Emmett "Red Fox" McLemore (September 12, 1899 – May 19, 1973) was a professional football player who played in the National Football League during the 1923 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. Emmett was a Cherokee.

On December 2, 1923, McLemore recorded a touchdown to Arrowhead and made a field goal after a Joe Guyon interception. However, he missed two extra point kicks in a 22-19 loss to the Chicago Cardinals. During that same game a McLemore punt hit a Cardinals' player and was soon picked up by Ted Buffalo for a score. A week later on December 7, McLemore caught two passes from Guyon for touchdowns in a 19-0 victory over the Louisville Brecks.

He spent the 1924 season playing in 4 NFL games with the Kansas City Blues.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

Notes

1899 births
1973 deaths
People from Adair County, Oklahoma
Native American players of American football
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Oorang Indians players
Kansas City Blues (NFL) players
Haskell Indian Nations University alumni
Cherokee Nation sportspeople
Pittsburg State Gorillas football players
20th-century Native Americans


The Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill Federal Building is an administrative center of the U.S. federal government in Boston, Massachusetts. Named for former Massachusetts congressman and Speaker of the House of Representatives Tip O'Neill, the building houses the New England regional offices of numerous federal agencies, e.g. the Social Security Administration, the Peace Corps, Boston Passport Agency, etc. It is located at 10 Causeway Street.

History
Built in 1986, the building is named after Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr. (1912–1994), Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. It was built on the site of the former Hotel Manger.

Tenants
 Department of Agriculture; APHIS/PPQ; Food & Nutrition Service
 Department of Commerce;  Export Enforcement
 Department of Homeland Security; Office of the Inspector General;  U.S. Secret Service; U.S. Homeland Security Investigations, U.S. Customs & Border Protection
 Department of Housing & Urban Development
 Department of Justice; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives
 Department of Labor; Office of Administrative Law Judges
 Department of State; U.S. Passport Agency, Diplomatic Security
 Department of the Treasury;  Internal Revenue Service
 Federal Labor Relations Authority
 General Services Administration
 Government Accountability Office
 Hanscom Federal Credit Union
 National Labor Relations Board
 Small Business Administration
 Social Security Administration
 Defense Contract Management Agency
 Federal Protective Services
 Census Bureau

Architecture
Built mainly of pink granite, the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building is characterized by intersecting triangular and chamfered-cornered rectangular sections, horizontal ribbon windows, a sheltered entry loggia off Causeway Street, a sequence of round bollards placed along its front elevation to deter traffic and truck bombers, and a large glass atrium that pours sunlight into its center concourse. In 2000 and 2005, the Environmental Protection Agency awarded the structure the Energy Star for its white reflective roofing system, installed to reduce the urban heat island effect, as well as its use of low-VOC (volatile organic compound) paints and recycled-content ceiling tiles and metal studs.

Art installations
Since October 1986, the building has displayed Jane Kaufman's “Crystal Hanging," a cascade of 9,000 glass crystals measuring  high and  across, in its atrium, as well as Mary Miss' "Cascading Wall Fountain," an abstract sculpture of dried twigs, plywood and painted cardboard.

References

Image gallery

Buildings of the United States government in Massachusetts
Government Center, Boston
Government buildings in Boston
Office buildings in Boston
West End, Boston
Government buildings completed in 1986
Office buildings completed in 1986
1980s architecture in the United States


Helvig of Schleswig (also erroneously Hedwig; 1320–1374) was the queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Valdemar IV. She was the mother of Queen Margaret I of Denmark.

Life
Helvig was the daughter of Eric II, Duke of Schleswig, and Adelaide of Holstein-Rendsburg, and the sister of Valdemar V, Duke of Schleswig. She was also a descendant of King Eric X of Sweden. Her date of birth is not known, but she and her brother were children at the time of her father's death in 1325, and she is estimated to have been born around the year 1320.

Her brother had contended for the Danish throne (as Valdemar III of Denmark) with King Christopher II of Denmark, and was the king of Denmark, from 1326 to 1329, under the guardianship of their maternal uncle, Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg. In the late 1330s, her brother made an alliance with King Christopher's son, Valdemar IV, against his uncle Gerhard, and arranged a marriage between Helvig and Valdemar IV in connection to this. She was to bring the pawned province of Nørrejylland, one quarter of the territory of Jutland north of the Kongeå river, as a dowry. The wedding took place at Sønderborg Castle in 1340. After the wedding, the couple traveled to Viborg to be officially greeted as king and queen of Denmark.

There is little information about queen Helvig. She is not mentioned to have been politically active or as having played any personal role in any aspect: she would, for example had been expected to serve as regent during Valdemar's pilgrimage in 1346, but there is no mention that she did. Until the birth of the future Margaret I of Denmark in 1353, she is noted as living with Valdemar, but after that year, she is no longer documented to be living with him.

A traditional theory was that king Valdemar had queen Helvig repudiated and imprisoned with her household at Søborg Castle for adultery. This theory was based on an old folk song, which described the love affair between the queen and a knight. This story is not confirmed. Another theory claims, that it was queen Helvig who separated from king Valdemar because of his adultery with his mistress Tove, and that she moved to Esrum Abbey in 1355. None of these theories have ever been confirmed, and the truth of their separation is unknown.

Helvig is confirmed to have lived separate from Valdemar at Esrum Abbey, where she eventually died as a lay sister, noted by the monks as famula nostra ('our servant'). She was buried in the abbey church, which brought royal gifts of property for the abbey. A year after her death, her spouse died and her daughter became regent of Denmark. In 1377, queen Margaret successfully asked the pope for permission to rebury her mother at Sorø, though this plan was never realized.

Children
Helvig and Valdemar IV had at least six children;

 Christopher, Duke of Lolland (1344–1363)
 Margaret (1345–1350); betrothed to Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 Ingeborg (1347–1370); married Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and was the maternal grandmother of King Eric VII of Denmark
 Catherine (1349); died young
 Valdemar (1350); died young
 Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412)

References
 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the historiy of the Nordic countries) (1997)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161122000742/http://www.xn--nstvedhistorie-0ib.dk/dronning_helvig.pdf
 Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 1933–34

Danish royal consorts
1374 deaths
Valdemar IV of Denmark
14th-century Danish nuns
Year of birth unknown
Helvig
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
Daughters of monarchs


The European grid is a proposed, multipurpose Pan-European mapping standard.  It is based on the ETRS89 coordinate reference system and the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection, with the centre of the projection at the point 52° N, 10° E and false easting: x0 = 4321000 m, false northing: y0 = 3210000 m (CRS identifier in Inspire: ETRS89-LAEA).

The grid is designated as Grid_ETRS89-LAEA5210. For identification of an individual resolution level, the name is extended by identification of cell size in metres (example: _100K).

The origin of Grid_ETRS89-LAEA5210 coincides with the false origin of the ETRS89-LAEA coordinate reference system (x=0, y=0). Grid points of grids based on ETRS89-LAEA must coincide with grid points at Grid_ETRS89-LAEA5210.

The grid is defined as hierarchical one in metric coordinates in power of 10.
The resolution of the grid is 1m, 10m, 100m, 1000m, 10,000m, 100,000m.
The grid orientation is south-north, west-east.
The reference point of the grid cell for grids based on ETRS89-LAEA is the lower left corner of the grid cell.

Norms

 Official requirements, directives  2007/2/EC of the European Parliament: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:323:0011:0102:EN:PDF

 Current implementation of requirements, as INSPIRE standard:  https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/documents/Data_Specifications/INSPIRE_DataSpecification_GG_v3.1.pdf

See also

ETRS89
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

References
 Source: INSPIRE Reference Systems Thematic Working Group
 INSPIRE Specifications: Geographical grid systems

Standards
Cartography
Maps of Europe


Euphemia of Pomerania (1285 – 26 July 1330) was Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Christopher II. She was the daughter of Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania, and his second spouse, Margarete of Rügen.

Euphemia wed Christopher in 1300. The marriage was likely a politically arranged marriage to provide Christopher with political support from the dynasty of her mother as well as that of her father. Not much is known about queen Euphemia.

Euphemia had at least six known children:

Margarete (1305–1340), married Louis V, Duke of Bavaria
Erik (1307–1331)
Otto, Duke of Lolland and Estonia (born c. 1310 – died after 1347)
Agnes (d. 1312), died young
Heilwig (born c. 1315)
Valdemar, King of Denmark (1320–1375)

She is buried in the Sorø Abbey.

References

 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the historiy of the Nordic countries) (1997)
 Den store danske encyklopædi Eufemia_af_Pommern
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072630/http://runeberg.org/nfad/0404.html
 http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0621.html

1285 births
1330 deaths
Danish royal consorts
House of Griffins
Burials at Sorø Abbey
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
14th-century Danish women
14th-century Danish nobility
13th-century Danish women
13th-century Danish nobility


The Communauté de communes des Marches de Lorraine is a French former administrative association of rural communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and on the south-western edge of the region of Lorraine. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes des Vosges côté Sud-Ouest in January 2017.

Created in December 2003, the association had its administrative offices at Lamarche.

Composition
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

 Ainvelle
 Blevaincourt
 Damblain
 Fouchécourt
 Frain
 Isches
 Lamarche
 Marey
 Martigny-les-Bains
 Mont-lès-Lamarche
 Morizécourt
 Robécourt
 Rocourt
 Romain-aux-Bois
 Rozières-sur-Mouzon
 Senaide
 Serécourt
 Serocourt
 Tollaincourt
 Villotte

Responsibilities
The Association of Lamarche communes has the following responsibilities:
   Management of public spaces
   Economic Development
   Environmental protection and improvement
   Management of public spaces
   Housing
   Quality of life
   Construction, development and operation of cultural and sporting facilities together with primary school and kindergartens
   Technical support for highway maintenance

References

Marches de Lorraine


Agnes of Brandenburg (c. 1257 – 29 September 1304) was a Danish Queen consort by marriage to King Eric V of Denmark. As a widow, she served as the regent of Denmark for her son, King Eric VI, during his minority from 1286 until 1293. She was duchess regnant of Estonia.

Life
She was born to John I, Margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1266) and Brigitte of Saxony, the daughter of Albert I, Duke of Saxony.

She married King Eric V of Denmark at Schleswig on 11 November 1273. The marriage was probably agreed upon during King Eric's captivity in Brandenburg by Agnes' father from 1261 to 1264. Tradition claims that the King of Denmark was released from captivity on his promise to marry Agnes without a dowry. Denmark and Brandenburg, however, had a long tradition of dynastic marriages between them.

Regency
In 1286, she became a Queen dowager and the Regent of Denmark during the minority of her son. The details of her regency are not known more closely, and it is hard to determine which of the decisions were made by her, and which was made by the council. Peder Nielsen Hoseøl was also very influential in the regency, and she is likely to have received support from her family. In 1290, she financed a granted lime painting in St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted, which depicts her in a dominating way. Her son was declared of legal majority in 1293, thus ending her formal regency.

Later life
Married in 1293 to count Gerhard II of Holstein-Plön (d. 1312) with whom she had the son John III, Count of Holstein-Plön. She often visited Denmark also after her second marriage, and it continued to be a second home. She died on 29 September 1304, and was buried in Denmark.

Gallery

References

 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia ('When did what happen in the history of the Nordic countries') (1997)
  Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon (In Danish)

1257 births
1304 deaths
13th-century women rulers
13th-century births
Danish royal consorts
Duchesses regnant
Dukes of Estonia
Regents of Denmark
House of Schauenburg
House of Ascania
Remarried royal consorts
Burials at St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted
14th-century Danish nobility
14th-century Danish women
13th-century Danish nobility
13th-century Danish women
Queen mothers
Daughters of monarchs


The Port Alfred Railway Line is a non-electrified railway line, that connects Alicedale with Grahamstown and Port Alfred in South Africa.

History

The construction of the line was part of the massive expansion of the Cape Colony's railway system, that was begun in the 1870s by Prime Minister John Molteno and the Cape Government Railways. The first section, connecting Alicedale and Grahamstown was completed in 1881. The remaining 68 km to Port Alfred were opened on 1 October 1883.

Passenger services were reduced to the Alicedale - Grahamstown section of the line in 1988 and the line was closed entirely in 1990. Service was restored between Alicedale and Grahamstown in 1995 and suspended again in 2008.

Operation

Until 2008 the line was served by one Shosholoza Meyl passenger train per day in each direction between Grahamstown and Alicedale. This train consists of one diesel locomotive and three passenger carriages. In Alicedale the service connects to the main line train to Johannesburg.

The section between Grahamstown and Port Alfred is not in use.

References

Railway lines in South Africa
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in South Africa


Jutta of Saxony (c. 1223 – before 2 February 1267) was Queen of Denmark as the wife of King Eric IV of Denmark. She was the daughter of Albert I, Duke of Saxony. She married king Erik in 1239, and became junior queen consort, since her husband was junior king, even though there was no senior queen at the time. She would become senior queen in 1242.

Not many details are known about Queen Jutta. She was involved in a conflict with the monks of Øm Abbey, from whom she confiscated corn from their estates and shipped it to her own. Her signature was also on the instruction regarding the funeral service of her spouse, in which he expressed the wish to be buried in the clothes of a monk. She was queen for eight years and widowed in 1250 when her spouse was murdered. She is believed to have returned to Saxony as a widow, leaving her daughters in Denmark.

Jutta married a second time and became the first wife of Count Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg, who held function and title of Burgrave of Magdeburg (recorded between 1273 and 1313), a son of Burgrave Burchard VI (recorded between 1221 and 1273).

Issue
Her children with Eric IV were:
Sophia of Denmark, (1241–1286) married to King Valdemar of Sweden
Canute (Knud) of Denmark (b. & d. 1242)
Ingeborg of Denmark (1244–1287), married to King Magnus VI of Norway
Jutta of Denmark, prioress of St. Agnes' Priory, Roskilde (1246–1284)
Christof of Denmark (b. & d. 1247)
Agnes of Denmark, prioress of St. Agnes' Priory, Roskilde (1249–1288/95)

Her daughter with Burchard VIII was:
Sophia Burghardsdatter von Querfurt-Rosenburg (d. 1325), married with Erik Erikssøn Langben (1272–1310), Duke of Langeland, son of Eric I, Duke of Schleswig

References
 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the history of the Nordic countries) (1997)
 Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VIII. Bind. Holst - Juul (in Danish)

Notes

|-

Danish royal consorts
House of Ascania
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
13th-century Danish nobility
13th-century Danish women
1220s births
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century deaths
Remarried royal consorts
Daughters of monarchs


This is a List of San Diego Historic Landmarks. In 1967, the City of San Diego established a Historical Resources Board with the authority to designate and protect landmarks from inappropriate alterations. In total, the city has designated more than 1,000 structures or other properties as Historic Landmarks. Many of the properties have also received recognition at the federal level by inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places or by designation as National Historic Landmarks.

Listing of San Diego Historic Landmarks

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County
 List of San Diego Historical Landmarks in La Jolla, California
 List of San Diego Historic Landmarks in the Point Loma and Ocean Beach areas

References

External links
 Sandiego.gov: official List of Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board

 01
Lists of places in California
Historic Landmarks
Heritage registers in California
History of San Diego County, California
Locally designated landmarks in the United States


This is a list of Nanjing University people includes notable graduates, non-graduates, professors and other people affiliated with Nanjing University.

Graduates
 Zhou Bangdao, scholar, educator. The first "Zhuangyuan"  since the establishment of Republic of China (ranked No.1 in the 1st R.O.C. Gaodeng Examination which is in a certain sense equivalent to former Imperial examination, 1931). He was later the president of China Medical College (China Medical University), vice minister of Ministry of Examination of R.O.C..
 Chang Chi-yun, historian, geographer, educationist, politician.

Education
 Li Linsi, educator, diplomat, scholar. He was the Director General of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China, diplomatic consultant to Chiang Kai-shek, co-founder of the United Nations Association of China, distinguished professor at the National Central University.
 Tai Shuangqiu, educator dedicated to people's livelihood. The advocator of the Teachers' Day in China.
 Zhang Zonglin, the first professional male teacher of Chinese modern kindergarten.

Humanities
 Wang Ling, historian, educator. Key collaborator of Joseph Needham on the monumental work Science and Civilisation in China
 Tang Junyi, philosopher.
 Chen Chung-hwan, philosopher.
 Lu Qian, dramatist, litterateur, poet, scholar

Social sciences
Xia Shuzhang, scholar in public administration, the father of MPA education in China.
Hsing Mu-huan, economist, the first Director of Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica.
Han Depei jurist
Yang Bi-li, the pioneer guru of management education in Chinese community, the initiator of Chinese MBA education.
Yang Kaidao, sociologist

Natural science & technology
 Zhang Qiming, a distinguished professor of Electrical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering at Pennsylvania State University. He is also the vice President & CTO at Strategic Polymer Sciences, Inc.
 Zhang Xiang, a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and director of NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center; member of National Academy of Engineering of USA.
 Wang Yifang, elementary particle and accelerator physicist.
 Zhou Zhonghe, researcher and director, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; member of U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
 Jeff Xia, astronomy, mathematician.
 Gang Tian, mathematician.
 Liu Dongsheng, geologist. Winner of Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.
 Kenneth Jinghwa Hsu, geologist, paleoclimatologist, oceanographer, author, government advisor, inventor and entrepreneur, a winner of Wollaston Medal, Penrose Medal and Twenhofel Medal, the first president of European Geophysical Society.
 Xia Peisu, computer scientist. She developed China's first general purpose digital computer.
 Feng Duan, physicist.
 Wang Debao,  biochemist. He firstly synthesized yeast alanine transfer RNA.
 Gilbert N. Ling, cell physiologist, biochemist. His achievements include developing microelectrode and he put forward the Association Induction Hypothesis which is controversial.
 Yuan-Cheng Fung, scientist of bioengineering and biomechanics.  The "Founder of Modern Biomechanics" and a founding figure of bioengineering. He is the winner of United States National Academy of Engineering Founders Award (NAE Founders Award, 1998), National Medal of Science (U.S.A., 2000), and Russ Prize (2007).
 Qian Ji, the General Designer of China's first satellite (Dongfanghong I).
 Feng Kang mathematician. The founder of finite element algorithm.
 W. H. T. Loh (Wellington Hsiao-tung Loh), leading authority on dynamics and thermodynamics of re-entry and planetary entry. A leading figure in American Apollo program and Mars Exploration program. He was the chairman of international conference on space exploration held in Washington in 1972.
 Jingguang Chen, Chinese-American chemical engineer
 Chien-Shiung Wu,  scientist. The "First Lady of Physics", the "Greatest Experimental Physicist in 20th Century". The first laureate of Wolf Prize in Physics, the first female President of the American Physical Society.
 Chung-Yao Chao, physical scientist. The first scientist that captured positron through electron-positron annihilation and tested the existence of antimatter.
 Y. H. Woo, physical scientist. After Wu Youxun verified Compton effect (X-ray diffraction), Nobel Prize was given to Arthur H.Compton.
 Dan D. Yang, educator, entrepreneur and businesswoman, founder of VINCI Education and creator of VINCI Blended Learning
 Zhi-Hua Zhou, computer scientist, ACM fellow.
 Fangxun Li, physical chemist.
 Hung_KAO(Hong_GAO，_高鸿), analytical chemist.
 Guangzhao Mao, chemical engineer and an academic.

Business, industry, commerce and finance
 Wang Hao, President of HNA Group.
 Fang Hongbo, Chairman of Midea Company.
 Yi Huiman, Chairman of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.
 Jia Chengzao, Chief Geologist and Vice President of China National Petroleum Corporation, Chairman of Chinese Petroleum Society.
 Kathy Xu (Xu Xin), founder and CEO of Capital Today, with the nickname Queen of Venture Capital in China.
 Tang I-Fang (Tang Yifang), "Father of Singapore Industry", former Singapore Economic Development Board Chairman, a founder of Jurong Industrial Park and Singapore Science Park, Chairman of Board of Singapore United Engineers Group and WBL Corporation, etc.
 Wang Chih-hsin (Wang Zhishen, often mistakenly spelled as Wang Zhixin), a founder and the first General Manager of former Shanghai Stock Exchange.
 Hsu Po-Yuan (Xu Boyuan), financier, former Central Bank Governor, Ministry of Finance, R.O.C. He's the founder of Chinese central bank system.

Politics & government
 Guo Jinlong, Mayor of Beijing. He was the Executive President of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the 29th Olympic Games.
 Yang Jiechi, the foreign minister of the People's Republic of China.
 Chen Deming, the Minister of Commerce, P.R.C.
 Li Shengjiao, senior diplomat, jurist. He contributed to the creation and implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
 Sha Zukang, diplomat, the head of United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
 Kwoh-Ting Li, economic expert, statesmen. The "Father of Taiwan's Economic Miracle".

Arts
 Hong Fan musician. The "father of modern Chinese wind music (tube music)", the "father of modern Chinese martial music".
 Chien-Ying Chang, artist who settled in Britain.
 Chiang Yee poet, author, painter, calligrapher. The "Silent Traveller".
 Lü Fengzi artist, art educator. The founder of the first modern fine arts school in China.

Literature
 Nieh Hua-Ling, writer. Contributed a lot to world literature exchange.
 Shen Zufen, scholar, writer. Classic writer.

Journalism & media
 Hu Bangji, journalist. China's war correspondent in European battlefield in World War II. She interviewed many men of the time, including Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, Charles de Gaulle, Harry S. Truman, Neville Chamberlain and Josip Broz Tito. Her husband, Bi Jilong, former vice secretary general of United Nations, was her schoolmate at Nanjing University.
 Yu Chi-chung, Taiwan's media gurus, the founder of the China Times Group.

Performing arts & entertainment
 Chang Cheh, film director. The  "Father of New Gongfu Film", the "Godfather of Hong Kong cinema".
 Lu Yang, film director, photographer, scientist extraordinaire
 Gong Jianong, actor
 Slater Rhea (Shuai De, ), American singer and TV personality on CCTV; MA graduate of the Hopkins-Nanjing Center.

Miscellaneous
 Li Lu, student leader of democracy movement, investment banker, investor.
 Zeng Liansong, the designer of the Flag of the People's Republic of China.
 Fang Xianjue, a general against the invasion of militaristic Japan
 Luo Fuxin, the first blind college student in China.

Non-graduate
 Miles Flint, the former President of Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications.
 Kim Jun-Yop, historian, educationalist, social activist.
 Mochtar Riady, financial magnate in southeast Asia. Founder and CEO of Lippo Group. Chairman of the Asian Bankers Association. The founder of several banks.
 Wang Gungwu, historian, educator.
 Jiang Zemin, former paramount leader of China, studied at Nanjing Central University from 1943 to 1945.
 Vikram Seth, poet, novelist.
 Diao Aiqing, unsolved murder victim.

Faculty members
Professors and various members of teaching and/or research, including former faculty members.
 Du Junfei, scholar in computer-mediated communication and mass communication. A pioneer scholar in the study of internet mass communication.
 Robert March, scholar in international business and negotiation
 Xu Xin, a founder of Judaic studies in China.
 Xu Longdao, physics
 Na zhong, the first scholar teaching Arabic in Chinese universities, master of Arabic culture and history studies.
 Ren Mei'e, geomorphologist, geologist, marine and coastal scientist
 Zheng Ji, biochemist
 Zhang Daqian, artist
 Xu Beihong, artist
 Thome H. Fang, philosopher
 Pearl Buck, writer. A Pulitzer Prize-winning writer, the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 Ma Yinchu, economist.
Mei Guangdi, the first dean of the first department of western literature in Chinese universities.
 Xiong Qinglai mathematician
 Mao Yisheng, structural engineer
 Zhu Kezhen, meteorologist, geologist.
 Liu Boming philosopher
 Wang Yanqing, the first musician introducing Guqin and Guoyue education into modern higher learning institutions. The founder of Meian qin school (Meian music school. Meian is the Zi(字, a kind of name) of former school president Li Ruiqing).
 Tao Xingzhi educator
 Matsumoto Kouzirou, educationist. Former provost of Tokyo Higher Normal School (today's University of Tsukuba). He jointly founded the first magazine for children education in Japan.
 Xiao Junxian, the first artist providing Chinese painting education in modern institutions of higher learnings.
 Liu Yizheng, historian
 Wang Bohang, Confucian scholar, literary history scholar
 Wang Yening, physicist

Honorary professors, visiting professors
 Hans Driesch, biologist and philosopher. German leader of vitalism. He taught for a semester in 1922.
 David Goltzman, endocrinologist, Professor of Medicine and Physiology, and A.G. Massabki Chair in Medicine at McGill University. He received an honorary professorship from Nanjing University.
 Charles W. Woodworth, American entomologist. The founder of the Entomology Division University of California, Berkeley. He was a lecturer in Entomology during his sabbatical there in 1918 and then again between 1921-1924. See the C. W. Woodworth Award.

Alumni of merged and attached schools
Alumni of the University of Nanking (merged in 1952)
 Choh Hao Li, biologist, biochemist. His achievements include isolating and synthesizing the human pituitary growth hormone and he received many honors including Lasker Award.
 Choh-Ming Li, educationist, economist.
 Francois Cheng, writer, poet. A "Bridge Between Eastern and Western Culture".
 T.C. Tso, agriculturalist, tobacco scientist.
 Te-Tzu Chang, agriculturalist. He receives Tyler World Prize for Environmental Achievement 1999.
 Wu Teh Yao, educationist, politics scholar.
 Thome H. Fang, philosopher.

Alumni of attached schools
 Gao Xingjian, novelist, dramatist and critic. Nobel Prize Winner in Literature in 2000. He entered Middle School Attached to University of Nanking (Now Jinling High School) in 1952.
 Yuan Longping, agriculturalist. "China's Most Famous 'Farmer'", "Father of Hybrid Rice", Wolf Prize winner in agriculture. He graduated from Middle School Attached to National Nanjing University (Now High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University) in 1949.

Related
Nanjing University alumni
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Nanjing University Presidents

References

Nanjing University


Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and ; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI.

Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167. In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen. She did not have any children. During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband. Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity.

References
 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (What happened when in Nordic history) (1997)
 Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VI. Bind. Gerson - H. Hansen  (in Danish)

Danish royal consorts
1150s births
1197 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Duchesses of Swabia
House of Welf
12th-century Danish women
12th-century Danish nobility
12th-century German women
12th-century German nobility
Daughters of monarchs
Remarried royal consorts


Jean Pierre Travot (; 7 January 1767, in Poligny, Jura – 7 January 1836) was a French general and nobleman, the son of Philibert Travot and Catherine Guodefin.

Life
In 1791 Jean-Pierre Travot was already a lieutenant-colonel in the volunteers battalion of Jura. Becoming adjutant general, he fought with distinction in the War in the Vendée under general Hoche. After the defeat of Charette, a series of columns were sent to subdue the territory, with Travot receiving the command of one of them. One of his main feats in that role was his capture of Charette on 23 March 1796 at la Chabotterie, a success that led to his promotion to general. He remained in the Vendée until 1802, where the local authorities appreciated him and regretted his departure. The municipal council of Sables-d'Olonne even went as far as protesting "against his displacement" to Louis Alexandre Berthier, the Minister for War. He was admitted to the Légion d'honneur in 1803. He returned to the Vendée in 1807, when he was entrusted with the command of troops newly based in La Roche-sur-Yon, renamed Napoléon as a completely new prefecture within the department.

At the end of 1807, he led a division in the Invasion of Portugal under the command of Jean-Andoche Junot. After this expedition he exercised various territorial commands in France before returning to the Iberian Peninsula in 1812 at the head of the 2nd division of the Armée des Pyrénées. In 1813 he became a Baron of the Empire and then in 1814, during the French army's retreat from Spain, he took part in the Battle of Toulouse under Marshal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, in which Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington's Anglo-Iberian force forced the French to withdraw despite a strong resistance. On Napoleon's fall general Travot remained in the army under the Bourbon Restoration, despite being a republican, but rallied to Napoleon on his return at the start of the Hundred Days. Napoleon made him a Peer of France and sent him to the Vendée to put down Royalist military uprising against him. On 16 May 1815 the English landed arms at Saint-Gilles-sur-Vie and in the following days, after a series of confrontations, Travot managed to confiscate most of them. However, it was above all Travot's victory at Rocheservière on 21 June 1815 that hampered the royalists' organisation. The campaign gained him general recognition, especially for stopping the massacres at Aiguillon.

Travot enjoyed being in the Vendée and even bought an estate in les Mauges during 1815, but he suffered after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo, the re-imposition of the Bourbon monarchy and the Royalist backlash in the Vendée in 1816. He came before a council of war presided over by one of his enemies, Simon Canuel, who had fought with the Republicans before switching sides to the Royalists (even joining the Vendéen insurgents Travot had been charged with beating during the Hundred Days). In these circumstances Travot's trial was hardly going to be balanced and Canuel was particularly biased, even going so far as to accuse Travot's defence counsels of lèse majesté. The trial ended in Travot being condemned to death, later commuted to 20 years in prison. Profoundly affected by his imprisonment, he went mad and died in an asylum in 1836. Travot was called "virtuous" in Napoleon's will, his name is inscribed on the Arc de triomphe, statues were set up to him in Poligny and la Roche-sur-Yon, and a plaque was placed on his birthplace (in a street now named rue Travot after him).

Notes and references

Further reading
 www.histoiredevendee.com Military history of the Vendée (in French)

1767 births
1836 deaths
People from Jura (department)
Republican military leaders of the War in the Vendée
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Barons of the First French Empire
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Peers of France
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe


Jorabat is a village, suburban fringe and a junction which covers area under both Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya, India and Kamrup Metropolitan district, Assam, India, with greater parts in Kamrup Metropolitan district of Assam and lesser southern parts in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya.

Geography
The area is sandwiched between southern Brahmaputra Valley and northern parts of East Khasi Hills.

Ethnic groups
Though the area mostly lies in Kamrup (Metropolitan) district of Assam, being a transportation hub area is a conglomeration of communities living in harmony and peace which is hard to find in the rest of North east India where hostilities between various ethnic and religious group is a common scenario. The occupation of majority of the people living in Jorabat is business. The Nepalese and Bihari community constitute a majority in the area whereas Assamese, Khasi, Bengali, Punjabi, Garo, Missing, Bodo, Adivashis (Tea Tribe), Bishnupriyas, Rajasthanis and religious minorities makes a combined sizable part of demography.

Places of interest and importance
Shri Shri Bhadrakaleshwari Mandir
Friday weekly bazaar
Jorabat Electricity Bill collection centre (Government of Assam)
Jorabat Telephone Exchange
North East Cancer Hospital

Transport
National Highway 40 links Jorabat to Jowai via Shillong and National Highway 37 passes through Jorabat and connects parts of East Assam with Guwahati.

References

Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district
Villages in Ri-Bhoi district


Adela of Meissen (also Adelheid or Adele) (died 23 October 1181) was a Danish Queen consort, spouse of King Sweyn III of Denmark. She was the daughter of Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, and Luitgard of Ravenstein.

Adela was born in Meissen. She was married to Sweyn in 1152. As queen of Denmark, Adela was not popular, but criticized for influencing her spouse to abandon Danish customs in favour of German ones.

Widowed in 1157, she married count Adalbert III of Ballenstedt.

Issue
Issue with Swein
  Son, died early
  Luccardis, spouse of Margrave Berthold I of Istria.

Issue with Adalbert

 Gertrudis, spouse of Walther of Arnstein

References

 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the history of the Nordic countries) (1997)
Biography in ''Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 1. ed.

12th-century births
1181 deaths
House of Wettin
Danish royal consorts
Year of birth missing
12th-century Danish people
12th-century Danish women
Remarried royal consorts
Daughters of monarchs


Minuscule 403 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 320 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on cotton paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.
It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 212 paper leaves () with numerous lacunae. It is written in one column per page, in 22 lines per page.

It contains Argumentum, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 240 Sections, 16:19) (no references to the Eusebian Canons), lectionary markings at the margin, incipits, and Menologion.

 Contents
Matthew 12:23-19:12; 19:18-28:20; Mark; Luke 1:1-5:21; 5:36—24:53; John 1:1-18:36.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

History

The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III (Ms. II. A. 4) in Naples.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
13th-century biblical manuscripts


Ephraim Sidon (; born February 26, 1946) is an Israeli author, playwright, and satirist, noted for both his satirical work and his children's books.

Biography
Sidon was born in Jerusalem in 1946 and today lives in Tel Aviv with his family, where he continues to play a central role in Israeli culture.

Professional and literary career
In the early 1970s, he collaborated with some of Israel’s most notable writers and satirists publishing a student newspaper and throughout the 1970s this group went on to create some of Israel's most original and diverse work for newspapers and television. In 1974, they created the first satirical cult program for Israeli Television, Nikui Rosh. He then went on to write Zehu Ze; one of Israeli television's biggest comical successes to date. In addition to his work for newspapers and television, he wrote vastly for the stage.

In the 1990s Sidon gained status as the top writer for the Israeli Channel 2 satirical puppet show Chartzufim, the Israeli version of Spitting Image. This program mocked the Israeli government mainly during the governments of Barak and Netanyahu. Sidon continued playing a major role in the satirical front of Israel’s main publications and enjoyed a wide following with weekly satirical columns in leading newspapers, including a much-acclaimed weekly sketch based on Biblical Stories.

However, Sidon is most loved and acknowledged for his children’s books, with their imaginative characters, rhyme and strong underlying morals. He has published 25 books for children, which are part of the Israeli theatrical canon. His most notable books include the bestselling Baldy Heights and Uzu and Muzu from Kakaruzu. His books have been widely translated.

Awards
In 2004, Sidon was a co-recipient (jointly with David Grossman and Haya Shenhav) of the Bialik Prize for literature.

See also

List of Bialik Prize recipients

References

External links
http://www.jacketflap.com/persondetail.asp?person=47232

1946 births
Living people
Israeli male dramatists and playwrights
Israeli children's writers


Lutgard of Salzwedel or Liutgard/Luitgard of Stade, (b. , murdered 1152) was Queen of Denmark as the wife of King Eric III.

Life
Lutgard was born to Richardis, Countess of Sponheim-Lavanttal, and Count Rudolf I of Stade and Ditmarsh (d. 1124), Margrave of the Northern March, seated in Salzwedel. Lutgard's paternal grandfather was Margrave Lothair Udo II (of the Udonids, ). After the death of her father she lived at her mother's estates near Jerichow. Married to her uncle Frederick II, Count of Sommerschenburg ( – 19 May 1162), Count Palatine of Saxony as Frederick VI (since 1120), she had four children with him, but was forced to divorce him - on the grounds of prohibited degree of relation - by 1142.

Her brother Hartwig, Count of Stade, provost at Bremen Cathedral since 1143, married her to Eric of Denmark in 1143 or 1144. With the death of her elder, childless brother Count Rudolf II of Stade and Freckleben in 1144, Lutgard and her children became the eventual heirs of the County of Stade, since her younger, inheriting brother, Hartwig, was childless too. However, in 1148 Hartwig stipulated with the cathedral chapter his election as Archbishop of Bremen in return for his bequest of the county to the archdiocese on his death, thus disinheriting Lutgard's children. As queen, she was criticized for being promiscuous and for influencing her spouse to waste money. She separated from her spouse after she was accused of adultery and exiled to the Holy Roman Empire.

As a widow, she became the second wife of the widowed Count Herman II of Winzenburg-Northeim in 1148, and had three more daughters with him. Ministeriales of Bernard of Rothenburg, Bishop of Hildesheim, eventually at his instigation, murdered Count Herman, who was violent and ambitious to seize further territories, and the pregnant Lutgard in Winzenburg in the night between 29 and 30 January 1152. The murderers further robbed their treasury of 6,000 pound in silver.

Issue
With Frederick II of Sommerschenburg she had four children:
 Albert (Adalbert), Count Palatine of Sommerschenburg (ca. 1130–15 January or 17 March 1179)
 Adelheid (d. 1 May 1184), Princess-Abbess of Gandersheim Abbey (1152/53–1184) and Quedlinburg Abbey (1161–1184)
 Sophia (d. 1189 or 1190), married (1) with Henry I, Count of Wettin (27 February 1142 – 30 August 1181), brother of the next Danish queen consort Adela of Meissen and son of their father Margrave Conrad the Great; (2) with Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia
 Dietrich, Count Palatine of Sommerschenburg, guardian of his nephew Henry II, Count of Wettin, son of Sophia and Henry I of Wettin

With Hermann II of Winzenburg-Northeim she had the following three daughters:
 Daughter (1149– before 1204), married (1) in 1170 Henry III, Count of Schwarzburg (d. 26 July 1184), and (2) Ulrich I, Count of Wettin (ca. 1170–28 September 1206), son of Sophia and Henry I of Wettin
 Daughter (b. 1150), in 1166 married Buris/Burits Henriksen (likely 1130–1167, murdered), Earl of Jutland (since 1162), a son of Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter and Henry Sweynson (Henrik Skadelår)
 Hedwig (b. 1151), Provostress of Gandersheim Abbey

References
 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the history of the Nordic countries) (1997)
 Hans Olrik, "Lutgard (Ljutgard), –1152, Dronning", in: Dansk biografisk leksikon, vol. X: Laale - Løvenørn, p. 400.

Notes

1110s births
Danish royal consorts
Countesses in Germany
Year of birth missing
1152 deaths
Remarried royal consorts
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
12th-century Danish women
12th-century Danish nobility
12th-century German women
12th-century German nobility


Agni Shridhar is a Kannada former gangster, writer, critic and artist. He founded Karunada Sene. Later he founded the weekly Kannada newspaper Agni, and turned a professional writer. He has written a book called "Daadagiriya Dinagalu", meaning the days of Goondaism.

He hails from Channapattana and studied in Bangalore.

Literary works
He has scripted a play called Edegarike.
He has scripted a film  with Girish Karnad called Aa dinagalu which is derived from his Daadagiriya Dinagalu written on Bengaluru crime of 1986.
His directorial debut movie Thamassu
He scripted a film in 2022 called Head bush. Which is directed by shoonya.

Filmography

Awards

Thamassu directed by Agni Shridhar was adjudged as the second best film in the Karnataka State Film Awards for the year 2010-11.
He also won the Best Screen Play writer award for the same movie.

References

Kannada-language writers
Kannada film directors
Indian male screenwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian gangsters


Verilator is a free and open-source software tool which converts Verilog (a hardware description language) to a cycle-accurate behavioral model in C++ or SystemC. The generated models are cycle-accurate and 2-state; as a consequence, the models typically offer higher performance than the more widely used event-driven simulators, which can model behavior within the clock cycle. Verilator is now used within academic research, open source projects and for commercial semiconductor development. It is part of the growing body of free EDA software.

Usage
Verilator has seen its widest adoption in the academic and open source communities. The semiconductor industry has been more cautious in its adoption of an open source tool, and has the financial means to use commercial alternatives.

Academic
Researchers have used Verilator to develop new co-simulation environments, as part of general ASIC and FPGA design flows and in performance and power analysis. Verilator is also a popular tool for student dissertations, for example.

Open Source
Verilator is an open source tool, and has in turn been adopted by a number of other projects. The Fedora Electronic Lab  has adopted Verilator as part of its open source design flow for Fedora 11. The OpenRISC architecture from OpenCores includes a cycle accurate reference model, generated from Verilog using Verilator. A recent paper described how the regression test suite for GCC could be run against a Verilator model of the OpenRISC 1200 as a way of detecting errors in the Verilog RTL implementation. TestDrive Profiling Master  tool provides the virtual FPGA environment using Verilator.

Commercial
Commercially, Philips Semiconductors (now NXP) have led the way. Their use of Verilator is becoming more widespread, for example within application notes. More recently Art of Silicon have described their use of Verilator on a farm of Linux processors as a route to faster regression testing of their commercial designs. The current maintainer of Verilator identified 27 companies and universities who had reported use of Verilator or contributed to its development, including Intel, Arm, CSR, Broadcom, Raytheon, Infineon, Stanford University, Imperial College London and Embecosm.

History
Verilator's user manual provides a short history. The tool originated in 1994 with a team led by Paul Wasson at the Core Logic Group at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It was used to convert Verilog code to C for co-simulation with a C based CPU model of the Alpha processor. During the mid-1990s Duane Galbi took over responsibility for development and the technology was adopted by other groups in DEC. In 1998 DEC released the source code.

Since 2001 the technology has been developed by Wilson Snyder and others as part of the Veripool open source project. A SystemC mode was added and the tool rewritten from scratch in C++, leading to an increase in performance. In 2022 Verilator Version 5 added an IEEE-compliant scheduler and delay semantics, relaxing previous restrictions that ignored all delays.

Technology and key features
Verilator converts Verilog to C++ or SystemC. It can handle all versions of Verilog and also some SystemVerilog assertions. The approach is closer to synthesis than event-driven simulation. The entire design is flattened (that is, all modules are expanded to create one module). Static analysis is used to eliminate wires and schedule all processes at model generation time. A C++ class is generated with a function which takes 2-state values on input ports and advance them to values on output ports at the next clock edge.

SystemC is supported by providing a wrapper class using SystemC ports and with sensitivity to the clock(s), which will drive the ports of the underlying C++ model.

Verilator supports automatically partitioning designs into multiple threads, also potentially improving performance.

Using with MATLAB
Verilator converts synthesizable Verilog to C++, while C++ library could be compiled into a MEX file using MATLAB interface to C++. This is how Verilog designs can be directly simulated from MATLAB. Using compiled C++ models with MATLAB is faster than using co-simulation interfaces with a separate HDL simulator. There is an open-source project called vmodel that compiles Verilog into a MEX file using Verilator and provides a set of functions for model simulation from MATLAB.

See also

 Comparison of EDA software
 List of HDL simulators
 OpenCores
 OpenRISC
 Verilog

References

External links

Free electronic design automation software
Electronic design automation software for Linux


Ravi Belagere (15 March 1958 – 13 November 2020) was an Indian writer and journalist based in Bangalore, Karnataka. He was the editor of the Kannada-language tabloid Hai Bangalore and fortnightly magazine O Manase. He founded Bhavana Prakashana, Prarthana School and Bhavana Audio Reach.

Personal life

Early life
Belagere was born on 15 March 1958 at Sathyanarayanapete, in Bellary. He studied his high school education from Siddhaganga High School, Tumkur for couple of years and he failed in SSLC. Later, he completed his master's degree in history and archaeology from Veerashaiva College, Bellary.

Married life
Belagere has been married twice. His first wife is Lalitha and the second wife is Yashomati, who was his colleague at Hai Bangalore office. His first wife has three children namely Chethana Belagere (daughter), Bhavana Belagere (daughter) and Karna (son). His second wife Yashomati has a son named Himavanth. He was an ardent fan of Khushwant Singh and he said he was attracted to leftist ideology and he had no political leanings.

Career
Belagere started his career as a lecturer of history, working as a lecturer of history in Bellary, Hassan and Hubli before heading to Bengaluru in 1984. After coming to Bengaluru, he started his own newspaper Hai Bangalore on September 25, 1995 along with R. T. Vittalamurthy, Ra. Somanath, Jogi and I. H. Sangam Dev which he published from his Padmanabhanagar office in Bengaluru. The columns like Love Lavike, Bottom Item and Khaas Baat apart from Papigala Lokadalli which was about the underworld, created many admirers and his paper was the largest circulated newspaper over the five years. After this success, he started a magazine O Manase which focused on difficulties and troubles of young people. Later, he produced several TV programs and acted in some movies.

Literary works

Media works
 He was the producer and narrator of the crime investigation show Crime Diary which aired on ETV Kannada and he has also given his voice for the movie Deadly Soma
 He hosted a TV program Endhu Mareyada Haadu, Break fast which aired on Janashri TV
 He has acted in movies like Ganda Hendathi, Madesha and Vaarasdhara and also he has played the role of a judge in Muktha Muktha serial
 He has also produced a TV programs such as Night Beat Crime, Heli Hogu Karana which is based on his own novel on Suvarna TV
 He has also conducted a radio program Bel Belagge Ravi Belagere on Akashvani.
He was a participant in Bigg Boss Kannada seventh season.

Awards and honours

Controversies
In December 2017, Ravi Belagere was accused of contracting the killing of his former colleague and journalist Sunil Heggaravalli. It was alleged that he had paid Rs 15,000 as advance to the contract killers and also provided them with a country-made gun to kill his fellow journalist. He was arrested by the Bangalore Central Crime Branch under IPC Section 307 (attempt to murder), 120B (criminal conspiracy) and sections under the Arms Act. The officials seized a revolver and 53 bullets, a double barrel gun and 41 bullets from his Bengaluru residence. He spent many days at the Parappana Agrahara central jail in connection with the case.

He wrote a controversial article on the actor Rupini which invited strong criticism.

Belagere directed the movie Mukhyamantri I Love You, which was based on the love story of H D Kumaraswamy and actor Radhika Kumaraswamy. The movie never hit the screen as H. D. Deve Gowda brought a stay on its release.

In December 2010, he made a derogatory comment on Pratap Simha, then a writer at Vijaya Karnataka. It led to the resignation of Simha, the editor-in-chief Vishweshwar Bhat, P. Thayagaraj and several others. After that, Pratap Simha hit back at Ravi Belagere on his website and the spat between the two continued for a while.

He had a spat with the producers of the movies such as Bheema Theeradalli and Om(Kannada film) over alleged copyright infringement of his works.

Death
Ravi died at 2:30 AM on 13 November 2020 due to heart attack in Bangalore. He was 62.

References

Further reading
 The Hindu : Karnataka / Bellary News : Jail for Ravi Belagere
 The Hindu : Karnataka / Hassan News : Journalist restrained from releasing film
 The Hindu : Editor of weekly opens fire at gang

External links
 Official website
  Official website
 Articles by Belagere
 Ourkarnataka
Official YouTube Channel
Namma Nammalli : Vijayavani newspaper articles by Ravi Belagere

1958 births
2020 deaths
Indian editors
Writers from Bangalore
Kannada-language journalists
Journalists from Karnataka
20th-century Indian journalists
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2008


Kal  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Węgorzewo, within Węgorzewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately  south of Węgorzewo and  north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located between lakes Mamry and Święcajty in the historic region of Masuria.

The village has a population of 150.

References

Populated lakeshore places in Poland
Kal


Estrid Bjørnsdotter also called Estrid Byrdasvend (12th century) was a Norwegian Queen consort, spouse of King Magnus V of Norway.

Estrid Bjørnsdotter was the daughter of Björn Byrdasvend and Rangrid Guttormsdotter, who was a possible descendant of Tostig Godwinson, the brother of the last Anglo-Saxon King of England Harold Godwinson. She was the widow of Tore Skinnfeld. She later married King Magnus V in the year of 1170, and thereby became queen of Norway.

References

Other sources
 Jirí Louda and Michael MacLagan, Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition (London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), table 24.

External links
 http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=17439
 http://thepeerage.com/p11301.htm#i113008

Norwegian royal consorts
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
12th-century Norwegian women
12th-century Norwegian people


The Bitola Zoo, is a zoo in Bitola, North Macedonia. It was founded on 1 May 1950 with the help of zoos in Skopje, Zagreb, Belgrade and Subotica.

The Bitola zoo plays a significant role in the sphere of social living, especially in the sector of education as well as the protection of certain animal species. Ever since its establishment as an institution in 1950, the zoo has been constantly improving the conditions in order to meet European standards, but these standards have not yet been met. In 2004, a number of activities have started, aimed at improving the conditions in which the animals live and raising the educational character of the zoo.

Recent criticism
During recent year, harsh critic has been directed towards the zoo from organisations such as OIPA International and Animalia Ohrid. They are asking the Macedonian Government to close down the zoo due to allegations such as the use of stray dogs as food, and visitor testimonies and photos of unhappy and starving animals.

Gallery

References

External links

Bitola
Buildings and structures in Bitola
Tourist attractions in Bitola


Christina Knutsdatter of Denmark, in Norway known as Kristin Knutsdotter, (c. 1118–1139) was a Danish princess who became Queen of Norway as the spouse of King Magnus IV the Blind of Norway.

Christina was born to Canute Lavard and Ingeborg of Kiev. Her marriage to Magnus was arranged by her maternal aunt, Malmfred, former Queen of Norway and the former stepmother of Magnus, and at the time the wife of Christina's paternal uncle Eric. Christina was engaged in 1131, and the marriage took place in 1132/33.

King Magnus supported the struggle of her father Canute and uncle Eric against King Niels of Denmark. In 1133, Eric and Malmfrid fled Denmark for Norway and the protection of Magnus. After Queen Christina, however, found out that Magnus had plans to betray them, she warned them, and Eric and Malmfrid allied themselves with Magnus' rival, Harald IV of Norway. King Magnus then separated from Queen Christina.

References
 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989) (Swedish)
 Sven Rosborn (In Swedish): När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the history of the Nordic countries) (1997)
 Edvard Bull. »Magnus Blinde» I: Norsk biografisk leksikon, 1. utg. Bd 9. 1938
 Nils Petter Thuesen. »Magnus 4 Sigurdsson Blinde» I: Norsk biografisk leksikon, 2. utg. Bd 6. 2003.
 Knut Helle. Aschehougs Norgeshistorie. Bd 3. Under kirke og kongemakt. 1995

|-

12th-century deaths
Norwegian royal consorts
12th-century Norwegian women
12th-century Norwegian people
12th-century Danish women
12th-century Danish people
Danish princesses
House of Estridsen
Year of birth unknown
Fairhair dynasty
Daughters of monarchs


Silver Hills Public School, Kozhikode, is a Christian minority institution under the management of CMI Fathers of St. Thomas Province, Kozhikode, who run several educational institutions at all levels in India and abroad. The CMI society was founded by Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara. The school offers 10+2 year pattern of education under both the Kerala state syllabus and also the C.B.S.E. syllabus with recognition up to class XII. The patron of the school is Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara. The school has about 1,500 students and 65 teachers.

Two institutions constitute Silver Hills School - Silver Hills Higher Secondary School and Silver Hills Public School, with state and C.B.S.E. syllabus respectively. The principal of the former is Fr. Biju John Vellakkada, while the latter is headed by Fr. John Mannarathara.

In 2005 and 2007, the school won C.B.S.E. Kalotsav, a cultural festival organised by Sahodaya Schools Complex of Malabar Region.

Notable alumni
 Vinod Scaria, genomics scientist

References

External links
 Silver Hills Higher Secondary School
 Silver Hills Public School
 Silver Hills Public School online

Schools in Kozhikode
High schools and secondary schools in Kerala


Alfred James Croston (born  – death unknown) was an English rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s, and coached rugby league in the 1940s and 1950s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Hampshire, at military level for Army Rugby Union (with Frank Whitcombe), and the 38th Field Company Royal Engineers, and at club level for United Services Portsmouth, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Castleford and Wakefield Trinity (captain), as a , and coached at club level for Wakefield Trinity.

Playing career

Castleford
Croston came from Wigan and had begun playing rugby at Castleford around 1932 after leaving the army, where he had played for United Services and won a cap for Hampshire.

Croston played right- in Castleford's 11-8 victory over Huddersfield in the 1935 Challenge Cup Final during the 1934–35 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1935, in front of a crowd of 39,000.

In November 1938, he put in a transfer request to the Castleford board and, although selected, did not turn up for the club's match with Hull. He was not named for the team that played Barrow on 26 November and said that he would retire from the sport unless his request was granted. Despite this, he was available to play for the club at the start of the 1938-39 season.

Croston played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire County League during the 1938–39 season.

Wakefield Trinity
Croston made his début for Wakefield Trinity during September 1943, and he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during the 1946–47 season.

He was captain in Wakefield Trinity's 13-12 victory over Wigan in the 1946 Challenge Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1946, in front of a crowd of 54,730.

Croston was the coach in Wakefield Trinity's 2-5 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1945 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Thrum Hall, Halifax on Saturday 3 November 1945, played at , and was the coach in the 10-0 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1946 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1946–47 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 31 November 1946, and was the coach (standing in for Harry Beverley) in the 17-3 victory over Keighley in the 1951 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1951–52 Northern season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 27 October 1951.

Representative honours
Jim Croston won caps for England while at Castleford in 1936 against Wales, in 1938 against Wales (2 matches), and France, in 1939 against France, and Wales, and won a cap for Great Britain while at Castleford in 1937 against Australia.

Jim Croston won caps for Lancashire while at Castleford; he played right-, i.e. number 3, in Lancashire's 5-5 draw with Yorkshire at Leeds' stadium on 9 January 1935, played in the 7-4 victory over Cumberland at Whitehaven's stadium on 21 September 1935, scored a try in the 28-6 victory over Yorkshire at Castleford's stadium on 21 October 1936, scored 2-tries in the 18-10 victory over Cumberland at St. Helens' stadium on 31 October 1936, played in the 23-17 victory over Cumberland at Workington Town's stadium on 18 September 1937, played left-, i.e. number 4, and scored a try in the 7-5 victory over Australia in the 1937–38 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France match at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Wednesday 29 September 1937, in front of a crowd of 16,250. played in the 8-7 victory over Cumberland at Wigan's stadium on 14 September 38, and played in the 10-10 draw with Yorkshire at Leeds' stadium on 26 October 1938.

References

External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Profile at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk
John Ledger: Legend Croston's starring role in real golden era of the Cup
Cas The Golden Point Pioneers
Search for "Jim Croston" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk

1911 births
1992 deaths
Army rugby union players
British Army personnel of World War II
Castleford Tigers players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Royal Engineers soldiers
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby union players from Wigan
United Services players
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity coaches
Wakefield Trinity players


The Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 40, was composed by Gerald Finzi in 1955.

The piece is in three movements:
I. Allegro moderato
II. Andante quieto
III. Rondo: Adagio - Allegro giocoso

The concerto was written as the result of a request by John Barbirolli, and first performed by Barbirolli and the Hallé Orchestra, with Christopher Bunting as the soloist at the Cheltenham Music Festival on 19 July 1955. The first radio broadcast of the concerto was given on the night before Finzi died in 1956.

Part of the second movement was used as the signature tune for the BBC Radio 2003 of adaptation of C. P. Snow's Strangers and Brothers.

External links
Cello Concerto
Boosey & Hawkes
Review by Robert Stumpf II on Classical.net
Gerald Finzi: His Life and Music
Symphony Pro Musica Program Notes - November 2001

Finzi, Gerald
Compositions by Gerald Finzi
1955 compositions
Compositions in A minor


Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir (Gaelic: Blathmuine ingen Muirchertach; fl. 1102/1103) was a daughter of a Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. In 1102, whilst still a child, she was married to Sigurðr, son of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway. At this time, Magnús appears to have been in the process of setting up his son as king over the Earldom of Orkney, the Kingdom of the Isles, and the Kingdom of Dublin. The marriage temporarily bound Muirchertach and Magnús together as allies before the latter's death the following year. Sigurðr thereupon repudiated Bjaðmunjo, and left for Scandinavia, where he proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his brothers.

Background

Bjaðmunjo was a daughter of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. In the late eleventh century, following the death of his father, Muirchertach seized control of the Kingdom of Munster and moved to extend his authority throughout Ireland as High King of Ireland. In so doing, he gained control of the Norse-Gaelic Kingdom of Dublin, and as a result began to extend his influence into the nearby Kingdom of the Isles. There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century. What is known for sure is that, before the end of the century, Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway led a marauding fleet from Scandinavia into the Irish Sea region, where he held power until his death in 1103.

The catalyst for this Norwegian intervention may have been the extension of Muirchertach's influence into the Irish Sea region following the death of Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles. The region appears to have degenerated into chaos following Gofraid's demise, and Magnús seems to have taken it upon himself to reassert Norwegian authority. Magnús made two expeditions into the Irish Sea region. One arrived in 1098; the other in 1102. The focus of the second overseas operation appears to have been Ireland itself. Following an apparent Norwegian conquest of Dublin, Magnús and Muirchertach negotiated a peace agreement, sealed through the marriage of Magnús' son, Sigurðr, and Bjaðmunjo herself.

Marriage

The marriage agreement between Magnús and Muirchertach is noted in several sources. The Annals of Inisfallen and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that the marriage took place in 1102. Other sources reporting the marriage include the twelfth-century Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum, the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga, and Magnúss saga berfœtts within the thirteenth-century Heimskringla. Sigurðr was apparently twelve years old at the time of the marriage, although Bjaðmunjo's age is uncertain. The remarkably young age of the newlyweds, and the fact that the union is recorded at all in historical sources, suggests that a dynastic marriage was required for the conclusion of peace between their fathers.

There seems to be some confusion in several historical sources regarding the marriage. For example, the twelfth-century Historia ecclesiastica states that Magnús himself married the daughter of an Irish king in about 1093. According to Morkinskinna, Magnús was at one point set to marry a certain Maktildr, described as an "emperor's daughter". It is possible that Maktildr represents Matilda, a woman who was a sister of the reigning Étgar mac Maíl Choluim, King of Scotland, and who is known to have married Henry I, King of England in 1110. In fact, the episode concerning Magnús and Maktildr in Morkinskinna may have influenced the erroneous claim preserved by the same source and the thirteenth-century Fagrskinna, that Sigurðr married a daughter of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Scotland. At about the same time as the marriage between Bjaðmunjo and Sigurðr, the former's father secured yet another marital alliance through another daughter and Arnulf de Montgomery, Earl of Pembroke, an English magnate in the midst of a revolt against the reigning King of England.

Ramifications

Just prior to the settlement of peace between the Uí Briain and the Norwegians, Muirchertach was not only contending with the arrival of Magnús, but was also locked in an extended struggle with Domnall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain. The agreement of a year's peace between Muirchertach and Magnús, however, turned Magnús from an enemy into an ally. Whilst Magnús appears to have intended for Sigurðr to rule over his recently-won overseas territories—a region stretching from Orkney to Dublin—Muirchertach appears to have intended to exert influence into the Isles through his new son-in-law. In fact, during the following year, Muirchertach and Magnús cooperated in military operations throughout Ireland. Unfortunately for Muirchertach, and his long-term ambitions in Ireland and the Isles, Magnús was slain in Ulster in 1103. Thereupon Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna reveal that Sigurðr immediately repudiated Bjaðmunjo—their marriage apparently having been unconsummated—and returned to Norway. There Sigurðr proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his two brothers, Eysteinn and Óláfr. It was over one hundred and fifty years until another King of Norway ventured into the Isles.

See also
Bjaðǫk, a Gaelic wife/mistress/concubine of Haraldr gilli, King of Norway. Haraldr gilli himself claimed to be a son of Magnús by another Gaelic woman.

Notes

Citations

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

12th-century Irish women
Irish princesses
Medieval Gaels from Ireland
O'Brien dynasty
Place of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


Rupert Nicholas Maas (born 23 July 1960) is an English painting specialist and gallery owner best known for his appearances on the long-running BBC One series Antiques Roadshow where he has been a member of the team of experts since 1997.

Biography
Born and raised in London, Rupert is the middle of three children and the oldest son of the art dealer Jeremy Maas (1928–1997) and artist and equestrian Antonia Armstrong Willis (1932–2017). Rupert has an older sister Athena (born 1957) and a younger brother Jonathan (born 1962).

Rupert's father started the Maas Gallery in Mayfair, London, dealing in Pre-Raphaelite paintings, writing a book in 1969, Victorian Painters. Rupert Maas was educated at Sherborne School in Dorset from 1974 to 1978 and took a BA in Art History at the University of Essex from 1980 to 1983.

In the summer of 1983, he sailed the Atlantic and later that year joined the Maas Gallery which deals in Victorian, Pre-Raphaelite, Romantic and Modern British paintings, watercolours, drawings, reproductive engravings and sculpture. The gallery has also featured the work of a number of contemporary living artists, including Keiron Leach and Julia Sorrell.

Maas served on the executive committee of the Society of London Art Dealers in 1998–99. He co-owns and runs The Watercolours and Drawings Fair. He has regularly written articles for the art, press and lectures on art. He is widely recognised as the leading expert on the works of the Royal Academician Augustus Leopold Egg (1816–1863).   He also promotes Ballantine's whisky in the Far East.

Maas is frequently called upon to provide independent valuations for museums, both domestic and international, and has previously valued individual pictures and entire collections (for example the John Wharlton Bunney 1828-1882 archive) for Acceptance in Lieu. In 2006 Maas was duped into paying £20,000 for a faked art work claimed to be by fairyland painter John Anster Fitzgerald (1823–1906).

In 1993, Maas became full-time director of the Maas Gallery. In 1997, shortly after his father's death, he joined BBC's Antiques Roadshow as a picture specialist. He has appeared regularly on the series and on other television programmes such as Castle in the Country. In 2008, he caused a minor local controversy when, during an episode of Antiques Roadshow, he implied that women from Shropshire had fat ankles.

Known for his ability to reel off spontaneous art-related witticisms, one of his best known and oft-quoted quips pertains to vetting an artwork's authenticity by bearing in mind that "Everything but the naked picture is capable of lying."

In December 2015 Maas appeared on the team representing University of Essex on BBC Four's Christmas University Challenge.

Personal life
Maas is  tall. He lives in Camberwell in south London with his wife Tamar Seaborn. The couple have been married since 1991 and have three daughters.

References

External links
Maas Gallery - Mayfair London

Antiques experts
1960 births
Living people
Art dealers from London
Alumni of the University of Essex


Ingerid Swendsdatter of Denmark (also spelt Ingrid; 11th century – after 1093) was a Danish princess who became Queen of Norway as the spouse of King Olaf III of Norway.

Ingerid Swensdatter was the daughter of King Sweyn II of Denmark. It is not known which one of her father's wives and concubines was the mother of Ingerid.

She was married to Olav Kyrre in 1067 in a marriage arranged as a part of the peace treaty between Denmark and Norway, and became Queen of Norway upon marriage the same year. To further strengthen the alliance Olav Kyrre's half-sister, Ingegerd Haraldsdatter, married  King Olaf I of Denmark, who was the brother of Queen Ingerid.

Ingerid Svendsdatter was Olaf Kyrre's official consort and queen. There is not much information about her personality or her acts as queen.  Queen Ingerid had no children by King Olaf. After the death of King Olav in 1093, queen dowager Ingerid, according to unconfirmed tradition, moved to Sogn and married Svein Brynjulfsson of Aurland, with whom she reportedly had a daughter, Hallkattla  She seem to have retired to private life as a widow and there is nothing to indicate that she played any political part after the death of her spouse.

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Alf Henrikson (1989): Dansk historia .
 Sven Rosborn (1997): När hände vad i Nordens historia .

|-

House of Estridsen
Norwegian royal consorts
11th-century births
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Danish princesses
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
11th-century Norwegian people
11th-century Swedish people
11th-century Norwegian women
11th-century Swedish women
Remarried royal consorts
Daughters of kings


Tyra of Denmark  (Tyri Haraldsdatter, Thyri  and Thyra)  was a 10th-century Danish princess. She was the spouse of both King Olav I of Norway and of Styrbjörn Starke, prince of Sweden.

Tyra was daughter of the Danish king Harald Bluetooth and thus a sister to King Sweyn Forkbeard. She was first married to the Swedish prince and throne claimant Styrbjörn Starke (Styrbjörn the Strong), son of King Olof Björnsson. However Styrbjörn Starke died in the Battle of Fýrisvellir (986) near Uppsala fighting with  his uncle King Eric the Victorious for the throne of Sweden.

According to Snorri Sturluson, she was next betrothed to the Wendish king Burislav, as part of a Danish-Wendic peace agreement negotiated by King Sweyn Forkbeard.  As part of the agreement, Sweyn married Gunhild of Wenden who was the sister of Burislav. However, after her hunger strike, Burislav sent her back to Denmark.

She subsequently arranged to have herself married to Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway, to the displeasure of her brother Sweyn.   When Olaf married her, Sweyn refused to pay her promised dowry.  Olaf subsequently set out for Wendland to seek allies for a war on Denmark.  On the way Olaf was ambushed by Sweyn and an alliance which included Olof Skötkonung, King of Sweden, and Eirik Hákonarson, Jarl of Lade.  The resulting Battle of Svolder ended in the death of the Norwegian king (c. 1000). According to legend, Queen Tyra subsequently committed suicide by starvation after receiving news of her husband's death  at the battle.

References

Other sources
 Alf Henrikson: Dansk historia (Danish history) (1989)
 Sven Rosborn: När hände vad i Nordens historia (When did what happen in the history of the Nordic countries) (1997)
 Åke Ohlmarks: FornNordiskt Lexikon (Ancient Nordic dictionary) (1994)

External links
Queen Thyri and the Angelica Stalks from The Musician's Tale; The Saga of King Olaf by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1863)

Norwegian royal consorts
Danish princesses
Swedish princesses
House of Knýtlinga
10th-century Norwegian people
10th-century Norwegian women
10th-century Danish people
10th-century Danish women
Daughters of kings


Financial innovation is the act of creating new financial instruments as well as new financial technologies, institutions, and markets. Recent financial innovations include hedge funds, private equity, weather derivatives, retail-structured products, exchange-traded funds, multi-family offices, and Islamic bonds (Sukuk). The shadow banking system has spawned an array of financial innovations including mortgage-backed securities products and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).

There are 3 categories of innovation: institutional, product, and process. Institutional innovations relate to the creation of new types of financial firms such as specialist credit card firms, investment consulting firms and related services, and direct banks. Product innovation relates to new products such as derivatives, securitization, and foreign currency mortgages. Process innovations relate to new ways of doing financial business, including online banking and telephone banking.

Background
Economic theory has much to say about what types of securities should exist, and why some may not exist (why some markets should be "incomplete") but little to say about why new types of securities should come into existence.

One interpretation of the Modigliani-Miller theorem is that taxes and regulation are the only reasons for investors to care what kinds of securities firms issue, whether debt, equity, or something else. The theorem states that the structure of a firm's liabilities should have no bearing on its net worth (absent taxes). The securities may trade at different prices depending on their composition, but they must ultimately add up to the same value.

Furthermore, there should be little demand for specific types of securities. The capital asset pricing model, first developed by Jack L. Treynor and William F. Sharpe, suggests that investors should fully diversify and their portfolios should be a mixture of the "market" and a risk-free investment. Investors with different risk/return goals can use leverage to increase the ratio of the market return to the risk-free return in their portfolios. However, Richard Roll argued that this model was incorrect, because investors cannot invest in the entire market. This implies there should be demand for instruments that open up new types of investment opportunities (since this gets investors closer to being able to buy the entire market), but not for instruments that merely repackage existing risks (since investors already have as much exposure to those risks in their portfolio).

If the world existed as the Arrow-Debreu model posits, then there would be no need for financial innovation. The model assumes that investors are able to purchase securities that pay off if and only if a certain state of the world occurs. Investors can then combine these securities to create portfolios that have whatever payoff they desire. The fundamental theorem of finance states that the price of assembling such a portfolio will be equal to its expected value under the appropriate risk-neutral measure.

Academic literature
Tufano (2003) and Duffie and Rahi (1995) provide useful reviews of the literature.

The extensive literature on principal–agent problems, adverse selection, and information asymmetry points to why investors might prefer some types of securities, such as debt, over others like equity. Myers and Majluf (1984) develop an adverse selection model of equity issuance, in which firms (which are trying to maximize profits for existing shareholders) issue equity only if they are desperate. This was an early article in the pecking order literature, which states that firms prefer to finance investments out of retained earnings first, then debt, and finally equity, because investors are reluctant to trust any firm that needs to issue equity.

Duffie and Rahi also devote a considerable section to examining the utility and efficiency implications of financial innovation. This is also the topic of many of the papers in the special edition of the Journal of Economic Theory in which theirs is the lead article. The usefulness of spanning the market appears to be limited (or, equivalently, the disutility of incomplete markets is not great).

Allen and Gale (1988) is one of the first papers to endogenize security issuance contingent on financial regulation—specifically, bans on short sales. In these circumstances, they find that the traditional split of cash flows between debt and equity is not optimal, and that state-contingent securities are preferred. Ross (1989) develops a model in which new financial products must overcome marketing and distribution costs. Persons and Warther (1997) studied booms and busts associated with financial innovation.

The fixed costs of creating liquid markets for new financial instruments appears to be considerable. Black and Scholes (1974) describe some of the difficulties they encountered when trying to market the forerunners to modern index funds. These included regulatory problems, marketing costs, taxes, and fixed costs of management, personnel, and trading. Shiller (2008) describes some of the frustrations involved with creating a market for house price futures.

Examples

Spanning the market
Some types of financial instrument became prominent after macroeconomic conditions forced investors to be more aware of the need to hedge certain types of risk.
 Interest rate swaps were developed in the early 1980s after interest rates skyrocketed
 Credit default swaps were developed in the early 2000s after the recession beginning in 2001 led to the highest corporate-bond default rate in 2002 since the Great Depression

Mathematical innovation
 Options markets experienced explosive growth after the Black–Scholes model was developed in 1973
 Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) were heavily influenced by the popularization of the copula technique However, they also played a role in the 2008 financial crisis.
 Flash trading came into existence in 2000 at the Chicago Board Options Exchange and 2006 in the stock market. In July 2010, Direct Edge became a U.S. Futures Exchange. Nasdaq and Bats Exchange, Inc created their own flash markets in early 2009.

Futures, options, and many other types of derivatives have been around for centuries: the Japanese rice futures market started trading around 1730. However, recent decades have seen an explosion use of derivatives and mathematically complicated securitization techniques. From a sociological point of view, some economists argue that mathematical formulas actually change the way that economic agents use and price assets. Economists, rather than acting as a camera taking an objective picture of the way the world works, actively change behavior by providing formulas that let dispersed agents agree on prices for new assets. See Exotic derivative, Exotic option.

Avoiding taxes and regulation
Miller (1986) placed great emphasis on the role of taxes and government regulation in stimulating financial innovation. The Modigliani-Miller theorem explicitly considered taxes as a reason to prefer one type of security over another, despite that corporations and investors should be indifferent to capital structure in a fractionless world.

The development of checking accounts at U.S. banks was in order to avoid punitive taxes on state bank notes that were part of the National Banking Act.

Some investors use total return swaps to convert dividends into capital gains, which are taxed at a lower rate.

Many times, regulators have explicitly discouraged or outlawed trading in certain types of financial securities. In the United States, gambling is mostly illegal, and it can be difficult to tell whether financial contracts are illegal gambling instruments or legitimate tools for investment and risk-sharing. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is in charge of making this determination. The difficulty that the Chicago Board of Trade faced in attempting to trade futures on stocks and stock indexes is described in Melamed (1996).

In the United States, Regulation Q drove several types of financial innovation to get around its interest rate ceilings, including eurodollars and NOW accounts.

Role of technology
Some types of financial innovation are driven by improvements in computer and telecommunication technology. For example, Paul Volcker suggested that for most people, the creation of the ATM was a greater financial innovation than asset-backed securitization. Other types of financial innovation affecting the payments system include credit and debit cards and online payment systems like PayPal.

These types of innovations are notable because they reduce transaction costs. Households need to keep lower cash balances—if the economy exhibits cash-in-advance constraints then these kinds of financial innovations can contribute to greater efficiency. One study of Italian households' use of debit cards found that ownership of an ATM card resulted in benefits worth €17 annually.

These types of innovations may also affect monetary policy by reducing real household balances. Especially with the increased popularity of online banking, households are able to keep greater percentages of their wealth in non-cash instruments. In a special edition of International Finance devoted to the interaction of e-commerce and central banking, Goodhart (2000) and Woodford (2000) express confidence in the ability of a central bank to maintain its policy goals by affecting the short-term interest rate even if electronic money has eliminated the demand for central bank liabilities, while Friedman (2000) is less sanguine.

A 2016 PwC report pointed to the "accelerating pace of technological change" as the "most creative force—and also the most destructive—in the financial services ecosystem".

Consequences

Financial innovations may influence economic or financial systems. For instance, financial innovation may affect monetary policy effectiveness and the ability of central banks to stabilize the economy. The relationship between money and interest rates, which can define monetary policy effectiveness, is affected by financial innovation. Financial innovation also influences firm profitability, transactions, and social welfare.

Criticism
Some economists argue that financial innovation has little to no productivity benefit: Paul Volcker stated that "there is little correlation between sophistication of a banking system and productivity growth", that there is no "neutral evidence that financial innovation has led to economic growth", and that financial innovation was a cause of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, while Paul Krugman states that "the rapid growth in finance since 1980 has largely been a matter of rent-seeking, rather than true productivity".

See also
 Financial technology

Notes

Bibliography

Securities (finance)
Financial economics
Innovation


Chorizanthe breweri is a rare species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common names San Luis Obispo spineflower and Brewer's spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known from about twenty occurrences in the Central Coast Ranges of San Luis Obispo and far southern Monterey Counties. It grows in the chaparral and woodlands of the range, generally on serpentine soils. This small plant produces decumbent stems extending along the ground and sometimes growing upright to a maximum length of about half a meter. The herbage is mostly reddish in color and somewhat hairy. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each surrounded by six hairy reddish bracts with hooked tips. The flower itself is only about 3 millimeters wide and is white to red and hairy.

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Chorizanthe breweri (Brewer's spineflower,  San luis obispo spineflower)
Jepson Manual Treatment
UC Photos gallery

breweri
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
Taxa named by Sereno Watson


The Nankali post system is a post and cores prosthesis, which is used in prosthodontology and dental restoration. This post and core consists of a single [[Nankali post and core classification|smooth or serrated post]] and core which has an additional circle ring (counter sink)  around it.

The additional single-circle ring increases the contact surface area between the core and involved part of tooth significantly. Increased contact surface area decreases the pressure between the two objects (remaining part of the tooth and post-core) and is followed by a declining in the number of failures in treatments.

General indications
The main indications are:

Severely damaged crown
Trauma
Tooth wear (erosion)
Hypoplastic conditions
As part of another restoration
Combined indication
Non-vital teeth

Disadvantages

The disadvantages are as follows:

 Requires an exact casting ( an exact cast post-core is required  to get the highest result, particularly, when the depth of prepared canal is less than 50% of the root length),
 A specific bur is required,
 Increases plaque accumulation and changes in composition,
 Damage to soft tissues and remaining teeth, due to either poor denture design or lack of patient care,

Fractured teeth

The post is suitable for those types of fractures in which the fracture line passes apical to the crown. In the first stage it is necessary to examine the patient in order to be sure that there is no sign of any fracture in the mandible or maxilla, then analyse the possibility of treatment of the fractured tooth canal. In addition, the condition of the tooth for using the bur requires to be checked as well.

Bur

The designed bur for treating teeth is a bur consisting of a central guider and two symmetrical cutter to produce a single-circle ring. This bur is used after preparation of the root canal similar to other posts.

The two main advantages of this bore are speed in preparation root canals and its accuracy. The bur is designed in different sizes, which make it available for using in treatment of various teeth. The depth of the prepared ring is in direct proportion with the size of bore.

One of the major problems of using this post system is its bur, which means without having the bur it is impossible to use it.

History

The Nankali-post was designed in 1997 in the National Medical University at the Orthopedic and Implant Stomatology Department by Dr. Ali Nankali, which (October 1999) verified by Scientific Board of Bogomolets National Medical University and international patent organization (УДК; 616.314-76-77:616.314.11-74:678.029.46:612.311) in Kyiv/Ukraine.

Initially it was presented at the 54Th Medical Science Conference of Students & Young Scientists in 1999, that was organized by Ukraine Health Ministry and National Medical University known as O.O. Bogomolets and Society Science Students known as O.O. Kisilia. The result of presentation was published in "Young Scientists and Students / Scientific Medical Seminar in 1999".

In 1999 it was requested for the patent (УДК; 616.314-76-77:616.314.11-74:678.029.46:612.311)and became a part of research of the Orthopedic and Implant Stomatology Department of the National Medical University. This new modified post-core was under study till 2004 and then attested by the Dental Scientific Board of Ukraine.

During the four years of careful observation (2000-2004 / National Medical University in Kyiv), the number of reported complication from patient, whom were treated with the Nankali-post was none.

Initially the bur and cast post-core were manufactured in the laboratory of the Orthopedic and Implant Stomatology Department of the National Medical University (O.O.Bogomolets) in Kyiv.

Notes

References
 Makhnitski M.B.(1999) The New Post System. Young Scientists and Students–Scientific Medical Seminar review in 1999. Ministry of Health of Ukraine and National Medical University / thesis, 20-23 Kvitnia, Kyiv, Ukraine – 1999, p61
Nankali A. (2002), Strength Properties Investigation of the hard tissue of the teeth root, Ukrainian Medical Young Scientists Journal,National Medical University, No3-4, Page 74-76.
Nespriadco V.P.(2004) Naukovi SVIT / Official publication of Supreme Attestation Commission of Ukraine, No. 3 Verezen, 2004 – p20,
Juliev. E.N.(Жулев Е.Н.)(2000) Fixed prosthetics (Несъемные протезы) / НГМА - Nijnegorodskoi Gosudarstveni Medisinskoi Akademi /Н. Новгород - Novogorad, , p280-296
Nankali A.(2003), A new type of pin post-system with ring insertion – construction, mechanical & mathematical properties, Sovremenaia Stomatologia Journal / Kyiv, Ukraine, 1(21)2003, p114-117
Abolmasov N.G., Abolmasov N.N., Bichkov B.A., Alkhakim A. (2003). Orthopedicheskaia Stomatalogia. Moscow / Medpress-inform, , p187-201
Nankali A.(2003) A new kind of pin post-system with ring insertion – use in clinical treatment, Ukrainski Stomatology Almanakh, Poltava, Ukraine, No.3, p33-36
Nankali A.(2006)Usage the New Post System with Insertion Ring, Soveremenaia Stomatologia Journal/ Kyiv, Ukraine 2(34) 2006, p142-144
Nankali A.(2000), the peculiarity of chewing pressure distribution in post system. - Manuscription, Naukovi SVIT, DK-No-249 16.11.2000/ P16
Mitchell D.A, MITCHELL L. (2006–2007), Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry / Oxford University Press / 4Ed., , p288, p336

Restorative dentistry
Prosthodontology


Jirighat is a block headquarters in Cachar district, Assam, India. Jirighat is a tea estate.

Geography
It is located at an elevation of 28 m above MSL.

Location
National Highway 37 (old NH 53) passes through Jirighat.

References

External links
 Satellite map of Jirighat

Silchar
Villages in Cachar district


Minuscule 404 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 467 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript has complex contents.
Formerly it was designated by the symbols 63a and 68p.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles (Epistle to the Hebrews is placed between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy), on 157 parchment leaves (). It is written in one column per page, in 26 lines per page.

It contains Prolegomena, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each book, Synaxarion, subscriptions at the end of each book, numbers of , notes to the Catholic epistles, and scholia.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.

History

The manuscript once belonged to John Sambucky (together with codex 124). It was presented to Octavio Ferrari in Milano in 1562. It was examined by Treschow, Alter, Andreas Birch, and Burgon. Alter used it in his edition of the Greek New Testament (vol. 2, pp. 741–788). Birch collated some of its readings. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).

Formerly it was designated by the symbols 63a and 68p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 404 to it.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. gr. 313) in Vienna.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 Francis Karl Alter, Novum Testamentum Graecum, ad Codicem Vindobonensem Graece expressum: Varietam Lectionis addidit Franciscus Carolus Alter, 2 vols. 8vo, Vienna, 1786-1787.
 Andreas Birch, Variae Lectiones ad Textum Actorum Apostolorum, Epistolarum Catholicarum et Pauli, Copenhagen 1798, p. XXII.
 Carlo Castellani, Catalogus codicum graecorum qui in bibliothecam D. Marci Venetiarum inde ab anno MDCCXL ad haec usque tempora inlati sunt, Venedig 1895.

External links

Greek New Testament minuscules
13th-century biblical manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts of the Austrian National Library