J. Murray Bartels (born Julius Murray Bartels; July 15, 1871 – October 5, 1944) was a  New York City-based dealer and auctioneer of rare postage stamps. He was also well known for his knowledge of United States postal stationery.

Family
Barthels was born in Warrenton, Fauquier County, Virginia, one of six or so siblings born to Hermann Friedrich Bartels and Sally Innes Bartels. His father was born in Germany.

Collecting interests

Bartels was primarily interested in United States postal stationery and became an expert on the subject. He published the result of his studies in J.M. Bartels and Co.'s Catalogue and Reference List of the Stamped Envelopes, Wrappers and Letter Sheets in 1897, and several editions of Envelopes of the United States, from 1910-38.

In 1943, he published a two volume set on stamped envelopes and wrappers.<ref>P.H. Thorp, ed.; Bartels Catalogue of the Stamped Envelopes and Wrappers of the United States and Possessions", Fifth Edition, 1943.</ref> He published philatelic literature on other philatelic subjects, such as, The Postage Stamps of the Philippines (co-authored with F.A. Foster and F.L. Palmer, in 1904), Bartel's Checklist of Canal Zone Stamps, in 1906 and 1908, and United States Virgin Islands'' (co-authored with Bertram William Henry Poole) in 1917.

Philatelic activity
Bartels conducted 337 philatelic auctions. Among his most important sales were portions of the significant portions of the Clarence Eagle and Arthur Hind prize-winning collections.

Honors and awards
Bartels was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1946.

Legacy
Prescott Holden Thorp continued Bartels work with his publishing of "Thorp-Bartels" catalog editions.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature
 J. Murray Bartels profile, archive.org; accessed December 18, 2017.

References

1871 births
1944 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
American stamp dealers
People from Warrenton, Virginia
Businesspeople from New York City
American Philatelic Society
Place of death missing
American people of German descent
19th-century American merchants


Václav Vydra (born January 7, 1956) is a Czech theater, television and film actor. He was born as the son of Václav Vydra and Dana Medřická. His grandfather Václav Vydra was also a notable actor in Czechoslovakia and Director of the National Theater from 1945 to 1949.

Vydra has worked in several theater associations, such as in the theater in Kladno, Mladá Boleslav and later in urban theaters of Prague.

He has made nearly 60 appearances in television and film in the Czech Republic.

Filmography
2008 – Vy nám taky, šéfe!
2005 - Kameňák 3
2004 - Kameňák 2
2003 - Kameňák
2001 - Z pekla štěstí 2
1999 - Z pekla štěstí
1997 - Zdivočelá země
1996 - Pinocchiova dobrodružství
1995 - Má je pomsta | Učitel tance
1994 - Helimadoe | V erbu lvice
1993 - Jedna kočka za druhou | Kaspar Hauser
1992 - Černí baroni
1991 - Skús ma objať | Tankový prapor
1988 - Dobří holubi se vracejí | Oznamuje se láskám vašim
1987 - Copak je to za vojáka... | Zuřivý reportér
1986 - Salar
1984 - S čerty nejsou žerty
1982 - Fandy, ó Fandy | Poslední propadne peklu
1980 - Půl domu bez ženicha | V hlavní roli Oldřich Nový
1973 - Přijela k nám pouť
1970 - Zabil jsem Einsteina, pánové

External links

Official site

1956 births
Living people
Czech male film actors
Czech male stage actors
Czech male television actors
Male actors from Prague


Progress M-01M (), identified by NASA as Progress 31P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station. It was the first flight of the Progress-M 11F615A60, which featured a TsVM-101 digital flight computer and MBITS digital telemetry system, in place of the earlier analogue systems. It was the first Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft, and had the serial number 401.

Launch
It was launched at 12:38 UTC on 26 November 2008 from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, atop a Soyuz-U carrier rocket. Following a four-day free flight, it docked with Pirs module of the ISS at 12:28 UTC on 30 November 2008.

Antenna problem
Immediately after launch, an antenna used by the spacecraft's Kurs docking system failed to deploy. The antenna was successfully deployed about three hours later after flight controllers resent the deployment command, however the spacecraft was docked using the backup TORU system, controlled by cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov, as a precaution.

Docking
It remained docked until 6 February 2009, when it undocked at 04:10 UTC. It subsequently spent two days in free flight, before being deorbited, and burning up in the atmosphere at 08:19 UTC on 8 February 2009.

Cargo
Progress M-01M carried  of cargo, consisting of which  of fuel,  of water, and  of dry cargo. The dry cargo included Japanese food for Koichi Wakata, who arrived aboard the station in March 2009 as part of Expedition 18.

See also

 List of Progress flights
 Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

References

Spacecraft launched in 2008
Progress (spacecraft) missions
Spacecraft which reentered in 2009
Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets


The March 1989 geomagnetic storm occurred as part of severe to extreme solar storms during early to mid March 1989, the most notable being a geomagnetic storm that struck Earth on March 13. This geomagnetic storm caused a nine-hour outage of Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system. The onset time was exceptionally rapid. Other historically significant solar storms occurred later in 1989, during a very active period of solar cycle 22.

Geomagnetic storm and auroras
The geomagnetic storm causing this event is believed to be the result of two separate events known as coronal mass ejections (CME) on March 10 and 12, 1989. A few days before, on March 6, a very large X15-class solar flare also occurred.
Several days later, at 01:27 UT on March 13, a severe geomagnetic storm struck Earth. The storm began on Earth with extremely intense auroras at the poles. The aurora could be seen as far south as Texas and Florida. As this occurred during the Cold War, some people worried that a nuclear first strike might be in progress. Others incorrectly considered the intense auroras to be associated with the Space Shuttle mission STS-29, which had been launched on March 13 at 9:57:00 a.m.

The storm caused significant interference to the United States power grid.

Substantial communications blackouts occurred. The burst caused shortwave radio interference, including the disruption of radio signals from Radio Free Europe into Russia. It was initially believed that the signals had been jammed by the Soviet government. As midnight came and went, a mass of charged particles and electrons in the ionosphere flowed from west to east, inducing powerful electrical currents in the ground.

Some satellites in polar orbits lost control for several hours. GOES weather satellite communications were interrupted, causing weather images to be lost. NASA's TDRS-1 communication satellite recorded over 250 anomalies caused by the increased particles flowing into its sensitive electronics. The Space Shuttle Discovery was aloft at the time and suffered a sensor malfunction: a sensor on one of the tanks supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell showed unusually high pressure readings on March 13. The problem went away after the solar storm subsided.

Quebec power blackout
 The variations in the Earth's magnetic field also tripped circuit breakers on Hydro-Québec's power grid.  The utility's very long transmission lines and the fact that most of Quebec sits on a large rock shield prevented current flowing through the earth, finding a less resistant path along the 735 kV power lines.

The James Bay network went offline in less than 90 seconds, giving Quebec its second massive power outage in 11 months. The power failure lasted nine hours and forced the company to implement various mitigation strategies, including raising the trip level, installing series compensation on ultra high voltage lines and upgrading various monitoring and operational procedures. Other utilities in North America and Northern Europe and elsewhere implemented programs to reduce the risks associated with geomagnetically induced currents (GICs).

Military
One of the few publicly reported military operations impacted was the Australian Army component of the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force which was deployed to Namibia at the time. The storm occurred just as the advance elements of the contingent arrived in Namibia, but the effects were believed to last for weeks afterwards. The Australian contribution to UNTAG was heavily reliant on high frequency (HF) radio communications which were severely impacted.

Aftermath
On August 16, 1989, another storm caused a halt of all trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Since 1996, geomagnetic storms and solar flares have been monitored from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite, a joint project of NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).

Because of serious concerns that utilities have failed to set protection standards and are unprepared for a severe solar storm such as the Carrington Event, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has ordered the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to create standards that would require power grids to be somewhat protected from solar storms and equipment to be continuously tested for possible effects of solar storms. Similarly, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has begun a phased rule-making, published in the Federal Register, to examine the sufficiency of cooling systems of stored spent fuel rods of nuclear power plants now considered vulnerable to long-term power outages from events such as space weather, high-altitude nuclear burst electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) or cyber attacks.

See also
 Active region
 Geomagnetic excursion
 List of solar storms
 May 1921 geomagnetic storm

References

External links
Aurora observed over Sea Cliff, New York on March 13, 1989 - by Ken Spencer
Dynamics Explorer UV image of the aurora on March 13/14, 1989 - L. A. Frank, University of Iowa
Artist rendition of the 1989 blackout over Canada and the United States - NASA
 A 21st Century View of the March 1989 Magnetic Storm
 Mapping a Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems

March 1989
1989 natural disasters
Hydro-Québec
Power outages
1989 in Canada
1989 in science
March 1989 events in Canada


Pooja Chopra is an Indian actress. She won the title of Femina Miss India World 2009. She is the first Indian to win the "Beauty with a Purpose" title at the Miss World competition for India. As an actress, Chopra was awarded the Times Most Powerful Woman Award for her contribution to the field of acting. She got her breakthrough with Commando: A One Man Army and since then, appeared in many films. Pooja Chopra features in the Times list of 50 most beautiful faces of India.

Early life
Chopra was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. She was abandoned by her father at birth since he wanted a boy. Chopra's mother, Neera had to leave her marital home since she refused to admit Pooja to an orphanage in Kolkata, and she moved to Mumbai with both kids. She worked and brought up both girls by herself. She is a resident of Pune, Maharashtra. She has an older sister named Shubhra Chopra. She attended Mount Carmel Convent High School and later graduated from Ness Wadia College, both in Pune.

Career

2009–12: Career beginnings

Pooja Chopra was crowned with the 2009 Femina Miss India East title on 17 February 2009, in Kolkata. She also won Miss Perfect 10, Miss Catwalk, Miss Beautiful Smile, Talwarkars Best Body, and Nakshatra Miss Sparkling Beauty, thus gaining direct entry into the top ten finalists of the Femina Miss India 2009. On 5 April 2009, she was crowned the Pantaloons Femina Miss India-World 2009.

Chopra sprained her ankle while running down a flight of stairs one week prior to the Miss World Final, which was scheduled to take place on 12 December 2009; still, she participated in the competition and earned a positive response from the public. Doctors advised 3 weeks of complete bed-rest, but she continued with the competition. She finished as one of the top 16 finalists out of 120 contestants.

During her reign as Miss she endorsed brands such as Tata Docomo, Bajaj Allainz, Richfeel, Body and Soul, Roots Comb, Evolve Med Spa, and Juvederm Voluma.

2013–present: Acting

Chopra made her acting debut in the 2011 Tamil film Ponnar Shankar, playing the role of Princess Muthaayi, opposite Prashanth Thiagarajan. Before she made her debut in Bollywood as a leading lady, she had minor roles in Madhur Bhandarkar's films Fashion and Heroine.

Chopra acted in Vipul Shah's action film Commando opposite Vidyut Jammwal, in her first lead role. Chopra starred in Neeraj Pandey's short film Ouch, a dramatic love story.

Meena Iyer from Times of India said, "Pooja Chopra (Femina Miss India-2009) is super-confident in her film debut and a welcome addition to Bollywood's heroines".

Pooja has won 8 National and International Titles in 2009. She appeared in Kingfisher Calendar 2020. Pooja features in Times 50 Most beautiful faces India. Chopra's next films  Jahaan Chaar Yaar and Jeevan Beema Yojna both releasing in 2022.

She has given a TED Talk on the subject of "Write your own destiny : Journey of a once abandoned girl child". The talk happened in Krupanidhi Institution of Engineering, Bangalore.

Philanthropy
On 12 December 2009, she won the "Beauty With a Purpose" title at Miss World 2009 based on her charitable work in the India "Nanhi Kali" project. She won US$10,000 for her project, which she donated to the NGO which helps small girls fight poverty.

Considering their shared interest in fitness, Pooja chopra, along with Akshay Kumar, launched the Asian Heart Institute Initiative "Happy Heart India" campaign for underprivileged children in 2018. Chopra was also invited by the BMC to lead the campaign #EkChammachKam alongside Farhan Akhtar to spread awareness about non-communicable diseases.

Post Pulwama attack in 2019, Pooja Chopra donated part of her Aiyaary earnings to families of Martyred Soldiers.

Filmography

Web series

References

External links

 Miss India – profile

Living people
Actresses from Pune
21st-century Indian actresses
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Miss World 2009 delegates
Femina Miss India winners
Actresses from Kolkata
Female models from Kolkata
Year of birth missing (living people)


Article Two of the Georgia State Constitution describes the process for voting and elections in Georgia. This process includes the method of voting and the right to register and vote, general provisions and the suspension and removal of public officials.

Section I: Method of voting; right to register and vote
Section I of Article Two of the Georgia State Constitution is made up of three paragraphs which detail the method of voting and the right to register and vote. The first paragraph of this section stipulates that all elections by the people will be through secret ballot and will follow legal procedures. Furthermore, in Paragraph II the age and residency of Georgians who are allowed to vote is described as well as the responsibility of the Georgia General Assembly to provide for the "registration of electors". The final paragraph deals with exceptions to the right to register and vote and states that no one who has been convicted of a felony, or anyone who has been determined, by the judiciary, to be "mentally incompetent",  may register to vote.

Judicial relevance
In a 1988 case, Hammill v. Valentine, was brought before the Glynn County Superior Court. In the case, the appellants alleged that voter rights had been violated and that illegal votes cast doubt on the election. The Superior Court found that the appellants lacked standing to "complain about alleged violations of certain voters' constitutional rights".

Section II: General provisions
Five paragraphs make up Section II of Article Two and deal with various general provisions. These provisions include procedures provided by law by the General Assembly for the appeal of the right to vote (both to allow and refuse that right) and where returns on elections made by Georgians will be made to the Secretary of State; run-off elections, and who can vote in a run-off election; persons not eligible to hold office; recall of elected public officials; and vacancies created by an elected official who qualifies for another office (resign-to-run law).

Section III: Suspension and removal of public officials
The final section of Article Two, Section III, deals with the suspension and removal of public officials and is made up of two paragraphs. The first paragraph details the procedures for suspending and removing an elected official who has been indicted for a felony. Paragraph II discusses suspension from office for any public official who has been convicted of a felony.

References

Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)


Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Oleinik (; born 1 January 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk. He played 2 games in the UEFA Cup 2001–02 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk.

External links
 Profile at fckrasnodar.ru (in Russian)

1982 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Krasnodar players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Orenburg players
FC Nosta Novotroitsk players


Alexander Oleinik may refer to:

 Aleksandr Oleinik (born 1982), Russian footballer
 Alexander Oleinik (kickboxer) (born 1986), Ukrainian kickboxer and Muay Thai fighter


James Williams (March 8, 1951 – July 20, 2004) was an American jazz pianist.

Early life
James Williams was born March 8, 1951, in Memphis, Tennessee.  He began his formal piano studies at age 13, and was subsequently an organist at Eastern Star Baptist Church in Memphis, a position he held for six years.  He earned a B.S. in Music Education at Memphis State University, where he also formed solid friendships with fellow Memphis pianists Mulgrew Miller and Donald Brown.  A devotee of the late Memphis pianist Phineas Newborn, Jr., Williams took time to delve into his hometown's jazz heritage, associating with pianist Harold Mabern, bassist Jamil Nasser, and saxophonists George Coleman and Frank Strozier, among others.

Later life and career
At 22, Williams moved to Boston to accept a teaching position at the Berklee College of Music.  A year later, he joined drummer Alan Dawson's group, which provided support in the Boston area for touring artists including Art Farmer, Milt Jackson, Sonny Stitt, Pat Martino, Jean Carn, Red Norvo, and Arnett Cobb.  In 1977, Williams recorded his first album as a leader, played his first concert featuring his original compositions, and first met Art Blakey.  That encounter ultimately led to James's resigning from the Berklee faculty for a four-year, 10-album tenure with the Jazz Messengers, as part of a lineup which included Wynton Marsalis, Bobby Watson, Bill Pierce and Charles Fambrough.  After leaving the Messengers in 1981, James remained in Boston, re-joining Alan Dawson and also playing independently with such artists as Thad Jones, Joe Henderson, Clark Terry, Chet Baker and Benny Carter.

In 1984, Williams moved to New York, residing in Brooklyn and becoming deeply involved in the city's musical activities, omnipresent in jazz clubs not only as a performer but also as a devoted listener. He played, toured and recorded with such artists as Dizzy Gillespie, Ray Brown, George Duvivier, Art Farmer, Kenny Burrell, Elvin Jones, Freddie Hubbard and Tony Williams.

As a leader, Williams's recordings include traditional piano–bass–drums trios; larger ensembles with several horns; jazz trio with the Boys Choir of Harlem and guest Dianne Reeves; a four-piano format with rhythm section; a sextet with a front line featuring three saxophonists; a classic setting for Clark Terry; a solo piano recital in the Maybeck series; and his last group, "Intensive Care Unit", a jazz-gospel ensemble featuring two vocalists, saxophone and rhythm section.

After self-producing his own album Alter Ego for Sunnyside Records in 1984, he produced albums for several other musicians, including Phineas Newborn, Jr., Harold Mabern, Donald Brown, Billy Pierce, Bill Easley, Tony Reedus and Geoff Keezer. In 1993, Williams focused his production activities under the umbrella of his company, Finas Sound Productions, Inc. The name is a phonetic tribute to Phineas Newborn, Jr., who pronounced his name "Fine'-us".  Finas Sound produced numerous concerts and recordings, including its highly acclaimed "Musical Tributes" and "The Key Players" series, both held at Merkin Concert Hall in Manhattan.

Williams was a prolific composer. His pieces like "Arioso", "Black Scholars" and "Alter Ego" embody memorable melodies and snappy rhythmic construction. Second Floor Music publishes a folio of solo piano arrangements by Williams for 13 of his original compositions.  Several of his tunes appear on other artists’ albums, including those of Art Farmer, Kenny Barron, Victor Lewis, Gary Burton and Roy Hargrove.

Williams was a longtime educator. As early as 1975, in addition to his responsibilities at Berklee, he was a faculty member of the National Combo Camp. He also held a teaching position at the Hartt School of Music during the 1984–85 academic year, was a regular contributor to the International Association of Jazz Educators, and was artist-in-residence and presented clinics, demonstration-lectures and workshops at numerous institutions. He was a charter member of the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra under the direction of David Baker and Gunther Schuller.

In 1999, he became Director of Jazz Studies at William Paterson University, succeeding Rufus Reid and Thad Jones in that position. He taught a full-time load of ensembles and lessons, hosted dozens of pre-concert interviews and performed on the campus's Jazz Room Series as well as with members of the classical faculty. He continued in this role until his unexpected death of liver cancer in New York City in 2004. The James Williams Archive is now part of the Living Jazz Archives on the William Paterson campus, containing his LP collection, original manuscripts, hundreds of performance tapes, photos and awards.

Blues band Lady Dottie and the Diamonds dedicated their debut album Livin' It Up (2007) to the memory of James Williams.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
 1979: Everything I Love, The James Williams Quartet (Concord Jazz)
 1981: Images (Of Things To Come) quartet with Bill Pierce, (Concord Jazz)
 1982: The Arioso Touch, The James Williams Trio (Concord Jazz)
 1984: Alter Ego (Sunnyside)
 1985: Progress Report (Sunnyside, sextet)
 1987: The Magical Trio 1 with Ray Brown, Art Blakey (Emarcy)
 1987: The Magical Trio 2  with Ray Brown, Elvin Jones (Emarcy)
 1989: Meet the Magical Trio (Emarcy)
 1990: Four Play (DIW) with Clifford Jordan, Richard Davis and Ronnie Burrage
 1991: Up to the Minute Blues with Joe Henderson (DIW)
 1991: James Williams Meets the Saxophone Masters with Joe Henderson, George Coleman, Bill Pierce (DIW)
 1994: Truth Justice & Blues, Intensive Care Unit (Evidence)
 1995: James Williams at Maybeck (Concord)
 1997: Awesome! with Ray Brown Elvin Jones (DIW)
 1998: We've Got What You Need, Intensive Care Unit (Evidence)
 2003: Jazz Dialogues: Vol. 1 Willpower, Vol. 2 Focus, Vol. 3 Out of Nowhere, Vol. 4 Music for a While

As backing musician
With Karrin Allyson
 Ballads – Remembering John Coltrane (Concord Jazz, 2001)
With Art Blakey
 In My Prime Vol. 1 (Timeless, 1977)
 In My Prime Vol. 2 (Timeless, 1977)
 In This Korner (Concord Jazz, 1978)
 Reflections in Blue (Timeless, 1978)
 Night in Tunisia: Digital Recording (Philips, 1979)
 One by One (Palcoscenico, 1979)
 Live at Montreux and Northsea (Timeless, 1980)
 Art Blakey in Sweden (Amigo, 1981)
 Album of the Year (Timeless, 1981)
 Straight Ahead (Concord, 1981)
With Kenny Burrell
 Then Along Came Kenny (Evidence, 1993 [1996])
 Midnight at the Village Vanguard (Evidence, 1993, 1997)
 Love is the Answer (Concord, 1998)
With Art Farmer
 Something to Live For: The Music of Billy Strayhorn (Contemporary, 1987)
 Blame It on My Youth (Contemporary, 1988)
 PhD (Contemporary, 1989)
With Tal Farlow
 Cookin' on all Burners (Concord, 1983)
With Curtis Fuller
 Four on the Outside (Timeless, 1978)
With Tom Harrell
 Sail Away (Contemporary, 1993)
 Visions (Contemporary, 1991)
With Emily Remler
 Take Two (Concord, 1982)
With Jack Walrath
Master of Suspense (Blue Note, 1987)
Neohippus (Blue Note, 1988)
With Sadao Watanabe
 Parker's Mood(Live At Bravas Club '85) (Electra, 1985)
 Tokyo Dating (Electra, 1985)

References

1951 births
2004 deaths
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
DIW Records artists
EmArcy Records artists
Concord Records artists
The Jazz Messengers members
American male jazz musicians
Sunnyside Records artists
20th-century American male musicians


Speros Vryonis Jr. (, July 18, 1928 – March 12, 2019) was an American historian of Greek descent and a specialist in Byzantine, Balkan, and Greek history.

He was the author of a number of works on Byzantine and Greek-Turkish relations, including his seminal The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor (1971) and The Mechanism of Catastrophe (2005).

Vryonis attained his Bachelor of Arts in ancient history and the classics from Southwestern College (now Rhodes College) in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1950. He received his Masters of Arts from Harvard University two years later and his Ph.D. from the same school in 1956. Vryonis carried out his post-doctoral research at Dumbarton Oaks before joining the history faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles in the mid-1960s, where he served as the director of the G. E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern Studies. In 1987 he was tapped to head the Alexander S. Onassis for Hellenic Studies at New York University.

Vryonis was the former director of the Speros Basil Vryonis Center for the Study of Hellenism.  He was the AHIF Senior Fellow for Hellenism and for Greek and Turkish Studies. He was a member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

A two-volume festschrift was published in his honor in 1993.

He resided in northern California until his death on March 11, 2019, in Sacramento.

Books (author)
Byzantium and Europe New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.
The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
A brief history of the Greek-American community of St. George, Memphis, Tennessee, 1962-1982. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1982.
The Turkish state and history: Clio meets the Grey Wolf. Thessaloniki, Greece : Institute for Balkan Studies, 1993.
The Vryonis family : four generations of Greek-American memories. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia: National Centre for Hellenic Studies and Research, La Trobe University, 2000.
The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. New York: Greekworks.com, 2005.

Books (editor)
Greece on the road to democracy : from the Junta to Pasok 1974-1986. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1991.
Byzantine studies : essays on the Slavic world and on the eleventh century. New Rochelle : A.D. Caratzas, 1992.
The Greeks and the sea. New Rochelle, N.Y. : Aristide D. Caratzas, 1993.

Articles
"Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme," Speculum 31 (July 1956), pp. 433–443.
“The Will of a Provincial Magnate, Eustathius Boilas (1059).” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 11, JSTOR, 1957, pp. 263–77, doi:10.2307/1291111.
“The Question of the Byzantine Mines.” Speculum, vol. 37, no. 1, Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1962, pp. 1–17, doi:10.2307/2850595.
"The Byzantine Legacy and Ottoman Forms," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23/24 (1969/1970), pp. 251–308.
“Evidence On Human Sacrifice Among the Early Ottoman Turks.” Journal of Asian History, vol. 5, no. 2, Otto Harrassowitz, Jan. 1971, pp. 140–46.
“Nomadization and Islamization in Asia Minor.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 29, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Jan. 1975, pp. 41–71, doi:10.2307/1291369.
“Laonicus Chalcocondyles and the Ottoman Budget.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1976, pp. 423–32, doi:10.1017/S0020743800025733.
“The Evolution of Slavic Society and the Slavic Invasions in Greece. The First Major Slavic Attack on Thessaloniki, A. D. 597.” Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 50, no. 4, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Oct. 1981, pp. 378–90, doi:10.2307/147879.
"Cultural Context of Preserving Community Archives." Greek Orthodox Theological Review, vol. 45, no. 1, 2000, pp. 363–376.
“Byzantium: The Social Basis of Decline in the Eleventh Century.” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, Duke University, Sept. 2001, pp. 157–75.
“Byzantine Attitudes Toward Islam During the Late Middle Ages.” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, Duke University, July 2003, pp. 263–86.

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Memphis, Tennessee
American writers of Greek descent
American Byzantinists
21st-century American historians
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Rhodes College alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Scholars of Byzantine history
Members of the American Philosophical Society


Majesty's Prince (foaled 1979 in Virginia, euthanized in 2009) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse.

Background
Bred at John D. Marsh's farm in Gainesville, Virginia, he was out of the mare Pied Princess, a daughter of 1953 American Horse of the Year and U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Tom Fool. He was sired by His Majesty, who also sired the 1981 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner, Pleasant Colony. Grandsire Ribot was a European superstar runner who went undefeated in sixteen career starts, including back-to-back wins in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and was a three-time Leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland. He was trained by Joe Cantey.

Racing career
At age two, Majesty's Prince earned his best result when he finished third in the then-Grade I Laurel Futurity Stakes at Maryland's Laurel Park Racecourse. As a three-year-old, in March 1982, he ran second in the Rebel Stakes. Then, after finishing ninth in the Kentucky Derby, he did not run in the remaining two legs of the U.S. Triple Crown series.

With Majesty's Prince unsuccessful on dirt, his handlers decided to try him on turf. Eleven days after the Kentucky Derby, he debuted on grass with a win in the Hill Prince Stakes at Aqueduct Racetrack. He later won the Lexington Stakes at Belmont Park and the Lamplighter Handicap at Monmouth Park Racetrack.

On October 17, 1982, Majesty's Prince won the first major event of his career, the Rothmans International at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The race was the last leg of a series of three turf races that featured top North American and European entrants. Following his Canadian victory, the three-year-old colt ran second to April Run in the next two legs of a series: the October 23 Turf Classic at New York's Belmont Park and the November 7 Washington, D.C. International Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland.

Racing at age four in 1983, Majesty's Prince won the Man o' War Stakes and Sword Dancer Invitational Handicap. He ran third to the great filly All Along in the Rothmans International and the Washington D.C. International Stakes. In 1984, Majesty's Prince earned his second consecutive win in both the Man o' War Handicap and Sword Dancer Handicap. He won his second Rothmans International and was third to John Henry in the Turf Classic. He also ran sixth to winner Lashkari in the inaugural running of the Breeders' Cup Turf in 1984.

Stud record
Retired to stud duty, Majesty's Prince met with limited success. Among his racing offspring, he notably sired 1993 Bowling Green Handicap winner Dr. Kiernan.

Majesty's Prince was euthanized at age 30 due to the infirmities of old age.

Pedigree

References
 Majesty's Prince's pedigree and partial racing stats
 October 22, 1984 New York Times article on Majesty's Prince's upset win in the Rothmans International

1979 racehorse births
2009 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Virginia
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 14-b


Torna, nicknamed Éices or Éces ("the poet, sage"), was a legendary Irish poet of the 5th century, noted as "the last great bard of Pagan Ireland." He is not to be confused with Torna Éigeas, the 17th-century bard who figures in the Contention of the Bards.

He was the foster-father of the Irish kings Corc and Niall of the Nine Hostages, and to him is attributed the Lament for Corc and Niall of the Nine Hostages. In the tale Suidigud Tellaig na Cruachna ("The Settling of the Manor of Crúachan"), he is the author of a poem on famous men and women who were buried in the cemetery of Crúachan (Rathcroghan).

References
 1000 Years of Irish poetry, Kathleen Hoagland New York, 1947, pp. 6–8. .

5th-century writers
5th-century Irish people
Medieval Irish poets
Medieval Irish writers
Irish male poets
5th-century Irish writers


Øystein Elgarøy (13 June 1929 – 8 September 1998) was a Norwegian astronomer, with a specialty in solar radio astronomy.

Career
He was appointed as a lecturer of astrophysics at the University of Oslo, located in Oslo, Norway, in 1968, and was a professor from 1983. Elgarøy published several books, including textbooks.

Personal life
He was a brother of composer Jan Elgarøy. He was a strong apologist for Christianity until he became an atheist.

His son, also named Øystein Elgarøy  (born 1972), is  a professor of astrophysics at the University of Oslo.

References

1929 births
1998 deaths
People from Moss, Norway
20th-century astronomers
20th-century Norwegian people
Norwegian astronomers
Academic staff of the University of Oslo


Tony Reedus (22 September 1959 – 16 November 2008) was an American jazz drummer.

Reedus first gained attention performing in Woody Shaw's band during the 1980s. He played with Dave Stryker, Mulgrew Miller, Art Blakey, Mike Nock, Kenny Garrett, James Williams, and Anthony Wonsey, among others, and recorded three albums as a leader.

He died of a pulmonary embolism at Kennedy Airport at the age of 49. He had just returned from a tour in Italy with pianist Mike LeDonne.

Discography

As leader
 The Far Side (Jazz City, 1988)
 Incognito (Enja, 1989)
 Minor Thang (Criss Cross, 1996)
 People Get Ready (Sweet Basil, 1998)

As sideman
With Joanne Brackeen
Power Talk (Turnipseed, 1994)
With Robin Eubanks & Steve Turre
 Dedication (JMT, 1989)
With Kenny Garrett
 Introducing Kenny Garrett (Criss Cross 1985)
 Garrett 5 (Bellaphon 1989)
 African Exchange Student (Atlantic Jazz 1990)
With Benny Golson
Benny Golson Quartet Live (Dreyfus, 1989 [1991])
Benny Golson Quartet (LRC Ltd. 1990)
Domingo (Dreyfus, 1992)
I Remember Miles (Alfa Jazz, 1993)
With Benny Green
 Prelude (Criss Cross, 1988)
With Geoff Keezer
Waiting in the Wings (Sunnyside, 1989)
 With Our Own Eyes (Novus, 1993)
With Harold Mabern
Mabern's Grooveyard (DIW, 1996)
 Maya with Love (DIW, 2000)
With Ronnie Mathews
Selena's Dance (Timeless, 1988)
With Mulgrew Miller
 Wingspan (Landmark, 1987)
 Time and Again (Landmark, 1991)
With Dick Oatts
 Gratitude (Steeplechase 2007)
With Woody Shaw
 United (Columbia, 1981)
 Lotus Flower (Enja, 1982)
 Master of the Art (Elektra Musicia, 1982)
 Night Music (Elektra Musicia, 1982)
 The Time Is Right (Red, 1983)
With Jim Snidero
Tippin' (Savant, 2007)
With James Spaulding
The Smile of the Snake (HighNote, 1997)
With Walt Weiskopf Quintet
 Anytown (Criss Cross Jazz, 1998)
With Anthony Wonsey
 Blues for Hiroshi (Sharp Nine, 2004)

References

Ron Wynn, [ Tony Reedus] at Allmusic

1959 births
2008 deaths
American jazz drummers
Chesky Records artists
Enja Records artists
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


Aleksandr Vladimirovich Perov (; born 9 July 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player who works as a goalkeeping coach with FC Kuban-2 Krasnodar.

He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2004 for FC Kuban Krasnodar.

References

1978 births
Footballers from Krasnodar
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Krasnodar players
Russian Premier League players
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk players


Jan Elgarøy (20 December 1930 − 24 June 2018) was a Norwegian organist and composer.

He was born in Moss, and was a brother of astronomer Øystein Elgarøy. His instrument was the organ, and he graduated from the Music Conservatory of Oslo in 1950. He also studied in several European countries. He spent most of his professional career as the organist of Lambertseter Church from 1960 to 1992, and composed several pieces.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Norwegian Academy of Music alumni
Norwegian organists
Male organists
Norwegian composers
Norwegian male composers
Musicians from Moss, Norway


is a former Norwegian newspaper, issued in Oslo from 1868 to 1923.

It was established as a weekly magazine in 1868, later expanded to three issues a week, and was issued daily from 1885. It was the most widespread political newspaper in Norway for many years, and had considerable influence. The founder and first editor-in-chief was Peder Olsen, who edited the newspaper until his death in 1876. Later Prime Minister Johan Sverdrup was editor from 1876 to 1878, and Ola Thommessen from 1878 to 1910. Øvre Richter Frich held the position from 1910 to 1911, and Axel Otto Normann from 1915 to 1922.

The newspaper was particularly important during the editorship of Ola Thommessen. In addition to turning it into a daily newspaper, he consolidated its ties with the Liberal Party (founded 1884), giving  a strong position in the political scene. Internationally known writers like Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Georg Brandes contributed to the newspaper. When Thommessen left in 1910,  declined rapidly, as he brought much of the staff with him, immediately forming a competitor Tidens Tegn. The background was a conflict between Thommessen and Olaf Madsen, an important shareholder and member of the board of directors. Madsen's primary goal was economic profit, and according to Thommessen, Madsen meddled in the affairs of the newspaper, inflicting upon the editorial independence.

Thommessen won widespread support in the conflict, and Tidens Tegn quickly became Norway's largest newspaper, and attracted a variety of known writers, including Sven Elvestad, Olaf Bull, Herman Wildenvey and Selma Lagerlöf. The situation for  was worsened by the depression that followed World War I. In 1920 it absorbed another newspaper Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler, but in 1923 it became defunct—as it was absorbed by Tidens Tegn.

The name  was revived in 1945, used by a new newspaper. The new , often shortened VG, became Norway's largest newspaper in 1981.

References

Newspapers established in 1868
1868 establishments in Norway
Publications disestablished in 1923
Liberal Party (Norway) newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Norway
Newspapers published in Oslo
1923 disestablishments in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Daily newspapers published in Norway


John Arthur Jagoe CBE (2 January 188916 October 1962) was an Irish Anglican bishop who served as Chaplain-in-Chief of the (British) Royal Air Force and the second Bishop of Bermuda.

Early life
Born on 2 January 1889, Jagoe educated at Trinity College, Dublin.

Career
Jagoe was ordained in 1912. He was a Chaplain to the Forces 4th Class (captain) in World War I and until he transferred to the Royal Air Force. On 30 October 1923, he was commissioned into the Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch and granted the relative rank of squadron leader. He was granted a permanent commission on 6 July 1927. He was granted the relative rank of group captain on 6 March 1938.

He was appointed Assistant Chaplain-in-Chief in 1939. On 10 April 1944, he was granted the relative rank of air commodore and was appointed Chaplain-in-Chief. He was granted the relative rank of air vice-marshal on 1 July 1946. He was succeeded in the appointment of Chaplain-in-Chief by Leslie Wright on 31 March 1949. He retired from the Royal Air Force on 26 May 1949.

He was appointed to the colonial Episcopate as Bishop of Bermuda following his retirement from the Royal Air Force. He was consecrated bishop by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury, on Candlemas (2 February) 1949 at Westminster Abbey. He held the post to 1955 when he resigned in ill-health. From 1956 to his death, he was Rector of Schull, County Cork, Ireland.

He died on 16 October 1962.

Personal life
In 1919, Jagoe married Janet Flewett, the daughter of William Flewett the 8th Bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross. They had no children.

Honours and decorations
Jagoe was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the King on 30 January 1943. He vacated the appointment on 26 May 1949.

In the 1946 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In the 1949 New Year Honours, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).

On 18 November 1947, he was awarded the Czechoslovak Republic's Medal of Merit (1st Class) "in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war".

References

Church of England archdeacons (military)
Honorary Chaplains to the King
20th-century Anglican bishops in Bermuda
Anglican bishops of Bermuda
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Air Force Chaplains-in-Chief
World War I chaplains
Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers
Christian clergy from County Cork
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
1889 births
1962 deaths


Thotta Chinungi is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by K. S. Adhiyaman, starring Karthik, Raghuvaran, Revathi, Nagendra Prasad and Devayani (in her Tamil debut). It was released on 15 December 1995. The film was remade in Hindi as Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002) by the same director.

Plot
Gopal is in love with Bhuvana ever since they were children. As adults, they get married.

There are two things Gopal disapproves ofnafter marriage: Bhuvana's unemployed younger brother Prasad who lives with them, and Mano, Bhuvana's childhood friend.

Mano is quite handsome and a very famous singer and Bhuvana, who is very fond of him, talks to him quite often on the phone. The hardworking Gopal, who loves his wife dearly, wants complete attention from her. When he feels Bhuvana gives undue attention to her friend Mano, he grows gradually very suspicious and believes that Bhuvana and Mano are secretly seeing each other, resulting in him throwing Bhuvana out of their house after his jealousy completely overwhelms him.

Bhuvana, who equally loves her husband and never fully understood the turmoil he was going through, receives a divorce notice from him and is devastated. Prasad and Mano try to talk to Gopal, but Bhuvana forbids it. Finally, Mano arranges a meeting with Gopal, but the situation fails.

Mano is taken aback upon finding that his platonic relationship with his best friend Bhuvana has caused Gopal to have such misunderstandings. They argue and Gopal finally leaves. Mano talks to Bhuvana, who thinks it is entirely her fault: If she had understood that Gopal disapproved of her close bond with Mano, she would have never seen Mano again.

Mano leaves her and promises to never see her again. He talks to his blind girlfriend Amlu about what happened and Amlu finally talks reason into Gopal. Gopal arrives the moment Bhuvana is giving birth. He thereafter realises his misapprehensions and the purity of Bhuvana's heart and they reconcile.

Cast
 Karthik as Mano
 Raghuvaran as Gopal
 Revathi as Bhuvana
 Nagendra Prasad as Prasad
 Devayani as Ramya
 M. N. Nambiar as Chandrashekar
 Senthil as Pinky
 Padmapriya as Lakshmi
 Vichithra as Monica
 Rohini as Amlu
 Praveen Gajendran as Young Gopal

Production
Thotta Chinungi is the first Tamil film for Devayani. It is also the debut for Priyan (then known as Nagendran) as the lead cinematographer.

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by the duo Philip-Jerry lyrics by Vaali. It is their debut film.

Reception
K. Vijiyan of New Straits Times said the film "proved easy to watch despite running two hours and 45 minutes". Kalki wrote the film flows like a river without the rush of a commercial film and like an art film without the speed of a turtle. D. S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "The mental conflict of a husband suspecting the  platonic relationship  of  his wife with a male friend, known to  her  for long,  attains  glorious  proportions, thanks  to  the  wonderful performances  of  Raghuvaran  (husband),  Karthik  (friend) and Revathi in Span Vision's Thotta Sinungi. ,  who has also penned the story,  dialogue  (short, sweet  and very effective), screenplay and the lyrics  for  three songs,  draws the best of the three".

Remake
Adhiyaman chose to direct his first Hindi film and began remaking Thotta Chinungi in Hindi as Aap Mere Hai Sanam in early 1998. The film languished in production hell and was eventually released in 2002 as Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam.

References

External links

1990s Tamil-language films
1995 films
1995 romantic drama films
Films directed by K. S. Adhiyaman
Indian romantic drama films
Tamil films remade in other languages


Per Maltby (3 November 1933 – 24 May 2006) was a Norwegian astronomer.

He took his cand.real. degree at the University of Oslo in 1957, and was a research assistant there before becoming lecuter at the University of Bergen in 1960.

His specialties were solar physics and radioastronomy. He took the dr.philos. degree in 1964, was appointed as a lecturer of astrophysics at the University of Oslo in 1967, and was a professor from 1983. He published several books, including textbooks. At his death he was called "the most important pillar of Norwegian astrophysics and space research over the last 40 years".

References

1933 births
2006 deaths
Norwegian astronomers
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
Academic staff of the University of Oslo


Chestnut Grove School may refer to:

in England
Chestnut Grove Academy, formerly Chestnut Grove School, a school in London

in the United States
Chestnut Grove Elementary School, a school in Decatur, Alabama
 Chestnut Grove School (Athens, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia


Daydreamin' is the fifth album by the Los Angeles, California-based R&B group Dynasty, released in 1986.

Track listing
"Cherry Red Bikini", ´6:30 (Lathan Armor, Duncan Payne)
"Way Out", 5:59 (Kevin Spencer, William Shelby)
"Freeway lover", 5:27 (William Shelby, Bo Watson)
"Everlasting", 4:43 (William Shelby, Norman Beavers)
"Personality", 4:42 (Kenneth Edmonds, Antonio Reid, Dwayne Ladd)
"Daydreamin'", 4:49 (Kevin Spencer, William Shelby)
"Tuff Love", 5:31 (Nidra Sylvers, Rickey Smith, William Shelby)
"Lock on Love"; 4:27 (William Shelby, Steve Shockley, Leon Sylvers III)

References

1986 albums
Dynasty (band) albums
SOLAR Records albums
Albums produced by Leon Sylvers III


Imperial and Royal Field Marshal () is a 1930 Czechoslovak comedy film  directed by Karel Lamač. It is considered to be the first ever Czech language sound film.

Cast
Vlasta Burian ...  František Procházka, false Imperial and Royal Field Marshal
Theodor Pištěk as Colonel Alois Přecechtěl
Helena Monczáková as Přecechtělová, colonel's wife
 as  Lili Přecechtělová, their daughter
Jiří Hron as Lieutenant Rudi Eberle
Jan W. Speerger as Military servant Sepll
Čeněk Šlégl as  Count Géza von Medák, Rittmeister
Jindřich Plachta as  Hofer, first lieutenant
Josef Horánek as  Real Imperial and Royal Field Marshal
Olga Augustová as Singer
Eman Fiala as  Gustav Jannings, cabaret singer
Otto Heller as  Soldier
Jaroslav Marvan as  Maršálek's servant
Josef Rovenský as  Mayor

External links

1930 films
1930s Czech-language films
1930 comedy films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films directed by Karel Lamač
Czechoslovak multilingual films
Czechoslovak comedy films
1930 multilingual films
1930s Czech films


Township Jazz is any of various music genres created by Bantu peoples living in poor, racially segregated urban areas of South Africa ("townships") during the 20th century.

The principal genres of township music are mbaqanga, kwela, and marabi. Marabi evolved from jazz influence in the 1920s. Immigrants from Malawi developed the kwela sound by fusing Malawian music with marabi. Mbaqanga music is marabi's successor. It, too, is jazz-like; its roots are in marabi, American jazz, and traditional Zulu music.

History

The origins of township music in South Africa began from the formation of townships, which are urban residential areas where Africans were authorized to rent houses built by the government during the 1950s.  Binns and Nel state in their article that townships were the poor, black residential areas created under apartheid, explicitly revealing that these townships were not for the wealthy Westerners living in South Africa, but for the lower class of South Africa.   According to Ballantine, legislation was passed during the 1950s to further consolidate the apartheid state, and violent methods of implementation also assisted this along.  In fact, the most serious legislation that was passed for urban black music was the Group Areas Act of 1950, which separated all racially mixed neighborhoods by removing black communities and relocating them on the peripheries into townships.  Williams confirms this relocation by describing them as similar to African American ghettos and illustrates the emotion of musicians within the townships as a lack of power, which resulted in the musicians' need to explore alternative music paths.  To those who tried to suppress the lower-class Africans, jazz aspired to (among other things) musical and social equality, which was viewed as a form of rebellion during the time, hence its suppression.  According to Ballantine, "the white and racist South African state" was forming an ideology and program for separating and turning black South Africans against one another.

Different styles of township music

Marabi

Marabi is seen as the very first form of township music that arose between the 1920s and 1940s in the Johannesburg slumyards of South Africa.  Marabi was said to be influenced by not only the social and economic conditions of working-class life, but was also influenced by a variety of sources, assimilating a large amount of performance tradition into one main style of music.  Marabi was commonly considered by non-lower-class people as a rebellious style of music in its time, being associated with illegality, police raids, sex, and a desperately impoverished working-class.  The term marabi appears to have a murky origin; despite this, Coplan sheds light onto possibilities, tracing the meaning, “to fly around” (which apparently describes the styles of marabi dancers) and citing the Mabille and Dieterlen’s Sotho dictionary, which defines marabi as slang for “‘lawless person; gangster’”.  Also, as Robinson references the Johannesburg 1936 Empire Exhibition, marabi music was not allowed to be a part of the show, indicating the selective enthusiasm of white audiences for contemporary African performance.  Marabi was easy to criticize because it reflected the dangers, dynamics and hardships of urban life in slum-yards along with the fact that it was associated with a heavy drinking culture as well.  Because this music originated in the urban townships, this form of township music was frowned upon because of the candor reflected in its lyrics.  Common instruments found in marabi style music include the guitar, piano, brass instruments, and organs; vocalists were also common for marabi music.  According to Coplan, Marabi lyrics are considered rather loose in that participants were free to make up lyrics to suit the melody as they wished and also were well-known for being an expression of political protest at the time.  Other analyses, aside from Coplan’s, regarding Marabi lyrics appear to be lacking within this field, which could be attributed to the obscurity of this subject as well as the age of this style of township music.

Kwela

Kwela is another sub-style under the umbrella of township music that is composed of traditional, marabi and American sing-jazz elements; it is also characterized as urban African penny whistle music of the 1950s, arising slightly after marabi music and popularized in Johannesburg, much like marabi.  Coplan states that this particular style makes use of a unique combination of instruments including the string bass, the guitar, drums, and several penny whistles to construct the strong repetitive melodic line.  Kwela was at first produced by the children in “black slums in creative imitation of their favorite jazzmen”.  Coplan also states that the penny whistles were overlooked by overseas audiences and were still considered to be a child’s instrument.  However, Coplan implies that it may not have been met with such friendly ears from everyone, but urban Africans managed to look upon kwela as an authentic expression of their urban culture rather than an indolent pastime of juvenile delinquents.  Kwela was even regarded as the new, close-harmony township style based on marabi or on the songs of migrant workers.  Much like marabi, kwela became popular despite the adversities that it faced.   Along with the music, young urban Africans also participated in dancing to kwela music, which entailed a sexually suggestive form of jive dancing where dancers shouted the word “kwela” periodically.  The meaning of the word kwela is actually Zulu for “‘climb on’ or ‘get up,’” which is indicative for others to join the upbeat nature of the music.  This particular style of music turned out to be quite profitable to the city of Johannesburg, its city of birth, in that it could compete with imported music and also was well commercialized by studios in Johannesburg.

Mbaqanga

Mbaqanga is the Zulu name for a traditional steamed bread made from maize. This word also came to refer to the commercial South African jazz of the 1950s, which blended marabi and kwela with elements of American jazz.

According to Coplan, mbaqanga groups are mainly multi-ethnic, which could be attributed to the blending varieties of music in this specific style.  It is the continuation of the marabi and kwela styles, coupled with its own freshness, analogous to its new place in African music history.  Coplan also appears to be one of only published authorities on this topic, which is evident in the lack of contribution from other sources.  Mbaqanga appears to be relatively unexplored in its field of discourse, which can be attributed to the general obscurity of the township music genre, along with the styles within it.  Vocalists, in mbaqanga, are considered the core unit of all the performances, while instrumentalists depend on the demands of the recordings or live shows.  Although the instruments are not always constant, some of the instruments that are used include electric guitars, saxophones, violins, accordions, and drums; some of these more recently developed instruments were implemented later in mbaqanga in the 1960s.  Mbaqanga shows are characterized by several different segments, beginning with a more traditional form of music, dance and costume and transitioning to a more contemporary and Westernized form.  A specific opening for the typical mbaqanga number is provided by Coplan in that the songs appear to begin with a lead guitar introduction, followed by the bass melody pattern based on the F-C-G7-C formula played over a bouncing 8/8 township rhythm.  In essence, mbaqanga is distinguishable by its brutish rhythm and syncretic melodic style that is combined with the traditional style of marabi.  The lyrical study of mbaqanga also appears to be relatively unstudied except for Coplan’s analysis, which, according to him, consists of short couplets.

Historiography
Although township music is still quite under the radar in terms of being well-researched, there is still a myriad of information to be uncovered for this unique and historical music genre.  The only major books published on the genre include Coplan’s In Township Tonight!, published in 1985, and Ballantine’s Marabi Nights, which was published in 1993.  Other sources of information only seem to be articles that mention township music simply in passing, without truly focusing on the characteristics and the nature of the music.  Evidently, township music is still quite a new subject of study in the music field, along with many other genres, such as African drumming and mustache rock.  Through the study of township music, the true background and nature was revealed for this specific genre, which can be applied to music genres just as hidden from view as township music.  Marabi appears to be the most well-researched style, while kwela seems to be researched a little less, and mbaqanga even less.  Perhaps the more recent the music, the more difficult it is to characterize and classify, since this appears to be the trend in many cases.

Artists

A wide range of artists exist within township music.  Some popular artists include.

Ladysmith Black Mambazo - This group was the 2009 Grammy Winner for Traditional World Music CD.  Ladysmith Black Mambazo was first introduced by Paul Simon on his 1986 record Graceland
Mahlathini
Mango Groove
Mbongeni Ngema - Mbongeni Ngema was the main creative force behind the Broadway musical "Sarafina," which was later made into a movie with Whoopi Goldberg.
Mzikayifani Buthelezi - Buthelezi's music powerfully uses accordion, violin and guitar. Male lead and female chorus vocals sing call-and-response lyrics are also common of this artist.
The Boyoyo Boys
Hugh Masekela

References

South African styles of music


Dallán mac Móre, fl. c. 900, was an Irish poet, and chief bard to King Cerball mac Muirecáin of Leinster (reigned 885–909. The poem The Song of Cerball's Sword is attributed to Dallán.

Cath Bealach Mughna

Sub anno 903, the Annals of the Four Masters preserve part of a lament on those killed at the battle of Bealach Mugna:

Cormac of Feimhin, Fogartach,
Colman, Ceallach of the hard conflicts,
They perished with many thousands
in the great battle of Bealach-Mughna.
Flann of Teamhair, of the plain of Tailltin,
Cearbhall of Carman without fail,
On the seventh of the Calends of September,
gained the battle of which hundreds were joyful.
The bishop, the souls' director,
the renowned, illustrious doctor,
King of Caiseal, King of Iarmumha;
O God! alas for Cormac!

External links
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005B/index.html

References

 1000 Years of Irish poetry, Kathleen Hoagland New York, 1947, pp. 6–8. .

10th-century Irish writers
9th-century Irish writers
Medieval Irish poets
9th-century Irish poets
10th-century Irish poets
Irish male poets
Irish-language writers


High on Emotion: Live from Dublin is the first live album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1990. The album was recorded at the RDS, Dublin in December 1988.

The double vinyl and cassette versions of the album featured 17 tracks from the concert. Due to the limitations of the running time of CD, the tracks 'Lonely Sky' and 'The Ballroom of Romance' were omitted from the CD version. These two tracks were included on the CD single release of the live version of 'Don't Pay the Ferryman' which was released to support the album. (This live version of 'The Ballroom of Romance' was also released as a B-side on a Germany-only single of 'Don't Look Back' released in 1989, over a year prior to the release of this album.)

A 81 minute concert film was widely released on VHS cassette in 1990, under the title "Chris de Burgh - Live From Dublin". This included the same track list as the vinyl and cassette releases, however with the track 'The Ballroom of Romance' missing. A very limited release of the video also took place on Laserdisc, a higher quality format.

A number of other songs were performed on this tour but are not included on any these releases. These include "Leather on my Shoes", "One Word (Straight to the Heart)", "A Night on the River", "Where Peaceful Waters Flow" and "The Getaway".

Track listing
All tracks composed by Chris de Burgh

"Last Night" - 7:07
"Sailing Away" - 5:19
"The Revolution" - 4:04
"I'm Not Scared Anymore" - 4:42
"Spanish Train" - 4:57
"Borderline" - 4:51
"The Risen Lord" - 3:35
"The Last Time I Cried" - 6:16
"The Lady in Red" - 4:07
"A Spaceman Came Travelling" - 3:43
"Patricia the Stripper" - 4:21
"Missing You" - 4:26
"Say Goodbye to It All" - 5:55
"Don't Pay the Ferryman" - 4:15
"High on Emotion" - 5:11

Track listing (compact cassette)
Side One
"Last Night"
"Sailing Away"
"The Revolution"
"I'm Not Scared Anymore"
"Spanish Train"
"Borderline"
"The Risen Lord"
"The Last Time I Cried"
Side Two
"The Lady in Red"
"Lonely Sky"
"A Spaceman Came Travelling"
"Patricia The Stripper"
"The Ballroom of Romance"
"Missing You"
"Say Goodbye To It All"
"Don't Pay The Ferryman"
"High On Emotion"

Personnel
 Chris de Burgh – guitar, piano, lead vocals
 Ian Kojima – guitar, keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals
 Danny McBride – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Al Marnie – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Glenn Morrow – keyboards, backing vocals
 Jeff Phillips – drums

Production
 Producers – Chris de Burgh, Gregg Jackman and Kenny Thomson.
 Engineered and Mixed by Gregg Jackman
 Assistant Engineers – Pete Craigie and Gary Stewart
 Recorded on Advison Mobile at RDS Arena (Dublin, Ireland).
 Mix Assistants – Simon Duff and Avril Mackintosh
 Mixed at Marcus Recording Studios (London, England).
 Mastered by Jack Adams at Tape One (London, England).
 Design – Normal Service
 Photography – Colm Henry and Dennis O'Reagan
 Liner Notes – Chris de Burgh
 Management – Dave Margereson and Kenny Thomson at Mismanagement, Inc.

Sales and certifications

References

External links
 The Official Chris de Burgh Website
 chrisdeburgh.net

Chris de Burgh albums
1990 live albums
A&M Records live albums


Kristian Lous (9 August 1875 – 24 September 1941) was a Norwegian astronomer.

He was born in Oslo as a son of Attorney General Karl Lous. He was a brother of barrister Georg Lous, grandson of barrister Johan Christian Vogelsang Lous and great-grandson of commodore Carl Christian Lous. His grandfather was a brother of Thora Marie Lous, who in turn was the mother of Christian Lous Lange. Kristian Lous was thus a second cousin of Halvard, Carl Viggo and August Lange.

He managed the Observatory at the Royal Frederick University from 1919 to its closing in 1934. Special fields include celestial mechanics and the Three-body problem. He edited the official Norwegian almanac from 1928 to 1941. He died in September 1941 and was buried in Ris.

References

1875 births
1941 deaths
Norwegian astronomers
Norwegian almanac editors
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Scientists from Oslo


Lee Robertson (born 25 August 1973) is a Scottish former professional footballer.

Robertson began his career with Rangers making three league appearances for the club. He was released from his contract and moved to Norway with IK Start. He had spells with Molde FK and FK Bodø/Glimt and also a seven-day trial at St Johnstone in December 1999. Unfortunately heavy snow meant he left without even playing a bounce match for Saints.

He returned to IK Start and then moved to Australia. He went back to Scotland in 2003, but soon moved to Australia.

References

External links
2001 Profile

1973 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Rangers F.C. players
IK Start players
Molde FK players
FK Bodø/Glimt players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Scottish Football League players
Eliteserien players
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Footballers from Edinburgh


I the South (Io Sud, IS), was a conservative regionalist political party in Italy, which has been a faction of Brothers of Italy since 2014.

The party emerged in 2009 as an Apulian split from National Alliance (AN) led by Adriana Poli Bortone, shortly before AN was merged into The People of Freedom (PdL). Soon after the party approached to the Union of the Centre (UdC) in order to form a centrist party as an alternative to the PdL, and in this perspective Poli Bortone joined UdC in a common group in the Senate.

At the 2009 provincial elections the party won 7.3% in Lecce (while Poli Bortone won 21.9% as candidate for President supported also by the UdC), 3.4% in Taranto and 2.0% in Brindisi. In the 2010 Apulian regional election Poli Bortone ran for President supported also by the regional section of the Union of the Centre, that is the main component of UdC. Poli Bortone gained 8.7% of the vote, while IS gained a mere 2.9%.

Since then, Poli Bortone distanced herself from the UdC and started to prepare her return to the centre-right. In February 2011 she joined the new National Cohesion group in the Senate and, as of March, she is headed to the formation of a joint "Party of the South" along with Force of the South and We the South. On 14 July 2011 the three parties jointly launched the Federation of the South, later Great South.

Although its base remains Apulia, the party has opened regional and provincial sections also in Basilicata, Campania and Calabria.

In 2013 Great South is merged in the new Forza Italia, while IS took part in a project together with The Right of Francesco Storace, FLI of Roberto Menia and Tricolour Flame of Luca Romagnoli, to form a new party that will inspire for the National Alliance.

In 2014 Poli Bortone joined Brothers of Italy.

On 16 May 2015 Brothers of Italy decides the suspension of Adriana Poli Bortone, after her candidature with Forza Italia at 2015 Apulian regional election.

On 29 February 2016 Poli Bortone formalizes her adhesion to Forza Italia, along with her party I the South.

Leadership
President: Adriana Poli Bortone (2009–2016)

References

External links
Official website

Defunct political parties in Italy
Political parties in Apulia
Regionalist parties in Italy
Political parties established in 2009
2009 establishments in Italy


The Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG; Munich Transport Company) is a municipally owned company responsible for operating public transport in Munich, Germany. It operates buses, the Munich tramway and the Munich U-Bahn.

The company is a subsidiary of Stadtwerke München (Munich City Utilities), and a member of the Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (MVV; Munich Transport and Tariff Association).

MVG Museum

The MVG maintains a museum, located at Ständlerstraße 20 near the terminus of tram line 18. The museum contains a collection of some 25 historic trams, buses and utility vehicles from different eras. It opens to the public on alternate Sundays.

References

External links

MVG web site (German language)
MVG web site (English language subset)
MVG Museum web site (German language)
Tram Travels: Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG)

Railway companies of Germany
Transport in Munich
Companies based in Munich


Augustinius Neldal Lossius (1 January 1787 – 15 July 1864) was a Norwegian jurist and politician.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1818. He represented the constituency of Romsdals Amt, where he worked as a district stipendiary magistrate. He served only one term.

References

Norwegian jurists
Members of the Storting
Møre og Romsdal politicians
1787 births
1864 deaths


Baghdada (, ) is a town of Mardan District in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Geography
Baghdada is located at 34°13'0N 72°2'0E with an altitude of 288 metres (948 feet) and lies close to the Islamabad-Peshawar motorway. The Kalpani river flows at the eastern side of town.

See also
 List of mosques in Pakistan
 F.G. Public High School Mardan

References

External links

 Government Post Graduate College for Women Mardan

Populated places in Mardan District


Christ's Church is a non-denominational Christian megachurch located in southern Jacksonville, Florida. According to the church's website, attendance is over 1,500 at worship services in their four locations. According to the Christian Standard, Christ's Church is "one of the finest church facilities in the country".

History
Mandarin Christian Church (MCC) was founded in 1974 when Mandarin was still rural; Interstate 295 and the Buckman Bridge had recently been completed and St. Augustine Road had two traffic lanes. The family of Loraine Oden donated  of land for the first church building which contained a sanctuary with seating for 160, a handful of classrooms, bathrooms, and offices for Pastor Gene Helmey and the church secretary. Forty members attended the dedication of the sanctuary on October 20, 1974, but membership grew rapidly, necessitating construction of a fellowship hall and more classrooms in 1976.

Lead Pastor
Pastor Dennis Bratton began his ministry in the summer of 1978. According to Bratton, every activity of the church helps fulfill Jesus' great commission to "preach to the world and to provide for the less fortunate".

As of June 2010, Dr. Dennis Bratton has retired from Christ's Church with the title "Pastor Emeritus" and begun his own project to go "beyond relief" in helping those in extreme poverty in different places around the world through the Kore Foundation. Lead Pastor, Jason Cullum, has stepped up to the Senior Pastor position.

As the church grew, it expanded in membership, requiring more space and more staff. In 1982, the church constructed a Family Life Center. Church members themselves volunteered their time and expertise to lower expenses of construction, finishing the interior of the professionally assembled shell. In 1987, the church increased its services for families with young children in the area, opening the Sharing Tree Preschool. It also extended its offerings for teenagers with a teen program eventually settled in a separate property called "The Ranch". Along with new staff to address the needs of youth and children, staff was added to assist with seniors, pastoral care and outreach, as well as to address needs in the church like music.

Growth continued to exceed space. A 1,000-seat worship center built in 1986 had to be expanded in 1991. Nevertheless, and even with the addition of multiple services including the popular "Saturday Night Alive" service on Saturday evening, the church realized in 1994 that it needed more space. At the same time, it decided to open a Christian school.

Christ's Church Academy
On August 29, 1995, Mandarin Christian School began providing a Christian education to students in kindergarten through fifth grades. Sixth, seventh and eighth grades were added in 1996, 1997 and 1998, respectively. After the church moved to their new home on Greenland Road, the school began to utilize all the space in the building for the 1999–2000 school year. Ninth and tenth grades were included in 2005, eleventh grade in 2006 and twelfth grade in 2007. Their first high school graduation was held in May, 2008 and the fully accredited school is "one of the (Jacksonville) area's largest private, Bible-based educational entities".
The school has an enrollment of 537, with 114 students in grades 9-12, but began fielding varsity sports teams in 2007. In the 2008–09 school year, they began competing as a member of Florida High School Athletic Association class 1A.

In 2010, the Florida High School Athletic Association levied harsh sanctions against Mandarin Christian School and fined the school $142,500 (the second-largest the association has ever handed down) for 25 violations committed in their football program. Because of these violations the football team was unable to participate in state series contests for five years, after which they were placed on administrative probation for three years, concluding on June 1, 2018.

In the summer of 2011, the decision was made to change the school's name to more closely associate it with the church, and Mandarin Christian School became Christ's Church Academy.

Christ's Church Academy has a 100% college acceptance rate for graduating seniors. It is a college preparatory school that boasts excellent academics, competitive athletics and a fully integrated arts program.

A New Home
The search for a new church location identified a  parcel on Greenland Road. Notable local firm KBJ Architects was selected to design the new facility. Ground was broken on January 25, 1998 and the members received frequent progress reports. After the last service concluded at their old facility on June 6, 1999, the church members made a symbolic walk to their new church building, 4½ miles away. The new church complex was designed to accommodate growth in the church, which was located adjacent to major highways. Interstate 295 borders the property on the north, while Interstate 95 is 1/10 mile to the west.

Phase I included a  Sanctuary with seating for 2,500 that expanded to 3,500. It also contained office spaces, conferences rooms, classrooms and nurseries, among other rooms. A 1,600 seat auditorium is located nearby. The entrance to the Sanctuary is an enormous atrium where hundreds of members and guests can meet, talk and enjoy refreshments before and after services.

The original plans included a future Phase II  Community Center, which would contain a chapel, preschool, dining hall, gymnasium, offices and student center.  The future became reality when construction began in 2002. Phase II was completed in February, 2003.

In 2005, MCC hosted the Southeast Regional Conference of the North American Christian Coalition (NACC).

A New Name
In 2005, the church began an outreach through satellite campuses. Mandarin Christian Church had been in their new facility for six years, and because the church was no longer “in” Mandarin, a name was needed that was conducive to other locations. It was decided to drop “Mandarin”, and the name officially became Christ’s Church on January 9, 2005.  Their mission was to “Make Disciples, More Disciples, Better Disciples”.

Beliefs

Christ's Church is an independent, non-denominational Christian church, but tends to adhere to doctrine that is similarly espoused by other named Christian Churches stemming from the Restoration Movement.  Two prominent features of these beliefs include a practice of the receiving of Communion during each service, and an encouragement to believers to submit to water baptism by immersion.  There is no denominational creed.  Instead, the church adheres to a philosophy advocated by Augustine of Hippo: "In essentials, unity....In non-essentials, liberty.....In all things, love."

Satellite Campuses
The church had 4,000 members in 2004, but one quarter of those did not reside in Jacksonville. A membership study found that a majority of the 1,000 lived in Clay County, so in December, 2004 the church began holding a service at St. Johns Country Day School. Initial attendance was 200, which doubled when a second service was added. Christ’s Church Fleming Island (CCFI), south of Orange Park, was announced on March 20, 2005. The church leaders began to search for a permanent church location on the west side of the St. Johns River.

Fleming Island
A vacant  brick Tyson Foods chicken hatchery on U.S. 17 was quickly identified as a possible location. After negotiating a lower price than the $6.3 million originally sought, the church acquired the building in August, 2005 with the help of several church members who made substantial donations. Renovation began soon after, but Christ’s Church Fleming Island did not officially open the doors on their new campus until May 12, 2007. CCFI offers most of the programs available at Christ’s Church Jacksonville, including programs for children of all ages during both worship services and a full staff.  On May 5, 2019, it was announced during the Sunday service, that the church and property has been sold due rapidly changing culture, rapidly growing community and limited resources. Services would be held at a portable location starting July 28.

Camden County, Georgia
Another outreach was begun in January 2007, this one in Camden County, Georgia. A group of families began meeting for services at the Camden County Recreation Center in Kingsland with staff supplied by the Jacksonville Christ’s Church. Their first full-time pastor, Scott Clevenger, began January 1, 2009.  On April 5, 2009, services at Christ’s Church Camden (CCC) were moved from the community room to the gymnasium. Then on January 1, 2010 they purchased the Methodist Children's Home located at 201 Kings Bay Road immediately across from Walmart.  Renovations were completed and their first service in the new facility was February 7, 2010.  Since that time they have seen a growth rate of over 100%. Christ's Church Camden County no longer relies on staff from either the Jacksonville or Fleming Island campuses of Christ's Church. They continue on as their own independent congregation.

St. Augustine Campus

Closed

River City Campus

In 2016, the elder board announced that Christ's Church was to acquire Encounter Christian Church in north Jacksonville.  On August 13, 2017, Encounter Christian Church was renamed Christ's Church River City, and held its first services at the former Encounter location with David Mackie being installed as the campus pastor.

Prison Campuses

Christ's Church has two prison outreach campuses, both located in North Florida.  One is held at Florida State Prison, and the other is held at New River Correctional Institution, both located in Starke, Florida.

Programs

Missions
Church members support missionary work through monetary contributions, send clothes to those in need and help build homes in Mexico and India. Another project assisted handicapped children by constructing a large group home. Pastor Bratton stated: "We want to give people in Third World countries the opportunity to care for themselves. We have a strong commitment to missions."

Local
At Christmas in 2007, a program helped members "adopt" almost 1200 deserving children, senior citizens and immigrants to help make the season special with gifts and other support. Another project encouraged members to accumulate spare change over a month to fund an initiative for woman.

The church sponsors Freedom Fest, an annual music festival with fireworks in late June, an alternative to 4th of July fireworks.  2016 was the first year Freedom Fest became a benefit fundraiser.  Proceeds from the 2016 Freedom Fest were used to help to build a safe house for the victims of human trafficking, and set a record attendance of over 10,000 visitors, while headlining the popular Christian band For King And Country.

On February 12, 2016, the Tim Tebow Foundation partnered with Christ's Church to hold a prom for 250 people with special needs. This event, called the 2016 Night To Shine, was a free prom for people age 16 and older with developmental and/or physical impairments.

Sports
The church has an extensive sports program for members and attendees. Youth sports include flag football, indoor soccer, basketball & cheerleading, and are coached by adult members in order to develop character, promote sportsmanship and grow as Christians. Adult leagues for men’s basketball, flag football for men, women & coed teams, coed volleyball, and golf encourage members to invite their neighbors and friends for Christian fellowship and competition.

References

External links
Christ’s Church of Jacksonville website
Christ's Church Academy website
Mandarin Christian Counseling Center website
Christ’s Church Camden website
Christ’s Church Fleming Island website

Churches in Jacksonville, Florida
Evangelical churches in Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Megachurches in Florida
Christian organizations established in 1974
KBJ Architects buildings
1974 establishments in Florida


County Waterford was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

Members of Parliament
 1560 Thomas Power and Peter Aylwarde
 1585 Richard Aylwarde and James Sherlock
 1613–1615 Sir James Gough and John Power of Compyer
 1634–1635 James Walshe and John Power of Dowshill
 1639–1649 Sir Richard Osborne, 1st Baronet and John Power of Dowshill
 1661–1666 Richard Power of Curraghmore (succeeded to peerage, 1661 and replaced by James, Lord Annesley) and Sir Richard Osborne, 1st Baronet

1689–1801

Notes

References

Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Historic constituencies in County Waterford
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


A national second tier of Scottish league football was established in season 1893–94, as Division Two. Until the 1921–22 season, promotion was not automatic but decided by Scottish Football League clubs on a ballot basis, thus some champion teams were able to retain the title. In the 1946–47 season it became known as the B Division before being changed back to Division Two for season 1955–56.

The second tier became known as the First Division in season 1975–76, when the top division (Division One) became the Premier Division, although its status within the Scottish football league system league system changed in 1998–99 when clubs from the top tier (Premier Division) broke away to form the Scottish Premier League. The First Division was still the second tier in the Scottish league system, but was the top level of the Scottish Football League rather than the second. The Scottish Premier League and Scottish Football League merged in 2013 to form the Scottish Professional Football League, with the second tier becoming known as the Scottish Championship.

Scottish Football League Division Two (1893–1946)

 Before 1915 clubs finishing on equal points would play-off for the title. In 1909–10 Leith Athletic and Raith Rovers both finished with 33 points but decided not to play-off for the title and were therefore declared joint Champions.

Scottish Football League Division B (1946–1955)

Scottish Football League Division Two (1955–1975)

Scottish Football League First Division (1975–2013)

Scottish Championship (2013–)

Total titles won

Clubs participating in the 2023–24 Scottish Championship are denoted in bold type.
Clubs no longer active are denoted in italics.

References
Specific

General
RSSSF – Final Tables Second Level 1894–2005
RSSSF – Scotland 2005–06
RSSSF – Scotland 2006–07
RSSSF – Scotland 2007–08
RSSSF – Scotland 2007–08

Winners
Winners
Championship winners
Winners


A sex machine is a mechanical device used to simulate human sexual intercourse or other sexual activity.

Devices can be penetrative or extractive. The term fucking machine is generally used to describe a penetrative machine which works by the transfer of rotational or reciprocating force from a motor to a directional motion on a shaft tipped by a dildo. A hand-held modified reciprocating saw device is sometimes called a fucksaw, a hand-held modified drill motor rotating device is sometimes called a drilldo, and a modified jigsaw is called a jillsaw. An extractive device works like a milking machine and can be attached to the penis, breast, or other body part.

History and use

Built in 1900, the first known sex machine was a self-operated device that sprayed milk into the vagina to simulate ejaculation.

The vibrator was originally invented for the treatment of hysteria in Victorian women through medical orgasm induced by clitoral massage.  These early mechanical devices were much larger and more powerful than the modern vibrators; they were first used by physicians and became popular in bath houses in Europe and the US towards the beginning of the 20th century.  More compact, electrically powered versions later briefly appeared as health aids in department store catalogs.

Modern automated erotic stimulation devices differ from vibrators because they penetrate as well as throb. These devices are sometimes used as part of autoerotic or partnered bondage play. Teledildonics combines use of various sex machines and a web interface, used remotely by a partner. Modern sex machines on the market include vacuum pumps, instruments that deliver calibrated electrical shocks to the nipples and genitals, and life size inflatable male and female dolls with penetrable and vibrating orifices.

The conference Arse Elektronika regularly features demonstrations of sex machines and academic debates about these devices.

Risk of injury
In 2009, a woman from Maryland required a medical evacuation after the blade of a homemade sex machine cut through the plastic dildo and caused severe vaginal injuries.

Examples

 Fuckzilla (by kink.com): a sex machine featuring a dildo and a licking device (2007)
 Nekropneum Fuckenbrust Neckhammer 40k: a sex machine by group monochrom that was featured at NRW-Forum Düsseldorf in March 2019

In popular culture
In Episode 2/20 of Boston Legal, "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang," Shirley Schmitt represents a client whose Victorian erotica collection includes a "hysteria machine" (a steam-powered, piston-operated dildo) used by Victorian doctors to help women deal with their sexual needs during the Victorian Age.

In the 2008 film Burn After Reading, US Treasury agent Harry Pfarrer builds a pedal-powered "dildo chair". The pornographic website Fucking Machines has been featured in the mainstream press as a source of information and depictions of uses.

In 2011, J. Michael Bailey provided a forum for a live demonstration of a sex machine device to his class at Northwestern University, which led to international press coverage, questions about appropriate college coursework, and questions about academic freedom vis-a-vis tenure.

See also

Arse Elektronika
Erotic electrostimulation
Erotic furniture
List of BDSM equipment
Sex toy
Sex robot
Sybian
Venus for Men

References

Sex toys
Machine sex
BDSM equipment
Masturbation


Nagendra Prasad Sundaram (born 19 December 1975) is an Indian dance choreographer and actor who works in Tamil and Kannada films (as a lead actor). He is the youngest son of dance master Mugur Sundar, and younger brother to popular cine artistes Prabhu Deva and Raju Sundaram.

Career and personal life
He was most noted for his appearance in the song "Humma Humma", from the film Bombay. He made his lead debut with the Kannada movie Chitra, opposite Rekha Vedavyas. He also acted in the Kannada movie Manasella Neene, which was directed by his father – choreographer Mugur Sundaram. He starred in several Tamil films as the hero's friend such as Kushi (2000), Ghilli (2004) and Master (2021). He has also acted in a tele-serial called "Maya Machindra" on STAR Vijay. He took part in Jodi number 1 season 7. He was eliminated in the semi-finals. He has a dance school, MSM dance school named after his father.

His mother tongue is Kannada.
He was married to Hemalatha.

Filmography

Choreographer
All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.

Actor
Films

Television
Maya Machindra - Vijay TV
Five Six Seven Eight - Zee5

Director
Lucky Man (2022; Kannada)

Dancer

References

External links

Indian film choreographers
1975 births
Indian male film actors
Living people
Indian choreographers
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Male actors in Kannada cinema


Poslední muž  is a 1934 Czechoslovak comedy film  directed by Martin Frič and starring Hugo Haas.

Cast
Hugo Haas ...  Prof. Alois Kohout
Zdeňka Baldová ...  Mrs. Kohoutová
Marie Glázrová ...  Zdenka, daughter
Antonín Novotný ...  Jaroslav, son
Vladimír Borský ...  Dr. Jirí Becvár (as V. Borský)
Jiřina Steimarová ...  Tonca Vacková
Darja Hajská ...  Baruska, cooky
Jára Kohout ...  Frantík
Václav Trégl ...  Rejsek, janitor
Bohdan Lachman ...  Director the school
Milada Gampeová...  Liduska Pivodová
Josef Kotalík ...  Station master
Emanuel Hríbal ...  Sadar
Josef Mach ...  Student
Alois Dvorský ...  Teacher

References

External links

1934 films
1930s Czech-language films
1934 comedy films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films directed by Martin Frič
Czechoslovak comedy films
1930s Czech films


Stanley John Trafford (21 December 1945 – 19 November 2020) was an English footballer and cricketer. He played his football for Port Vale and Macclesfield Town, and his cricket for Staffordshire.

Early life
Trafford was born in Leek, Staffordshire on 21 December 1945.  He was a keen football and cricket player in his youth and once took four wickets in four balls when playing for his school side.  Trafford also played for the Port Vale youth team.

Football career
Trafford signed for Port Vale as a professional under manager Freddie Steele in October 1964. He made 12 Third Division appearances and scored one goal, in a 2–1 win over Oldham Athletic, during the 1964–65 season. Making his first team debut at Vale Park on 17 October, in a 2–1 defeat to Bristol City, it was reported that "the loud mouths on the terraces certainly did a good job [of] hindering Stan Trafford". He scored his only goal in the English Football League in a 2–1 win over Oldham Athletic on 15 March. He was handed a free transfer by new boss Jackie Mudie in April 1965. He signed with Macclesfield Town of the Cheshire County League in January 1966, and made ten appearances before leaving Moss Rose in the summer.

Trafford was a member of Port Vale's ex-players association and attended a game at the club in the 2019–20 season.  He remained close friends with former team-mate Terry Lowe.

Cricket career
In cricket, Trafford made his debut for Staffordshire in 1963, playing two matches that season against Northumberland and Durham in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship. Trafford next appeared for Staffordshire in 1976, playing two further Minor Counties Championship matches against Cheshire and Shropshire. It was in 1976 that Trafford played his only List A match, which came against Essex in the Gillette Cup. In this match, he was dismissed for a single run by John Lever. He retired as a player in 1984.

Trafford was associated with Leek Cricket Club for 60 years, as a junior cricketer and later as a committee member and club secretary. Leek won the NSSCL Premier Division, Talbot Cup and Staffordshire Cup whilst Trafford was club secretary in 2001. He also spent 25 years coaching Staffordshire Under-19s.

Trafford's death was announced by Port Vale on 19 November 2020, at the age of 74.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Leek, Staffordshire
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English cricketers
Staffordshire cricketers


Toth + Co is a privately owned advertising agency and design firm. The agency is based in Concord, Massachusetts with an office in New York City. The company has worked with clients such as J.Crew, Tommy Hilfiger, Wrangler Jeans, Nautica and Johnston & Murphy.

In 2003, Mike Toth helped brand "Labels Are For Jars", an initiative to raise funds for the construction of the Cor Unum Meal Center in Lawrence, Massachusetts, which provides round-the-clock food and services to people in need. Construction of the Meal Center was completed in Fall 2006.

History
Founded by Mike Toth in 1982, the agency was first headquartered in New Orleans, located at the riverbend on the streetcar line. In 1985, Toth moved the company north to Concord, Massachusetts, behind the historic Old North Bridge. In 1987, Toth moved into the neighboring town of Carlisle, basing his store in a renovated church. In 1995, Toth moved back to Concord into the historic courthouse on Monument Square, where it stayed for 11 years before settling in the Kendall Square area of Cambridge in 2006. In December 2013, Toth moved its location to the South End area of Boston.

References

External links
Toth Official Website
Link Building Campaign

Advertising agencies of the United States
Marketing companies established in 1982
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
1982 establishments in Massachusetts


Camel Through the Eye of a Needle () is a 1936 Czech comedy film directed by and starring Hugo Haas. The title is an allusion to the "eye of a needle" aphorism. It's a second movie adaptation of the play by František Langer after the 1926 film Never the Twain.

Plot
Alík, son of a wealthy chocolate factory owner Adolf Vilím, is set to marry Nina Štěpánková from a wealthy family. But Alík is not interested in Nina. He gets to know the beggar Pešta and his falls in love with his step-daughter Zuzka.

Cast
Hugo Haas as Beggar Josef Pešta
Antonie Nedošínská as Aloise Peštová
Jiřina Štěpničková as Zuzka Peštová
Rudolf Deyl Sr. as Adolf Vilím
Pavel Herbert as Alík Vilím
Oldřich Nový as Butler Alfons
Eduard Blažek as Secretary
Růžena Šlemrová as Mrs. Štěpánová
Adina Mandlová as Nina Štěpánová
Jindřich Plachta as Pavel Bezchyba
Jan Pivec as Fred Krupička
Božena Šustrová as Nina's friend

See also
Never the Twain (1926)

References

External links

1936 comedy films
1936 films
Czech black-and-white films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Czechoslovak comedy films
1930s Czech-language films
Films directed by Otakar Vávra
Sound film remakes of silent films
1930s Czech films


Anthony Lewis Elliott Williams ChStJ (5 February 189231 August 1975) was a British Anglican bishop. He was the third Bishop of Bermuda, serving from 1956 to 1962.

Early life and education
Williams was educated at the King's School, Worcester, a private school in Worcester, Worcestershire. He studied at Exeter College, Oxford, and trained for Holy Orders at Salisbury Theological College, an Anglican theological college.

Ordained ministry

Williams was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1915 and as a priest in 1916. From 1915 to 1918, he served his curacy at St John's Church, Kidderminster in the Diocese of Worcester. From 1918 to 1920, he was a curate at Christ Church, High Harrogate in the Diocese of Ripon. From 1921 to 1931, he served as Chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon (Thomas Strong and then Edward Burroughs). He was additionally Vicar of St Mary the Virgin, North Stainley between 1921 and 1925, and Rector of St John the Baptist's Church, Kirby Wiske between 1925 and 1931.

From 1931 to 1946, Williams was Vicar of St Mary's Church, Banbury in the Diocese of Oxford. From 1940 to 1946, he was also an honorary canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. In 1944, he had been considered for the post of Bishop of Buckingham but not appointed. In March 1945, he was additionally appointed a Deputy Priest-in-Ordinary: he served King George VI between 1945 and 1952, and Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 to 1956. From 1946 to 1956, he was Vicar of St Peter's Church, Bournemouth in the Diocese of Winchester. He was also a chaplain of the Order of St John of Jerusalem from 1953 to 1956, and an honorary canon of Winchester Cathedral from 1950 to 1956.

Episcopal ministry
Williams was consecrated a bishop in 1956. From 1956 to 1962, he served as the Bishop of Bermuda. From 1956 until his death, he was also the Sub-Prelate of the Order of St John of Jerusalem.

Personal life
In 1922, Williams married Mary Freeman. Together they had four children: one son and three daughters. Williams died aged 83.

Honours
In June 1937, Williams was appointed a Serving Brother of the Order of St John (SBStJ). In June 1946, he was promoted to Officer of the Order of St John (OStJ). In June 1953, he was promoted to Chaplain of the Order of St John (ChStJ).

Honour Ribbon:

 Order of St. John (ChStJ)

References

1892 births
People educated at King's School, Worcester
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
20th-century Anglican bishops in Bermuda
Anglican bishops of Bermuda
1975 deaths
Chaplains of the Order of St John


SS Transylvania may refer to:

 , an ocean liner sunk by German submarine U-63 on 4 May 1917 while serving as a troopship
 , an ocean liner torpedoed by U-56 on 10 August 1940; sank from damage while under tow

Ship names


John Charles O'Connor (December 1, 1891 – May 30, 1982) was an Irish born Major League Baseball player. Nicknamed "Bucky", he played one game at catcher for the Chicago Cubs on September 16, 1916.
The game was against the Philadelphia Phillies and it was played at the Baker Bowl stadium.  In 1950, the Baker Bowl stadium was demolished. In the game, O'Connor replaced the Cubs' Rowdy Elliott after he "split" his finger on a foul tip. The Cubs' other catchers, Jimmy Archer and Art Wilson, were themselves injured. O'Connor caught one inning until Wilson, who had been sitting in the grandstand, then "limped" to the Cubs' clubhouse to put on his uniform, replaced O'Connor and finished the game. Philadelphia won the game 6–3.

References

Sources

Major League Baseball catchers
Chicago Cubs players
Major League Baseball players from Ireland
Irish baseball players
1891 births
1982 deaths
Sportspeople from County Kerry
People from Bonner Springs, Kansas
Irish emigrants to the United States
Baseball players from Kansas
People from Cahersiveen