Pope John Paul II worked to improve relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Judaism. He built solid ties with the Jewish community in the hope of promoting Christian–Jewish reconciliation.

Youth experience

As a child, Karol Wojtyła had played sports with his many Jewish neighbours. He was one of the few popes to have grown up in a climate of flourishing Jewish culture, one of the key components of pre-war Kraków, his interest in Jewish life dated from early youth. He wrote and delivered a number of speeches on the subject of the Church's relationship with Jews, and often paid homage to the victims of the Holocaust in many nations.

In 1998 he issued "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah" which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust.

Visit to synagogue

He also became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986.

The Pope has said that Jews are "our elder brothers." (see dual-covenant theology)

Auschwitz

He was the first pope to visit the former German Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, in 1979 and his visit to The Great Synagogue of Rome in April 1986 was the first known visit to a synagogue by a modern pope. He visited the Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem in Israel in March 2000, and touched the holiest outward remaining shrine of the Jewish people, the Western Wall in Jerusalem. He placed in the Western Wall a prayer that read:

God of our fathers, you chose Abraham and his descendants to bring your name to the nations. We are deeply saddened by the behavior of those who, in the course of history, have caused these children of yours to suffer.

Dual-covenant theology
John Paul II supported greater dialogue between Catholics and Jews, but did not explicitly support dual-covenant theology. On November 17, 1980, John Paul II delivered a speech in Mainz to Jewish communities in Germany in which he discussed his views of Catholic-Jewish relations. In it, John Paul II asserted that God's  covenant with the Jewish people was never revoked. During the speech, John Paul II cited the Guidelines for the Implementation of the [Second Vatican] Council Declaration Nostra Aetate, claiming that Catholics "will endeavor to understand better all that in the Old Testament preserves a proper and perpetual value ..., since this value has not been obliterated by the further interpretation of the New Testament, which on the contrary gave the Older its most complete meaning, so that the New one receives from the Old light and explanation ."

Relations with Israel

In 1994, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith. In honour of this event, Pope John Paul II hosted The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by American Maestro Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief  Rabbi of Rome, the President of Italy, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world.

The Pope played a role in the 1990s peace negotiations in the hopes of finding a diplomatic solution between Israelis and Palestinians. However, the 1993 fundamental accord was not put into application during his papacy because of lingering problems over tax issues.

The issue of the Carmelite Nun convent at Auschwitz

Efforts at reconciliation took a step back when the Polish national Catholic bishops conferences supported the Carmelite Nuns in their attempt to establish a convent at the former World War II Nazi-run death camp located at Auschwitz, a very sensitive site in the memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. The proposed location of this convent provoked hostility from some sectors of the Jewish community to the idea of building the Catholic institution on the ground where mass genocide of Jews was carried out. Jewish groups believed that this was inappropriate, and some groups engaged in peaceful protest. The nuns at the convent accused Modern Orthodox Rabbi Avi Weiss, of Riverdale, Bronx, NY, of attempting to assault them.

The Vatican did not support this convent, but noted that since Vatican II each national bishop's conference had local autonomy. Rabbi León Klenicki, founding member of the Interfaith Theological Forum of the John Paul II Center in Washington, D.C., said:

Pius IX and Pius XII

Some Jews were also upset at the beatification of Pius IX in 2000 because of memories of the Mortara case. Relations also soured after the emerging problems over Pius XII at Yad Vashem.

Visit to Israel

In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, (the Israeli national Holocaust memorial) in Israel and later made history by touching a very holy site in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews in the past). In part of his address he said: “I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church ... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place”, he added that there were “no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust”. Israeli cabinet minister Rabbi Michael Melchior, who hosted the Pope's visit, said he was “very moved” by the Pope's gesture.

{{cquote|“We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant.” |25px|25px|Pope John Paul II (12 March 2000) from a note left by the Pope at the Western Wall in Jerusalem <ref name="Online News"></ref>}}

 Intercommunity praise

In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating Pope John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy:
His deep commitment to reconciliation between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people has been fundamental to his papacy. Jews throughout the world are deeply grateful to the Pope. He has defended the Jewish people at all times, as a priest in his native Poland and during his pontificate... We pray that he remains healthy for many years to come, that he achieves much success in his holy work and that Catholic-Jewish relations continue to flourish.

Immediately after the pope's death, the ADL issued a statement that Pope John Paul II had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that “more change for the better took place in his 27 year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before.” In another statement issued by the Australia, Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Dr. Colin Rubenstein said,“The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church”''

See also
 Index of Vatican City-related articles
 Pontifical Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews

References

Christian and Jewish interfaith dialogue
Judaism
John Paul II


Khumbila or Khumbu Yül-Lha, roughly translated as "God of Khumbu" is one of the high Himalayan peaks in the Khumbu region of Eastern Nepal within the boundaries of Sagarmatha National Park.  Considered too sacred to be climbed by most local Sherpa people, the mountain is considered home to the patron God of the local area.  Rising 5,761m above sea level, the mountain overlooks the famous southern approaches to its larger neighbours including Ama Dablam and Mount Everest.

Khumbila has never been climbed; one attempt prior to the 1980s ended when climbers were killed in an avalanche, and there have been no subsequent attempts.

Religious importance

Khumbila is said to be a god, and an old one. The prayers for Khumbila are believed to date back to the time when the ancestors of the Sherpas were still in Tibet (more than 500 years ago). Khumbila is said to have been subdued and converted to Buddhism by Guru Rimpoche, the 8th-century saint who spread Buddhism throughout the Himalaya. In fact, Guru Rimpoche is said to have spent some time meditating in a cave above Khunde, perhaps on the mountain Khumbila itself.

Local buildings often have prayer flags on bamboo wands to honour Khumbila.

References

Khumbila
Five-thousanders of the Himalayas
k


Oral storytelling is an ancient and intimate tradition between the storyteller and their audience. The storyteller and the listeners are physically close, often seated together in a circular fashion. The intimacy and connection is deepened by the flexibility of oral storytelling which allows the tale to be moulded according to the needs of the audience and the location or environment of the telling. Listeners also experience the urgency of a creative process taking place in their presence and they experience the empowerment of being a part of that creative process. Storytelling creates a personal bond with the teller and the audience.

The flexibility of oral storytelling extends to the teller as well. Each teller will incorporate their own personality and may choose to add characters into the story. As a result, there will be numerous variations of a single story. Some tellers consider anything outside the narrative as extraneous, while other storytellers choose to enhance their telling of the tale with the addition of visual and audio tools, specific actions and creative strategies and devices.

Storytelling may be performed in many forms: in prose, in poetic form, as a song, accompanied with dance or some kind of theatrical performance, etc.

Human need

It is likely that oral storytelling has been around as long as human language. Storytelling fulfills the need for human beings to cast their experiences in narrative form. This long tradition of storytelling is evident in ancient cultures such as the Australian Aboriginals. Community storytelling offered the security of explanation—how life and its many forms began and why things happen—as well as entertainment and enchantment. Communities were strengthened and maintained through stories that connected the present, the past, and the future.

Telling stories is a nurturing act for the listener, who is connected to the storyteller through the story, as well as for the storyteller, who is connected to the listeners through the story.

History

Early storytelling probably originates in simple chants .

People sang chants as they worked at grinding corn or sharpening tools. Our early ancestors created myths to explain natural occurrences. They assigned superhuman qualities to ordinary people, thus originating the hero tale.

Early storytelling combined stories, poetry, music, and dance. Those who excelled at storytelling became entertainers, educators, cultural advisors, and historians for the community. Through storytellers, the history of a culture is handed down from generation to generation.

The importance of stories and storytellers throughout human history can be seen in the respect afforded to professional storytellers.

The 9th-century fictional storyteller Scheherazade of One Thousand and One Nights, who saves herself from execution by telling tales, is one example illustrating the value placed on storytelling in days of old. Centuries before Scheherazade, the power of storytelling was reflected by Vyasa at the beginning of the Indian epic Mahabharata. Vyasa says, "If you listen carefully, at the end, you'll be someone else."

In the Middle Ages, storytellers, also called a troubadour or a minstrel, could be seen in the market places and were honored as members of royal courts. Medieval storytellers were expected to know all the current tales and, in the words of American storyteller Ruth Sawyer, "to repeat all the noteworthy theses from the universities, to be well informed on court scandals, to know the healing power of herbs and simples (medicines), to be able to compose verses for a lord or lady at a moment's notice, and to play on at least two of the instruments then in favor at court." According to some writers, there were 426 minstrels employed at the wedding of Princess Margaret of England in 1290. Two of the storytellers in the court of King Edward I were two women who performed under the names of Matill Makejoye and Pearl in the Egg.

Journeying from land to land, storytellers would learn various regions' stories while also gathering news to bring back with them. Through exchanging stories with other storytellers, stories changed, making it difficult to trace the origins of many stories.

In the 1800s, Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm collected and published stories that had been told orally in Germany. They did not publish them as they found them, however, but edited them in accordance with their own values. Like the Grimm brothers in Germany, Peter Christen Asbjrnsen and Jorgen Moe collected Norwegian folk tales. In Denmark, Hans Christian Andersen adapted folktales he heard from oral storytellers. In England, Joseph Jacobs recorded collections of folktales from England, Scotland, and Wales.

In the 1900s, the importance of oral storytelling was recognized by storytellers such as Marie Shedlock, a retired English schoolteacher. She made several trips to the United States to lecture on the art of storytelling, emphasizing the importance of storytelling as a natural way to introduce literature to children.

Professional storytellers in various cultures
Ashik/ashough, in Turkic cultures
Bard
Pingshu, Chinese culture
Dastangoi, India
Qissagoi, Pakistan and India
Fili & Seanchaí, Ireland
Goliard
Griot, West Africa
Gusans, of Parthia and Armenia of old times
Kobzar, Ukraine
Maggid(Hebrew) Jewish
Minstrel
Dengbêj, Kurdish epic singer
, term predating âşık ("ashik") in Turkic cultures
Üligershin, Mongols, Buryats
Hakawati, Arab culture

Oral storytelling festivals

In the 20th century oral storytelling has undergone a revival of interest and focus.  Including the establishment of a number of storytelling festivals beginning with the National Storytelling Festival (USA) in Jonesborough, TN.

Regional storytelling festivals bring tellers of a certain state or region together for entertaining, telling and education in the art.

Films
 How People Got Fire - Animated film about oral storytelling in Native culture

References

 Jane Yolen; Favorite Folktales From Around the World.
 Stone, Packer & Hoopes (1983); The Short Story-An Introduction
 Carlson, Ann D. Storytelling. World Book Advanced. 2009

External links
 Tim Sheppard's Storytelling Resources

Oral literature
Oral tradition
Storytelling


Randell Scott Gomez (born February 4, 1957) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. He played in 14 games for the San Francisco Giants during the 1984 season.

External links

Major League Baseball catchers
San Francisco Giants players
Baseball players from San Mateo, California
1957 births
Living people
Hawaii Islanders players
Great Falls Giants players
Phoenix Giants players
Shreveport Captains players
Fresno Giants players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Junípero Serra High School (San Mateo, California) alumni
Utah Utes baseball players


Geoff McInnes (5 February 1909 – 23 March 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1930s.

Football
McInnes started out at Melbourne and kicked three goals on debut but it wasn't enough to prevent a loss to South Melbourne, for whom club great Herbie Matthews was also debuting. He didn't experience a single victory in his two seasons at Melbourne but did play in a winning side when he crossed to St Kilda in 1934.

He had success at Brunswick later in the decade and topped the VFA's goal-kicking with 84 goals in 1937.

References
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

External links

 Geoff A. McInnes, at The VFA Project.

1909 births
1988 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Port Melbourne Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Brunswick Football Club players


Zanja de Alsina (, Alsina's trench) were a system of trenches and wooden watchtowers (mangrullos) built in the central and southern parts of Buenos Aires Province to defend the territories of the federal government against indigenous Mapuche malones. The -wide trench was reinforced with 80 small strongholds and garrisons, called fortines. The defensive line was named after Adolfo Alsina, Argentine Minister of War under President Nicolás Avellaneda who planned the building of the trench in the 1870s. The trench's purpose was denounced when it became clear that it was unable to stop large-scale incursions between 1876 and 1877.

Conquest of the Desert
Fortification lines
Forts in Argentina
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires Province


Chorizanthe biloba is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name twolobe spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the Central Coast Ranges. There are two varieties, both of which are uncommon to rare.

C. b. var. biloba is known from several areas of the Central Coast Ranges, including the foothills of the Santa Lucia Mountains and Diablo Range. It grows erect up to 40 centimeters tall. It produces an inflorescence of several flowers, each surrounded by six bracts tipped in hooked spines. The tiny flower has deeply notched or jagged tepals.

The rare C. b. var. immemora, the Hernandez spineflower, is known from only about five occurrences near the border between San Benito and Monterey Counties. It is similar to var. biloba but has more shallow notches in its tepals.

References

External links
Taxon Report 2013: Chorizanthe biloba
Jepson Manual Treatment: var. biloba
Jepson Manual Treatment: var. immemora
Photo gallery: var. biloba
Photo gallery: var. immemora

biloba
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of Monterey County, California
Natural history of San Benito County, California
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
~
~
Taxa named by Thomas Nuttall


Adramann is a village in Nakodar. Nakodar is a city in the district Jalandhar of Indian state of Punjab.

Adramann lies on the Nakodar-Mehatpur road which is almost 3 km from it.
The nearest railway station to Adramann is Nakodar railway station at a distance of 12 km.

References

External links
Official website of Punjab Govt. with Adramann's details

Villages in Jalandhar district
Villages in Nakodar tehsil


In Renaissance and Early Modern German architecture, a Lustschloss (, both equating in English to "pleasure castle/house") is a small country house or palace which served the private pleasure of its owner, usually the ruler of the area it is located in, and was seasonally inhabited as a respite from court ceremonies and state duties. In France, the Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne, easily reached from Paris, arguably set an example, and Louis XIV similarly holidayed annually from the Palace of Versailles to his nearby Château de Marly, and more frequently used his Grand Trianon, to which the Petit Trianon was added in the following century.

There is no common term for such houses in English, and the phenomenon developed especially in the smaller states of Germany, where the ruler was firmly based in one or two main palaces, as opposed to the much larger number available to the monarchies of England, France, and Spain (after Henry VIII's prolific building, Elizabeth I of England had some 40 palaces, most now demolished). But Woodstock Palace seems to have had something of this role; the last monarch to use it was James I of England, in 1603, escaping the plague, which was another useful role these houses played. In France, it was mainly after the monarchy settled at Versailles that the need for them developed.  In Italy the term villa covered them.

Lustschloss is often loosely used interchangeably with Jagdschloss, for both served as non-formal residences, but a Jagdschloss was a hunting retreat and was usually used to host a ruler and his hunting party.

History

At the beginning of the Renaissance, a desire for non-military residences arose amongst the nobility and they slowly left their old fortified castles or altered them into stately residences. In the course of the years, many aristocratic family seats grew into big estates; at the same time, the court ceremonial changed. Now, the prince stood more and more in the centre of a luxurious royal household that reached its zenith during the absolutism. The nobility surrounded themselves with artists, courtiers, envoys, servants and petitioners. Often the residences overflowed with guests.

The desire for greater intimacy led to the construction of the Lustschloss, to which often only certain circles of acquaintances were invited. Here its owners could withdraw with their family and relatives. The Lustschloss was above all a place for parties, dancing and music. It was also frequently used for literature and painting. This distinguished it from the main residence, which was often nearby. The latter served the state, in which etiquette had to be protected.

The most popular architectural styles for these particular castles were Baroque and Rococo, which both displayed a sense of wealth. The Lustschloss was often located in a splendid castle park, mostly distinguished by especially extensive and valuable decorations. At the same time the rooms and drawing rooms became more intimate and more comfortable. Significant artists from their respective region would work on many of their paintings in the castle. Famous examples are the Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon in the gardens of Versailles, the Château de Marly, and the Amalienburg in the Schlosspark of Nymphenburg.

The name Lustschloss was often used interchangeably with the word Schloss, which is the general term for a palace, stately home or manor house. The purpose of a Lustschloss also changed – some were redeveloped over the years and were turned into palaces that took over representative tasks. An example of this is Sanssouci, which was originally established as a summer house, but over a period of time became the main residence of Frederick the Great of Prussia.

Some famous German examples of a Lustschloss are Schloss Benrath in Düsseldorf and Schloss Favorite in Ludwigsburg. The Favorite pleasure palace in Mainz was destroyed during the siege of Mainz (1793).

Castles by type
Architecture in Germany


Created in 1930, the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) is an International Association with Scientific Purpose whose seat is in Brussels. As a non-governmental international organisation its activities are centred on the study of public administration and it provides a forum in which comparative studies – including both practical experiences and theoretical analyses of experts in public administration worldwide and from all cultures – are presented and discussed. The Institute is interested in all questions related to contemporary public administration at the national and international level.

Each year IIAS holds three conferences in three countries around the world, is host for seven-hundred plus delegates, publishes approximately 10 books, publishes four issues of its prestigious International Review of Administrative Sciences (in three editions English, French and Mandarin Chinese),
leads and coordinates activities among its ninety Member States and National Sections.

The Institute has four specialised sub-entities

A specialised organisation:
 The International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA)

Three regional organisations:
 The European Group for Public Administration (EGPA)
 The Latin American Group for Public Administration (LAGPA)
 The Asian Group for Public Administration (AGPA)
each of which conducts study, research and networking.

Membership

The IIAS count members from every regions of the world as well as several international organisations.

The membership is divided into different categories:

 Member State
 Governmental international organisation established by a Treaty and comprised at least in part of Member States of IIAS
any non-governmental international organisation
 « National Sections » = groups of professionally qualified individuals, in member, or non-member, countries of IIAS, interested in the objectives of IIAS and desirous of working closely with it
 « Corporate Members » = institutions or associations duly set up having activities in the field of public administration on the national, international, or regional levels

Organisation of IIAS

The management bodies of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences are:

The Council of Administration
The General Assembly
The Programme and Research Advisory Committee
The Finance Committee
and the General Directorate in Brussels

The Council of Administration ensures the management and direct control of the affairs of the Institute, decides on the proposal of the Programme and Research Advisory Committee the Institute's programme of activities, and establishes the Institute's annual budget in accordance with the directions of the Council of Administration.  Its President, who also holds the title of President of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences, is Prof. Dr. Geert Bouckaert KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

The General Assembly lays down the general policy governing the work of the Institute and defines the methods of operation of the various services of the Institute. It approves the budget and adopts the statement of accounts on the basis of the report of the auditor that it appoints. The members of the Council of Administration are representatives from Member States, National Sections and International Organisations (please see the list of IIAS Members) convene under the chairmanship of the IIAS President.

General Directorate is the day-to-day management body in Brussels and is led by Mr. Sofiane Sahraoui, Director General.

References

External links
Official Website
IIAS Annual Congress 2011 in Mérida, Mexico

Public administration


Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress is one of the best-known portraits by Spanish painter Diego Velázquez. Executed in oil on canvas, it measures 127 cm high by 107 cm wide and was one of Velázquez's last paintings, produced in 1659, a year before his death. It shows Margaret Theresa of Spain who also appears in the artist's Las Meninas. Currently, the painting is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum.

This is one of the several court portraits made by Velázquez on different occasions of Infanta Margaret Theresa who, at fifteen, married her uncle, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She's the little infanta who appears in Las Meninas (1656). These paintings show her in different stages of her childhood; they were sent to Vienna to inform Leopold of what his young fiancée looked like.

The Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna has two other paintings by Velázquez: Infanta Maria Teresa and Portrait of Prince Philip Prospero. However, this portrait of Infanta Margarita is possibly the best of the three.

In this portrait, Velázquez used the technique of loose brushstrokes that fuse into coherence only when viewed from a certain distance. The infanta, here eight years old, is shown with a solemn expression. She wears a blue silk dress which is adorned with silver borders after the Spanish fashion of the era; the most striking characteristic is the huge expanse of the voluminous crinoline which is accentuated by the trimmed borders and the wide lace collar. In one of her hands she holds a brown fur muff, perhaps a present from Vienna. The young girl, who is presented as pretty and appealing, has a pale countenance which is enhanced by the blue and silver tones. In the background, there is a high console table with a round mirror behind it.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

References
Carr, Dawson (ed.), Velázquez, London: National Gallery, 2006.
Cirlot, L. (dir.), Kunsthistorisches, Col. «Museos del Mundo», Tomo 11, Espasa, 2007. , page 177
Monreal, L., Grandes Museos, Vol. 2, Planeta, 1975.  (full work)
Olivar, M., Cien obras maestras de la pintura, Biblioteca Básica Salvat, 1971.

External links
Velázquez , exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this portrait (see index)

Portraits by Diego Velázquez
1659 paintings
17th-century portraits
Philip IV of Spain
Portraits by Diego Velázquez in the Kunsthistorisches Museum
Paintings of children


The 18th Space Defense Squadron (18 SDS) is a United States Space Force Space Domain Awareness unit located at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. The 18th SDS is tasked with executing command and control of the space surveillance network (SSN), maintaining the resident space object (RSO) database and managing United States Space Command's space situational awareness (SSA) sharing program to United States, foreign government, commercial, and academic entities. The squadron also conducts advanced analysis, sensor optimization, conjunction assessment, human spaceflight support, reentry/break-up assessment, and launch analysis.

Mission
The mission of the 18th SDS is to provide and advance a continuous, comprehensive, and combat-relevant understanding of the space situation.

The squadron processes SSN data to monitor all activity to, in, and from space, and maintains custody of all resident space objects. Primary mission functions include launch detection and tracking, conjunction assessment and collision avoidance, human spaceflight support, maneuver detection, breakup identification, and reentry assessment. These functions ultimately enhance an information advantage and enable space superiority in the defense of U.S. and allied interests. Additionally, the 18 SDS also executes U.S. Space Command’s Space Situational Awareness sharing program, which provides tracking data of resident space objects to DoD, interagency, commercial, international and academic partners to:

 Promote peaceful and responsible use of space by tracking more than 45,000 man-made objects and sharing space data with the world
 Reduce uncertainty in space domain to minimize risk of misunderstanding and miscalculations

History
The 18th Space Surveillance Squadron (SPSS) was the optical portion of the United States Space Force's Space Surveillance Network. They were responsible for operating four worldwide GEODSS sites, in addition to the Transportable Optical System (TOS), and the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC).  The focal point for all optical command and control was centralized at the Optical Command, Control and Communications Facility (OC3F). The 18 SPSS became part of the 1st Space Wing, Air Force Space Command, on 1 February 1990.

The unit was reassigned from the 1st Space Wing to the 73d Space Group on 15 May 1992.

The 18th SPSS relocated to Edwards Air Force Base, California in July 1995. The 73rd Space Group was inactivated in May 1995 and all units were then assigned to the 21st Space Wing.  With a force-wide renaming of space units, the 18th SPSS became the 18th Space Control Squadron (18 SPCS) in February 2003.  This renaming did not last long, however, since the unit was inactivated in June 2004, with all detachments falling under the 21st Operations Group.

From 2004 to 2016, the space surveillance mission was executed by other USAF organizations located at Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station in Colorado, and within the Combined Space Operations Center in California.

On 22 July 2016, the 18th Space Control Squadron was reactivated at Vandenberg Air Force Base. The squadron had a mission focused on space situational awareness in support of launches, object and debris tracking, and human spaceflight.

On 13 April 2022, the 18th Space Control Squadron was redesignated as the 18th Space Defense Squadron.  The change was to signify the squadron’s focus on the increasingly congested and contested space domain and their critical role in providing data and information to ensure the safety, security, and sustainability of the space environment.

List of commanders
Lt Col T. Simpson
Lt Col Scott G. Putnam, 22 July 2016 – July 2017
Lt Col Mia Walsh, July 2017 – 18 June 2019
Lt Col Justin Sorice, 18 June 2019 – ~June 2021
Lt Col Matthew J. Lintker, June 2021 – 21 June 2023
Lt Col Jordan O.E. Mugg, 21 June 2023 – present

Assignments

Combatant Command

 United States Space Command (29 August 2019 – present)

Field Command

 Space Operations Command (21 October 2020 – present)

Delta

 Space Delta 2 (24 July 2022 – present)

Major Command
 Air Defense Command (later Aerospace Defense Command), 1 November 1966-1 October 1975
Air Force Space Command (1 February 1990 – 2004)

Numbered Air Force
 Fourteenth Aerospace Force (later Fourteenth Air Force, 1 February 1990 – 2004

Wing/Group
 73d Space Group (1 July 1991 – 2004)
 21st Space Wing
21st Operations Group

Detachments
 18 SPCS, Detachment 1 – Dahlgren, Virginia
 18 SPSS, Detachment 1 – Socorro, New Mexico
 18 SPSS, Detachment 2 – Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territories
 18 SPSS, Detachment 3 – Maui, Hawaii
 18 SPSS, Detachment 4 – Morón Air Base, Spain June 1997 – June 2004

Lineage
 Constituted as the 18th Surveillance Squadron and activated on 1 November 1966 (not organized)
 Organized on 1 January 1967
 Inactivated on 1 October 1975
 Activated on 1 February 1990
 Redesignated 18th Space Surveillance Squadron on 15 May 1992
 Redesignated 18th Space Control Squadron on 1March 2003
 Inactivated on 1 July 2004
 Activated on 22 July 2016

Stations
 Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1 January 1967 – 1 October 1975
 Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, 1 February 1990 – 1 November 1994
 Edwards AFB, California, 1 November 1994 – 1 July 2004
 Vandenberg Air Force Base (later Vandenberg Space Force Base), California,  22 July 2016 – present

Equipment Operated
 Ground-based Electro Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (February 1990 – 2004)
Baker-Nunn satellite tracking cameras (January 1967-October 1975)

Decorations
  Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
 8 July 1970 – 7 July 1971
 [1 Feb 1990]-31 Aug 1991
18 October 1995 – 30 September 1997
1 October 1997 – 30 September 1999
1 January 1998 – 31 December 1998
1 January 1999 – 31 December 1999
1 January 2000 – 31 August 2001

References

Notes
 Explanatory Notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links

Squadrons of the United States Space Force
Military units and formations in California


The Khagga (کھگہ) is a Jat tribe who claim a Quresh origin, just like Ranjha clan. They are mostly found in south-west Punjab, Pakistan.They mainly speak Punjabi.

Khaggas claim to be Qureshi, and are descended from Jalal ud Din, a disciple of the famous Sufi, Mohammed Iraq. Khagga is said to mean a particular kind of fish; and the name was given to Jalal ud Din by his spiritual teacher on the occasion of his rescuing a boat overtaken by a storm. According to traditions, during the period of Sikh rule, if anyone was distressed they could take refuge in the home of any Khagga. Mr. Purser thus described them: "The Khaggas came to the Montgomery district ( Now Sahiwal ) after the conquest of Multan by Ranjit Singh.
Khagga is said to mean a particular kind of fish; and the name was given to Shah Jalal-ud-Din by his spiritual teacher on the occasion of his rescuing a boat overtaken by a storm. There is also a traditions, that during the period of Sikh rule (late 18th and early 19th Century), if anyone was distressed they could take refuge in the home of any Khagga. One has to understand that this was a time of great number of tribal feuds, and it was almost necessary to have someone who could be brought in as an arbitrator.

Early history

Khagga's having Hashmi Qureshi background. According to their traditions, they are descended from Khawaja Shah Jalal Din Muhammad Awais Jaafri Quraishi Hashm also known as Khawaja Awais Khagga. He is a direct descendant of Jaffar Bin Abu Talib. He was a disciple of Shaikh Muhammad Iraqi, a saint of Awaisi chain of Sufis. He is believed to have arrived in Multan during the times of Sadruddin (son of famous Sufi Baha-ud-Din Zakariya) from Arabia and died in the year 700AH/1300AD. Shah Rukne Alam is said to have led his funeral prayers. He was buried in the graveyard of Basti Daira which was then known as Basti Shah Jalal. It has also been reported (Gilani, Aulia-i-Multan, 237) that the foundation stone of this tomb was laid by Shah Rukne Alam. He was buried in the mausoleum of his grandfather Bahauddin Zakriya Multani, according to his own will, after sometime, however, his coffin was transferred to the present mausoleum.

20 & 21 century

Khagga's  Entered Politics in 20 century, Pir Mian Bhuddan Shah Khagga Was First MLA From Khanewal in 1946 He was very close to the Quaid E Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah & Was Very Active Worker Of Pakistan Muslim League which lead to making of Pakistan. He Is Included In Notable Families in Biographical Encyclopidia of Pakistan. His Son Pir Mian Qamar Zaman Shah Khagga, studied from University Of Florida, Was Thrice Elected MNA, Twice Mpa, From Khanewal, He Was Also Federal Minister In Ayub Khan's Era, And Provincial Minister In Zia Ul Haq Era. Ayub Khan Also visited Their Home In 60's. It is said that after execution of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Benazir Bhutto resided in his home while afraid of Arrest. His Nephew Mian Masab Haider Shah Khagga was Also Elected Once MNA And Once MPA From Khanewal. His Son Pir Mian Muhammad Hayat Shah Khagga is Also Very Active In Politics and Well Known Among His People. Col(Retd) Abid Mehmood Shah Khagga is Also Very Active on National Level Politics and Is Very Close To the Prime Minister Imran Khan. He Is Founding Member of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf In The South Punjab. He Also fought MNA in 2013. Pir Wallayat Shah Khagga was Also Elected MPA Thrice From Sahiwal. His Son Pir Khizar Hayat Shah Khagga is Present MPA. Pir Mushtaq Shah Khagga Was Elected MPA Once From Mian Channu. Brothers Pir Muhammad Shah Khagga & Pir Ahmad Shah Khagga Elected Twice MNA and Thrice MPA From Pakpattan, They Are Also Very Active In National Level Politics. Khagga's Are Featured In The 2017 Pakistani Movie Punjab Nahi Jaungi

Distribution

They are found throughout South Punjab. In South Punjab the Khaggas own land in Multan and Mailsi tahsils and are regarded with a certain amount of respect. Important Khagga villages include Mouza Alam Shah Khagga Tehsil Tandlianwala Dist. Faisalabad, Chak Shahana, Estate Of Vehniwal Jahanian and Bherowal in Khanewal District, Noor Shah village in Sahiwal District. and Pakka Majeed near the town of Mian Channu. Other Khaga villages include Moza Akbar Shah Anad Aurangabad in Sahiwal District and Chak Shah Khagga in Pakpatan District.moza ahmad shah khagga Sahiwal district khagga family is also in District Muzaffar Garh Tehsil Kot Addu Bastti Patal and Bastti Kut Saleem wala,Kot Addu City and Bastti Shah wala chowk Sarwer Shaheed Tehsil Kot Addu District Muzaffar Garh Punjab Pakistan, moza sha Quddos khagga Luddan Tehsil & District Vehari

Punjabi tribes


The Coronation of the Virgin is a 1635–1636 painting on oil on canvas by Diego Velázquez of the Holy Trinity crowning the Blessed Virgin Mary, a theme in Marian art. It is now at the Museo del Prado.

It was probably commissioned for the oratory of the court of Elisabeth of France, queen consort to Philip IV of Spain, in the Real Alcázar of Madrid. There it joined others on Marian religious festivities by the Naples painter Andrea Vaccaro which had been brought to Madrid by cardinal Gaspar de Borja y Velasco. The model for Mary may be the same as he used for the Rokeby Venus.

Description
Velázquez's coronation of the Virgin is exceptional for being a rare religious work by an artist better known for his portraits, and for the air of naturalness and simplicity not found in works by other Baroque religious painters. Its composition is based on an inverted triangle, giving a sense of great equilibrium and harmonious lines and reminiscent (both in its colour and form) of a heart. The main figure is the Virgin Mary, with a modest, reverential, and emotional expression, lowered eyes, a straight nose and curved lips. The sense that the inverted triangle is meant to refer to a heart is reinforced and the viewer's piety invoked by Mary pointing to her own heart.

To the viewer's right is God the Father, represented as a dignified old man, whilst to the left is the long-haired figure of Jesus Christ - together they hold Mary's crown above her head. In the centre the Holy Spirit is represented in the form of a white dove. The figures' heads and the dove are level, on the line of the triangle's base, representing their equality within the Holy Trinity. Also notable are the cherubs round the Virgin at the base of the painting - their pictorial quality rivals that of Murillo, famous for his cherub-themed works.

Velázquez uses mainly blues and violets, and as carmines (especially Venetian carmine) instead of traditional reds following the advice of his tutor Pacheco as written down in his book Arte de la Pintura, despite Velázquez already being an acclaimed artist by the time of producing this painting.

Model
Noting the resemblance of the model in these paintings, the art historian José López-Rey wrote in 1999 that "obviously, Velázquez worked in both cases, and, for that matter, in the Fable of Arachne and Arachne, from the same model, the same sketch, or just the same idea of a beautiful young woman. Yet, he put on canvas two different images, one of divine and the other of earthly beauty". However, Neil MacLaren does not endorse these suggestions; they would probably argue that the painting was not produced in Italy. The Prado "Coronation" is dated to 1641–42; the present image is "stretched" vertically compared with the original.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

Notes

Sources
 The Coronation of the Virgin, Museo del Prado
 Justi, Carol. Diego Velazquez and His Times. Forgotten Books, 2018.
 López-Rey, José. Velázquez: Catalogue Raisonné. Taschen, Wildenstein Institute, 1999.
 MacLaren, Neil; revised Braham, Allan. The Spanish School, National Gallery Catalogues. National Gallery, London, 1970. pp. 125–9.

Paintings by Diego Velázquez in the Museo del Prado
1644 paintings
Velázquez
Religious paintings by Diego Velázquez
Doves in art
Paintings depicting the Holy Trinity


John Baptiste Thunder (February 23, 1891 - December 17, 1935) was a professional football player who played in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1922 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. Thunder was a Chippewa.

Family
The son of Joseph Thunder and Nancy Greely, Baptiste was married three times. First he married Isabella Neadeau in 1913 with whom who he had four daughters from 1913 until 1919; Edna Victoria, Dorothy Louisa, Susan Alice and Margaret Josephine. In the early 1920s he married an unknown woman with whom he had a son, Ralph Jerome. In 1931, Thunder married his third wife, Rachel MacDonald, with whom he had four more children, John Baptiste, Joseph Marcell, Genevieve and Imogene Mable.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

Notes

1891 births
1935 deaths
20th-century Native Americans
Native American sportspeople
Players of American football from Minnesota
Oorang Indians players


Chorizanthe blakleyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name Blakley's spineflower. It is endemic to the Sierra Madre Mountains of Santa Barbara County, California, where it is known from only eight occurrences, four of which are within the bounds of the Los Padres National Forest. It grows only on north-facing slopes in chaparral and woodland habitat. This plant grows upright to no more than 15 centimeters tall. It is yellow-green and hairy, with a few basal leaves up to about 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence contains several flowers, each surrounded by a tube of six hairy bracts with straight or hooked awns. The flower is a few millimeters wide with white or pink deeply notched tepals.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

blakleyi
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
~
Natural history of Santa Barbara County, California


Jalan Sultan Salahuddin (formerly Swettenham Road) is a major road in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was named after Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah of Selangor, the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

List of junctions

Roads in Kuala Lumpur


The 2007 Brands Hatch Superbike World Championship round was the tenth round of the 2007 Superbike World Championship. It took place on the weekend of 3–5 August 2007, at Brands Hatch.

Superbike race 1 classification

Superbike race 2 classification

Supersport race classification

References
 Superbike Race 1
 Superbike Race 2
 Supersport Race

Brands Hatch Round
Brands Hatch


Tut Kalan is a village in Nakodar. Nakodar is a city in the district Jalandhar of Indian state of Punjab.

Tut Kalan lies on the Nakodar-Kapurthala road which is almost 1 km from it.

The nearest railway station to this village Nakodar railway station at a distance of 5 km.

References

External links
Official website of Punjab Govt. with Tut Kalan's details

Villages in Jalandhar district


Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. This virus causes the disease hepatitis B.

Classification
Hepatitis B virus is classified in the genus Orthohepadnavirus, which contains 11 other species. The genus is classified as part of the Hepadnaviridae family, which contains four other genera, Avihepadnavirus, Herpetohepadnavirus, Metahepadnavirus and Parahepadnavirus. This family of viruses is the only member of the viral order Blubervirales. Viruses similar to hepatitis B have been found in all apes (orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, gorillas and chimpanzees), in Old World monkeys, and in New World woolly monkeys (the woolly monkey hepatitis B virus), suggesting an ancient origin for this virus in primates.

The virus is divided into four major serotypes (adr, adw, ayr, ayw) based on antigenic epitopes present on its envelope proteins. These serotypes are based on a common determinant (a) and two mutually exclusive determinant pairs (d/y and w/r). The viral strains have also been divided into ten genotypes (A–J) and forty subgenotypes according to overall nucleotide sequence variation of the genome. The genotypes have a distinct geographical distribution and are used in tracing the evolution and transmission of the virus. Differences between genotypes affect the disease severity, course and likelihood of complications, and response to treatment. The serotypes and genotypes do not necessarily correspond.

Genotype D has 10 subgenotypes.

Unclassified species
A number of as yet unclassified hepatitis B-like species have been isolated from bats.

Morphology

Structure

Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnavirus family. The virus particle, called Dane particle (virion), consists of an outer lipid envelope and an icosahedral nucleocapsid core composed of protein. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity similar to retroviruses. The outer envelope contains embedded proteins which are involved in viral binding of, and entry into, susceptible cells. The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses with a virion diameter of 42 nm, but pleomorphic forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that forms part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigen (HBsAg), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus.

Components
It consists of:
 HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was the first hepatitis B virus protein to be discovered. It consists of small (S), medium (M) and large (L) protein.
 HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is the main structural protein of HBV icosahedral nucleocapsid and it has function in replication of the virus. Capsid formation is the main factor for infection of the cell. HBcAg contributes to HBV clearance in vivo, but it is unknown whether HBcAg has to be in the capsid form to contribute to viral clearance.
 Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase is incorporated into the nucleocapsid along with the pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA).  Inside the capsid, the pgRNA undergoes reverse transcription, making the (-) DNA strand.  At the same time, most of the RNA template is degraded by the RNase activity of the polymerase.  This is followed by (+) DNA strand synthesis, and the polymerase ends up covalently bound to the (-) DNA strand.  The polymerase is discarded after the virion infects a new cell.
HBeAg (hepatitis B envelope antigen) can be found between the icosahedral nucleocapsid core and the lipid envelope, but is considered "nonparticulate" and is secreted and accumulates in serum.  HBeAg and HBcAg are made from the same reading frame.
 HBx is small, 154 amino acids long, nonstructural and has an important role in HBV-associated liver disease and in HBV replication in HepG2 cells. Many activities have been linked to expression of HBx. However, the molecular mechanisms of many of these activities are unknown. This protein is multifunctional and it activates cellular signaling pathways and is essential for viral infection.

Hepatitis D virus requires HBV envelope particles to become virulent.

Evolution
The early evolution of HBV, like that of all viruses, is difficult to establish. The identification of hepadnaviruses in a wide range of vertebrates suggests a long coevolution. The identification of endogenous hepadnaviridae elements shared by various bird species shows the presence of these virus in birds for at least 70M years. Although similar evidence is missing for mammals, the phylogenetic position of orthohepadnaviruses as a sister clade to avihepadnaviruses suggests a presence of the virus in the amniote ancestor and a subsequent coevolution with both birds and mammals after their divergence (>300M years ago). It has also been proposed that a New World bat hepadnavirus may be the origin of the primate hepadnaviruses. Avihepadnaviruses lack the X protein but a vestigial X reading frame is present in the genome of duck hepadnavirus. The X protein may have evolved from a DNA glycosylase.

Recently, the reconstruction of HBV genomes from ancient human remains has allowed investigating the evolution of this virus in humans in more details. In 2021, a study reconstructed 137 ancient HBV genomes and proved the presence of the virus in humans since at least 10,000 years. The most recent common ancestor of all known human HBV lineages was dated to between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago. However, it cannot be said whether the virus was present in humans long before that or acquired shortly before from another animal species. The evolution of HBV in humans was shown to reflect known events of human history such as the first peopling of the Americas during the late Pleistocene and the Neolithic transition in Europe. These studies also showed that some ancient HBV strains still infect humans, while other became extinct. HBV strains found in African and South-East Asian apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, bonobos and gibbons) appear related to human HBV strains, which could reflect past cross-species transmission events.

A study of isolates from the circumpolar Arctic human population has proposed that the ancestor of the subgenotype B5 (the endemic type found in this population) that the ancestral virus originated in Asia about 2000 years ago (95% HPD 900 BC – 830 AD). Coalescence occurred about 1000 AD. This subgenotype spread from Asia initially to Greenland and then spread westward within the last 400 years.

Genome

Size
The genome of HBV is made of circular DNA, but it is unusual because the DNA is not fully double-stranded. One end of the full length strand is linked to the viral DNA polymerase. The genome is 3020–3320 nucleotides long (for the full length strand) and 1700–2800 nucleotides long (for the short length strand).

Encoding
The negative-sense, (non-coding) strand is complementary to the viral mRNA. The viral DNA is found in the nucleus soon after infection of the cell. The partially double-stranded DNA is rendered fully double-stranded by completion of the (+) sense strand by cellular DNA polymerases (viral DNA polymerase is used for a later stage) and removal of the viral polymerase protein (P) from the (−) sense strand and a short sequence of RNA from the (+) sense strand. Non-coding bases are removed from the ends of the (−)sense strand and the ends are rejoined.

The viral genes are transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II in the cell nucleus from a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) template. Two enhancers designated enhancer I (EnhI) and enhancer II (EnhII) have been identified in the HBV genome. Both enhancers exhibit greater activity in cells of hepatic origin, and together they drive and regulate the expression of the complete viral transcripts.

There are four known genes encoded by the genome called C, P, S, and X. The core protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start codon is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start codon from which the pre-core protein is produced. HBeAg is produced by proteolytic processing of the pre-core protein. The DNA polymerase is encoded by gene P. Gene S is the gene that codes for the surface antigen (HBsAg). The HBsAg gene is one long open reading frame but contains three in frame "start" (ATG) codons that divide the gene into three sections, pre-S1, pre-S2, and S. Because of the multiple start codons, polypeptides of three different sizes called large, middle, and small (pre-S1 + pre-S2 + S, pre-S2 + S, or S) are produced.

The function of the protein coded for by gene X is not fully understood, but some evidence suggests that it may function as a transcriptional transactivator. Interestingly, a 40 kDa X-Core fusion protein is encoded by a long viral  3.9-kb transcript, whose function remains unclear. Synthesis of the 3.9 kb RNA initiates at the X gene promoter region and the transcript is polyadenylated only after the second round of transcription. Similar behavior is shared by other long pregenomic/pre-core (pg/pc) RNA species. Thus, the viral transcription machinery must ignore the poly(A) signal at the first transcription round.

Several non-coding RNA elements have been identified in the HBV genome. These include: HBV PREalpha, HBV PREbeta and HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon.

Genotypes
Genotypes differ by at least 8% of the sequence and have distinct geographical distributions and this has been associated with anthropological history. Within genotypes subtypes have been described: these differ by 4–8% of the genome.

There are eight known genotypes labeled A through H.

A possible new "I" genotype has been described, but acceptance of this notation is not universal.

Two further genotypes have since been recognised. The current (2014) listing now runs A though to J. Several subtypes are also recognised.

There are at least 24 subtypes.

Different genotypes may respond to treatment in different ways.

Individual genotypes

Type F which diverges from the other genomes by 14% is the most divergent type known. Type A is prevalent in Europe, Africa and South-east Asia, including the Philippines. Type B and C are predominant in Asia; type D is common in the Mediterranean area, the Middle East and India; type E is localized in sub-Saharan Africa; type F (or H) is restricted to Central and South America. Type G has been found in France and Germany. Genotypes A, D and F are predominant in Brazil and all genotypes occur in the United States with frequencies dependent on ethnicity.

The E and F strains appear to have originated in aboriginal populations of Africa and the New World, respectively.

Type A has two subtypes: Aa (A1) in Africa/Asia and the Philippines and Ae (A2) in Europe/United States.

Type B has two distinct geographical distributions: Bj/B1 ('j'—Japan) and Ba/B2 ('a'—Asia). Type Ba has been further subdivided into four clades (B2–B4).

Type C has two geographically subtypes: Cs (C1) in South-east Asia and Ce (C2) in East Asia. The C subtypes have been divided into five clades (C1–C5). A sixth clade (C6) has been described in the Philippines but only in one isolate to date. Type C1 is associated with Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand; type C2 with Japan, Korea and China; type C3 with New Caledonia and Polynesia; C4 with Australia; and C5 with the Philippines. A further subtype has been described in Papua, Indonesia.

Type D has been divided into 7 subtypes (D1–D7).

Type F has been subdivided into 4 subtypes (F1–F4). F1 has been further divided into 1a and 1b. In Venezuela subtypes F1, F2, and F3 are found in East and West Amerindians. Among South Amerindians only F3 was found. Subtypes Ia, III, and IV exhibit a restricted geographic distribution (Central America, the North and the South of South America respectively) while clades Ib and II are found in all the Americas except in the Northern South America and North America respectively.

Life cycle

The life cycle of hepatitis B virus is complex. Hepatitis B is one of a few known non-retroviral viruses which use reverse transcription as a part of its replication process.

 Attachment  The virus gains entry into the cell by binding to receptors on the surface of the cell and entering it by endocytosis mediated by either clathrin or caveolin-1. HBV initially binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycan. The pre-S1 segment of the HBV L protein then binds tightly to the cell surface receptor sodium taurocolate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), encoded by the SLC10A1gene.   NTCP is mostly found in the sinusoidal membrane of liver cells.  The presence of NTCP in liver cells correlates with the tissue specificity of HBV infection.
 Penetration  Following endocytosis, the virus membrane fuses with the host cell's membrane, releasing the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm.
 Uncoating  Because the virus multiplies via RNA made by a host enzyme, the viral genomic DNA has to be transferred to the cell nucleus. It is thought the capsid is transported on the microtubules to the nuclear pore. The core proteins dissociate from the partially double stranded viral DNA, which is then made fully double stranded (by host DNA polymerases) and transformed into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that serves as a template for transcription of four viral mRNAs.
 Replication  The largest mRNA, (which is longer than the viral genome), is used to make the new copies of the genome and to make the capsid core protein and the viral RNA-dependent-DNA-polymerase.
 Assembly  These four viral transcripts undergo additional processing and go on to form progeny virions which are released from the cell or returned to the nucleus and re-cycled to produce even more copies.
 Release  The long mRNA is then transported back to the cytoplasm where the virion P protein synthesizes DNA via its reverse transcriptase activity.

Disease

Despite there being a vaccine to prevent hepatitis B, HBV remains a global health problem. Hepatitis B can be acute and later become chronic, leading to other diseases and health conditions. In addition to causing hepatitis, infection with HBV can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

It has also been suggested that it may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Roles in disease
Viral infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes many hepatocyte changes due to the direct action of a protein encoded by the virus, HBx, and to indirect changes due to a large increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after infection.  HBx appears to dysregulate a number of cellular pathways.  HBx causes dysregulation in part by binding to genomic DNA, changing expression patterns of miRNAs, affecting histone methyltransferases, binding to SIRT1 protein to activate transcription, and cooperating with histone methylases and demethylases to change cell expression patterns.  HBx is partly responsible for the approximate 10,000-fold increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon chronic HBV infection.  Increased ROS can be caused, in part, by localization of HBx to the mitochondria where HBx decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, another HBV protein, HBsAg, also increases ROS through interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum.

The increase in ROS after HBV infection causes inflammation, which leads to a further increase in ROS.  ROS cause more than 20 types of DNA damage.  Oxidative DNA damage is mutagenic.  In addition, repair of the DNA damage can cause epigenetic alterations at the site of the damage during repair of the DNA.  Epigenetic alterations and mutations may cause defects in the cellular machinery that then contribute to liver disease.  By the time accumulating epigenetic and mutational changes eventually cause progression to cancer, epigenetic alterations appear to have a larger role in this carcinogenesis than mutations.  Only one or two genes, TP53 and perhaps ARID1A, are mutated in more than 20% of liver cancers while 41 genes each have hypermethylated promoters (repressing gene expression) in more than 20% of liver cancers, with seven of these genes being hypermethylated in more than 75% of liver cancers.  In addition to alterations at the sites of DNA repair, epigenetic alterations are also caused by HBx recruiting the DNA methyltransferase enzymes, DNMT1 and/or DNMT3A, to specific gene loci to alter their methylation levels and gene expression.  HBx also alters histone acetylation that can affect gene expression.

Several thousand protein-coding genes appear to have HBx-binding sites.  In addition to protein coding genes, about 15 microRNAs and 16 Long non-coding RNAs are also affected by the binding of HBx to their promoters.  Each altered microRNA can affect the expression of several hundred messenger RNAs (see microRNA).

History
The origin of hepatitis B virus can be traced back to the 5th century BCE and is even mentioned in Babylonian clay tablets. Hippocrates later described an epidemic of jaundice among his patients that was characterized by the yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Jaundice is a clinical sign of hepatitis B viral infection. However, due to the lengthy time interval, measured in weeks, between exposure of the causative agent and the development of illness prevented recognition of jaundice as an infectious disease until the 20th century. The first recorded cases of hepatitis B virus infection occurred in 1883 after the smallpox vaccine containing human lymph was administered to a group of people. The smallpox vaccine was administered to shipyard workers in Germany and the workers later developed symptoms of hepatitis. Serum hepatitis, now known as hepatitis B, was often observed following the use of contaminated needles and syringes. These contaminated needles and syringes were not properly cleaned and/or they were reused among patients. In 1943, transmission of hepatitis B virus via blood was further emphasized when Paul Beeson described jaundice occurring in patients who had just received blood transfusions. Another epidemic of jaundice was observed among soldiers in 1942, after they had received a yellow fever vaccine. The distinction between hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus was not determined until 1947 when they were recognized as being two different filterable agents through numerous studies done of human volunteers.

In 1965, the “Australian Antigen” was then discovered and identified as the hepatitis B virus surface antigen HBsAg. This was one of the first breakthroughs in the effort to understand the pathology of viral hepatitis that instigated jaundice in those infected with HBV. It allowed industrialized countries to reliably diagnose asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus and the discovery provided healthcare professionals a way to screen blood for Hep B before administering blood transfusions.

Today, hepatitis B virus infection is easily avoided by receiving one of the hepatitis B vaccines. The plasma-derived HepB vaccine was licensed in 1981 and was subsequently replaced in 1986 with the recombinant HepB vaccine. Engerix B was approved in 1989 and Heplisav-B was approved in 2017. All of which provide protection against HBV.

Distribution
Rates of hepatitis B infection are equal across male and females. Hepatitis B virus is more prominently found in US citizens of Asian, Pacific Islander, or African descent and roughly 25% of these individuals will receive a diagnosis. HBV is spread more readily in groups with high risk behavior such as Intravenous drug use, multiple sex partners, and men who have sex with men.

Hepatitis B virus causes the disease hepatitis B. Hepatitis is considered to be the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide (reference). Hepatitis B virus can be found in almost every region of the world but is most prevalent in countries where the virus is endemic. HBV is endemic in some countries located in Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean.

Approximately two billion people have been infected with HBV which means almost 1 out of 3 people have been infected. Every year an estimated 1.5 million people will become newly infected and roughly 10% of those individuals will go undiagnosed. Every year, an estimated 820,000 people die from hepatitis B infection and related HBV complications.

The spread of HBV during pregnancy remains the highest risk for developing chronic hepatitis B later in childhood. Roughly 90% of infected infants will become chronically infected. Only 2%-6% of adults once infected with HBV will go on to be chronically infected. Of the estimated 350 million individuals chronically infected with HBV worldwide, 50% or more of those individuals acquired the infection prenatally or during their early childhood. In countries where HBV is endemic, vertical transmission of HBV poses a major health risk due to a high number of women of childbearing age being HBeAg-positive allowing them to transmit HBV to their newborn. In areas where HBV is endemic, transmission is not limited to groups with high-risk behaviors. Instead, infection can occur through different routes of transmission but mostly during early childhood.

The spread of hepatitis B virus in the western world occurs most often through sexual intercourse or needle sharing by intravenous drug users (IVDU). IVDU show the highest rate of HBV infection in Europe and North America. There are also higher rates of hepatitis B infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Risk of being infected with HBV increases with having multiple sex partners. (need reference)

Transmission
The spread of hepatitis B virus occurs most often through vertical transmission from mother to child during birth and delivery. HBV can also be spread through contact with blood or other bodily fluids during sexual intercourse with an infected partner. It is also spread through needles shared with infected persons or exposure to sharp objects. Needles of any kind can be a risk if they are not single use or are not properly sanitized, preferably in an autoclave. This includes needles used at tattooing and body piercing parlors.

Furthermore, hepatitis B virus can also be spread through sharing earrings and other body piercing jewelry. It is also spread through hemodialysis units that have been used by HBeAg positive patients. Because HD units usually treat multiple patients at a time, contamination of patients' blood can occur. Incidences of HBV infection through HD units is at 1% in the United States. Healthcare staff are also at an increased risk of infection. Transmission of HBV can be limited by administering the hepatitis B vaccine. In areas where the virus is endemic, vaccines are limited, especially in rural areas where medical clinics are sparse.

Although HBV can be infectious on surfaces for up to seven days, it is not spread through breastfeeding, sharing eating utensils, hugging, kissing, holding hands, coughing, or sneezing. Unlike other hepatitis viruses, HBV is not spread by contaminated food or water. However, living with a person infected with hepatitis B virus increases your risk of contracting the virus.

Co-infection of HBV and other viruses
Co-infection of hepatitis B and various other viruses can also occur. hepatitis C, hepatitis D (a satellite virus of hepatitis B), and HIV can all co-infect an individual alongside HBV.

Because HBV and HCV share a similar mode of transmission, co-infections are possible. Most cases of HBV and HCV co-infection occurs among Intravenous drug users, unscreened blood products, or exposure to dirty needles and unsterilized medical equipment. Co-infection of these two viruses can cause a more severe liver disease and increase the risk for primary liver cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma). Reporting of this co-infection may be underreported due to hepatitis C's ability to become the dominant liver virus during coinfection, reducing the detectable amount of HBV found in the body. Recent statistics show that 10% of all persons infected with HIV are also infected with Hepatitis B. However, this statistic increases to almost 20% for Southeast Asia. Hepatitis B infection is one of the leading causes of hospitalizations and death among patients with HIV since the development and use of antiretroviral therapies. Those who are infected with HIV and HBV are six times more likely to develop chronic hepatitis B. Some studies suggest this may be due to co-infected individuals having lower CD4+ T cell counts.

See also
 Hepatitis B vaccine
 Nucleoside analogues
 Oncovirus (cancer virus)

References

Hepadnaviridae


This is a list of interstellar radio messages (IRMs) transmitted from Earth.

Classification of interstellar radio messages
There are twelve realized IRM projects:

 The Morse Message (1962)
 Arecibo message (1974), one transmission to Messier 13
 Cosmic Call 1 (1999), four transmissions to nearby Sun-like stars
 Teen Age Message (2001), six transmissions
 Cosmic Call 2 (2003), five transmissions
 A Message From Earth (2008), one transmission to the Gliese 581 planetary system
 Across the Universe (2008)
 Hello From Earth (HFE, 2009) one transmission to the Gliese 581 planetary system
 Wow! Reply (2012), three transmissions to Hipparcos 34511, Hipparcos 33277 and Hipparcos 43587 in reply to the Wow! signal
 Lone Signal (2013)
 A Simple Response to an Elemental Message (2016)
 Sónar Calling GJ273b (2017)

"Across the Universe", "Hello From Earth" and "A Simple Response to an Elemental Message" are not always considered serious. The first two of them were sent to Polaris, which is 431 light years distant from us and whose planetary system, even if it exists, may not be suited for life, because it is a supergiant star, spectral type F7Ib which is only 70 million years old. In addition, both transmission rates were very high, about 128 kbit/s, for such moderate transmitter power (about 18 kW). The main defect of the "Hello From Earth" is an insufficient scientific and technical justification, since no famous SETI scientist made statements with validation of HFE's design. As it follows from : "After the final message was collected on Monday 24 August 2009, messages were exported as a text file and sent to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, where they were encoded into binary, packaged and tested before transmission", but nobody explained why he hopes that such encoded and packaged text will be understood and conceived by possible extraterrestrials.

Some use the term Active SETI Project, but Alexander Zaitsev, who was a scientific head of composing and transmissions of Cosmic Call 1999 & 2003, and Teen Age Message 2001, and a scientific consultant of A Message From Earth, emphasized that he considers above IRMs as the METI (Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence Projects).

These seven messages have targeted stars between 20 and 69 light-years from the Earth. The exception is the Arecibo message, which targeted globular cluster M13, approximately 24,000 light-years away. The first message to reach its destination will be A Message From Earth, which should reach the Gliese 581 planetary system in Libra in 2029.

On 13 February 2015, scientists (including Geoffrey Marcy, Seth Shostak, Frank Drake, David Grinspoon and David Brin) at a convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, discussed Active SETI and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent extraterrestrials in the Cosmos was a good idea; one result was a statement, (which was not signed by Seth Shostak or Frank Drake), that a "worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent".

Current transmissions en route
Stars to which messages were sent include:

Along with serious IRM projects, a bulk of pseudo-METI projects also exist:

 Poetica Vaginal (1986)
 Discovery Channel Message (2005)
 Craigslist Messages (2005), (2005)
 CNES Cosmic Connexion (2006)
 Doritos Advert (2008)
 RuBisCo Message (2009)
 Sent Forever,
 Penguin UK

References

External links
 Classification of interstellar radio messages
 Who Speaks for Earth?
 Earth calling: A short history of radio messages to ET
 Interstellar Radio Messages
 SETI: Terminating the transmission
 Self-Decoding Messages
 Breakthrough Message

Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

Time capsules
Technology in society


Stan Getz and J.J. Johnson at the Opera House is a 1957 live album by Stan Getz and J. J. Johnson. They were accompanied by the Oscar Peterson trio and Connie Kay on drums.  Two different versions of the same material, one recorded in Chicago and one recorded in Los Angeles by the same musicians, were released by Verve under the same title.  One recording was mono and the other was stereo.

Multiple releases and misidentified recording dates / locations
The original album liner notes apparently misidentified which recording came from which location on which date but later CD re-issue liner notes claim to have the corrected information.

"Note: The liner notes to the compact disc reissue of these titles…(Verve 831-272-2), by jazz historian Phil Schaap corrects the date and location information of this concert recording as listed in the Jespen, Bruyninckx, and Fini discographies".

According to the later CD liner notes, the stereo recording was made at the Civic Opera House in Chicago on September 29, 1957 and the mono recording was made at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on October 7, 1957.

Track listing

Verve MGV 8265 / V 8490 (mono)
LP Side A
 "Billie's Bounce" (Charlie Parker) – 7:57
 "My Funny Valentine" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 8:28
LP Side B
 "Crazy Rhythm" (Irving Caesar, Joseph Meyer, Roger Wolfe Kahn) – 7:47
 "Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) – 3:42
 "It Never Entered My Mind" (Rodgers, Hart) – 3:52
 "Blues In the Closet" (Oscar Pettiford) – 6:18

Verve MGVS 6027 / V6 8490 (stereo)
LP Side A
 "Billie's Bounce" (Parker) – 10:15
 "My Funny Valentine" (Rodgers, Hart) – 7:40
LP Side B
 "Crazy Rhythm" (Caesar, Meyer, Wolfe Kahn) – 7:36
 "It Never Entered My Mind" (Rodgers, Hart) – 3:46
 "Blues In the Closet" (Pettiford) – 6:08

CD re-issues have included all or most tracks from both concerts on a single disc

Personnel
 Stan Getz – tenor saxophone (except "Yesterdays")
 J.J. Johnson – trombone (except "It Never Entered My Mind")
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Herb Ellis – guitar
 Ray Brown – double bass
 Connie Kay – drums

References

Stan Getz live albums
J. J. Johnson live albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
1957 live albums
Verve Records live albums


Gaspar de Borja y Velasco (26 June 1580 – 28 December 1645) was a Spanish cardinal, ecclesiastic and politician. He belonged to the house of Borgia (though he always used the Spanish spelling of Borja) and served as Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, Archbishop of Toledo and viceroy of Naples. He was the great-great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI.

Family
Borja was born at Villalpando. His father was Francisco Tomás de Borja y Centellas, 6th Duke of Gandia, the son of Francis Borgia (4th Duke of Gandia and 3rd Father-General of the Society of Jesus) and thus related to Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI - one historian refers to Gaspar wanting to become the third Borgia pope. Gaspar's mother was Juana Enríquez de Velasco y de Aragón, daughter of Iñigo Tovar y Fernández de Velasco, 4th Duke of Frías and 10th Constable of Castile.

Life
He graduated from the Universidad Complutense, in the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso, with a degree in Theology. He owed his rise through the church hierarchy to Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, a favourite in the court of Philip III. He was made a cardinal in August 1611 by Pope Paul V, as cardinal priest of Santa Susanna, and stayed in Rome to exercise his office. He was indignant when the minor nobleman Cardinal Gabriel Trejo Paniagua was chosen as Spain's crown-cardinal instead of him and, when Trejo lost political influence after his patron's fall, Borja played an even greater part in the Roman Curia. He supported the crown-cardinal Antonio Zapata y Cisneros, served a first term as Spain's ambassador to the Holy See (1616–19), participated in the Holy Office, attended the papal conclaves in 1621 and 1623, and held the posts of Camerlengo (1627–28) and Bishop of Albano (1630–1645).

From 1631 to 1634, he was once again Spain's ambassador to the Holy See and, on orders from the Spanish king, accused Pope Urban VIII (then maintaining neutrality or favouring France) in the consistory of 8 March 1632 of failing to defend Catholicism in its Thirty Years War with the Protestant nations and threatened that Spain would depose him. Part of the grounds for Spain's complaint lay in unfounded rumours of the pope siding with the Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (a heretic in the church's eyes). In response, the pope changed his policy somewhat and made a contribution to the Spanish exchequer, which was then running out of money to finance the war. However, Borja's approach to the pope had lacked diplomacy and in retaliation Urban forced him out of Rome in 1634 and had Spain dismiss him as their ambassador.

Borja then returned to the Archdiocese of Seville, of which he was already archbishop. The patent enmity between Urban VIII and Cardinal Borja showed itself when Urban refused Philip IV's proposal of Borja for Archbishop of Toledo in 1643, though he received the post from Urban's successor Pope Innocent X in 1645, shortly before Borja's death in Toledo later that year.

He is buried in the Cathedral of Toledo.

In fiction
In the 1632 series of alternate history science fiction novels, the South European thread is a series of novels in which Borja is the villain. He attempts to depose and kill Urban VIII, who is perceived by Spain as sympathetic to Gustavus Adolphus and his heretical American allies in the United States of Europe. Borja, exceeding his orders from Madrid, has a rump consistory declare him Pope; but is widely dismissed as an anti-pope.

References

Sources

External links
 Biography of Borja
 Catholic Hierarchy

1580 births
1645 deaths
People from the Province of Zamora
Viceroys of Naples
Roman Catholic archbishops of Seville
Archbishops of Toledo
17th-century Spanish cardinals
Spanish politicians
Ambassadors of Spain to the Holy See
Gaspar


Sir Speedy is a printing and marketing services company headquartered in Mission Viejo, California, United States.
 Founded in 1968, the company has nearly 600 franchises in 13 countries. Sir Speedy is known as the "world's largest printing, copying, and document management franchisor serving small and mid-sized businesses".

Sir Speedy has received numerous awards and industry recognition including: Franchise Times Top 200, Entrepreneur Franchise 500, Quick Printing Top 100, Printing Impressions 400, All Business Allstar 300, Franchise 50 Award, International Franchise Association's Franchise of the Year Award, CEO, Don Lowe, was featured as "Man of the Year" in Quick Printing magazine in 1995, CEO, Don Lowe, was inducted into the Sales & Marketing Executives International Academy of Achievement Hall of Fame in 2004.

References

External links
Sir Speedy official website

Printing companies of the United States
Marketing companies established in 1968
Retail companies established in 1968
Franchises
Companies based in Orange County, California
1968 establishments in California


Ivan Leopoldovich Lorents () (2 October 1890 – 28 July 1941) was a Polish-born Soviet diplomat.

Lorents was born in Łódź in 1890. In 1913 he graduated from the Faculty of Law at Saint Petersburg University and went on to study at the Mikhailovsk Artillery School, where he graduated in 1915. Subsequent to graduation, he went into service in the Russian Army.

From March to June 1918, Lorents was attached to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR in Petrograd when was sent to Berlin until November of that year to fulfill a position in Soviet Russia's representative in Germany.

He returned to Moscow and worked for a month in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs before joining the 15th Army on the Western Front for a year. In 1920, Lorents moved to Latvia and served as Secretary to the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to Latvia. He served in that position for a year before going to Poland, where he fulfilled various positions.

From 29 August 1923 until 9 July 1925, he was Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in Lithuania, followed by Plenipotentiary Representative of the Soviet Union in Finland from 9 July 1925 until 6  July 1927. During his time in Finland, from 24 January 1927, he also was concurrent Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in Latvia, and held that position until 14 September 1929. From 17 March 1935 to 31 September 1938, he was Plenipotentiary Representative of the Soviet Union in Austria in Vienna.

On his return to the Soviet Union, Lorents was arrested by the NKVD on 15 October 1939 and sentenced to death on 7 July 1941 by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court for participation in "counter-revolutionary terrorist organisations" and espionage. He was executed on 28 July 1941 and buried in Kommunarka, Moscow Oblast.

Lorents was posthumously rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court in April 1956.

References

1890 births
1941 deaths
Diplomats from Łódź
People from Piotrków Governorate
Bolsheviks
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Austria
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Lithuania
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Latvia
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Finland
Russian military personnel of World War I
Executed Soviet people
Polish people executed by the Soviet Union
Executed people from Łódź Voivodeship
Polish people detained by the NKVD
Soviet people of Polish descent
Soviet rehabilitations


Kenton  was a railway station on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway. The station was located a mile north of the hamlet of Kenton.

History

Opened by the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway, Kenton station was located  from Haughley and is sometimes referred to as Kenton Junction. This station had been intended to be the junction for the proposed branch to Westerfield, but this line was only  in length before construction ceased on the outskirts of Debenham.

As well as having the double-ended corrugated station building with open fronted waiting room that were standard on the Mid-Suffolk, Kenton acted as a half-way point on the railway and had a second platform and engine shed.

After the line closed, the station site became an industrial estate.

The station's running-in board and a "Kenton" station sign are preserved in the National Railway Museum, York, as is the Kenton - Laxfield train staff.

References

Comfort, N. A. (1986) The Mid-Suffolk Light Railway, The Oakwood Press.
Paye, P. (1986) The Mid-Suffolk Light Railway, Wild Swan Publications Ltd.

Disused railway stations in Suffolk
Former Mid-Suffolk Light Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1908
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1952
1908 establishments in England


HZD may refer to:

 Carroll County Airport (Tennessee) (FAA LID: HZD), a county-owned, public-use airport in Carroll County, Tennessee
 Hazaribagh Road railway station (station code: HZD), a railway station on the Grand Chord line of East Central Railway
 Movement for Democracy (), a political party in Slovakia
 Horizon Zero Dawn, a video game released in 2017


The 2009–10 Hong Kong Football Association First Division League (known as HKFA bma First Division League for sponsorship reasons) was the 98th top tier football league of Hong Kong. Because of the renovation of Mong Kok Stadium which will last for two league seasons, the current First Division League has allocated eight stadia for the eleven participating teams to play their home games.

The inaugural match was held between South China and Tai Chung on 6 September 2009. It was the first time since 1987–88 season that the inaugural match was not played between the former season champion and runner-up.

Hong Kong Football Association disqualified Tuen Mun Progoal on 27 November 2009 due to Tuen Mun Progoal defaulting on labour insurance.

The title was won by South China, their fourth title in a row. Happy Valley and Shatin were relegated at the end of the season. This is the first ever relegation for Happy Valley and came in their 60th anniversary season. The players from Happy Valley and Fourway Rangers were involved in a match-fixing scandal.

League table

Results

 All times are Hong Kong Time (UTC+8).

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

Round 7

Round 8

Round 9

Round 10

Round 11

Round 12

Round 13

Round 14

Round 15

Round 16

Round 17

Round 18

Round 19

Round 20

Stadia

 Since the Hong Kong Stadium held 2009 East Asian Games in December and 2010 Hong Kong Sevens in March, Kitchee and South China used Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground sometimes after December.

 NT Realty Wofoo Tai Po use Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground for 2010 AFC Cup due to Tai Po Sports Ground failed the criteria set by Asian Football Confederation.

 Sham Shui Po Sports Ground is the home stadium of Kitchee in later of season.

Top scorers

Only players scored ≥6 is shown.

Records

Team records
As at the match played on 2 January 2010
 Highest Scoring Match: TSW Pegasus 9–1 Tuen Mun Progoal (Round 6)
 Biggest Goal Difference: TSW Pegasus 9–1 Tuen Mun Progoal (Round 6)
 Biggest Home Victory: TSW Pegasus 9–1 Tuen Mun Progoal (Round 6)
 Biggest Home Defeat: Tuen Mun Progoal 1–9 NT Realty Wofoo Tai Po (Round 5)
 Most Wins in a row: South China 4 ;6 September 2009 – 15 December 2009
 Longest Undefeated Steak: TSW Pegasus 4 ; 18 October 2009 – 19 December 2009;
 Most Draws in a Row: Citizen 2 – 12 September 2009 – 27 September 2009;
 Longest Losing Streak: Tuen Mun Progoal 5 ; 20 September 2009 – 25 October 2009
 Longest Winless Streak: Tuen Mun Progoal 5 ; 20 September 2009 – 25 October 2009
 Highest Attendance: 5,442 Kitchee 2–1 South China (Round 6)) @ Hong Kong Stadium
 Lowest Attendance: 132 Tuen Mun Progoal 1–9 NT Realty Wofoo Tai Po (Round 5) @ Tsing Yi Sports Ground
 Highest Gate Receipt: $159,740 Kitchee 2–1 South China (Round 6))
 Lowest Gate Receipt: $1,780 (Tuen Mun Progoal 1–9 NT Realty Wofoo Tai Po (Round 5))
 Average Attendance: 770
 Average Goals: 3.52 goals

Individual records
 Most Goals in a match: Sandro of Citizen – 5 (Citizen 7–0 Happy Valley (Round 6))
 Fastest Goal : 2' Chan Yiu Lun of Sun Hei (Sun Hei 2–3 NT Realty Wofoo Tai Po (Round 2))

References

External links
Fixtures – bma 1st Division Football League, by HKFA

Hong Kong First Division League seasons
1
Hong Kong


The Sernftal tramway (, SeTB) was an electrical narrow-gauge tramway  in the Swiss canton of Glarus, which was operated by a private company. The line linked Schwanden railway station, on the Weesen to Linthal railway line, with communities in the valley of the Sernf river including Engi, Matt and Elm, where the line terminated. The line served a total of 13 stations, and its depot was situated at Engi-Vorderdorf, at roughly the half-way point of the line.

In 1879, the valley of the Linth river was connected to the Swiss railway network by the opening of the Weesen to Linthal line, but the side-valley of the Sernf river remained unserved. This impacted the local economy, and various proposals were brought forward to provide rail service to the Sernf valley. The eventual result was the Sernftal tramway, which opened on 8 June 1905.

The line was largely constructed immediately alongside the road, with some narrow street running sections through the villages. This resulted in a difficult to operate line, with a minimum curve radius of  and a maximum gradient of 6.8%. The line was constructed to metre gauge ( gauge), and was electrified using direct current (first 750, then 800 V) generated from the line's own hydro-electric power plants and diesel engine generators.

The line closed on 31 May 1969. Although the line closed, the operating company survived, changing its name to Autobetrieb Sernftal AG. This company still operates the bus service that replaced the railway, as well as several other bus services in the area, under the name Sernftalbus.

Some rolling stock from the line still exists. One four-wheeled motor coach of 1928 (BDe 2/2 4) is preserved at the Blonay–Chamby museum railway, as is a trailer (B2 13) and a freight car (K31), both of 1905. The three more modern bogie railcars of 1949 (BDe 4/4 5-7) were sold to the Aigle–Ollon–Monthey–Champéry railway when the Sernftal line closed, and then resold in 1985 to Stern & Hafferl in Austria for use on their Vöcklamarkt to Attersee line. One of the cars (variously reported as 6 or 7) was destroyed in a fire in 1987, but the other two remain in use. It is expected that they will be retired in 2016, and a preservation society, the Verein Sernftalbahn, is campaigning for their return. The same society runs a museum, including two further freight cars from the line (K35 and K36), at Engi-Vorderdorf.

The railcar BDe 4/4 6 has been relocated to the Verein Sernftalbahn's museum in October, 2016.

References

External links

 Verein Sernftalbahn web site
 Swisstopo map showing route of line in 1944 and today

Metre gauge railways in Switzerland
Closed railway lines in Switzerland
BC


is the second studio album by Yoko Kanno, with vocals by frequent collaborator Maaya Sakamoto. It was released on May 22, 2002. It is the soundtrack for the NHK radio drama adaptation of the book The Other Side of Midnight.

Track listing

Personnel
Piano & Keyboards: Yoko Kanno
Bass: Hitoshi Watanabe
Drums: Yasuo Sano
Guitar: Tsuneo Imahori, Hisaaki Hogari
Percussion: Masaharu Sato
Trumpet: Shiro Sasaki
Trombone: Satoshi Sano
Saxophone: Shoji Haruna
Strings: Masatsugu Shinozaki group
Synthesizer manipulating: Keishi Utara, Syunsuke Sakamoto
Vocals: Maaya Sakamoto, Masaharu Sato, Gabriela Robin, Hisaaki Hogari
Special thanks: Tim & Mayu Jensen, Hayashi-san, Saeko Nishimura

External links
23-Ji no Ongaku at Kanno Yoko Network

2002 albums
Albums produced by Yoko Kanno
Victor Entertainment albums


James Moles (1884 – 7 November 1915) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham as a left half. His style of play was described as "aggressive".

Career
Moles played for Southern League clubs Tottenham Hotspur and Leyton, before joining Second Division club Birmingham in 1909, as cover for Frank Buckley. He made his debut in a 2–2 home draw with Glossop on 13 September 1909, replacing Buckley as the team's centre half. In the second half of the 1909–10 season, he played regularly in his preferred position of left half. Moles' aggressive style cost him his place and he returned to London local football in 1911.

Personal life
Moles gave a false age when he attested in the Militia in February 1900 and was discharged after 48 days. Moles served as a lance corporal in the Middlesex Regiment during the First World War and died of wounds at No. 9 Casualty Clearing Station, Lillers on 7 November 1915. He was buried in Lillers Communal Cemetery.

Career statistics

References

1884 births
1915 deaths
Footballers from Tottenham
English men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Leyton F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Southern Football League players
English Football League players
British Army personnel of World War I
Middlesex Regiment soldiers
British military personnel killed in World War I
Rotherham Town F.C. (1899) players
Date of birth unknown