Richard Lewis Wesson (November 19, 1922 – April 25, 1996) was a prolific character actor, comedian, comedy writer, and producer.

Biography
Dick Wesson was born on November 19, 1922 in Boston, Massachusetts. A comedian, impressionist and singer, Wesson appeared with his brother Gene in a comedy act titled "The Wesson Brothers". They had some hit records, such as "Oodles of Boodle" and "All Right Louie, Drop the Gun".

In 1949, Wesson became a television series regular with Jim Backus in Hollywood House. Making his film debut in Destination Moon (1950), Wesson signed a contract with Warner Bros., leaving this studio in 1953. His films for Warner's included Burning Arrow, Calamity Jane (1953), and Desert Song. Wesson played comic relief in all his films, frequently as a World War II soldier in Breakthrough (1950) and Force of Arms (1951), and in the Old West with The Man Behind the Gun (1952) and The Charge at Feather River (1953). Wesson's best known role was as Francis Fryer in Calamity Jane.

Wesson moved to television, appearing as Jackie Cooper's ex-United States Marine Corps sidekic Rollo, on The People's Choice and as Frank Crenshaw in The Bob Cummings Show. Wesson began writing for The Bob Cummings Show and later The Beverly Hillbillies. He appeared in The Beverly Hillbillies as a taxi driver and as a patient in the season 1 episode "The Clampetts Get Psychoanalyzed". He produced My Sister Eileen and many episodes of Petticoat Junction as well as directed several episodes of each series. He portrayed Jack Reardon on the 1974 CBS situation comedy Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers.

Wesson later died of an aneurysm on April 25, 1996 in Rancho Mirage, California.

Filmography

Notes

External links

 Great character actors http://www.playbrass.com/kingspud/sel_by_actor_index_2.php?actor_first=Dick&actor_last=Wesson
 Wesson with Sammy Davis Jr. on Hollywood House https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbpcY0svdvU

1922 births
1996 deaths
American male comedians
American television directors
American male television actors
American male film actors
American television writers
American male television writers
Male actors from Boston
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors
Comedians from California
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
Deaths from aneurysm


The West Side of Jersey City is an area made up of several diverse neighborhoods on either side of West Side Avenue, one of the city's main shopping streets. Parallel and west of Kennedy Boulevard, West Side Avenue carries two county route designations.

West Side Avenue at its northern end begins in the Marion Section as a dead end at the PATH trains, though there is no station there After crossing Broadway and Sip Avenue it passes Holy Name Cemetery on the west and nearby Saint Peter's College to the east. "The Bubble", an air-supported structure that is part of Yanitelli Center, is visible on the slope of Montgomery Street.

Lincoln Park is one of the largest county parks in Hudson County and includes recreational facilities (tennis, track, athletic fields, golf range, biking, running) and picnicking areas. Overpasses provide pedestrian access over Truck 1-9 from the older, more urban eastern section of the park to the more natural west section on the Hackensack River. The streets ascending from the park contain an eclectic mix of architectural styles including Victorian and Edwardian mansions, and pre-war and Art Deco apartment buildings in the Bergen Section. St Aloyius Church is a prominent landmark near the park.

At Communipaw Avenue the street enters the heart of West Bergen. West Bergen is so called in reference Bergen-Lafayette Section and in the 19th century was part of Bergen Township and Bergen. (The name Bergen is from the original Bergen, New Netherland centered on Bergen Square). One of the very few older residential districts of the city west of the avenue radiates from Mallory Avenue as it runs south from Lincoln Park.

The West Side Avenue Station is the terminus for the single branch of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail. The station is on an embankment above the east side of street, and consists of an island platform and two tracks. Bumper blocks are at the west end of the station, a pedestrian bridge and elevator connecting it a large park and ride lot and bus stations. The former Central Railroad of New Jersey right of way formerly continued west across the Newark and New York Railroad Bridge at Newark Bay and there are proposals to extend the line to a station close by. The Jersey City Board of Education is located nearby.

The West Campus of New Jersey City University began development in 2006, and will more than double the campus's with academic buildings, residences, retail spaces, parking, and a "University Promenade." Along with Bayfront, Jersey City, another planned community, the West Side will be expanded with residential, retail, and recreational areas.

West Side Avenue's southern end is the Country Village section of Greenville at Danforth Avenue close to NJ-440, across which is the Droyer's Point and completed sections of the Hackensack RiverWalk.

New Jersey Transit bus routes #1, #80, #87 as well as A&C Bus Corporation serve the district.

See also

Hudson Parks
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
List of neighborhoods in Jersey City, New Jersey
Fairmount Apartments (Jersey City, New Jersey)
Temple Beth-El

References

Neighborhoods in Jersey City, New Jersey


Both Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims agree on the three holiest sites in Islam being, respectively, the Masjid al-Haram (including the Kaaba), in Mecca; the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, in Medina; and the Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, in Jerusalem.

Shia Muslims consider sites associated with Muhammad, his family members (Ahl al-Bayt), Shia Imams and their family members to be holy. After the four holy cities of Islam (Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Damascus, which houses the Umayyad Mosque, often considered the fourth holiest site in Islam), some of the most revered sites by Shias include Cairo, in Egypt, Najaf and Karbala, in Iraq, and Qom and Mashhad, in Iran.

Holy sites accepted by all Muslims

Kaaba
Kaaba (Arabic: The Cube) is the most sacred site in Islam. It is surrounded by Masjid-al-Haram. During the Hajj period, the mosque is unable to contain the multitude of pilgrims, who pray on the outlining streets. More than 2 million worshippers gather to pray during Eid prayers.

According to the teachings of Islam, God in the Quran used the word mosque when referring to the sites established by Ibrahim (Abraham) and his progeny as houses of worship to God centuries before the revelation of the Quran. The first of these spots is Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and the second is Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem. Before Mecca and Jerusalem came under Muslim control between 630 AD and 638 AD, the site of the Kaaba, which was established by Abraham and Ishmael, was used by non-Muslim Arabs who worshipped multiple gods.

Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi ("Mosque of the Prophet"), located in Medina, Saudi Arabia is the second holiest site in Islam.

The edifice was originally Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina, and later built a mosque on the grounds. He himself shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building, with no gender separation. The mosque also served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. The basic plan of the building has been adopted in the building of other mosques throughout the world.

The original mosque was built by Muhammad and subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque. The most important feature of the site is the Green Dome over the center of the mosque, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. Constructed in 1817 CE and painted green in 1839, it is known as the Dome of the Prophet.

Al-Aqsa Mosque compound

Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound / Haram Ash-Sharif ("the Farthest Mosque" / "the Noble Sanctuary") is a mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem, and is the third holiest site in Islam. It includes the Dome of the Rock and a silver domed prayer hall, also referred to in English as Aqsa Mosque. In Judaism, the location is known as the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism, the place where the Temple is generally accepted to have stood.

The Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound is sacred because it was the first of the two Qiblas. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba.

Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported by the Buraq from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey. The mosque is also believed by many to be the area from where Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven. According to some narrations, a single prayer performed at this mosque is the same as having performed 500 prayers elsewhere.

Umayyad Mosque
Umayyad Mosque in Damascus is considered by Muslims to be the fourth holiest site in Islam. One of the four authorized copies of the Quran was kept here, and the head of Yahya ibn Zakariyya is believed to be in the shrine. In the mosque, there is a shrine of Husayn ibn Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt, made to walk here after the Battle of Karbala.

The Minaret of Isa in the Umayyad Mosque is dedicated to Isa (Jesus), and it is believed that he will return to the world at the minaret during the time of a Fajr prayer and it is believed that he will pray at the mosque with the Islamic leader of that time Mahdi. It is believed that prayers in the mosque are considered to be equal to those offered in Jerusalem.

Holy sites accepted by Shia Muslims

Imam Ali Shrine

Of the sites accepted by Shia Muslims, the Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf is considered the holiest. Shia Muslims believe that it contains the tomb of Ali. He was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. Ali is considered by Shia tradition to be the first legitimate caliph and the first Imam due to the proclamation given by Muhammad. The site is visited annually by at least 8 million pilgrims on average, which is estimated to increase to 20 million in years to come. Adam and Noah are also buried within this mosque according to Shia Islam.

Many Shia believe that Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite is supposed to have been revealed later during the Abbasid Caliphate by Ja'far al-Sadiq who is believed by Shia Muslims, the sixth Shia Imam. Most Shias accept that Ali is buried in the Imam Ali Mosque which is now the city of Najaf.

It has also been narrated from Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Shia's sixth Imam, that the Imam Ali Mosque is the third of five holy places: Mecca, Medina, Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and the shrine of Fatima Masumeh in Qom.

Imam Husayn Shrine

Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala is the second holiest site especially for Shia Muslims. It contains the tomb of the Husayn, the third Shia Imam. It also contains the tombs of Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, sons of Husayn; Ibrahim al-Mujab, grandson of Musa al-Kadhim and the martyrs of Karbala.

The mosque stands on the site of the grave of Husayn ibn Ali, where he was martyred during the Battle of Karbala in 680. Up to a million pilgrims visit the city to observe the anniversary of Husayn ibn Ali's death. There are many Shia traditions which narrate the status of Karbala:

Fatima Masumeh Shrine

The Fatima Masumeh Shrine in Qom, Iran contains the tomb of Fatimah bint Musa, sister of the eighth Shia Imam, Ali al-Ridha. Located in Qom, Iran, it has been considered the Fatima Masumeh Shrine to be the third holiest shrine in Shia Islam. The shrine has attracted to itself dozens of seminaries and religious schools.

Jamkaran Mosque

The Jamkaran Mosque in Qom, Iran is one of the primary significant mosques in Jamkaran. Hassan ibn Muthlih Jamkarani is reported to have met the Shia's 12th Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. In the rear of the mosque, there is a "well of requests (of prayers)" to be passed on to God (Allah). Pilgrims tie small strings in a knot around the grids covering the holy well, which they hope will be received by the Imam Mahdi.

Al-Sahlah Mosque

The Al-Sahlah Mosque in Kufa, Iraq is said to be the future home of the Twelfth Shia Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.

Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque

The Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque in Damascus, Syria contains the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali, the daughter of Ali and Fatimah, and the granddaughter of Muhammad.

Al-Abbas Shrine

The Al-Abbas Shrine is located directly across from the Imam Husayn Shrine, and contains the tomb of Abbas ibn Ali, son of Ali and brother of Husayn.

Millions of pilgrims visit the shrine and pay homage to it every year. The real grave of Abbas is beneath the masoulem, and is present in the shrine. Emperors and kings of various dynasties have offered valuable gifts and gems to the shrine of Abbas. It was designed by Persian and Central Asian architects. The central pear shaped dome is an ornately decorated structure. On its sides stand two tall minarets. The tomb is covered with pure gold and surrounded by a trellis of silver. Iranian carpets are rolled out on the floors.

Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque

The Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque in Damascus, Syria contains the tomb of Sukayna bint Husayn, the youngest daughter of Husayn ibn Ali, often referred to by her title: "Ruqayya".

Al-Kadhimiya Mosque

The Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq contains the tombs of Musa al-Kadhim, seventh Shia Imam and Muhammad al-Jawad, ninth Shia Imam. Some consider the mosque the third holiest in Shia Islam.

Imam Reza Shrine

Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad, Iran contains the tomb of Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Shia Imam. Ali al-Ridha is believed, by members of the Shia, to have been poisoned there upon the orders of Caliph Al-Ma'mun and the place was subsequently called, Mashhad ar-Ridhā (the place of martyrdom of Ali al-Ridha). By the end of the 9th century a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and bazaars sprang up around it. For years totalling more than a millennium, the mosque was destroyed and reconstructed several times.

Nowadays Imam al-Ridha shrine in Mashhad, Iran, is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Shia Imam. Several important theological schools are associated with the shrine of the eighth Imam. As a city of great religious significance, it is also a place of pilgrimage. It is said that the rich go to Mecca but the poor journey to Mashhad. Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad–and especially to the Imam Ridha shrine–are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad. It is generally considered to be the holiest Shia shrine in Iran, and is sometimes ranked as the third holiest Shia shrine in the world.

Al-Askari Shrine

The Al-Askari Shrine in Samarra, Iraq contains the tombs of Ali al-Hadi, tenth Shia Imam and Hasan al-Askari, eleventh Shia Imam. Hakimah Khātūn, sister of Ali al-Hadi and Narjis, mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi are also buried within the mosque. The cellar from which the twelfth or "Hidden" Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, disappeared from view is also found within this mosque.

At the time of the Al-Askari bombing in Samarra, it was reported that the mosque was one of Shia Islam's holiest sites, only exceeded by the shrines of Najaf and Karbala, making it the third holiest Shia site.

Mosques associated with companions of Muhammad and the Shia Imams
 Tomb of Salman the Persian, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, Jabir ibn Abd Allah and Tahir ibn Muhammad al-Baqir in Al-Mada'in, Iraq
 Uwais al-Qarni Mosque in Raqqa, Syria. It contains graves of Uwais al-Qarni and Ammar ibn Yasir.
 Tomb of Maytham al-Tammar in Kufa, Iraq

 Tomb of Kumayl ibn Ziyad in Kufa, Iraq

 Hujr ibn Adi Mosque in Adra' (north of Damascus), Syria
 Shrine of Malik al-Ashtar in Egypt. He was one of the most loyal companions of Ali.
 Tomb of Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi companion of Imam Husayn, who was martyred in Battle of Karbala.
 Other several tombs and graves of companions in Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Egypt and Yemen
Al-Hannanah Mosque in Kufa, Iraq - contains some of the skin of Husayn ibn Ali which was ripped off of him post-mortem by the aggressors of Battle of Karbala.
 Tombs of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib also known as Ja'far al-Tayyar, cousin of Muhammad and brother of Ali, and Zayd ibn Harithah after their martyrdom during the battle of Battle of Mu'tah, located in Mu'tah in Jordan.
Al-Nuqtah Mosque in Aleppo, Syria - this mosque contains a large stone where the head of Husayn ibn Ali was placed, while on a stop-over along the journey from Karbala to Damascus.
Shrine of Husayn's Head (destroyed in 1950) – this mosque contained the head of Husayn ibn Ali for about two centuries in the middle ages

Tombs of other family members of Muhammad
 Imamzadeh in Ganja, Azerbaijan - bears the grave of one of the sons of Muhammad al-Baqir.
 Shrine of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi in Balad, Iraq - entombs the remains of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi, son of Ali al-Hadi
 Imamzadeh Saleh in Shemiran, Tehran, Iran - entombs the remains of Saleh, son of Musa al-Kadhim
 Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Rey, Iran - entombs the remains of Abdul Azim, descendant of Hasan ibn Ali. The mosque also contains the tombs of a son of Ali ibn al-Husayn and a son of Musa al-Kadhim.

 Shah Cheragh in Shiraz, Iran - entombs the remains of Ahmad and Muhammad, sons of Musa al-Kadhim
 Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza in Kashmar, Iran - entombs another son of Musa al-Kadhim
 Imamzadeh Hamzah, Tabriz in Tabriz, Iran - entombs another son of Musa al-Kadhim
 Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar  in Kashmar, the tomb of Hamzah al-Hamzah ibn Musa al-Kadhim

 Shrine of Sultan Ali in Mashhad Ardehal, Iran - entombs the remains of Sultan Ali, son of Muhammad al-Baqir
 Shrine of Qutham ibn Abbas in Shah-i-Zinda, Samarkand, Uzbekistan - the cousin of Muhammad
 Various Imamzadeh scattered throughout Iran and Iraq

Holy sites specific to other Shia Muslims (non-Twelvers)

 Shrines of the Isma'ili Imams, Hujjas and Da'i al-Mutlaqs - Imams - see List of Isma'ili imams, Hujjas - Arwa al-Sulayhi, Nasir Khusraw and Da'is - see List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra.
 Shrines of the Isma'ili Da'is or Missionary - see List of Isma'ili missionaries.
 Ruins of the Isma'ili castles - see List of Isma'ili castles.

Cemeteries

Al-Baqi'

Al-Baqi' (Jannat al-Baqī) is a cemetery located across from Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, Saudi Arabia. It is the oldest and first Islamic cemetery. Holy figures of Shia buried here include
 Shia Imams:
Hasan ibn Ali (first grandson of Muhammad)
Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
Muhammad al-Baqir (Twelver/Isma'ili not Zaydi)
Ja'far al-Sadiq (Twelver/Isma'ili)
Isma'il ibn Ja'far (Isma'ili)
 Relatives of Shia figures:
 Fatimah bint Asad - mother of Ali
 Umm al-Banin - mother of Abbas ibn Ali
 Bibi Shahrbānū - mother of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
 Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb - wet nurse of Muhammad

Jannat al-Mu'alla Cemetery

The Jannat al-Mu'alla cemetery in Mecca, Saudi Arabia contains the graves of many relatives of Muhammad, held in high esteem by the Shia, including:

 Abd Manaf ibn Qusai - great-great-grandfather of Muhammad
 Hashim ibn Abd Manaf - great-grandfather of Muhammad
 Abd al-Muttalib - grandfather of Muhammad
 Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib - uncle of Muhammad and father of the first Shia Imam, Ali
 Khadija bint Khuwaylid - first wife of Muhammad and mother of Fatimah
 Qasim ibn Muhammad - son of Muhammad who died in his infancy
 Possible grave of Aminah bint Wahb - mother of Muhammad

Bab al-Saghir Cemetery
The Bab al-Saghir cemetery in Damascus, Syria contains the graves of many relatives of Muhammad as well as sites related to the Battle of Karbala. Some of the figures laid to rest here include:

 Umm Kulthum bint Ali - daughter of Ali and Fatimah, granddaughter of Muhammad
 Bilal ibn Rabah - the muezzin of Muhammad
 Hamīdah - daughter of Muslim ibn Aqil
 Maymūnah - daughter of Hasan ibn Ali
 Sakinah (Fatimah al-Kubra) bint Husayn - daughter of Husayn ibn Ali (not to be confused with Ruqayyah who was the youngest)
 Asma bint Umais - wife of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Ali
 Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Husayn - son of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin

Other tombs for the family of imams

There are many tombs of the various descendants of the Imams (often called Imamzadeh). Some of them include:

 Great Mosque of Kufa in Kufa, Iraq - contains the tombs of Muslim ibn Aqil, Khadijah bint Ali, Hani ibn Urwa, and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. The mosque also contains many important sites relating to the prophets and Ali, including the place where he was fatally struck on the head while in Sujud
 Mount Uhud near Medina, Saudi Arabia - bears the grave of Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib the uncle of Muhammad, along with the graves of all the other Muslims who fell at the Battle of Uhud.
 The tomb of Zayd ibn Ali in Kufa, Iraq
 Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Zayd - a descendant of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (grandson of Zayd ibn Ali) in Mashhad, Iran.
 Awlād Muslim Mosque in Musayyib, Iraq - entombs the remains of the sons of Muslim ibn Aqil.

Tombs of Biblical prophets
 Nabi Habeel Mosque in Syria - contains the grave of Abel (Arabic: Habeel ), son of Adam and Eve as believed by many Muslims

 Tomb of Daniel Daniel (Daniyal) who is considered to have been an Islamic prophet.
 Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, West Bank, Palestinian territories - contains the graves of the Prophet Abraham and some of his family
 Al-Nabi Yusha' in Upper Galilee, Israel - Tomb of prophet Joshua
 Great Mosque of Aleppo in Aleppo, Syria - entombs the remains of Zechariah, father of John the Baptist.
 Several tombs of prophets all over Iraq, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Saudi Arabia

Other places associated with Muhammad
 Quba Mosque found just outside Medina, Saudi Arabia, was the first mosque ever built by Muhammad. Its first stones were positioned by Muhammad on his emigration from the city of Mecca to Medina and was subsequently completed by his companions. Muhammad then waited for Ali to arrive before he entered the city of Medina.
 Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina, Saudi Arabia - the mosque where the direction of prayer (qibla) was changed from Jerusalem to Mecca.
 Cave of Hira located on the mountain Jabal al-Nour in Saudi Arabia - the place where the first verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad

Tomb of modern holy figures in Shi'ite Islam

Tomb of Hassan Modarres, built in 1937 in Kashmar, Iran
Mausoleum of Imam Khomeini, built in 1992 at Tehran, Iran.

See also
 Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
 Bayt al-Ahzan
 Holiest sites in Islam
 Ziyarat

References

Further reading
 Aghaie, Kamran Scot (2004). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press.

External links

Islamic pilgrimages


The architecture of Stockholm has a history that dates back to the 13th century, possibly even earlier. According to some sources, there might have been a simple defense structure, perhaps a small castle, on the northeast part of the island Stadsholmen. Buildings in Stockholm are characterized by their unique location between Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The Hanseatic League during the great period of industrialization saw a strong desire to modernize the city.

The design of most major buildings shows foreign influences. During the 17th century and 18th century, foreign architects were recruited to build the city and in recent periods Swedish architects often drew inspiration from their tours to Europe, and in the 20th century particularly, the United States. Foreign trends tended to arrive later in Sweden and were adapted to Swedish tradition and taste. Neoclassicism became the Swedish Gustavian style, and the classicism of the 1920s, including Art Deco, became a separate style, often called Swedish Grace.

Stockholm's historic buildings are largely conserved due to the fact that the city has escaped destruction through war, which was commonplace in Europe. Also the huge wave of destruction that was wrought on Swedish cities and towns in the 1960's and 1970's also caused a reaction to this mindless vandalism and an appreciation of what was left.The infrastructure of Stockholm is in many ways connected to the buildings themselves, as such, major infrastructural components will be discussed in this article.

Development of buildings

1250–1600

The oldest part of Stockholm is Gamla stan (The Old Town), which contains some of the city's oldest buildings and ruins.

The buildings that survive from this period are mostly churches and royal buildings since these were built from more durable materials than other buildings from that period. Birger Jarls torn (The Tower Of Birger Jarl) was considered the oldest building in the entire city, however, it is now known to have been erected by Gustav Vasa in the 16th century. The Riddarholmen Church from the late 13th century is considered to be the oldest surviving building in Stockholm. While it came to serve as the church of choice for royal burials, another church, Storkyrkan (The Great Church) came to be used for coronations. Both of the churches have been redesigned several times since their erection.

Stockholm is first mentioned as the capital of Sweden in the 1430s, though the city existed for over 200 years prior to that and had become a typical Hansa port. During this period, German craftsmen were often employed to construct buildings, resulting in the widespread use of German architecture. Among the buildings constructed in this period is the German Merchants Guild, which was later transformed into the German Church.

The areas to the south and to the north of The Old Town were called Malmarna. Between the 13th and 17th centuries, these areas contained only very simple buildings.

14th century–18th century

The 14th century saw King Magnus's disputes with the Danish provinces of Skåne and Blekinge leading to attacks on Swedish cities, including Stockholm. This led to the construction of a fortress in Gamla stan, Stockholm's Old Town. This was a period in which Stockholm, as it had only recently been referred to, moved between the bridges surrounding Gamla stan's structure for security. The city structures were built of wood except for the Cathedral Storkyrkan and a tower called "Three Crowns" which were more monumental.

Stockholm's development was also especially influenced by Germany because of the great volume of trade occurring between the nations at the time through the nearby waterways. The North German architecture is most prominent in Gamla stan.
The 15th century saw the Battle of Brunkeberg break out in the middle of downtown Stockholm. King Gustav Vasa rose to power as a result of the dispute and declared the city an independent monarchy. This maneuver is credited with lifting Stockholm's development to those of other major European cities. The city was rebuilt and developed further in the next centuries. The city expanded greatly. Infrastructure increased exponentially for transport and other public services.
Likewise, royal wealth had increased dramatically and large palaces were constructed, like the Royal Palace.

See also
 Bridges in Stockholm
 Churches in Stockholm
 Fountains and ponds of Stockholm
 Tallest buildings in Stockholm
 Culture in Stockholm

References

This article was initially translated from the Swedish Wikipedia.

History of Stockholm
Stockholm


Both Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims agree on the three Holiest sites in Islam being, respectively, the Masjid al-Haram (including the Kaaba), in Mecca; the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, in Medina; and Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, in Jerusalem.

Both the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron have been considered the fourth holiest site in Islam.

Furthermore, Sunni Muslims also consider sites associated with Ahl al-Bayt, the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs and their family members to be holy.

Kaaba
 The Kaaba (Arabic: The Cube) is the most sacred site in Islam. It is surrounded by the Masjid al-Haram. During the Hajj period, the mosque is unable to contain the multitude of pilgrims, who pray on the outlining streets. More than 2 million worshippers gather to pray during Eid prayers.

According to the teachings of Islam, Allah, used the word mosque when referring to the sites established by ʾIbrāhīm (Abraham) and his progeny as houses of worship to God centuries before the revelation of the Quran. Before Mecca and Jerusalem came under Muslim control between 630 CE and 638 CE, the site of the Kaaba, which (according to Muslim belief) was established by Ibrahim and Ismail.

Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Arabic: المسجد النبوي, ) or the Mosque of the Prophet, located in Medina, is the second holiest site in Islam.

The Mosque was originally the house of Muhammad; he settled there after his migration to Medina, and later built a mosque on the grounds. He himself shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque also served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. The basic plan of the building has been adopted in the building of other mosques throughout the world.

Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque. The most important feature of the site is the green dome over the center of the mosque, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. Constructed in 1817 CE and painted green in 1839 CE, it is known as the Dome of the Prophet. Early Muslim leaders Abu Bakr and Umar are buried beside Muhammad.

Medina is also home to the historically significant Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Qiblatayn.

Al-Aqsa Mosque

Masjid Al-Aqsa ("the Farthest Mosque"), also known as the "Al Aqsa compound", is a holy site in Shia and Sunni Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem, and is widely regarded by Jews as the Temple Mount, the site of the Holy Temple. It includes the Qibli mosque and the Dome of the Rock. It is the third holiest site in  Islam. The term Al-Aqsa Mosque was coined in the Quran:

Al-Aqsa Mosque is sacred because the "first of the two qiblas" () was Jerusalem. In Islamic tradition, Al-Aqsa is said to be the "second mosque" (), as well as the "third of the holy sanctuaries" (), under Islamic Law.

The term used for mosque, masjid, literally means "place of prostration", and includes monotheistic or more specifically Abrahamic places of worship but does not exclusively lend itself to physical structures but a location, as Muhammad stated "The earth has been made for me (and for my followers) a place for praying...". When Caliph Umar conquered Jerusalem after Muhammad's wafat, a prayer house was built on the site. The structure was expanded by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and finished by his son al-Walid in 705 CE. The building was repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and rebuilt, until the reconstruction in 1033 by the Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir, and that version of the structure is what can be seen in the present day. This same area was called at later Islamic periods as the Haram al-Sharif or the "Noble Sanctuary". The Dome of the Rock is almost unanimously accepted to be the area from where Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven, although a few fringe theories claim it had been from a mosque in Medina, Jir'ana or Kufa.

Although most political references to the Al-Aqsa Mosque date from the 12th century or later due to its occupation by the Crusades, others claim that the mosque's position in Islam is firmly grounded in a number of hadith dating from the birth of Islam.

While Jerusalem is not mentioned by name in the Quran, it is recognized as a sacred site based on several references that have been linked to Jerusalem by later Islamic traditions such as the hadith. Some academics attribute the holiness of Jerusalem to the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre, known as al-Fadhail or history of cities. The Fadhail of Jerusalem inspired Muslims, especially during the Umayyad period, to embellish the sanctity of the city beyond its status in the holy texts. Others point to the political motives of the Umayyad dynasty which led to the sanctification of Jerusalem in Islam.

Later medieval scripts, as well as modern-day political tracts, tend to classify al-Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam. For example, Sahih al-Bukhari quotes Abu Darda as saying: "the Prophet of God, Muhammad said a prayer in the Sacred Mosque (in Mecca) is worth 100,000 prayers; a prayer in my mosque (in Medina) is worth 10,000 prayers; and a prayer in al-Aqsa Mosque is worth 1,000 prayers", more than in any other mosque. In addition, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, refers to the al-Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam (and calls for Arab sovereignty over it).

Umayyad Mosque

Umayyad Mosque in Damascus is considered by some Muslims to be the fourth holiest site in Islam. One of the four authorized copies of the Quran was kept here, and the head of Yahya ibn Zakariyya is believed to be in the shrine.

The Minaret of Isa in the Umayyad Mosque is dedicated to Isa (Jesus), and it is believed that he will return to the world at the minaret during the time of a Fajr prayer and it is believed that he will pray at the mosque with the Islamic leader of that time Mahdi. It is believed that prayers in the mosque are considered to be equal to those offered in Jerusalem.

Ibrahimi Mosque

Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron, West Bank, Palestine, allegedly contains the graves of the Prophet Abraham and some of his family, and is for that reason also considered by some Sunni Muslims the fourth holiest site in the world. It was said that Muhammad himself encouraged the activity, saying "He who cannot visit me, let him visit the Tomb of Abraham" and "He who visits the Tomb of Abraham, Allah abolishes his sins."

Tombs of Biblical prophets
 Tomb of Daniel (Daniyal) in Susa, Iran - contains the grave of Islamic prophet Daniel
 Nabi Habeel Mosque in Syria - contains the grave of Abel (Arabic: Habeel), son of Adam and Eve, the mosque was built by the Ottoman governor of the Damascus Eyalet, Ahmad Pasha ibn Ridwan.
 Great Mosque of Aleppo in Aleppo, Syria - contains the remains of Prophet Zechariah, father of John the Baptist.
 Al-Nabi Yusha' in Upper Galilee, Israel - Tomb of prophet Joshua
 Tomb of Noah

Other places
 Quba Mosque - is the mosque located outside the Medina, was the first ever constructed mosque by Muhammad.
 Cave of Hira is located on the mountain called Jabal al-Nour, is the cave where the first verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad.
 Masjid al-Qiblatain in Medina, Saudi Arabia - is the mosque where the direction of prayer (qibla) was changed from Jerusalem to Mecca.
 Al-Baqi' is the oldest Islamic cemetery, where Caliph Uthman, Fatimah, Caliph Hasan ibn Ali and Aisha were buried.
 Imam Ali Mosque is the mosque where Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib was buried.
 Imam Husayn Shrine is the mosque where Imam Husayn ibn Ali, and his relatives such as Abbas ibn Ali, Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, Habib ibn Muzahir, and other martyrs of Karbalā were buried.
 ʾIbrāhīm, son of Musa al-Kazim - the direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Caliph Abu Bakr.

 Eyüp Sultan Mosque is the türbe of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari in Istanbul, Turkey built by the Ottoman Sultans.

See also
 Holy city
 Holiest sites in Islam
 Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

Footnotes

References
 Aghaie, Kamran Scot (2004). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press.
 (In Arabic)
Shimoni, Yaacov & Levine, Evyatar (1974). Political Dictionary of the Middle East in the 20th Century. Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.

Islamic pilgrimages


Tôn Thất Thiện (1924–2014) was a South Vietnamese nationalist of the post-World War II generation who had the rare distinction of serving and watching at close quarters the two historic leaders of post-World War II Vietnam: presidents Ho Chi Minh in the Viet Minh coalition in 1945–46, and Ngô Đình Diệm 1954–55/1956–59/1963. He played a significant though understated role in the nationalist attempt to preserve a non-Communist Vietnam.

From 1945 to 1975, Thien was an active participant or a personal witness to almost all of the major historic events in Vietnam: the 1945 August Revolution, the 1954 Geneva Conference, division of the country and birth of the Republic of Vietnam, the 1963 coup d'état against Ngô Đình Diệm, the 1968 Tet Offensive in Huế and the April 1975 Fall of Saigon. He knew or met virtually all of the significant actors among the North Vietnamese, South Vietnamese and American political and military leadership, as well as most foreign journalists who covered the conflict.

In 1968, he served as Minister of Information in the South Vietnamese  government.  His reformist efforts allowing an uncensored media led to the Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts in the same year. As a 'Third Force' nationalist opposed to colonialism and communism, and dedicated to a mix of Confucian traditions and Western political ideals he is most closely aligned with the evolutionary reformist vision of the famous Vietnamese nationalist, Phan Chu Trinh.  In many ways he can be considered the personification of a 'Quiet Vietnamese' counterpart to Graham Greene's fictional "Quiet American" character.

He died at his home in Ottawa, Canada on October 3, 2014.

Overview

As a South Vietnamese government official, cabinet minister, Magsaysay Award winner, journalist, editor, historian and professor, Tôn Thất Thiện supported the independence of Vietnam from foreign political and cultural control including French colonialism, communist dictatorship and American dominance.  Described by Daniel Ellsberg as an "outstanding Vietnamese journalist", he was a leading supporter of freedom of the press and vociferous in his belief that the most effective strategy in fighting the Communists was to counter their claim to be the true and only nationalists fighting for Vietnam's national independence.  His life saw the span of cataclysmic political and social changes in Vietnam from titular imperial rule under French colonialism to nationalist republican government to eventual communist rule.

In his life and writings, Thiện upheld the ideals drawn from the old, essentially Confucian traditions of the country - service to society, rule of customs and laws and orderly government.  At the same time, he advocated the western ideals of modernity, progress, freedom and democracy developed from his contact with western culture through his studies in Huế, London and Geneva. His conception of Viet Nam's post-colonial society echoed that of Phan Chu Trinh, a leading Vietnamese nationalist and Confucian scholar of the early 20th century who nevertheless supported modernization through unreserved westernization.

A generation of domestic and foreign journalists in the 1950s and 1960s were influenced by Thiện's English-language critiques of the political crises in Vietnam, the political and social dynamics of the conflict and the consequent cultural impact.  As an independent political commentator after 1966 he could be equally critical of misguided South Vietnamese government policies and abuses and the heavy-handedness of U.S. intervention in Viet Nam. His writings on the Vietnamese communist threat and the negative impact of American cultural, economic and political interventions showed a balanced and analytical approach that was recognized as distinctive in its time.

U.S. Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker's assessment of Thiện upon his appointment to the South Vietnamese cabinet in 1968 established the stature he held in foreign and Vietnamese political and social circles:

The new Minister of Information, Ton That Thien, has been described as one of the best economists and one of the most articulate and intelligent of all Vietnamese in Saigon.  He has also been known as a well informed, articulate critic of both the U.S. and G.V.N; but he is a man of ability, energy, and patriotism, and is certainly not anti-American. He should be a very considerable improvement over his predecessor, Tran Van An, who has been ineffectual in this important post.

In 1945-1946 Thiện personally witnessed the momentous events which were to mark Viet Nam's post-war history: the overthrow of French rule by the Japanese and Emperor Bảo Đại's proclamation of the termination of the French protectorate over Viet Nam (March 1945), the formation of the first independent government of Viet Nam (April 1945), Emperor Bảo Đại's abdication in Huế (August 1945) and Ho Chi Minh's declaration of independence in Hanoi (September 1945), the arrival of the Americans and the Chinese (September 1945), the return of the French (March 1946), and the breaking out of the Franco-Vietnamese war (December 1946). He served for a year in Ho's administration before quitting upon realizing the true communist nature of the Viet-Minh United Front government headed by Ho Chi Minh. He was one of the first few non-Communist Vietnamese to perceive the August Revolution as a Leninist cover for the introduction of communism to Viet Nam as a part of a world revolution.

In 1947 he went to Europe to resume his studies. Although he distanced himself from the Ho-led Viet Minh government, he did not support the various Bảo Đại-led governments.  Like many other nationalists at that time he faced a dilemma in terms of where to direct support for Vietnamese independence. Supporting Ho would be to abet communism, and supporting Bảo Đại would be to prolong French colonialism. In his view, neither Ho nor Bảo Đại were true nationalists.  As a result, he remained non-committed to either side throughout the war until Ngo Dinh Diem became Prime Minister of the State of Viet Nam in June 1954. He considered Mr. Diem a true nationalist.

Thien served as press aide to Ngo Dinh Diem, and was with him when he was overthrown in an American-condoned military coup on 1 November 1963.  Despite this close and loyal association, in the aftermath of the coup he was not persecuted by the coup leaders and the post-coup governments. In 1964 he voluntarily left government service to take up journalism, working for Vietnamese as well as foreign newspapers. In 1967, he accepted a professorship at Van Hanh University in Saigon. In 1968 he served briefly as Minister of Information during which time he enacted libertarian reforms that removed all government censorship.  In the same year he was awarded the Magsaysay Award in Manila for "significant contributions" to journalism, literature and creative communication arts in Asia.

In April 1975, just before the fall of Saigon to communist forces he went into exile in Quebec, Canada.  After a university teaching career at the University of Quebec, Trois Rivieres campus, he retired in Ottawa in 1992.  He continued to write on Vietnamese social and political issues, in particular on the necessity – first advocated by Phan Chu Trinh - of making the appropriate changes in culture to enable Vietnamese to acquire the values required for rapid development, the basic condition of the advancement of the Vietnamese people.

Contrary to many educated Vietnamese, in his writings Thiện considered development to be the primary objective of Vietnam, with independence as only a secondary objective. In his view, it was this error in setting the priority of objectives which led to the costly and lengthy wars from 1945 to 1975.  He viewed these national traumas as unnecessary for the country to achieve freedom and independence, but indispensable for the Communists to secure and retain power.  He held the Communist Party accountable for this development and saw the consequence as the ruin of the country, the exhaustion of its people, and the establishment of a brutal dictatorship.

Throughout the political upheavals from the 1945 August Revolution to his exile in 1975, Tôn Thất Thiện remained consistently committed to his political and nationalist convictions and active in the political discourse of South Viet Nam.  After the fall of the Ngo Dinh Diem administration he remained unattached to any political party or movement despite offers of government appointments.  The Viet Nam Guardian, of which he was managing editor, maintained private ownership and an independent editorial policy.

Early life and education: 1924–45

Born on September 22, 1924, in Huế, the imperial capital of the Nguyễn dynasty, Tôn Thất Thiện was descended from a family with a long history of service to the state. His ancestry can be traced to Nguyen Bạc, a close adviser to Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng (r. 968-979), a founder of independent Viet Nam in the 10th century; and to Nguyễn Hoàng, founder of the Nguyễn dynasty, which ruled over most of Vietnam for almost four centuries (1600-1945).  His grandfather was a military officer (born in 1835, in the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng) who served Emperor Tự Đức (1847–1883), fought against the French in Cochinchina (1860), the battle of Thuan An (1883), and the failed coup staged by Tôn Thất Thuyết against the French (1885), and ended his career as a general in the reign of Emperor Thành Thái (1889–1907).  His father Tôn Thất Quảng (1883–1972) served for thirty years in the Imperial government, rising to the rank of Minister, in charge of Rites. He retired in 1942, only three years before the end of the Vietnamese monarchy, and was thus the last but one Minister of Rites Ministry of Rites in Vietnam's long history.  Thien was influenced by the Confucian philosophy followed by his father and the Buddhist beliefs of his mother.

In Huế he attended a "franco-indigène" – half Vietnamese, half French - elementary school, then a Catholic high school and the state-run Khải Định College. The last two establishments were "modern" schools which eliminated Chinese script and Confucian ideas and introduced a French education standard curriculum with French as the medium of instruction. Thien was thereby introduced to Western political and social ideas, graduating with a Baccalaureate of Philosophy in 1944.  Plans for medical studies in Hanoi were interrupted in March 1945 when the Japanese occupying forces took over control of the country from the French.  With no other transportation available he rode his bicycle the 400 miles from Hanoi to Huế.  Along the way he witnessed the terrible effects of a famine estimated to have killed over one million Vietnamese in 1944/45.  This traumatic experience convinced him to switch his course of studies from medicine to economics on the understanding he could thereby help more people.

Revolution and education: 1945–55

In April 1945, after the French colonial administration was ended by a Japanese coup, Emperor Bảo Đại set up the first independent government of Viet Nam led by Mr. Trần Trọng Kim. A lawyer, Phan Anh was appointed Minister of Youth and Thien served as his personal secretary. This marked Thien's first introduction to Vietnamese politics, at the age of twenty-one.

After the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại in late August 1945, on the recommendation of Mr. Ta Quang Buu he was called to Hanoi to serve in the new Viet Minh National Front Government led by Ho Chi Minh. Fluent in English he was posted in the Foreign Relations section of the president's office headed by Mr. Buu. The latter had been his teacher of English and rated him as the best of the class. More noteworthy still, Mr. Buu was an assistant to Võ Nguyên Giáp and had access to the top echelons of the leadership. Thien was thus placed close to the power center. This inclusion in the workings of the inner circle of the highest level of the Viet Minh leadership enabled him to observe at close quarters the core Viet Minh leadership in Hanoi including Ho Chi Minh, Võ Nguyên Giáp, Trường Chinh, Phạm Văn Đồng as well as many of the foreign officials in Hanoi at the time including Archimedes Patti of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS). It also allowed him to understand the Communist Party of Vietnam's manipulation of the nationalist front as a means to secure power.  He was one of the first few non-Communist Vietnamese to have this understanding at that time.

Thien's work was varied.  He translated and typed government documents, and served as an announcer and commentator for Hanoi Radio's English language service "The Voice of Viet Nam", thereby becoming practically the first Vietnamese to address the English speaking world.  He also was a major contributor to the magazine of the Vietnamese-American Friendship Association (VAFA) launched by Ta Quang Buu and General Gallagher at a time when Ho Chi Minh was courting American support for the Viet Minh government and its continued independence from French colonial rule.

Dismissive of communist ideology from his economics studies and unable to support the radical political aims of Ho Chi Minh which included on-going systematic persecution of Vietnamese nationalists, he left Hanoi and returned to Huế in late 1946.  In 1947 he went abroad to study.  He continued to morally support the anti-French aims of the Viet Minh until 1950 when the Ho-led Viet Minh forces unreservedly turned to communist China for material and advisory support, and Ho Chi Minh publicly proclaimed Vietnam "the forward post of socialism in South-east-Asia" and the Vietnamese Communist Party re-emerged under the thin guise of the "Lao Dong" (Worker's) Party. From then on Thien distanced himself from the Viet Minh government, remained aloof from the various political formations, and concentrated on his studies. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics at the London School of Economics and a master's degree in Political Science at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. He maintained his political neutrality until 1953. In October of that year, he met Mr. Ngo Dinh Diem in Paris and judged him to be a true nationalist leader.  He also learned that Mr. Diem was going to be appointed by Bảo Đại as the next Prime Minister of the non-communist State of Viet Nam.

Government service: 1954–64

In May 1954, Thien joined the South Vietnamese delegation as an observer at the Geneva Conference. He then assisted at close quarters in the Vietnam-French negotiations in Paris regarding the transfer of control of major state organs to the new government.  In Saigon he served as press secretary and official interpreter for Prime Minister, then President, Ngo Dinh Diem. For a brief period in 1955-1956 he went abroad, serving at the Vietnamese embassy in Paris where he got married.  In the fall of 1955 he went to the U.S. where he was an instructor at Michigan State University which was initiating a major government contract to provide technical assistance to Ngo Dinh Diem's administration.  Upon returning to Saigon in May 1956, he resumed his former duties. In his capacity as presidential press officer, he was the first government point of contact for American journalists reporting on the new state. He came to know almost all foreign correspondents posted in Viet Nam in those years.

In October 1959, Thien returned to Geneva for doctoral studies, graduating in June 1963 with a Doctorate in Political Science.  While there, he was a member of the South Vietnamese delegation to the Geneva Conference on Laos in 1961 and 1962.  He returned to Saigon in mid-July 1963 as Director General of the Vietnam Press, a position he held until 1964.

As a close aide to Ngo Dinh Diem, he was with the President on 1 November 1963 when the South Vietnamese military successfully launched a coup d'état which was condoned by the U.S. government.  Ton That Thien witnessed the last meeting conducted between President Diem and Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge on the occasion of a courtesy call on the President by Admiral Harry Felt.  Thien observed that the Ambassador kept the President preoccupied in discussions from 10.00 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. The coup was initiated at 01.00 p.m.

Journalism, teaching and government service: 1964–75

In August 1964 Thien left government service to take up journalism.  He worked for the respected English language newspaper the Saigon Daily News, then for the Viet Nam Guardian, owned by a like-minded friend. As managing editor and columnist at both papers, he was stubbornly independent of government bias with often blunt commentary that offered constructive criticism.  Vietnamese and foreign journalists were attracted by his blunt candour, convictions and independent political analysis.  In December 1966 the Viet Nam Guardian was ordered by the government of Nguyễn Cao Kỳ to suspend publication for several months.  Thien learned that he was on a police blacklist and at one point escaped an assassination attempt.  During this time he was writing for a number of foreign publications including The Economist, and The Far Eastern Economic Review.

In 1967 he was asked by the Buddhist hierarchy to help establish a Faculty of Social Sciences at the Buddhist Van Hanh University, and was appointed Dean of that faculty although he was known as an unrepentant close aide of the late President Diem.

In 1968, the war was brought home to Thiện personally and painfully during the "Tet" Vietnamese New Year.  Both Vietnamese warring sides had agreed to observe the customary one-week holiday ceasefire.  Although as a security precaution he usually avoided staying in Huế, on Tet's eve, Thiện and his elder brother Hanh flew from Saigon to visit his ailing father for a quick three-day visit.  On the night of the second day, the communist forces staged a surprise general offensive and succeeded in occupying almost the entire city including the area of Thiện's family home.  As a high-profile prisoner he risked execution or captivity in the North.  Fortunately, a quick counter offensive by U.S. Marines through his area diverted his captors and he was able to escape.  In later fighting in the area where Thiện's home was located, Thiện's mother, who had stayed behind, was wounded in the head by mortar shrapnel.  With the central hospital still under communist occupation, and no other medical service available she died of cerebral hemorrhage and had to be buried on the spot, on the lawn of the old French Resident's office adjacent to the Huế bridge. Thien's sister-in-law, Thu Ba (Hanh's wife) risked her life to get a coffin with money given to Thiện's family by an American journalist who happened to be in the area.  During the week he was stranded in Huế, he was a witness to the duplicity and brutality of the communists.  After the battle it was found that up to five thousand people had been executed, many of whom had been on prepared target lists.  This experience deepened his conviction that the communists could not be trusted.

In April 1968, Thien was appointed Minister of Information by Prime Minister Trần Văn Hương.  His first act was to remove all censorship of the press although South Viet Nam was facing a widespread long standing insurgency and invasion from the North.  In his view the country's security and freedom would be strengthened by greater freedom of expression.

In August 1968, the Philippine-based Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation awarded him the prestigious Magsaysay Award for journalism, literature and creative communication in recognition of "his enduring commitment to free inquiry and debate."
The official citation read:

Ton That Thien relentlessly has sought to digest the essence of Western scientific method and wed it to Vietnamese cultural values.  Freedom of thought and expression he found were essential to this pursuit.  His convictions led him to act with perceptive courage and staunch individualism as writer and editor, professor and government official.

At the end of 1968, he resigned his post after President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu twice failed to honor a pledge on a major policy issue.  From 1968 to 1975 he continued to work as a journalist, newspaper editor and professor.

Political and journalistic influences

Thiện's alternating roles as Presidential personal interpreter and press secretary, journalist and professor provided him with a platform for critical commentary on political events as well as the advocacy of the ideals he thought the country should uphold:  traditional Confucian values which he considered to have universal and perennial value and basic to the good functioning of a society, namely:  service to community, respect of traditions, honesty and faithfulness to recognized and honourable freely elected leaders.

These roles also gave him reason for official or unofficial contact with a who's who of historic figures in that period of Viet Nam's history. These included, among government and political officials: Major Archimedes Patti, Edward Lansdale, Wesley Fishel, Wolfe Ladejinsky, Ted Serong, William Colby, Chester Cooper, Daniel Ellsberg, Douglas Pike, John Mecklin, Barry Zorthian, Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, General William Westmoreland, Dr. Tom Dooley and Senator Mike Mansfield.  In 1965 Don Luce, the International Volunteer Service (IVS) field director arranged a private meeting with Senator Edward Kennedy during a fact-finding trip to Viet Nam.

Among journalists he knew or met virtually the whole range of the Saigon foreign press corps over the course of twenty years, from 1954 to 1975.  He often served as a respected source of information and insight on Vietnamese cultural sensibilities and political traditions.  His press contacts included: Stanley Karnow, Robert Shaplen, Homer Bigart, Sol Sanders, Keyes Beech, Bernard Kalb, David Halberstam, Malcom Browne, Charles Mohr, Neil Sheehan, Denis Warner, Peter Arnett, Joel Blocker, François Sully, Ward Just, Marguerite Higgins, Frances FitzGerald, Beverly Deepe, Elisabeth Pond, R. W. Apple, Don Oberdorfer, William Tuohy, Arthur Dommen, Michael Field, Bernard Crozier, Bernard Fall, Olivier Todd, Richard Gwynn, Max Clos, and François Nivolon.

He also was consulted by or became friends with several leading academics, including Joseph Buttinger, Gerald Hickey, Patrick J. Honey, Denis Duncanson and George Tanham.

Exile in Canada:  1975–2014

Thien believed that without the leadership of President Diem, South Vietnam would be doomed and this conviction remained with him following the 1963 coup d'état.  By early 1975 as it became apparent that the anti-communist South's fall was inevitable, he knew too well that under communist rule a normal life - particularly one of independent political discourse – would be impossible.  Communist practice would require him to write a "confession" stating that he had betrayed his country and his people, and this was an act he could not accept.  Due to his political background his daughter would not be allowed to access high school or university.  He would have to undergo "socialist re-education" and would be barred from his journalism and teaching professions.  Although assured by a man known to have connections with Hanoi that he would be "welcomed by the Revolution", the painful memories of Tet 1968 in Huế were still fresh in his mind and he made plans for an emergency evacuation.  At the same time, he felt it was his duty to fight on to keep South Vietnam free as long as possible and remained until the Fall of Saigon was imminent.

As the communist forces closed in on Saigon, Thien put his escape plan into effect: with the help of a foreign friend, he smuggled his family out of Vietnam to Paris.

There, thanks to the connections of a brother-in-law, he was able to get asylum.

The husband of a sister of his wife who had settled in Canada happened to be in Paris at that time and urged him to move there. Fluent in both French and English, with a good educational background and a great deal of professional experience, he had no difficulty finding employment and settling down in his new country.

Thiện became a professor in linguistics at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.

In these years he travelled extensively to academic conferences in Europe, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, China, the USSR, and Australia.

He also served as a visiting professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, and a senior visiting fellow at the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.

In 1989 he wrote The Foreign Politics of the Communist Party of Vietnam: A Study of Communist Tactics, published by Crane Russak, New York.

In 1990, a monograph was published in Singapore by the Information and Resource Centre titled "Ho Chi Minh a Nationalist?  Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern".  BBC Radio service occasionally invited him to make comments in the 1980s and 1990s as did BBC television for a documentary on Ho Chi Minh.

In 1992, Thiện retired in Ottawa and continued to write articles on Vietnamese affairs for Vietnamese newspapers abroad.

In 2014, shortly before his death, he became a founding member of Vietnam Veterans for Factual History.

Parallel life to Bùi Tín

It is historically intriguing to compare Tôn Thất Thiện's life history with that of Bùi Tín, Thien's neighbour, who also grew up in Huế, and whose father was also a Minister in the Imperial cabinet of Emperor Bảo Đại.

In August 1945, they both went to Hanoi.  While Thien served in the office of the President, the younger Bui Tin joined the Viet Minh as a soldier in the first unit of the newly formed army and at one point served as a guard at the presidential office in which Thien worked.

Bùi Tín went on to serve the communist regime in the north of Vietnam as journalist, writer and government officer, much as Ton That Thien was serving in the south.

United by common beginnings in the central and perhaps most traditional region of the country, for thirty years their two lives followed parallel paths on either side of the communist North – nationalist South political division of the country.

When their life histories are considered together it is evident they singly or jointly were present at all of the major political and historic events of Vietnam's tumultuous history.

They were both present at the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi on 2 September 1945 and narrowly missed meeting again upon the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, at which Bùi Tín took the surrender of Dương Văn Minh, then President of South Vietnam.  Thien had departed shortly before.

While Tôn Thất Thiện came to recognize and reject the aims of the  Communist Party-led Viet Minh in early 1946, Bùi Tín did not begin to question Party orthodoxy until after the unification under communist rule in 1975.

When he claimed asylum in France in 1990 his life's path once again became conjoined with that of Ton That Thien in their common experience of exile and their shared political beliefs in multi-party democracy,  individual freedoms and traditional cultural values.

Personal life

In his personal life Thiện followed the Confucianist–Western modernism which he adopted in his public life. In founding a family, he married a person with a clear Confucian background, Lệ Vân (Lovely Cloud), whose great grandfather was the Confucian scholar and mandarin Nguyen Trong Hiep.  Assigned by the emperor to negotiate with France after French troops had occupied the Imperial capital of Huế in 1883, he persuaded the French not to abolish the Nguyễn monarchy and annex Vietnam, but to accept it as a protectorate instead.  Lệ Vân's grandmother was the daughter of a well-known poet, Cao Thi Ngoc Anh, herself daughter of a Confucian scholar, Cao Xuân Dục, known as a great Minister of Education in the Imperial Government of Vietnam, a contemporary of Nguyen Trong Hiep.

Unlike many young women of her generation, Lệ Vân not only went to college, but was allowed to travel to France for further study.  Another "modern" side to this marriage: neither Thien nor Lệ Vân sought prior permission from their parents before their engagement. Another infringement of traditions was that they got married in Paris, in a simple ceremony with a small attendance instead of an elaborate and lavish wedding party involving a large gathering presided by the parents surrounded by all members of the two families.  When their daughter was born they usurped their parents' traditional prerogative by naming her themselves, Thuỳ Lan (Sweet Orchid).

Professor Tôn Thất Thiện died peacefully at home in Ottawa, Canada, surrounded by his family on October 3, 2014.

Further reading

Anne Blair, There to the Bitter End:  Ted Serong in Vietnam, pp. 183–187, 224, 258, 273
Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers, p. 176
Frances Fitzgerald, Fire in the Lake, p. 403
Gerald Hickey, Window On a War, pp. 210, 258, 259,
Ward Just, To What End, pp. 67, 87
Crispin C. Maslog, "Ton That Thien:  Asian Libertarian" in Heroes of Asian Journalism, Ramon Magsaysay Award Book of Record, Vols. 1-10,
Michael Maclear. The Ten Thousand Day War, p. 197
Neil Jamieson, "Understanding Vietnam", p. 338
Sophie Quinn-Judge, "Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years", p. 3

Publications

Books by Ton That Thien:

India and South East Asia:  1947-1960.  A Study of India's Foreign Policy towards the South East Asian Countries in the Period 1947-1960, Geneva, Droz, 1963, 385 pages
"The War in Vietnam" in Sibnarayan Ray (ed.), Vietnam Seen From East and West, Melbourne, Thomas Nelson, 1966.
Ton That Thien and Reinhold Wepf (eds.)  Vietnam, Vom Mekongdelta zum Song Ben Hai, Bern, Kimmerly and Frey, 1968
The Foreign Politics of The Communist Party of Vietnam:  A Study in Communist Tactics, Crane Russak, New York, 1989, 255 pages
Was Ho Chi Minh a Nationalist?  Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern Information and Resource Centre, Singapore, 1990

Articles by Ton That Thien:

"The Geneva Agreements and Peace Prospects in Vietnam", India Quarterly, October–December 1956.
"Vietnam:  A Case of Social Alienation", International Affairs (London), July 1967.
"Neutralism in South East Asia" (Paper presented to the 7th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Brussels, September 1967).
"Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam's First Communist", The Asia Magazine (Singapore), March 10, 1968.
"The Search for a New Identity:  Vietnam Reaction to Western Impact" (Paper presented to a Panel on Asia, East-West Center, Honolulu, June 1968), Van Hanh Bulletin, Van Hanh University, Saigon, December 1969.
"Vietnam: Winner Takes Nothing", Orientations, (Hong Kong), January 1970.
"Saigon: A Tormented City Fighting Hard to Survive", Orientations (Hong Kong), August 1970.
"Understanding the War in Vietnam", India Quarterly, July–September 1970.
"Social Mobilization and Political Participation: The Vietnamese Experience", (Paper read at the Academic Conference on 'Development in South East Asia:  Issues and Dilemmas', 26–29 October 1971, Hong Kong, under the auspices of ASAIHL).
"Asia's Longest War", The Asian (Hong Kong), November 28 – December 4, 1971.
"Technology, the Social Sciences, Education and the Future of Vietnam", ASAIHL, Hong Kong, Newsletter, December 1971.
"Phan Chu Trinh, or Where to Begin a Revolution", Van Hanh Bulletin, Van Hanh University, Saigon, March–April 1970."The Supremacy of Human Freedom, or Buddhism, and Science and Technology", Graduation Address, Van Hanh University, Saigon, February 1972."Higher Education in a Transitional Country Plagued by Colonialism and War:  The Case of Vietnam", paper prepared for RIHED Bulletin, Singapore, July 1972."The Modernization Dream:  Where One Should Tread Softly", paper prepared for the Third International Conference on the Modernization of Asia, Penang, Malaysia, September 3–9, 1972.
"The Relevance of Existing Social Science Theories and Concepts for South East Asia", paper prepared for the Second Academic Conference on Social Science Research for Urban Development in South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, December 18–23, 1972.
"War is Peace", Orientations, Hong Kong, August–October 1973.
"L'Asie dans l'après-guerre" in Hommes d'État Célèbres, Éditions d'Art Lucien Mazenod, Paris, 1977
"Ho Chi Minh", dans Hommes d'Etat Célèbres, Éditions d'Art Lucien Mazenod, Paris, 1977
"Politics and Economic Development", paper prepared for the Conference on Problems of Development in Asia, organised by the Center of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, April 7–9, 1975
"Vietnam, 1975-1980: Reflections on a Revolution", Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol.2, No. 2, September 1980
"Negotiation Strategy and Tactics of the Vietnamese Communists", Negotiations in Asia, Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations, Geneva, 1984
"Southeast Asia's Post Cold War Geopolitics:  The New Realities", in Global Affairs, Winter, 1993
"Luan Ban ve Tu Tuong Ho Chi Minh", (On Ho Chi Minh's Thoughts), June 1996
"New Alignments, New Realities: East Asia in the Post-Cold War Setting" World Affairs, Jan-Mar, 1997, Vol. 1, No.1
"The Year of the Hare:  New Light on the Anti-Diem Coup", in World Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 4, October–December 1999
"Shadows and Wind in Vietnam", Ngay Nay, Houston, 1 December 2000
"Sober Thoughts on April 30: The South Vietnam Liberation Front and Hanoi Myth and Reality" 29 April 2000.  Presentation at the national conference organized by the Vietnamese Canadian Federation in Ottawa, "The arrival of Vietnamese refugees in Canada: What have we learned?"
"Cultural Issues in Vietnam's Transition" in The Vietnamese Economy and its Transformation to an Open Market System.  Wm. T. Alpert (ed.). M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2005

References

External links

 Tôn Thất Thiện (1924–2014) – it presents a complete bibliography, excerpts from books, collected articles, editorials, letters, interview transcripts and poetry
 Ton That Thien Memorial

1924 births
2014 deaths
Vietnamese dissidents
People of the First Indochina War
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War
Vietnamese emigrants to Canada


Jasad may refer to:

 Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, a political party in Bangladesh
 Jasad (magazine), an Arabic-language cultural magazine
 Jasad (band), an Indonesian death metal band


Tulapur  is a village in Pune district, Maharashtra, India, associated with the last moments of Sambhaji Maharaj, second Chatrapati of Hindavi Swarajya and son of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Etymology
Tulapur village was originally known as Nagargaon. It was renamed Tulapur when Chatrapati Sambhaji maharaj used a boat to weigh an elephant to help Adil Shahi minister, Murarpant donate silver equivalent to the weight of an elephant.

History

Tulapur has great significance in Maratha history. Chatrapati Sambhaji was brought to Tulapur to be tortured and executed after he was captured by Mughal forces. Chatrapati Sambhaji was originally captured in Sangameshwar, a renowned Hindu holy place in Ratnagiri, about 40 miles west of Shrirangpur in Western India. Note: The Sangameshwar temple located at Tulapur should not be confused with the place called Sangameshwar.

Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj had recently visited Shrirangpur to resolve a family dispute before arriving at Sangameshwar. Ganoji Shirke led Sheikh Nizam Hyderabadi (later known as Muqarrab Khan, a title bestowed by Aurangzeb) through dense and inaccessible Sayadari jungles via Ambay ghat in order to ambush and arrest Chatrapati Sambhaji. Sambhaji could have easily escaped with the early warning of the arrival of Mogul forces by his spies. Sambhaji also had better horses, and could outrun the enemy forces who were exhausted from their approach through the hills and passages of Sayadari. Some of his forces safely retreated to Raigad on his advice. However, it is unknown why he stayed and fought with such a small force.

A place with more than 360 ancient Hindu temples. Sambhaji was a great devout of Lord Shiva and was paying his respects at the holiest place. The false propaganda was to malign him for political gains by his enemies. When humiliated before Aurangzeb, Sambhaji Mahraj was singing praises of Lord Shiva , thus affirming the fact that his presence at the holy place was for religious purposes only. He thoroughly fell in trance with Lord Shiva before capture, not very uncommon among devotees visiting Sangameshwar for pilgrimage.

Geography

Tulapur is about 40 Kilometres north-east of Pune. It is situated at the confluence of the Bhima and Indrayani rivers and was originally known as 'Nagargaon'. The Sangameshwar temple built on their banks is a popular site for tourists and devotees.

Samadhi (shrine) to Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
There is a Samadhi (shrine) to Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj next to the temple. A samadhi of Kavi Kalash, a poet, a close friend and advisor to Sambhaji is also present at Vadhu. It is disputed as to where exactly he was cremated, with a group of historians asserting that he was cremated at Tulapur itself and not at Vadhu. Nonetheless, both these places have their equal share in Maratha history.

Gallery

References

Maratha Empire
17th-century Indian monarchs
Villages in Pune district


Essa Mohhmad Humod Al Mehyani Al Hothaili  () (born June 6, 1983) is a retired Saudi Arabian football player who played as a striker. He spent most of his career at Al-Wehda. He is a former Saudi international making 14 appearances for the national team. He is currently the assistant manager of Al-Wehda.

Club career statistics

Honours

Club
With Al-Hilal
Saudi Professional League: 2010, 2011.
Crown Prince Cup: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012.

National team career statistics

U-20
2002 AFC Youth Championship: Third Place
2003 FIFA World Youth Championship: Group Stage

Individual
2002 AFC Youth Championship: Top Scores
2005–06 Saudi Premier League: Top Scores
2007–08 Arab Champions League: Top Scores

References

External links
Saudi League Profile

1983 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Al Wehda FC players
Al Hilal SFC players
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) players
Najran SC players
Saudi Pro League players
Saudi Arabian football managers
Al Wehda FC managers
Saudi Pro League managers


Walter William Buchanan Topping (1908–26 July 1978) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Topping studied at the Rossall School and Queen's University Belfast, before becoming a barrister in 1930.  During World War II, he served as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Artillery.  He was elected to the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1945 as the Ulster Unionist Party member for Larne, serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance - effectively the Chief Whip - from 1947 until 1956, then as the Minister of Home Affairs.  He resigned in 1959 to become the Recorder of Belfast, serving until 1978. In 1967, he became a member of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland.

References

1908 births
1978 deaths
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1938–1945
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1945–1949
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1949–1953
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1953–1958
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1958–1962
Northern Ireland junior government ministers (Parliament of Northern Ireland)
Northern Ireland Cabinet ministers (Parliament of Northern Ireland)
Members of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland
Barristers from Northern Ireland
People educated at Rossall School
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Recorders of Belfast
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for County Antrim constituencies
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery officers


Acrobasis nuxvorella, the pecan nut casebearer, is a moth of the family Pyralidae described by Herbert H. Neunzig  in 1970. It is found in the United States in eastern New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Missouri, southern Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.

The larvae feed on Carya illinoensis. It is the most damaging insect pest of pecans in Texas. The larvae feed first on buds below the cluster, then attack the nuts. They enter the nuts by cutting a circular hole in the base. As they feed, they push frass out the hole where it accumulates. A single larva may destroy the entire cluster, before pupating in one of the last nuts fed upon.

References

Moths described in 1970
Acrobasis
Moths of North America


Olaüs Thérien (September 3, 1860 – December 31, 1929) was a Canadian lawyer, editor and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Montcalm in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1891 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Canada East, the son of Pierre Thérien and Claire Derouin, and was educated at the Petit Séminaire de Saint-Thérèse and Université Laval. He was called to the Quebec bar in 1885. Thérien was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1891.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1889 AJ Gemmill

1860 births
1929 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs


"There Was an Old Woman" is the forty-eighth episode and the thirteenth episode of the third season (1988–89) of the television series The Twilight Zone. This episode follows the adventures of a children's book author.

Plot
Hallie Parker is a disillusioned author of children's books, believing that her stories do not appeal to the "video generation". Aside from writing, she is passionate in reading children her stories in the local library. However, since new forms of entertainment are overlapping the old her audience has dwindled. One day a woman named Nancy Harris requests Hallie autograph one of her books for her son Brian, who is sick. Hallie, overcome with sympathy, offers to visit him in person.

When she arrives, Hallie shows Brian the autograph she wrote for him and reads to him from the book. Brian asks her if she will come back and read more but Hallie tells him she is moving to Arizona.

At her home, Hallie is woken by sounds of laughing children, and confronted by blowing drapes, moving rocking chairs, and a window broken by a baseball. When her real estate agent visits with a young couple looking to buy her house, she persists in following them around and making awkward conversation during the tour. When one of the couple slips on a roller skate left on the stairs, they deem that the last straw and storm out. The real estate agent suggests that Hallie does not really want to sell the house.

Hallie discovers the book she signed for Brian. Thinking it must have been stolen, she calls the Harris house. Nancy says that Brian died and the book was buried with him. Hallie hears voices upstairs, and goes to investigate. She finds ghosts of Brian and other children. They want Hallie to stay and read them stories. She is relieved when she realizes that she is now useful and has a reason to stay in her home.

External links

1988 American television episodes
The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series season 3) episodes
Television episodes about ghosts

fr:Il était une fois (La Cinquième Dimension)


The Volinsky Lifeguard Regiment (), more correctly translated as the Volhynian Life-Guards Regiment, was a Russian Imperial Guard infantry regiment. Created out of a single battalion of Finnish Guard Regiment in 1817, the regiment took part in the Polish-Russian War of 1830–1831, the Crimean War, the January Uprising of 1863 and the First World War.

History

Unlike many older units of Imperial Russian Army, the Volinsky Regiment was neither attached to or originated from the land of Volhynia after which it was named. Instead, it traces its roots to a single Imperial Militia Battalion formed by Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia in Strelna on 12 December 1806 (Old Style). In the spring of the following year it took part in the Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen of the War of the Fourth Coalition. In 1807 it took part in the Battle of Friedland and in January of the following year was renamed to His Majesty's Guards Militia Battalion and then in April to His Majesty's Finnish Battalion. Reinforced and reorganised, in October 1811 the battalion was extended to become the Guards Finnish Regiment of three infantry battalions. The first battalion, still including many veterans of the original militia unit, was then mentioned in dispatches for its role in the Battle of Leipzig. Having suffered heavy losses, the battalion was retained in Russian-occupied Warsaw in 1814.

On 12 October 1817 (Old Style) the battalion was reorganised into the Volinsky Guards Regiment () composed of two battalions of light infantry. Its main task was to serve as a personal guard of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich and to serve as a counterbalance to the forces of the Kingdom of Poland in case they mutinied. Due to the fact that the original battalion took part in most of the Napoleonic Wars, the new regiment inherited the rights of the "Old Guard" and was included into the Guards Corps rather than the general army.

The regiment took active part in many battles of the November Uprising, notably in the Battle of Ostrołęka, fights in Lithuania and the final battle of Warsaw. After the uprising, in 1832 the regiment was moved to Kronstadt near the new Russian capital of St. Petersburg, and then in 1836 to Oranienbaum. It took part in the fights on secondary theatres of the Crimean War of 1853–1856, mostly guarding the shores of the Baltic Sea against Charles John Napier's Baltic blockade and took part in a skirmish against a British boarding party at the port of Makslahti.

During the January Uprising the regiment was moved back to Poland and attached to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Guards Infantry Division. The regiment remained there until the outbreak of World War I. It took part in the failed Russian invasion of East Prussia as part of the XXIII Army Corps, and then the inconclusive Battle of Łódź. In the summer of 1915 the regiment formed the core of General Vladimir Apollonovich Olokhov's ad-hoc Army Group unsuccessfully trying to cover the flanks of 3rd and 8th Armies during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive.

Withdrawn from the front to Sankt Petersburg, the soldiers of the regiment rebelled, killed their officers and took part in the Bolshevik Revolution. The forces of the regiment remained in Petersburg until October, when the unit was disbanded and its forces formed the core of the local Red Army units.

1917 mutiny
On the morning of Sunday, 11 March 1917, Tsar Nicholas II had issued orders forbidding the populace from assembling in Petrograd. However, many people did and 200 were shot. When the Volinsky Regiment were ordered to fire at the unarmed crowd, they fired into the air. The next day the Volinsky Regiment mutinied and was quickly followed by the Semyonovsky, the Izmaylovsky, the  regiments, and even the legendary Preobrazhensky Regiment, the oldest and staunchest regiment founded by Peter the Great. The arsenal was pillaged, the Ministry of the Interior, Military Government building, police headquarters, the Law Courts and a score of police buildings were put to the torch. By noon the Peter and Paul Fortress with its heavy artillery was in the hands of the insurgents. By nightfall 60,000 soldiers had joined the revolution.

Order broke down and members of the Parliament (Duma) formed a provisional government to try to restore order, but it was impossible to turn the tide of revolutionary change. The Duma and the Soviet had already formed the nucleus of a provisional government and decided that Nicholas must abdicate. Faced with this demand, which was echoed by his generals, deprived of loyal troops, with his family in the hands of the Russian Provisional Government and fearful of unleashing civil war and opening the way for a German conquest, Nicholas had no choice but to submit. At the end of the "February Revolution" of 1917 (February in the Old Russian calendar), on 2 March (Julian Calendar)/ 15 March (Gregorian Calendar) 1917, Nicholas II abdicated.

Gallery

See also

Russian Armed Forces

Sources
Gorokhoff, Gerard. Russian Imperial Guard. 2002.
Handbook of the Russian Army 1914 by the British General Staff. Battery Press reprint edition, 1996.

Russian Imperial Guard
Infantry regiments of the Russian Empire
Russian military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Former guards regiments
Military units and formations established in 1817
1817 establishments in the Russian Empire
Warsaw Governorate
Military units and formations disestablished in 1917
Guards regiments of the Russian Empire


Acrobasis vaccinii, the cranberry fruitworm, is a moth of the family Pyralidae described by Charles Valentine Riley in 1884. It is found in North America from Nova Scotia to Florida and from Wisconsin to Texas, it is introduced in the state of Washington.

The wingspan is 16–18 mm.

The larvae feed on Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium stamineum. Larvae feed inside a berry until most of its contents have been consumed. Larvae are mostly green, with some brownish-red pigmentation on the dorsal surface, and grow to about half an inch before pupation. Full-grown larvae over winter in a cocoon, and emerge as adults after full bloom and fruit set. Female moths lay their eggs on the fruit, usually on or within the calyx cup of unripe berries. One generation emerges each year, with each larvae feeding on as many as eight berries to complete its development.

Monitoring and control
Monitoring the flight of the moths using pheromone traps is essential for optimizing pesticide treatments. One particular pheromone lure, ISCAlure-Vaccinii, developed and manufactured by ISCA Technologies in Riverside, California, has been shown to be a highly effective tool for monitoring this pest.  Alternatively, calyx ends of the berries can be inspected for eggs by experienced scouts. The eggs are flat, white, scale-like, and quite small, so this will probably require a hand lens. One method of control is to pick off infested berries. In larger fields, where such measures are impractical, treatments with broad-spectrum insecticides, such as Danitol, Asana, Mustang Max, or Imidan, may be required.

Due to the increasingly negative public perception of these insecticides, a number of "softer" materials have been introduced in recent years, including Assail, Altacor, Avaunt, or Delegate.[4]

References

External links
 Species info
 Fruitworm factsheet

Moths described in 1884
Acrobasis
Moths of North America


Helena Noguerra (18 May 1969) is a Belgian actress, singer and writer.

Career
Noguerra was born in Brussels, Belgium. Her songs have been used in commercials and television programmes such as Lunettes noires pour nuits blanches by Thierry Ardisson (1988–1990). She sang on the 2009 video game Bayonetta, including both the game's main theme Mysterious Destiny and a cover of Fly Me to the Moon.

In 2010 she toured with French band Nouvelle Vague.

Personal life
She is the sister of singer Lio.

She has a son, Tanel Derard, born in 1991, a musician and model.

Filmography

Theater

Discography

Albums
 1998 : Projet : bikini
 2001 : Azul
 2004 : Née dans la nature
 2007 : Fraise Vanille
 2013 : Année zéro
 2019 : Nue

Singles
 1989 : Lunettes noires
 1992 : Rivière des anges

Collaborations
 1987 : La Bamba ft. Los Portos & Lio
 1996 : Ollano ft. Nouvelle Vague
 2003 : L'Héroïne au bain ft. Olivier Libaux
 2004 : Jeux d'amour / La Fête ft. Rodrigo Leão, Beth Gibbons & Sakamoto
 2005 : Le Téléfon on the album On Dirait Nino
 2006 : Dillinger Girl et Baby Face Nelson ft. Federico Pellegrini
 2007 : Imbécile ft. Olivier Libaux
 2007 : Helena et Rezvani en concert ft. Serge Rezvani
 2009 : Masquez les plumes ft. Gregory Cerkinsky, Philippe Eveno & Florence Denou
 2010 : Theme of Bayonetta: Mysterious Destiny, Fly Me to the Moon
 2010 : So in love ft. André Manoukian
 2010 : C'est pas ft. François Morel
 2014 : Rio-Paris ft. Natalie Dessay, Agnès Jaoui & Liat Cohen
 2014 : Dans la mer aussi il y a des étoiles ft. Alain Rivet
 2018 : Les Parisiennes ft. Arielle Dombasle, Mareva Galanter & Inna Modja

Author

References

External links

 Portrait et discographie d'Helena Noguerra

1969 births
Living people
Belgian film actresses
Belgian television actresses
Belgian television presenters
Belgian people of Portuguese descent
French-language singers of Belgium
Portuguese-language singers of Belgium
Actresses from Brussels
ZE Records artists
21st-century Belgian actresses
Noguerra, Helena
Noguerra, Helena
Belgian women television presenters


Regulation is a quarterly periodical about policy published by the Cato Institute.  It was started as a bimonthly magazine in 1977 by the American Enterprise Institute and acquired by Cato in 1989. Past editors have included former Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia, Murray Weidenbaum, Christopher DeMuth, Walter Olson, and Peter Huber.  Peter Van Doren has edited the magazine since 1999.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the magazine was pivotal in promoting deregulation and the importance of cost–benefit analysis.

See also
 Cato Journal, a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Cato Institute.
 Cato Unbound, a monthly web-only publication of the Cato Institute featuring a discussion between a lead essayist and three other participants.

References

External links
 Regulation website
 25th anniversary retrospective

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
American Enterprise Institute
Libertarian magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1977
Magazines published in Washington, D.C.


Minuscule 397 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Cι10 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th or 11th century.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Gospel of John on 295 parchment leaves () with catenae. It is written in one column per page, in 27 lines per page.

Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

In John 9:35 it has reading  εις τον υιον του ανθρωπου (in the Son of Man); the reading is supported by 𝔓66, 𝔓75, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Bezae, Washingtonianus, itd, syrc, cosa, and ethro.

In John 14:14 it has textual variant εαν τι αιτησητε τον πατερα instead of εαν τι αιτησητε με. The same variant appears in minuscule 249.

History

Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 15th century.

The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852) with a number 397.
The manuscript was described by Giuseppe Bianchini. Scrivener in the 3rd edition of his "A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament" catalogued it twice, as 397 and 617. In the 4th edition, this was corrected and number 617 was given to the other manuscript. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Vallicelliana (E. 40) in Rome.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
10th-century biblical manuscripts


Acronicta lanceolaria, the lanceolate dagger moth or pointed dagger, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found in North America, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.

Adults are on wing in early June in one generation.

Reported larval hosts include Populus grandidentata, Salix and Rubus.

References

External links
 "Lanceolate Dagger Moth (Acronicta lanceolaria)". BugwoodWiki.

Acronicta
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1875


Acronicta lobeliae, the lobelia dagger moth or greater oak dagger moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America.

The larvae feed on Quercus species.

References

Acronicta
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1852