The Pont Flavien () is a Roman bridge across the River Touloubre in Saint-Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône department, southern France. The single-arch crossing, which was built from limestone, was on a Roman road - the Via Julia Augusta - between Placentia, Italy and Arles. It is the only surviving example of a Roman bridge bounded by triumphal arches from the Augustan period, although similar bridges probably existed elsewhere, as indicated by portrayals on coins of the late 1st century BC.

Origins and design

The bridge probably replaced an earlier wooden structure on the same site. It measures  long by  wide. The two arches at either end, each standing  high with a single wide bay, are constructed of the same local stone as the bridge and are broader than they are tall. At the corners of the arches are fluted Corinthian pilasters at the top of which are carved eagles. Acanthus scrolls extend partway along the pediments, in the middle of which is an inscription that reads:

L·DONNIVS·C·F·FLAVOS·FLAMEN·ROMAE
ET·AVGVSTI·TESTAMENTO·FIEREI·IVSSIT
ARBITRATV·C·DONNEI·VENAE·ET·C·ATTEI·RVFEI

In translation, this means:

Lucius Donnius, son of Caius, Flavos, flamen [priest] of Rome and Augustus, has ordained in his will that [this monument] be built under the direction of Cauis Donnius Vena and Caius Attius Rufius.

Lucius Donnius Flavos was evidently a figure of some importance and probably owned land in the vicinity of the bridge. He was a Romanised Gaul who is likely to have been an aristocrat of the Avatici, a local Gallic tribe. He was probably also a significant player in the affairs of the nearby city of Arelate (Arles), as he served the imperial cult, most likely in one of the city's temples. He may have built his mausoleum nearby, though its location remains unknown.

As the inscription indicates, the bridge was constructed at Flavos' instigation following his death. Its stylistic elements are typical of funerary monuments. The frieze of the arches decorated with a wave pattern symbolises the constant rebirth of life. The eagles carved above the capitals and the pairs of free-standing lions atop the arches' pediments are also common features of tombs and, in the case of the lions, were popular in Provence in the latter part of the first century BC. The combination of arches and a bridge may have been intended to symbolise the passage of life. Because the Pont Flavien was a private monument it did not have the triumphal imagery normally associated with Roman arches and does not bear any portrait of Flavos. He would most likely have been depicted in figure at his tomb but this, assuming it was nearby, has long since disappeared.

In the 20s BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa carried out a programme of road building in Provence on behalf of the Emperor Augustus, constructing the Via Julia Augusta. This would have given Flavos an opportunity to make his mark in a highly visible way, proclaiming his dedication to Roman values and highlighting the importance of his own personage. Considering also the likely date of the stylistic elements, the Pont Flavien was most likely built some time between 20 and 10 BC.

Subsequent usage and restoration

The bridge was heavily used until as late as the latter part of the 20th century. It has suffered a great deal of wear and tear and accidental damage over the years; by the end of Antiquity the roadway had become so rutted by constant cart traffic that it had been worn right through, exposing the arch stones. It has been repeatedly resurfaced to prevent the collapse of the bridge and the parapet has also been replaced. The bridge was a traditional stopping point for the Compagnons du Tour de France, journeyman masons who underwent a tour of notable monuments around the country and who left their graffiti (including signatures and symbols including horseshoes and a phallus) on the bridge.

The western arch has collapsed at least twice; the first time was in the 18th century, destroying the stone lions on top of the pediment. It was rebuilt in 1763 by Jean Chastel, who also restored the sculptures (the only surviving original lion is on the right-hand side of the eastern arch). The second collapse was during the Second World War, when the arch was first damaged when a German tank collided with it, then collapsed when an American truck hit it in 1945. It was rebuilt in 1949 and some years later a modern bridge was built  to the south to bypass it. The Pont Flavien is now reserved for pedestrian use only. In 1977, prior to the landscaping of the surrounding area, an archaeological excavation was carried out by the Antiquités Historiques de Provence under the direction of Anne Roth Congés.

See also
 List of bridges in France
 List of Roman bridges
 Roman architecture
 Roman engineering

References

Bibliography

External links

 Pont Flavien on Youtube

Roman bridges in France
Deck arch bridges
Stone bridges in France
Bridges completed in the 1st century BC
Pont Flavien
Tourist attractions in Bouches-du-Rhône
Transport in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Roman sites in Provence


This is a list of Afghan Americans, including both original immigrants from Afghanistan who obtained American nationality and their American descendants. To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing that they are Afghan American or must have independent references showing that they are Afghan American and are notable.

Academia and science
 Ali Ahmad Jalali (born 1940, Kabul), Distinguished Professor at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C.; former Afghan ambassador to Germany
 Mohammad Qayoumi (born 1952, Kabul), former President of San Jose State University
 Nake M. Kamrany (born 1934, Kabul), professor at the University of Southern California (USC) and economist
 Adib Farhadi (born 1972, Kabul), assistant professor at University of South Florida and coordinator of USF's Executive Education Program; the former Afghanistan Deputy Minister of Commerce
 Nazif Shahrani (born Badakhshan), professor of anthropology at Indiana University
 Ishaq Shahryar (born 1936, Kabul), Afghan Ambassador to the United States from 2002 to 2003

Arts and entertainment

 Leena Alam (born 1978, Kabul), actress in television, film, and theater, human rights activist
 Sonia Nassery Cole (born 1965, Kabul), human rights activist, filmmaker, and author
 Zohra Daoud (born 1954, Kabul), television host and Miss Afghanistan 1974
 Josh Gad (born 1981), actor, comedian, and singer whose father is an Afghan Jew
 Sameer Asad Gardezi, screenwriter and television writer
 Mariam Ghani (born 1978), multi-media visual artist, photographer, filmmaker, human rights activist; of Afghan–Lebanese descent
 Azita Ghanizada (born 1979, Kabul), actress and television host
 Donnie Keshawarz (born 1969), Canadian-born American stage, film and television actor; of Afghani–Canadian descent
 Mahaley Patel (born 1987), actress, singer, songwriter; her father is from Afghanistan
 Aman Mojadidi (born 1971), visual artist
 Vida Samadzai (born 1978, Kabul), actress, model, Miss Afghanistan 2003, and Beauty for a Cause of Miss Earth 2003
 Jawed Wassel (1959–2001, Kabul), filmmaker
 Noor Wodjouatt, classical Indian musician and television producer, founder of Zarin TV

Business

 Hafizullah Emadi (born Shibar), independent scholar and development consultant for Focus Humanitarian Assistance
 Masuda Sultan (born 1978), entrepreneur, international human rights advocate, and memoirist

Literature

 Tamim Ansary (born 1948, Kabul), author
 Khaled Hosseini (born 1965, Kabul), author of three books including the Kite Runner, activist, humanitarian, and UNHCR goodwill ambassador

Media and journalism

 Nabil Miskinyar (born 1948, Kabul), television anchor for Ariana Afghanistan
 Fariba Nawa (born 1973, Herat), journalist and author

Music

 Sonita Alizadeh (born 1996, Herat), rapper and activist
 Ehsan Aman (born 1959, Lashkargah), musician
 Farhad Darya (born 1962, Kabul), musician
 Qader Eshpari (born 1967, Kabul), soft rock singer
 Qais Essar, a rabab musician, songwriter
 Naim Popal (born 1954, Kabul), musician
 Haidar Salim, musician
 Farid Zoland (born 1951, Kabul), musician

Politics and civil service

 Ashraf Ghani (born 1949, Logar), 14th President of Afghanistan
 Zalmay Khalilzad (born 1951, Mazar-i-Sharif), United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2007 to 2009
 Safiya Wazir (born 1991, Baghlan), New Hampshire State Representative 2018-present
 Nadia Hashimi (born 1977), Democratic congressional candidate for the United States House of Representatives for Maryland's 6th congressional district, pediatrician, and novelist
 Laili Helms, former Taliban supporter and public speaker
 Ahmed Wali Karzai (born 1961, Karz), politician in Afghanistan until his death in 2011
 Ahmad Yusuf Nuristani (born 1947, Nuristan), politician, Governor of Herat Province in Afghanistan from 2009–2010
 Stephen J. Townsend (born 1959), West German-born American four-star general of Afghan–German descent, commanding general of U.S. forces during the War on ISIS / Operation Inherent Resolve

Other
 Wallace Fard Muhammad (c.1877–c.1934), founder of the Nation of Islam, mentor of Elijah Muhammad
 Niloofar Rahmani (born 1992, Logar), former Afghan female pilot
 Shaesta Waiz (born 1987), Afghan-born pilot and the first female certified civilian pilot, and the youngest woman to fly solo around the world in a single-engine aircraft
 Ahmad Khan Rahami (born 1988, Kandahar), terrorist
 Najibullah Zazi (born 1985, Paktia), convicted Al-Qaeda member

See also
 List of Afghans
 Pashtuns
 Pashtun diaspora

References

Americans
Afghan
Afghan


Andelva is a  river that runs through Eidsvoll, Norway. It flows from the lake Hurdalssjøen at Eidsvoll Verk to the river Vorma in the town center of Eidsvoll.

There are fifteen fish species registered in the river, with good fishing possibilities. The river is protected from 15 September to 1 May.

Eidsvoll
Rivers of Viken
Rivers of Norway


Sarah Fox (born 19 September 1973) is an English operatic soprano who has performed at several of the world's leading opera houses, notably the Royal Opera House Covent Garden.

Fox was born in Giggleswick, Settle, West Riding of Yorkshire. She was educated at the Royal Holloway, University of London (BMus, 1995) and the Royal College of Music in London. She won the Kathleen Ferrier Award in 1997 and the John Christie Award in 2000. She was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from Royal Holloway in May 2012.

Career
In 2000, Fox made her debut for the Glyndebourne Festival as Karolka (Jenufa), returning in 2002 as Zerlina (Don Giovanni) and in 2003 as Susanna (Le nozze di Figaro). Of her Susanna in Le Nozze di Figaro at the Glyndebourne Festival Barbarina Diana, writing in Il giornale della musica described her performance at Glyndebourne as "a delight for the eye and heart, whose voice, fresh and crystal clear is blessed with a rare beauty accompanied by a strong musicality: 'Deh vieni' interpreted without affectation, directed to her beloved, takes your breath away".

With Glyndebourne on tour she has sung Marzelline (Fidelio) and Miss Wordsworth (Albert Herring). In 2004, she made her debut with the Royal Opera Covent Garden as Woglinde (Das Rheingold), returning to the house in 2005 as Waldvogel (Siegfried) and in 2006 as Woglinde (Götterdämmerung). In 2007 she sang Zerlina (Don Giovanni) and Woglinde (Das Rheingold and Götterdämmerung; in 2008, Lucy Lockitt in The Beggars Opera and in 2009, Asteria in Handel's "Tamerlano." Further British engagements include Ann Page (Sir John in Love) with English National Opera, Merab (Saul), Musetta and Mimi (La Bohème) with Opera North,  and Servilia (La clemenza di Tito) with Welsh National Opera.

At the Edinburgh Festival, her roles have included Iphis (Jephtha) and Cleofide (Poro).

Fox made her international debut as Ilia (Idomeneo) with De Vlaamse Opera. In 2005, she made her debut with the Bayerische Staatsoper in Munich as Michal (Saul), returning to the house in 2006 as Eurydice (Orphée et Eurydice). In 2008 and 2009, she sang Asteria in  Handel's Tamerlano.  She is scheduled to revive the role opposite Plácido Domingo at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona in 2011.

She made her debut at the Salzburg Festival in 2005 as Second Niece (Peter Grimes) and returned to the Festival in 2007 as Woglinde (Das Rheingold). Further European engagements include Susanna (Le nozze di Figaro) for the Royal Danish Opera, Arianna (Arianna in Creta) for the Nationale Reisoper and Karolka (Jenufa) at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. In 2004, Fox made her North American debut as Zerlina (Don Giovanni) at the Cincinnati Opera.

Fox has an extensive concert repertoire and has been particularly associated with the British Broadcasting Corporation, The Bach Choir and the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. She has also performed abroad with many of the world's leading orchestras including the San Francisco Symphony, the Chamber Orchestra of Europe, the Berlin Philharmonic and the Minnesota Orchestra.

In 2009, she performed with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra in Mahler's Symphony No. 2; toured throughout Europe and the US in Handel's Athalia with Ivor Bolton and the Concerto Koln; and sang in Handel's Acis and Galatea with the Gabrieli Consort at the Beaune Festival. She also starred in the BBC MGM Prom with Sir Thomas Allen, Seth MacFarlane, John Wilson and the John Wilson Orchestra in 2009.

References

External links
Official website

1973 births
Living people
English operatic sopranos
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
People from Settle, North Yorkshire
20th-century British women opera singers
21st-century British women opera singers


Nagial is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Nagial cast is prominent  in district Jhelum.   Poverty has been an issue of the village

Demography
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 741.

History

Like in many villages in the Mirpur region, many villagers have emigrated to the United Kingdom. The village gets its name from the Nagyal tribe of Jats, who form the bulk of the population.

Nagyal,people with this surname are Jatt sikhs ,many of whom live in India as well especially in northern states such as Jammu &kashmir,Punjab,Rajasthan and Himachal. However,people with this surname are less in number as compared to other surnames. Nagyal people are considered to follow Sikhism religion.They are respectful Jatt’s of India.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


CURE International, based in Grand Rapids, MI, is a Christian nonprofit organization that owns and operates eight charitable children's hospitals around the world. CURE provides medical care to pediatric patients with orthopedic, reconstructive plastic, and neurological conditions. The organization's stated mission is to "heal the sick and proclaim the kingdom of God." The organization currently operates hospitals in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, the Philippines, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

CURE treats conditions like clubfoot, knock knees, bowed legs, cleft lip/palate, burn contractures, hydrocephalus, and encephalocele.

The CURE Children's Hospital Network

CURE Children's Hospital of Ethiopia
Established in 2008, CURE Ethiopia performs over 2,500 reconstructive and orthopedic surgeries every year for children suffering from treatable disabilities. Located in the capital city of Addis Ababa, the teaching hospital has 70 beds and four operating rooms. CURE International partners with The College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) to serve as a regional learning institution by implementing an orthopedic pediatric training program at the residency and fellowship levels. CURE Ethiopia also provides emotional and spiritual support to patients and their communities.

AIC-CURE Children's Hospital of Kenya
CURE Kenya was Africa's first orthopedic teaching hospital when it opened in Kijabe in 1998. Each year it performs over 1,500 reconstructive and orthopedic surgeries for children suffering from treatable disabilities. The teaching hospital has 47 beds and four operating rooms. CURE International partners with The College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) to serve as a regional learning institution by implementing an orthopedic pediatric training program at the residency and fellowship levels. CURE Kenya also provides emotional and spiritual support for patients and their communities. The African Inland Church (AIC) provided the initial land for the hospital premise as a gift to the people of Kenya.

Beit-CURE Children's Hospital of Malawi
Established in 2002, Beit-CURE International in Malawi is the only hospital in Sub-Saharan Africa recognized by the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Located in Blantyre, the teaching hospital comprises 58 beds, three operating theaters, and performs over 1,200 reconstructive and orthopedic surgeries each year for people suffering from treatable disabilities. CURE Malawi also provides emotional and spiritual support to patients and their communities. The Beit Trust, a UK-based charity, provided the initial funding for this facility as a gift to the people of Malawi.

CURE Children's Hospital of Niger
Established in 2010, CURE Niger is the only hospital in the country of over 24 million that offers specialty surgical care for children living with treatable physical disabilities. Its location was chosen because it is central to one of the most underdeveloped regions in the world. Strategically located in Niamey, CURE Niger is a children's hospital offering 25 beds, two operating rooms, and a full range of high-demand ancillary and rehabilitation services to over 500 surgical patients each year. CURE Niger also provides emotional and spiritual support to patients and their communities.

Tebow CURE Hospital (CURE Philippines)
Established in 2014 through a partnership with the Tim Tebow Foundation, CURE Philippines performs over 1,200 reconstructive plastic and orthopedic surgeries every year for children suffering from treatable disabilities. Located in Davao City, the hospital has 30 beds and three operating rooms to treat pediatric patients with conditions like clubfoot, cleft lip and palate as well as disabilities following chronic burn contractures. CURE Philippines also provides emotional and spiritual support to patients and their communities.

CURE and the Tebow Foundation announced plans to build a children's hospital in the fall of 2011 in the Philippines, the country where ESPN broadcaster Tim Tebow was born. The Tebow CURE Hospital in Davao City, on the island of Mindanao, will hold 30 beds and will specialize in orthopedics. Construction began in January 2012 and was completed in late 2014, with a grand opening in May 2015.

CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda
Officially opened in Mbale, Uganda on January 19, 2001, CURE Uganda is one of Africa's leading pediatric hospitals for brain surgery and the treatment of neurological conditions. It provides minimally-invasive endoscopic neurosurgical procedures and attracts surgeons from around the world to its CURE Neuro Fellowship Program. The teaching hospital consists of three operating rooms, an 18-bed intensive care unit and 37 ward beds. Hospital staff complete approximately 1,500 surgical procedures annually for children with conditions including hydrocephalus, spina bifida, brain tumors, and other neural tube defects. CURE Uganda also provides emotional and spiritual support to patients and their communities.

On August 2, 2011, three representatives of CURE Hydrocephalus testified in front of the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations. Dr. Benjamin Warf, former medical director of CURE Uganda, Dr. Steven Schiff, who conducted research at CURE Uganda, and Jim Cohick, Senior Vice President of Specialty Programs at CURE International, spoke on the issue.

On August 1, 2022, BBC World Service Television reported on an innovative surgical procedure available at CURE Uganda for pediatric patients with hydrocephalus.

Beit-CURE Children's Hospital of Zambia
Established in 2006, CURE Zambia performs over 1,600 reconstructive, orthopedic, ENT, and audiological surgeries each year for children suffering from treatable disabilities. Located in Lusaka, the teaching hospital comprises six buildings, 54 beds, and three operating theaters. CURE Zambia also provides emotional and spiritual support to patients and their communities. The Beit Trust, a UK-based charity, provided the funding for this facility as a centennial gift to the people of Zambia. CURE Zambia is a strategic partner with the Zambian Ministry of Health.

CURE Children's Hospital of Zimbabwe
Established in April 2021, CURE Zimbabwe is the first and only hospital in the country of 14 million people to provide orthopedic care for disabilities such as clubfoot, bowed legs, and knock knees to children regardless of their economic status. The teaching hospital was expanded in 2023 to include 42 beds, three operating theaters, an outpatient clinic, and additional lodging for rehabilitation patients. The hospital was refurbished by the Zimbabwe Orthopedic Trust in partnership with the Zimbabwean government and is located adjacent to United Bulawayo Hospital (UBH) in Bulawayo.

History
The organization was founded in 1996 in central Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg, by C. Scott Harrison and his wife, Sally. Ten years earlier, Harrison had traveled to Malawi, Africa to perform spine surgery and teach higher level orthopedic surgery skills to local surgeons. When his tenure as CEO and President of Kirschner Medical was over, Harrison created the Crippled Children's United Rehabilitation Effort (CCURE or C²URE, later CURE), hoping to meet that need. Harrison stepped down as President in 2012.

In partnership with the Africa Inland Church, CURE opened its first hospital in 1998 in Kijabe, Kenya. The African Inland Church (AIC) provided the initial land for the hospital premise as a gift to the people of Kenya. The AIC-CURE Children's Hospital of Kenya partners with The College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) to serve as a regional learning institution.

In 2006, CURE acquired Oasis Hospital in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The hospital was established in 1960 by the American missionary couple Pat and Marian Kennedy, who were a part of the missionary organization TEAM (the Evangelical Alliance Mission). The hospital has a focus on maternal health and is the oldest hospital in Al Ain. The hospital became the first non-government hospital in the emirate of Abu Dhabi to receive the Joint Commission International Accreditation in 2007 and was re-accredited in 2010 and 2013.

CURE created a separate division for management of international hospitals, called CURE Healthcare Management Services, in the late 2000s. Capabilities ranged from initial strategic analysis of a project to construction, staffing, outfitting and management. Clients included hospitals not owned by CURE International, in countries such as China, Indonesia and Angola. In 2012 the division became a separate company, renamed CURE Management Services, or CMS, and continued to operate for a few years. The company is no longer active.

CURE International relocated to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in September 2021. At a grand opening celebration, Grand Rapids Mayor Rosalynn Bliss noted, "(CURE's) work is nothing short of a miracle...We now have another strong medical provider to add to the city's and region's growing list. From Spectrum Health, St. Mary's, Metro Health, Cherry Health and so many more. I can proudly say we are home to CURE International."

Former hospitals
United Arab Emirates: The Kanad Hospital (formerly CURE Oasis Hospital), located in Al Ain, was established in 1960 to bring American medical care to the UAE. The hospital delivers 3,500 babies and treats over 122,000 patients annually. CURE acquired the hospital in 2006. CURE International and True Sojourners entered into an agreement that transitioned the Kanad Hospital in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, between the parties, effective October 1, 2020.

Dominican Republic: The Centro de Ortopedia y Especialidades CURE International, established in 2003, was located in Santo Domingo. It served approximately 700 outpatients per month. The hospital also sent surgical teams into Haiti and responded to the 2010 Haiti earthquake by sending in one of the first surgical teams into that country. The hospital ceased doing surgical operations in 2018.

Honduras: In 2013, the CURE Internacional Hospital de Ortopedia Pediátrica, located in San Pedro Sula, closed due to increasing insecurity in the country, and a lack of funding from the government. During its four years of operation, approximately 20,000 children were treated with orthopedic corrections.

Programs and research
CURE established a program to treat infant clubfoot called CURE Clubfoot Worldwide in 2006. This program then began to expand beyond CURE hospitals and partnered with other national hospitals and established clinics in countries that CURE International did not have a presence in, like Rwanda, Mozambique and India. In 2019, CURE Clubfoot spun off from CURE as a new independent NGO, and was renamed Hope Walks.

CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda attracts surgeons from around the world to its CURE Neuro Fellowship Program. Part of the training program includes the treatment of hydrocephalus using the endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) procedure, a minimally invasive, shunt-less technique developed by Dr. Benjamin Warf.

CURE hospitals and medical professionals have participated in a variety of global health research projects, including:

 Post infective bone gap management of the lower extremity | Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections | 29 June 2022
 Pediatric foot infections | Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections | 29 June 2022
 What matters to children with lower limb deformities: an international qualitative study guiding the development of a new patient-reported outcome measure | Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes | 1 April 2021
 Social stigma and cultural beliefs associated with cleft lip and/or palate: parental perceptions of their experience in Kenya | Humanities and Social Sciences Publications | 15 December 2020
 Labio-palatal clefts: epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and progressive profiles: about 285 cases in Niger | The Journal of Biomedical Sciences: Health Sciences & Disease | 1 October 2020
 Management of neglected traumatic hip dislocation in children | Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics | 1 August 2020
 Impact of musculoskeletal impairment on the lives of school-aged children in Ethiopia: a prospective mixed-methods study | East and Central African Journal of Surgery | 1 January 2020

References

External links
CURE International official site
U.S. PVO Registry - United States private voluntary organizations entry
Bringing Hope and Healing to Disabled Children - Synergos
CURE Partners with Tim Tebow - PR Newswire

Christian charities based in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1996
Charities based in Michigan
Health charities in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in Michigan


Khokhar is a village in the Gujrat Tehsil of the Gujrat District of Punjab, Pakistan, located approximately 5 miles north of the City of Gujrat.

History
The village gets its name from the Khokhar tribe, who make up the bulk of the population. A famous tomb of Baba Jhanghu Shah is located in Khokhar.

Demographics
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 2351.

References

Populated places in Gujrat District


Nation's Giant Hamburgers, or simply Nation's, is a privately held El Cerrito, California-based fast food diner chain. The chain, founded in 1952, largely operates in the San Francisco Bay Area, especially the Greater East Bay.

History

Harvey's Giant Hamburgers
Russ Harvey bought a six-stool hot dog stand on San Pablo Ave, where it meets with the end of San Pablo Dam Rd. in 1952 with money he obtained through the sale of his 1948 Buick. He subsequently added hamburgers to the menu of the hot dog restaurant with a focus on large portions. This decision proved successful with the clientele. The restaurant's name was changed to Harvey's Giant Hamburgers.

Dale Power
In 1961 local teenager Dale Power was hired as a janitor and continued his employment from high school to bachelor's and master's degrees at the nearby University of California, Berkeley. In 1970 he purchased his first restaurant in the Jack London Square District in neighboring Oakland.

Partnership and expansion
He christened it Nation's; the name was decided upon under the belief that they sold the best hamburgers in the nation. At this point Russ Harvey changed the name of his restaurant to Nation's as the two men became partners under a unified brand.

More items were added to the menu over time including breakfast, lunch, and dinner items and award-winning pies.

Currently Power remains with the company as CEO and president, while Harvey has retired. The company has expanded to 24 locations as of 2009 with eateries in six counties.

Locations
The chain has eight locations in Alameda County, in Alameda, Berkeley, Fremont, Hayward, Livermore, Oakland, Pleasanton and San Leandro. There are four in Solano County, located in Benicia, Fairfield, Vacaville and Vallejo.

Furthermore, there are ten locations in Contra Costa County including: Concord, El Cerrito, Moraga, Orinda, Pittsburg, Pleasant Hill, San Ramon, San Pablo, Tara Hills (an unincorporated area), and Brentwood, which opened in October 2010. The Castro Valley location was opened in April 2014.  The original San Pablo location is no longer standing, and the current San Pablo Nation's is located at San Pablo Avenue and San Pablo Dam Road. on the same site as the original restaurant.

There are single store locations in three other Bay Area counties: Daly City in San Mateo County, which is the only Nation's in the San Francisco Peninsula, Napa in the county by the same name, and two restaurants in the Central Valley cities of Stockton and Tracy in San Joaquin County.

Expansion brought the chain out of the Bay Area and into the Sacramento Valley. In May 2012, a restaurant located on Sunrise Blvd, Citrus Heights was opened, followed by another in Folsom, which opened in May 2013.

See also
 List of hamburger restaurants

References

External links
Official website

San Pablo, California
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Restaurants established in 1952
Fast-food chains of the United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Companies based in Contra Costa County, California
Restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area
El Cerrito, California
1952 establishments in California


Salicylanilide is a chemical compound which is the amide of salicylic acid and aniline.  It is classified as both a salicylamide and an anilide.

Derivatives of salicylanilide have a variety of pharmacological uses. Chlorinated derivatives including niclosamide, oxyclozanide, and rafoxanide are used as anthelmintics, especially as flukicides. Brominated derivatives including dibromsalan, metabromsalan, and tribromsalan are used as disinfectants with antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Uses
Salicylanilides may be used as antiseptics.

References


Rafoxanide is a salicylanilide used as an anthelmintic. It is most commonly used in ruminant animals to treat adult liver flukes of the species Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica.

References

Anthelmintics
Benzamides
Chloroarenes
Iodoarenes
Phenols
Salicylanilides
Veterinary drugs


Oxyclozanide is a salicylanilide anthelmintic. It is used in the treatment and control of fascioliasis in ruminants mainly domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It mainly acts by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in flukes. Along with niclosamide, another tapeworm drug, it has been recently found to display "strong in vivo and in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)".

Sometimes alluded to as "Pentaclosamide": CN101891646.

References

Anthelmintics
Chloroarenes
Phenols
Salicylanilides


The Canton of Charmes is a French administrative and electoral grouping of communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Grand Est. The canton has its administrative centre at Charmes.

Composition
At the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton was expanded from 26 to 52 communes:

Avillers
Avrainville
Battexey
Bettegney-Saint-Brice
Bettoncourt
Bouxières-aux-Bois
Bouxurulles
Brantigny
Bult
Chamagne
Charmes
Châtel-sur-Moselle
Clézentaine
Damas-aux-Bois
Deinvillers
Derbamont
Essegney
Évaux-et-Ménil
Fauconcourt
Florémont
Gircourt-lès-Viéville
Gugney-aux-Aulx
Hadigny-les-Verrières
Haillainville
Hardancourt
Hergugney
Jorxey
Langley
Madegney
Marainville-sur-Madon
Moriville
Moyemont
Nomexy
Ortoncourt
Pont-sur-Madon
Portieux
Rapey
Regney
Rehaincourt
Romont
Rugney
Saint-Genest
Saint-Maurice-sur-Mortagne
Saint-Vallier
Savigny
Socourt
Ubexy
Varmonzey
Vincey
Vomécourt
Vomécourt-sur-Madon
Xaronval

References

Charmes


Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab, India has a population of around 27.7 million.

Population density
The table below gives the population density (persons per square kilometre) of Punjab through the years.

The table below shows the population density by district in Punjab, according to the 2011 census.

Gender
The table below shows the sex ratio of Punjab through the years.

Fertility rate
The table below shows the birth rate per 1000 persons in Punjab through the years.

According to the National Family Health Survey of 2015-16, the percentage of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing (teenage pregnancy) was 2.6%.

Family planning
According to the National Family Health Survey 2020-21, the unmet need for family planning increased from 6.2% in 2015-16 to 9.9% in 2020-21. In the same time period, the unmet need for child spacing increased from 2.4 to 3.7 percent.

Mortality

Infant mortality
The list below shows the infant mortality rate per 1000 in Punjab, through the years.

Maternal mortality
The table below shows the maternal mortality rate per one lakh (1,00,000) per year, through the years.

Literacy rate
According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate of Punjab was 75.84%. The male literacy was 80.44% and the female literacy was 70.73%. The median number of years of schooling completed in the state was 6.5 for females and 7.8 for males, as of 2011.

District
The table given below shows the literacy rate by district for year 2011 in descending order.

Urban and Rural areas
The table given below shows the urban rural literacy rate of Punjab by district, in the year 2011.

Religion
The table below shows the literacy rate by religion in Punjab, according to 2001 census.

Caste
The table below gives the literacy rate of Scheduled castes by district, according to the 2011 census.

Human Development Index

The table below shows the district wise human development index of Punjab through the years.

Caste population
As of September 2020, the caste population data foreach Forward caste citizen in Punjab collected in Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 has not been released to public by Government of India. Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes form 63.2% of the total population of Punjab.

Below is the list of districts according to the percentage of their SC population, according to 2011 census.

Crimes against SC/STs
The table below shows the number of recorded crimes against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people from 2010 to 2018.

Urbanization
The table below shows the percentage of rural population in each district of Punjab in ascending order, according to the 2011 census.

Languages spoken

The Punjabi language written in the Gurmukhi script is the official language of the state. Muslims form a slight majority in the Malerkotla town and use Shahmukhi for communication. Punjabi is the sole official language of Punjab and is spoken by the majority of the population numbering around 24,919,067 constituting (89.82%) of the population as of 2011 census report. Hindi is the second largest language, spoken by 2,177,853 constituting 7.85% of the population. And the remaining 646,418 spoke other Indian languages, comprising 2.83% in the Others category.

Religion in Punjab

2001 and 2011 census
Sikhism is the most practiced faith in Punjab, practiced by 16 million people representing   57.69% of the population of Punjab population, making it the only Sikh-majority state in India. Around 38.49% of the population i.e. 10.67 million practice Hinduism, while Islam is followed by 5.35 lakhs comprising 1.93% of the state population. Other faiths include Buddhism, Christianity and Jainism.

Urban and rural areas
The table given below shows the religion in the urban areas of Punjab, according to 2011 census.

The table given below shows the religion in the rural areas of Punjab, according to 2011 census.

The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Punjab.

1941 census

East Punjab province

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1941 Indian census.

Contemporary Punjab state

The religious demography according to the 1941 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.

Sikhism in Punjab

Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam.The Sikh faith began around 1500 CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed the Sikh faith and community over the next centuries.

The Sikh population in India's Punjab have grown from 5.53 million in 1951 to 16 million in 2011 census (an increase of 10.47 million in last 60 years). Sikhs in Punjab have the lowest fertility rate of 1.6 children per women as per census 2011.

Decadal percentage of Sikhs in Punjab, India

After the 1947 Partition of Punjab, Sikhs became the majority religious group in Indian Punjab mainly due to the immigration of 2 million Sikhs from Pakistan into Indian Punjab, which have ultimately resulted in an increase in Sikh percentage from 32.83% in 1941 to 60.62% in 1951.
While population that adheres to Sikh faith has increased, the percentage of Sikhs has declined from 60.62% in 1951 to 57.69% (a decline of 2.93% in last 60 years).

Hinduism in Punjab

Hinduism is the second largest and fastest growing religion in the Indian state of Punjab with around 38.5% followers as of 2011 census. Hinduism is the 2nd largest religion of Punjabi peoples. It was the largest religion in Punjab before the advent of Islam from the West and birth of Sikhism in Punjab region from the east.

Decadal percentage of Hindus in Punjab, India

The Hindu percentage remained stable for decades. The Hindu percentage have increased from 37.66% in 1951 to 38.49% in 2011.

The Hindu population have increased from 3.44 million in 1951 to 10.67 million in 2011 (a growth of 7.23 million in 6 decades). Hindus in Punjab have a fertility rate of 1.9 children per women as per as census 2011.

Islam in Punjab

The Muslim population in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India reduced from approximately 37.5% according to the 1941 census to 0.5% in 1947 as a result of Partition of Punjab riots which were caused during 1947 mainly in the various parts of East Punjab.

Prior to partition, according to the 1941 census, approximately 3.8 million Muslims resided in the region that forms the contemporary state of Punjab in India. At the time, Muslims formed the largest religious community in the region, comprising a narrow plurality at approximately 37.5 percent of the total population. Following the partition of India, the vast majority numbering around 3.71 million departed the region en masse, migrating westward to the Punjab region that fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line, in the contemporary state of Punjab, Pakistan.

Most native Punjabi Muslims now live in Malerkotla, and it is the only district where communal violence haven't occurred during partition because Guru Gobind Singh Ji have promised the Nawab of Malerkotla, Sher Mohammad Khan that the Muslim community in Malerkotla would never be harmed in the future times to come and as a result of Guru ji's blessing words, most of the Muslims were able to stayed back there. Apart from Malerkotla, most of the Muslims living in other parts of Punjab are non-native and have came from neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir on temporary basis as immigrants workers (small scale) and students.

Muslims in Punjab have a fertility rate of 2.4 children per women as per 2011 census. Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Punjab.

Decadal percentage of Muslims in Punjab, India

Religious population by districts

See also
Punjabis
Sikhs
Punjabi Hindus
Punjabi Muslims

Notes

References

Punjab, India
Punjab


The North Wales Weekly News is one of a group of newspapers published weekly in Llandudno.

History
The newspaper was first published on 14 February 1889 by local printer Robert Evans Jones as the Weekly News and Visitors’ Chronicle for Colwyn Bay, Colwyn, Llandrillo, Conway, Deganway and Neighbourhood, a four-page broadsheet which cost 1d. Jones' brother William built a new printworks in 1900 on Conwy Quay, where the Weekly News continued to be published until May 1972 when it moved to new purpose-built premises in Llandudno Junction; shortly afterwards it abandoned hot metal typesetting in favour of computerised printing; later technological developments allowed copy to be transmitted to the printworks from branch offices elsewhere in North Wales.
In 1988, the Jones family sold the newspaper to Trinity International plc, with Robert Evans Jones' great-nephew remaining chairman of the new board, and in 2014 the paper celebrated its 125th anniversary.

Sister titles
Related titles cover most of coastal North Wales. Much of the material published is shared between a number of other titles but with the addition of some local material relevant to each specific title. Sister English language titles include:
Abergele Visitor
Bangor and Anglesey Mail
Caernarfon Herald
Denbighshire Visitor
Flintshire Chronicle
Holyhead and Anglesey Mail
Rhyl Visitor
Wrexham Chronicle

There is also one primarily Welsh language paper, Yr Herald.

The papers are owned and managed by Reach plc (formally Trinity Mirror), who also published the Liverpool Daily Post - a Welsh variant of the Daily Post - until that ceased publication in December 2013.

References

External links
North Wales Weekly News

Newspapers published in Wales
Llandudno
Newspapers published by Reach plc
1889 establishments in Wales
Newspapers established in 1889


Agrotis orthogonia, the pale western cutworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1876. It is found in North America, more specifically dry, semi-desert areas of western North America from southern Canada to California, ranging eastward nearly to the eastern edge of the Great Plains.

The wingspan is about 34 mm.

The larvae feed on various forbs and grasses. The species is occasionally of economic importance on winter wheat and small grains.  It has also been reported from corn and sugar beets.

Subspecies
Agrotis orthogonia delorata
Agrotis orthogonia duae

References

External links

Agrotis
Moths of North America
Agricultural pest insects
Moths described in 1876


Sangrur district is in the state of Punjab in northern India. Sangrur city is the district headquarters. It is one of the five districts in Patiala Division in the Indian state of Punjab. Neighbouring districts are Malerkotla (north), Barnala (west), Patiala (east), Mansa (southwest) and Fatehabad (Haryana) and Jind (Haryana) (south).

Sangrur consists of the cities of Dhuri, Lehragaga,  Sangrur, and Sunam. Other cities are Bhawanigarh, Dirba, Khanauri, Longowal, Cheema and Moonak. There are 7 sub-divisions, being Sangrur, Dhuri, Sunam, Lehragaga, Moonak, Bhawanigarh and Dirba. Till 2006, Barnala was also a part of Sangrur district, but now it is a separate district. In 2021, a new district Malerkotla district, consisting of Malerkotla and Ahmedgarh subdivisions and the Amargarh sub-tehsil, was formed out of Sangrur district.

Origin and history
The administrative district of Sangrur was created in 1948. Earlier the area fell in the Nabha Princely State. Settlements in Sangrur trace back to the pre-Harappan period. Recent excavations in Rohira in Sangrur have revealed a 10-metre high mound with settlements dating back to 2300 BC. Excavations from Mard Khera village have led to the discovery of pottery from the Harappan period. Remnants of pottery from the Kushan period have also been discovered.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Sangrur district (including Malerkotla district) had a population of 1,655,169 of which male and female were 878,029 and 777,140 respectively, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking of 300st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.3%. Sangrur has a sex ratio of 885 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 67.99%.

After bifurcation, the district had a population of 1,225,415. Scheduled Castes made up 368,562 (30.08%) of the population.

Literacy rate
The table below shows the literacy rate of different CD blocks of Sangrur district, as of 2011.

Religion

Sikhism is followed by majority of the people in the Sangrur district. Hinduism is followed by a considerable population. Before the division of Malerkotla district, Sangrur had the largest population of Muslims in Punjab. However in the residual district Muslims are a small minority.

Language

At the time of the 2011 census, 94.93% of the population spoke Punjabi, 3.12% Hindi and 1.48% Haryanvi as their first language.

Politics

Administration
Sangrur district is further sub-divided into 7 sub-divisions/tehsils -
Bhawanigarh, Dhuri, Dirba, Lehragaga, Moonak, Sangrur and Sunam.

The district is part of the Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency. By-election to Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency is scheduled to be held on 23 June 2022.

Villages

 Uppli

Historical Places and Monuments
 Banasar Bagh, Sangrur
 Suraj Kund Mandir, Sunam
 Jind State Memorial Museum, Sangrur
 Ancestral House of Sardar Udham Singh, Sunam - The house of India's independence activist has been renovated and converted into a museum. Apart from the building itself, around 30 letters and other objects related to him are at display in the museum.
 Shahi Samadhan, Sangrur
 Clock Tower, Sangrur
 Fort Badrukhan - The fort was the residence of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's mother, Sardarni Raj Kaur.

Notable people

 Karamjit Anmol, actor, comedian and singer
 Aman Arora, politician
 Brish Bhan, freedom fighter, politician
 Rajinder Kaur Bhattal, politician
 Binnu Dhillon, actor and comedian
 Parminder Singh Dhindsa, politician
 Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa, politician
 Megh R. Goyal, an influential engineer and professor in Puerto Rico, where he did pioneer work on irrigation
 Naresh Goyal, founder of Jet Airways
 Bhagwant Mann, actor, comedian and current chief Minister of Punjab
 Roshan Prince, singer and actor
 Rana Ranbir, actor, comedian, and writer
 Udham Singh, Indian independence activist
 Amarjeet Sohi, Canadian politician
 Gurbachan Singh Talib, a Sikh scholar, professor, and author
 Ranjit Singh Dhadrian Wala, Sikh preacher

See also
 PGIMER Satellite Centre Sangrur

References

External links

 Official website of Sangrur
 History of Sangrur

Districts of Punjab, India


Anna Sprengel (allegedly died in 1891), countess of Landsfeldt, love-child of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Lola Montez, is a person whose existence was never proven, and who it now seems was invented by William Wynn Westcott to confer legitimacy on the Golden Dawn. In 1901 Mathers, leader of the Golden Dawn, briefly supported the claim of Swami Laura Horos, who had long campaigned for recognition as that countess, to have written to Westcott as Anna Sprengel.

Westcott's anecdote
According to William Wynn Westcott, with whom he claimed she entered into voluminous correspondence, Anna Sprengel was born in Nuremberg and was responsible for the foundation of the Golden Dawn around 1886. She is supposed to have held a Rosicrucian ritual and to have nominated Westcott as the head of the Golden Dawn in Britain.

One of Westcott's friends had decoded a series of manuscripts which the occultist Fred Hockley had brought from Germany which were given to him by a German Rosicrucian secret society. The address which was encoded there was that of a certain Anna Sprengel, countess of Landsfeldt, near Nuremberg. It was thus that Westcott is supposed to have been put into contact with Anna Sprengel.

By 1886, Anna Sprengel is supposed to have already established contact with the person who would become the main leader of the Golden Dawn in Britain, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–1918). Anna Sprengel is supposed to have given Mathers a charter authorising him to found lodges of the Golden Dawn in Britain. Westcott and Mathers henceforth collaborated to develop the Golden Dawn, notably in France and in the United States.

References
 Riffard Pierre, L'Ésotérisme - Qu'est que l'ésotérisme ? - Anthologie de l'ésotérisme occidental, Ed. Robert Laffont, 1990 - p.878
 Serge Hutin, Aleister Crowley, Ed. Marabout, Verviers 1973 (chapitre sur la Golden Dawn).

Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
People whose existence is disputed
Rosicrucianism


Tebi ljubavi (To You, My Love) is the seventh studio album by Bosnian folk singer Hanka Paldum. It was released 27 March 1984 through the record label Jugodisk.

Track listing
Pamtim još
Moraš doći ove noći
Miris kose
Samo jednom ja odlazim
Pusti me, majko
Sarajevo, ostadoh bez riječi
Lažno su me voljele crne oči
Noćas si bol, noćas si želja
Dugo, dugo toplo ljeto
Balada mojoj majci
Prva ljubav

References

1984 albums
Hanka Paldum albums
Jugodisk albums


New Calvinism, also known as the Young, Restless, and Reformed Movement, is a movement within conservative Evangelicalism that reinterprets 16th century Calvinism under contemporary US values and ideologies.

History
The movement started in the 1980s, with the founding of the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood in 1987 in the United States, which stresses the complementarianism between men and women (in contrast to egalitarianism, and as opposed to feminism). The teaching of covenant theology (as opposed to Wesleyanism, or Arminian theology), a rejection of dispensationalism, and a church governance by male elders are also hallmarks of the movement.

The movement gained wider publicity with a conference held in Louisville, Kentucky, in 2006, Together for the Gospel by American pastors John Piper, Mark Driscoll, John MacArthur, Matt Chandler, Al Mohler, Mark Dever and CJ Mahaney. In March 2009, Time magazine ranked it as one of the "10 Ideas Changing the World Right Now", while questioning if "more Christians searching for security will submit their wills to the austerely demanding God of their country's infancy".

"Old" and New Calvinism

Rooted in the historical tradition of Calvinist theology, New Calvinists are united by their common doctrine. In a Christianity Today article, Collin Hansen describes the speakers of a Christian conference:

As implied by the “New” designation, some differences have been observed between the New and Old schools. John Piper, for example, has identified what he considers to be 7 main differences between the two:
 New Calvinism is complementarian and not egalitarian.
 New Calvinism uses contemporary forms of music.
 New Calvinism is popular among Baptists.
 New Calvinism is popular also among Charismatics.
 The books of Jonathan Edwards feature prominently, in addition to those of John Calvin.
 New Calvinism is engaged to using the internet and social media to communicate.
 New Calvinism includes multiculturalism.

Criticism
R. Scott Clark, professor of church history and historical theology from Westminster Seminary California, argues that New Calvinists like Driscoll should not be called Calvinists merely because they believe in the five points of Calvinism, but rather he suggests that adherence to the Three Forms of Unity and other Reformed confessions of faith is what qualifies one a Calvinist. Specifically, he suggests that many of the New Calvinists' positions on infant baptism, covenant theology, and continuation of the gifts of the Spirit are out of step with the Reformed tradition.

J. Todd Billings, professor of Reformed Theology at Western Theological Seminary, argues that the New Calvinists "tend to obscure the fact that the Reformed tradition has a deeply catholic heritage, a Christ-centered sacramental practice and a wide-lens, kingdom vision for the Christian's vocation in the world."

Between 2012 and 2013 numerous Southern Baptist Ministers responded to New Calvinism by affirming a "Statement of the Traditional Southern Baptist Understanding". The document was originally endorsed by six former SBC presidents: Morris Chapman, Jimmy Draper, Paige Patterson, Bailey Smith, Bobby Welch, and Jerry Vines, two seminary presidents Chuck Kelley of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, and five state executive directors (Jim Futral of Mississippi, David Hankins of Louisiana, Mike Procter of Alaska, John Sullivan of Florida, and Bob White of Georgia). The statement includes a Preamble and 10 articles of affirmation and denial as it relates to Christian Soteriology.

Traditional Reformed theologians criticize the selective and altered use of texts by Reformed classical authors, like Spurgeon in the publications of the New Calvinists without alerting their readers.

Notes

References

Further reading

Calvinism
21st-century social movements
21st-century Calvinism
New religious movements


3rd Fighter Division (3. Jagd Division) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed 1 May 1942 in Metz. The Division was redesignated 4. Jagd-Division on 15 September 1943 and reformed 15 September 1943 in Deelen from 1. Jagd Division.

Commanding officers
Generalleutnant Werner Junck (1 May 1942 - 15 September 1943)
Generalleutnant Kurt-Bertram von Döring (15 September 1943 - 1 October 1943)
Oberst Kurt Hentschel (1 October 1943 - 15 October 1943) (Acting)
Generalleutnant Kurt-Bertram von Döring (15 October 1943 - 9 November 1943)
Generalmajor Walter Grabmann (11 November 1943 - 4 April 1945)

See also
Luftwaffe Organisation

References

Air divisions of the Wehrmacht Luftwaffe
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


John Spenser (alias Vincent Hatcliffe and John Tyrrwhit, 1601–1671) was an English Jesuit theologian.

Life
Spenser was born in Lincolnshire; converted to Catholicism while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge; entered the Society of Jesus in 1627; and was ordained in 1632. Spenser served in a number of different locations:

 Watten in 1636
 the College of St. Hugh in 1639
 Liège in 1642, as professor of moral theology
 Antwerp in 1655
 the Residence of St. George in 1658 or 1659, as Superior
 Grafton in 1667, as chaplain to the Earl of Shrewsbury.

Spenser took part, at Whitsuntide, 1657, in a conference, much spoken of at the time, with two Anglican divines, Dr. Peter Gunning and Dr. John Pearson, afterward bishops. All the disputants, including Spenser's Catholic colleague, Dr. John Lenthall, M.D., were Cambridge men, and may have known one another.

Works
An account of the conference was published in Paris, 1658, under the title, Schism Unmasked, probably by Spenser. His other works include:
 Scripture Mistaken: the Ground of Protestants and Common Plea of all new Reformers against the ancient Catholic Religion of England (Antwerp, 1655)
 [Thirty-Six] Questions propounded to the Doctors of the Reformed Religion (Paris, 1657)

See also

References

External links

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Henry Foley, Records of the English Province, S. J. (1884), II, 194;
Joseph Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., s. v.

1610 births
1671 deaths
17th-century English Jesuits
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge


Nema kajanja (No Regrets) is the eighth studio album by Bosnian folk singer Hanka Paldum featuring the band Južni Vetar. It was released 1 January 1985 through the record label Jugodisk.

Track listing
Nema kajanja
Srce je moje kamen
Kasno je za sve
Hoću da budem samo žena
Pa šta
Lutaj srce
Ne idi
Ne dirajte uspomene
Ne smijemo se rastaviti

References

1985 albums
Hanka Paldum albums
Jugodisk albums


Karrabina benthamiana is a species of rainforest trees, growing naturally in north–eastern New South Wales and south–eastern Queensland (mid. eastern coastal region), Australia. They have common names including red carabeen, leather jacket, brush mahogany, red bean, pink marara and brush mararie.  This species used to be placed in the genus Geissois as Geissois benthamiana.

Habitat

Common in warm temperate and sub tropical rainforest areas, often seen in mountain gullies. It grows from near the Manning River area in New South Wales to near Tamborine Mountain, south eastern Queensland.

Description

The Red Carabeen is a large tree to around 35 metres tall, and 140 cm in diameter. The trunk is round in cross section and often buttressed at the base.  Bark is a wrinkly brown.

Leaves are pinnate and opposite with three leaflets. Leaflets significantly toothed. 5 to 15 cm long, smooth and green on both surfaces, darker above. New growth is bright red.

The midrib and lateral leaf veins are evident on both surfaces, conspicuously raised beneath. Twelve to sixteen net veins ending in a leaf tooth.

Flowers appear from October to January being yellow, in a slender raceme. The fruit is a downy capsule; almost cylindrical. Several flat seeds in each cell of the two cells in the capsule. Ripe from May to August, or irregular. Unlike many Australian rainforest trees, seed germination occurs rapidly.
–source:

References

Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
benthamiana
Oxalidales of Australia
Plants described in 1865
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller


Martin Airfield  is a recreational aerodrome in Martin, Slovakia. It features a grass runway of 800 metres length, several club buildings, and hangars.

Airlines and Destinations
As of February 2022, there are no scheduled passenger services to/from Martin Airfield.

References

 International Civil Aviation Organization, Location Indicators, Edition No. 128 (June 2008), p. 4-40.

External links

Airports in Slovakia
Martin, Slovakia


Muthukkavuntanore (also spelt as Muthukavundanur or Muthugoundanur) is a small village in the Kinathukadavu block of Kinathukadavu taluk, in Tamil Nadu.

Occupation
The main occupation is farming. Coconut, Tomato and other vegetables is the major part of farming.

Temples
Muthumalai Murugan temple. More about the temple can be found

Climate
As this village lies along the Palghat pass, the climate is fine throughout the year.

Villages in Coimbatore district


Pseudophilotes sinaicus, the Sinai baton blue, one of the world's smallest butterflies, lives only on mountainside patches of Sinai thyme in an arid corner of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt called Saint Katherine Protectorate.

Life cycle

The female butterfly lays about 20–30 eggs in spring, a day after mating, on the young buds of its host plant, Sinai thyme (Thymus decussatus). After an incubation period of a few days, the eggs hatch into small larvae which feed on the buds and flowers of Sinai thyme. These larvae make an appeasement relationship with one type of ant (Lepisiota obtusa). The larva has two organs that it uses in its relationship with ants; the dorsal nectary organ (which secretes droplets of simple sugars and amino acids for this ant species) and the tentacular organ (which produces volatile secretions that attract and alert attendant ants if a caterpillar is alarmed). However, larvae are also heavily preyed upon by another species of ant, Crematogaster aegyptiaca. This ant is very influential to the local distribution of the butterfly because in areas where it is found, no butterflies survive.

Larval development takes about 21 days. On reaching full size, larvae descend to the bottom of the thyme plant and pupate. The pupae spend the whole autumn and winter in their cocoons, and when the temperature rises in late spring (during April to June), the adults emerge and males begin searching for females.

The whole life cycle of this butterfly depends upon the Sinai thyme. This plant is also rare and localized to this small area of the world. It grows in patches of various sizes only on the mountains around the town of St Katherine.

Challenges

The Sinai baton blue has a highly localized distribution, mainly because of its dependence on Sinai thyme which occurs as discrete patches in the mountains. This butterfly is a poor flier, and individuals can not usually move more than 100 m. Thus the Sinai baton blue is a patchily distributed organism that is a very poor disperser between patches: it qualifies under the definition of a metapopulation.

The patch network is likely to be dynamic as a consequence of disturbance resulting from grazing, over-collection for medicinal purposes and the influence of global warming. These variables will affect the spatial pattern and size of the butterfly's habitat and are problems managers face with many species elsewhere that live in dynamic and fragmented landscapes. According to these effects, the population on each patch can die out. If this happens, it can only be re-established by colonisation from another patch. The further away the patch is, the harder it is to colonize for these poor fliers, and therefore the less likely the recolonisation will be. Thus two main factors affect the likelihood of long-term survival: patch areas (affecting population size and therefore extinction probability), and distance between patches (influencing how easy it is to recolonise a patch).

Factors affecting Sinai thyme patches

Grazing

Bedouins came to St Katherine 1500 years ago. Now there are about 4500 Bedouins living around the town. Most families keep a small herd of goats and sheep. These herds are valuable resources for their livelihood because goats and sheep provide them with meat and milk, as well as wool, hair and skin. Herds are always in need of fodder. Because of the arid climate of St Katherine and the high price of fodder, grazing is the only choice. In the past, the Bedouins had developed a system for rotating grazing pressure in order to protect plants. This system is called helf, and is an agreement between themselves on banning grazing in certain wadis for specified periods of time. Today, this system has fallen into disuse, threatening many plant species. There is also a change in the lifestyle of St Katherine Bedouin since their population multiplied. Their lifestyle has switched from pastoral semi-nomadism to one that is largely sedentary, and this change has altered the pattern of grazing pressure. It has been demonstrated by Mike James and Martin Hoyle that the overall pattern of grazing pressure is affected by two main factors: altitude, and distance from villages. Usually the higher wadis and the ones far from villages get less grazing. Grazing pressure adversely affects the health of plants. Sinai thyme is a preferred plant to herds because it does not secrete toxic substances like some other plants.

In fact, the current levels of grazing with the current year-to-year variation in temperature are not a serious risk to the Sinai baton blue. Increased grazing pressure together with the expected rise in temperature over the coming years would be the main cause of the extinction of this small butterfly.

Hoyle and James found that even if goats ate up 60 percent of the thyme, the butterflies would be likely to survive. But when average temperatures warmed slightly above a critical threshold, the entire butterfly population would suddenly crash.

Over-collection

Sinai is a rich area in medicinal plants, especially around the St Katherine area. The St Katherine Protected Area contains more than 100 species of medicinal and herbal plants which are threatened by over-collection.

Over-collection coupled with grazing pushes many species of plants to extinction. In the last ten years unmanaged human activities have threatened endemic and rare species with extinction, resulted in disappearance of pastoral plant communities, and have caused an increased dominance of unpalatable plant species, in lower wadis and around settlements.

Sinai thyme is one of the plants suffers from over-collection. It is used as a medicinal plant by Bedouins and can also be sold in Cairo at a high price. Over-collection can result in the complete elimination of one patch or more of this plant. The loss of Sinai thyme patches adversely affects the persistence of the Sinai baton blue butterfly. It can lead to extinction of whole populations which may not be able to recolonized by other individuals from other populations.

References

External links

Polyommatini
Butterflies described in 1975
Endemic fauna of Egypt
Insects of Egypt
Butterflies of Africa


Advanced Banter: The QI Book of Quotations, known as If Ignorance Is Bliss, Why Aren't There More Happy People? in the United States, is the third title in a series of books based on the intellectual British panel game QI, written by series-creator John Lloyd and head-researcher John Mitchinson. It is a book of "quite interesting" quotations.

Publication history
Advanced Banter was first published by Faber in hardback on 1 October 2008. A paperback version of Advanced Banter was published on 5 November 2009. The book was released in the United States under the title If Ignorance Is Bliss, Why Aren't There More Happy People? on 4 August 2009.

Structure
Of the previous QI books, the structure is akin to the second book, The Book of Animal Ignorance, which is an encyclopaedic listing of 100 animals, compared to the first book, The Book of General Ignorance, which was written in a question and answer format. Advanced Banter contains a series of quotes which are divided into over 400 separate topics, such as "Acting", "Action" and "Adventure", which are listed alphabetically. However, there are no topics under the letter "X". As with the two previous books, there are also contributions by two television stars of QI: host Stephen Fry and panellist Alan Davies. Fry writes an introduction entitled "Prologue", while Davies writes a section called "Proverb", which contains a proverb which he himself has written: "A small pie is soon eaten."

Reception
Boyd Tonkin in The Independent wrote of Lloyd and Mitchinson: "They prove in spades that the distinction between reference and entertainment has collapsed, with no exact sources given and a preface that styles the book as a 'manifesto' for pithy wit rather than a monument of scholarship. For all that, Lloyd and Mitchinson – the Two Horsemen of the Apocryphal, maybe – manage on every page an Oxford- and Chambers-beating ratio of gems to duds when it comes to imperishable one-liners. Quotation of the year for 2008? Thomas Jefferson on high finance: 'I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies.' Give that man an overdraft."

References
Lloyd, John and Mitchinson, John. Advanced Banter. London, 2008.

Notes

External links
"Quote Interesting", an article from  The Daily Telegraph written by Stephen Fry, containing quotes in the book.

Books of quotations
Books based on QI
Trivia books
British books
Books by John Lloyd (producer)
2008 non-fiction books
English-language books


HD 192685, also known as QR Vulpeculae or HR 7739, is a Be star about 1,000 ly away in the Vulpecula constellation. It is visible to the naked eye.

Description

HD 192685 varies slightly in brightness and is classified as a γ Cassiopeiae variable.

From October to December 1982 the Hydrogen alpha absorption line increased in emission strength by 30%.  The line is partially filled by redshifted emission.

HD 192685 has excess infrared emissions (12-100 μm) which are interpreted to be free-free radiation in the gas surrounding the star.

Companions
It has at least one companion with separation 0.55" and magnitude 7.55, and may also be a long-period spectroscopic binary.

References

External links

Be stars
Vulpecula
Vulpeculae, QR
B-type main-sequence stars
Gamma Cassiopeiae variable stars
Durchmusterung objects
192685
099824
7739


Veritatis may refer to :

Veritatis Splendor, an encyclical by Pope John Paul II
Viam agnoscere veritatis (disambiguation), a series of papal communications written by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols


Nicolas Broussier (1774, Ville-sur-Saulx - 10 January 1850, Bar-le-Duc, of apoplexy) was a French soldier and officer.

Life
He first joined up as a volunteer in one of the many battalions which the Meuse department sent to the French frontier at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars, receiving a baptism of fire at Arlon. During the 1801 campaign to the crossing of the Mincio he was wounded again in pushing the enemy out of the village of Pazzolo at the head of some tirailleurs of the 43rd. He was a legionnaire from 1803, when he became aide-de-camp to his cousin general Jean-Baptiste Broussier.

He became Maréchal de camp (1823).

Sources

1774 births
1850 deaths
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars


Saint-Placide may refer to:
 Saint-Placide, Quebec
 Saint-Placide (Paris Metro)
 Saint Placidus


Frank Olsen (30 April 1922 – 17 March 1945) was a Norwegian resistance member who was executed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

He was born in Vestby, and lived in Oslo. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he became involved in Milorg, and carried out a series of sabotage missions. On 13 February 1945, Olsen was going to plan a sabotage action to take place on the same evening, together with Adolf Bogstad and Storm Weinholdt, in the latter's home at Kampen. Before either of these arrived, two Gestapo officers, one German and one Norwegian, arrived in the Weinholdt family's home to check on Storm Weinholdt's brother Kjell. As Kjell was not home either, the Gestapo officers waited in the living room. Bogstad and Storm Weinholdt soon arrived, and while the Gestapo officers became suspicious of the rendez-vous, the men stated that they were planning an outdoors trip. They were searched, and knew that they had to leave before Frank Olsen showed up, as Olsen carried important documents which would compromise them. When Olsen did arrive, he was spotted by Storm Weinholdt's father through a window, but he was unable to contact Olsen. Olsen rang the doorbell, entered, and the Gestapo officers understood the situation. The three resistance members were held in the house for the time being, but after Adolf Bogstad tried to escape and was killed, Frank Olsen was arrested together with Storm Weinholdt, Weinholdt's father and his brother Kjell, who also had arrived. They were subject to torture at Møllergata 19. Frank Olsen was sentenced to death on 15 March in an SS court-martial; prosecutor was Siegfried Fehmer. He was executed by gunshot at Akershus Fortress on 17 March. His body was lowered in the Oslofjord. This was the second to last execution of Norwegians by Germans during the war; the last person was an SS-Jäger executed for desertion () on 19 April.

Together with eight other resistance members—Adolf Bogstad, Erik Bruun, Henry Gundersen, Arvid Hansen, Ingolf Nordstrøm, Kåre Olafsen, Kjell Ramberg and Storm Weinholdt—he is commemorated with a memorial stone at Sarabråten in Østmarka.

References

1922 births
1945 deaths
People from Vestby
Norwegian resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
Norwegian torture victims
Norwegian people executed by Nazi Germany


Mary Rudge (6 February 1842 – 22 November 1919) was an English chess master.

Early life
Rudge was born in Leominster, a small town in Herefordshire, England. She began playing chess in a correspondence tournament in 1872. The first mention of over the board competition is in August 1874 when she played in the second class at the Meeting of the Counties' Chess Association at Birmingham. After the death of her father, Henry Rudge, she moved to Bristol where she started playing chess seriously.

Career
Rudge was the first woman member of  the Bristol Chess Club, which did not allow women to be members of the club until she joined in 1872. She played against Joseph Henry Blackburne, who gave a blindfold simultaneous display against ten opponents. The following year she played in another blindfold simultaneous display given by Johannes Hermann Zukertort. In March 1887 she played and drew on board six for Bristol against Bath at the Imperial Hotel in Bristol. At the beginning of 1888, Rudge played and won on board six for Bristol & Clifton against City Chess & Draughts Club. The following year, she won the Challenge Cup of Bristol & Clifton Chess Club. In 1889, she became the first woman in the world to give simultaneous chess exhibitions. She won the Ladies' Challenge Cup at Cambridge 1890, and won the second class at the Southern Counties' tournament at Clifton 1896.

In 1897 she was the winner of the first women’s international chess tournament, which was held under the management of the Ladies' Chess Club of London in conjunction with the Women's Chess Club of New York. Lady Newnes was president of the Tournament Committee, and Sir George Newnes, Baron Albert Salomon von Rothschild, Mr. Harry Nelson Pillsbury and some others offered prizes. The tournament was played at the Hotel Cecil in the Masonic Hall for six days, but the final rounds were decided at the Ideal Café, the headquarters of the Ladies' Chess Club, from 22 June to 3 July 1897. Miss Rudge was 55 years old and the oldest of the 20 players, and had substantial experience playing chess at the time. She was a well-known English player, ranking in chess strength with the first class of the leading men's clubs. She won the event with 18 wins and 1 draw, followed by Signorina Louisa Matilda Fagan (Italy), Miss Eliza Mary Thorold (England), Mrs. Harriet Worrall (USA), Madame Marie Bonnefin (Belgium), Mrs. F.S. Berry (Ireland), Lady Edith Margaret Thomas (England), among others.

Over the next years, she took part in various competitions, playing in Bristol and Dublin. In 1898, she played against world champion Emanuel Lasker in a simultaneous display at the Imperial Hotel. Lasker was unable to finish all the games in the time available, and Rudge's was one of those unfinished. He conceded defeat because he would be lost with best play.

Death
She died in Guy's Hospital, London, on 22 November 1919 at the age of 77.

References

External links

1842 births
1919 deaths
19th-century chess players
English chess players
Sportspeople from Leominster


Kåre Adolf Olafsen (19 January 1920 – 17 March 1945) was a Norwegian resistance member who was executed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

He was born in Sørum, and lived in Østre Aker. He became involved in Milorg in 1941, during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, and was responsible for transport and provisioning in the district. His last mission was Aksjon smør, in which Milorg men stole foodstuffs from two warehouses, one in the street Tollbugata belonging to German forces, and one in the street Skippergata belonging to Arbeidstjenesten. The foodstuffs were distributed to Milorg men who hid in the forests surrounding Oslo.

He was arrested by the Nazi authorities on 13 February 1945, during a crackdown which began when two Gestapo officers intercepted a resistance meeting in Storm Weinholdt's home. Storm Weinholdt and Frank Olsen were arrested, and Adolf Bogstad was killed. Olafsen and several others were rounded up. He was sentenced to death on 15 March in an SS court-martial; prosecutor was Siegfried Fehmer. He was executed by gunshot at Hovedøya on 17 March, and his body was lowered in the Oslofjord. This was the second to last execution of Norwegians by Germans during the war; the last person was an SS-Jäger executed for desertion () on 19 April.

Together with eight other resistance members—Adolf Bogstad, Erik Bruun, Henry Gundersen, Arvid Hansen, Ingolf Nordstrøm, Frank Olsen, Kjell Ramberg and Storm Weinholdt—he is commemorated with a memorial stone at Sarabråten in Østmarka.

References

1920 births
1945 deaths
People from Sørum
Norwegian resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
Military personnel from Oslo
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
Norwegian people executed by Nazi Germany


Feltia subterranea, formerly known as Agrotis subterranea, and commonly known as the granulate cutworm, subterranean dart moth, or tawny shoulder, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, from Massachusetts and New York to California and the southern parts of the United States and Mexico. It is also present in Central America and South America where it has been reported in Honduras, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, South-East Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, the Antilles.

The wingspan is 38–44 mm.

The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including over 61 hosts of economic importance.

The adults are a pollinator of fetterbush lyonia.

References

External links
Feltia subterranea on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website.

Noctuinae
Moths of North America
Moths of South America
Moths described in 1794


Kevin Budinauckas (born 16 September 1974 in Bellshill) is a Scottish former footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.

Throughout his career he has played for Stenhousemuir, Partick Thistle, Clyde, Brechin City on loan and Stranraer in the senior game.

He also had a couple of spells in junior football at Wishaw and Linlithgow Rose, Cumnock, Pollok and Armadale.

Budinauckas is currently the goalkeeping coach at Stirling Albion.

External links

Living people
1974 births
Footballers from Bellshill
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Brechin City F.C. players
Clyde F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Stenhousemuir F.C. players
Stranraer F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Linlithgow Rose F.C. players
Scottish people of Lithuanian descent
Scotland men's junior international footballers
Association football goalkeeping coaches


The Battle of Arlon (9 June 1793) saw a French Republican force under the command of Amable Henri Delaage face the Habsburgs's force led by Gottfried von Schröder. The French were victorious though they suffered higher casualties than the Austrians. The action was fought during the War of the First Coalition, part of the larger French Revolutionary Wars. Arlon is located in Belgium, a distance of  west of Luxembourg city.

Campaign
During the Siege of Mainz, the Army of the Rhine, under the orders of Alexandre François Marie de Beauharnais (who had come to replace Adam Philippe de Custine), was entrenched on the Lauter. After taking up his positions, the commander in chief had reorganised his troops and incorporated the recruits who had arrived from all sides.

At the same time the Army of the Moselle was retiring behind the Blies and Saar. This inaction displeased the National Convention and the two generals were strongly ordered by the Committee of Public Safety to reassume the offensive and march to the aid of the army blockaded in Mainz by all the efforts of the Coalition forces. The surest means of raising the siege was to carry out a two-pronged simultaneous attack on the enemy, with the Army of the Moselle attacking by Pirmasens or Kaiserslautern and the Army of the Rhine by the left bank of the river.

In 1793 the Army of the Moselle counted 27 battalions of line infantry, four battalions of light infantry, 42 battalions of National Guards and 12 mounted regiments. The line infantry included the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 30th, 33rd, 96th, 99th and 103rd Demi Brigades, the 1st Battalions of the 1st, 5th, 27th, 41st and 81st Demi Brigades and the 2nd Battalions of the 2nd, 8th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 40th, 47th, 54th, 55th, 58th, 71st and 100th Demi Brigades. The light infantry consisted of the 6th, 13th, 16th and 17th Battalions. The cavalry regiments were the 4th, 10th, 11th and 14th Cavalry, 1st, 11th and 14th Dragoons, 1st, 9th, 18th and 19th Chasseurs à Cheval and the 2nd Hussars.

The National Guards were made up of the 1st Battalions of the Ardennes, Creuse, Paris Butte de Moulins, Saône-et-Loire and Yonne, the 2nd Battalions of the Lot and Haute-Marne, the 3rd Battalions of the Côte-d'Or, Manche, Paris Sections Armée and Haut-Rhin, the 4th Battalions of the Oise and Var, the 5th Battalion of the Orne, the 6th Battalions of the Basses-Pyrénées and Seine-et-Oise, the 7th Battalion of the Marne, the 9th Battalion of Paris Ste. Margueritte, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Cher, 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Loiret, the 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions of the Meurthe, the 1st, 3rd and 5th Battalions of the Meuse, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Battalions of the Moselle, the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Paris République, the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Bas-Rhin, the 1st and 7th Battalions of the Rhône-et-Loire, the 1st and 4th Battalions of the Haute-Saône and the 1st and 6th Battalions of the Vosges.

Battle
The Austrians at Arlon were under the command of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Gottfried von Schröder. His approximately 6,000 troops were organized into seven battalions and eight squadrons. The Austrian infantry was made up of three battalions of the Infantry Regiment Franz Kinsky Nr. 47, one battalion of the Infantry Regiment Murray Nr. 55, the 1st Battalion of Infantry Regiment Alton Nr. 15 and the 3rd Battalions of Infantry Regiments Devins Nr. 37 and Johann Jellacic Nr. 53. Schroder's mounted contingent consisted of six squadrons of the Kinsky Chevau-léger Regiment Nr. 7 and two squadrons from an unknown unit. The French forces were led by General of Division Amable Henri Delaage and counted 8,500 infantry and 1,000 cavalry from the Army of the Moselle.

Jean Nicolas Houchard, commander of the Army of the Moselle, believed in the same goal, advancing on the left on 9 June to attack Arlon, on the heights, defended by 8,000 men, 30 artillery-pieces and a chain of echelon trenches overlooking all points from which it could be attacked. The Republican columns advanced at the charge in good order, shouting "Vive la République!" and under fire from these batteries, with the French artillery being of too low a calibre to reply with any advantage. The right was more exposed than the rest and was charged by the Austrian cavalry, but the columns in the centre and the artillery came to the right's aid and repulsed the enemy. During the fight near Arlon the future general Claude François Duprès, then only a lieutenant, distinguished himself by capturing a whole Austrian company.

During this time, Pierre Raphaël Paillot de Beauregard was marching on Arlon from the right and took the heights overlooking the town. 400 carabiniers attacked a square of 1,500 Austrians. Several volleys of grapeshot, fired at only 50 footsteps from the front of the square, threw it into disorder and the carabiniers finished routing it. Arlon remained in French hands and the army set up its base there, but its capture was of no use to the besieged troops in Mainz, and Houchard's poor judgement in taking this action was not punished (he was made commander of the Army of the North the following August).

The French suffered 900 killed and wounded. Austrian losses were fewer at 600 killed, wounded and captured. The French also captured five artillery pieces and four ammunition wagons.

During the battle, Captain Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier's horse artillery company carried out an artillery charge: first, Sorbier unlimbered his guns and fired at a range of . The guns were then limbered up and brought closer to the enemy before being unlimbered and fired again. This procedure was repeated at ever-decreasing ranges until the cannons were delivering a very destructive fire at close range.

Notes

Bibliography
 Général de Jomini: Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Révolution (1811);
 A. Hugo: Histoire des armées françaises de 1792 à 1837 (1838);
 P. Giguet: Histoire militaire de la France (1849);
 C. Clerget: Tableaux des armées françaises pendant les guerres de la Révolution (Librairie militaire 1905).

Conflicts in 1793
1793 in the Habsburg monarchy
1793 in the Holy Roman Empire
French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands
Battle of Arlon
Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
Battle


Andréi Borisov Nakov (; 13 November 1941 – 19 May 2022) was a Bulgarian-born French art historian engaged principally in research on Russian non-objective art, Cubo-futurism, Dada, and Constructivism, where his work as a precursor in these areas gained him an authoritative reputation.

Career
He had published numerous theoretical studies, monographs and exhibition catalogues on the Russian avant-garde, Futurism, Dada, Constructivism, contemporary art and European abstract art.

Since the publication of his critical edition of the writings of Malewicz (Malevich) by Champ Libre, Paris 1975, he had engaged in research on the work of this artist and has published the four-volume Kazimir Malewicz le peintre absolu in April 2007 (Thalia Édition, Paris). Part of this work's documentation comprising the catalogue raisonné of the artist's plastic work was published in 2002 (Éditions Adam Biro, Paris) under the title Kazimir Malewicz, Catalogue raisonné. In January 2016, for the fifth consecutive year Andréi Nakov gets Moral Rights over the work of Aleksandra Ekster.

Bibliography

Monographic studies
 Alexandra Exter (Paris, 1972)
 Papazoff : Franc-tireur du surréalisme (Brussels, 1973)
 2 Stenberg 2 (Paris-London-Toronto, 1975)
 Nina Kogan (Zürich, 1985)
 Alexandre Bogomazov (Musée d'Art Moderne, Toulouse et Musée d'Art Ukrainien, Kiev, 1991)
 Kazimir Malewicz, Catalogue raisonné, Éditions Adam Biro (Paris, 2002)
 Malévitch : Aux avant-gardes de l'art moderne, coll. Découvertes Gallimard (n° 445) (Paris, 2003)
 Kazimir Malewicz, le peintre absolu, Thalia Édition (Paris, 2007)
 Kandinsky, the Enigma of the first abstract painting, IRSA Publishing (Cracow, 2015)

Critical translations of Russian theoretical texts
 Nikolai Tarabukin, Le Dernier Tableau presented by Andrei B. Nakov, translated by Michel Pétris and André B. Nakov (Champ Libre, Paris, 1972 et 1980 ; traduction espagnole, 1977)
 Malévitch, Écrits, Champ Libre, 1975 et 1986 (Édition italienne, Milan, 1977)
 Viktor Shklovsky, Résurrection du Mot (Champ Libre, Paris, 1985)
 Nemours au Prieuré de Salagon (Paris, 2004)

Thematic works
 Abstrait/Concret : Art non-objectif russe et polonais - Édition française (Paris, 1981, traduit en russe sous le titre Bespredmetnyj mir, éd. Iskusstvo, Moscow, 1997)
 Abstrait/Concret : Art non-objectif russe et polonais - Édition russe
 L'avant-garde russe - Édition française (Paris, 1984 - traductions allemande, italienne, anglaise et américaine en 1976 et russe, éd. Iskusstvo, Moscow in 1991)
 L'avant-garde russe - Édition russe éd. Iskusstvo, Moscow, 1991

Exhibition catalogues
 Tatlin's Dream (Fischer Fine Art, London, 1973)
 Russian Constructivism, the Laboratory Period (Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, 1975)
 Kasimir Malevich (Tate Gallery, London, 1976)
 The Suprematist straight line (London, 1977)
 Liberated Colour and Form (Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh and Sheffield Art Gallery, The Art Council of Great Britain, 1978)
 The First Russian Show (London, 1983)
 Dada-Constructivism : The Janus Face of the twenties (London, 1984)
 Mikhail Larionov (Frankfurt-Genèva, 1987–1988)
 Dada and Constructivism - Édition anglaise (Tokyo, 1988)

References

External links
 Official site

1941 births
2022 deaths
French art historians
Bulgarian art historians
20th-century French historians
Naturalized citizens of France
French people of Bulgarian descent
Bulgarian emigrants to France
Writers from Sofia
French male non-fiction writers


The Ozerki line was the first line constructed by the Primorskaya Railway in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was opened on July 23, 1893, and closed in 1929.

Route
 Primorsky, 0 km
 Skachki, 2.0 km
 Kolomuagi 3.0 km
 Grafskiy Pavilion 5.0 km
 Ozyornaya, 6.2 km

References

Railway lines in Russia
Railway lines opened in 1893
Railway lines closed in 1929
Former railway lines in Russia
1520 mm gauge railways in Russia


Storm Willads Weinholdt (11 January 1920 – 17 March 1945) was a Norwegian resistance member who was executed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

He was born and lived in Oslo, at Kampen. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he became involved in Milorg, and was the deputy leader of District 13. On 13 February 1945, Weinholdt was going to plan a sabotage action, in his own home together with Adolf Bogstad and Frank Olsen. Before either of the three arrived, two Gestapo officers, one German and one Norwegian, arrived in the Weinholdt family's home to check on Storm's brother Kjell. As Kjell was not home either, the Gestapo officers waited in the living room. Bogstad and Storm Weinholdt soon arrived, and while the Gestapo officers became suspicious of the rendez-vous, the men stated that they were planning an outdoors trip. They were searched, and knew that they had to leave before Frank Olsen showed up, as Olsen carried important documents which would compromise them. When Olsen did arrive, the Gestapo officers understood the situation. The three resistance members were held in the house for the time being, but after Adolf Bogstad tried to escape and was killed, Storm Weinholdt was arrested together with his father, his brother Kjell who also had arrived, and Frank Olsen. They were subject to torture at Møllergata 19. Storm Weinholdt was sentenced to death on 15 March in an SS court-martial; prosecutor was Siegfried Fehmer. He was executed by gunshot at Akershus Fortress on 17 March. His body was lowered in the Oslofjord. This was the second to last execution of Norwegians by Germans during the war; the last person was an SS-Jäger executed for desertion () on 19 April.

Together with eight other resistance members—Adolf Bogstad, Erik Bruun, Henry Gundersen, Arvid Hansen, Ingolf Nordstrøm, Kåre Olafsen, Frank Olsen and Kjell Ramberg—he is commemorated with a memorial stone at Sarabråten in Østmarka.

His brother Kjell survived the war, being incarcerated at Møllergata 19 until 11 April, then at Grini concentration camp until the war's end. Sverre Weinholdt was incarcerated at Møllergata 19 until 22 March, then at Grini until the war's end.

References

1920 births
1945 deaths
Norwegian resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
Military personnel from Oslo
Norwegian torture victims
Norwegian people executed by Nazi Germany
People executed by Nazi Germany occupation forces


Kudypy  (German Kuhdiebs) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Morąg, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Morąg,  north of Ostróda, and  west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

References

Villages in Ostróda County


A number of steamships have been named Royston Grange, including:

Ship names


Aeterni may refer to:

Aeterni regis, a papal bull issued on 21 June 1481 by Pope Sixtus IV
Aeterni Patris, an 1879 encyclical of Pope Leo XIII
Immensa aeterni Dei, an apostolic constitution in the form of a papal bull issued by Pope Sixtus V on February, 1588


Stéfan Voléry, born 17 September 1961, is a former freestyle swimmer from Switzerland.

Stéfan competed in the 50 metre freestyle at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea, finishing fifth in the Championship Final in a time of 22.84 seconds.

He competed in the 100 metre freestyle also, finishing third in the B Final in a time of 50.74 seconds.

He finished 3rd at European Championship in 1985 and 1987.

References

1961 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Switzerland
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Swiss male freestyle swimmers


Graeme Danby (born 23 May 1962 in Consett, County Durham, England) is an operatic bass who has performed at several of the world's leading opera houses, notably the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden and the English National Opera.  He was educated at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

English National Opera
In 2003, he sang the role of Lorenzo (I Capuletti ed I Montecchi) conducted by  Richard Bonynge. This appearance was one among many in major roles for English National Opera, which include Don Basilio in Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia; Dulcamara in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore; Somnus in Handel's Semele; Quince in Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream; Collatinus in Britten's The Rape of Lucretia, Poo-Bah in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Mikado; Sarastro in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte; Bartolo (Le nozze di Figaro); Sacristan in Puccini's Tosca; Pistol in Verdi's Falstaff and Ribbing in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera.

Royal Opera House Covent Garden
Graeme Danby performs regularly at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.  In Spring 2005, he sang the major role of Charrington in Lorin Maazel's Covent Garden commission of 1984, a part written especially for him.  In 2006, he sang the role of Sacristano in Covent Garden's production of Tosca, alongside Angela Gheorghiu, Marcello Alvarez and Bryn Terfel. In 2007, he took the role of Gonzalo in Thomas Adès' The Tempest.  Further roles include the Marquis d'Obigny (La traviata), Billy Jackrabbit (La fanciulla del West) and Second Armed Man (Die Zauberflöte).

Career in Britain
British engagements also include Bartolo in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro for Opera North and Garsington Opera; Collatinus in Britten's Rape of Lucretia at Buxton Festival; and Sacristan (Tosca), Bosun (Billy Budd), Benedict (La Vie parisienne) and Masetto (Don Giovanni) for Scottish Opera.

In the 2002–2003 season, Danby made his Glyndebourne debut as Antonio (Le nozze di Figaro), subsequently recording the role for Chandos Records.

Between 2005 and 2009 Danby and Valerie Reid recorded various songs by Tyneside folk composer Eric Boswell including his most famous Little Donkey and several humorous Geordie ballads written by Boswell on subjects suggested by Danby.

In 2012, Danby recorded a new version of "Blaydon Races", commissioned by BBC Newcastle.

Career in Europe
European engagements include Brag in Purcell's The Fairy-Queen at the Gran Teatro del Liceu Barcelona; Somnos (Semele) and Bartolo (Le nozze di Figaro) with De Vlaamse Opera; and Xuthus in Pam Vir's Ion for the Opéra national du Rhin in Strasbourg.  He sang at La Scala Milan as Snug in Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Notable roles
 Bartolo - Le nozze di Figaro
 Somnos - Semele
 Collatinus - The Rape of Lucretia

References

External links
 Honorary degree for opera couple, BBC News, 19 July 2006.
 Artist's Biography on www.1984theopera.com.

Operatic basses
English opera singers
1962 births
Living people
People from Consett
Academics of the University of Sunderland