Ben Laughlin (born 3 October 1982) is an Australian cricketer. He bowls right-arm fast-medium, mainly playing Twenty20 cricket rather than longer formats of the game. He currently plays for the Brisbane Heat in the Big Bash League (BBL) (Not in BBL12 in the 2022/23 season.)

Laughlin began his career playing grade cricket in Queensland, and within his first-class debut for the side in 2008 he was selected to play for Australia in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals, though his time in the national side was brief. Since then he has been a star of Twenty20 cricket, playing for BBL team the Hobart Hurricanes for three years before moving to his current team in Adelaide, and he is currently the all-time leading wicket taker in the tournament. He also plays for the Northern Districts Knights in New Zealand and has played in the Indian Premier League.

Cricket career

Before first-class debut
Laughlin's father, Trevor Laughlin, played Test cricket for Australia in 1978. Though his father had played District Cricket in Victoria, Laughlin played his grade cricket for Wynnum Manly District Cricket Club in Queensland. For three seasons in a row, starting from when he was 19 years old, Laughlin had stress fractures which ruined his opportunities to play cricket. He made his way back into the team by bowling off-spin rather than pace, though he played as a specialist batsman at the time. His form as a pace bowler improved towards the end of the 2000s, and in 2006 he was awarded the Peter Burge Medal for the best grade cricketer in Queensland over the 2005–06 season, and in the three seasons leading up to his first-class debut in 2008 he took a total of 126 wickets, including 50 wickets in the 2006–07 season alone.

Queensland (2008–2011)
Laughlin made his first-class debut for Queensland's state team at the end of the 2007–08 Pura Cup season against Victoria and took the wicket of Victorian captain Cameron White. He was then given his first contract with Queensland for the 2008–09 season and started to play List A cricket for them in the 2008–09 Ford Ranger One Day Cup season. Despite it being his first season, he was very impressive and played in all eleven games, taking 23 wickets. He recorded a particularly exceptional bowling performance in a match against New South Wales in October 2008. In only his second List A match, he claimed 6/23, the best List A bowling figures for Queensland in two decades and the third-best of all time, not only for Queensland but for any Australian domestic team. He also played in three matches in the 2008–09 Sheffield Shield season, but he was far less successful in the longer form of the game.

Despite having started the season only hopeful of playing a few matches for Queensland, by March Laughlin was called up to the Australia squads for a series of five One Day Internationals and two Twenty20 Internationals against South Africa. Laughlin and fellow fast bowler Brett Geeves were drafted into the squad to replace Peter Siddle and Ben Hilfenhaus, who were being rested as a precaution before the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and The Ashes. He did alright in the matches, finishing with four wickets in the ODIs, but he didn't star in any of them. After this brief stint in the national team he was not included in Australia's squad for the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and he wasn't given a Cricket Australia contract. His career went downhill quickly, as he suffered from a painful stomach injury and was only able to play six state games in the 2009–10 summer, then in 2011 he was cut from Queensland's contract list altogether.

Tasmania and the Hobart Hurricanes (2011–2014)
When Laughlin was cut from Queensland's contract list he changed state teams to Tasmania, joining them for the 2011–12 Ryobi One-Day Cup. Echoing the start to his career for Queensland, Laughlin took his second six-wicket haul in his second match for Tasmania, also against New South Wales. He also played for Tasmania's team in the new Big Bash League (BBL), the Hobart Hurricanes. Despite being cut from Tasmania's contract list at the end of the season, his form for the Hurricanes was good enough that he was named in Australia's extended 30-man squad for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20.

Though Laughlin was unable to play much cricket for Tasmania, his performances for the Hurricanes were stellar in BBL02. He took 14 wickets for the tournament, the most of any player, and was brought back into the national team for a two-match Twenty20 series against Sri Lanka. He didn't make the most of his opportunity and his performances were sub-par, as he fell short of the international standard and conceded 20 runs off of the final over of one of the matches.

Despite his failures in international cricket, Laughlin continued to perform strongly in domestic Twenty20 competitions in the 2013–14 season. He started to play for New Zealand team the Northern Districts Knights and was a crucial part of the side as they won the HRV Cup. including his third six-wicket haul and his first in a Twenty20 against Wellington cricket team. His figures of 6/28 equaled the record for the best bowling figures in a Twenty20 in New Zealand. He was again the leading wicket taker for the Hurricanes, but this time only the second best in the tournament for BBL03 with 18 wickets at an incredible strike rate of a wicket every 12.8 balls. After three seasons with the Hurricanes he had taken 35 wickets.

Adelaide Strikers (2014–2019)
In 2014 Laughlin changed BBL teams, signing a two-year contract with the Adelaide Strikers and continued his stellar form, taking another 13 wickets in his first season at his new club. The next year in BBL05 he became the first player in the Big Bash League to reach 50 career wickets in the tournament when he took two wickets in a match against the Melbourne Stars. He continued his strong form in BBL06 with 9 wickets, still exceptional in the competition, at an average of 14.9 and remained the all-time leading wicket taker in the BBL.

Laughlin was also part of a controversial moment in BBL|06 during a match against the Sydney Thunder. Network Ten commentator Mark Howard gave advice to the Strikers' captain Brad Hodge on air, informing him that Laughlin had dismissed Thunder captain Shane Watson twice in his last eight balls to the batsman. Hodge then brought Laughlin on to bowl the next over. Cricket Australia investigated as the act was potentially an integrity breach. In February 2017, he was bought by the Sunrisers Hyderabad team for the 2017 Indian Premier League for 30 lakhs.

During BBL07 Laughlin was part of what was called by Damien Fleming "the greatest outfield catch ever taken", though he was not credited for the catch on the scorecard. Melbourne Renegades batsman Dwayne Bravo hit the ball off of the bowling of Rashid Khan towards the boundary through the air. The ball was heading over the rope for six runs, but Laughlin was sprinting underneath it and caught it within the boundary rope. Laughlin was unable to keep his balance and had the throw the ball backwards to keep it in the boundary, and he threw it 30 metres backwards before running over the rope. The ball was thrown far enough and high enough that teammate Jake Weatherald was able to dive and catch it. As Weatherald was the fielder to finally catch the ball, he was credited with the catch. The Strikers, with Laughlin in the team went on to win the tournament, their first BBL title.

Brisbane Heat (2019–2022)
After being delisted in Adelaide after BBL08 Ben rejoined former Queensland teammates for the first few years of the Covid era BBL bubble.

T20 franchise career
In September 2018, he was named in Balkh's squad in the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament.

Player profile
Laughlin is an exceptional pace bowler, the all-time leading wicket taker in the Big Bash League. His bowling mainly relies on bowling outswingers and changing his pace, sometimes bowling faster deliveries and sometimes bowling slower deliveries. He developed his off-cutter slower ball variation because of his time spent bowling off-spin early in his career. He is known as a "death bowler", as many of his wickets are taken in the final overs of a Twenty20 match, known as the "death" of the innings.

Laughlin is one of few Australian international cricketers in the 21st century who also kept a "normal" occupation during his cricket career, as he continued to work as a carpenter throughout his career, giving up days of work whenever he had to play cricket.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Cricketers from Melbourne
Australian cricketers
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Twenty20 International cricketers
Queensland cricketers
Tasmania cricketers
Hobart Hurricanes cricketers
Nagenahira Nagas cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Antigua Hawksbills cricketers
Adelaide Strikers cricketers
Quetta Gladiators cricketers
Rajasthan Royals cricketers
Balkh Legends cricketers
Guyana Amazon Warriors cricketers
Brisbane Heat cricketers


Green Oaks  is a small rural community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located  in Colchester County.

References
Green Oaks on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Colchester County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Elisabeth Withers is an American neo soul and R&B singer-songwriter.

Biography
Withers was born in Joliet, Illinois, and studied at the Berklee College of Music and then at New York University. She sang as a backup vocalist for Celine Dion and Jennifer Lopez, among others, and released several dance singles under the name Elle Patrice, including "Rising" and "Emotions". After hearing these singles, Nick Ashford asked her to audition for a Broadway production of The Color Purple, where she won the part of Shug Avery. Her performance earned her a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical nomination at the 60th Tony Awards. As a neo soul singer, Withers signed with Blue Note Records in 2005. In 2007, she released a full-length album on Blue Note Records.

Discography
Studio albums
It Can Happen to Anyone (2007)
No Regrets (2010)

Singles
"Be With You" (2006) U.S. R&B No. 43
"Simple Things" (2007) U.S. R&B No. 53

References

External links

1975 births
Singers from Illinois
Living people
People from Joliet, Illinois
Berklee College of Music alumni
New York University alumni
American neo soul singers
American contemporary R&B singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Theatre World Award winners


Maple Grove is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  The Municipality of the District of East Hants in Hants County. The main attraction is the Hayes cave.

References
Maple Grove on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The Monument to Philip IV or Fountain of Philip IV is a memorial to Philip IV of Spain in the centre of Plaza de Oriente in Madrid, Spain. It was raised at the insistence of Isabella II of Spain in the first half of the 19th century, opening on 17 November 1843, a year before Narciso Pascual y Colomer came up with the square's final layout. However, its equestrian statue of the king dates to the 17th century and was produced by the Italian sculptor Pietro Tacca. It was begun in 1634 and shipped to Madrid in 1640, the year of his death. The sculpture, atop a complicated fountain composition, forms the centerpiece of the façade of the Royal Palace. The statue was based in drawings by Diego Velázquez and a bust by Juan Martínez Montañés (who also collaborated on the work). The daring stability of the statue was calculated by Galileo Galilei: the horse rears, and the entire weight of the sculpture balances on the two rear legs—and, discreetly, its tail— a feat that had never been attempted in a figure on a heroic scale, of which Leonardo had dreamed.

Philip IV
Buildings and structures in Palacio neighborhood, Madrid
Equestrian statues in Madrid
Philip IV of Spain
Royal monuments
Buildings and structures completed in 1843
Outdoor sculptures in Madrid
Philip IV
1843 establishments in Spain
Sculptures of men in Spain
Bronze sculptures in Spain


Sewer Trout was an American punk rock band, formed in Sacramento, California in 1985. The group's uptempo bass lines and fast-paced songs would serve as a basis and influence for many of the later California pop punk bands of the 1990s. The band consisted of Jim MacLean (lead vocals/bass), his brother Hal MacLean (drums), and Keith Lehtinen (guitar/backing vocals), with Erik Benson joining as a second guitarist after meeting Hal at Sacramento State. Although Benson's progressive rock influences eventually led to the band's break-up and re-joining as the Well Hung Monks.

History
Formed in Concord in 1985, Sewer Trout moved to Sacramento with the MacLean brothers and Keith Lehtinen. The group was a fixture of the early 924 Gilman Street scene and its first release was on the Maximumrocknroll compilation album Turn It Around! in October 1987. The same year saw the group's first record released through Lookout! Records. A few more records followed on Lookout!, Very Small Records, and their own label, One Shot Flop. All of Sewer Trout's material was later released as the compilation album From the Forgotten Memories of Punks Failed Hopes and Dreams Loom in 1997.

Sewer Trout were friends with David Hayes, the co-founder of Lookout! Records and the owner of Very Small Records. Through his labels, Hayes was able to focus a lot of attention on the Sacramento punk scene, often filling his compilations with up to ten Sacramento bands.

On December 1, 2005, a message was posted on Sewer Trout's Myspace announcing that Jim MacLean had committed suicide. The message stated "MacLean took his own life Monday or Tuesday after the Thanksgiving weekend. Jim may be gone, but his music will live forever."

Band members
 Jim MacLean - lead vocals, bass (1985-1990) (deceased)
 Keith Lehtinen - guitar, backing vocals (1985-1990)
 Hal MacLean - drums (1985-1990)
 Erik Benson - guitar (1988-1990)

Discography

Releases
 From the Bowels of Suburbia Emerge... (demo) (1985)
 Songs About Drinking (EP) - Lookout! Records (1987)
 Sewer Trout for President (EP) - One Shot Flop (1988)
 Flawless (10-inch EP) - Very Small Records (1989)
 From the Forgotten Memories of Punks Failed Hopes and Dreams Loom - Spa Records (1997)

Compilation appearances
 "Sewer Trout for President" on Lethal Noise, Vol. 2 - David Hayes self-released cassette (1987)
 "Wally and the Beaver Go to Nicaragua" on Turn It Around! - Maximumrocknroll (1987)
 "Sex Trout" on We've Got Your Shorts (EP) - Fascist Food Records (1988)
 "Vagina Envy" on The Thing That Ate Floyd - Lookout! Records (1988)
 "Bang 'Ol Lulu" and "Holiday in Romania" on Alone in This World - Bat Guano Records (1989)
 "Holiday in Romania" on Four Two Pudding - Very Small Records (1993)

External links
Sewer Trout Myspace page
Sewer Trout at Nokilli.com

Punk rock groups from California
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
Musical trios from California
Musical quartets from California
Musical groups from Sacramento, California
1985 establishments in California


East Uniacke is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  The Municipality of the District of East Hants in Hants County.

East Uniacke Road is the main route passing through the area, connecting Trunk 1 to the south (via Etter Rd.) to Route 354 (Beaver Bank Road) to the north.

References
East Uniacke on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The 1973 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the second CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 2 and March 4, 1973, at St. Louis Arena in St. Louis, Missouri. Bowling Green won the tournament, finishing the round robin with a 2–0 record.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Round robin

Results

(1) Saint Louis vs. (4) Bowling Green

(1) Saint Louis vs. (3) Ohio State

(3) Ohio State vs. (4) Bowling Green

Tournament awards

All-Tournament Team
F Bruce Woodhouse (Bowling Green)
F John Stewart (Bowling Green)
F Rick Kennedy (Saint Louis)
D Jan Kascak (Saint Louis)
D Roger Archer (Bowling Green)
G Ralph Kloiber (Saint Louis)

References

External links
Central Collegiate Hockey Association

CCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Ccha tournament


Nominosuchus is a genus of protosuchian-grade crocodylomorph. It is known from several specimens discovered in ancient lake deposits of the Tithonian-age Upper Jurassic Tsagaantsav Formation, southwestern Mongolia. The type specimen is PIN 4174/4, a partial skull. Nominosuchus was not large; its skull length is estimated at . It was similar to Shartegosuchus, and is assigned to the same family (Shartegosuchidae). Nominosuchus was described in 1996 by Mikhail Efimov, and the type species is N. matutinus.

References

Late Jurassic reptiles of Asia
Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera


RAIL4CHEM was a German rail freight transport company, and the parent company of a number of European subsidiary rail freight transport companies including rail4chem Benelux B.V. (Rotterdam), the  rail4chem transalpin AG (Basel) and Fer Polska S.A. (Warsaw).

The business was acquired by Veolia Cargo in 2008, which was acquired by SNCF in 2009. In 2010 the company was grouped under SNCF's new freight train brand Captrain, and absorbed into the Captrain Deutschland subdivision, and became a provider to the division of long distance freight trains.

History

In 2000 the railway company RAIL4CHEM was founded as a joint venture among three German companies: BASF AG (Ludwigshafen),  and  (both located in Hamburg) and one Swiss firm Bertschi AG; headquartered in Dürrenäsch. Hoyer merged its rail freight subsidiary (Hoyer Railserv, formed 2000 from RSE Cargo.) into the company in 2002.

Initially the company was set up as a rail freight service for chemical companies, the organisation serves both national and international freight movements within Europe.

Amongst the first workings were the movement of chemicals from the works at BASF Ludwigshafen to Aachen to be moved further by the Belgian state railway SNCB / NMBS.

Later the company took on non-chemical industry freight work.

In 2004 the company gained a safety certificate to operate in the Netherlands, and in Switzerland. In 2005 the founder companies increased the capital of the company by €4 million to €5 million to enable the purchase of multi-system electric locomotives. Safety certificate for operations in Belgium was acquired (by the subsidiary Rail4chem Benelux BV) in January 2006, and for operations in France in February 2006,

On 20 February 2008 it was announced that the business was to be sold to the French company Veolia Cargo for an undisclosed sum. Veolia Cargo was acquired by SNCF (and Eurotunnel), with Rail4chem becoming part of SNCF; it was reorganised into the Captrain railfreight operation division of SNCF. The business underperformed during the difficult market conditions following the late-2000s financial crisis and was absorbed into the Captrain deutschland division in 2010.

RAIL4CHEM was a founder member of the European Bulls Rail Freight Alliance, a European consortium of European rail freight operating companies.

Subsidiaries

In late 2004, RAIL4CHEM established a new subsidiary company: Rail4Chem Benelux NV, after the acquiring and taking over the activities of Dutch private rail carrier .

Rail4Chem Benelux's main business was the transportation of containers from the Port of Rotterdam to Germany but also operated international tank trains to DSM in Geleen as well as intermodal trains via Amsterdam and cereal trains via Europoort.

Operations

RAIL4CHEM was certified to operate in Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and France.

The trains known as 'mobile pipelines' are operated between the BASF operations in Antwerp and Ludwigshafen.

Up till the opening of the Betuweroute only diesel locomotives were used in the Netherlands.

Rolling stock

In 2005 the electric locomotive fleet of RAIL4CHEM consisted of 14 locomotives of TRAXX type, and predecessors; the Adtranz built DBAG Class 145 (for work in Germany), and the Bombardier Transportation built DBAG Class 185 (for work in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.). Other locomotives such as the Siemens EuroSprinter ES 64 U2 have been used based on requirements, as well as older locomotives have also been used in Switzerland.. The company leased Re 4/4I (Re 416 626), which had previously belonged to MThB and SBB to operate fuel trains on Swiss rails, as can be seen here:

For non-electrified lines in Germany, Netherlands and Belgium, locomotives of the diesel types EMD JT42CWR (Class 66), as well as Vossloh locomotives, primarily Vossloh G 2000 BB and MaK G 1206 types were used.

See also
 List of German railway companies

References and notes

Notes

External links

, archive of homepage

Railway companies of the Netherlands
Railway companies established in 2004
Railway companies established in 2000
Rail freight transport in Germany
Railway companies of Germany


Rod Aldoff (born January 30, 1971) is a Canadian former professional hockey player. He is currently the head coach of the Pensacola Ice Flyers of the SPHL.

Early and personal life
Rod Aldoff was born in Canada on January 30, 1971, but has lived in Minnesota since college. He is now married to Kari and has two children, Liam and Leandra.

Playing career

College hockey
Aldoff played for the University of Minnesota at Duluth during all four of his college years. In his freshman season with Minnesota, Aldoff played 23 games accumulating 1 goal, 8 assists, and 25 penalty minutes. In his second season for Minnesota (1992–93), Aldoff played 39 games scoring 4 goals, and making 11 assists. Aldoff racked up 34 penalty minutes in his second college season. In his third season with Minnesota, Aldoff played 38 games adding 4 goals, 25 assists, and 88 penalty minutes to his record. In Aldoff's final season with the University of Minnesota, he played 36 games earning a remarkable 11 goals, 18 assists, and 80 penalty minutes.

Professional
Rod Aldoff made his professional hockey debut with the Tallahassee Tiger Sharks of the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) in the 1995–96 season. Aldoff played 70 games with the Tiger Sharks and scored 13 goals, made 44 assists, and had 74 penalty minutes.

In his second professional season, Aldoff moved up to the International Hockey League (IHL) playing for the Utah Grizzlies. In 24 games with the Grizzlies, Aldoff had one goal, four assists and ten penalty minutes. After being released, he went to Switzerland to join the Swiss Hockey League's Ambri-Piotta for 13 games, in which he earned three goals, seven assists, and ten penalty minutes.

Aldoff made his way back to the ECHL with the Pee Dee Pride in the 1997–98 season, playing in 70 games. Aldoff racked up 12 goals, 20 assists, and 118 penalty minutes for the Pride. Aldoff played another 70 games for the Pride in the 1998–99 season and added 12 more goals, 32 more assists, and 44 more penalty minutes to his record.

Aldoff played 27 games for the West Coast Hockey League's San Diego Gulls in the 1999–2000 season, scoring four goals to accompany his 25 assists and 18 penalty minutes. Aldoff returned to the IHL for the back end of the 1999–2000 season to play for the Long Beach Ice Dogs, playing 42 games, seven goals, six assists, and 35 penalty minutes.

Aldoff started the 2001–02 season back in Europe with the Italy's Serie A WSV Sterzing Broncos. Aldoff played 29 games accumulating five goals, eight assists, and 24 penalty minutes. Aldoff then finished the season back with the San Diego Gulls for six games, scoring two goals and six penalty minutes.

In the 2002–03 season, Rod Aldoff returned to the ECHL again to play 54 games for the Greensboro Generals. In his time with the Generals, Aldoff made 9 goals, 23 assists, and had 36 penalty minutes.

Rod played his first season in the United Hockey League (UHL) for the Rockford IceHogs in 2004–05 and scored six goals, 20 assists, and 47 penalty minutes.

Aldoff played his fourth ECHL season in 2005–06 playing 41 games for the Pensacola Ice Pilots. He had eight assists and 38 penalty minutes for the Ice Pilots.

Aldoff returned the UHL to play 65 games for the Chicago Hounds in 2006–07 scoring two goals, 26 assists, and 73 penalty minutes.

Aldoff stayed in the UHL, now rebranded as a new International Hockey League, for the 2007–08 season with the Bloomington PrairieThunder. In 42 games with the PrairieThunder, Aldoff scored four goals and 15 assists while also logging 44 penalty minutes.

Aldoff then played 57 games with the IHL's Kalamazoo Wings in the 2008–09 season scoring seven goals, 23 assists, and accumulated 30 penalty minutes. Aldoff finished the 2008–09 season with Fort Wayne Komets, also of the IHL, and would eventually go on to win the IHL Championship, the first championship in his career.

He played his last season in 2009–10 in the Central Hockey League, starting with the Amarillo Gorillas and finishing with the Rapid City Rush.

Coaching career
In 2012, he was named the head coach of the Minnesota Wilderness of the Superior International Junior Hockey League in which he led the team to the league championship. In 2013, he was hired as the head coach of the Pensacola Ice Flyers in the Southern Professional Hockey League and again led the team a championship in his first season. After winning his second SPHL championship in 2016, he was hired by the Edmonton Oilers to be the head coach of their ECHL affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals, for the 2016–17 season. However, the Oilers then sold the Admirals prior to the season and the new ownership relieved Aldoff of his duties after 17 games in Norfolk. He stayed on with the Oilers in a scouting capacity while he was also rehired by the Ice Flyers as head coach in February 2017. He left the Ice Flyers again at the end of the season to return to his duties with the Oilers. After Jeff Bes left the Ice Flyers following the 2017–18 season, Aldoff returned as head coach for a third time.

Awards and honours

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Amarillo Gorillas players
Bloomington PrairieThunder players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Chicago Hounds (ice hockey team) players
ERC Ingolstadt players
Fort Wayne Komets players
Greensboro Generals players
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
Ice hockey people from Lethbridge
Kalamazoo Wings (ECHL) players
Long Beach Ice Dogs (IHL) players
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
Pee Dee Pride players
Pensacola Ice Pilots players
Rapid City Rush players
Rockford IceHogs (UHL) players
San Diego Gulls (WCHL) players
Straubing Tigers players
Tallahassee Tiger Sharks players
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen


Highway 45 (AR 45, Ark. 45, or Hwy. 45) is a designation for three state highways in northwest Arkansas. The southern segment of  runs from Highway 96 north across US Route 71 (US 71) to Interstate 540/US 71 (I-540/US 71) in Fort Smith. Another segment of  runs Highway 59 at Dutch Mills to US 62 in rural Washington County. A third route of  runs from U.S. Route 71B (US 71B) in Fayetteville to Highway 12 near Clifty. These routes were formerly connected until a portion of approximately  was redesignated Arkansas Highway 59 and many United States highways were rerouted through Fayetteville.

Route description

Hartford to Fort Smith
The route begins at Highway 96 in Hartford and runs north to form a concurrency with Highway 252 through Midland. Further north, the route has an Officially designated exception of  through downtown Hackett. Slightly north of this exception, Highway 45 runs on the Hackett Creek Bridge and continues north to Bonanza. The route intersects Highway 253 and curves east to form a concurrency with US 71. The highway splits from US 71 to the north and, entering Fort Smith and intersecting Highway 255 before terminating at I-540/US 71.

Dutch Mills to Lincoln
Highway 45 begins at Highway 59 at the incorporated community of Dutch Mills, and runs east past the Bethlehem Cemetery and Twin Bridges Historic District, both on the National Register of Historic Places. The route continues northeast through Clyde before passing the Pyeatte Mill Site and entering the historic community of Canehill. Continuing north, the highway meets US 62 east of Lincoln, where it terminates.

Fayetteville to Clifty
The third routing of Highway 45 begins at US 71B and runs west as Lafayette Street through Fayetteville. Highway 45 runs through the Washington-Willow Historic District before a sharp left turn onto Mission Boulevard. The highway continues northeast until intersecting Highway 265 and exiting Fayetteville heading east. Passing the Son's Chapel and entering Goshen, the highway continues east through rural Washington County until entering Madison County shortly after a junction with Highway 303. Highway 45 has a junction with Highway 295 before forming a concurrency with  US 412 Business north through Hindsville. The route continues north, with US 412B terminating at a junction with US 412 and Highway 45 terminating at Highway 12 near Clifty.

History
Arkansas Highway 45 was one of the original 1926 state highways. The route ran north from Oklahoma west of Hartford, Arkansas to Clifty. The middle segment was replaced by Arkansas Highway 59 between Van Buren and Dutch Mills, and the route remains fragmented today.

Major intersections

See also

 List of state highways in Arkansas

References

External links

045
Transportation in Washington County, Arkansas
Transportation in Madison County, Arkansas
Transportation in Sebastian County, Arkansas


Tomlinson Fort Jr. (April 16, 1932 – September 13, 2012) served as head of the Chemical Engineering departments at Carnegie Mellon and Vanderbilt University.  Throughout a 40-year career in education, Fort served as Provost at Missouri–Rolla and Provost and Vice President of Cal Poly.

Early life
Fort grew up in Athens, Georgia, where his father was Regents Professor and Head of the Mathematics Department at the University of Georgia.  Fort attended Athens High and the University of Georgia, where he graduated in 1952.  His great-grandfather Tomlinson Fort was elected to the 20th United States Congress.

While at Georgia, Fort was initiated into the Delta Chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity.  He is a member of the Order of Constantine, and during his career in education, he helped found Sigma Chi chapters at Missouri–Rolla and Cal Poly.

Career
He served on the faculties at Case Western Reserve University, Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Missouri–Rolla and California Polytechnic State University before going to Vanderbilt in 1989. He was head of the Chemical Engineering departments at Carnegie Mellon and Vanderbilt and was Provost at the University of Missouri–Rolla and Provost and Vice President at Cal Poly.

References

University of Georgia alumni
People from Athens, Georgia
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Vanderbilt University faculty
1932 births
2012 deaths
Missouri University of Science and Technology faculty


The Ecology of the North Cascades is heavily influenced by the high elevation and rain shadow effects of the mountain range. The North Cascades is a section of the Cascade Range from the South Fork of the Snoqualmie River in Washington, United States, to the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia, Canada, where the range is officially called the Cascade Mountains but is usually referred to as the Canadian Cascades. The North Cascades Ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion in the Commission for Environmental Cooperation's classification system.

The terrain of the North Cascades is composed of high, rugged mountains. It contains the greatest concentration of active alpine glaciers in the conterminous United States and has a variety of climatic zones. A dry continental climate occurs in the east and mild, maritime, rainforest conditions are found in the west. It is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rock in contrast to the adjoining Cascades which are composed of volcanics.

The North Cascades has a diversity of plant and animal species. It contains more than 1630 vascular plant species. The range has a number of top predators, including bald eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, mountain lions and black bears. The range is home to at least 75 species of mammals and 200 species of birds that either pass through or use the North Cascades for a breeding area. There are also 11 species of fish on the west side of the Cascades. Examples of amphibian species occurring in the North Cascades include the western toad (Bufo boreas) and the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa).

The ecology of the area can be understood by following a west-to-east line at the southern end of the North Cascades, at approximately 47.5 degrees north. As the line passes through the Cascade range, it passes through a number of ecoregions, first getting higher and colder, then getting warmer, yet drier. Each of these component ecoregions can be described by either a tree indicator species, or by a lack of trees: western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, subalpine mountain hemlock, alpine, subalpine fir, and grand fir/Douglas fir.

Western Hemlock Ecoregion

The Western Hemlock Ecoregion huddles in the lower west-side elevations of the North Cascades.  Western hemlock is found from sea level up to  in elevation. In the Alpine Lakes Wilderness this ecoregion can be found in the lower elevations around  The average annual temperature is  and it gets between  in precipitation per year. This ecoregion is evidenced by the dense stands of western hemlock, Douglas fir, western red cedar and red alder. The understory is primarily composed of salal, hazel, salmonberry, devil's club and Oregon grape. The western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is an extremely shade tolerant tree and it is common to find its seedlings and saplings in the understories of the forest floors. It prefers moist temperate conditions.  As conditions get drier and colder they don't fare as well. Western hemlocks can reach over  in height with a diameter of . They can be identified by their drooping leader at the top of the tree. It is not uncommon to find western hemlocks growing in a row on a nurse log. The Western Hemlock Ecoregion offers an abundance of life.   Black-tailed deer graze in their understories. Fox, coyotes, cougars, and an assortment of herbivore mammals and birds can also be found in these low elevation forests.

Silver Fir Ecoregion

The mid-elevation forests in the North Cascades with an elevation between  is the Silver Fir Ecoregion. The Silver Fir Ecoregion makes up for much of the valleys in the Alpine Lakes area. The average annual temperature in this ecoregion is  and the average precipitation in centimeters is between . Typical montane forests in this ecoregion is dominated by Pacific silver fir and also contains noble fir, Douglas fir, and Alaska yellow-cedar. Coarse woody debris is very characteristic of the Silver Fir Ecoregion, providing microsites for organisms.  The Pacific silver fir zone is in some of the steepest parts of the topography and heavy snow often leads to avalanche gullies. In every major drainage basin along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains there is evidence of avalanche tracks breaking up the forested vegetation with nonforested vegetation. These gullies provide sites of new successional growth as they move toward a coniferous forest again. Because of the dense forests of the Silver Fir Ecoregion, it was the preferred area for commercial logging prior to designation of areas as wilderness.

The Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) is extremely tolerant of shade and does not fare as well in drought or warmer temperatures.  It can grow as high as  and reach  in diameter. The understory communities of the Pacific silver fir can vary depending on moisture availability. Common understory shrubs include the vine maple, salal, Cascade Oregon grape, blueberry, mountain huckleberry, devil's club, and fool's huckleberry. Common understory herbs are bear grass, twin flower, pipsissewa, dwarf dogwood or bunchberry, bead lily, trailing blackberry, low false Solomon's seal, foam flower, trillium, oak fern, and lady fern. The microclimate of the understory is moderated by the forest canopy causing the conditions to be cooler and moister in the summer and warmer in the winter. Pacific silver fir seedlings and saplings are often found growing under their own canopies or those of a mixed canopy forest. Along streams in this ecoregion, breaks in the forest are replaced by mountain alder, willow and vine maple and herbs such as saxifrage, yellow willow-herb, monkey flowers, and bluebells can be found. Mountain alder and vine maple can also be found around lake edges and in areas of flat or gentle slopes, bogs, or marsh habitat. Examples of Pacific silver fir forests can be found in the Commonwealth Basin and the Snow Lake areas of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.

Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion

Moving up in elevation from the Silver Fir Ecoregion, between about  on the west side of the Cascade Range, the ecoregion shifts to the Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion.  This ecoregion has a colder annual average temperature of  with average annual precipitation between . This ecoregion consists of mountain hemlock forests, subalpine meadows, streams, lakes, wetlands and avalanche gullies creating distinct patterns of new succession. In the lower ends of this ecoregion there are continuous closed canopy forests while the higher reaches will see mosaics of meadows with patches of mountain hemlock forests. The mountain hemlock forests consist of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, Alaska yellow-cedar, and Pacific silver fir. Washington's alpine and subalpine areas account for about 4.4% of its total land area.

Progressing upward from the gradient of Silver Fir and Mountain Hemlock ecoregions, the mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) tends to become the dominant conifer, although it may codominate with the Alaska cedar and Pacific silver fir.  Mountain hemlock trees live as long as 1000 years: longer than the Pacific silver fir. Trees between 500 and 700 years may be  tall. Hemlock cones are about  in length and develop at the ends of branches. These conifers are easy to distinguish amongst the others with their dense grayish-green needles. According to Franklin and Dyrness, the understory where the mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir co-dominate is dominated by tall mountain huckleberry; where the Alaska cedar dominates, the understory is dominated by dense collage of rhododendron, huckleberry and mountain ash.

In the higher boundaries of subalpine ecosystem, where the abiotic conditions are more stressful, trees are clumped together in patchy islands. Trees in this area can be recognized by its krummholz form.  Trees of this upper boundary will take on a flag appearance with branches extending from one side indicating the prevailing wind directions.  The skirt height of the trees is indicative of the height of snow cover where branches tend not to grow. There are various reasons as to why these trees take this form.  Strong winds combined with ice particles will cause abrasion scouring the waxy cuticle from one side of the tree creating damage that will prevent branch formation and growth. In addition, the wind will cause desiccation and evaporation in the needles causing branches to die on this side of the trees.

Scattered amongst the island patches of trees in the upper boundaries are parkland areas with showy meadows.  Events such as fire, avalanches, snow slumping and climate change make the boundaries of these areas and the balance of trees and meadows dynamic. The forest islands typically consist of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, and Alaska cedar. Often there are invasions of trees into meadow areas and this reached a peak in the 1930s due to considerable warming. Invasions of meadows by trees can also occur with disturbances.

The beauty of meadows is very popular amongst hikers.  Wildflowers that are found in this ecoregion are the tiger lily, glacier lily, bead lily, queen's cup, columbine, aster, trillium, pearly everlasting, valerian, skyrocket, shooting star, penstemon, lousewort, mountain bog gentian, monkey flower, monkshood, bluebell, bellflower, bleeding heart, Tweedy's lewisia, balsamroot, wild orchids and more.  The wildflowers are at their peak in the meadows and along streams from mid-July to mid-August. The parklands of the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion draw their distinct characteristics from the climate and topography.

The two dominant vegetation types of this mountain region, forests and meadows, have very distinct differences in their microclimates.  The amount of solar radiation and UV exposure can vary substantially in our northern latitude largely based on the time of day, slope, season, cloud cover and vegetation. Temperatures adjust accordingly to this solar radiation and exposure.  The parklands of this montane region have a much larger range of temperatures as compared to the hemlock forests. The range can be as much as  while the range in the forests rarely exceeds . This is due to the canopy of the trees, creating a much more protected environment as compared to the open meadows.  In addition soil temperatures directly impact biological activity affecting soil organisms and root systems. Daily and season temperature changes greatly affect the soils' heat loss and gain. However, the snowpack acts as an insulating buffer against temperature change in soils. The mountain hemlock forests are the wettest and coldest of the Cascade forest zones.

In the richness of this region many animal species pass through this zone at least one season a year such as mountain goat, black-tailed deer, American black bear, elk, cougar, and many bird species. Only the whistling hoary marmot is restricted to alpine and subalpine areas. Besides the richness of mammals there is a richness of insects that are integral to the abundance of flowering plant species in this area. Another important pollinator in this area is the hummingbird. There is still much to be researched and discovered to better understand species interactions and reliance in both the alpine and subalpine ecosystems.

Alpine Ecoregion

The Alpine Ecoregion makes up much of the North Cascades.   Alpine areas such as this are rugged with rocky ridges, snowfields, partially vegetated terrain, and are above the natural treeline. The timberline in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness is found at approximately .  The average annual temperature is  with only a mean annual precipitation of . These conditions along with winds and blowing ice are not conducive for trees. Because of the extreme temperatures and low precipitation there are few plant species as compared to lower elevation ecosystems and they are simpler in structure. However, precipitation, or lack thereof, is a more important limiting factor than temperature. Both plant and animal species have adapted in many different ways to deal with this challenging environment.

This high elevation habitat of high winds, prolonged snow cover, steep terrain, high temperature variability, and intense UV radiation lead to special species adaptations. Alpine regions generally have hypoxic conditions that lead to additional energy expenses for organisms. Increased elevations usually lead to shorter breeding season in animals, as is the case in the alpine ecosystems in the North Cascades.  In addition to the shorter breeding season, wildlife often requires seasonal movement to different elevations in order to find adequate food and habitat. However, species such as the white-tailed ptarmigan, hoary marmots, and pikas remain in high elevations of the Cascades year round left only to go to patchy and scattered alpine vegetation.  The majority of species will move to lower elevations at some time throughout their life history.  Adaptations such as torpor in hummingbirds, the ability of mountain goats and coyotes to camouflage in the landscape, animals developing extra fat deposits, and the raptor's ability to move efficiently in the strong winds illustrate just some of the ways species have been ability to cope with alpine conditions. The white-tailed ptarmigan has an adaption of changing its plumage from  white in the winter to brown in the summer in order to camouflage. Many species in higher elevations produce fewer offspring than in lower elevations but spend more time nurturing their young.

While alpine ecosystems provide challenging abiotic conditions for species there are advantages to animal species to habituate these areas.  In the winter while there is extensive snow pack there are also strong winds that will expose herbaceous stems and seeds for animals to forage on. Insects that are blown up from lower elevations will land on the snow beds in the spring offering much nutrition for birds and other mammals that breed in the alpine. When snowfields melt it creates a gradient of plant phenology which provides emerging vegetation over a period of time for herbivores to feed on and migrate along this line.  Spring foraging is believed to be crucial in the breeding in a number of species such as the mountain goat. Leaf budding and fruiting  in late summer past the edges of snowfields also offer food for the animals that depend  on this area. Black bears, songbirds and marmots in the North Cascades and Alpine Lakes can find cover in lush vegetation in avalanche chutes adjacent to the subalpine forests. There seems to also be evidence that there is a lower rate of parasitism and disease in these  high alpine elevations offering yet another advantage to alpine species.  The alpine grouse is one example of an alpine animal that has few blood infections or intestinal parasites. Other animal species in the summer months will migrate into the higher alpine elevations to avoid insects and forage in the meadows.

Subalpine Fir Ecoregion

The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion, descending down the east-side of the Cascade Range, reaches elevations between . This area has the same mean annual temperature of  as the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion, but a drastically lower annual average precipitation of between  with a much larger portion falling as snow rather than as rain. The ecosystems in this ecoregion are the subalpine fir forests, subalpine meadows, avalanche gullies, and freshwater wetlands, streams and lakes.

The subalpine fir forests in the North Cascades include Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, subalpine larch, and whitebark pine. The Engelmann spruce and the subalpine fir are commonly found together.  In the higher boundaries of this ecoregion the subalpine fir takes on the krummholz form. The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion is characterized by its patches of forest and meadows in its upper range similarly to the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion.

Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion

Descending down the east side of the Cascade Range is the Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion with a very diverse forest.  This forest has the most diverse trees of the forested ecoregions in Washington state which includes grand fir, Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western white pine, whitebark pine, western larch, and subalpine larch. This ecoregion has an annual mean temperature of  and receives between  of precipitation per year. The elevation range of this ecoregion is between .

In the upper regions of this ecoregion, the dominant conifers are the mountain hemlock and subalpine fir and in the lower boundary the grand fir and Douglas fir dominate. There is a variety of  understory vegetation in this ecoregion that includes pinegrass, elk sedge, sedges, low shrubs, vine maple, white alder, and huckleberry. This diverse landscape offers habitat to many species including grazers such as deer, elk, black bear, herbivores, and a variety of birds.

Fauna
A variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds and arthropods are found in the North Cascades. A small number of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) inhabit the far northern Cascades, near the Canada–United States border.  A breeding pack of wolves was confirmed in Okanogan County in 2008, the first such pack in Washington state since the 1930s. Other predator species include mountain lions, black bears, fishers, and wolverines.

Over 75 species of mammals occur in the range, including the mountain goat that lives in the high alpine tundra. Bird species include the bald eagle, osprey, and harlequin duck. Examples of amphibians occurring in the North Cascades include the western toad, Bufo boreas, and the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa. An unusual feature of the rough-skinned newt populations is that approximately ninety percent of the adult population is perennibranchiate.

See also

Alpine Lakes Wilderness
Glacier Peak Wilderness
Henry M. Jackson Wilderness
North Cascades National Park
Ecozones of Canada
Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia

References

North Cascades
North Cascades
Ecoregions of the United States
Ecozones and ecoregions of British Columbia
Natural history of British Columbia
Natural history of Washington (state)


Huyghue is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Douglas Smith Huyghue (1816–1891), Canadian and Australian poet, fiction writer, essayist, and artist
 Michael Huyghue (born 1961), lawyer and American football executive


Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos is a Brazilian geographer. She is a full professor  at the Department of Geography at the University of São Paulo and coordinator of the São Paulo Study Group. Carlos focuses her research on the São Paulo metropolitan area and the spatial transformations which resulted from the area's development.

Published books (in Portuguese)
 Espaço e indústria. São Paulo: Editora Contexto/Edusp, 1ª edição 1992, 4a edição 1992., 5 edição 1995, 7ª edição 1997, 70 p.
 Os Caminhos da Reflexão Sobre a Cidade e o Urbano. Edusp, 1994, 391 p.
 A cidade, São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 1ª edição 1991, 2ª edição 1995. (Coleção Repensando a Geografia), 98 p.
 A (re)produção do espaço urbano. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1994, 270 p.
 O lugar no/do mundo. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1996, 150 p. segunda edição no prelo
 Espaço - tempo na metrópole Editora Contexto, São Paulo, 2001 368 páginas.
 Geografias de São Paulo. Editora Contexto Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos e Ariovaldo Umbelino de Oliveira, 2004, 828 p

References

Brazilian geographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of São Paulo
Women geographers


Eva Jinek (born 13 July 1978) is a Dutch American journalist and television presenter.

Biography
Jinek was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and grew up in Washington, D.C., where she attended Sheridan School. Her family is of Czech descent. Her family decided to move to the Netherlands when she was eleven. Jinek recounts that "before I went to high school, they decided that they would prefer that my brother and I grow up in Europe. I remember it was six weeks until I spoke my first word in Dutch."

After studying American history at the University of Leiden in 2004, she became foreign editor of the Dutch public news network NOS Journaal, where she covered the United States. In addition, since the end of 2007 she anchored the news show NOS Journaal 3. Since the autumn of 2008, Jinek presented the morning and afternoon news bulletins of the NOS. In May of that year she joined with fellow editor Monique van Hoogstraten, the editor of "Het maakbare nieuws," a collection of eighteen stories with foreign journalists, provided in response to the book "Het zijn net mensen" (Almost Human) of journalist-writer Joris Luyendijk.

She is well known for her coverage of the USA, since her work as a co-host of the show 'Amerika Kiest' (America Votes) of the NOS on the U.S. presidential elections, seen from the Netherlands on November 4 and 5th, 2008. Together with Philip Freriks she reported directly from the Occidental Restaurant near the White House. About the preparation of Amerika Kiest, Jinek told TV guide Mikro Gids: "The last weeks before the broadcast Amerika Kiest totally dominated my life, at the end, even 24 hours a day. I was so nervous. It felt like all eyes were on me. I just thought: Oh my god, let me do well. Really well!"

On January 20, 2009, she was the host of the live broadcast on Nederland 1 of the inauguration of Barack Obama as 44th President of the United States.

In early 2010, Jinek was announced as one of the main presenters of the new news show Nieuwsuur (News Hour), alternating with anchor Twan Huys, but her relationship with former criminal defense lawyer Bram Moszkowicz sparked controversy about a conflict of interest, as Moszkowicz often appeared in the news; as a result, Jinek agreed to step down.

She debuted as a radio host on June 4, 2010, for the program  (A Glance at Tomorrow), She hosted the show every Monday night until 2014. On August 28, 2011 Jinek presented her last 6pm bulletin for the NOS.

In 2015 Jinek got her own late night talk show, "Jinek", at 23:00 at the KRO-NCRV. Jinek stayed on as the presenter of her show during her pregnancy in 2018. She took her maternity leave a week earlier than planned. In 2018 she gave birth to a son, Pax.

Since 2020, Jinek has moved from KRO-NCRV to RTL4. At this commercial tv-station, the talkshowhost alternates with Beau van Erven Dorens with her late night talkshow with the same name.

In July 2023, Jinek announced that she had signed a four-year contract with AVROTROS, where she would start work in early 2024 and develop her own programs. Jinek indicated that she was looking forward to it, but wanted to wait to return to work until she had given birth to her second child.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
American television news anchors
American television talk show hosts
American radio personalities
American people of Czech descent
American emigrants to the Netherlands
Dutch television journalists
Dutch television presenters
Dutch television news presenters
Dutch television talk show hosts
Dutch reporters and correspondents
Dutch radio presenters
Dutch women radio presenters
Dutch people of Czech descent
Leiden University alumni
Television personalities from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American women television journalists
Dutch women television presenters
American women television presenters
Dutch women journalists


Ijoko is a town in Sango /Ijoko Local Council Development Area of Ogun State, Western Nigeria, located north of Lagos and south of Abeokuta.

Geography
It is an Ogun State border town with Lagos with large scale businesses and thriving retail businesses, a spill over from the congested mega city of Lagos. Ijoko is originally an Owu-Egba settlement but also accommodating other diverse people.

History
The history of Ijoko otherwise known as Igbo Olowu is linked with that of Sango as they were both the war captives of the allied forces of Owu and Egba on behalf of Abeokuta that conquered Dahomey, Ado-Odo, Atan, Ilobi, Itori, Ota, Ifo, between 1836 and 1853. The territory is customarily administered to date by the Egbas through officials or coronets of either the Alake or the Olowu. The Olota who himself is a coronet of Alake of Abeokuta together with his Chiefs vehemently condemned in 1935 the agitation of the Awori youths on the ownership of Ota District and declared that the Owu – Egbas under the leadership of Alake on behalf of Abeokuta are the owners of Ota by conquest with the Colonial District Officer directed by his boss the Resident Officer for Abeokuta as British Crown Witness. Between 1853 and 1900, Ota was ruled by Egbas through their resident representatives. 1900ff Ota was ruled directly by Alake through his Local Council. The Egba and Owu warriors installed the first Olota – Oyede 1. The Egba resident representatives installed Olota – Isiyemi in 1882. Alake installed Olota – Aina Ako in 1902. Alake installed Olota – Oyede 2nd in 1927 etc. They all paid conditional and compulsory tributes and allegiance to the Alake as his subjects by virtue of Abeokuta’s conquest over Ota opt cite. They were allowed to farm for livelihoods as his subjects and as his tenants under Abeokuta’s Lordship and conquest over the entire Ota District Land. It is therefore an aberration for any family in Ota or Ijoko to be describing themselves as the owner or an Ajagungbale trying to reclaim a land that have been lost by their progenitors in battle and ruled by the Alake through his officials and coronets up to date.
The claim of founding a land that belongs to the Egbas jointly with the Owus since the conquest of the whole of Ota Land in 1839 to 1842 is an affront to the Egbas and an insult to the Alake and the Olowu of Abeokuta. Nobody can lay claim to the ownership of Ota District Land and Chieftaincy titles particularly as an Oba without the consent of the whole of Abeokuta through the Alake after consultations with the other Abeokuta Obas. It is on this note that Ijoko and environ is an Abeokuta Land. No individual family owns Ijoko. A family can only lay claim to a few acres assigned to it for peasant farming in the virgin land, nothing more. It is an Egba Land by conquest under Alake’s trust for Abeokuta. Ajagungbale is a precolonial foreclosure in favour of Abeokuta on the entire Ota District Land which include Ijoko and environ.
Past litigations on the ownership of Ijoko Egbaland have misled the courts and the State Land Office without the input of the Egba-Owu Traditional Councils on behalf of all Owu and Egba nation. These were simply cases between two Ota families that were completely silent or wilfully ignored the above cited facts of history of Abeokuta’s ownership of the Ota District Land. Neither the Alake nor the Olowu were joined in such suits. Whoever sold and is still selling Ijoko Egbaland without the consent of Alake or the Olowu based on Ijoko ownership is making and profiting from acts of illegality. Hence, the genesis of the terrible land and chieftaincy title conflicts going on between a single family versus many Egba and Owu families most of whom are the descendants of the Great Egba and Owu Warriors that conquered the entire Ota District of Abeokuta.
That one of the settlers was made the hamlet leader or imposed himself as one does not make him the founder and owner of Ijoko. In fact, nobody regarded himself as such as the Lordship of the Alake and ownership of the virgin forest was never in contention. It is the modern covetiousness for money and power that made some greedy youths to falsify history. Judicial pronouncements that do not recognise the authentic record of history cannot bring peace in the land. It will only be a theoretical  legal academic exercise.
The Alake and the Olowu must unite because it was unity that gave Abeokuta the victory, the conquest and the ownership of Ota District. They must consult with their kiths and kins who have been on the ground for centuries.
Ijoko's proximity with Lagos have always made it prosperous and civilised.

The Origin of Modern Land Speculation in Ijoko

Transport
It is served by a station on the western network of the national railways since 1912 by virtue of a treaty signed with the United Kingdom by the Alake solely for this purpose as the officially recognised owner of the whole of Ota District Land for Abeokuta. Ijoko is also served by various road networks that leads to neighborhood city of Lagos, Idiroko, Ifo.

See also
 Railway stations in Nigeria

References

Populated places in Ogun State
Towns in Yorubaland


In medicine, a Phrygian cap is the folded portion of some gallbladders that resembles the Phrygian cap (a soft conical cap with the top pulled forward, associated in antiquity with the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia). It is a normal anatomical variant seen in 1-6% of patients. It is caused by a fold in the gallbladder where the gallbladder fundus joins the gallbladder body. Apart from the chance of being mistaken for stones on a sonogram, it has no other medical implications nor does it predispose one to other diseases.
However, due to potential decrease in bile flow, it may warrant a preventive removal of the gallbladder.

References

External links
 Phrygian cap of the gallbladder - Sonoworld

Gastroenterology
Abdomen


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Somaliland face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Somaliland has been a Muslim-majority nation with harsh societal rules. It is dangerous for LGBT people, who face up to the death penalty. Besides, extrajudicial killings, mob lynching is used as an instrument for punishing homosexuals. Somaliland does not recognize same-sex activity abroad.

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity

Italian East Africa

In 1940, Italy conquered British Somaliland and annexed it into the Italian East Africa. While Italy did not have sodomy laws since 1890, the Fascist authorities still punished homosexuals. In 1941, the British reconquered British Somaliland and re-instated their sodomy laws.

British Somaliland

Prior to independence from the British, the Indian Penal Code of 1860 was applied in British Somaliland.

Somali Republic

In 1964, a new penal code came into force in the Somali Republic. The code states that "Whoever has carnal intercourse with a person of the same sex shall be punished, where the act does not constitute a more serious crime, with imprisonment from three months to three years. Where the act committed is an act of lust different from carnal intercourse, the punishment imposed shall be reduced by one-third. The code has since been abolished by the United Kingdom after seeing it as one of the most discriminating laws crafted by a former world power. The United Kingdom has since then legalised homosexuality, civil partnership, and same-sex marriage.

Somaliland

In 1991, Somaliland declared independence. Somaliland continues to apply the 1964 penal code in the country. The non-abolishment of the code is one of the reasons, noted by European scholars, why some advanced European countries won't recognize Somaliland independence.

There are life threatening-events or death sentences in Somaliland and Somalia for LGBT people.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Somaliland does not recognise same-sex marriage, domestic partnerships, or civil unions.

Summary table

See also

LGBT rights in Somalia
LGBT rights in Africa

References

Somaliland
LGBT in Somalia
Law of Somaliland
Society of Somaliland


Agbadi is a village in Benue State, eastern Nigeria.

Geography
The village lies 15 km northeast of Makurdi, the state capital, and is 6 km from the northern shore of the Benue River.

References

External links
 Agbadi on Geonames

Populated places in Benue State


Jean Franklin Banyolag (born June 30, 1988, in Yaoundé) is a Cameroon football player who plays for Yangon United FC.

References

Ivorian men's footballers
1988 births
Living people
Kadji Sports Academy players
Bangnolac Jean Franklin
Bangnolac Jean Franklin
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Expatriate men's footballers in Myanmar
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Thailand
Footballers from Yaoundé
Men's association football midfielders


The Curia Christi ("Court of Christ") or Curia Dei ("Court of God") was a diet or court day (Hoftag) of the Holy Roman Empire held in Mainz on 27 March 1188. It was so called because it was notionally under the presidency of Jesus Christ as king of kings. It was the occasion both for the public resolution of the conflict between Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Archbishop Philip of Cologne and for the emperor's "taking of the cross", when he vowed to lead an army on the Third Crusade.

Sources
The Curia Christi is a well recorded event. It is mentioned in the Royal Chronicle of Cologne, the Chronicle of Magnus of Reichersberg, the Chronicle of Otto of Sankt Blasien and the Chronicle of the Slavs of Arnold of Lübeck. The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and the History of the Pilgrims are the source for the names Curia Christi and Curia Dei, respectively. The History of the Expedition includes the text of a letter sent by Cardinal Henry of Marcy to the nobility of Germany enjoining them to attend the "court of Jesus Christ" (curia Jesu Christi). The same history records that Frederick called the diet on the cardinal's advice and that the name "court of Christ" was Frederick's choice.

Background
The Curia Christi was called to deal with two issues: the conflict, internal to the Empire, between the emperor and the archbishop of Cologne; and the fall of Jerusalem to the Ayyubids. The conflict between emperor and archbishop has been traced to Frederick's privileging the cities of Aachen and Duisburg at the expense of the economy of Cologne. It has also been suggested that the emperor bore a grudge against Philip for engineering the downfall of the emperor's cousin, Henry the Lion, in 1180. Another proposed cause of the conflict was Philip's siding with Pope Urban III over the disputed archbishopric of Trier. Open conflict began when Philip refused to allow an imperial army to cross his territory and Frederick responded by imposing an embargo on Cologne on 25 July 1187.

On 15 August 1187, at a diet in Worms, Frederick began legal proceedings against Philip, who had disobeyed a summons to attend. He was summoned to attend the next diet in Strasbourg, which convened around 1 December 1187. He disobeyed that summons also. At Christmas in Trier, Frederick lamented the fact that he would have to devastate imperial territory to bring Philip to heel. Nevertheless, Philip attending the diet of Nuremberg on 2 February 1188. A final legal decision—and thus Philip's public submission—was postponed to the next diet in Mainz.

The resolution of the conflict was brought about in no small part by the fall of Jerusalem (2 October 1187) and the death of Urban III (20 October). Urban's successor, Gregory VIII, threw himself fully behind a new crusade and moved quickly to resolve his differences with the emperor.

Diet of 27 March 1188 in Mainz
The choice of date for the Curia Christi was loaded with significance. It was scheduled for Laetare Sunday, 27 March, the anniversary of Frederick's coronation as King of the Romans in 1152. The introit for that day's Mass, taken from Isaiah 66:10 ("Rejoice with Jerusalem, and be glad for her, all you who love her; rejoice with her in joy, all you who mourn over her"), aligned perfectly with the purpose of the diet. The designation Curia Christi was Frederick's own. He refused to preside over the assembly himself in acknowledgement of Christ's kingship over kings. There is some doubt, however, whether the throne was really vacant during the diet or whether such references in the sources are literary devices not to be taken literally.

Protection of Jews
Attendees began arriving in Mainz on 9 March. According to a letter sent by Rabbi Moses ha-Cohen of Mainz to his brother-in-law, Eleazar of Worms, a mob gathered in the marketplace intending to invade the Jewish quarter on 26 March (Sabbath). It was dispersed by the imperial marshal Henry of Kalden. The rabbi then met with the emperor, who issued an edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. After the diet, on 29 March, Frederick and Rabbi Moses rode together through the streets of Mainz to demonstrate that the Jews had imperial protection. Frederick's measures were successful. While the First and Second Crusades in Germany had been marred by violence against the Jews and the Third Crusade itself occasioned an outbreak of violence against the Jews in England, there was no such violence in Germany in 1188.

Peace between emperor and archbishop
At the diet, peace was made between Frederick and Philip by Cardinal Henry of Marcy. Philip had to swear three oaths: two for his absence at Worms and Strasbourg and one for his defiance of an imperial prohibition on taxing the Jews. He also had to pay a fine of 2,000 marks to Frederick personally and another 200 marks to the court. Symbolically, he was ordered to destroy one of Cologne's gates and to fill in its moat at four places. These symbolic orders were intended only to publicly demonstrated Philip's submission; they were rescinded by imperial prerogative the following day (28 March). Less symbolically, the citizens of Cologne were ordered to destroy their newly built wall in four places. This order was not rescinded.

Crusade
Following the submission of Philip, a letter concerning the fall of Jerusalem was read to the assembly and Bishop Godfrey of Würzburg preached a crusade sermon. Henry of Marcy, who had been charged with preaching the crusade in Germany, probably also read out Gregory VIII's letter Audita tremendi authorising a new crusade. Frederick then asked the assembly whether he should go to the aid of the beleaguered Kingdom of Jerusalem. At the insistence of the assembly, Frederick "took the cross" from Henry of Marcy. He was followed by his son, Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, and by Duke Frederick of Bohemia, Duke Leopold V of Austria, Landgrave Louis III of Thuringia and a host of bishops, lords and knights.

In accordance with the pope's instructions, Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans". He set the period of preparation for 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled a general muster at Regensburg for 23 April 1189, another day of symbolic significance since it was the feast of Saint George, patron saint of knights. To prevent the crusade from degenerating into an undisciplined mob, participants were required to have at least three marks of funding, enough to support oneself for two years.

In a separate piece of business, the Curia Christi summoned the disgraced Henry the Lion to attend the diet of Goslar (25 July–8 August 1188). He was given the option of complete restoration if he joined the crusade. He refused and went into exile in England.

References

Bibliography

Third Crusade
1180s in the Holy Roman Empire
1188 in Europe
History of Mainz
Conferences
Imperial Diets (Holy Roman Empire)


Banny may refer to:

People
Banny deBrum (1956–2011), ambassador of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United States
Charles Konan Banny, former Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire
Jean Konan Banny, Ivorian politician

Places
Additionally, Banny (masculine), Bannaya (feminine), or Bannoye (neuter) may refer to:

Bannoye, until 1938, name of Sviatohirsk, a town in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
Banny, Russia (Bannoye), several rural localities in Russia
Lake Bannoye, a lake in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia

See also
Bani (disambiguation)


LATAM may refer to:

 LATAM Airlines Group, an airline holding company created by the merger of LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines
 LATAM Airlines, the Chilean subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group, its largest international subsidiary
 LATAM Airlines Chile, a domestic subsidiary of LATAM Chile
 LATAM Cargo Chile, the cargo carriage section of LATAM Chile
 LATAM Argentina, the defunct Argentine subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group
 LATAM Brasil, the Brazilian subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group
 LATAM Cargo Brasil, the cargo carriage section of LATAM Brasil
 LATAM Colombia, the Colombian subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group
 LATAM Cargo Colombia, the cargo carriage section of LATAM Colombia
 LATAM Ecuador, the Ecuadorian subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group
 LATAM Paraguay, the Paraguyan subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group
 LATAM Perú, the Peruvian subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group
 LATAM Challenge Series, an auto racing series based in Mexico
 LATAM Cargo Mexico, the former name of Mas Air or just Mas, a Mexican cargo airline formerly  affiliated with LATAM Airlines Group
 An abbreviation for Latin America in general


{{Infobox road
|state=ME
|type=ME
|route=115
|map=
|map_custom=yes
|length_mi=18.02
|length_ref=
|established=
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a= in North Windham
|junction={{plainlist|
 at Windham/Gray town line<ref name="delorme">DeLorme Mapping Company 'The Maine Atlas and Gazetteer'' 13th Edition (1988)  map 5</ref>
 in Gray
 in Gray
 in North Yarmouth
 in North Yarmouth
}}
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b= in Yarmouth
|counties= Cumberland
|previous_type=ME
|previous_route=114
|next_type=ME
|next_route=116
}}State Route 115 (SR 115''') is a  state highway in southern Maine, United States.  It runs west to east for just over , from U.S. Route 302 (US 302) and SR 35 in North Windham to SR 88 in Yarmouth.

Route description

SR 115 serves as the primary entrance to North Windham village from the east.  Within North Windham, it crosses a bridge over Ditch Brook marking the location of a terminal moraine formerly containing Little Sebago Lake until destroyed by a flood on June 4, 1814.  SR 115 becomes concurrent with US 202/SR 4 at the Gray town line and parallels the west bank of the Pleasant River through West Gray until reaching Gray village after an interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95) / Maine Turnpike. SR 115 separates from US 202 as the easterly road of the five-way intersection at Gray village and proceeds southeasterly paralleling the west bank of the Royal River through Walnut Hill in North Yarmouth, where it is known as Gray Road. SR 115 is known as West Main Street as it enters the town of Yarmouth, crossing the Maine Central Railroad Back Road and Lower Road a short distance northeast of their separation at Royal Junction.

Major intersections

References

External links

Floodgap Roadgap's RoadsAroundME: Maine State Route 115

115
Transportation in Cumberland County, Maine


Libertas France is the name given to the activities of Declan Ganley's Libertas Party in France. Unlike Libertas in other countries, Libertas France was not a political party in its own right. Instead, candidates from Mouvement pour la France (MPF) and Chasse, Pêche, Nature et Traditions (CPNT) contended the 2009 European Parliament elections in France under common lists branded with the Libertas identity.  The candidates retained their membership of their national parties and the national parties retained their legal identity.

Formation
On 12 February 2009, European Voice (now part of Politico Europe) reported that Mouvement pour la France, the party of Philippe de Villiers and Paul-Marie Couteaux, would rename itself to Libertas for the 2009 elections. Later, the position was clarified: candidates would retain their national party membership but would run for election under Libertas lists, in a manner analogous to existing Europarties. Ganley held a press conference on 11 March 2009 in which members of MPF and CPNT announced their intentions to stand under Libertas lists in French constituencies in the 2009 European Parliament elections. Jérôme Rivière was named as the campaign director of Libertas France.  During the press conference, Villiers (MPF) and Frédéric Nihous (CPNT) laid out the issues on which they would campaign: anti-Lisbon Treaty, pro-Fortress Europe, (périmètre de l’Europe) and anti-Turkish accession to the EU.

The affiliation of MPF to Libertas was not unanimously supported: 32 federation presidents signed a motion of no confidence against Philippe de Villiers. Paul-Marie Coûteaux, the existing MPF MEP for Île-de-France who had been dropped as head of the list in favor of Jérôme Rivière, also voiced his disapproval.

Staff

Issues
On 12 March 2009, Philippe de Villiers and Frédéric Nihous gave a joint statement. They objected to a France-supported draft January 27 European Union regulation on oenological practices that allowed the blending of white wine and red wine to produce rosé wine.

Candidates

Results

See also
Jens-Peter Bonde
Declan Ganley
2009 European Parliament election
Treaty of Lisbon

References

External links
Libertas France candidates for the 2009 European Parliament elections
Libertas France (official site)

Political parties established in 2009
Libertas.eu
Euroscepticism in France
2009 establishments in France


Chops is an album by the American jazz guitarist Joe Pass and double bassist Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen that was released in 1979.

Reception

Writing for Allmusic, music critic Scott Yanow wrote of the album "Pass in particular sounds stimulated during this session and comes up with some of his hottest playing."

Track listing
"Have You Met Miss Jones?" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 5:00
"Oleo" (Sonny Rollins) – 5:07
"Lover Man" (Jimmy Davis, Roger "Ram" Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman) – 5:35
"L5 Blues" (Joe Pass, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) – 5:09
"Come Rain or Come Shine" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) – 4:20
"Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars" (Antônio Carlos Jobim, Gene Lees) – 5:16
"Tricrotism" (Oscar Pettiford) – 6:05
"Old Folks" (Dedette Lee Hill, Willard Robison) – 4:48
"Yardbird Suite" (Charlie Parker) – 3:34
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) – 5:30

Personnel
 Joe Pass - guitar
 Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen – double bass
Technical
Robert Golding - engineer
Phil Stern - photography

References

External links
Joe Pass Memorial Hall

1978 albums
Joe Pass albums
albums produced by Norman Granz
Pablo Records albums


"Chinese drywall" refers to an environmental health issue involving defective drywall manufactured in China, imported to the United States and used in residential construction between 2001 and 2009 affecting "an estimated 100,000 homes in more than 20 states".

In samples of contaminated drywall, laboratory tests will detect off-gassing of volatile chemicals and sulfurous gases — including carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide.  The emissions worsen as temperature and humidity rise, will give off a sulfuric (rotten egg) odor and will cause copper surfaces to turn black and powdery, a chemical process indicative of a hydrogen sulfide reaction and an early indication of contaminated drywall. Copper pipes, electrical wiring, and air conditioner coils are affected, as well as silver jewelry.

Homeowners have reported health symptoms including respiratory problems such as asthma attacks, chronic coughing and difficulty breathing, as well as chronic headaches and sinus issues.

Background
Drywall, also known as plasterboard, is a building material typically consisting of gypsum-based plaster extruded between two thick sheets of paper and kiln-dried.

Drywall was imported by the United States during the construction boom between 2004 and 2007, spurred by a shortage of American-made drywall due to the rebuilding demand of nine hurricanes that hit Florida from 2004 to 2005, and widespread damage caused along the Gulf Coast by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

An analysis covering drywall imports since January 2006 showed that more than  of Chinese drywall was brought into the United States since then, enough to build 60,000 average-sized homes.

Homeowners alleging contaminated drywall have reported numerous incidents of corroding copper and other metals in their homes. The Florida Department of Health advised homeowners worried about tainted drywall to check copper tubing coils located in air conditioning and refrigeration units for signs of corrosion caused by hydrogen sulfide, as these are usually the first signs of the issue. Under normal circumstances, copper corrosion leaves it a blue/green or dark red color, whereas corrosion as a result of hydrogen sulfide exposure leaves a black ash-like corrosion. Homeowners who have verified that their home contains contaminated Chinese drywall are advised to replace any suspect drywall, as well as any potentially damaged copper electrical wiring, fire alarm systems, copper piping, and gas piping.

Affected locales
In the United States, most complaints have come from states in the Southeast, where a warm and humid climate seems to encourage the emissions. According to published reports, "Chinese drywall was used in the construction of thousands of homes, mainly in the South, after a series of hurricanes in 2005 and before the housing bubble burst."

The states of Florida (56%), Louisiana (18%), Mississippi (6%) and Alabama (6%) made up 86% of the 3,952 cases reported to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as of April 19, 2012.
More than 700 complaints had been filed with the Florida Department of Health. Sources estimated that from 60,000 to 100,000 homes could be affected.

The CPSC has released a guide for identifying the symptoms of a home affected by the problem drywall.

Sources
Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin Co., Ltd., part of Knauf Gips KG, has been identified as a major producer of imported Chinese drywall. Though a number of other Chinese companies are believed to have produced defective drywall, Knauf's name comes up most frequently, because the company prints its name on its products. Much of the other contaminated drywall has no markings, making it difficult to identify its origin.

Dramatic increases in new home construction, coupled with the reconstruction effort after hurricane damage, led to a soaring increase in the quantity of imported Chinese drywall. Time magazine reported that more than  of drywall was imported from China from 2006 to 2009, including much from the known principal manufacturer of the contaminated drywall, Knauf. However, domestic drywall manufacturing averages over  per year, leaving imported Chinese drywall with only a small portion of the market. It is estimated that this imported drywall has been used to construct approximately 60,000 homes.

From January to September 2006,  of Knauf drywall were unloaded in New Orleans, three-quarters of it from Knauf Tianjin, and at least  of Knauf drywall was shipped directly from China to Florida ports.

Drywall usually has a source printed on the back.  Chinese drywall may be marked "Made in China", "China", "Knauf Tianjin", or have no marking at all. A home may have been built with drywall from several sources, American and imported.

In April 2009, home improvement stores The Home Depot and Lowe's confirmed from their suppliers that no drywall sold in their stores was imported from China. Lowes did eventually settle lawsuits by offering up to $100,000 for each affected home but denied selling Chinese drywall.

On November 23, 2009, CBS News reported that they had done a drywall study to compare American and Chinese drywall.  Random samples of new American-made drywall in six U.S. cities, new Chinese-made drywall from China, and samples of drywall from five damaged U.S. homes were collected and sent to the University of Florida to be tested by a team of researchers led by professor Tim Townsend, a scientist and leading expert on the effects of drywall on the environment. The report results stated:

Federal inquiries
Discussions began in January 2009 between the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Florida officials.
In February 2009, U.S. Senator Bill Nelson of Florida sent a letter to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and the EPA, asking them to jointly investigate whether the Chinese drywall is toxic, and to determine the extent of potential damage to homes.  The Consumer Product Safety Commission launched a formal investigation.

In April 2009, as concerns about the defective drywall grew, Senator Nelson of Florida and Senator Mary Landrieu of Louisiana jointly introduced a resolution and bill urging the Consumer Product Safety Commission to recall Chinese-made drywall and temporarily ban its import.

In May 2009, the U.S. House of Representatives passed an amendment to the Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act (H.R. 1728) that would require the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to study the effects of tainted Chinese drywall on foreclosures and the availability of property insurance. This measure did not pass as a standalone bill, but was incorporated into the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Subtitle H (Miscellaneous Provisions), Section 1494), signed into law on July 21, 2010.

In November 2009, the CPSC reported on an indoor air study conducted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) comparing 41 "complaint" homes in five states with 10 control homes built around the same time. The report found a "strong association" between the imported drywall and levels of hydrogen sulfide gas and metal corrosion in the complaint homes.

Potential causes

Lab comparisons of Chinese- and American-made drywall show significantly higher levels of pyrite in the Chinese material. This suggests that pyrite oxidation may be the source of the sulfur compounds released by Chinese drywall.

The problems have been attributed to the use of fly ash in the drywall, which degrades in the presence of heat and moisture; although United States' drywall uses fly ash as well, the process used creates a cleaner final product.

According to a 2010 laboratory study, one hundred percent of affected drywall samples obtained from homes located in the southeastern United States tested positive for the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an iron and sulfur reducing bacterium. Samples of non-contaminated drywall were found to contain only minuscule levels of A. ferrooxidans.

Forensic analyses suggest that disproportionation of elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid, caused by bacteria, was the primary cause of the malodors.

Potential health concerns

There are few studies exploring the effects of long-term low-level exposure to sulfur gases. However, it is believed that short-term exposure, over the period of a few hours, can result in sore throat, eye irritation, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and nausea. Long term exposure, over a period of weeks, is believed to cause chronic fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite, dizziness, irritability, headaches, and memory loss.

The Center for Disease Control, in collaboration with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, released a guide indicating the residents of affected homes reported irritated and itchy eyes and skin, difficulty breathing, persistent cough, bloody noses, runny noses, recurrent headaches, sinus infection, and asthma attacks.

Scam warnings
The Florida Attorney General's office has warned of several deceptive practices targeted at homeowners, including bogus test kits, home inspection offers, ozone generators and chemical cleaners. The warnings point out that the presence of defective drywall cannot be determined by testing a home's air, or corrected by chemical sprays or ozone generators.

More recently, news reports have pointed out "convicted scammers, thieves and uncertified workers who illegally pose as licensed contractors" and profit from homeowner confusion and panic.  The Palm Beach Post found that of 47 remediation and inspection companies checked, 26 were created since January 2009, and only 18 of the 47 were run by licensed contractors.  In Florida, lack of legal regulation allows anyone to "remediate" drywall problems, regardless of training or professional qualifications.

Lawsuits
Class action lawsuits claiming respiratory problems and headaches have been filed by Florida homeowners against home builders, drywall suppliers, and a Chinese drywall manufacturer.

In October 2010, U.S. District Judge Eldon E. Fallon in New Orleans endorsed a settlement in which Knauf Group will pay for the repair of 300 homes of the 3,000 involved in one particular case. Several insurance companies are participating in the agreement. The homes are in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi, but no Texas and Virginia homes are affected by the agreement.

Home supply retailer Lowe's has denied claims that they have sold contaminated drywall imported from China. Numerous class action lawsuits were brought against the company, and as of October 28, 2010, Lowe's has agreed to a settlement that may award victims up to $100,000 for damages caused by contaminated drywall purchased at their stores.

Insurance coverage and tax deductions
Controversy has arisen over whether the damage will be covered under the insurance policies for home insurance or general liability insurance. In March 2010, a New Orleans judge ruled that the damage was covered under a home insurance policy. It is unknown whether the general liability insurance will cover the claims. The standard policy contained an exception to an exclusion for pollution which allowed coverage if the pollution came from the products of the insured, but insurers had revised the policies to incorporate a "total pollution exclusion" which has no exception. Even without a total pollution exclusion, around 2005 insurers began inserting another provision  to deny construction defect claims. Whether or not insurance coverage will be granted generally depends on state law and a state court's interpretation, but in this case may be determined for multiple states under the Louisiana multiple district litigation (MDL) overseen by a federal court.

On September 30, 2010, the Internal Revenue Service announced it would provide tax relief for homeowners affected by property damage caused by imported Chinese drywall. The IRS has categorized the copper corrosion from the sulfur gasses emitted by the imported drywall as "casualty loss", and is in a similar category to property damage after a catastrophic event, such as a hurricane. However, homeowners can only claim a deduction after repairing the affected area(s), and much controversy has arisen because of the great out-of-pocket expense to affected homeowners.

Radioactivity concerns
Early reporting raised concerns about the presence of phosphogypsum, gypsum formed as a by-product of processing phosphate ore into fertilizer with sulfuric acid. Phosphogypsum is radioactive due to the presence of naturally occurring uranium and radium in the phosphate ore. The substance has been banned for use in U.S construction since 1989.
Tests of drywall samples by the EPA and the Florida Department of Health showed radioactivity at levels no higher than those ordinarily found in the natural environment.

References

External links

Step-by-Step Self-Assessment Guide for signs that a home may be affected by drywall imported from China, Florida Department of Health
Isolation of Sulfur Reducing and Oxidizing Bacteria Found in Contaminated Drywall, International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Lowe's Drywall Settlement
Louisiana: Chinese Drywall Maker Settles Claims
Then the Walls Closed In | How Chinese drywall turned dream homes into nightmares
Case Study: Microbial Ecology and Forensics of Chinese Drywall-Elemental Sulfur Disproportionation as Primary Generator of Hydrogen Sulfide, Microbial Ecology

Health disasters in China
Health disasters in the United States
Scandals in China
2009 health disasters
Product liability


Clarke City may refer to:
Clarke City, California, former name of Greenfield, California
Clarke City, Quebec


Walter Ronald Sewell (19 July 1890 – 4 February 1945) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Gainsborough Trinity, Burnley, Blackburn Rovers and England.

Life and career
Sewell was born in Middlesbrough. He began his football career with Gainsborough Trinity of the Football League Second Division, but did not appear for the first team, and spent the 1910–11 season with North-Eastern League club Wingate Albion. In the summer of 1911 he returned to Gainsborough Trinity on professional terms, and immediately became a regular member of their first team in what proved to be the club's final season in the Football League, missing only one of the 38 League matches.

The following season he joined Burnley, for whom he appeared in their 1914 FA Cup Final victory against Liverpool, although he never really established himself as a first-team regular in a Turf Moor career which was interrupted by the First World War. In all, he made a total of only 23 Football League appearances for Burnley over a seven-year period.

During the 1919–20 season he was transferred to near-neighbours Blackburn Rovers, where he remained until 1927 and where he enjoyed the best of his football career, making 227 Football League appearances for the club and winning one full international cap for England. The match, against Wales on 3 March 1924, was played at Blackburn's Ewood Park ground, and England lost 2–1.

After leaving Blackburn Rovers, Sewell re-joined Gainsborough Trinity and was a member of their Midland League championship-winning side of 1927–28. Whilst playing for Gainsborough in an away Midland League match against Doncaster Rovers Reserves on 9 March 1929, he sustained a hand injury that eventually prompted his retirement from football. By the time his playing days ended, he had become licensee of the Cattle Market Hotel in Lincoln.

Sewell died in Lincoln County Hospital in 1945 aged 54.

Honours
Burnley
FA Cup winners: 1914

References

1890 births
Footballers from Middlesbrough
1945 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
English Football League players
Burnley F.C. wartime guest players