artists from Asheville, North Carolina
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
Pratt Institute faculty


Linda Mary MacWhinney (; 1 July 1888 – 5 June 1951) was an Irish nurse and Fianna Fáil politician.

Early life
Born in Cloonagh, Dromard, County Sligo, she was one of eight children born to Thomas and Catherine "Nora" (née Clarke) Kearns. From 1907, she studied and trained to be a nurse. She had not been interested in nationalism or republicanism prior to the Easter Rising and had intended to serve as a nurse in France during World War I until a chance meeting with Thomas MacDonagh changed her mind and radicalised her.

Easter Rising
Two days after the insurgents seized the Dublin GPO during the Easter Rising in April 1916, Kearns, a nurse, took over an empty building on North Great George's Street. She hung a Red Cross flag above the door and welcomed casualties of the fighting, from both sides of the conflict. However, as she had treated republican volunteers during the uprising, the British Army ordered Kearns to close her unofficial hospital. She did so, with great reluctance.

After the Rising

She realised she had skills that could be useful in times of war. After the Rising she went into private nursing. She was the nurse to the O'Connor Morris family in Tullamore and traveled extensively with them. After Maurice O'Connor Morris's death on 11 February 1916, he left Linda an inheritance of £2,500. She was able to purchase a car, which would later come in useful during the Irish War of Independence when she worked as a courier for Michael Collins transporting information and sometimes arms. Her status as a nurse helped her evade detection until she was caught in November 1920 in Sligo transporting firearms. The county inspector reported her arrest as follows:

In a statement to the Bureau of Military History in 1950, Kearns alleged she was badly beaten during her arrest by a Black and Tan Officer, so much so she suffered permanent damage to her teeth. She was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. She served time in a number of Irish prisons before being sent to Walton Prison in Liverpool, where she went on hunger strike.

From there she was sent to Mountjoy Prison. In October 1921, she famously escaped from Mountjoy Jail with three other women, Mae Burke, Eileen Keogh, and Eithne Coyle. The escape had been personally arranged by Michael Collins, and it made international headlines, featuring in the New York Times on 31 October 1921 under the heading "Four Women Break Jail".

Following their escape, Kearns and her fellow escapees split up and were taken to individual safe houses. However, they were each visited by a man calling himself Seamus Burke, who had previously visited them in Mountjoy claiming to be an IRA man, and were told they needed to be regrouped. The four were not long back together when they were notified in a message from Michael Collins that Seamus Burke was, in fact, a British spy who was trying to regroup them so that they could all be re-arrested together. They were ordered to immediately move to an IRA training camp in Duckett's Grove, County Carlow. The four women remained there until the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Her memoir, In Times of Peril, leaves from the Diary of Nurse Linda Kearns from Easter Week 1916 to Mountjoy 1921 was edited by Annie M.P. Smithson in 1922.

In 1924–25, she conducted a successful fundraising tour of Australia on behalf of Republican causes.

Linda Kearns was one of five women elected to the executive of Fianna Fail when it was formed in 1926.

She was elected to Seanad Éireann on the Industrial and Commercial Panel in April 1938. She was defeated at the Seanad election of August 1938.

Personal life
She married Wilson Charles MacWhinney in 1929. MacWhinney was formerly a Commanding Officer in Derry Brigade IRA during the war of Independence before moving to Dublin in 1924. Together they had one daughter, Ann, in 1930.

See also
List of members of the Oireachtas imprisoned during the Irish revolutionary period

References

External links
In times of peril: leaves from the diary of Nurse Linda Kearns from Easter week, 1916, to Mountjoy, 1921, edited by Annie M.P. Smithson, held at Villanova University's Falvey Memorial Library.

1888 births
1951 deaths
Fianna Fáil senators
Irish nurses
Members of the 2nd Seanad
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Politicians from County Sligo
Politicians from County Dublin
Women in war in Ireland
Health professionals from County Sligo
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators


Gerhard August Schneider (6 January 1842 – 14 January 1873) was a Norwegian artist and illustrator  of folk tales.

Biography
(Gerhard) August Schneider was born in Flekkefjord in the county of Vest-Agder, Norway.
He was educated from Stavanger Cathedral School in 1860. The family's career choice for him was to study medicine at the University of Christiania (Oslo), but by making illustrations for weekly magazines, he spent more time on art than on the medical program at the University. After his father died he interrupted and ended his medicine studies, and through a competition in 1867, he won a free scholarship at Johan Fredrik Eckersberg’s School of Art in Christiania. With a grant from Schäffer's endowment August Schneider continued his art studies at the Academy in Copenhagen, as a pupil of Frederik Vermehren from 1868 to 1870, and from 1870 until his death at age 31 the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, Belgium.

Schneider's illustrations and informative articles made him a sought-after contributor to magazines, especially Illustreret Nyhedsblad, and occasionally for Skilling-Magazin, Norsk Folkeblad, Almuevennen and Danish publication, Illustreret Tidende.  From 1863until 1868 he was permanent illustrator in the witty magazine Vikingen. His drawings were printed after xylography, and had often a political focus. Schneider was a habile portrait painter too.

Schneider made several trips to the valley of Setesdal and was touched by cultural traditions in the valley. He proved himself an accomplished painter of folk life and customs, leaving a rich sketchbook.  His main contribution to art was his drawings for P. Chr. Asbjørnsen's Norske Huldre-Eventyr og Folkesagn (1879), and later editions. His illustrations for fairy tales and legends were developed in discussions with the tale collector and publisher Asbjørnsen himself, and built upon studies of peasants, house construction and his own collection of oral tales in Setesdal.

References

Bibliography

Peter Christen Asbjørnsen: Norske Folke-Eventyr. Ny Samling. (Med Bidrag fra Jørgen Moes Reiser og Optegnelser.) Jacob Dybwad. Christiania 1871.
Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe: Norske Folke- og Huldre-Eventyr i Udvalg. Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag (F. Hegel & Søn). Kjøbenhavn 1879.
Erik Henning Edvardsen: Kvitebjørn kong Valemon 1. Gerhard August Schneider – arkitekten bak norske evnetyrillustrasjoner. Norsk Folkeminnelags skrifter nr. 155. Aschehoug. . Oslo 2005.
Erik Henning Edvardsen: Kvitebjørn kong Valemon 2. Gerhard August Schneider – den illustrerte eventyrutgaven som aldri utkom. Norsk Folkeminnelags skrifter nr. 157. Aschehoug. . Oslo 2007.
Erik Henning Edvardsen: Kvitebjørn kong Valemon 3. Gerhard August Schneider – Setesdals folkloristiske oppdager. Norsk Folkeminnelags skrifter nr. 163. Aschehoug. Oslo 2010. .
Alfred Sinding-Larsen: "Gerhard August Schneider. Med hans tegning til Eventyret 'Gutten og Fanden'". In: Ny illustreret Tidende No. 7. Christiania 15. Februar 1874, p. 51.

1842 births
1873 deaths
19th-century Norwegian painters
Realist painters
Collectors of fairy tales
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
19th-century Norwegian writers
19th-century Norwegian male writers
Norwegian male painters
People from Flekkefjord
19th-century Norwegian male artists


Ribes lobbii (known commonly by the names gummy gooseberry, fuchsia-flowered gooseberry or pioneer gooseberry) is a shrubby, deciduous, shade-intolerant perennial dicot found on the western coast of North America. It was first described in 1876 by Asa Gray. The specific epithet was a dedication to the English plant collector William Lobb.

Description
Ribes lobbii is a deciduous, loosely branched shrub, about half a meter to one meter (20–40 inches) in height. Its stems are spreading, finely hairy, generally having three slender nodal spines, 7–12 mm long. It has bark that starts out brown, changing to a deep greyish-red later.

Leaves
The leaves of R. lobbii are borne on smooth stalks. Each leaf is 1.3–2.6 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, alternate, ovate, shallowly heart-shaped at the base, shallowly cleft and deeply toothed, with 3–5 rounded lobes. The upper surface is tacky and glabrous (or very sparsely haired); the lower surface is somewhat tomentous and glandular.

Flowers
Ribes lobbii develops its flowers in early summer.

They are arranged as inflorescences of one or two flowers in a nodding raceme on stalks that are shorter than the leaves. Each flower's stalk is 1.5–2 mm in length, densely bristled and glandular. The white or light-pink petals are 4–6 mm long, broad and fanlike, and curl back away from the flower-face, and towards the flower stem. The flower's hypanthium is typically 3.5–5.5 mm long, and shaped like a narrow bell. The anthers extend well beyond petals. The calyces are red and hairy, with 10–13 mm long lobes that are oblong and narrow, coming to a point. The styles are smooth, fusing to just below or just above the middle, about running equal to the stamens.

Fruits
The fruits of R. lobbii are 12–15 mm long, round to elliptic berries. They are reddish-brown, roughly bristled, glandular and edible.

Habitat
R. lobbii prefers mesic to dry streambanks, rock outcrops, open woodlands and forests in the lowland and montane zones. It is more frequent in the drier, Pacific portion of its range where it is often a characteristic plant, rather than in the wetter Cordilleran, where it can be locally rare. It thrives in the maritime to submaritime, cool mesothermal climates on very dry to moderately dry, soils of moderate nitrogen content. It is sporadic or scattered in early-seral communities and open-canopy Douglas-fir forests on watersheds.

Range and distribution
Gummy gooseberries are distributed sporadically throughout the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (Siskiyou Mountains, eastern Columbia Gorge, Crater Lake National Park, Mount Rainier National Park, Olympic National Park) and British Columbia in Canada preferring forests and meadows of foothills and subalpine zones.

In British Columbia, Canada, it is locally common on the Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island (particularly in the southern half of the island).

It is found in the state of Washington in Wahkiakum, Skamania, Klickitat, Kittitas, Chelan, Pierce, Thurston and Clallam counties.

In Oregon it has been found in the coastal counties of Curry, Douglas, and Lane; and in the adjacent or nearby counties of Josephine, Jackson, Klamath, Benton, Linn, Jefferson, Marion, Wasco, Yamhill, Hood River, Multnomah and Columbia.

In California, it is native to the northern coastal coniferous and red fir forests in Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino counties; deeper inland to Siskiyou, Trinity to Shasta and Glenn counties. Few samples have been located in Lake, Colusa and Modoc counties.

References

External links
  Jepson Manual treatment: Ribes lobbii
 Pacific Northwest Flowers, Gallery of Ribes lobbii pictures

lobbii
Flora of British Columbia
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Plants described in 1876
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Romantic Circles is an academic peer-reviewed website dedicated to the study of Romantic literature and culture, featuring online editions of many texts of the Romantic era, as well as essays devoted to Romantic literature, culture, and theory.

Romantic Circles is published by the University of Colorado, Boulder and supported, in part, by the Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities (MITH), and the English Departments of Loyola University of Chicago and the University of Maryland.

History
Romantic Circles was officially launched in November 1996 by general editors Neil Fraistat, Steven E. Jones, Donald Reiman, and Carl Stahmer.

Sections
Of its core peer-reviewed content, Romantic Circles, as of March 2015, housed 38 critically edited electronic editions of literary works, 56 volumes of criticism in its Praxis Series, 5 volumes in its Romantic Pedagogy Commons series, 22 research resources in its Scholarly Resources section, and a section of 275 digitally curated images associated with the Romantic era in The Gallery.

The site is broken up into several main sections:
 Electronic Editions:  A searchable archive of texts of the Romantic era. Each editionis peer-reviewed. The section is edited by Tilar Mazzeo.
 Praxis Series (): Uses computer technologies to investigate critically the languages, cultures, histories, and theories of Romanticism.
Romanticist scholarship. The section is edited by Orrin N.C. Wang.
 Scholarly Resources: Offers online research tools for the study of the Romantics, their contemporaries, and their cultural contexts. Includes Bibliographies, Indexes and Concordances,  and other miscellaneous resources.
 Pedagogies: Includes a peer-reviewed journal Romantic Pedagogy Commons, a "Teaching Romanticism" blog (edited by Katherine Singer), as well as online syllabi, a MOO, and other teaching resources.
 Reviews & Receptions: Offers reviews of key works of scholarship related to the Romantic period. Edited by Suzanne L. Barnett, Alex Gatten, Leonora Hanson, and Ross Wilson
 Romantic Circles Blog: Provides "News, notes, and announcements from the RC Community"
 The Gallery: A curated gallery of Romantic-era images.

Honours
 The site has been recognised by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) as one of the best 21 sites on the Internet for education in the humanities.
 The United States Library of Congress has selected Romantic Circles for inclusion in its historic collections of Internet materials. Over time, the web archiving team will make Romantic Circles available to researchers both onsite at library facilities and though the library's public website.

Current general editors
 Paul Youngquist and Orrin N.C. Wang.

References

External links

American literature websites


Dongshan District () was a former district in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China located to the west of Tianhe District and the east of Yuexiu District. It was the political and cultural centre of Guangdong Province and noted for its high-quality education. The district was established in 1960, then merged with Yuexiu District in 2005.

References

1960 establishments in China
2008 disestablishments in China
States and territories established in 1960
States and territories disestablished in 2008
Yuexiu District
Former districts of Guangzhou


Lee Kang-Min (born August 29, 1985) is a South Korean football player.

In 2007, he joined Korea National League side Gangneung City FC. In gangneung, he played 35 games and scored 6 goals.

On November 20, 2008, Gangwon was called Lee as extra order at 2009 K-League Draft.

Club career statistics

Honours

Club
Chuncheon FC
Challengers League
Runners-up : 2012

Individual
KFA Challengers League player of the Year: 2012

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Gangneung Citizen FC players
Gangwon FC players
Korea National League players
K League 1 players
K3 League players
Kyung Hee University alumni
Men's association football midfielders


The diopter is an aperture sight component used to assist the aiming of devices, mainly firearms, airguns, and crossbows. It is found in particular as a rear sight element on rifles.

To obtain a usable sighting line the diopter has to have a complementing front sight element.

Diopter and globe sighting lines are commonly used in ISSF match rifle shooting events.

Diopter rear sight

The diopter is in principle a vertically and horizontally (elevation and windage) adjustable occluder with a small hole (aperture), and is placed close in front of the shooter's aiming eye. Through this small hole the shooter can view the front sight component(s) and the intended target.
The typical occluder used in target shooting diopters is a disc of about  in diameter with a small hole in the middle.

The small diopter viewing opening ensures the shooter's eye is very precisely and consistently centered behind the diopter sight. The diopter sight is easy to use and usually allows for very accurate aiming, because a relative long sighting line can be used. A long sighting line helps to reduce eventual angle errors and will, in case the sight has an incremental adjustment mechanism, adjust in smaller increments when compared to a further identical shorter sighting line.

Principle

The "diopter sight effect" is achieved when looking through an aperture opening of approximately  or less, and happens due to an optical phenomenon (edge effects) resulting in the light passing through being parallelized similar to how a collimated lens would. Because of this optical effect the front sight will also appear more steady, even though the shooter moves the head in a way such that the sighting eye moves sideways relative to the rear sight. Also, the depth of field is increased so that both the sights and shooting target will appear sharp at the same time which further simplifies the aiming process.

The parallax distance of a diopter sight is effectively adjusted to be the same as the sight distance. For example, with a distance of  between the front and rear sight, the sighting system is effectively parallax adjusted to a distance of  in front of the rear sight. However, since the diopter hole is small, the aiming eye will be relatively well centered, and the parallax error will be relatively small in practice. There will be almost no parallax error if the eye and front globe sight are near perfectly centered through the diopter. In comparison, the parallax error on aperture sights with larger openings can increase quickly if the eye is not well centered in the rear sight. A parallax error of just  at  corresponds to an impact change of  at .

A rear sight with a larger aperture than  is not strictly a diopter sight, but nonetheless is still often (incorrectly) referred to as such. With larger aperture sights the shooter must make a conscious effort to center the eye in the rear sight for precise aiming. A true diopter sight (aperture below 1.2 mm) however has the advantage that the shooter does not have to concentrate on eye and rear sight alignment for precision aiming, and therefore the sighting process is reduced to only aligning the front sight to the target.

Aperture sights (both diopter and non-diopter) require being placed close to the aiming eye, while open sights have to be placed at least 30 cm away from the eye to in order to appear sharp.

Modern target sight setups
Typical modern target shooting diopters offer windage and elevation correction in increments of  at  (which equals 0.02 to 0.04 mrad or ≈ 0.069 to 0.172 MOA). Some ISSF (Olympic) shooting events require this precision level for sight adjustment since the score of the top competitors (last) shots series is expressed in 0.1s of scoring ring points.

High-end target shooting diopters normally accept accessories like:
Rubber eye shields to restrain glare.
Anti-glare tubes.
Adjustable diopter aperture iris diaphragms (typically offering between  diameter apertures) to increase the depth of field and reduce reflections.
Optical filter systems to increase the contrast sensitivity for the aiming eye.
Semi-transparent occluders for the non-aiming eye to ensure optimal sighting conditions for match shooters.

Complementing front sight element
The complementing front sight element may be a simple (hooded) bead or post for service arms, but is for target shooting more often a globe type sight, which consists of a hollow cylinder with a threaded cap, which allows interchangeable differently shaped front sight elements to be used. Most common are posts of varying widths and heights or rings or holes of varying diameter — these can be chosen by the shooter for the best fit to the target being used. Tinted transparent plastic insert elements may also be used, with a hole in the middle; these work the same way as an opaque ring, but provide a less obstructed view of the target. High end target front sight tunnels normally also accept accessories like adjustable aperture and optical systems to ensure optimal sighting conditions for match shooters. Some high end target sight line manufacturers also offer front sights with integrated aperture mechanisms.

Diopter and globe sighting line principle

The use of round rear and front sighting elements for aiming at round targets, like used in ISSF match shooting, takes advantage of the natural ability of the eye and brain to easily align concentric circles (circles all having a common centre).

For optimal aiming and comfort the shooter should focus the aiming eye on the front sighting element. To avoid eye fatigue and improve balance the non-aiming eye should be kept open. The non-aiming eye can be blocked from seeing distractions by mounting a semi-transparent occluder to the diopter.

For maximum precision, there should still be a significant area of white visible around the bullseye and between the front and rear sight ring (if a front ring is being used). Since the best key to determining center is the amount of light passing through the apertures, a narrow, dim ring of light can actually be more difficult to work with than a larger, brighter ring.

The precise sizes of the employed components are quite subjective, and depend on both shooter preference and ambient lighting, which is why target rifles come with easily replaceable front sight inserts, and adjustable aperture mechanisms.

Gallery

References

External links
 Head Position, Diopter Interval and Lint by Heinz Reinkemeier, UIT Journal at www.issf-sports.org

Firearm components
Firearm sights