The Rabin Pre-Military Academy (full name: המכינה הקדם-צבאית להכשרת מנהיגות חברתית ע"ש יצחק רבין; HaMekhina HaKdam-Tzva'it LeHakhsharat Manhigut Hevratit Al Shem Yitzhak Rabin—The Pre-army Preparatory Program for Training Social Leadership, named for Yitzhak Rabin) is a secular mechinah for high-school graduates in Israel, located at the Oranim College in the Western Galilee. Founded in 1998, the program features intensive studies in a range of subjects focusing on the sociopolitics of Israel, its history focusing on the pre-state pioneering settlers, Jewish studies, and humanistic-ideological aspects of current events, as well as personal development. The studies are combined with volunteer service in the public school system of outlying communities. The 10-month residential program defers compulsory military service in the framework of the post-secondary "year of service" (sh'nat sherut), after which its graduates are inducted into the Israel Defense Forces. The academy was founded and still directed by Danny Zamir who is a deputy battalion commander in the reserves.

History
From its inception, Mechinat Rabin has been sponsored by the Oranim Academic College, Oranim's HaMidrasha Educational Center for the Renewal of Jewish Life in Israel, the United Kibbutz Movement, and the Yitzhak Rabin Center. It operates under the auspices of both the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defense. Other supporting institutions include the Avi Chai Foundation, the Jewish Federation of New York, and the Jewish Agency.

Classroom studies at Mechinat Rabin are taught by a core staff, most of whom are graduates of the program, along with hired instructors, with weekly guest lecturers and offsite field trips. Study material is provided by the staff and includes content from Hamidrasha. During the course of the program, each participant prepares and delivers at least one lesson to the group, an hour and a half in length. The year concludes with a tour of the country from south to north, lasting several weeks, visiting a wide variety of populations and locales. Students spend several days attending a religious pre-army mechinah or yeshiva. The program does not include weapons training or paramilitary drills. Participation in Mechinat Rabin requires a commitment to serve in the IDF, such that a declaration of conscientious objection would result in expulsion from the program.

The dormitory facilities on the Oranim campus are converted caravans, with a communal kitchen and dining hall where participants take turns preparing breakfast and supper for the group, and a single building with showers and lavatories. Oranim also provides classroom facilities and the use of its library and cafeteria. In the 2006/7 academic year, Mechinat Rabin had its peak enrollment of 70 recent high-school graduates.

During their mechinah year, participants have regular assignments as volunteers in schools in the Galilee towns of Yoqneam, Migdal Haemek, and Nazareth Illit, an area hit by unemployment and having limited resources. They work as classroom aides and tutors, and also create extracurricular activities. A growing phenomenon is the return of groups of graduates after their discharge from the IDF, to live in these outlying towns and work in the field of education there.

Besides their volunteer placements, Mechinat Rabin participants are largely responsible for organizing and operating the program's logistics. Committees plan and purchase food, invite the guest lecturers, and find places for temporary jobs by which the participants contribute to financing the program. During several breaks in the study program during the year, they work at temporary jobs in agriculture and education, raising funds to cover 15% of the program's expenses. No tuition or other fees are charged.

For their compulsory military service, mechinah participants are encouraged to enter one of two focal tracks: the girls to positions as command in the Education and Youth Corps, and the boys to the Givati Brigade. Others are accepted into the commandos and other elite units, intelligence, or are part of a Nahal group. Members of the Mechinat Rabin educational staff, themselves IDF reservists and most with officers' rank, make periodic visits to groups of graduates at their bases and also are available for personal consultation on an ad hoc basis.

Mechinat Rabin publishes a newsletter for its graduates called Briza ("Breeze") it maintains on its website with a discussion forum and activities updates. Throughout the year, Mechinat Rabin hosts Friday and weekend gatherings of graduates, by year or all together (2008–9 being the 11th year). These regular gatherings focus on current events and topics related to the mechinah's program content, as well as for developing new and ongoing educational and community projects for the graduates who've returned to civilian life.

Mechinat Rabin graduates' testimonies after Operation Cast Lead

On February 13, 2009, a month after Operation Cast Lead, graduates of Mechinat Rabin who had taken part in that Gaza operation gathered for a discussion of their experiences. These testimonies included accounts of IDF soldiers killing Palestinian civilians and intentionally destroying property under what have been described as "permissive rules of engagement" (ibid.). The nature of the accounts prompted Danny Zamir, the founder and director of Mechinat Rabin as well as being a deputy battalion commander in the reserves, to approach IDF Chief of Staff Gabi Ashkenazi. The latter's bureau requested and received a transcript of the accounts. Zamir subsequently aired his concerns in a meeting with the IDF Chief Education Officer, Brig. Gen. Eli Shermeister. Notes of the soldiers' discussion were published in the mechina's newsletter and came to the general public's attention with articles in the mainstream daily Haaretz on March 19 and 20, and broke globally on March 20 with the lead article in the International Herald Tribune print edition and on the Israeli reaction in its electronic edition. Soon after the publication of the testimonies, reports implying that the testimonies were based on hearsay and not on the first-hand experience started to circulate in Israeli media.

The IDF conducted an investigation and the Military Advocate General announced that the soldiers testimonies regarding civilians being shot were based on hearsay and no corroborating evidence was found. Danny Zamir (who himself appears in a 2004 book titled Refusnik ) told Jerusalem Post that he believes the IDF operated in a way in which it tried to protect civilians in the crowded Gaza Strip and that described acts of vandalism do not make the IDF an army of war criminals. After Israeli military prosecutor's decision 65 reservists who served in Operation Cast Lead, sent the letter to Attorney-General Mazuz and asked that he launch a criminal investigation against Haaretz on charges of slander for reporting on the testimonies as if they were fact and not hearsay.

See also
 IDF Code of Conduct

References

External links
 Mechinat Rabin

Mechina


Big Cook, Little Cook is a British children's television series created by Adrian Hedley for BBC television. The programme is set in the kitchen of a café, with two chef characters; Big Cook Ben/Jen and Little Cook Small. CBeebies aired repeats on the channel until 2012.

Ben/Jen are both full sized adult/s, but Small is only a few inches tall and flies around on a wooden spoon. Ben and the original Small were played by Steve Marsh and Dan Wright, respectively.

An official magazine was launched in August 2005.

The show made a comeback with a revival series in 2022, now presented by Ibinabo Jack as Big Cook Jen and Courtney Bowman as Little Cook Small.

Format
The format of the programme generally includes a visit to the café by a nursery rhyme, fairy tale, or fictional character (such as Little Miss Muffet or Humpty Dumpty). Each episode would begin with Big Cook Ben and Little Cook Small doing an activity or encountering a problem, and then a customer would arrive by the door of their café with Small giving the viewers and Ben hints about who the customer is.

After revealing the customer, Small then tells a short story about the visitor and ends his stories proclaiming to be the real hero. Next, they decide to cook the customer a meal from Ben's recipe book, and then collect the ingredients from either; the fridge, freezer, cupboard, fruitbowl & vegetable basket (added in series 3). If an ingredient is missing or if one of the two want to know how an ingredient is made, Small will then fly away on his magic spoon-mobile to see where one of the ingredients is made, such as a chutney factory or a rice field. These were filmed in factories and plantations mainly in the UK, Germany, Austria, France and occasionally in some other countries.

Once Small gets the ingredient or tells Ben how an ingredient is made, the two proceed to sing a song, remind the viewers of what is required for the recipe, and begin to cook. During preparation, Ben would remind the viewers to always ask their "grown-up helper" when it came to using knives, allergy information, and using the electrical appliances. After finishing the meal and serving it to the customer, they then sing a song about cleaning up the kitchen. In return for cooking a meal for the visitor, they receive a gift that would solve their problem.

Activities within the kitchen, such as washing and tidying up, are accompanied by a catchy song and dance routines.

Both cooks act in an expansive and overblown style, but the show seems intended to encourage children to take an interest in cooking. The cooks rhyme a lot, like "We need a story to help us cook. Let's take a look in Little Cook's Book", and "Where do we look for things to cook? In the book, in the book; in Big Cook's Book!" Big Cook does most of the actual cooking and telling the viewers how to make the recipes while Little Cook does some preparation or sets the timer. Some of the aerial shots of Little Cook flying were filmed over the town of Skipton, North Yorkshire.

The revival series follows the same pattern – however, the part where Big Cook collects the ingredients is now omitted, and there is always one ingredient missing.

Development
Production on the series was first announced in 2003. The series was originally planned to be produced by the BBC in-house. Development for the reboot was first hinted at by producer Dot to Dot Productions in October 2021 on their Facebook account, referred to as a "reboot of an iconic CBeebies brand". The reboot was announced on February 18, 2022, with a premiere date on CBeebies set for February 28.

Original series (2004–2006)

Series 1 (2004)

Series 2 (2004)

Series 3 (2006)

Revival series (2022–present)

Series 4 (2022)

Series 5 (2022)

Home media
BBC Worldwide released several DVDs of the series in the United Kingdom.

References

External links

2000s preschool education television series
2020s preschool education television series
2004 British television series debuts
BBC children's television shows
2000s British cooking television series
2020s British cooking television series
British cooking television shows
British preschool education television series
British television shows featuring puppetry
British television series revived after cancellation
CBeebies
English-language television shows
Television shows based on fairy tales
Works based on nursery rhymes


Carol Anne Philipps (February 5, 1965 – February 27, 2009) was a Canadian journalist and activist, most prominent as the original editor of Swerve, the first lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community magazine in Winnipeg.

Philipps first came out in high school, at a time when Winnipeg did not yet have a gay and lesbian community centre or a Pride parade, and eventually moved in with her first partner, Noreen Stevens. Although Philipps and Stevens eventually ended their relationship, they remained close friends and collaborators. She studied at the University of Winnipeg and joined the university's student newspaper, The Uniter, where she helped to coordinate a controversial LGBT issue in 1991. She later moved to Vancouver, where she campaigned for Betty Baxter, an openly lesbian New Democratic Party candidate in Vancouver Centre in the 1993 federal election, and returned to Winnipeg in 1994.

The LGBT community in Winnipeg was facing tough battles when Philipps returned to the city. Mayor Susan Thompson had refused a request to proclaim the city's Pride Day, the Winnipeg School Division had voted against an anti-homophobia curriculum and a man had recently been murdered in an anti-gay hate crime. Against this backdrop, a small group of community activists, including Philipps, met to discuss launching what would become Swerve, and Philipps became the magazine's first editor.

While editing Swerve, she met her partner Virginia McKee in 1995. Philipps and McKee married in 2007.

She stepped down as editor of Swerve in 1997 for health reasons, but continued to contribute to the magazine, as well as to publications such as Xtra! in Toronto, as an occasional freelance writer. She also worked at Viewpoints Research.

According to Stephen Lawson, another member of Swerve's editorial board,

She died on February 27, 2009, due to a congenital heart condition.

References

1965 births
2009 deaths
Canadian magazine editors
Canadian LGBT rights activists
Canadian lesbian writers
Writers from Winnipeg
University of Winnipeg alumni
Women magazine editors
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
21st-century Canadian LGBT people


A limousine ( or ), or limo () for short, is a large, chauffeur-driven luxury vehicle with a partition between the driver compartment and the passenger compartment which can be operated mechanically by hand or by a button electronically. A luxury sedan with a very long wheelbase and driven by a professional driver is called a stretch limousine.

In some countries, such as the United States, Germany, Canada, and Australia, a limousine service may be any pre-booked hire car with driver, usually but not always a luxury car. In particular, airport shuttle services are often called "limousine services", though they often use minivans, light commercial vehicles  or MPVs.

Etymology

The word limousine is derived from the name of the French region Limousin. However, how the name of the region transferred to the car is uncertain.

One possibility involves a particular type of carriage hood or roof that physically resembled the raised hood of the cloak worn by the shepherds there.

An alternate etymology speculates that some early chauffeurs wore a Limousin-style cloak in the open driver's compartment, for protection from the weather. The name was then extended to this particular type of car with a permanent top projecting over the chauffeur. This former type of automobile had an enclosed passenger compartment seating three to five persons, with only a roof projecting forward over the open driver's area in the front.

History
Rich owners of expensive carriages and their passengers were accustomed to their own private compartments leaving their coachman or driver outside in all weathers. When automobiles arrived the same people required a similar arrangement for their chauffeurs. As such, the 1916 definition of limousine by the US Society of Automobile Engineers is "a closed car seating three to five inside, with driver's seat outside".

In Great Britain, the limousine de-ville was a version of the limousine town car where the driver's compartment was outside and had no weather protection. The limousine-landaulet variant (also sold in the United States) had a removable or folding roof section over the rear passenger seat.

In the United States, sub-categories of limousines in 1916 were the berline defined as "a limousine having the driver's seat entirely enclosed", and the brougham, defined as "a limousine with no roof over the driver's seat."

US limousine business declined in the 21st century due to the effects of the Great Recession, the subsequent rise of ride sharing apps, and an industry crisis precipitated by deadly stretch limousine crashes in 2015 and in Schoharie, New York, in 2018. Moreover, during this time people who would have once utilized limousines began opting to travel more discreetly in cars like black SUVs.

Characteristics
The limousine body style usually has a partition separating the driver from the rear passenger compartment. This partition includes a usually openable glass section so passengers may see the road.  Communication with the driver is possible either by opening the window in the partition or by using an intercom system.

Limousines are often long-wheelbase vehicles, in order to provide extra legroom in the passenger compartment. There will usually be occasional seats (in the U.S. called jump seats) at the front of the compartment (either forward-facing, rear-facing or able to face either direction).

Many nations have official state cars designed to transport government officials. The top leaders have dedicated and specially equipped limousines. The United States Presidential State Car is the official car of the President of the United States.

Stretch limousines

Stretch limousines are longer than regular limousines, usually in order to accommodate more passengers. Stretch limousines may have seating along the sides of the cabin.

A "stretch limousine" was created in Fort Smith, Arkansas, around 1928 by a coach company named Armbruster. Armbruster's cars were primarily used to transport famous "big band" leaders, such as Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman, and their bands and equipment. These early stretch limousines were often called "big band buses". Armbruster called their lengthened cars "extended-wheelbase multi-door auto-coaches". Their 12-passenger people movers were used by hotels, taxis, airlines, corporations, and tour companies. Knock-down programs by automakers made coachbuilders stretch vehicles, but Armbruster also custom built limousines using unibody construction such as the 1969 AMC Ambassadors.

, stretch limousines comprise one percent of US limousine company offerings. That total was down from about ten percent in 2013.

Novelty limousines
A variety of vehicles have been converted into novelty limousines. They are used for weddings, parties, and other social occasions. Another style of novelty limousine are those painted in bright colors, such as purple or pink.

Vehicles converted into novelty stretch limousines include the East German Trabant, Volkswagen Beetle, Fiat Panda, and Citroën 2CV. There are instances of Corvettes, Ferraris, and Mini Coopers being stretched to accommodate up to 10 passengers.

United States

The last production limousine, by Cadillac, with forward-facing jump seats, was in 1987 (with their Fleetwood Series 75 model), the last Packard in 1954, and the last Lincoln in 1939, though Lincoln has offered limousines through their dealers as special order vehicles at times. Several Lincoln Premier cars were also built, one being owned by Elvis Presley. Vehicles of this type in private use may contain expensive audio players, televisions, video players, and bars, often with refrigerators. The President of the United States has ridden in a variety of brands of limousine stretching back to 1899.

United Kingdom

Due to the partition behind the driver, the Hackney carriages are a type of limousine, although not typically identified as such in Britain. The occasional seats, also referred to as taxi-tip-seats, usually carry advertising on the underside; the advertisements are visible to the passengers when the tip-seats are not in use.

Current limousine production
Examples of limousines currently produced by vehicle manufacturers include:
 Aurus Senat
 Lincoln MKT Livery
 Lincoln Navigator L
 Mercedes-Benz Pullman

See also

 Car classification
 Party bus

References

Car body styles
Car classifications
Luxury vehicles
Vehicles for hire

fr:Type de carrosserie#Limousine


Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but Pete Sampras defeated him 7–6(8–6), 6–7(6–8), 6–3, in the final.

Players

Draw

Main draw

Play-offs

External links
Official Commonwealth Bank International website
2002 Commonwealth Bank International results

Kooyong Classic
Com


Folwell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Folwell (1904–1966), Australian rugby player and coach
Bob Folwell (1885–1928), American football player and coach
Dale Folwell (born 1958), American politician
William H. Folwell (1924–2022), American Episcopal prelate
William Watts Folwell (1833–1929), American educator, writer, and historian
Louis Folwell Hart (1862–1929), American politician

See also
Folwell, Minneapolis, neighborhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Gertrude C. Folwell School
Fallwell

Surnames of British Isles origin
English-language surnames


Male Restroom Etiquette is a 2006 American short subject created by Phil R. Rice and produced by his company Zarathustra Studios. The film is a mockumentary about unwritten rules of behavior in male restrooms and is intended to be a parody of educational and social guidance films. Narrated by Rice, Male Restroom Etiquette states restroom customs to be followed and depicts a scenario of social chaos if they are violated. The film was made using the machinima technique of recording video footage from computer games, namely The Sims 2 and SimCity 4. Male Restroom Etiquette won multiple awards and was listed by Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition in 2009 as the most popular Sims video uploaded to YouTube.

Synopsis
The narrator (Phil Rice) states that increased cultural diversity has necessitated the exposition of previously unwritten rules regarding the use of male restrooms. According to these rules, males should use restrooms as quickly as possible, maximize physical separation from each other when using urinals, flush urinals when they contain concentrated urine, avoid stalls with unflushed toilets, and avoid eye contact and communication with others. The film depicts a scenario in which excess communication leads to a mess in the restroom and thus deficient hygiene and homeostasis, the latter of which is in the lowest tier in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. As the scenario continues, the restroom occupants turn to violence, leading to police and biological hazard team involvement that closes the restroom. Forced to go elsewhere, other men repeat the scenario, eventually leading to complete societal breakdown.

Background and production
In an interview with The Sydney Morning Herald, Phil Rice stated that the ideas in Male Restroom Etiquette were based on observational humor that he had first seen in 2000 on the collaborative Internet site Everything2. In 2006, he decided to take a temporary hiatus from making machinima and to produce a short humorous work when he returned. He felt that the ideas about restroom behavior on Everything2 were well-suited for visual humor and adapted them into a screenplay. According to Rice, the film "is rooted in the Juvenile humor that most men retain a secret fondness for, but don't get many opportunities to celebrate[, ...] but if the movie is too focused on that kind of humor, you'd lose the intelligent audience that I wrote the film for." Intending to make a parody of educational and social guidance films, Rice considered distributing the film in black-and-white, but decided against it.

Rice originally started to film using id Software's 1997 first-person shooter (FPS) video game Quake II but, after three months of pre-production, was dissatisfied with the game's visual quality. After experimenting, he chose The Sims 2, a 2004 life simulation game published by Electronic Arts. His audio work for Strange Company's 2006 film BloodSpell delayed the start of Male Restroom Etiquettes production. However, after he was able to start, he finished after about two weeks of work. He recorded himself for the narration, and a friend for background voices. He edited audio in Steinberg Cubase SX3 and video footage from the game in Sony Vegas 6.

Reception and impact
Although Rice hosts Male Restroom Etiquette on his own site and uploaded it elsewhere, the film became popular on YouTube, where, after being featured on the front page in early October 2006, it was viewed 2 million times by December 2006, 3.2 million times by February 2007, and 5 million times . According to the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, it is the most viewed Sims film on YouTube. Citing this popularity, Elijah Horwatt credits the work with increasing public interest in machinima. The film has won awards, including Best Writing at the Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences' 2006 Machinima Festival, and Best of the Web from Animation World Network (AWN) in 2007. Television networks were interested in airing Male Restroom Etiquette, but the work uses game-provided content, and Rice was unable to obtain the required permission from Electronic Arts, the copyright owner of that content.

Writing for machinima.com, Grove praised Rice's decision to base Male Restroom Etiquette on educational films because Male Restroom Etiquette shows truthfully and parodies male customs in restrooms. Grove also stated that the music, an original soundtrack, fits well. In highlighting the film in their Best of the Web showcase, AWN stated that the it "shows that a skilled filmmaker can create compelling performances and stories in machinima". Grove stated that, for many, the work served as their introduction to machinima.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Phil Rice answers some questions about the film

2006 films
American comedy short films
American animated short films
Machinima works
American mockumentary films
2006 YouTube videos
2000s American animated films


Jat-guksu () is a Korean noodle dish consisting of wheat flour or buckwheat noodles in a bowl of cold broth made from ground pine nuts. It is a local specialty of Gapyeong, Gyeonggi Province where a great deal of pine nuts are harvested in South Korea. The recipe is quite similar to another summer dish, kong-guksu, which is a noodle dish with a soy milk broth, but jat-guksu has a cleaner and more savory taste.

See also
 Korean noodles
 Kong-guksu
 Jatjuk
 List of buckwheat dishes
 List of Korean dishes

References

External links

Buckwheat dishes
Korean noodle dishes
Noodle soups
Cold noodles


Craig Curtis Sauer (born December 13, 1972) is a former professional American football linebacker who played in the National Football League. He played for the Atlanta Falcons (1996–1999) and Minnesota Vikings (2000).  His father was a professional minor league baseball player and he has three brothers who have played professional ice hockey.

Football career
Sauer played college football at the University of Minnesota.  He was selected in the sixth round (188th overall pick) of the 1996 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons.  He ended up playing more NFL games than all but 12 of the 87 players taken in the last two rounds of that year's draft.  As a rookie in 1996, Sauer played in all 16 games for the Falcons, but only started one.  He had seven tackles, four assists and one forced fumble that season.  In 1997, he once again played in all 16 games and started one.  He had eight tackles, one assist and one fumble recovery for the season.

In 1998, he played all 16 games again, and started six, primarily at right linebacker, as the Falcons went on to win the National Football Conference championship and play in the Super Bowl.  He set a career high with 29 tackles, and also had five assists and his only career interception, and got to play in Super Bowl XXXIII.  In 1999, he again played all 16 games for the Falcons, starting three.  He had 18 tackles, six assists and his only career sack.

Sauer joined the Minnesota Vikings for the 2000 season. In what would be his final NFL season, he played in nine games for the Vikings.  He did not start any games, and had only one tackle for the season.

Family
Sauer's father, Curt Sauer was a minor league baseball player in the Minnesota Twins system.  Three of his brothers, Kent, Kurt and Michael have played professional ice hockey.  Kent Sauer was a 4th round draft pick by the Nashville Predators in 1998, but his professional career was derailed by a knee injury.  Kurt was a defenseman who played for three different National Hockey League franchises., while Michael was a defenseman for the National Hockey League's New York Rangers. Both brothers had their careers end prematurely as a result of concussions.

References

1973 births
Living people
People from Sartell, Minnesota
Players of American football from Minnesota
American football linebackers
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Atlanta Falcons players
Minnesota Vikings players


Liviko is an Estonian distillery, Baltic distributor and one of the largest alcohol companies in the Baltics. Liviko was established in 1898. Liviko has its production and head office in Estonia along with distribution offices in Riga, Latvia, and Vilnius, Lithuania. Liviko exports its own products to 60 markets. The company's most well-known brands are Viru Valge vodka, Vana Tallinn liqueur, Crafter’s London Dry Gin and Crafter’s Aromatic Flower Gin. Liviko produces more than 70 alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

Liviko represents a number of producers in its home markets, including Brown-Forman, Rémy Cointreau, Bacardi, Fentimans and a number of well-known wine brands such as Hardy’s, Louis Jadot, Marques de Caceres, Saint Clair, Rocca delle Macie, Carmen, Marani and Canti.

The company's turnover in 2019 was 137 million €. The Liviko group employs more than 270 people.

Approximately one-third of Liviko's production is marketed on export markets worldwide. Liviko's 100% shareholder is NG Investeeringud OÜ, an Estonian investment company. NG Investeeringud has major ownership in several companies in the fields of industry, retail trade and real estate management.

Distillery tour
To mark its 120th anniversary, Liviko launched excursions around its production facilities for visitors who register in advance. Each tour will comprise three parts: a walk around the production facilities to see the production from selecting the raw ingredients to bottling the finished products; a visit to the interactive museum; and the chance to take part in a tasting or drinks lesson in Estonia’s most modern bartender training class, LAB (the Liviko Academy of Beverages).

Vana Tallinn Baltic Sommelier Grand Prix
Sommelier competition Vana Tallinn Baltic Sommelier Grand Prix has been organized since 2006 AS Liviko in cooperation with the Sommelier Associations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The competition for the best sommelier in the Baltics was named after Liviko’s Vana Tallinn liqueur. The competition has a mixture of theoretical and practical examinations.

History
On 25 September 1898, the cornerstone was laid for the state vodka warehouse Kroonu Viinaladu No. 1, which marked the beginning of the history of Liviko. The main building of the company, which houses Liviko’s production facility to this day, was constructed in 1898–1900. The architect was Rudolf Otto von Knüpffer. It is built from limestone and decorated with neo-Romanesque elements.

The oldest drink in Liviko’s product portfolio is the crystal liqueur Kännu Kukk, which has been manufactured using a heated bottling process since 1900.

1960 - Liviko started to produce Vana Tallinn liqueur that became one of Estonia’s hallmark products immediately after its creation.

1995 - Liviko became a public limited company, and a year later, a joint stock company, AS Liviko.

1998 - Liviko was the first company in the Estonian food industry to be awarded the ISO 9001 quality certification.

2000 - Liviko was acquired by NG Investeeringud.

2008 - Liviko acquired subsidiaries in Latvia and Lithuania.

2015 - Liviko launched Crafter’s London Dry Gin and 2017 was launched Crafter's Aromatic Flower Gin.

2018 - Liviko launched excursions around its production facilities for visitors who register in advance.

2019 - Liviko launched Re-crafted Crafter’s drink series according to the zero waste principle, and establishing a new category in the global beverage industry: Junibeer, which is a juniper berry beer.

2019 - Liviko launched Bellingshausen Vodka dedicated to Admiral Bellingshausen and his extraordinary story of discovering the Antarctica. The vodka was released to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the discovery of the continent of Antarctica by Admiral Bellingshausen.

References

External links

Distilleries
Food and drink companies of Estonia
Alcohol in Estonia
Food and drink companies established in 1898
1890s establishments in Estonia
1898 establishments in the Russian Empire


The 2010 Daytona 500 was the first stock car race of the 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. The 52nd Daytona 500, it was held on February 14, 2010, in Daytona Beach, Florida, at Daytona International Speedway, before a crowd of about 175,000 attendees. Earnhardt Ganassi Racing's Jamie McMurray won the 208-lap race from 13th place. Dale Earnhardt Jr. of Hendrick Motorsports finished in second, and Roush Fenway Racing's Greg Biffle was third.

Mark Martin, the event's oldest pole position winner at 51 years and 27 days, led the first four laps before Kasey Kahne passed him on lap five. Martin reclaimed the lead two laps later. The lead changed 52 times between a then-record-breaking 21 different drivers during the race, with Kevin Harvick leading the most laps (41). It was twice stopped because a large pothole developed between turns one and two, due to moisture, cold weather, and heavy cars scraping the tarmac surface as they ran low to the ground for better aerodynamic efficiency. Harvick led on the 206th lap, until McMurray passed him for his first Daytona 500 victory, and the fourth of his career.

Because this was the first race of the season, McMurray led the Drivers' Championship with 195 points, followed by Earnhardt in second place who had 175 points and Biffle in third with 170 points. Clint Bowyer and Harvick were fourth and fifth with 165 and 155 points, respectively. In the Manufacturers' Championship, Chevrolet led with nine points, ahead of Ford with six points. Toyota with four points, and Dodge with three points with thirty-five races left in the season.

Background

The 2010 Daytona 500 was the 1st of the 36 stock car races in the 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, and the 52nd edition of the event. It was held on February 14, 2010, in Daytona Beach, Florida, at Daytona International Speedway, The layout used for the Daytona 500 is a four-turn,  superspeedway. Daytona's turns are banked at 31 degrees, and the front stretch—the location of the finish line—is banked at 18 degrees.

NASCAR founder Bill France Sr. conceived the Daytona 500, which was first held in 1959; it is the successor to shorter races held on beaches in Daytona Beach. The race has been the opening round of the NASCAR season since 1982, and from 1988, it is one of four events that require cars to run restrictor plates. The Daytona 500 offers the most prize money of any American auto race. Winning the race is considered equal to winning either the World Series, the Super Bowl or The Masters.

For the 2010 race, NASCAR announced that it would stop policing bump drafting after responding to a growing resentment from its fan-base and drivers about the lack of on-track aggression and emotion. It came as the organization gradually controlled, and ultimately outright prohibited, bump drafting at the 2009 AMP Energy 500. Furthermore, NASCAR kept the yellow-marked out-of-bounds line at the bottom of race circuits because drivers opposed its removal. Furthermore, the four restrictor plate opening were expanded to their greatest size since the 1989 Daytona 500 of 63/64-inches for greater horsepower. NASCAR's vice-president of competition Robin Pemberton said that the changes would give control back to the drivers, "'Boys, have at it' and have a good time." NASCAR later changed the green–white–checker finish rule to allow for a maximum of three (not one) attempts to end the race if it would otherwise conclude under caution.

Following an investigation of the circuit's safety barriers and a collision that sent Roush Fenway Racing's Carl Edwards into the catchfence at the 2009 Aaron's 499, track workers raised the height of the Daytona International Speedway catchfences from  to . The cost was not stated, and the work was completed in mid-January 2010. An spokesperson for the track's owner and operator International Speedway Corporation said, "Whenever we have an incident that impacts any of our systems, we take that opportunity to more closely scrutinize it and look at it across the company. Whatever we learn in these analyses, we’ll look and see where it can be applied to other tracks. The challenge is each track is different in terms of banking and speed, so our primary focus right now was on Talladega and Daytona."

Entry list
(W) denotes past 500 winner
(R) denotes rookie driver

Practice and qualifier

Six practice sessions were scheduled before the race on February 14. The first two, on February 5, were scheduled to run 80 and 90 minutes, respectively. The next two, on February 10, lasted 90 and 50 minutes, respectively. A steady day-long rain shower cancelled the February 12 60-minute session. The final session on February 13 lasted 85 minutes. Dale Earnhardt Jr. led the first practice session on Friday, February 5, which was truncated to an hour due to a thunderstorm from Central Florida, with a lap of 47.770 seconds, followed by Hendrick Motorsports teammates Mark Martin and Jeff Gordon in second and third. Bill Elliott, Robby Gordon, Ryan Newman, Kurt Busch, David Reutimann, Kyle Busch, and Clint Bowyer made up positions four through ten. NASCAR moved the second practice session to Saturday to provide eight drivers who did not set a lap time with some on-track running. David Gilliland led the session with a 48.072-second lap, ahead of Jeff Fuller, Terry Cook, and Derrike Cope.

On February 6, 54 vehicles competed in the qualifier for one of the 43 starting spots in the Daytona 500. Each driver ran two laps, and unlike most races during the season, the qualifying session determined the first two positions. The rest of the field would qualify later, through the 2010 Gatorade Duels. Qualifying was held a day early to avoid clashing with Super Bowl XLIV, which was moved forward one week by the National Football League. Friday's rain-out gave drivers little on-track preparation. Martin took his first Daytona 500 pole position, and the 49th of his career, with a lap of 47.074 seconds. At 51 years and 27 days, he was oldest pole position winner in race history. Martin was joined on the grid's front row by Earnhardt. After qualifying, Martin said it was "really special" to begin the year on pole position, and felt Earnhardt would challenge for the win.

Matt Kenseth led the third practice session on February 10 with a 46.331-second lap, followed by Kyle Busch, Brian Vickers, Jeff Burton, Edwards, Bowyer, Kasey Kahne, Reutimann, Kevin Harvick, and Joey Logano. Bowyer slid sideways into an outside barrier after his right-rear tire blew leaving turn two. Reutimann was close by, and hit the rear of Bowyer's car. Reutimann's rear, in turn, was struck by Cope's slowing car. Marcos Ambrose led the fourth practice session later that day with a 46.535-second lap, with Kyle Busch, Reed Sorenson, Logano, Kahne, Kenseth, Paul Menard, Greg Biffle, Elliott Sadler, and Edwards following in the top ten. Early in the session, Hamlin bumped Earnhardt at , who controlled his car through a slide and continued. One of Vickers' tires failed exiting turn two three minutes later, and he spun through grass on the backstretch with minimal structural damage. Just after green flag running resumed, Mike Bliss oversteered on the left exiting the fourth turn, and rammed into Logano. As the rest of the field steered away, Johnson hit the back of Hamlin's car. Johnson stopped on pit road with an orange traffic cone lodged underneath his splitter. Michael Waltrip was hit by another car and went through grass. Due to the various crashes, Bowyer, Reutimann, Cope, Bliss, Johnson, and Logano would switch into their back-up cars for the Gatorade Duels.

Johnson and Kahne won the Gatorade Duels on February 11. The starting grid was finalized with Johnson, Kahne, Harvick, Tony Stewart, Kyle Busch, Juan Pablo Montoya, Bowyer, and Kurt Busch completing the top ten. The 11 drivers that failed to qualify were Casey Mears, Todd Bodine, Gilliland, Cook, Cope, Aric Almirola, Dave Blaney, Sorenson, Mike Wallace, Norm Benning, and Fuller. Jeff Gordon switched to a back-up car for the race after being involved in a three-car accident. In the final practice session, held in cold and cloudy weather on February 13, Burton led with a 46.108-second lap, ahead of Harvick, Ambrose, Reutimann, and Kenseth, Kyle Busch, Sam Hornish Jr., Regan Smith, Montoya, and Hamlin. 15 minutes in, Bobby Labonte was hit by Scott Speed and sent towards a left-hand wall at , but narrowly avoided hitting it. Smoke billowed from A. J. Allmendinger's engine compartment, and his team changed engines after the session.

Qualifying results

Race
Live television coverage of the race began in the United States at midday Eastern Standard Time (EST) (UTC−05:00) on Fox. Commentary was provided by lap-by-lap analyst Mike Joy, with analysis from three-time Cup Series champion Darrell Waltrip, and former crew chief Larry McReynolds. Around the start of the race, the weather was clear with the air temperature ; conditions were expected to remain consistent. David Uth, senior pastor of First Baptist Church of Orlando, began pre-race ceremonies with an inovcation. Singer and Grammy Award winner Harry Connick Jr. performed the national anthem, and Junior Johnson, former Daytona 500 champion and NASCAR Hall of Fame inductee, commanded the drivers to start their engines. During the pace laps, Gordon, Burton, and Waltrip moved to the rear of the field because they switched into a back-up car, and Allmendinger, and Edwards did the same for changing their engines.

The race began at 1:20 p.m. EST and was scheduled to last 200 laps. Johnson pushed Martin into turn one to keep his teammate ahead. Harvick moved to third place because the inside line was faster early on. The first 21 cars were two abreast by the third lap, with a second distinct pack of vehicles in a single line. On lap four, Kahne and those behind him caught Martin but were unable to pass the latter, who maintained the lead at the start-finish line. Stewart assisted Kahne in passing Martin for the lead on the next lap. On lap six, Martin retook the lead on the outside line and turned left to keep it. The first caution was given for a multi-car accident on lap seven; Brad Keselowski's right-rear tire failed, and he struck the turn-two wall, collecting Smith, Hornish, Bliss, Max Papis, and Boris Said, and littering debris on the track. Smith retired while Keselowski and Hornish entered their garages for repairs. Most drivers made pit stops for tire and chassis adjustments. Martin took the lead on the lap-12 restart, followed by Earnhardt and Montoya. On the next lap, Harvick pushed Montoya past Martin on the outside for the lead. Montoya led just one lap, however, as Earnhardt passed him on lap 14. Earnhardt then weaved to block drivers from overtaking him.

On lap 17, Harvick failed to pass Earnhardt for the lead into turn three. On the following lap, Harvick took the lead on the inside; Kahne and Sadler pushed him to hold the lead until they passed him for first and second on lap 22. On the next lap, Harvick returned to the lead as Kahne lost the draft and fell back. By lap 26, Kurt Busch had moved to second. Harvick, Kurt Busch, and Sadler held a 1.4-second lead by the 30th lap. Kurt Busch turned left but did not pass Harvick for the lead. Sadler overtook Kurt Busch for second on lap 34. Kurt Busch took the lead from Sadler and Harvick two laps later. Allmendinger advanced to second place on the 38th lap after starting at the back of the grid. Green flag pit stops commenced on the next lap. Kurt Busch lost the lead to Allmendinger on the backstretch on lap 45, but reclaimed it three laps later on the inside. Allmendinger entered pit road on lap 50, handing the lead to Logano, who held it until his own stop on the next lap. Robby Gordon led the 51st lap.

After the pit stops, Kurt Busch returned to first with Allmendinger second and Johnson third. They pulled away from the rest of the field. On the 58th lap, Kyle Busch overtook Kahne for fifth place. Harvick was stranded on the inside lane, and fell to sixth after Kyle Busch and Kahne passed him on the backstretch on lap 59. On lap 65 Joe Nemechek spun into the turn-four wall; Hornish avoided hitting him, but the second caution was called. The leaders made pit stops for tires and car adjustments. Kenseth stayed on the track to lead one lap until his own pit stop. Kurt Busch led at the lap-70 restart. On the next lap, Harvick helped Allmendinger retake the lead from Kurt Busch. On lap 72, Allmendinger went left, and Harvick passed him to retake the lead. Allemdinger reclaimed the lead on lap 73, when cars on the left outpaced those on the right. Bliss spun on the backstretch four circuits later, damaging his car's rear left and bringing out the third caution.

The leaders stopped for fuel, tires, and car adjustments during the caution. When a crew member dropped a lug nut, Allmendinger lost the lead. Because Hamlin staggered his pit stop, he was able to lead one lap. Kurt Busch reclaimed the lead on lap 81, followed by Biffle and Kyle Busch. On lap 82, Biffle used Kyle Busch's help to pass Kurt Busch for first to the inside. Kurt Busch unsuccessfully challenged Biffle between laps 83 and 84. Gordon advanced to third place by the 86th lap after starting near the back of the grid. Kyle Busch took the lead from Greg Biffle on the outside on lap 95. Gordon soon passed Biffle for second place. At the end of lap 98, Gordon used the outside line to pass Kyle Busch. Two laps later, Bowyer passed Gordon on the outside for the lead on the backstretch. Kyle Busch attempted but failed to pass Bowyer in turn two on lap 102. Gordon did the same thing four laps later, but this time he was unable to take the lead and fell back.

On the 107th lap, Biffle passed Bowyer to take the lead, but Bowyer reclaimed it on the next lap. Biffle retook the lead from Bowyer on lap 110 after a fast run on the inside. He retained it for one lap before Bowyer passed him to lead the 111th lap. David Ragan passed Bowyer at the end of lap 113 after finding a draft on the outside. Ragan lost the lead to Bowyer two laps later. John Andretti's tire cut, and he crashed into the turn-two wall on the 117th lap to bring out the fourth caution. The majority of the leaders stopped for fuel, tires, and car changes. Travis Kvapil and Said each staggered their pit stops on laps 119 and 120, leading one lap each, before Bowyer reclaimed first place on the 121st lap.

A  long,  wide, and  deep pothole appeared on the seam near the yellow line between turns one and two on lap 122, causing the race to be stopped for an hour, 40 minutes, and 45 seconds. All vehicles were directed to park on pit road so that track engineers could inspect the damage. They fixed the pothole with two compounds that did not hold owing to moisture and cold weather; a third attempt permitted the race to continue. Drivers were summoned to their cars at 4:52 EST, and engines were restarted eight minutes later. Racing resumed under caution, and the pit road was reopened to drivers. Bowyer led Ragan and Kahne on the inside lane at the lap-125 restart. Sadler pushed Kahne past Bowyer (who went right) for the lead two laps later. On lap 129, Kahne repelled Bowyer by turning right, allowing Sadler to pull alongside him. Bowyer took the lead on the next lap, but Sadler passed him before the finish line. Sadler lost the lead to Bowyer on lap 131, but reclaimed it on the following lap.

During the 136th lap, Harvick made it three abreast on the backstretch, putting Sadler in the middle of the track, and Bowyer reclaimed the lead. Two laps later, Harvick overtook teammate Bowyer just before the start-finish line. On lap 141, Gordon attempted to pass Bowyer for third, but Kahne helped Bowyer block Gordon. On lap 142, Allmendinger, fifth, spun into the backstretch after losing control of his car in turn four. He avoided a collision with a wall and became stranded in the grass, where his car caught fire, causing the sixth caution. During the caution, most drivers made pit stops for tires and adjustments. Sadler led the 146 restart with two new tires, followed by Martin Truex Jr. and Harvick. Truex passed Sadler two laps later with help from Harvick to take the lead. Sadler went to the outside on lap 150 and dropped to tenth place after a failed challenge for first. Harvick reclaimed the lead by overtaking Truex on the inside on the next lap. Montoya gained the lead for the second time on the 154th lap, but Harvick passed him to recover the lead.

A competition caution was issued for teams on lap 161 to inspect their vehicles because the pothole between turns one and two had resurfaced, larger than before. The race was halted for the second time on lap 161, and cars were obliged to park on pit road for 44 minutes and 35 seconds. Workers collected polyester resin products from other teams and blended them with a hardener. They then heated the compound with blow torches and jet dryers to make the track driveable. Drivers reentered their cars at 6:22 p.m. EST, and restarted their engines eight minutes later. The race resumed under caution as the leaders stopped for tire and car adjustments. Speed took the lead for the lap 168 restart. On the following lap, Biffle used drafting from teammates Ragan and Edwards on the outside lane to pass Speed for first. On the 176th lap, Speed retook the lead from Biffle on the inside lane. He battled Biffle for the following seven laps until Biffle moved away on lap 184. Kurt Busch overtook Edwards for third on lap 188. The seventh caution came six laps later, when Sadler lost control of his car on the backstretch and struck the barrier, collecting Kvapil and Newman. Bowyer led Biffle and Truex at the lap 198 restart.

Biffle passed Bowyer for first on the backstretch before an eighth caution was waved for an accident on lap 199: Elliott and Logano collided in the third turn, collecting Said. On lap 202, Biffle led at the first green–white–checker finish, prolonging the race by two laps. On the next lap, just as Harvick took the lead from Biffle in turn two, the ninth caution was issued when Gordon hit Kahne on the backstretch and Kahne slid up the track, collecting Robert Richardson Jr. and Labonte. A second green–white–checker finish restarted the race on lap 206 (bringing it to 208 laps), with Harvick leading Jamie McMurray. Edwards delayed Harvick, allowing McMurray to take the lead with help from Biffle on the outside at turn three on lap 207. Earnhardt moved from tenth to second within 1½ laps, but could not challenge McMurray, who took his first Daytona 500 win, and the fourth of his career. Earnhardt, Biffle, Bowyer, Reutimann, Truex, Harvick, Kenseth, Edwards and Montoya completed the top ten. There were 52 lead changes among a then-record 21 drivers during the race. Harvick led the most laps of any driver, with 41. McMurray led once for two laps.

Post-race comments

McMurray appeared in Victory Lane after celebrating in the infield to commemorate his fourth career win in front of an estimated crowd of 175,000 people; the win earned him $1,508,449. He was emotional about his victory, saying, "I can’t really put it into words the way it feels. I’m trying to be genuine and as sincere as I can and not sound cliché: as a kid growing up, this is what you dream of, of being able to win the Daytona 500." Earnhardt said finishing second validated the changes his team made, and was confident about his prospects over the coming races. He commented on the on-track action, "I went wherever they weren’t, I don’t enjoy being that aggressive. If there was room for the radiator, you hold the gas down and go. They did a lot to put the racing back in the driver’s hands. There was a ton of bumping out there and I never felt like anyone was looking over my shoulder." Third-placed Biffle said he felt he made his move too soon on the first green–white–checker finish, "The restarts, I couldn’t get anybody to push me, I kept getting a run. I wish I waited until the backstretch to make my big run. I did it on the frontstretch. I gave Junior and all the guys too much of an opportunity to catch us.”

The race was the first since the 2004 Advance Auto Parts 500 at Martinsville Speedway to be affected by a deteriorating track. The pothole's reemergence was attributed to the cars'  weight uprooting the surface patch, and enlarging it to twice its original size. Daytona International Speedway President Robin Braig took responsibility and apologized for the track surface. He stated that no issues were discovered during a pre-race inspection, and believed cars running too low to the ground for better aerodynamic efficiency had caused the pothole. A week of heavy rain that flooded the track in May 2009, the pre-race downpour, below-average ground temperatures, and cars bottoming out and scraping the tarmac surface all contributed to the pothole forming. Between February 18 and 20, engineers and asphalt specialists repaired the damage with a  wide and  section of concrete. The track was later repaved from July 5 to December 10, its first repaving since 1978.

Earnhardt said he was unsatisfied with the reviewed green-white-checker finish rules because he was uncertain about drivers' actions, but he did not believe it was overdone, "I feel like the fans deserve probably more of a show, so that's what they got. The green-white-checkered was put into play to give us an opportunity to finish the race under green. Finishing under yellow is quite a melodramatic moment." Gordon reiterated an earlier view of his that only one attempt should be made, "I believe in doing things for the fans but I also think they have their limits. It wasn't going to give us a winning day by not having multiple green-white-checkers but it would have saved us a race car." Pemberton stated that the rule change validated NASCAR increasing the on-track action and emphasized that three efforts were made to finish the race, "I've seen great [Daytona 500s] that were a half-dozen cars duking it out, And this race right here, with the potential of the top 15 or 20 guys up there, in the last 25 miles, was incredible. A great race in my opinion though I've only watched 33 of 'em."

Because this was the season's first race, McMurray led the Drivers' Championship with 195 points, followed by Earnhardt with 15 points less in second, and Biffle third. Bowyer, Harvick, Reutimann, Truex, Kenseth, Montoya, Edwards, Martin, and Burton rounded out the top twelve drivers. Chevrolet led the Manufacturers' Championship with nine points, three ahead of Ford, five ahead of Toyota, and six ahead of Dodge. The race attracted 13.294 million television viewers; excluding the two stoppages, it took three hours, 47 minutes and 16 seconds to complete, and the margin of victory was 0.119 seconds.

Race results

Standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Manufacturers' Championship standings

Note: Only the top twelve positions are included for the driver standings.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Daytona 500
Daytona 500
NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway
February 2010 sports events in the United States


Heceta Beach is an unincorporated community in Lane County, Oregon, United States, located west of U.S. Route 101 next to the Pacific Ocean. It is the next settlement north of the Siuslaw River and Florence and is within the Florence urban growth boundary. Heceta Beach was platted in 1915. Lane County maintains a small county park there, with beach access, as well as restrooms and picnic tables.

Driftwood Shores, a hotel and conference center in Heceta Beach, was annexed to Florence in 2008.

Demographics

See also
Heceta Head

References

Oregon Coast
Unincorporated communities in Lane County, Oregon
1915 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon


Naomi Schor (October 10, 1943 in New York City – December 2, 2001 in New Haven, Connecticut
) was an American literary critic and theorist. A pioneer of feminist theory for her generation, she is regarded as one of the foremost scholars of French literature and critical theory of her time. Naomi's younger sister is the artist and writer Mira Schor.

Early life and education
At the time of her birth, Naomi Schor's Polish-born parents Ilya and Resia Schor were artists who had recently immigrated to the US as refugees from war-torn Europe. Ilya Schor was a painter, jeweler and artist of Judaica, and Resia Schor was a painter who later worked in silver and gold and mixed media on sculptural jewelry and Judaica. The Schors lived among a polyglot community of émigrés, among them musicians, intellectuals, and artists. Naomi Schor’s first language was French, and she went to the Lycée Français de New York where she received her Baccalauréat in 1961, the same year, sadly, that her father died. Schor received her B.A. in English Literature from Barnard College then received her PhD in French Literature from Yale. There Schor occasionally wrote her scholarly essays in French.

Scholarship
Schor was one of the early proponents of French psychoanalytic and deconstructive theory in American literary studies. She wrote about canonical authors such as Émile Zola, Gustave Flaubert, Marcel Proust, Honoré de Balzac, re-examining their work through the double lens of the male-authored theoretical discourse of Jacques Derrida (whom she knew personally), Roland Barthes, and Jacques Lacan, and that of French feminist theoreticians such as Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, and Luce Irigaray.

Schor was the founding co-editor of differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, in 1989, a critical forum where the problematics of difference is explored in texts ranging from the literary and the visual to the political and social.

An area of Schor’s expertise was the work of the feminist psychoanalytic theorist Luce Irigaray. With Carolyn Burke and Margaret Whitford, she edited Engaging with Irigaray, which included essays by Rosi Braidotti, Elizabeth Weed, and Judith Butler. With differences co-founder and co-editor Weed, Schor edited a number of differences books, including The Essential Difference in 1994 and Queer Theory Meets Feminism in 1997.

Reading in Detail: Aesthetics and the Feminine is considered one of Schor’s most influential books. In this classic 1987 work of aesthetic and feminist theory, available in a 2006 paperback edition, Schor provided new ways of thinking about the gendering of details and ornament in literature, art, and architecture.

In other writings she developed the concept of female fetishism, in her many writings on the work of George Sand; she examined the question of idealism, also in relation to Sand, and in her late writings and research revisited the concept of universalism in an era of identity politics and difference.

Awards and honors
Schor was the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship (1963–64), a number of Fulbright Award Fellowships to France, NEH Fellowships (1981 and 1990–91), a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1990: She was also elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997. Schor taught at Columbia, Brown (from 1978 to 1989) where she held the Nancy Duke Lewis Chair from 1985 to 1989, Duke where she was the William Hanes Wannamaker Professor of Romance Studies Chair, and Harvard. At the time of her death (of a brain hemorrhage) Schor was the Benjamin F. Barge professor of French at Yale.

Naomi Schor’s papers are part of the Pembroke Center Archive's Elizabeth Weed Feminist Theory Papers collection, held at the John Hay Library at Brown University.

Personal life
At the time of her death she was married to R. Howard Bloch, Sterling Professor of French and Chair of the Humanities Program at Yale. A first marriage, to Breton poet Paol Keineg, ended in divorce.

Works

Books

Bad Objects: Essays Popular and Unpopular, Duke University Press, 1995.
George Sand and Idealism, Gender and Culture Series, Columbia University Press, 1993.
Reading in Detail: Aesthetics and the Feminine, originally published by Methuen Press, 1987, reissued by Taylor & Francis, 2006, with introduction by Ellen Rooney.
Breaking the Chain: Women, Theory, and French Realist Fiction, Columbia University Press, 1985.
Zola’s Crowds, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

Edited volumes
Decadent Subjects: The Idea of Decadence in Art, Literature, Philosophy and Culture of the Fin de Siècle in Europe, by Charles Bernheimer, eds. Jason Kline and Naomi Schor, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
Queer Theory Meets Feminism (with Elizabeth Weed), Indiana University Press, 1997.
Engaging with Irigaray (with Carolyn Burke and Margaret Whitford), Columbia University Press, 1994.
The Essential Difference Naomi Schor and Elizabeth Weed, eds., Indiana University Press, 1994.
Flaubert and Postmodernism Naomi Schor and Henry F. Majewski, eds., University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

Essays
"Pensive Texts and Thinking Statues: Balzac with Rodin," Critical Inquiry 27 (2), 2001: 239–264.
“Blindness as Metaphor,” differences 11, Number 2, Summer 1999, 76-105.
“Anti-Semitism, Jews and the Universal,” October 87, Winter 1999, 107–111.
"One Hundred Years of Melancholy. The Zaharoff Lecture for 1996," Romantisme (Clarendon Press, TKyear) 1–15.
"Reading in Detail: Hegel's Aesthetics and the Feminine," reprinted in Patricia Jagentowicz Mills, ed. Feminist Interpretations of G.W.F. Hegel. (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 119–147.
"French Feminism is a Universalism", differences 7.1, 1995.
"Cartes Postales: Representing Paris 1900." Critical Inquiry 18, Winter 1992, 188-245.
"The Scandal of Realism," in Hollier, Denis, ed., A New History of French Literature (Harvard University Press, 1989), 656–660.
“This Essentialism Which is Not One,” differences 2, 1989, 38-58
"Idealism," in Hollier, A New History, 769–773.
"Simone de Beauvoir: A Thinking Woman's Woman," L.A. Times, May 19, 1986.
"Roland Barthes: Necrologies", Sub-Stance 48, 1986, 27-33.
"Female Fetishism: The Case of George Sand." Poetics Today 6, 1985, 301-310. Reprinted in Suleiman, Susan. Ed. The Female Body in Western Culture: Contemporary Approaches, Harvard University Press, 1986, 363–372.
"Female Paranoia: The Case for Psychoanalytic Feminist Criticism." Yale French Studies 62, 1981, 204-219.
"Le Détail chez Freud", Littérature 37 (1980), 3-14.
"Le Délire d'interprétation: naturalism et paranoia," in  Le naturalisme: Colloque de Cerisy, Paris, 10/18, 1978, 237–255.
"Dalí's Freud", Dada/Surrealism 6, 1976, 10-17.
“Le Sourire du sphinx: Zola et l'énigme de la fémininité", Romantisme 12-14, 1976, 183-195.

Colloquia and conferences
"Romancing the Dead," Feminist Theory, Brown University September 1995; Keynote address, 21st Annual Meeting, Nineteenth-Century French Studies Colloquium, October 1995; Longest Lecture, Ole Miss, November 1995; Zaharoff Lecture, Oxford University, 1996.
"Il et Elle: Croisset et Nohant," Colloque de Nohant, Nohant, Septembre 1991.
"George Sand and Feminism: Lettres à Marcie," Feminist Theory: An International Debate, University of Glasgow, July 1991.
"Triste Amérique: Atala and the Post-Revolutionary Construction of Woman," Keynote Address, "Woman and Representation," Rhode Island College. April 1989.
"Woman and the French Revolution," UCLA, October 1989; Danziger Memorial Lecture. The University of Chicago, May 1990.
"Roland Barthes: Necrologies," 2nd International Conference on Translation, Barnard College, November 1984.
"Roland Barthes' Aesthetics," Dimensions of Narrative Conference, Brown University, November 1983.
"Female Fetishism: The Case of George Sand," Eight Annual Nineteenth Century Colloquium in French Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst. October 1982; Colloquium on "Women and Signs," July, 1983, Urbino, Italy; Berkshire Conference, June 1984.
"Details and Realism: La Curé de Tours," "Synopsis IV," the Porter Institute for Semiotics and Poetics, Tel-Aviv University, May 1982.
"Salammbo enchainée: Femme et Ville dans Salammbo," Journé d'etudes: Flaubert, La Femme, la Ville. Centennaire de la mort de Gustave Flaubert, Célébrations Nationales, Paris, France, November 1980; Flaubert Colloquium, University of Bielefeld, West Germany, May 1981.
"Le Statut du détail chez Freud," colloque sur le fragment, Université de Montréal, March 1978; Brown University, March 1978.
"Le délire d'interprétation: naturalisme et paranoia", Colloquium on Naturalism, Cerisy, France, July 1976.

References

External links
 Naomi Schor Papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University
 http://www.dukeupress.edu/differences/
 http://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm&template2=books/book_detail_page.htm&user_id=316223710538&Bmain.item_option=1&Bmain.item=1732
 http://www.routledge.com/books/Reading-in-Detail-ISBN 978-0-415-97945-0
 The Sigmund H. Danziger, Jr. Memorial Lecture in the Humanities (Sigmund H Danziger Lecture 1990-1991)

1943 births
2001 deaths
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American literary critics
American women literary critics
Feminist theorists
Lycée Français de New York alumni
Barnard College alumni
Yale University alumni
Structuralists
Postmodern feminists
Jewish feminists
Poststructuralists
Brown University faculty


Cirsium loncholepis is a rare species of thistle known by the common name La Graciosa thistle. It is endemic to California, where it is known from about 15 remaining occurrences in wetlands where southwestern San Luis Obispo County borders northwestern Santa Barbara County. It grows in coastal scrub and sand dunes, marshes, and moist grasslands in the watersheds of local rivers, including the Santa Maria River. It is a federally listed endangered species.

This native thistle may exceed a meter in height and sometimes forms a mound with fleshy, ridged stem branches. The leaves are deeply cut into lobes, toothed and wavy along the edges, the lowest leaves approaching 30 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a tight cluster of flower heads, each up to 3 or 4 centimeters long. The flower head is lined with spiny phyllaries and filled with purple-tinted white flowers with purple anthers. The fruit is a compressed achene a few millimeters long topped with a pappus which may be 2.5 centimeters in length.

The conservation status of this population of thistles may be reevaluated as taxonomy studies suggest they may be members of the more common species Cirsium scariosum.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Forest Service Links
Photo gallery

loncholepis
Flora of California
Plants described in 1917
Flora of Northern America
Taxa named by Franz Petrak


Saskatoon County was a provincial electoral division  for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Created as "Saskatoon" before the 1st Saskatchewan general election in 1905, the district encompassed the three communities that merged to form the city in 1906. A new urban riding was created for the rapidly growing city in 1908, with the existing rural constituency being redrawn and renamed Saskatoon County for the 2nd Saskatchewan general election. The riding was abolished into the districts of Rosthern and Hanley before the 8th Saskatchewan general election in 1934.

It is now part of the constituencies of Martensville, Saskatoon Southeast, and Rosetown-Elrose.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

|-

|Provincial Rights
|Hugh Edwin Munroe
|align="right"|803
|align="right"|45.63%
|align="right"|–
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|1,760
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

|-

|Provincial Rights
|Paul L. Sommerfeld
|align="right"|766
|align="right"|49.52%
|align="right"|+3.89
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|1,547
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

|-

|Conservative
|W.H. Bulmer
|align="right"|500
|align="right"|35.16%
|align="right"|-14.36
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|1,422
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

|-

|Conservative
|Reuben Alfred Locke
|align="right"|757
|align="right"|35.41%
|align="right"|+0.25
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|2,138
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

|-

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|2,551
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

|-

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|2,573
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

|-

|Conservative
|George Miller Huffman
|align="right"|1,499
|align="right"|37.31%
|align="right"|-

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|4,017
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

See also
Saskatoon – Northwest Territories territorial electoral district (1870–1905).

Electoral district (Canada)
List of Saskatchewan provincial electoral districts
List of Saskatchewan general elections
List of political parties in Saskatchewan
Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344

References
 Saskatchewan Archives Board – Saskatchewan Election Results By Electoral Division

Former provincial electoral districts of Saskatchewan


The forest tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sylvanus) was formerly considered a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to Salta and southeast Jujuy Provinces in northwest Argentina. The IUCN currently recognizes it as a subspecies of C. frater.

References

Mammals of Argentina
Tuco-tucos
Endemic fauna of Argentina
Mammals described in 1919
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN


Muncho Lake is a highway services community in northern British Columbia, Canada, located at Mile 462 on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway, within Muncho Lake Provincial Park and on the south end of the lake of the same name.  The community consists almost entirely of travel and tourism-related businesses such as lodging, game outfitting, restaurants, gas stations and fishing outfitting.

Climate

See also
Muncho Pass
Sentinel Range (Canada)

References

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Northern Interior of British Columbia
Populated places in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality
Canadian Rockies


Misery Days is the second album released by Oblivion Dust on July 23, 1998.

Track listing

1998 albums
Oblivion Dust albums


Jewish religious clothing is apparel worn by Jews in connection with the practice of the Jewish religion. Jewish religious clothing has changed over time while maintaining the influences of biblical commandments and Jewish religious law regarding clothing and modesty (tzniut). Contemporary styles in the wider culture also have a bearing on Jewish religious clothing, although this extent is limited.

Historical background

The Torah set forth rules for dress that, following later rabbinical tradition, were interpreted as setting Jews apart from the communities in which they lived.

Classical Greek and Roman sources, that often ridicule many aspects of Jewish life, do not remark on their clothing and subject it to caricature, as they do when touching on Celtic, Germanic, and Persian peoples, and mock their different modes of dress. Cultural anthropologist Eric Silverman argues that Jews in the late antiquity period used clothes and hair-styles like the people around them. At 2 Maccabees 4:12, it is said that the Maccabees slaughtered Jewish youths guilty of Hellenizing in wearing caps typical of Greek youths.

In the Mishnaic period, as well as in many Islamic countries until the mid-20th century, Jewish men typically wore a tunic (, ḥalūk), instead of trousers. In the same countries, many different local regulations emerged to make Christian and Jewish dhimmis look distinctive in their public appearance. In 1198, the Almohad emir Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur decreed that Jews must wear a dark blue garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat; his son altered the colour to yellow, a change that may have influenced Catholic ordinances some time later. German ethnographer Erich Brauer (1895–1942) noted that in Yemen of his time, Jews were not allowed to wear clothing of any color besides blue. Earlier, in Jacob Saphir's time (1859), they would wear outer garments that were "utterly black".

In France, during the Middle Ages, Jewish men typically wore trousers and a shirt (chemise), thought by Rashi to have been equivalent to the tunic worn by Jewish men of the east.

Men's clothing
Many Jewish men historically wore a turban or a habit, a tunic, a tallit, and sandals in summer. Oriental Jewish men in late-Ottoman and British Mandate Palestine would wear the tarbush on their heads.

Tallit, tzitzit
The tallit is a Jewish prayer shawl worn while reciting morning prayers as well as in the synagogue on Shabbat and holidays. In Yemen, the wearing of such garments was not unique to prayer time alone but was worn the entire day. In many Ashkenazi communities, a tallit is worn only after marriage. The tallit has special twined and knotted fringes known as tzitzit attached to its four corners. It is sometimes referred to as Arba kanfot (lit. 'four corners') although the term is more common for a tallit katan, an undergarment with tzitzit. According to the Biblical commandments, tzitzit must be attached to any four-cornered garment, and a thread with a blue dye known as tekhelet was originally included in the tzitzit, although the missing blue thread does not impair the validness of the white. Jewish tradition varies with respect to burial with or without a tallit. While all the deceased are buried in tachrichim (burial shrouds), some communities (Yemenite Jews) do not bury their dead in their tallit. The Shulhan Arukh and the Tur, however, following the legal opinion of the Ramban, require burying the dead with their tallit, and which has become the general practice amongst most religious Jews. Among others, the matter is dependent upon custom.

Since tzitzit are considered to be a time-bound commandment, only men are required to wear them. Authorities have differed as to whether women are prohibited, permitted or encouraged to wear them. Medieval authorities tended toward leniency, with more prohibitive rulings gaining in precedence since the 16th century. Conservative Judaism regards women as exempt from wearing tzitzit, not as prohibited, and the tallit has become more common among Conservative women since the 1970s. Some progressive Jewish women choose to take on the obligations of tzitzit and tefillin, and it has become common for a girl to receive a tallit when she becomes bat mitzvah.

Kippah
A kippah or yarmulke (also called a kappel or skull cap) is a thin, slightly-rounded skullcap traditionally worn at all times by Orthodox Jewish men, and sometimes by both men and women in Conservative and Reform communities. Its use is associated with demonstrating respect and reverence for God. Jews in Arab lands did not traditionally wear yarmulkes, but rather larger, rounded, brimless hats, such as the kufi or tarboush.

Kittel
A kittel () is a white, knee-length, cotton robe worn by Jewish prayer leaders and some Orthodox Jews on the High Holidays. In some families, the head of the household wears a kittel at the Passover seder, while in other families all married men wear them. In many Ashkenazi Orthodox circles, it is customary for the groom to wear a kittel under the chuppah (wedding canopy).

Women's clothing

Married observant Jewish women wear a scarf ( or ), snood, hat, beret, or sometimes a wig (sheitel) in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish religious law that married women cover their hair.

Jewish women were distinguished from others in the western regions of the Roman Empire by their custom of veiling in public. The custom of veiling was shared by Jews with others in the eastern regions. The custom petered out among Roman women, but was retained by Jewish women as a sign of their identification as Jews. The custom has been retained among Orthodox women. Evidence drawn from the Talmud shows that pious Jewish women would wear shawls over their heads when they would leave their homes, but there was no practice of fully covering the face. In the medieval era, Jewish women started veiling their faces under the influence of the Islamic societies they lived in. In some Muslim regions such as in Baghdad, Jewish women veiled their faces until the 1930s. In the more lax Kurdish regions, Jewish women did not cover their faces.

Jewish vs gentile customs
Based on the rabbinic traditions of the Talmud, the 12th century philosopher Maimonides forbade emulating gentile dress and apparel when those same items of clothing have immodest designs, or that they are connected somehow to an idolatrous practice, or are worn because of some superstitious practice (i. e., "the ways of an Amorite").

A question was posed to 15th-century Rabbi Joseph Colon (Maharik) regarding "gentile clothing" and whether or not a Jew who wears such clothing transgresses a biblical prohibition that states, "You shall not walk in their precepts" (). In a protracted responsum, Rabbi Colon wrote that any Jew who might be a practising physician is permitted to wear a physician's cape (traditionally worn by gentile physicians on account of their expertise in that particular field of science and their wanting to be recognized as such), and that the Jewish physician who wore it has not infringed upon any law in the Torah, even though Jews were not wont to wear such garments in former times. He noted that there is nothing attributed to "superstitious" practice by their wearing such a garment, while, at the same time, there isn't anything promiscuous or immodest about wearing such a cape, neither is it worn out of haughtiness. Moreover, he has understood from Maimonides (Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1) that there is no commandment requiring a fellow Jew to seek out and look for clothing which would make them stand out as "different" from what is worn by gentiles, but rather, only to make sure that what a Jew might wear is not an "exclusive" gentile item of clothing. He noted that wearing a physician's cape is not an exclusive gentile custom, noting, moreover, that since the custom to wear the cape varies from place to place, and that, in France, physicians do not have it as a custom to wear such capes, it cannot therefore be an exclusive gentile custom.

According to Rabbi Colon, modesty was still a criterion for wearing gentile clothing, writing: "...even if Israel made it as their custom [to wear] a certain item of clothing, while the Gentiles [would wear] something different, if the Israelite garment should not measure up to [the standard established in] Judaism or of modesty more than what the Gentiles hold as their practice, there is no prohibition whatsoever for an Israelite to wear the garment that is practised among the Gentiles, seeing that it is in [keeping with] the way of fitness and modesty just as that of Israel."

Rabbi Joseph Karo (1488–1575), following in the footsteps of Colon, ruled in accordance with Colon's teaching in his seminal work Beit Yosef on the Tur (Yoreh De'ah §178), and in his commentary Kessef Mishneh (on Maimonides' Mishne Torah, Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1), making the wearing of gentile clothing contingent upon three factors: 1) that they not be promiscuous clothing; 2) not be clothing linked to an idolatrous practice; 3) not be clothing that was worn because of some superstitious practice (or "the way of the Amorites"). Rabbi Moses Isserles (1530–1572) opines that to these strictures can be added one additional prohibition of wearing clothes that are a "custom" for them (the gentiles) to wear, that is to say, an exclusive gentile custom where the clothing is immodest. Rabbi and posek Moshe Feinstein (1895–1986) subscribed to the same strictures.

See also

 Biblical clothing
 Israeli fashion
 Jewish hat
 Kaftan
 Religious clothing

References

Further reading
 Rubens, Alfred, (1973) A History of Jewish Costume. .
 Silverman, Eric. (2013) A Cultural History of Jewish Dress. London: Bloomsbury. .

External links

History of clothing


Eilao is one of five parishes in Illano, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size. The population is 364. The postal code is 33734.

Villages
 Cachafol
 Carbayal
 Cimadevilla
 Enterríos
 Eilao (capital)
 A Montaña
 Pastur
 Santesteba
 Vilar
 Vilaseca
 Zadamoño

References

Parishes in Illano


Heceta may refer to:

Bruno de Heceta, a Spanish explorer of the west coast of North America
Heceta Beach, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the United States
Heceta Head, a headland in Oregon, United States
Heceta Head Light, a lighthouse on Heceta Head
Heceta Island, an island off the coast of Alaska, United States


The 1932 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1932. The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1932 season are (1) Collier's Weekly, as selected by Grantland Rice, (2) the Associated Press, (3) the United Press, (4) the All-America Board, (5) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA); (6) the International News Service (INS), (7) Liberty magazine, and (8) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA).

Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1932, the NCAA recognizes eight published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.

All-American selections for 1932

Ends
Paul Moss, Purdue (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-1; NYT-1; WC-1; FWAA; LIB; TR-1; PD; PM)
Joe Skladany, Pittsburgh (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; UP-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-2; FWAA; TR-1)
Ted Petoskey, Michigan (UP-3; WC-1; AAB-1; INS-3; NYS-2)
Jose Martinez-Zorilla, Cornell (AP-1)
David Ariail, Auburn (NEA-2; CP-1)
 Richard T. King, Army (AP-2; UP-3; NEA-2; INS-2; NYS-1)
Dave Nisbet, Washington (AP-3; CO-1; INS-2; LIB)
Clary Anderson, Colgate (NEA-3; NYT-1)
Frank Meadow, Brown (AP-3)
Edwin Kosky, Notre Dame (UP-2)
Virgil Rayburn, Tennessee (NYS-2)
Red Matal, Columbia (UP-2; NEA-3; PM)
Francis "Hands" Slavich, Santa Clara (INS-3)
Sid Gillman, Ohio State (PD)
Ivy Williamson, Michigan (CP-2)
Ford Palmer, USC (CP-3)
Madison Pruitt, TCU (CP-3)

Tackles
Joe Kurth, Notre Dame (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-1; NYT-1; WC-1; FWAA; LIB; TR-1; PM)
Ernie Smith, USC (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-2; NYT-1; WC-1; FWAA; LIB; TR-1; PD)
Edward Krause, Notre Dame (AP-2; UP-3; NEA-2; INS-2; CP-2)
Fred Crawford, Duke (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; UP-2; CP-3)
Raymond Brown, USC (AP-3; UP-3; NEA-2; INS-2; CP-3; NYS-1; PM)
Howard Colehower, Penn (AP-3; UP-2; NEA-3; INS-3; CP-2)
L. Brown, Brown (NEA-3)
Ted Rosequist, Ohio State (INS-3)
John Wilbur, Yale (NYS-2)
Irad Hardy, Harvard (PD)

Guards
Milton Summerfelt, Army (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-1; FWAA; NYT-1; TR-1; PD; PM)
Bill Corbus, Stanford (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; UP-1; CO-1; AAB-1; NEA-1; CP-2; NYS-1; WC-1; TR-1)
Robert Smith, Colgate (AP-2; UP-2; AAB-1; NEA-2; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-2; WC-1; LIB; PD)
Aaron Rosenberg, USC (College Football Hall of Fame) (UP-3; INS-2; FWAA; LIB)
Johnny Vaught, TCU (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; UP-2; INS-3; CP-3; NYT-1)
Joseph Gailus, Ohio State (AP-2; UP-3; NEA-2; INS-2; CP-3; NYS-2; PM)
Mike Steponovich, St. Mary's (AP-3; NEA-3)
James Harris, Notre Dame (NEA-3)
Greg Kabat, Wisconsin (INS-3)
Thomas Hupke, Alabama (CP-2)

Centers
Clarence Gracey, Vanderbilt (AP-2; UP-1; NEA-2; INS-2; NYS-2; NYT-1; TR-1, CP-3; LIB; PD)
Lawrence Ely, Nebraska (AP-1; UP-2; CO-1; INS-3; NYS-1)
Chuck Bernard, Michigan (AP-3; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-2; FWAA)
Cap Oehler, Purdue (NEA-3)
Tom Gilbane, Brown (CP-1)
Art Krueger, Marquette (WC-1; PM; AAB-1)
Joe Tormey, Pitt (UP-3)

Quarterbacks
Harry Newman, Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-1; NYT-1; WC-1; FWAA; LIB; TR-1; PD; PM)
Cliff Montgomery, Columbia (AP-2; UP-3; INS-2; NYS-2)
Felix Vidal, Army (AP-3)
Bob Monnett, Michigan State (NEA-2)
Johnny Cain, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (NEA-3)
Robert Ramsay Chase, Brown (INS-3; CP-2; NYS-1 [fb])
Charles R. Soleau, Colgate (UP-2)
William "Bill" Beasley, St. Mary's (CP-3)

Halfbacks
Warren Heller, Pittsburgh (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1 [fb]; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-1; NYS-1; WC-1; FWAA; LIB; TR-1; PM)
Jimmy Hitchcock, Auburn (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; UP-2; CO-1; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-2; NYS-2; NYT-1; WC-1; FWAA; TR-1; PD; PM)
Don Zimmerman, Tulane (AP-1 [fb]; UP-1; CO-1; NEA-3; INS-2; CP-1; LIB; NYT-1)
Harrison Stafford, Texas (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2)
George Sanders, Washington State (AP-2; UP-3; NEA-2; NYS-2)
Beattie Feathers, Tennessee (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; UP-3; INS-3)
John Crickard, Harvard (AP-3)
Gil Berry, Illinois (NEA-2; CP-3)
Frank Christensen, Utah (NEA-3)
Johnny Cain, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (INS-2)
Whitey Ask, Colgate (INS-3)
Robert Lassiter, Yale (PD)
Bohn Hilliard, Texas (CP-2)
Henry "Hank" Schaldach, California (CP-3)

Fullbacks
Roy Horstmann, Purdue (UP-2; AAB-1; NEA-1; INS-1; CP-2; NYS-1 [hb]; NYT-1; WC-1; TR-1; PM)
Frank Christensen, Utah (UP-1; CP-3)
George Melinkovich, Notre Dame (UP-2 [halfback]; NEA-2; INS-2; LIB; PD)
Jack Manders, Minnesota (CP-1; INS-3)
Bart Viviano, Cornell (AP-2; NYS-2)
Duane Purvis, Purdue (AP-3)
Angelo Brovelli, St. Mary's (UP-3; NEA-3; FWAA)

Key
 Bold – Consensus All-American
 -1 – First-team selection
 -2 – Second-team selection
 -3 – Third-team selection

Official selectors
 AAB = All America Board selected by Christy Walsh in collaboration with Glenn Warner, W.A. Alexander, Jesse C. Harper, Edward L. Casey
 AP = Associated Press
 CO = Collier's Weekly, selected by Grantland Rice
 INS = INS (Hearst) newspaper syndicate
 LIB = Liberty magazine
 NANA = North American Newspaper Alliance
 NEA = NEA Sports Syndicate
 UP = United Press

Other selectors
 CP = Central Press Association, the captains' poll
 NYS = New York Sun
 WC = Walter Camp Football Foundation
FWAA = Football Writers Association of America
 NYW = New York World-Telegram
 TR = Ted A. Ramsay, an attempt to create a consensus All-American team using the selections of the six most prominent selectors: the All-America Board, NEA, UP, AP, New York Sun and New York World. Three players, Moss, Kurth and Newman were unanimously selected by all six.
 PD = Parke H. Davis
 PM = Philip Martin

See also
 1932 All-Big Six Conference football team
 1932 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1932 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team
 1930 All-Southern football team
 1932 All-Southwest Conference football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


In the Battle of Fleurus (26 June 1794) Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's French army repulsed an attack by the combined Austro-Dutch army led by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Tactically the battle was a draw but strategically it was a decisive French victory. The battle led to the collapse of the Coalition position in the Austrian Netherlands.

Key
 GdD = General de Division, army or division commander
 GdB = General de Brigade, division or brigade commander
 FM = Feldmarschall, army commander
 FML = Feldmarschall-Leutnant, column commander
 GM = General-major, brigade commander
 bns = infantry battalions
 sqns = cavalry squadrons
 Émigré = French Royalists

French army

General de Division Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (75,000)

 Reserve artillery
 Two foot artillery companies

Army of the Moselle
GdD Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
 GdD Jacques Maurice Hatry (11,000)
 GdB Jean-Antoine Chapsal
 27th Line Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion
 44th Line Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion
 Moselle National Guard, 2nd and 3rd battalions
 Côte-d'Or National Guard, 3rd Battalion
 Seine-et-Oise National Guard, 6th Battalion
 Doubs National Guard, 9th Battalion
 11th Dragoon Regiment, three squadrons
 18th Chasseurs à Cheval, one squadron
 GdB Jean Pierre François Bonet
 33rd Line Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion
 58th Line Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion
 Lot-et-Garonne National Guard, 1st Battalion
 Loiret National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 Var National Guard, 4th Battalion
 One foot artillery company
 GdD Antoine Morlot (8,600)
 GdB Jean-Baptiste Olivier
 110th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 14th Dragoon Regiment, three squadrons
 GdB Henri Simon
 1st Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 34th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 10th Cavalry Regiment, four squadrons
 One foot artillery company
 GdD Jean Étienne Championnet (9,100)
 GdB Paul Grenier
 18th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 1st Dragoon Regiment, three squadrons
 GdB Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand
 59th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 94th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 4th Cavalry Regiment, three squadrons
 One foot artillery company
 GdD François Joseph Lefebvre (8,800)
 GdB Jean François Leval
 5th Line Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion
 54th Line Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion
 99th Line Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion
 9th Foot Chasseurs Battalion
 GdB Jean-Baptiste Jacopin
 13th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 80th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 149th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 GdB Jean Sultzmann
 16th Light Infantry Battalion
 1st Foot Chasseurs Battalion
 18th Foot Chasseurs Battalion
 Legion of the Moselle
 One foot artillery company

Army of the North
GdD Jean Baptiste Kléber
 GdB Guillaume Philibert Duhesme (10,000)
 GdB Jean Schlachter
 Saint-Denis National Guard, 1st Battalion
 Vosges National Guard, 5th Battalion
 4th Hussar Regiment, four squadrons
 12th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment, five squadrons
 GdB Louis Fuzier
 47th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, three battalions
 Vienne National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 Paris National Guard, 10th Battalion
 Seine-et-Oise National Guard, 10th Battalion
 GdB Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
 56th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, three battalions
 32nd Light Infantry Battalion
 Orne National Guard, 1st Battalion
 Meurthe National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 22nd Cavalry Regiment, four squadrons
 One foot artillery company
 GdD Anne Charles Basset Montaigu (8,200)
 GdB Joseph Léonard Richard
 10th Light Infantry Battalion
 4th Foot Chasseur Battalion
 6th Cavalry Regiment, one squadron
 7th Dragoon Regiment, four squadrons
 16th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment, one squadron
 GdB André Poncet
 18th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 1st Battalion
 49th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 1st Battalion
 68th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 1st and 2nd Battalions
 89th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 1st Battalion
 GdB Joseph Boisset
 Calvados National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 Haut-Rhine National Guard, 2nd and 3rd battalions
 Mayenne-et-Loire National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 Nièvre National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 Eure National Guard, 3rd Battalion
 Somme National Guard, 5th Battalion
 Oise National Guard, 6th Battalion
 Two foot artillery companies
 Detached from GdD Marie-Louis Ferrand
 GdB Charles Daurier (6,000)
 18th Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 2nd Battalion
 72nd Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 1st and 2nd battalions
 Loiret National Guard, 1st Battalion
 17th Cavalry Regiment, four squadrons
 One foot artillery company
 Cavalry Division: Paul-Alexis Dubois (2,300)
 GdB Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul
 12th Dragoon Regiment, four squadrons
 2nd Hussar Regiment, two squadrons
 6th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment, four squadrons
 One horse artillery company
 GdB Guillaume Soland
 6th Cavalry Regiments, four squadrons
 8th Cavalry Regiments, four squadrons
 One horse artillery company

Army of the Ardennes
GdD François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
 GdD Marceau (6,000)
 GdB Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge
 9th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 172nd Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 Nord National Guard, 3rd Battalion
 Pas-de-Calais National Guard, 8th Battalion
 GdB Jean Hardy
 Vendee National Guard, 1st Battalion
 Volunteers National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 11th Chasseurs à Cheval, four squadrons
 One foot artillery company
 GdD Jean Adam Mayer (5,500)
 GdB Jean Charles Prestat
 26th Line Infantry Regiment, three battalions
 Nord National Guard, 2nd Battalion
 Seine-Inférieur National Guard, 7th Battalion
 GdB Claude Lecourbe
 16th Light Infantry Battalion
 Aisne National Guard, 4th Battalion
 20th Chasseurs à Cheval, two squadrons
 One foot artillery company

Austrian-Dutch army

FM Prince Josias of Coburg (32,000 infantry, 14,000 cavalry)
 1st Column: William V, Prince of Orange
 Brigade: Lieutenant General Prince von Waldeck
 8 Dutch bns, 8 Dutch sqns, 2 Émigré sqns
 Brigade: Major General Prince Friedrich of Orange
 6 Dutch bns, 2 Swiss bns, 10 Dutch sqns, 2 Émigré sqns
 Brigade: GM Johann Sigismund Riesch
 2 Austrian bns, 3 Émigré bns, 2 Émigré sqns
 2nd Column: FML Peter Quasdanovich
 Brigade: 7 1/3 Austrian bns, 16 guns
 3rd Column: FML Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg
 Brigade: 5 Austrian bns, 3 Austrian sqns, 2(?) Émigré sqns, 16 guns
 4th Column: FML Archduke Charles
 Brigade: 7 1/3 Austrian bns, 16 sqns, 18 guns
 5th Column: FML Johann Peter Beaulieu
 Brigade: 16 Austrian bns, 20 Austrian sqns, 2 Émigré sqns, 18 guns

References

Further reading
The following are excellent sources for the first names and ranks of French and Austrian generals.

French Revolutionary Wars orders of battle
1794 in the Habsburg monarchy
1794 in the Holy Roman Empire
French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands


The CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (Campeonato Mundial Completo de CMLL in Spanish) is a singles professional wrestling championship promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). The Championship has been in existence since 1991. Unlike other heavyweight titles such as the WWE Championship or the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, it is not the main championship in the promotion because CMLL has emphasized the lower weight levels since there are more workers in the lower levels. The title was the first to be created after Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre changed its name to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in the early 1990s.

As it is a professional wrestling championship, it is not won legitimately; it is instead won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline. As the championship is designated as a heavyweight title, it can only officially be competed for by wrestlers weighing at least . The rule is not strictly adhered to as several champions have been under the weight limit, including the 16th champion, Héctor Garza who weighed . All title matches take place under two-out-of-three falls rules.

The first champion was Konnan El Barbaro, who won a 16-man tournament in 1991. The current champion is Gran Guerrero, who is in his first reign. He defeated Hechicero on November 7, 2022. The championship has been vacated three times; all instances were when the champion left CMLL for another promotion. Universo 2000 holds the record for most reigns, with three.

Title history

Combined reigns
As of  , .

Notes

References
General sources
[G]

External links
 CMLL World Heavyweight Title History at Cagematch.net

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre championships
CMLL World Heavyweight Championship


Kenneth Davies (December 20, 1925 - December 24, 2017) was an American painter based in Madison, Connecticut, known for his trompe-l'œil work.

Ken Davies was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He attended Yale University, where he painted his first important oil painting, "Lighthouses in the Alps". The work captured the attention of New York City cultural figure Lincoln Kirstein, who helped Davies attain showings of his early works in 1950 at the Hewitt Gallery. He also received a Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation fellowship that year. His first solo show was at the Hewitt Gallery in 1951, and every painting sold.

He taught at the Paier School of Art in Hamden, Connecticut. During his forty years there, he taught such notable artists as Joseph Reboli; and eventually became the dean. In 1962, he decided to refocus on his Still life painting, and enjoyed further success, with gallery representation from Hirschl & Adler Galleries. His first solo show there was in 1978.

Davies' labor-intensive technique involves sable brushes, resulting in paintings that appear almost like photographs, but with trompe-l'œil and Surrealist effects.

References

20th-century American painters
1925 births
2017 deaths
Yale University alumni
21st-century American painters
People from New Bedford, Massachusetts