Roger Dawson (born March 19, 1940) is a jazz percussionist, conga drummer, bandleader, and jazz composer. He was a leading jazz and salsa disc jockey in the US and was acknowledged as being at the forefront of New York's salsa music explosion of the seventies and early eighties. He was the creator of the long-running "Salsa Meets Jazz" concert series at New York's Village Gate club.

Early life

At fourteen, he was influenced by the jazz and Latin music radio shows of Gene Norman over KFI and Chico Sesma, respectively, on radio station KALI. Roger recalls going to Gene Norman's concerts at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium to see Erroll Garner, Miles Davis with John Coltrane, and the "West Coast jazz" sounds of Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All Stars, Shorty Rogers and the Giants, Gerry Mulligan, and the Chet Baker Quartet.  Gene Norman also owned "The Crescendo" jazz club on the Sunset Strip in Hollywood, where on his fourteenth birthday Roger met vibraphonist Cal Tjader and the great Cuban conguero Armando Peraza, who so impressed Roger that he pleaded for Peraza to begin teaching him Afro-Cuban conga drum technique.

Dawson transferred to John Muir High School in Pasadena, California, where he met fellow students Vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, Bassist Herbie Lewis, and pianist Nat Brown. With Roger on drums, they formed a quartet called "The Jazz Monitors" and performed at venues in the Los Angeles area until they graduated from John Muir in 1958.

Early radio career
Following high school, Dawson served in the U.S. Army and was an announcer for the Armed Forces radio network in Europe. On leave in Amsterdam, Roger ran into Bob Whitlock, the original bassist for the Gerry Mulligan Quartet, who had received a scholarship to the Sorbonne in Paris. Bob and Roger travelled to Paris, where Bob brought Dawson to the Blue Note Jazz Club, where they performed with bebop pianist Bud Powell.

Leaving the service in 1961, Dawson returned to California and the La Jolla/San Diego area, where he went to work for jazz radio station KFMX as a deejay and account executive. In 1963, Roger became the General Manager of San Diego radio station KJLM, which he changed to a 24-hour "straight ahead" jazz format, changing the call letters to KDIG, and won the Billboard Jazz Station award in June 1965.

Jazz and salsa musician

In November 1966, after a conversation with John Coltrane at the "It Club" in Los Angeles in 1965, Dawson gave up his General Manager radio position and went to New York to play jazz, joining his high school pals Herbie Lewis and Bobby Hutcherson who had moved to New York while he had been in the service. He lived on Harlem's Sugar Hill and pursued his studies of the conga drum and Afro Cuban percussion with Jose Valiente, Carlos Valdes (Patato), Jose Mangual, Frankie Malabe and Milton Cardona. He joined Frankie Dante's Orquesta Flamboyan Salsa group on congas and performed with many of the top salsa bands from Tito Puente (see photo). Machito, Típica 73, Fajardo, Orquesta Broadway, Angel Canales, Dave Valentin, Joe Cuba, Cortijo just to name a few. He co-composed the salsa tune "Iguales" with Rubén Blades that was recorded by Orquesta Guarere.

Dawson continued to be active with respect to his jazz roots  performing with jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal, Ray Nance, the Gil Evans Orchestra, McCoy Tyner, Roy Haynes, Hannibal Marvin Peterson, Kenny Barron, Billy Harper, Cedar Walton, Herbie Lewis, Freddie Hubbard, Bobby Hutcherson, Sam Rivers, Rashied Ali, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Hilton Ruiz with George Coleman and toured with jazz saxophonist Archie Shepp in several of Archie's avant-garde bands that featured such players as Jimmy Garrison, Beaver Harris, Dave Burrell, Grachan Moncur III, Walter Davis Jr., Art Taylor, Hilton Ruiz, John Betsch and Santi Debriano; recording with Carla Bley and the Jazz Composers' Orchestra (the epic Escalator over the Hill) with Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, Gato Barbieri, Paul Motian and many others.

Development of an original conga style
Having started his musical training as a post-bop trap player upon arriving in New York in 1965, Dawson combined authentic Afro-Cuban technique, which he had learned from his studies with Patato Valdes, Armando Peraza, Frankie Malabe, Milton Cardona, Tommy Lopez, and others, into the jazz idioms of the 1960s and 1970s, including the Free Jazz Avant Garde movement started in early 1960s Los Angeles by Ornette Coleman.

The now defunct Slug's, located on East 3rd Street, was the Mecca for these New York avant-garde musicians, and Dawson's long association with Archie Shepp's band at Slug's, together with drummer Beaver Harris aggressive high-energy percussive forays, took the band into exploration of improvised non-traditional "rolling" or "rubato" tempos that could surge or recede based upon interaction with the improvisation of the other players. This led Roger to pursue further experimental "free" playing with Sam Rivers, The Jazz Composers Orchestra, and the Ted Danial Energy Big Band, which performed weekly at Rashied Ali's SoHo Jazz Club, "Ali's Alley," during the late 1970's.

Dawson adapted non-traditional tempos such as 7/4 and 9/4, creating patterns incorporating the elements of authentic Afro-Cuban conga technique into these non-traditional rhythms. He utilized mixtures of 4/4, 6/8, 12/8, 7/4 and 9/4 in many of his own compositions with his own group and with close friend Hilton Ruiz, who was also interested in expanding the "typical" jazz or Afro-Cuban rhythm structures.

New York radio years
In 1975, while continuing to perform on congas, Dawson returned to jazz broadcasting as a jazz deejay and account executive on New York's WRVR where he hosted the highest rated New York jazz radio show on the station on Saturday (Fall '75 Arbitron New York radio ratings). Because of his knowledge of Latin music, he created Roger Dawson's Sunday Salsa Show which began on May 18, 1975 and, according to the Arbitron Radio Ratings Service, became the highest rated Sunday radio show in the New York market with over one quarter of a million listeners every Sunday from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm. The show could be heard from one end of Central Park to the other, Brooklyn's Coney Island and Prospect Park, Orchard Beach in the Bronx, the New Jersey Shore and north to Bridgeport and Stamford, Connecticut.

Due to his multiethnic audience, salsa album sales began to soar. While Roger Dawson was on WRVR the New York salsa club scene flourished with clubs located in every borough of New York, nearby New Jersey's Latin metro areas and most of these clubs often competed by featuring multiple live 11 and 12 piece name salsa bands most nights of the week. Many critics feel he was responsible for putting salsa on the map as he was the only deejay on New York commercial FM radio playing this music at that time. (John J O'Connor and Robert Palmer, N.Y. Times)
In addition to playing historical cuts of vintage Cuban (Antonio Arcano, Benny Moré, Orquesta Aragón, Sonora Matancera, Cachao, Los Papines), and Puerto Rican music and Bomba and Plena rhythms (Ramito, Mon Rivera, and others) while explaining the evolution of modern salsa, he also broke the new albums of New York's emerging roster of Salsa performers.
 From the Bronx, The Palmieri brothers, Willie Colón, Spanish Harlem's Tito Puente, Ray Barretto and Joe Cuba, Brooklyn's LeBrón Brothers and New York's own Fania All-Stars, Orquesta Broadway, Tipica Novel, Tipica Ideal, Charanga America, Típica 73, Chino Rodriguez, Cuban transplants Celia Cruz, Machito, José Fajardo, Miguelito Valdes, René Touzet and Mongo Santamaría, Puerto Rican transplants Héctor Lavoe, Ismael Rivera, Ángel Canales, Adalberto Santiago, Ismael Quintana, Tito Rodríguez, Ismael Miranda, Rafael Cortijo, Kako, Tito Allen, Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez, from the Dominican Republic Johnny Pacheco and José Alberto "El Canario" and Panama transplant Rubén Blades joined by several non-Hispanic New York salsa stars Larry Harlow, Barry Rogers, Skip Farnsworth, Ronnie Cuber and Louie Kahn.
 From outside New York Puerto Rico's El Gran Combo, The Puerto Rican All Stars, Cheo Feliciano, Pellín Rodríguez, Lalo Rodríguez, Andy Montañez, Marvin Santiago, Frankie Ruiz, Willie Rosario, Bobby Valentín, Papo Lucca, Roberto Roena, Tito Rojas, Luigi Texidor, Venezuela's Oscar D'León, Columbia's Fruko y sus Tesos, Grupo Niche, and Grupo Gale.

Dawson created a blend of Latin jazz cuts by artists such as Cal Tjader, Dizzy Gillespie, Chico O’Farrill, Mongo Santamaría, Mark Weinstein (who contributed one of his originals as one of Roger's themes), Dave Valentin, Clare Fischer, Poncho Sanchez, Grover Washington and others mixed with the more "tipico" singer dominated Salsa bands.  Often called "Rogelio" (Roger in Spanish), Chino y su Conjunto Melao wrote one of his theme songs: "Rogelio Tiene La Salsa" which became a salsa standard at the time. Dawson also pressured the record companies to produce quality product. For example, to save a few bucks some record companies had produced albums where the piano was out of tune which Dawson refused to give air play. He was also instrumental in exposing new and innovative salsa performers and projects such as "Grupo Folklorico Y Experimental Nuevayorquino", Manny Oquendo's Conjunto Libre, the sophisticated work of pianist arranger Jorge Millet, and the original bilingual approach of Angel Canales who could not get airplay on other commercial stations until his exposure on Roger's show broke his albums.

The readers of Latin New York Magazine, New York's monthly magazine for salsa enthusiasts, voted Roger Dawson "The best Radio Show and Deejay" for four years in a row from 1976 to 1979. (Latin New York Music Awards) He was awarded a "Citation" by Manhattan Borough President Andrew Stein for his work "in support of numerous vital community projects" such as Johnny Colon's East Harlem Music School which took Hispanic kids off the streets of Spanish Harlem and taught them how to play Salsa.

In the early sixties Symphony Sid Torin had a Latin show on late night AM radio and hosted Latin music Monday night concerts at The Village Gate. Because of his jazz background, Dawson came up with an updated concept of having a jazz soloist sit in with a salsa band and created the name "Salsa Meets Jazz". He then took this concept to the Village Gate as host for his weekly Monday night concerts in which he often participated on congas. Roger's "Salsa Meets Jazz" concert series featured such legendary jazz figures as Dexter Gordon, Sonny Stitt, Dizzy Gillespie, James Moody, Frank Wess, Pharoah Sanders, Slide Hampton, Dawson's high school pal Bobby Hutcherson and at that time, the young Wynton Marsalis. The weekly concert series at the "Gate" ran from the late seventies well into the eighties. Although originated by Roger Dawson, the name "Salsa Meets Jazz" can still be seen as promoters "borrow" his term to promote concerts or albums.

Dawson was often the host at Salsa Festivals and Fania All-Stars concerts at Madison Square Garden and in one of the concerts he was featured as a guest soloist on congas with Johnny "Dandy" Rodriguez Jr and his Típica 73 all star conga section featuring Johnny, Cachete Maldonado and Jose Grajales. He also hosted several Latin jazz concerts at the Beacon Theatre with Cal Tjader that featured Cal reunited with Willie Bobo and Mongo Santamaría.

In 1979, Dawson was aboard a private chartered jet to Havana, Cuba to participate in the historic "Havana Jam" cultural exchange concerts held at the Karl Marx Theater in Havana. He accompanied the CBS Jazz All Stars, Dexter Gordon, Stan Getz, Woody Shaw, Tony Williams, Willie Bobo, Percy Heath, Hubert Laws, Cedar Walton, Jimmy Heath, Arthur Blythe, Bobby Hutcherson, John McLaughlin, Eric Gale, Weather Report with Wayne Shorter, Joe Zawinul, Jaco Pastorius and Peter Erskine, The Fania All-Stars, with Johnny Pacheco, Héctor Lavoe, Rubén Blades, Pete "El Conde" Rodriguez, Roberto Roena and Papo Lucca, along with Billy Joel, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Stephen Stills.

Roger and fellow conguero Eddie Montalvo, who was with the Fania All-Stars, were invited to join in during an epic conga jam hosted by the Cuban band Irakere led by Chucho Valdés which at that time featured Paquito D'Rivera and Arturo Sandoval before they were eventually able to defect from Cuba and move to the United States. (D'Rivera in 1981 and Sandoval in 1990) Roger was also able to play with the Abreu brothers (Los Papines) during the trip.

The trip had to be arranged in secret under very tight security as the right-wing Cuban community in the U.S. had threatened those that would participate in cultural exchanges with the Castro government at that time. The U.S. State Department had also warned that those who traveled to Cuba did so at their own risk as there were no formal relations between the U.S. and Cuba. After arrival in Havana, Cuban authorities maintained tight surveillance and control of the Americans. Care had to be exercised in conversations with many Cuban musicians who confided that they wanted to defect to the U.S.

In September 1980 without any notice Viacom changed the format of WRVR from jazz to country music with the famous segue of September eighth at 10:00 am of Charlie Mingus to Waylon Jennings and that was the end of Roger Dawson's successful jazz and salsa shows on WRVR-FM which had often been sold out of 15 commercial spots per hour at the highest rates on the station. Hoping to acquire some of that revenue, Dawson was hired by all Spanish-language AM radio station WJIT as the only "bilingual" program at that station with Dawson continuing to play his salsa hits. However the low quality of AM non-stereo radio music never generated the ratings of his FM show and his show was discontinued by WJIT in 1982.

Bandleader
Dawson continued to play and compose and appeared at George Wien's 1983 Kool Jazz Festival in New York with his own jazz septet, playing his compositions featuring Hilton Ruiz, piano, Claudio Roditi, brass, John Purcell, reeds, Anthony Cox, bass, John Betsch, drums, and Milton Cardona on percussion. (Reviewed by Jon Pareles, N.Y. Times, and Tony Sabournin, Latin N.Y.) This group was featured on his album Roger Dawson Septet "New York Time," recorded by Rudy Van Gelder at his Englewood, New Jersey studio.

Retirement

In the mid-eighties, Roger Dawson returned to the business side of broadcasting as an account executive in national radio sales with Katz Radio (now Katz Communications) for ten years. He then moved to CBS Radio Representatives as the New York office team manager, where he was hired away by Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation to be the director of marketing for its two New York radio properties.

Recently, Dawson moved to Metairie, Louisiana, adjacent to New Orleans. He still composes, plays the piano, and plans to become involved with jazz education and the development of jazz public broadcasting in New Orleans.

References

 Billboard, March 19, 1966, "KJLM's Hard Jazz is the Ticket"
 The SoHo Weekly News, Thursday, November 6, 1975, "The DJ as Loner" by Pablo Guzmán
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, July 1976, "Roger Dawson" by Izzy Sanabria
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, December 1976, Annual Latin New York Music awards-Roger Dawson by Max Salazar
 New York Times, Sunday, Jan. 23, 1977; "TV-Radio Weekend", by John J. O’Connor
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, December 1977, Annual Latin New York Music Awards-Best Radio Show and DJ
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, July 1978, "Roger Dawson, Spinning Salsa into Gold" by Jose Tapia
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, December 1978, Annual Latin New York Music Awards-Best Radio Show and DJ
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, June 1979, "Jazz Marries Salsa at the Gate" by Tony Sabournin
 New York Times, July 8, 1979, "The Beat That's Latinizing Disco and Pop" by Robert Palmer- ()
 Village Voice, November 12, 1979, page 78 and 79
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, December 1979, Annual Latin New York Music Awards-Best Radio Show and DJ
 New York Times, June 4, 1980, "Salsa Meets Jazz" by Robert Palmer-()
 The Village Voice, September 17, 1980, "WRVR Pulls a Fast One" by Gary Giddins
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, September 1980, "Roger Dawson's Gone" by Izzy Sanabria
 The Soho News, September 24, 1980, "Sunday, Bloody Sunday" by Enrique Fernandez
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, October 1980, "Bring Back Salsa to WRVR" by Izzy Sanabria
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, May 1983, "Roger Dawson Two Years After The Sunday Salsa Show" by Izzy Sanabria
 Village Voice, June 14, 1983, page 110, "Roger Dawson Septet at Swing Plaza"
 New York Daily News, June 10, 1983, "Que Pasa" by Miguel Perez
 New York Times, June 15, 1983, "Concert, The McLean's and the Roger Dawson Septet" by Jon Pareles- ()
 Staten Island Advance, Friday June 24, 1983, "Funny, he doesn't look Latin" by Mike Hammer
 Latin N.Y. Magazine, September 1983, "Dawson Swings" by Tony Sabournin
 The Village Gate
 Escalator over the Hill
 Salsa music

Jazz percussionists
Afro-Cuban jazz percussionists
Conga players
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz bandleaders
American radio DJs
1940 births
Living people


Reed Clark Rollins (7 December 191128 April 1998) was an American botanist, professor at Harvard University and one of the founders of both the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and the Organization for Tropical Studies. He was also the second president of each of them.

Sources
 Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. "Reed Clark Rollins (7 December 1911 – 28 April 1998)" Taxon  48(2): pp. 225–56
 Campbell, Christopher S. and Greene, Craig W. (1988) "A Tribute to Reed Clark Rollins, Recipient of the 1987 Asa Gray Award" Systematic Botany 13(1): pp. 170–171

References

Botanist designation

External links
 Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (1999) "Reed Clark Rollins", Biographical Memoir at National Academy Press

American taxonomists
1911 births
1998 deaths
Harvard University faculty
People from Wyoming
American founders
20th-century American botanists
University of Wyoming alumni
Harvard University alumni


The Independentist Front Lombardy (Fronte Indipendentista Lombardia, FIL) was a padanist and separatist political party active in Lombardy.

Founded in 2006 by Max Ferrari and other splinters from Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord, FIL joined Lombardia Autonoma in 2008, but soon regained its autonomy as a markedly-separatist party. Ferrari chose to stay in Lombardia Autonoma, which had its name changed into "Lega Padana Lombardia", and finally returned in the League in 2010.

The party eventually re-emerged under the leadership of Piergiorgio Seveso in 2011, when it ran a candidate in the Varese municipal election, but gained a dismal 0.2% of the vote. Since 2012 the website is no more active.

Leadership
National secretary: Max Ferrari (2006–2008), Piergiorgio Seveso (2009–2011)

References

External links

Political parties in Lombardy
Political parties established in 2006
Political parties established in 2011
Political parties disestablished in 2008
Separatism in Italy
Lombard nationalist parties


Miguel Ángel Sánchez Muñoz, known as Míchel (; born 30 October 1975), is a Spanish former footballer who played as a left midfielder, currently manager of Girona FC.

In a 20-year senior career, he amassed La Liga totals of 182 matches and 25 goals, adding 169 games and 18 goals in the Segunda División and playing mostly with Rayo Vallecano (17 seasons, three spells).

As a manager, he led Rayo, Huesca and Girona in both top divisions, winning promotion with all three including as champions with the latter two.

Playing career
Míchel was born in Madrid. A product of Rayo Vallecano's youth system, he appeared once for the first team in the 1993–94 season, then alternated between them and the reserves two more years.

After a loan to UD Almería in the Segunda División, Míchel returned to Rayo, being essential as the capital outskirts side finished ninth in the 1999–2000 campaign and qualified for the subsequent UEFA Cup through fair play, in a run that ended in the quarter-finals at the hands of fellow La Liga club Deportivo Alavés. The following season he scored a career-best ten goals in 33 games (all starts), as his team ranked 14th.

Míchel moved in 2003 to Real Murcia for a €2,7 million fee, being relatively used in his first year, which ended in top-division relegation. He appeared very rarely, however, in his final two seasons, which included a six-month loan spell with Málaga CF in 2004–05, where he was also sparingly used.

In July 2006, Míchel returned home and to Rayo, helping it return to the second tier in the 2007–08 season. He continued to be team captain and, during the 2010–11 campaign, still contributed with two goals in 20 matches as they returned to the top flight after eight years.

Coaching career

Rayo
On 9 July 2012, after having appeared in only nine games as Rayo retained their league status – just 246 minutes of action – the 36-year-old Míchel retired from football, being immediately appointed coach of his main club's youth sides. On 21 February 2017, he replaced Rubén Baraja at the helm of the first team, debuting four days later with a 1–0 loss at neighbours Getafe CF via a last-minute own goal by Chechu Dorado; the side eventually achieved promotion to the top division in the 2017–18 campaign as champions.

Míchel signed a new one-year contract with the option of a second, before 2018–19 began. He was dismissed on 18 March 2019 after seven consecutive defeats left the Vallecas club six points inside the relegation zone; he was replaced by Paco Jémez as the team suffered relegation.

Huesca
On 1 June 2019, Míchel was named manager of SD Huesca, recently demoted to the second tier. He and his side won another promotion, again in the top position.

On 12 January 2021, as the team ranked in last place, Míchel was relieved of his duties, while the season ended again in descent.

Girona
On 9 July 2021, Míchel signed as coach of Girona FC on a deal with the option of a second year. He achieved promotion in his first season after a 3–1 win over CD Tenerife in the playoff final, while also making the last 16 of the Copa del Rey where the Catalans lost 2–1 at home to his former club Rayo.

Míchel signed a new contract on 19 May 2022, while his club's promotion was still uncertain. His new deal was to 2024.

Managerial statistics

Honours

Manager
Rayo Vallecano
Segunda División: 2017–18

Huesca
Segunda División: 2019–20

Individual
Miguel Muñoz Trophy (Segunda División): 2019–20
La Liga Manager of the Month: September 2023

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Madrid
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Rayo Vallecano B players
Rayo Vallecano players
UD Almería players
Real Murcia CF players
Málaga CF players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spanish football managers
La Liga managers
Segunda División managers
Rayo Vallecano managers
SD Huesca managers
Girona FC managers


The 2010 Crimean parliamentary election was held on 31 October 2010 as a part of the general 2010 Ukrainian local elections. Unlike the previous election to the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea, they were conducted on the mixed member proportional representation system. In order to gain representation in the Parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a party or bloc had to garner at least 3 percent of the total vote. The Party of Regions won the elections with an overwhelming majority.

Background

Prior to 2009 amendments to the Crimean Constitution, the parliament's term was limited to four years. It has since been increased to five after Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko signed the amendments into law in April 2009.

New elections where set for October 31, 2010 by the Supreme Council on August 4, 2010. In June 2010 the parliament had failed to fix the election date on October 31. The resolution was voted against by a number of coalition factions, including the ruling For Yanukovych! electoral bloc (that included the Party of Regions). Early July 2010, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament) supported by the Party of Regions’ initiative, announced local elections on the last day of October 2010.

Results

|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Parties
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party list votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party list %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Swing (party list) %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Mandates won on party list
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Constituencies won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Swing (in mandates)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Party of Regions
| style="text-align:right;" |357030
| style="text-align:right;" |48,93%
| style="text-align:right;" |+19,54%
| style="text-align:right;" |32
| style="text-align:right;" |48
| style="text-align:right;" |+4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Communist Party of Ukraine
| style="text-align:right;" |54172
| style="text-align:right;" |7,42%
| style="text-align:right;" |+1,15%
| style="text-align:right;" |5
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |-4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Qurultai-Rukh
| style="text-align:right;" |51253
| style="text-align:right;" |7,02%
| style="text-align:right;" |+0,47%
| style="text-align:right;" |5
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |-3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Soyuz
| style="text-align:right;" |38514
| style="text-align:right;" |5,28%
| style="text-align:right;" |-1,47%
| style="text-align:right;" |3
| style="text-align:right;" |2
| style="text-align:right;" |-5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Russian Unity
| style="text-align:right;" |29343
| style="text-align:right;" |4,02%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |3
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Strong Ukraine
| style="text-align:right;" |26515
| style="text-align:right;" |3,63%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |2
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |People's Party
| style="text-align:right;" |4563
| style="text-align:right;" |0,63%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
| style="text-align:right;" |12614
| style="text-align:right;" |1,73%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |-7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Party of Pensioners of Ukraine
| style="text-align:right;" |11133
| style="text-align:right;" |1,53%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Batkivschyna
| style="text-align:right;" |19589
| style="text-align:right;" |2,68%
| style="text-align:right;" |-3,62
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |-8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Front for Change
| style="text-align:right;" |8281
| style="text-align:right;" |1,13%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Svoboda
| style="text-align:right;" |1361
| style="text-align:right;" |0,19%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Against all Invalid ballots
| style="text-align:right;" |57552
| style="text-align:right;" |7.89%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Invalid ballots
| style="text-align:right;" |21794
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |-1.43%
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
|style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|997,575
|width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100%
|width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|50
|width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|50
|width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|}

References

External links
 Election commission of Crimea

Elections in Crimea
2010 elections in Ukraine
October 2010 events in Ukraine


Andriy Volodymyrovych Proshyn (or Andrei Vladimirovich Proshin) (; born 19 February 1985) is a Ukrainian professional football coach and a former player. He is the manager of FC Kosmos Dolgoprudny. He also holds Russian citizenship.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2006 for FC Tom Tomsk.

See also
 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship squads#Ukraine

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Russian men's footballers
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football defenders
Ukraine men's under-21 international footballers
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
FC Khimki players
FC Tom Tomsk players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
Russian Premier League players
FC Rostov players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
Ukrainian football managers
FC Sibir Novosibirsk players
FC Khimik Dzerzhinsk players
FC Olimp-Dolgoprudny players
Sportspeople from Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-3 Kyiv players
FC Borysfen-2 Boryspil players


Hilliards may refer to:

 Hilliards, Michigan
 Hilliards, Pennsylvania

See also
 Hilliard (disambiguation)


Unión Deportiva Collerense is a football team based in Palma de Mallorca in the autonomous community of Balearic Islands. Founded in 1983, the team plays in Tercera División – Group 11. The club's home ground is Estadio Municipal Coll d’en Rebassa with a 1,000-seat capacity.

History
Originally founded in 1967, UD Collerense were RCD Mallorca's reserve team for the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons, both in Tercera División. At conclusion of the latter campaign, the club officially became RCD Mallorca Atlético, and a new UD Collerense was formed shortly after.

Season to season

17 seasons in Tercera División
6 seasons in Reg. Pref.
9 seasons in 1ª Reg
9 seasons in 2ª Reg
1 seasons in 3ª Reg

Women's team
UD Collerense Femenino are the women's section of the team. They played in the highest national league, the Primera División, between 2009 and 2016.

References

External links
Futbolme team profile
 Unofficial website

Football clubs in the Balearic Islands
Association football clubs established in 1983
Sport in Palma de Mallorca
1983 establishments in Spain


The Afterlife with Suzane Northrop (often referred to as The Afterlife) is a Canadian English language documentary television series, which premiered on September 14, 2008 at 7:00 p.m. EST on the Canadian digital cable specialty channel, OutTV.

Premise
Each episode, medium Suzane Northrop along with host David Millbern, holds séances in an intimate studio setting with approximately 20 members of the LGBT community and their families in hopes of connecting with their deceased loved ones.

Broadcasters
 Canada - OutTV
 Netherlands - OutTV
 United States - here!

External links
 OUTtv show page
 Heretv show page

2008 Canadian television series debuts
OutTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
2000s Canadian documentary television series
2000s Canadian LGBT-related television series
2000s LGBT-related reality television series
Canadian LGBT-related reality television series


The University of Utah Middle East Center is located on the campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. The center was officially established in 1960 and offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The Center was established under the influence of scholar Dr. Aziz Atiya.  The Center has established graduate and undergraduate programs in Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, and Turkish, as well as cultural and historical studies of the region. The Center has administered degree programs at all levels (B.A., M.A., and Ph.D.) and offers, both to students and to the larger community, a variety of opportunities for the advancement of understanding of the Middle East. Such opportunities have included conferences, lecture series, workshops, continuing education courses, and outreach activities. Distinguished scholars of the Middle East from all over the world are invited to participate in many of these events, and conference papers normally result in published volumes. In addition, the MEC is able to arrange opportunities for intensive language study, fieldwork and research in a number of countries of the Middle East.

Aziz Atiya Library
The Aziz Atiya Library, which is named after the founder of the Middle East Center Aziz Suryal Atiya, is the fifth largest library for Middle East studies in North America. It contains over 160,000 books, monographs, and periodicals, including works written in Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Ottoman Turkish, and modern Turkish. The collection is housed in the J. Willard Marriott Library.

References

External links
Middle East Center Homepage
 Arabic Papyrus, Parchment, and Paper at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections
 Fayez Sayegh at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections

Universities and colleges established in 1960
Education in Salt Lake City
Middle Eastern studies in the United States
Middle East Center
1960 establishments in Utah


Neil McDonald (born 21 January 1967) is an English chess grandmaster and chess writer.

Chess career
As an English Chess Federation coach he has trained many of the country's strongest junior players and was Head Coach of the English Chess Federation team at the Greece World Schools Championship in 2013.
He regularly escorts blind and partially sighted chess players to international World Championship events.

McDonald authored the French Defence monthly updates on chesspublishing.com from October 1999 until March 2009, 1 e4 ... updates from November 2009 until January 2010, 1 e4 ... from June 2014 until February 2015 and returned to 1 e4 ... in March 2017 until January 2018.

He became an International Master in 1986 and was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1996.

McDonald obtained his FIDE Trainer qualification in 2016.

Bibliography

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
People educated at Gravesend Grammar School
British chess writers
Chess grandmasters
Chess coaches
English chess players
English writers


Kettling (also known as containment or corralling) is a police tactic for controlling large crowds during demonstrations or protests. It involves the formation of large cordons of police officers who then move to contain a crowd within a limited area. Protesters either leave through an exit controlled by the police, leave through an uncontrolled gap in the cordons, or are contained, prevented from leaving, and arrested.

The tactic has proved controversial, in part because it has resulted in the detention of ordinary bystanders as well as protesters. In March 2012 kettling was ruled lawful by the European Court of Human Rights following a legal challenge.

Tactics
The term kettle is a metaphor, likening the containment of protesters to the containment of heat and steam within a domestic kettle. Its modern English usage may come from "Kessel"literally a cauldron, or 'kettle' in Germanthat describes an encircled army about to be annihilated by a superior force. A cauldron is expected to be "boiling" with combat activity, the large enemy forces still quite able to offer "hot" resistance in the initial stages of encirclement, and so are to be contained, but not engaged directly.

To avoid allusions to military confrontation, kettling is sometimes described as "corralling", likening the tactic to the enclosure of livestock. Although large groups are difficult to control, this can be done by concentrations of police. The tactic prevents the large group breaking into smaller splinters that have to be individually chased down, thus requiring the policing to break into multiple groups.

The cordon is then maintained for a number of hours, during which it may be reduced in size. It varies as to whether protestors are entirely prevented from leaving, or allowed to leave in controlled numbers through a designated exit. The aim is to contain the protestors until they are no longer in the mood for protesting and want to go home, at which point the cordon is lifted. Peter Waddington, a sociologist and former police officer who helped develop the theory behind kettling, wrote: "I remain firmly of the view that containment succeeds in restoring order by using boredom as its principle weapon, rather than fear as people flee from on-rushing police wielding batons."

Kettling has been criticized for being an indiscriminate tactic which leads to the detention of law-abiding citizens and innocent bystanders. In some cases protesters are reported to have been denied access to food, water and toilet facilities for long periods. Further criticism has been made that in some instances the tactic has been used to foment disorder with the aim of changing the focus of public debate. In some countries the tactic has led to legal challenges on the grounds of human rights violations. In England, courts have ruled that kettling is permitted if it is used in good faith, proportionate and enforced for no longer than was reasonably necessary.

By country

Australia
On 3 November 2020, in Melbourne, Victoria, 395 people protesting against the state government were arrested after being kettled for four hours.

Brazil

On January 8th, 2023, in Brasilia, Brazil, an estimated 1500 people protesting against the result of the recent national election, were kettled at the Army’s headquarters by the Federal and Estate police.

Canada

On 27 June 2010, 200 persons, including protesters, bystanders and news reporters, were kettled in Toronto at the intersection of Queen Street and Spadina Avenue during the G20 summit protests. Several hundred people were also kettled outside of the Novotel Hotel on the Esplanade and arrested. The following year the Toronto Police Department swore to never use kettling again. In August 2015, police superintendent David 'Mark' Fenton was convicted of two charges of unlawful arrest and one charge of discreditable conduct, disciplinary offences under the Ontario Police Services Act, for ordering the kettling in 2010. However, the judge convicting Fenton also made it clear that "containing or kettling is not illegal".

On 15 March 2011, 250–300 protesters in Montréal were kettled on St-Denis just north of Mont Royal during the Annual March Against Police Brutality. Police used stun grenades, riot gear, and horses to kettle the crowd.

On 23 May 2012, police in Montréal moved in on student protesters, kettling them and making 518 arrests—the largest number in one night since the student protests began weeks earlier.

On 15 March 2013, at the annual police brutality march, the police kettled a group of protesters on Ste-Catherine street in Montréal after the march was declared illegal for not presenting an itinerary before the protest. After almost two hours of attempting to break up the groups protesting, the police closed in and arrested anyone caught in the kettle. At the end of the evening, police stated that there were around 250 arrests, two injured police officers, and one protester who was unwell.

Denmark
Between 250 and 1000 non-violent protesters at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen were kettled by police. A police spokesman said that the detainment was necessary to avoid disorder.

Finland
Finnish anarchist demonstration Smash Asem was prevented from taking place when 200 riot police and hundreds of other police and Finnish Border Guard personnel kettled around 300 to 500 demonstrators and bystanders in front of Kiasma in downtown Helsinki for more than three hours on 9 September 2006.

France
On the Guillotière bridge In Lyon, on the 20 October 2010, a few hundred protesters were kettled for several hours. The next day in Place Bellecour, about 500 citizens and protesters defending the public pension were kettled for six hours without food or water by both the police and the military. They were prevented from marching, and tear gas and water cannons were used.

Germany
An early example of kettling was by German police in 1986. During a demonstration by anti-nuclear protesters at Heiligengeistfeld, Hamburg on 8 May, Hamburg Police cordoned approximately 800 people into a "kettle" for several hours. German kettling tactics distinguish a stationary form of detention () and a mobile form, in which protesters are enclosed by a mobile police cordon while they march (). These types of police cordon were also regularly used in the UK before the tactic got refined at the N30 protest (see below), and dubbed a kettle.

Kettling has been challenged in the German courts on several occasions. The 1986  was ruled unlawful by the administrative court of Hamburg. The district court found German police guilty of wrongful deprivation of personal liberty.

Following an anti-nuclear protest in 2002 in Hitzacker, Lower Saxony, a protester took a case to court because she had been denied access to toilets when she was held within a police kettle. The district court found that she had been handled inhumanely and that the police had acted unlawfully.

Israel
During the protests over the killing of demonstrators along the fence with Gaza, the Israeli police in Jerusalem and Haifa used  kettling tactics twice. Dozens were arrested after being locked in a kettle for hours. Among those kettled were also MKs from The Joint List.

In the summer of 2020 during mass demonstrations in front of the Prime Minister's official residence, the Israeli police used the tactic several times and prevented demonstrators wishing to leave the demonstration compound from leaving. Criticism had been leveled at the fact that the tactic is used to deter protesters from reaching the protest and due to the dangerous high density creates in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Spain
On 16 May 2012, Acampada Sol called for a  because the Spanish risk premium exceeded 500 points that day. The demonstrators were marching through Calle Alcalá, in Madrid, when police forces surrounded them for more than 30 minutes; after the kettled protesters asked for solidarity through the Internet, several additional hundred people gathered outside of the kettle.  Around 500 demonstrators waited seated on the pavement until the police forces finally removed the blockade, allowing them to leave the area and return to Puerta del Sol. During the nonviolent demonstrations in Catalonia, following the arrest of exiled president Carles Puigdemont by German authorities in 2018, police used kettling as a way of breaking up the protests.

United Kingdom

Miners' strike, 1984
The Battle of Orgreave, a violent day in the year–long miners' strike in Great Britain in 1984–85, has been cited as an early example of police kettling a crowd of protesters.

Parliament Square disability rights demonstration, 1995
The kettling tactic was used in the UK against disabled people during a disability rights demonstration in Parliament Square, London, in October 1995.

N30 anti-WTO demonstration, 1999
The kettling tactic was used in the UK at the N30 anti-WTO protest at Euston station, London (parallel to the shut-down of the meeting in Seattle) on 30 November 1999. It was a development of previously used police cordoning tactics; the difference was the long length of time, constant impermeability, and the small size of the kettle.

May Day 2001
The tactic was used by the London Metropolitan Police during the May Day riots of 2001 to contain demonstrators. However, the action also resulted in large numbers of bystanders as well as peaceful demonstrators being detained in Oxford Circus.

G8 summit, 2005
Kettling was later used at protests against the 31st G8 summit, held in 2005.

G20, 2009
Kettling was used once again during the 2009 G-20 London summit protests outside the Bank of England, as part of the police Territorial Support Group's "Operation Glencoe". When police started to allow protesters to leave the kettle, they were photographed by Forward Intelligence Teams and told to give their names and addresses. Some refused to do so and were forced back into the kettle by police. A number of complaints over the tactic were subsequently made to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. Bob Broadhurst, the commanding officer during the protests, said that, "kettling was the best option" to counter the potential of widespread disruption by protesters".

On 15 April 2009, Scotland Yard ordered a review of these tactics. Criticism of the policing of demonstrations had been increasing, and amateur video footage which recorded two incidents of violent police behaviour, notably the death of Ian Tomlinson, brought police tactics into the media spotlight. The incidents were said by Sir Paul Stephenson, Metropolitan Police Commissioner, to be "clearly disturbing", and Stephenson ordered the review to consider whether the tactic is "appropriate and proportionate". The video footage also showed that police officers were concealing their shoulder identification numbers whilst on duty.

An inquiry was held by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) into an incident during the G20 protests, in which a woman held in a kettle suffered injuries from police action and subsequently experienced a suspected miscarriage. The inquiry concluded in August 2009 that the Metropolitan Police should review its crowd control methods, including the tactic of kettling.

Denis O'Connor, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary, said in a report concerning the policing of the G20 protests that some police commanders did not understand the House of Lords' ruling regarding kettling. He also stated that containing protesters in a kettle was "inadequate" and belonged to a "different era" of policing. He did not suggest that kettling should be abandoned but rather that the methods must be adapted so that peaceful protesters and bystanders are able to leave the kettle. The report also commissioned a survey, conducted by MORI, which found that the majority of the UK public do feel that the use of kettling is appropriate in some situations. Depending on the circumstances, between 10% and 20% of those questioned feel that it is never appropriate to contain people in this way.

In April 2011, the High Court of Justice ruled that kettling on that occasion was illegal, and it set out new guidelines as to when police were permitted to kettle protesters. The Court ruled that the police "may only take such preventive action as a last resort catering for situations about to descend into violence". The ruling was overturned on appeal, with Lord Neuberger LJ stating that the High Court erred in assessing the reasonableness of kettling using their own view rather than assessing the reasonableness of the decision of the officer in charge at the time.

Student protests, 2010
Kettling was used during the 24 November 2010 student protest in London and in various other locations around the country. Guardian blogger Dave Hill thought the kettling was in retrospect "probably inevitable", after the protest two weeks before had led to damage at the Conservative Party headquarters. In July 2011 three school children challenged the use of kettling of children at this protest. They sought a judicial review in the High Court, arguing it broke the laws of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Children Act 2004, mainly the right to protest and the safety of children.

Kettling was used to contain student protesters in Parliament Square on 9 December 2010 and thereafter on Westminster Bridge. Protesters were trapped in Trafalgar Square and other landmarks for up to nine hours. An anaesthetist from Aberdeen Royal Infirmary working as part of a field hospital said that there was a serious health and safety risk to people trapped in the kettle and some suffered crush injuries whilst others were nearly pushed off Westminster Bridge into the freezing Thames, likening it to the Hillsborough disaster.

Anti-Cuts protests, 2011
Kettling was again used at the 2011 anti-cuts protest in London. Activists were given assurances by Metropolitan police that they would be shown to safety after the protest, which was described as non-violent and sensible. Once outside, the protesters were kettled, handcuffed and taken into custody.

Legal challenges
Following the use of "kettling" during the May Day protest in 2001, two people who had been corralled by the police at Oxford Circus sued the Metropolitan Police for wrongful detention, alleging that it was in breach of the European Convention of Human Rights, and that they had been held without access to food, water or toilets. The pair lost their court action in 2005, and their appeal failed in 2007 when the Court of Appeal backed the High Court ruling.

In 2009, Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2009] UKHL 5, a ruling by the House of Lords, decided that the High Court was entitled to take into consideration the "purpose" of the deprivation of liberty before deciding if human rights laws applied at all. Summing up, Lord Hope said:

A plaintiff from the 2001 protest, along with three non-protesting members of the public who had been kettled by police, took an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming that kettling violated Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the right to liberty and security. Whereas the House of Lords "accepted she was a lawful and peaceful demonstrator prevented by her detention from collecting her child",  in March 2012 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that kettling was lawful and that the Metropolitan Police were entitled to detain groups of people as "the least intrusive and most effective means to protect the public from violence". On the issues related to the European Convention on Human Rights, the court ruled:

United States

Anti-Globalization movement, Washington D.C., 2002
As part of ongoing anti-globalization demonstrations and early demonstrations against the impending invasion of Iraq, several hundred protesters and bystanders were kettled in Pershing Park and subsequently arrested by DC Police, resulting in large, sometimes record-breaking class-action settlements and ongoing litigation to restrict the practice.

Iraq War protest, Chicago, 2003
In 2012 the City of Chicago agreed to a $6.2 million class-action settlement over the mass arrest of protesters and passersby kettled during a massive protest marking the start of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After previously halting and turning around as many as 8,000 marchers near the intersection of Oak Street and Michigan Avenue, for several hours the Chicago Police Department (CPD) unlawfully detained over 1,000 people kettled on Chicago Avenue between Michigan and Mies van der Rohe Way, ultimately arresting over 900 people without probable cause.

Republican National Convention, New York City, 2004
The New York Police Department used orange mesh snow fencing on several occasions to cordon and corral protesters at various locations during the Republican National Convention (RNC).

Occupy Wall Street, 2011
In response to the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protests in New York City, police used orange mesh snow fencing to contain crowds of and to mass arrest protesters.

Presidential inauguration of Donald Trump, Washington D.C., 2017
Police officers in the District of Columbia used kettling on a large group of protesters at the intersection of 12th and L streets on 20 January 2017. Among those detained and later charged were several journalists, who were accused of felony rioting. The charges were later dropped en masse.

St. Louis, 2017
The St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department (SLMPD) and other agencies (including the St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD) and the Missouri State Highway Patrol (MSHP)), conducted two kettles in St. Louis on September 17 and October 3 during the protests of 2017 following the acquittal of former St. Louis police officer Jason Stockley in the shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith. Over one hundred people were arrested in each instance. Ten journalists were arrested, six of these allege being beaten and/or pepper sprayed, and an undercover police officer was also arrested and beaten. Riot police and bicycle units pepper sprayed and beat many people on 17 September, triggering over a dozen lawsuits and an FBI/DOJ investigation that led to federal indictments of four SLMPD officers who put undercover officer Luther Hall in the hospital, who himself previously was sued twice for beating a disabled man and for violating the civil rights of protesters.

George Floyd and Breonna Taylor protests, 2020
In May and June 2020, many cities in the United States experienced protests, rioting and looting following the murder of George Floyd by a policeman in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Police responded aggressively to both the riots and nonviolent protesters, the latter in violation of first amendment protections. Police in some jurisdictions used kettling to trap and attack protesters using weapons such as tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and batons.

Kettling was used extensively by the NYPD to prevent protesters from spreading over more city streets; they were subsequently arrested for violating a legal curfew order. On 2 June 2020, the New York City Police Department trapped 5,000 protestors on the Manhattan Bridge for nearly an hour before letting them disperse to the Brooklyn side of the bridge.

In Washington, D.C., on 1 June 2020, police kettled 60 protesters into a house on Swann Street, making repeated attempts to extract them. The protesters were able to leave the next morning when curfew lifted.

The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department (CMPD) in Charlotte, North Carolina on the night of 2 June boxed in a crowd of marching protesters which was characterized as peaceful At the front of the march officers fired tear gas and flash bangs, flanked by riot police on the back of the march, in a location where marchers were pinched between structures on each side. Police allegedly fired tear gas, pepper balls, and rubber bullets indiscriminately. Officials denied these operations as kettling but radio communications indicated a coordinated corralling and punishment plan was carried out, and that officers were celebrated jovially.

It was also used in Dallas on the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in which protesters were tear gassed and zip tied before being detained. Kettling and mass arrests also were conducted in Philadelphia, Houston, Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland Oregon, and Des Moines.

Kettling was used extensively in Louisville during the Breonna Taylor protests, including surrounding a church sheltering protesters several times in the days following the grand jury decision in September and arresting people en masse when they tried to leave.

On 4 November 2020, 646 protestors in Minneapolis were kettled on a highway and arrested while protesting against Donald Trump's threats to challenge the US election, as well as social injustices.

Brooklyn Center, Minnesota: Daunte Wright protests, 2021
During early–mid April 2021, protests regarding the killing of Daunte Wright were held several nights in a row outside the Brooklyn Center Police Department. On the night of 16 April, police declared it an unlawful gathering and used flash-bangs and smoke grenades. Chemical weapons such as tear gas and/or pepper spray were also used in order to control the protesters. Shortly after—the city having declared an 11:00 pm curfew at 10:40 PM—the protesters were kettled as they tried to leave the scene. 136 out of "several hundred" protesters were arrested.

See also
 2009 G-20 London summit protests
 Crowd control
 Encirclement
 False imprisonment
 Forward intelligence team
 Pincer movement
 Riot control
 Snatch squad
 Sukey, an organization which emerged in Britain on 28 January 2011 to improve communications among participants in student demonstrations. Its immediate aim was to counteract the police tactics of kettling.
 Territorial Support Group

References

External links

YouTube video of police kettling action at the 'Queen and Spadina' road junction in Toronto during the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests
Guide to Public Order Situations - UK protest guide to avoiding giving the police control in a large protest situation PDF version

Crowd control
Tactical formations
Kettling
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Imprisonment and detention
Human rights in the United Kingdom


"Big Big World" is a song by Swedish singer Emilia. It was released on 17 September 1998 as the lead single from the album of the same name and was written by Emilia and Lasse Anderson. The song is about love, with references to the autumn season. The melody opening is based on the Swedish springtime song "Nu grönskar det", which in turn is based on the Peasant Cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach.

"Big Big World" was a hit in Europe, where it reached number-one in eight countries and peaked within the top five in several others, but it fared less well in the United States, where it remained at the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100, though it did reach the top 40 on two other Billboard charts. The song was given a Grammis award for "Song of the Year" in 1998 and also won a Rockbjörnen award as "Swedish Song of the Year" in 1998. On 20 September 2017, the song was the topic at SVT:s Hitlåtens historia.

Critical reception
AllMusic editor Roxanne Blanford wrote that the song is "gentle", arranged as a "pseudo-procession tune", "as if Emilia is taking her first cautious steps toward independence and adulthood." Chuck Taylor from Billboard said that its "magic touch" is "manifested via sheer straightforward simplicity-in performance, production, and message." He noted Emilia's "delicate voice, ripe with vulnerability and hurt, tells of being a big girl in a big world who shouldn't see it as a big deal if her partner leaves her ... but she will miss him much." He also added that "allusions to rain and autumn leaves help set up a perfect visual of stark sadness and loneliness, giving the song a strong seasonal punch." A reviewer from Birmingham Evening Mail stated that "this is another one of those Love It or Hate It records", adding that "its incessant beat and simple rhythm will either drive you mad or drive you to put it on the CD player again...and again."

Daily Record called the song "chirpy". Swedish newspaper Expressen wrote that "Big Big World" is the "big, obvious hit this fall." Göteborgsposten commented that with this song, Emilia "has a big, big hit". Chuck Campbell from Knoxville News Sentinel said that the 20-year-old vocalist "assumes a sweetly fragile persona on the song, setting the mood with a sparse verse and chorus before the track folds in a shuffling beat and an orchestral arrangement." Nina Cassidy from Stanford Daily noted that it "has a catchy beat, and the lyrics and music have a smooth flow." Sunday Tribune called it a "sweet song", while Sunday World described it as a "cracking single". Kerry Gold from The Vancouver Sun deemed it "a song of such easy listening it could double as a nursery rhyme."

Chart performance
"Big Big World" was successful in Europe, reaching the number-one position in 8 countries; Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. In Sweden, the song set a record for the fastest-played single on Swedish radio, receiving airplay at least once every 13 minutes. It also topped the Eurochart Hot 100 on 27 February 1999. The single reached number two in Belgium (Wallonia), Denmark, France, Hungary and Italy. It was also a top-10 hit in Finland, Greece, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, "Big Big World" peaked at number three in New Zealand, number 17 in Australia, number 39 in Canada, and number 92 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was awarded with a gold record in France (250,000), New Zealand (5,000) and Switzerland (25,000), silver record in the United Kingdom (200,000), and platinum record in Austria (50,000), Belgium (100,000 (2× Platinum)), Germany (500,000), the Netherlands (75,000), Norway (2× Platinum) and Sweden (90,000 (3× Platinum)).

Music video
The music video for "Big Big World" was recorded in New York City and is shot in black-and-white. It features Emilia wandering around in the city, performing the song at different places. Some scenes show the singer in the crowd of walking people on the street, other scenes shows her sitting on the edge at the top of a 12-storey high house. She is also seen standing in front of a window with a view.

Track listings

European CD single
 "Big Big World" – 3:22
 "Big Big World" (Traffic Jam mix—88 BPM) – 4:14

UK CD single
 "Big Big World" (radio edit) – 3:22
 "Big Big World" (album version) – 3:22
 "Big Big World" (Pierre J's big radio remix) – 3:29
 "Big Big World" (TNT big big club mix) – 6:31

UK cassette single
 "Big Big World" (radio edit) – 3:22
 "Big Big World" (Pierre J's big radio remix) – 3:29

Australian maxi-CD single
 "Big Big World" (album version) – 3:22
 "Big Big World" (Pierre J's big radio remix) – 3:30
 "Big Big World" (TNT's big phat radio edit) – 3:12
 "Big Big World" (karaoke version) – 3:22

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

1998 songs
1998 debut singles
Black-and-white music videos
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Emilia Rydberg songs
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Songs written by Emilia Rydberg
Songs written by Lasse Anderson
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Universal Music Group singles
Universal Records singles


The 1924 Ice Hockey European Championship was the ninth edition of the ice hockey tournament for European countries associated to the International Ice Hockey Federation.

The tournament was played between March 14, and March 17, 1924, in Milan, Italy, and it was won by France.

Results

Group A

March 14

March 15

March 16

Standings Group A

Group B

March 14

March 15

March 16

Standings Group B

Final

March 17

Top Goalscorer

Albert De Rauch (France), 7 goals

References
 Euro Championship 1924

European Championships
European Championships,1924
1924
March 1924 sports events
Sports competitions in Milan
1924 Ice Hockey European Championships


The UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup is a season-long competition in cyclo-cross, organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). First held in the 1993–1994 season, there are currently five awards, tailored to the different categories of riders: Men Elite, Women Elite, Men Under 23, Women Under 23, and Men Junior.

The World Cup is not to be confused with the World Championship, also organised by the UCI, which is a single one day race that awards the winner with a rainbow jersey to be worn in every race till the next World Championship. Typically the World Championships are held a week or two after the end of the World Cup at the end of January or early February.

In November 2014 the first round of the World Cup ever to take place outside mainland Europe was held in Milton Keynes, England. The following September, the CrossVegas competition was incorporated into the World Cup for the first time, becoming the first World Cup round to be held in the United States.

Overall series winners

Men

|-
|2007–08
| style="text-align: left;" |
|Not awarded for individuals
|

Winners:  :20 -  :6 -  :2

Women

|-
|2007–08
| style="text-align: left;" |
|Not awarded for individuals
|

Winner :  :10 -:3 -  :2 -  :2 -

Under-23 Men

Winners :  :5 -:5 -  :3 -  :1 -  :1

Winners

Races

 WC = The course held the UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in that season
 Xw = Race cancelled due to bad weather
 Xp = Race cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic

References

External links
Official site and archives

Cyclo-cross World Cup
Cyclo-cross races


Ibrahim Sultan () (Shawwāl 796 AH/August 1394 AD –  Shawwāl 838 AH/ May 1435 AD)  was a Timurid prince who governed a region around modern Fars from 1415 to 1435 under his father Shah Rukh. He was grandson of the conqueror Timur and died on 3 April 1435, around twelve years before his father. Ibrahim Sultan commissioned at least four illustrated manuscripts, including Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi's biography of Timur, an Iskandarnāma (Book of Alexander) that was completed in 1435/36, a Shāhnāma (Book of Kings) that was prepared between the 1420s and early 1430s, and an Anthology that was finished in 1420 and dedicated to his brother, Prince Baysunghur.

Ibrahim Sultan was an accomplished artist, avid calligrapher and great collector of books. Known to be observant in matters of religion, he personally scribed pious inscriptions on two madrasas he founded in Shiraz and at least five copies of the Qur'an.
There remains a handwritten Qur'an in two volumes by him written in Naskh script. Every page of this Qur'an, finished in June 1427, has profusely decorated margins of floral scrolls in gold and color. This two-part Qur'an is a splendid example of lavish manuscript production in the early Timurid period. They were stored in a small room on top of the Qur'an Gate in Shiraz. Travelers passing underneath the gates were believed to receive the blessing of the Holy Book as they began their trip or journey from Shiraz. In 1937 the two Qur'ans were taken from the gate and were taken to the Pars Museum in Shiraz, where they remain today. Sultan Ibrahim is also said to have repaired the Masjid-i Atiq but that soon thereafter it was again ruined by an earthquake.

Personal life
Consorts
Ibrahim had four wives:
Mihr Sultan Agha, daughter of Alu Chuhra Sariktash;
Fatima Sultan Agha, daughter of Amirak Qauchin;
Jahan Begi Agha, daughter of Abdullah Taifi;
Begi Sultan Agha, daughter of Bayazid Sywish;

Sons
Ibrahim had four sons:
Sultan Ishaq Mirza - with Fatima Sultan Agha;
Sultan Muhammad Mirza - with Jahan Begi Agha;
Ismail Mirza - with Begi Sultan Agha;
Sultan Abdallah Mirza - with Mihr Sultan Agha;

Daughters
Ibrahim had two daughters:
Ruqaiya Begi Begum - with Mihr Sultan Agha;
Zainab Sultan Begum - with Fatima Sultan Agha;

See also
Qur'an Gate

References

Further reading

Timurid dynasty
Year of birth unknown
1435 deaths


David McSweeney (born 28 December 1981) is a semi-professional English footballer, who played as a defender.

He has also played for Southend United in the Football League from 2000 to 2004. He then dropped into non-League football and had a brief loan spell with Welling United in 2004, before joining Billericay Town on a permanent basis. He is also a builder whilst playing semi-professional football.

Football career
McSweeney joined Southend United as a youth, aged 15. He made his debut in the Second Division for Southend United on 14 October 2000, at home to York City in the 1–0 victory, replacing Garry Cross in the 73rd minute. He went on to make 70 appearances in The Football League for Southend, scoring one goal, which came against Carlisle United on 20 September 2004. He was loaned out to Welling United towards the end of his Southend career.

McSweeney then dropped into non-League football joining Essex outfit Billericay Town in the summer of 2004, after training with Crawley Town and Dagenham & Redbridge. He made over 200 appearances for the club. After five years with Billericay, McSweeney left the club stating he signed for Grays Athletic in the Conference National in June 2009. He rejoined Billericay making his second debut on 26 September in the 4–2 away loss against Chesham United.

Personal life
McSweeney was born in Basildon, Essex. He is also a builder whilst playing as a semi-professional footballer.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Basildon
English men's footballers
Southend United F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
Billericay Town F.C. players
Hornchurch F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
Men's association football defenders


Vitali Shotayevich Chochiyev (; born 17 December 1979) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Alania Vladikavkaz.

References

1979 births
People from Beslan
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
Sportspeople from North Ossetia–Alania
FC Avtodor Vladikavkaz players


Hans Ernst (sometimes Ernest) Krøyer (31 January 1798 – 24 March 1879) was a Danish composer.

Krøyer was born in Copenhagen and the son of Bernt Anker Krøyer and Johanne Margrethe (née Schrøder), as well as the brother of Henrik Nikolai Krøyer.

He is best remembered as the composer of today's Danish national anthem, "Der er et yndigt land" ("There is a Lovely Country"), in 1835, after lyrics by Adam Oehlenschläger.

He became cantor at the Royal Singers of the Chapel of Christiansborg castle in Copenhagen in 1844.

Krøyer died in Copenhagen.

References

1798 births
1879 deaths
Composers from Copenhagen
Danish composers
Male composers
National anthem writers
19th-century male musicians


Christopher James Jakubauskas (born December 22, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Baltimore Orioles.

College career
Jakubauskas played first base at Oklahoma. After college, he was an assistant coach for the Los Osos High School varsity baseball team during the 2004–05 season while his arm was recovering from Tommy John surgery.

Professional career

Independent leagues
Jakubauskas pitched for several independent league teams, including the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball, the Florence Freedom, of the Frontier League, and the Fullerton Flyers of the Golden Baseball League.

Seattle Mariners
Jakubauskas was acquired by Seattle from the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball on June 13, 2007 and assigned to the Double-A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. He struck out eight batters on August 31 against the Chattanooga Lookouts. In 16 games, three starts, Jakubauskas went 0–4 with 39 strikeouts and a 4.94 ERA in 51 innings pitched.

In 2008 Jakubauskas played for three different levels in the Mariners organization, the Short-Season Everett AquaSox, the Double-A Diamond Jaxx and the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers. He started the season in West Tennessee but was soon promoted to Tacoma on May 6. He allowed three earned run or less in all of his nine starts, while tossing at least five innings in seven games. Jakubauskas struck out a season-high eight batters twice, the first on May 31 against the Salt Lake City Bees and the other on September 1 against the Portland Beavers. He limited opponents to a .243 average, including a .196 clip against lefties. He made two stints on the disabled list, the first was from June 13 to July 2 with a strained right shoulder and the second time was July 7 from August 27 with a strained left oblique muscle. In his rehab assignment with Everett from August 22 to the 27 Jakubauskas allowed one hit and striking out seven in 2 scoreless inning on August 22 against the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes. Jakubauskas also pitched for Lara in the Venezuelan Winter League where he went 4–5 with a 5.16.

On April 4, 2009 it was announced that he made the Mariners final roster. Jakubauskas won his first Major League game, coming into the game in the 4th inning replacing Ryan Rowland-Smith on April 10. Jakubauskas pitched two innings giving up two runs, but maintaining a 5–4 lead as he exited the game.  The win also resulted in the first save for fellow Mariner reliever David Aardsma. On August 22, the Mariners purchased the contract of right-hander Randy Messenger from the minors and optioned Jakubauskas to the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers. Jakubauskas soon made a return to Seattle and finished the season on the major league roster was 6–7 with a 5.28 ERA for the club, seeing time both as starter and reliever.

Pittsburgh Pirates
Jakubauskas was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates on November 20, 2009. After beginning the 2010 season as a starting pitcher with the Indianapolis Indians, he was recalled by the Pirates on April 23, and made his debut with the ball club the following night in a 5–2 defeat to the Houston Astros at Minute Maid Park. With a runner at first base and two outs in the bottom half of the first inning of that game, he was hit on the back of the head, just above the right ear, by a line drive batted by Lance Berkman. Even though he never lost consciousness, Jakubauskas suffered both a concussion and a head contusion.

He was released by the team on November 4, 2010.

Baltimore Orioles
Jakubauskas signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles on February 1, 2011. He began the 2011 season with the Norfolk Tides after not making the major league roster out of spring training. He replaced the optioned Brad Bergesen after the Orioles selected his contract from the Tides on April 9. He made three relief appearances before a strained right groin sent him to the 15-day disabled list on April 18. Once activated off the disabled list, he was optioned back to the Tides on May 2. After another shuttle between Baltimore and Norfolk within a two-day span later that month, he finally began an extended stay with the Orioles when he was recalled on May 30.

He earned his first win with the Orioles after pitching five shutout innings in a 4–0 victory over the Oakland Athletics at Camden Yards on June 7. It was his first start since the on-field accident in Houston the previous season. He has earned a spot on Baltimore's five-man starting rotation during the season. On October 30, he declared for free agency.

Arizona Diamondbacks
Jakubauskas signed with the Arizona Diamondbacks on November 8, 2011. Jakubauskas was released July 5, 2012.

Toronto Blue Jays
On July 7, 2012, just two days after being released by the Diamondbacks, Jakubauskas signed with the Toronto Blue Jays, and was assigned to the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats. On July 26, Jakubauskas was promoted to the Jays Triple-A affiliate Las Vegas 51s. On November 3, Jakubauskas was designated a minor league free agent by Major League Baseball.

Milwaukee Brewers
Jakubauskas signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers on December 5, 2012. He appeared in 8 games at the Triple-A level for Milwaukee before being released.

Cleveland Indians
Jakubauskas then signed with the Cleveland Indians and was assigned to Triple-A Columbus Clippers.

He retired on January 3, 2014.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
American people of Lithuanian descent
Baltimore Orioles players
Bradenton Marauders players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Columbus Clippers players
Everett AquaSox players
Florence Freedom players
Fullerton Flyers players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Indianapolis Indians players
Las Vegas 51s players
Lincoln Saltdogs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashville Sounds players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
Norfolk Tides players
Ohio Valley Redcoats players
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players
Sportspeople from Upland, California
Baseball players from San Bernardino County, California
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Reno Aces players
Seattle Mariners players
Tacoma Rainiers players
West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players
St. Cloud River Bats players
Damien High School alumni


Brent A. Barlow is a former professor of marriage, family and human development at Brigham Young University (BYU).  He is now retired.  He has written several articles and books on topics related to marriage and family.

Books by Barlow include Just for Newlyweds, Twelve Traps in Today's marriages and how to Avoid Them, What Husbands Expect of Wives, Worth Waiting For: Sexual Abstinence Before Marriage and What Wives Expect of Husbands.  He has also written articles on such topics on inter-faith marriage by Mormons.

Barlow is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Barlow has also served as chairman of the Governor's Commission on Marriage in Utah.

Barlow received both a BA in Psychology and an MA in Religious Education from BYU.  He earned his Ph.D. in Marriage and Family Relations from Florida State University.  Prior to joining the BYU faculty, Barlow taught at Southern Illinois University and the University of Wisconsin–Stout.

Barlow's masters thesis was on the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ireland from 1840 on.  He wrote the article "The Irish Experience" in V. Ben Bloxham, et al., ed., Truth Will Prevail: The Rise of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the British Isles, 1837-1987 (Cambridge University Press, 1987).

References

Further reading
Article by Barlow on divorce rates
BYU faculty bio page
Article on his wedding anniversary

Latter Day Saints from Utah
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Florida State University alumni
Living people
Southern Illinois University faculty
Latter Day Saints from Florida
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Wisconsin
Year of birth missing (living people)


Lega Padana Lombardia (Padanian League Lombardy), briefly in 2008 part of the Lombardia Autonoma (Self-Governing Lombardy) coalition, was a Padanist and autonomist political party active in Lombardy, northern Italy, between 2001 and 2011.

The party emerged in 2001 as a split from Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord led by Roberto Bernardelli, a long-time member of Lega Nord, at the time a regional deputy for Lombardy. The main reason why Bernardelli left the party was that he considered it to be too similar to Forza Italia, the coalition partner of Lega Nord since 2000. In the 2005 regional elections in Lombardy, the party won 0.9% of the vote, despite not having candidates in all provinces.

In 2008 the party joined Independentist Front Lombardy (led by Max Ferrari) and Lombardy Project (led by Giulio Arrighini) in order to form Lombardia Autonoma, a coalition of parties offering an alternative to Lega Lombarda. In 2009 the party returned to the name of Lega Padana Lombardia. Max Ferrari was a candidate for Autonomy in the 2009 European Parliament election. In the provincial election of Brescia, the party won 2.9% of the vote, while its candidate Arrighini scored 3.2%.

In February 2010 the party chose not to run its own lists in the 2010 regional election. In a press release, Ferrari explained that the party was only at 1.8–2.3% in the opinion polls (below the 3% threshold needed by parties outside big coalitions to elect any regional councillors) and that the only result of their standing would have been to damage the like-minded "cousins" in Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord and to help The People of Freedom. The candidate of LPL would have been Giancarlo Pagliarini, a former minister for Lega Nord.

In 2011 local elections the party won 2.6% of the vote in the Province of Mantua and 1.5% in the Province of Pavia, while its candidate for mayor of Milan, Giancarlo Pagliarini, gained just 0.6% of the vote. All of these results fell short of the electoral thresholds.

In November 2011 the party was merged into the Padanian Union.

Leadership
Secretary: Roberto Bernardelli (2001–2010), Giulio Arrighini (2010–2011)
President: Roberto Bernardelli (2010–2011)

References

External links
Official website

2001 establishments in Italy
Padanian nationalist parties
Political parties established in 2001
Political parties in Lombardy
Padanian independence activists


Avions Mauboussin is a French aircraft manufacturer created in the 1930s.

Formation
Pierre Mauboussin had been in partnership with Louis Peyret from 1928 and had jointly designed three types of light sporting aircraft. Mauboussin left the firm in 1933 after the death of Peyret and established his own aircraft design company. The company was acquired by Fouga in 1936, but continued to produce further designs until 1948.

Aircraft designs

Mauboussin M.112 Corsaire (6 built, first original Peyret PM XII)
Mauboussin M.120 Corsaire series (over 100 built pre and postwar)
Mauboussin M.40 Hemiptere (1 single-seat double monoplane built in 1936)
Mauboussin M.200 series (2 low-wing aircraft built 1939-1941)
Mauboussin M.300 (1 or 2 twin-engined low wing trainers built in 1948)

Surviving aircraft
Nine M.120 Corsaire series aircraft survived in French aircraft collections and museums during  2005. A few examples are still airworthy.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Official website
Image and details of the Hemiptere on Aviafrance

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France


Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 or Gwangmyeongseong-1 (, Hanja: , meaning Bright Star 1) was a satellite allegedly launched by North Korea on 31 August 1998. While the North Korean government claimed that the launch was successful, no objects were ever tracked in orbit from the launch,
 and outside North Korea it is considered to have been a failure. It was the first satellite to be launched as part of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng program, and the first satellite that North Korea attempted to launch.

It was launched from Musudan-ri using a Paektusan rocket, at 03:07 GMT on 31 August 1998, a few days before the 50th anniversary of North Korea's independence from Japan. On 4 September, the Korean Central News Agency announced that the satellite had successfully been placed into low Earth orbit.

The China National Space Administration was involved in the development of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, which had a 72-faced polyhedral shape, similar to Dong Fang Hong I, the first Chinese satellite.  The mass of the satellite is unclear, with estimates ranging from  to .

Etymology
The names "Paektusan" and "Kwangmyŏngsŏng" are richly symbolic for Korean nationalism and the Kim family cult. Paektusan (Mount Paektu) is the highest mountain in Korea (North and South) and is located on the border with China. According to Korean nationalist mythology, Tangun, the mythical founder of Korea, was born on the mountain in 2333 BC. And according to DPRK hagiographic propaganda, the mountain is sacred as the home of Kim Il-sŏng's anti-Japanese guerrilla base, as well as the birthplace of Kim Jong il. Even though Kim Jong-il was born in the former Soviet Far East near Khabarovsk, DPRK sources claim Kim was born on Mount Paektu, and on that day a bright lode star (kwangmyŏngsŏng) appeared in the sky, so everyone knew a new general had been born.

Design

In designing the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, North Korea received considerable assistance from the China's Academy of Launch Technology. This assistance has continued with the development of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite project. It may also extend to additional satellites, including a crude reconnaissance satellite. Thus, the photographs published after the launch showed a satellite similar in shape with a 72-faced polyhedron, to the first Chinese satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, itself very similar to Telstar 1, though estimations of the mass and therefore the size of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 differed according to the various sources, ranging from 6 kg to 170 kg (as compared to the 173 kg and 100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm of the DFH-1).

Launch
On 7 August 1998, scientific personnel began to arrive at the Musudan-ri test site to prepare for a satellite launch. Two weeks later, Korean People's Navy vessels were deployed into the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) to track the rocket during its ascent to orbit. The launch was originally scheduled for an evening launch window on 30 August, in order to provide favorable conditions for observing the launch. Due to adverse weather, the window was extended, and launch occurred at 03:07 GMT (12:07 local time), by which time the weather had improved.

By mid-August, U.S. intelligence had detected activity consistent with preparation and support of a missile flight test, and on 31 August, North Korea launched the Paektusan-1 in an attempt to place a small satellite into earth orbit. U.S. intelligence observed the preparations for the launch, so the timing was not a surprise; however, most analysts did not expect the missile to be configured as a space launch vehicle with a third stage. The United States initially considered the launch a test of intercontinental ballistic missile technology, but it later noted that the rocket's trajectory indicated an orbital launch attempt.

It is thought that the Paektusan-1 solid propellant third stage both demonstrated a near full duration burn and the spin up of the stage and satellite along its longitudinal axis. However, the third stage solid motor ruptured, de-orbiting the satellite almost immediately after orbital insertion while achieving orbital velocity. U.S. officials said the launching represented North Korea's interests to build longer-range missiles.

Despite the launch failure, North Korea reported Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 as a total success,. with the government counting its supposed orbital passes and publishing statements of praise from international supporters.

Reactions

North Korea
The 31 August 1998, Paektusan-1 launch was significant for North Korean domestic politics. North Korean media did not announce the test until 4 September, one day before the Supreme People's Assembly amended the DPRK Constitution to usher in the Kim Jong-il era. On 2 September, the official spokesman of the consulate general of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in Nakhodka has refused to comment to Russian news agency ITAR-TASS on the launching of a medium-range missile from the territory of his country. What is more, he said that at the consulate general itself they had learned of the launching from the media. The DPRK Socialist Constitution declared Kim Il-sŏng "eternal president of the DPRK" and elevated the status of the National Defense Commission, which is chaired by Kim Jong-il. In the days before and after the attempted satellite launch, DPRK media often made references to the doctrine of Kangsŏngdaeguk (national strength and prosperity) since satellite launches and missiles represent the highest levels of technology.

On 13 September, the North Korean media reported that the satellite had completed its 100th orbit, and that it was in an elliptical medium Earth orbit with a perigee of  and apogee of  with a period of 165 minutes and 6 seconds. North Korea stated that the satellite carried transmitters which broadcast the "Song of General Kim Il-sung", the "Song of General Kim Jong-il" and "Juche Korea" in morse code, on a frequency of 27 MHz. It also claimed that the spacecraft returned data on the temperature and pressure in space, and the conditions of its power source.

People's Republic of China
China stated that it had no prior knowledge of the launch and has promised the United States that it will help keep "nuclear missiles out of North Korea". However, the Chinese government had expressed concern over the proposed joint US-Japanese Theater Missile Defense (TMD) plan and warned that, "Japan and the United States should exercise restraint and refrain from doing anything that may cause tensions in the region".

Russia
According to the head of Strategic Missile Troops Vladimir Yakovlev "in accordance with international agreements" North Korea warned Russia of the rocket launch. Yakovlev also reported that an accident during the launch caused the rocket to change its trajectory and therefore not enter the tracking zone of Russian monitoring systems. However, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs contradicted Yakovlev's report. Ministry sources said that no agreements on missile launch warnings exist between Russian and North Korea, and that no one was notified about the test ahead of time. A spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that although North Korea's missile launch concerned Moscow, Russia would like to have normal, friendly relations with North Korea.

South Korea
South Korea's response was relatively muted. In his U.N speech on 25 September 1998, South Korean Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Hong Soon-young called on the global community to make a concerted effort to deter North Korea from developing, testing, and exporting missiles. He also released a joint press statement with Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura and US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright condemning North Korea's missile launch, but reaffirming support for the 1994 Agreed Framework.

United States
On 10 September, the United States announced a package of agreements aimed at defusing tensions and resuming the stalled Four Party Talks on the Korean Peninsula U.S President Bill Clinton used his executive authority to circumvent congressional opposition to the 1994 Agreed Framework by shifting $15 million to fund the purchase of 150,000 tons of heavy fuel oil for North Korea.

See also

 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2
 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3
 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
 Taepodong-2
 1993 North Korean missile test
 Taepodong-1

References

1998 in North Korea
Spacecraft launched in 1998
Satellite launch failures
Space program of North Korea


Bobby Vinton Sings for Lonely Nights is Bobby Vinton's eleventh studio album, released in 1965. This album was released to capitalize on the success of Vinton's big hit "Mr. Lonely" and his album of the same name by containing only songs that refer to loneliness. There were two singles from this album: "Long Lonely Nights" (previously a minor hit for Lee Andrews & the Hearts then for Clyde McPhatter in 1957 and then for The Four Seasons in 1964) and Vinton's self-penned "L-O-N-E-L-Y". Cover versions include "Saturday Night (Is the Loneliest Night of the Week)", "All Alone Am I", "Oh, How I Miss You Tonight", "In the Still of the Night", "I'll Walk Alone" and "Have You Ever Been Lonely (Have You Ever Been Blue?)".

Track listing

Personnel
Bob Morgan – producer
Cardell – cover photo

Charts
Album – Billboard (North America)

Singles – Billboard (North America)

1965 albums
Bobby Vinton albums
Epic Records albums


Jubileumspokalen (literally: The Jubilee Trophy) or Solvallas Jubileumspokal is an annual Group One harness event for trotters that is held at Solvalla in Stockholm, Sweden. Jubileumspokalen has taken place since 1977. In 2008, the purse of the event was approximately US$281,000 (SEK1,750,000).

Origin
In 1977, Solvalla's 50th Anniversary was celebrated. To commemorate this, the new event Jubileumspokalen was inaugurated.

Racing conditions
Since the start in 1977, Jubileumspokalen has been almost exclusively over 2,140 meters (1.33 mile). In the years 1980-1982 however, the race was shorter, 1,640-1,660 meters (1.02-1.03 mile). Auto start has been used every year, with the exception of 1981, when volt start was used.

In January 2009 it was announced that Jubileumspokalen would be somewhat reformed. The 2009 edition will be the first Jubileumspokalen that is open only for 5-year-olds. Prior to 2009, the race was open for horses of age three and up.

Past winners

Horses with most wins
 3 - Zoogin (1995, 1996, 1998)
 3 - Gidde Palema (2003, 2004, 2005)
 2 - Pershing (1978, 1979)
 2 - Callit (1986, 1987)
 2 - Victory Tilly (2000, 2001)

Drivers with most wins
 9 - Stig H. Johansson
 7 - Åke Svanstedt
 4 - Örjan Kihlström
 3 - Olle Goop
 2 - Erik Adielsson
 2 - Karl O. Johansson
 2 - Berndt Lindstedt

Trainers with most wins
 11 - Stig H. Johansson
 7 - Åke Svanstedt
 3 - Stefan Melander
 2 - Stefan Hultman
 2 - Karl O. Johansson
 2 - Berndt Lindstedt

Sires with at least two winning offsprings
 2 - Scarlet Knight (Iceland, Friction)
 2 - Nevele Pride (Pershing, U.S. Thor Viking)
 2 - Super Bowl (Napoletano, Shogun Lobell)
 2 - Quick Pay (The Onion, Victory Tilly)
 2 - Tibur (Callit, Piper Cub)

Winner with lowest odds
 Winning odds: 1.07 - Pershing (1979)

Winner with highest odds
 Winning odds: 43.68 - Thai Tanic (2006)

Fastest winners

Auto start
 1:09.9 (km rate) - Readly Express (2017)

Volt start
 1:14.7 (km rate) - Zorrino (1981)

All winners of Jubileumspokalen

See also
 List of Scandinavian harness horse races

References

Harness races in Sweden