Mary Angela Dickens (31 October 1862 – 7 February 1948) was an English novelist and journalist of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, and the oldest grandchild of the novelist Charles Dickens. She died on the 136th anniversary of her grandfather's birth.

Early years

Born at 46 Gloucester Road in London, and named after her aunt, Mary Dickens, Mary Angela Dickens was the eldest of eight children of Charles Dickens, Jr. and his wife Elisabeth Matilda Moule Dickens (née Evans) and the granddaughter of Charles Dickens, the famous novelist and of Frederick Mullett Evans of Bradbury and Evans, Dickens' publisher. She was the niece of the noted barrister and judge, Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, and the painter Kate Perugini. She was christened on 19 December 1862 at St Mark's church in St Pancras in London.

In the Dickens family she was known as 'Mekitty', and as a child she called her grandfather 'Venerables'. Mary Angela Dickens and Charles Dickens were very close, and when she scalded her leg and foot with boiling water while staying at his country home Gads Hill Place he sat beside her bed and held her hand, reassuring her that he would make her well.

As a child she was taken to hear Dickens perform A Christmas Carol during one of his last public readings, and later in life recollected her shock at seeing her grandfather crying over the death of Tiny Tim. She later wrote:
'The "Venerables" on the platform was quite a stranger to me, and his proceedings were so eccentric as to be most alarming. He took no notice of me, or of my mother; and yet it seemed to me that he never took his eyes off me. And to Tiny Tim himself I owe my one intensely painful and distressing memory of my grandfather, for the climax of my discomfort was reached at last when it dawned upon my poor little faculties that "Venerables" was "crying." I never read the little scene in the carol where Bob Cratchit breaks down – the moment, I suppose, of this tragedy – without remembering the horror and dismay which seized upon me then. I knew nothing whatever about acting; any ideas I had about "pretending" were associated with the Christmas pantomime, and did not assimilate at all with the solitary appearance of my grandfather on a dull-looking platform. To me his distress was absolutely real. I had never before seen a grown-up person cry. I had not known that they ever did or ever could do so. And that "Venerables", of all people in the world, should cry with all those people looking on, and that no one should dare – as it seemed to me – to express sympathy, or offer consolation, was nothing short of an upheaval in my universe.'
After the death of Charles Dickens her father bought Gads Hill, and she and her siblings lived there until 1879 when Charles Dickens, Jr. was forced to sell it after getting into financial difficulties.

Writing career

On the death of Charles Dickens, her father inherited the magazine All the Year Round, and Mary Angela Dickens published some of her earliest work in this periodical. She authored several popular sentimental and melodramatic novels during the 1890s, including Cross Currents (1891), probably her best known work, A Mere Cypher (1893), A Valiant Ignorance (1894), and Prisoners of Silence (1895).

Her later works included Against the Tide (1897), and On the Edge of a Precipice (1899). She also produced a number of books for children based on the novels of her grandfather, including Children's Stories from Dickens (1893) and Dickens' Dream Children (1926). These were illustrated by Harold Copping.  A 1911 copy of her Children's Stories from Dickens, from a limited edition of 500 copies signed by herself and four other granddaughters of Charles Dickens, was owned by Eleanor Roosevelt. It was sold at auction by Christie's at their New York sale in 2001.

By the early 1900s her sensationalist style of writing had fallen out of fashion, and by about 1916 she had stopped writing. However, her children's books based on the works of her grandfather continued to be popular.

Later life
During her later years she lived at 3 Baliol Road in Hitchin in Hertfordshire with her cousin, Margaret Alice Moule (1861–1939).

Mary Angela Dickens died aged 85 on 7 February 1948, on the 136th anniversary of Charles Dickens's birth. She never married, and on her death left £2,799 10s 2d to her cousin, Margaret Dickens Whinney. She was buried in Hitchin Cemetery in the same grave as Margaret Alice Moule.

Gallery

Selected publications

Books
A Mist of Error   P. F. Collier, Publisher, New York (1890)
Little David Copperfield, etc.  Raphael Tuck & Sons, Ltd. London, Paris, Berlin, New York, (ca. 1890)
Cross Currents  Chapman & Hall, London (1891)
Nobody's Fault  Peter Fenelon Collier, New York (1892)
A Mere Cypher. A Novel  Macmillan & Co., London & New York (1893)
Children's Stories from Dickens  Raphael Tuck & Sons, London (1893)
A Valiant Ignorance  Macmillan & Co., London & New York (1894)
Prisoners of Silence  Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., London (1895)
Some Women's Ways  Jarrold & Sons, London (1896)
The Love That Was Chicago & New York, Rand McNally, 1897
Against the Tide  Hutchinson & Co., London (1898)
On the Edge of a Precipice  Hutchinson & Co., London (1899)
The Wastrel  Hutchinson & Co., London (1900)
Unveiled, and Other Stories  Digby, Long & Co., London (1906)
The Debtor  Hutchinson & Co., London (1912)
Sanctuary  R. & T. Washbourne, London (1916)
Dickens' Dream Children  Raphael Tuck, (1926)

Articles
'Her Inheritance', in All the Year Round, third series, Vol. 1, Nos. 24 & 25, 1889. This was not credited on publication, but the later 'A Valiant Ignorance' shows her as author of this.
'Margery', in All the Year Round, third series, Vol. 2, Nos. 33–35, 1889
'Kitty's Victim', in All the Year Round, third series, Vol. 2, Nos. 51 & 52, 1889. This was not credited on publication, but the later 'A Valiant Ignorance' shows her as author of this.
'A Social Success', in All the Year Round, Christmas Number, 1889
'A Mist of Error', All the Year Round, Extra Summer Number, 1890
'Cross Currents', a novel serialised in All the Year Round, third series, Vol. 5 & 6, 1891
'An Outstanding Debt', in All the Year Round, Christmas Number, 1891
'Out of the Fashion', in All the Year Round, Extra Summer Number, 1892
'Taken on Trust', co-authored with Margaret Moule, in All the Year Round, Christmas Number, 1892
'A Valiant Ignorance', a novel serialised in All the Year Round, third series, volume 9 & 10, 1893
'Miss Keturah', in All the Year Round, Summer Holiday Number, 1893
'The Last Witness', in All the Year Round, Extra Christmas Number, 1893; co-authored with Margaret Moule
'A Child's Memories of Gad's Hill', in The Strand Magazine, Volume XIII, No. 73, February 1897
'The Catch of the Season', in The Strand Magazine, Volume XIV, No. 79, July 1897 (illustrated by Sidney Paget)

See also
Dickens family

References

External links

Dickens' Dream Children on Victorian Web
A Harold Copping illustration for Dickens' Dream Children on Victorian Web
Dickens in The New York Times 17 April 1893

1862 births
1948 deaths
Charles Dickens
Victorian novelists
Victorian women writers
People from Hitchin
Writers from London
19th-century English novelists
20th-century English novelists
English women novelists
19th-century English women writers


TimeBridge was a Web-based software application for coordinating and running meetings and collaborating online. TimeBridge's meeting management service works with large groups or one-on-one meetings across time zones and companies and integrates directly with Microsoft Outlook, Google Calendar and Apple iCal. TimeBridge also includes phone and Web conferencing options. TimeBridge also includes phone and Web conferencing options as well as SMS features and an iPhone application.

TimeBridge was founded in 2005 by Yori Nelken. The company is based in Berkeley, California and funded by Mayfield Fund and Norwest Venture Partners.

TimeBridge announced their availability on iPhone in Sep 2009.

TimeBridge was acquired by the online local business network MerchantCircle in Sept 2010.

On May 26, 2011, Reply! Inc. announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire MerchantCircle

In July 2019, TimeBridge was acquired by Calendar

Awards and recognition
In April 2008, TimeBridge was named one of PC World's "101 Fantastic Freebies".

In March 2009, TimeBridge was named a Finalist in the 2009 "Webware 100" Awards.

In July 2009, the company was named Global 250 Winner by AlwaysOn.

See also
 Microsoft Outlook
 Google Calendar
 Apple iCal

References

External links
 TechCrunch TimeBridge’s Collaborative Scheduler Goes Mobile, Now Supports iCal
 VentureBeat TimeBridge Launches Scheduling Tool
 PC World TimeBridge Inc.
 WebWorkerDaily TimeBridge Makes Scheduling Easy
 LifeHacker TimeBridge Finds and Confirms Agreeable Meeting Times
 WebWorkerDaily Manage Meetings With Meet With Me From TimeBridge
 TimeBridge Official Website
 TimeBridge on CNET
Timebridge has shut down.

Proprietary cross-platform software
Date-matching software


Bolton Parish Church may refer to:

 Bolton Parish Church, East Lothian, Scotland.
 Bolton Parish Church (formally St Peter's Church, Bolton), Greater Manchester, England.

See also
 Bolton (disambiguation)


Mykolas is a Lithuanian male given name derived from Michael. People with the name include:

Mykolas Arlauskas (born 1930), agronomist, professor of biomedicine and signatory of 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
Mykolas Biržiška (1882–1962), Lithuanian editor, historian, professor of literature, diplomat & politician; signatory of Act of Independence of Lithuania
Mykolas Burokevičius (1927–2016), communist political leader in Lithuania
Mykolas Kęsgaila (died 1451), Lithuanian nobleman, a precursor of the Kęsgailos family
Mykolas Kęsgaila (died 1476), Lithuanian nobleman from Kęsgailos family
Mykolas Krupavičius 1885–1970), Lithuanian priest and politician
Mykolas Natalevičius (born 1985), Lithuanian composer
Mykolas Ruzgys (1915–1986), Lithuanian basketball player
Mykolas Sleževičius (born 1882), Lithuanian lawyer, politician, journalist, interpreter, actor and director of noble Lithuanian extraction

See also
Mikalojus, name derived from Nicholas but often confused with Mykolas

Lithuanian masculine given names
Masculine given names


Giuseppe Panzi (潘廷章、1734–before 1812) was a Jesuit painter of the 18th and early 19th century, who worked in the service of the Qianlong Emperor of China. He was the last of the Western painters who worked for the Qianlong Emperor, together with Father Louis Antoine de Poirot (1735–1813). Giuseppe Panzi arrived in Beijing in 1773, where the two painters replaced the more famous father Giuseppe Castiglione and Jean-Denis Attiret.

See also
Jesuit China missions

Notes

References
Lorry Swerts, Mon Van Genechten, Koen De Ridder, Mon Van Genechten (1903-1974): Flemish Missionary and Chinese Painter : Inculturation of Chinese Christian Art, Leuven University Press, 2002

18th-century Italian Jesuits
1734 births
19th-century deaths
18th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
19th-century Italian painters
19th-century Italian male artists
18th-century Italian male artists


The 1996 European Cup was the 32nd and last edition of the European Cup, IIHF's premier European club ice hockey tournament. The season started on October 11, 1996, and finished on December 30, 1996.

The tournament was won by Lada Togliatti, who beat Modo in the final.

First group round

Group A
(Belgrade, Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

Group A standings

Group B
(Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Group B standings

Group C
(Sheffield, England, United Kingdom)

Group C standings

Group D
(Novopolotsk, Belarus)

Group D standings

Group E
(Nowy Targ, Poland)

Group E standings

 VEU Feldkirch,
 HC Nik's Brih,
 Storhamar,
 HC Bolzano,
 Brest HC,
 HPK,
 TJ VSŽ Košice,
 HC Petra Vsetín,
 Lada Togliatti,
 Modo   :  bye

Second group round

Group F
(Togliatti, Russia)

Group F standings

Group G
(Bolzano, Italy)

Group G standings

Group H
(Hämeenlinna, Finland)

Group H standings

Group J
(Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, Austria)

Group J standings

Group K
(Bordeaux, France)

Group K standings

 Düsseldorfer EG    :  bye

Final stage
(Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)

Third round

Group L

Group L standings

Group M

Group M standings

Third place match

Final

References

1
IIHF European Cup


ERS Railways (formerly European Rail Shuttle B.V.) is a rail freight company presently owned by the Swiss rail freight company Hupac.

It was established in 1994 as a joint venture between four separate logistics companies: Sealand Service, P & O Containers, Nedlloyd, and NS Cargo. Initial services were hauled using leased rolling stock from other operators; the company has since built up its own inventory, including a fleet of electric locomotives (diesel traction was largely phased out during the 2010s) and over 400 container platforms. By 2014, the company was operating 250 trains per week and had five offices in four European countries. With a modern fleet of locomotives and over 400 container platforms, low-bed as well as double pocket wagons, they are able to transport container, tank and trailer units. ERS Railways has so far been granted railway licenses in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Austria.

Various changes in ERS Railways' ownership have occurred, the Danish shipping firm Mærsk Line obtained total ownership over the company before opting to sell it to the British intermodal railway freight company Freightliner Group in August 2013. During May 2018, the Swiss rail freight company Hupac announced that it would acquire ERS Railway from Freightliner's parent company; it subsequently merged with the company's Duisburg-based subsidiary Hupac Maritime Logistics GmbH and was reorganised as ERS Railways GmbH.

History
European Rail Shuttle B.V. was founded in 1994 as a joint venture between four separate logistics companies: Sealand Service, P & O Containers, Nedlloyd, and NS Cargo. These four companies sought to cooperate in order to take full advantage of the liberalization process that was being enacted across European railways that same year. Shortly following the start of commercial operations, NS Cargo decided to withdraw itself from the joint venture, it was replaced by the Danish shipping firm Mærsk Line, which participated alongside the three other founding logistics companies.

From the onset, European Rail Shuttle offered to various customers regular container shuttles that ran between the Dutch port city of Rotterdam and several different destinations along the Rhine river in Germany in addition to Melzo terminal in Italy. During its initial years, the company operated its intermodal services indirectly, opting to buy traction services from various external agencies, largely from state owned railway companies. At the time, the added value offered by the company was based around its organisation of intermodal shuttle solutions, which gathered sufficient volumes from its stakeholders, and tightly monitored and controlled the performance of the traction services that were provided by its external suppliers.

During 2002, European Rail Shuttle opted to change its name to ERS Railways. By this point, its container shuttles were being self-operated using leased locomotives. ERS Railways' strategy was to position itself as a fully independent participant in the sector; to this end, it acquired railway licenses in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. Its backers had become keen for the company to pursue expansion within the European railway scene; to this end,  ERS Railways became a major shareholder in rival company, boxXpress.de, that same year.

By 2007, ERS Railways BV (at that time fully owned by Maersk Line) had leased 17 Class 66 diesel locomotives that it was using on its long distance corridors. This arrangement changed over the following few years as ERS Railways decided to start reducing its fleet of diesel locomotives as it gradually replaced them with electric locomotives. Since December 2012, ERS Railways has not used diesel locomotives on any of its long-distance transport routes, having opted to solely use electric locomotives for its long-distance routes. Furthermore, ERS Railways is one of the first railway companies who have joined the Dutch-based VIVENS electricity consortium which will supply 100% -free electric energy by 2018.

In August 2013, the British intermodal railway freight company Freightliner Group announced that it was in the process of acquiring ERS Railways B.V. from Maersk Line. In February 2015, the company was included in the acquisition of Freightliner by the American railway company Genesee & Wyoming, placing ERS Railways under American ownership.

By April 2014, ERS Railways was operating 250 trains per week, which carried a various of maritime and tank containers alongside standard and outsize trailer units. It had established branch offices in the cities of Hamburg, Frankfurt, Warsaw, and Prague, and had recorded a turnover of €115 million for the previous year. By this point, ERS Railways' primary competition was not other rail operators but road haulage companies; it was pursuing multiple angles to increase operational efficiencies, such as increased train lengths.

In 2017, ERS Railways opted to discontinue its regular services to both Italy and Poland. During May 2018, the Swiss-based rail freight company Hupac announced its intention to acquire ERS Railways; at the time, it was stated that the company would continue to be operated as an independent entity following the purchase and continue to cooperate with Freighliner. However, it was promptly merged with the company's Duisburg-based subsidiary Hupac Maritime Logistics GmbH and reorganised as ERS Railways GmbH. Into the 2020s, the company has continued to primarily focus on the movement of intermodal traffic between various seaports in both Germany and the Netherlands into major economic hubs across the German hinterland, offering both terminal-to-terminal and terminal-to-door solutions to customers. Some activities have remained aligned with Freightliner.

Routes
ERS Railways is offering the following routes at the moment:
 Lübeck - Ludwigshafen v.v. (6x per week)
 Bremerhaven - Augsburg v.v. (5x per week)
 Bremerhaven - Kornwestheim v.v. (5x per week)
 Bremerhaven - Mannheim v.v. (3x per week)
 Bremerhaven - Munich v.v. (5x per week)
 Bremerhaven - Nürnberg v.v. (5x per week)
 Bremerhaven - Ulm v.v (4x per week)
 Hamburg - Kornwestheim v.v. (5x per week)
 Hamburg - Munich v.v. (5x per week)
 Hamburg - Nürnberg v.v. (5x per week)
 Hamburg - Ulm v.v. (8x per week)

Terminals
 In Rotterdam the containers are loaded at the Rail Service Center Rotterdam Waalhaven and P&O Ferries Europoort.
 In Italy the containers are loaded at the Sogemar Terminal.
 In Poland the containers and the trailers are loaded at the CLIP Terminal.

References

External links
Website ERS Railways

Railway companies of the Netherlands
Logistics companies of the Netherlands
Rail freight transport in the Netherlands
Companies based in Rotterdam


Freedom is the third studio album by American Idol contestant Mandisa. The album was released on March 24, 2009.
On April 2, 2009, the album debuted at number 83 on the Billboard 200 selling over 7,000 copies in its first week. In 2010, the album was Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year. After just over two years of her album "Freedom" being off the Billboard 200, it re-entered at 178.

Singles

"My Deliverer" was released as the first single from the album on January 27, 2009.

"He Is With You" was released as the second single on March 3, 2009.

"Not Guilty" was released as the third and final single from the album on July 21, 2009.

Track listing

Personnel
 Mandisa – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 6, 10)
 Christopher Stevens – keyboards (1, 2, 4, 9, 10), programming (1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10), backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 6), additional keyboards (6), guitars (9), bass (10)
 Ron Rawls – Rhodes piano (2), keyboards (6, 9), Hammond B3 organ (6, 9)
 Blair Masters – keyboards (3, 8, 11), acoustic piano (8)
 Sam Mizell – keyboards (5, 8), programming (5, 7), string arrangements (5)
 Shane Keister – acoustic piano (8)
 Matt Stanfield – keyboards (11)
 Justin York – guitars (1, 2, 4, 6)
 Greg Hagan – electric guitar (3, 5, 7)
 Jerry McPherson – electric guitar (3, 5, 7), guitars (8)
 Mike Payne – electric guitar (3)
 Ben Glover – guitars (6)
 Bernard Harris – bass (1, 2, 4, 6, 7)
 Matt Pierson – bass (3, 11)
 James Holloway – drums (1, 2, 4, 6)
 Dan Needham – drums (3, 7, 11)
 Zach Casebolt – cello (2, 6)
 Claire Indie – violin (2, 6)
 David Davidson – strings (3)
 Brown Bannister – string arrangements (3)
 Chris Carmichael – cello (5), viola (5), violin (5)
 Michelle Swift – backing vocals (1, 5, 8, 11)
 Missi Hale – backing vocals (2, 7, 11)
 Ronnie Freeman – backing vocals (3)
 Cindy Morgan – backing vocals (3)
 Laura Cooksey – backing vocals (4)
 Blanca Reyes – rap (4)
 Nirva Ready – backing vocals (10)

Choir on "Freedom Song"
 Laura Cooksey, Jason Eskridge, Missi Hale, Lakisha Mitchell, Calvin Nowell and Michelle Swift

Technical and Design
 Brad O'Donnell – A&R
 Chance Scoggins – vocal co-production
 Brown Bannister – engineer, digital editing
 Steve Bishir – engineer
 Kent Hooper – engineer
 Billy Whittington – engineer, digital editing
 Kevin Powell – assistant engineer
 David Dillbeck – digital editing
 Craig Swift – digital editing
 Christopher Stevens – mixing (1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10)
 F. Reid Shippen – mixing (3, 5, 7, 8, 11)
 Buckley Miller – mix assistant (3, 5, 7, 8, 11)
 Chris Athens – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York City, New York)
 Jess Chambers – A&R administration
 Beth Matthews – production assistant
 Jan Cook – art direction
 Micah Kandros – design
 Katie Moore – design
 Kristin Barlowe – photography
 True Artist Management – management

Charts

Certifications

References

2009 albums
Mandisa albums
Sparrow Records albums


Karen Alexander (born circa 1965 in New Jersey) is an American fashion model. Alexander worked with many of fashion's top designers and magazine editors in a career that spanned over two decades. In 2019, she was diagnosed with dermatomyositis, an incurable neuromuscular disease.

Career
Alexander began her career when she was sixteen years old, after visiting multiple modeling agencies in New York. She tried to sign with Eileen Ford, John Casablancas, and Bethann Hardison, but was seen as "unphotogenic," not "commercial" enough, or too "commercial" by each of them respectively. She eventually signed with Legends Agency.

Alexander is most known for her modeling during the late eighties and early nineties. During her career, she was featured on the covers of Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Mademoiselle, Glamour, and Mirabella and worked on campaigns for Cover Girl, Tiffany & Co, and Chanel's Allure. She also worked with the top photographers of her time such as Steven Meisel, Patrick Demarchelier, Gilles Bensimon, and Peter Lindbergh. Alexander reached the peak of her career when she was featured in the 1988 and 1989 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues and in Herb Ritts' Pirelli Calendar. She was then featured in People magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People."  Despite her success, she told People that she had never felt she was pretty until she was pregnant. In the 1990 interview, she told them, "Until I was pregnant I felt like an impostor waiting to be found out."

Although she is known to have broken barriers for models of color, being one of the first to be featured in a Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition, she has been the victim of racism throughout her career. She told Vogue during an interview in 1991, "I really don't have the same modeling options of, say, Cindy Crawford or Christy Turlington - although I don't mean to single them out. My agency will say, 'Oh, they aren't using a black girl.'"

As for her film career, Alexander is most known for her appearance in the 1995 film Bad Boys.

Personal life
Alexander is married to an American screenwriter and has three daughters. Alexander is a member of a group that works to end gun violence.

References

External links

See Karen Alexander at: Fashion Model Directory, Internet Movie Database, models.com

1966 births
Female models from New Jersey
Living people
Models from New Jersey
21st-century American women
African-American female models


This is a list of films with settings beyond the date they were released or made, even if that setting is now in the past, and films with a futuristic setting despite having an unspecified (unspec.) date. It also includes films that are only partially set in the future.

Films

See also

 List of stories set in a future now in the past

Notes

References

Future

Retrofuturism


This list contains the UIC classification of goods wagons and their meanings. The description is made up of a category letter (in capitals) and usually several index letters (in lower case).

The international system for the classification of goods wagons was agreed by the Union internationale des chemins de fer (UIC) in 1965 and subsequently introduced into member countries. For example it was adopted in Germany on 1 January 1968 replacing the previous German railway wagon classes that originated as early as 1905. The UIC classification has been amended several times since it began.

Not all wagons are given UIC designations. In Germany the few remaining guards vans and narrow gauge goods wagons have retained their original classifications.

Category letters

The following table contains the complete list of standard category letters. Letters A, B, C, D, P and W are reserved for coaches. However, also S is used for coaches and this doubles a goods wagons class. These are covered in detail in the article on UIC classification of railway coaches.
Each goods wagons type is given a type number, whose first digit forms the fifth digit of the 12-digit UIC wagon number.

Index letters

International index letters

National index letters

Country code 50: DR

Country code 80: DB
(Germany)

Country code 85: SBB
(Switzerland)

See also
 Austauschbauart
 Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (UIC)
 UIC identification marking for tractive stock
 UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements
 UIC classification of railway coaches
 UIC country codes
 Numbering scheme

Footnotes and references

External links
 Marking of freight wagons (UIC site)
 Overview of former and current classification systems
 Current classifications used by  Railion.
 UIC classification system

Rolling stock classification systems
Classification of goods wagons
Rail transport standards
Railway vehicles register numbers


The Minister of Labour and Social Inclusion () is the head of the Norwegian Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion. The position has existed since 1 January 1846, when the Ministry of the Interior was created. Several different names have been used since then, with three name changes after 2000. The incumbent minister is Tonje Brenna of the Labour Party since 2023. From 1992 to 2001 there was also a Minister of Health position in the ministry.

List of ministers
Parties

Ministry of the Interior (1846–1903)

Ministry of Social Affairs, Trade, Industry and Fisheries (1913–1916)

Ministry of Social Affairs (1916–2005)

Ministry of Labour (1885–1946)
The labour tasks were transferred to the Ministry of Local Government in 1948, where it was until 1989 and again from 1992 to 1997. Labour responsibilities were returned to social affairs in 2002, and inclusion was added to the title in 2006.

Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion (2006–present)

Consultative ministers

List of Norwegian Ministers of Health within the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs

For later Ministers, see Minister of Health and Care Services (Norway).

Notes

References

Norwegian Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion – Councillor of State – Government.no
Norwegian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Health Affairs – Councillor of State – Government.no

Labour and Social Inclusion


Thälmann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

People
 Ernst Thälmann (1886–1944), leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic
 Ernst Thälmann (film), East German film about the German Communist leader Ernst Thälmann
 Ernst Thälmann Island, 15 kilometre long and 500 metre wide Cuban island in the Gulf of Cazones
 Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation, youth organisation of schoolchildren in East Germany
 Ernst-Thälmann-Park, park in the centre of the Prenzlauer Berg district in Berlin
 Thälmann Battalion, battalion of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War
 Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation session (Pioniernachmittag)
  (1890–1962), wife of Ernst Thälmann

See also
 Thalmann
 Thalman
 Talman (disambiguation)

German-language surnames


The Certificate in Data Processing (CDP) was a certification administered by the  Data Processing Management Association. The CDP required several years IT experience, the recommendation of a current CDP holder, and the successful completion of a 6-part written exam.

History
The CDP certification exam originated in 1960 to 1962 under the auspices of the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), successor to the National Machine Accountants Association and predecessor to the current Association of Information Technology Professionals.   In 1974, the exam began to be administered by the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP) which was formed by nine constituent industry organizations.   "Awards for Excellence" consisting of a certificate and a CDP key were given to those scoring highest in each of the exam's five sections.

The exam tested the individual's knowledge and experience with hardware, operating systems, telecommunication, systems, programming, and other data processing areas. If one failed a section, only that section needed to be retaken to complete the certification. Initially, most of the hardware, OS, and programming sections were largely IBM-oriented. By the mid-1980s, these sections included references to DEC, UNIX, and other operating systems, vendors, or standards.

The exam credential was later renamed by the ICCP to Certified Computing Professional (CCP) and existing CDP holders were assigned the new credential.  Continuing education requirements for re-certification were not part of the original CDP certification, but were also added by the ICCP.  CCP examinations and re-certifications continue under the administration of the ICCP today.

Guy L. Steele, Jr. wrote a filk song making fun of the certificate, called Song of the Certified Data Processor.

References

External links
HCIA Datacom Certification

Data processing
Information technology qualifications


Anthony Palliser (born 1949) is a British painter.

Biography
Anthony Palliser was born in 1949. He is the grandson of Belgian Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak and the son of British diplomat Michael Palliser. Palliser has lived in Paris since 1970. He studied in England at Downside School and graduated from New College, Oxford. In 1967 he attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome.

He taught at the New York School of Visual Arts in Savannah, Georgia, US, from 1995 to 1997.

Palliser has had many solo and group exhibitions across Europe and in the United States.  His portrait of Graham Greene hangs in the National Portrait Gallery (London) and that of Paddy Ashdown in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. A portrait of the historian Sir Michael Howard was commissioned for the Michael Howard Reading Room at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives in King's College London in 2002. Other portrait subjects include fashion designer Kenzo Takada, celebrated publicist Bobby Zarem, the poet Derek Mahon, director James Ivory and actresses Kristin Scott Thomas and Charlotte Rampling.

A book of Palliser's works was published in France in 2005, at the same time as an exhibition of "Large Heads" at the Ricard Foundation, Paris.

A retrospective exhibition was held in 2009 at the Telfair Museum of Art's Jepson Center for the Arts in Savannah, Georgia.

Palliser is married to Diane Lawyer.

References

External links

Official website
http://www.bookfinder.com/author/anthony-palliser
http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/anthony-palliser
 https://web.archive.org/web/20111006214347/http://www.williswinebar.us/Anthony-Palliser-Artist-Bio-a/147.htm
http://www.connectsavannah.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=10404
http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp07900&role=art

1949 births
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
School of Visual Arts faculty
Living people
Alumni of New College, Oxford
People educated at Downside School
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists


A culture gap is any systematic difference between two cultures which hinders mutual understanding or relations.  Such differences include the values, behavior, education, and customs of the respective cultures.
As international communications, travel, and trade have expanded, some of the communication and cultural divisions have lessened. Books on how to handle and be aware of cultural differences seek to prepare business people and travelers. Immigrants and migrant laborers need to learn the ways of a new culture. Tourists can also be confronted with variants in protocols for tipping, body language, personal space, dress codes, and other cultural issues. Language instructors try to teach cultural differences as well.

Legal

A legal culture is a system of laws and precedents peculiar to a nation, region, religion, or other organized group. A culture gap occurs when incompatible or opposing systems might be applied to the same situation or assumed by the parties. Legal constructs such as contracts and corporations are not uniform across cultures. In some cases, such a gap is intentionally sought by one party, as in forum shopping for a more favorable legal framework or in libel tourism, by which speech protected in one jurisdiction may be actionable in another.

Generational

A generation gap occurs when the experiences and attitudes of one generation differ significantly from those of another. The world wars contributed to generation gaps in several nations. The term first saw widespread use in contrasting the Baby Boomer generation with their parents. The "Youth culture" of adolescents and teenagers seeking to stake out their own identity and independence from their parents often results in a cultural divide. Younger generations have experienced different technologies, freedoms and standards of propriety.

Gender and sexual identity

Urban

Professional

Communication between and collaboration among scientific disciplines is sometimes hindered by use of different paradigms or competition between the desires to describe a simple explanatory framework and elucidate fine details. The framework of the questions to which each field lends itself may differ, leading to frustration and wasted effort.

Educational
The education culture is the different education people receive in their life. A culture gap occurs when people with different cultures sit together and take the same class. Different cultures behave differently towards the teacher both in class and after class. Differences can be noticed in assessment method and the direction method of the class.

Asian students focus on books and exercises more than European and American students, who are willing to raise questions in the classes. The cultural gap in education is due to the different education traditions in different places.

For example, Asian students receive exam-oriented education, but European and American students receive a very different, freer education and are both expected to challenge their teachers and strongly encouraged to challenge the teachers in class.

In both China and Japan, the education system normally usually uses exams to show a student's ability. In American and Britain, students grade instructors according to ability.

Both systems have advantages and disadvantages but form a cultural gap between people. Different ways of thinking and analyzing things makes students view things very differently.

See also
 Cross-cultural communication
 Cultural anthropology
 Cultural bias
 Cultural diplomacy
 Cultural dissonance
 Cultural identity
 Cultural relativism
 Culture shock
 Ethnocentrism
 Generation gap
 Intercultural competence
 Legal culture
 National psychology
 Red states and blue states, a political manifestation of a culture gap in the United States
 Untranslatability
 Us Girls, sitcom about the culture gap among three generations of West Indian women.

References

Conflict of laws
Sociology of culture


Cenél is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cenél Conaill, the name of the "kindred" or descendants of Conall Gulban, son of Niall Noígiallach defined by oral and recorded history
Cenél nEógain (in English, Cenel Eogan) is the name of the "kindred" or descendants of Eógan mac Néill, son of Niall Noígiallach who founded the kingdom of Tír Eógain in the 5th century
Kin groups forming part of Dal Riata, most of which, after a varied evolution eventually became the Scottish region of Argyll
Cenél nÓengusa, a kin group who ruled the island of Islay, and perhaps nearby Colonsay. After spending 4 centuries as part of Norway, and another 4 as part of the quasi-independent Lordship of the Isles, this region became Scottish in the late 15th century.
 Cenél nGabráin, the "kindred" of Gabrán, who ruled Kintyre, Knapdale (at that time including the lands between Loch Awe and Loch Fyne - Craignish, Ardscotnish, Glassary, and Glenary), the island of Arran, and Moyle. Kintyre and the southern half of Knapdale (the part still called Knapdale) followed the same pattern of historical evolution as Islay. Moyle became part of Ireland, while the remainder became one of the founding parts of the early Scottish state. Apart from Moyle, these now form the south west of Argyll.
Cenél Comgaill, the "kindred" of Comgall, who ruled over, and gave their name to the district of Cowal, which now forms the south east of Argyll.
Cenél Loairn, the name of the "kindred"/descendants of Loarn mac Eirc, who established Lorn (which at that time included the island of Mull). Lorn later became a province of Scotland in its own right, but is now the northern part of Argyll.

References

Scottish Island set index articles


Robert or Bob Bentley may refer to:
Robert Bentley (botanist) (1821–1893), English botanist
Robert Bentley (animator) (1907–2000), American animator
Robert Bentley (cricketer) (born 1958), Zimbabwean cricketer
Robert Bentley (police officer) (died 1910), British police officer
Robert J. Bentley (born 1943), retired physician, Governor of Alabama, 2011–2017
Bob Bentley (politician) (1928–2013), Canadian politician
Bobby Bentley, American high school and college football coach


Alexis Dessaint (July 16, 1847 – December 18, 1890) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Kamouraska in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1890 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Kamouraska, Canada East, the son of Pierre Dessaint and Anastasie Martin. Dessaint was educated at Saint-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Trois-Rivières, the Université Laval and Victoria University and was called to the Quebec bar in 1869. In 1873, he married Marie Blanche Henrietta Paradis. He was mayor of Kamouraska for several years and served as major in the local militia. He was also a commissioner in the Superior Court for Kamaraska. Dessaint died in office at the age of 43. He was one of five people killed in a train accident on the Intercolonial Railway at Lauzon, Quebec.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1887 AJ Gemmill

1847 births
1890 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Mayors of places in Quebec
Railway accident deaths in Canada
Accidental deaths in Quebec


Richard Berman may refer to:
Richard Berman (lawyer) (born 1942), American lawyer and lobbyist
Richard M. Berman (born 1943), American judge
Rick Berman (born 1945), American television producer


Joseph Bernard (1866–1931) was a modern classical French sculptor.

Joseph Bernard may also refer to:

Joseph Bernard (actor) (1923–2006), American actor
Joseph E. Bernard (1880–1958), American character actor
Joseph Alphonsus Bernard (1881–1962), Canadian politician
Joseph Karl Bernard, Austrian journalist and librettist
Joe Bernard (1882–1960), American baseball player
Joe Bernard (American football) (born 1963), American college football coach

See also
Hans Zatzka (1859–1945), Austrian painter who used the pseudonym 'Joseph Bernard'
Joseph D. Bernard House, Rayne, Louisiana


Urszula is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa (1705–1753), Polish-Lithuania-Belarusian noble dramatist and writer
Urszula Augustyn (born 1964), Polish politician
Urszula Dudziak (born 1943), Polish jazz vocalist
Urszula Gacek (born 1963), British-born Polish member of the European Parliament
Urszula Kasprzak, usually known simply as Urszula (born 1960), Polish singer
Urszula Kielan (born 1960), retired high jumper from Poland
Urszula Krupa (born 1949), Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament
Urszula Mayerin (1570–1635), mistress to King Sigismund III of Poland
Urszula Modrzyńska (1928–2010), Polish stage and film actress
Urszula Piwnicka, née Jasińska (born 1983), Polish javelin thrower
Urszula Plenkiewicz (1921–2021), Polish scout and liaison officer
Urszula Radwańska (born 1990), Polish tennis player
Urszula Sadkowska (born 1984), Polish judoka
Urszula Sipińska (born 1947), Polish singer-songwriter, pianist and architect
Urszula Urbaniak (born 1967), Polish filmmaker and TV director
Urszula Włodarczyk (born 1965), retired Polish heptathlete
Urszula Zamoyska (1750–1808), Polish noblewoman and socialite
Urszula Zielińska (born 1977), Polish politician

See also

Ursula (disambiguation)
Urszulin (disambiguation)

Polish feminine given names
Feminine given names


John Edgar Littleton Moore (born 5 September 1883 at Lewisport, Kentucky; died 26 January 1935 in Indianapolis, Indiana) was an ordained minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church and later the Church of the Nazarene, who served as president of the Central Nazarene College (1911–1918), the Eastern Nazarene College (1918–1919), and Olivet University (1919–1922). Converted in July 1904, he received his education at Kentucky State University and Asbury College (graduating from the latter in 1907), then did graduate work for a master's degree at Boston University while principal of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute. He was also an evangelist and served on the General Board of Foreign Missions for the Church of the Nazarene.

Notes and references

Presidents of Eastern Nazarene College
Presidents of Olivet Nazarene University
Presidents of defunct Nazarene universities and colleges
American Nazarene ministers
Asbury University alumni
Kentucky State University alumni
Boston University alumni
1935 deaths
1883 births
People from Hancock County, Kentucky


Doug Berry may refer to:

Doug Berry (Canadian football) (born 1948), American football coach
Doug Berry (ice hockey) (born 1957), Canadian hockey player
Doug Berry (politician) (1907–1957), Australian politician
 Douglas berry (Rubus ursinus), type of dewberry identified by David Douglas


Mashkan-shapir (modern Tell Abu Duwari, Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient tell roughly  north of Nippur and around  southeast of Baghdad. The city god of Mashkan-shapir was Nergal and a temple named Meslam dedicated to him was built there. It is about 20 kilometers south of ancient Malgium. The remnants of a large watercourse, thought to be an ancient bed of the Tigris or Euphrates, pass close to the city.

History
Though occupied during the Ubaid period (based on clay sickle fragments) and  Uruk period (based on pottery fragments), the town's first epigraphic appearance was during the Akkadian period in a in reference to an escaped slave.

It was known during the Ur III period as a location for royal shepherds. A brick of Amar-Sin was also found at the site. Mashkan-shapir achieved prominence during the Old Babylonian period. This time of occupation is considered to begin with the construction of the city walls by Sin-Iddinam of Larsa, known from an inscribed barrel cylinider found at the site.

The city was abandoned c. 1720 BC during the reign of Samsu-iluna, successor to Hammurabi of the First Babylonian dynasty and not re-occupied until late in the first millennium, with a 5 hectare Parthian settlement developing on the southern portion of the site. The city's demise was part of a general collapse and abandonment of sites in the region at that time.

After rising to importance under the Larsa city-state, Mashkan-shapir became part of the Babylonian empire after the defeat of Larsa by Hammurabi following a long siege. At the time, Babylon and Larsa were engaged in a struggle for dominance in the region.

Note that the modern name of the site is in some doubt. Other possible names are Ishan Chebir and Tell Naim. The Tell Abu Duwari identification was the first and is used in archaeological publications.

Archaeology

The site of Mashkan-shapir covers about 56 hectares (with 72 hectares within the city walls) being about 4 meters in elevation and it is divided into a four quarters by canals. The occupation is primarily Old Babylonian with the Ur III period occupation only having an area of about 5 hectares. It is especially important from an archaeological standpoint because it is a single level site. Most cities in the Ancient Near East have been built and rebuilt many times over history, obscuring our understanding of individual time periods.

Tell Abu Duwari was first noted, as site 639, in the Nippur survey of Robert McCormick Adams of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. After visiting it in 1986 the site was excavated for a total of five months in three seasons between 1987 and 1990 by an American Schools of Oriental Research and National Geographic Society team led by Elizabeth Stone and Paul Zimansky. In addition to the temple of Nergal two graveyards were found, one Old Babylonian and one Parthian. Small finds included eleven cylinder seals, stone pendants, typical burial goods, weaponry artifacts including spear points and mace heads, model chariots related to Nergal, and a clay cone of the little known Larsa ruler Zabaia. Since these seasons were planned as preparation for a long term excavation very little full excavation occurred, work being mostly surface surveys and soundings (with one small excavation in the southeast sector). A key find was that of foundation deposits commemorating the city walls being built by Sin-Iddinam in c. 1844 BC, which allowed the city to be identified. As part of the work, satellite images were taken and a complete surface-mapping was made using a kite lofted camera and coordinate markers. From 2003 to 2011 additional satellite images of the site were obtained. Using these it was possible to identify the locations of canals, streets, and the palace. The palace was a large building, at least 50 meters by 50 meters in size.

Excavations at Mashkan-shapir ended with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, interrupting a planned long-term research program. Subsequently, the site has been heavily looted, especially in the central, western, and northern mounds, to the point where any further archaeological work would yield little results. As of 2010 the southern mound, holding the temple of Nergal, was still relatively unlooted but its current status is unknown.

See also
 Cities of the ancient Near East

Notes

Further reading
 Stone, Elizabeth C., "The spatial organization of Mesopotamian cities", Aula Orientalis 9, pp. 235–242, 1991

External links
Year Named of Samsu-iluna at CDLI
New York Times article on the discovery of Mashkan-Shapir

Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Former populated places in Iraq


A polar route is an aircraft route across the uninhabited polar ice cap regions. The term "polar route" was originally applied to great circle navigation routes between Europe and the west coast of North America in the 1950s.

The Arctic

Early years
In August 1935, the Soviet aviator Sigizmund Levanevsky and his two crewmen attempted a transpolar flight from Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union to San Francisco, California. The flight was aborted because of technical issues before they reached the North Pole. In 1936, Levanevsky and navigator Victor Levchenko completed a more-than- multistage flight from Los Angeles to Moscow in a Vultee V-1A floatplane, thus proving the possibility of an air route between the United States and the Soviet Union via the Bering Strait.

Another Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov and his crew were the first to fly non-stop from Europe to the American Pacific Coast.  from Moscow to Vancouver, Washington, United States, via the North Pole on a Tupolev ANT-25 single-engine plane (June 18–20, 1937) took 63 hours to complete. The distance covered was . The following month, another Soviet crew led by Mikhail Gromov , extending the distance to the world record-breaking 10,148 kilometers (6,302 miles), landing near San Jacinto, California, in the United States. In August of the same year, another Soviet crew led by Sigizmund Levanevsky started its long distance transpolar flight from Moscow to Fairbanks, Alaska; the radio communication with the aircraft broke off beyond the North Pole, and all subsequent search missions failed.

In October 1946, a modified B-29 flew  nonstop from Oahu, Hawaii, to Cairo, Egypt, in less than 40 hours, further proving the capability of routing airlines over the polar icecap.

The Cold War

Of the commercial airlines, SAS was first: their Douglas DC-6B flights between Los Angeles and Copenhagen, via Kangerlussuaq and Winnipeg, started on November 15, 1954. Canadian Pacific DC-6Bs started Vancouver–Amsterdam in 1955, then Pan Am and TWA started West Coast to Paris/London in 1957. SAS was first again, flying Europe to Tokyo via Anchorage with Douglas DC-7Cs in February 1957; Air France Lockheed L-1649 Starliner (which was the final version of the Lockheed Constellation) and KLM DC-7C aircraft followed in 1958. Air France was the first to operate commercial jet service over the North Pole on the routing Tokyo – Anchorage – Hamburg – Paris on 18 February 1960 using Boeing 707-328 Intercontinental equipment.  Based on delivery dates of Air France's 707s, the actual aircraft used for this historic flight was one of these four registrations: F-BHSA, F-BHSB, F-BHSC or F-BHSD.

During the Cold War, the Arctic region was a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and North America. Civilian flights from Europe to the Asian Far East were prohibited from crossing the Eastern Bloc countries, Soviet Union or China, and either had to fly via the Middle East or fly across Arctic North America and Greenland with a refueling stop in Anchorage. These Cold War tracks extended from the northern Alaskan coast across Greenland to Europe.  In 1978, Korean Air Lines Flight 902 operated with a Boeing 707 was shot down over the USSR by a Soviet Air Force fighter aircraft after the flight crew made gross navigational errors attempting to fly the assigned polar route.

In April 1967 Japan Air Lines (JAL) began an experimental service between Tokyo and Europe via Moscow across Siberia. This service used an Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-114, with one JAL flight crew and mixed JAL and Aeroflot cabin crew. However, Japan Air Lines dropped the service in 1969.

During the Cold War, Anchorage International Airport (ANC) in Alaska was a technical stop for a number of airlines flying the polar route between western Europe and Tokyo. According to the July 1, 1983 edition of the Worldwide Official Airline Guide (OAG), Air France, British Airways, Japan Air Lines (JAL), KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Lufthansa, Sabena and Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) were all operating flights between Japan and western Europe which included a stop in Anchorage. Most of these international airlines were operating earlier model Boeing 747 aircraft on the route at this time, although Sabena and SAS were instead operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft on their respective polar route services via Anchorage. U.S. based air carrier Western Airlines also flew a polar route during the early 1980s between London Gatwick Airport and Honolulu using DC-10-30 aircraft, with these flights also making a stop in Anchorage.

The only airline that still flies this type of route between Europe and Anchorage is Condor Airlines, seasonal service between Frankfurt (EDDF) and Anchorage. This will soon be joined by a flight by Eurowings, also from Frankfurt, using an Airbus A330.

Finnair was the first airline to fly non-stop via the polar route without a technical stop. This service began in 1983 and was flown with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30ER wide body jetliner between Tokyo and Helsinki.

United States Boeing B-52 aircraft operated in the Arctic Ocean region almost continuously in the 1960s as part of Operation Chrome Dome and in later decades as part of readiness exercises. A number of Western reconnaissance aircraft also conducted missions regularly along the Soviet Union's northern coast. Russian Long-Range Aviation now perform some of the same types of training flights, testing the readiness of Alaskan Command and Royal Canadian Air Force interceptors.

After the Cold War
Immediately after the Cold War, a number of direct southern routes had opened up between Europe and Asia over the Black Sea and southern former Soviet republics across Afghanistan, and by the mid-1990s, over China. In Russia's eastern and Arctic regions there were significant problems with lack of English-speaking controllers, lack of radio facilities, poor radar coverage, poor ATC capacity, and a lack of funds. To solve these issues, RACGAT (Russian-American Coordinating Group for Air Traffic) was formed in 1993. By summer 1998, the Russian government worked through these problems and gave permission to open four cross-polar routes, named Polar 1, 2, 3 and 4. Additional routes were opened in subsequent years.

Cathay Pacific Flight 889 from New York John F. Kennedy International Airport, piloted by Captain Paul Horsting on 7 July 1998—the first arrival to the new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok west of Hong Kong—appears to be the first non-stop flight over the Arctic polar region and over Russian airspace. It was the world's first nonstop transpolar flight from New York to Hong Kong, dubbed Polar One. It took 16 hours to complete, and it was and still is one of the longest flights that Cathay Pacific operates.

Current flight operations
The American Federal Aviation Administration now defines the North Polar area of operations as the area north of 78° north latitude, which is north of Alaska and most of Siberia.

Aircraft like the Boeing 747-400, 747-8, 777-200ER, 777-200LR, 777-300ER, 787-8, 787-9, and 787-10, as well as the Airbus A340, A350, and A380, with ranges of around  or more, are required in order to travel the long distances nonstop between suitable airports.

Arctic polar routes are now common on airlines connecting Asian cities to North American cities. Emirates and Qatar Airways fly nonstop from Dubai and Doha to the US West Coast (San Francisco, Seattle and Los Angeles), coming within a few degrees of latitude of the North Pole. Air India's non-stop flight, AI-173, between New Delhi (DEL) and San Francisco (SFO), usually flies over the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean; but on August 15, 2019, it instead flew over the North Pole.

In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to countries such as the UK  and the US, as well as the entire EU to ban Russian airlines from entering their airspace, and were subject to reciprocal bans from operating in Russian airspace. This has led to airlines avoiding Russian airspace when flying to certain destinations, including Eastern Asian cities from the US and Europe and vice versa. One instance includes Japan Airlines, whose Tokyo-London route now flies over Iceland, Greenland, the Arctic Ocean, and Alaska. (The return flight, London to Tokyo, usually flies south of Russia and over China). While this route uses a Boeing 777, which can cover the route without refueling, its flight time increased by an additional four hours because of the longer new route. The airspace bans also forced cargo airlines to change their course, with some changing their polar routes.

Antarctica
Few airlines fly between cities having a great circle route over Antarctica. Hypothetically, flights between South Africa and New Zealand, or between Perth, Australia, and certain destinations in South America (including Buenos Aires and São Paulo), would overfly Antarctica, but no airline has scheduled such flights.

Flights between Australia and South America and between Australia and South Africa pass near the Antarctic coastline. Depending on the winds, the Qantas flight QFA63 from Sydney to JohannesburgO. R. Tambo, or the return flight QFA64, sometimes flies over the Antarctic Circle to 71° latitude as well and allowing views of the icecap. Qantas QFA27 and QFA28 fly nonstop between Sydney and Santiago de Chile, the most southerly polar route. Depending on winds, this flight may reach 55° south latitude. From July 2012 until 2014, Aerolíneas Argentinas flew nonstop between Sydney and Buenos Aires Previously, Qantas also operated QFA17 and QFA18 between Sydney and Buenos Aires. Nowadays, LATAM operates LAN804 and LAN805 between Melbourne, Australia, and Santiago, Chile, and Air New Zealand operates ANZ30 and ANZ31 between Auckland and Buenos Aires all with similarly south-running routes.

The polar route across the remote southern Pacific Ocean between South America and Oceania was pioneered by Lan Chile, with a special flight from Santiago to Sydney on a 707 in 1974, with a stop in Punta Arenas (Chile). Commercial flights begun with Aerolíneas Argentinas, with service between Buenos Aires via Rio Gallegos to Auckland in the 1980s with a Boeing 747-200 aircraft. Aerolíneas Argentinas later operated to Sydney via Auckland, but ended its flights to New Zealand and Australia in 2014.

Previously, because of ETOPS limitations on twin-engined aircraft — the maximum distance the aircraft can operate from an airport for emergency landings — only four-engined aircraft such as the Boeing 747, Airbus A340, and Airbus A380 could operate routes near Antarctica. Twin-engined aircraft had to fly further north, closer to potential diversion airports; for example, when Virgin Australia operated their VA 15 and VA 16 flights between Melbourne and Johannesburg on twin-engined Boeing 777 aircraft with a 180-minute ETOPS rating, the flight was two hours longer than a Qantas flight from Sydney to Johannesburg. In 2015, government regulators approved Air New Zealand's twin-engined Boeing 777-200ER aircraft for a 330-minute ETOPS rating (i.e. its 777 aircraft can fly a maximum 330 minutes away from the nearest diversion airport), an increase from its previous 240-minute ETOPS rating, to operate their new route between Auckland and Buenos Aires-Ezeiza which ended in 2020. LATAM Airlines began their LAN800 and LAN801 nonstop flights between Santiago de Chile and Sydney via Auckland in April 2015 with twin-engined Boeing 787 aircraft with a 330-minute ETOPS rating. LATAM has announced a nonstop flight between Santiago de Chile and Melbourne (LAN804/LAN805) to begin in October 2017. In late 2019, LATAM began direct flights between Santiago and Sydney (LA802/LAN803) competing with the existing Qantas (QFA27/QFA28) flights on the same route.

The southernmost flight route with plausible airports would be between Buenos Aires and Perth. With a 175° (S) heading, the route's great circle exceeds 85° S and would be within  of the South Pole. Currently, no commercial airline operates this  route. However, in February, 2018, it was stated that Norwegian Air Argentina is considering this "less than 15 hours" trans-polar flight between South America and Asia, with a stop-over in Perth en route to Singapore. They will not fly over the South Pole, but around Antarctica taking advantage of the strong winds which circle that continent in an easterly direction. Hence, the "westbound" flight from Buenos Aires would actually travel south-east south of Cape Town, over the southern Indian Ocean and on to Perth, while the true "eastbound" flight would also head south-east south of Tasmania and New Zealand, over the South Pacific and on to South America. If this route becomes operational, a Buenos AiresSingapore return flight would possibly be the fastest circumnavigation available with commercial airliners, although PerthBuenos Aires return would be faster but without passing the Equator.

Operational considerations
The FAA's policy letter Guidance for Polar Operations (March 5, 2001) outlines a number of special requirements for polar flight, which includes two cold-weather suits, special communication capability, designation of Arctic diversion airports and firm recovery plans for stranded passengers, and fuel freeze strategy and monitoring requirements.

Jet fuel freeze temperatures range between . These temperatures are frequently encountered at cruise altitude throughout the world with no effect since the fuel retains heat from lower elevations, but the intense cold and extended duration of polar flights may cause fuel temperature to approach its freezing point. Jet A grade with a maximum freeze point of  is used in the U.S., while Jet A1 grade with a maximum freeze point of  is used elsewhere. Modern long-distance airliners are equipped to alert flight crew when fuel temperatures reach  above these levels. The crew must then change altitude, though in some cases due to the low stratosphere over polar regions and its inversion properties the air may actually be somewhat warmer at higher altitudes.

The alerts are typically set at  above the specified maximum freeze point. This provides a  safety margin from the solidification temperature. However, fuels produced at the refineries are often better than the spec values; for example, it is not uncommon to find Jet A fuels that have measured freeze point better (colder) than the specified maximum of . In that way, the safety margin is even larger than . On the other hand, the temperature probe that delivers fuel temperature information to the flight deck is not located in the coldest part of the fuel tanks. The difference between the recorded and the coldest fuel temperature varies depending on a variety of factors, especially the circulation of fuel in the tanks and duration of cold soak. It is, therefore, prudent to have a safety margin.

For polar flights, FAA allows, under certain conditions, the measured freeze point be used instead of assuming the spec value in ASTM D1655. This gives the airlines more flexibility in flight planning.

See also

 Longest flights
 Great circle
 Antarctica

References

External links
 RACGAT website – archived in 2003
 Flightradar24 blog page – Why you flew over Greenland

Air traffic control
Air navigation
Polar regions of the Earth
Airline routes


The Minister of Health and Care Services () is a councilor of state and chief of the Norway's
Ministry of Health and Care Services. Since 14 October 2021 the position has been held by Ingvild Kjerkol of the Labour Party. The ministry is responsible for healthcare and care services, with the state's healthcare activities being carried out by four regional health authorities. Major institutions subordinate to the ministry include the Directorate for Health, the Board of Health Supervision, the Institute of Public Health, the Medicines Agency, the Radiation Protection Authority, the Labour and Welfare Service and the Food Safety Authority.

The position was created in 1992 and originally held the healthcare portfolio of the Ministry of Social Affairs. The remainder of the ministry's portfolio was taken care of by the Minister of Social Affairs. From 2002 the position has been chief of its own ministry. The position has been held by eleven people from three parties. Bent Høie has held the position the longest, for a total of eight years.

Key
The following lists the minister, their party, date of assuming and leaving office, their tenure in years and days, and the cabinet they served in.

Ministers

Minister of the Elderly and Public Health
The Minister of the Elderly and Public Health was responsible for cases related to the elderly and public health. It was abolished on 24 January 2020.

Key

Ministers

References

Health and Care Services


Zapardiel may refer to:

Bercial de Zapardiel, municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Bernuy-Zapardiel, municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Castellanos de Zapardiel, municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Salvador de Zapardiel, municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain
San Esteban de Zapardiel, municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Zapardiel de la Cañada, municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Zapardiel de la Ribera, municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain


"Chuck Versus the Intersect" is the pilot episode of the American action-comedy television series Chuck. The episode was directed by McG and written by series co-creators Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak. It originally aired on September 24, 2007.

The series follows the adventures of Chuck Bartowski (Zachary Levi), a computer geek and member of a Geek Squad-type electronics retail chain (the Nerd Herd), who downloads the Intersect, a top-secret government database, into his brain. Chuck soon finds himself on a date with Sarah Walker (Yvonne Strahovski), who is revealed to be a CIA agent assigned, along with veteran National Security Agency (NSA) agent Major John Casey (Adam Baldwin), to capture Chuck. The episode also introduces series regulars Joshua Gomez and Sarah Lancaster as Chuck's best friend and older sister, Morgan Grimes and Ellie Bartowski, respectively. Guest stars include Matthew Bomer as Bryce Larkin, Chuck's college roommate-turned-nemesis and the CIA agent who emails him the Intersect, Wendy Makkena as the National Intelligence Director, Tony Todd as CIA Director Langston Graham, C.S. Lee as Harry Tang, Dale Dye as General Stanfield, and Nickolas Pajon as Vuc Andric.

"Chuck Versus the Intersect" received generally positive reviews from critics, with most writers praising the casting of the series. According to the Nielsen ratings system, the pilot drew 9.21 million viewers, a series high.

Plot
In Echo Park, California, Chuck Bartowski (Zachary Levi) and his best friend Morgan Grimes (Joshua Gomez) make an unsuccessful attempt to escape Chuck's birthday party hosted by his sister Ellie (Sarah Lancaster). Despite the efforts of Ellie and her boyfriend, "Captain Awesome" (Ryan McPartlin), for Chuck to socialize with the party's female guests, Chuck dispels the women by explaining how years earlier his Stanford University roommate, Bryce Larkin (Matthew Bomer), had him expelled and began a relationship with Chuck's girlfriend, Jill Roberts.

Meanwhile, Bryce, a rogue CIA agent, is shown breaking into a top-secret government computer center and downloading a vast amount of data to his PDA before destroying the computer. As Bryce attempts to escape, he is shot dead by NSA agent Major John Casey (Adam Baldwin), but not before emailing the data to Chuck and self-destructing his PDA. After viewing the rapid series of images, Chuck experiences a series of "flashes" of data, triggered by things he hears and sees, including a strange man (Nickolas Pajon).

In Washington, D.C., Casey is informed by the National Security Director (Wendy Makkena) and CIA Director Langston Graham (Tony Todd) that the computer Bryce destroyed was a government database called the Intersect, which the NSA and CIA used as a joint resource to identify threats to the government. Casey is ordered to track down the recipient of Bryce's email in California.

At work at the Buy More, Chuck is approached at the Nerd Herd counter by Sarah Walker (Yvonne Strahovski). After Chuck fixes Sarah's phone, she leaves him her phone number, but he decides not to call her. He arrives home to find an intruder stealing his computer. After the computer is dropped and destroyed, the intruder escapes and is revealed to be Sarah, a CIA agent.

Sarah takes Chuck on a date to find out what he knows. Sarah spots and quickly dispatches an NSA team following but flees with Chuck when she spots Casey. Sarah leads Chuck up to the top floor of a skyscraper and attempts to call in an evacuation while Chuck explains what happened when he uploaded the Intersect. Sarah then aims her gun at Chuck when Casey arrives on the roof. Sarah warns Casey that Chuck uploaded the Intersect and tells Chuck that their mutual friend Bryce is dead. Chuck then flashes on the building where the visiting General Stanfield (Dale Dye) is giving an address and puts together all the pieces from the flashes he had been having: the stranger in the Large Mart is a demolitions expert and has set a bomb to destroy the conference. Chuck, Sarah, and Casey locate the bomb in the conference hall and Chuck defuses the bomb by deliberately infecting the machine with a computer virus.

Sarah reassures Chuck that he will remain at the Buy More, while she and Casey watch over him. He is to work with them until they can discover a way for the Intersect to be removed from his brain. All she asks is that Chuck trust her.

Production

Conception

Chuck was conceived by Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak. NBC initially gave the series a put pilot commitment before green lighting a pilot order in January 2007. Schwartz and Fedak both attended the University of Southern California and the latter pitched the idea to Schwartz who agreed to develop the project with him. The hour-long, high-concept action-comedy, described in press releases as being "in the vein of Grosse Pointe Blank", would revolve around a man who downloads the entire CIA and NSA databases into his head. Schwartz signed a three-year, seven-figure overall deal with Warner Bros. Television to write and executive produce the series with Fedak.

Schwartz has stated that he set the series at an electronics store to complement Chuck:

Casting

Zachary Levi was the first actor to be cast in the series, before any other roles had been cast. Schwartz said that casting the role of Chuck was difficult, but Levi was perfect because you "could believe he was a social outcast, but still got the girl." Adam Baldwin was cast as John Casey shortly thereafter on February 8, 2007. Fedak always had Baldwin in mind for the role and the producers found that the actor was a "perfect fit" for the character during the first casting session. On February 12, 2007, Australian actress Yvonne Strahovski was announced for what was then the role of Sarah Kent, joining Levi and Adam Baldwin. Prior to beginning of filming the character's name was changed to Sarah Walker. Strahovski was unable to come to the United States for the audition, so the producers allowed her to audition via the internet.

In March, Sarah Lancaster, Joshua Gomez and Natalie Martinez were cast as Ellie Bartowski (Chuck's older sister), Morgan Pace (Chuck's best friend), and Kayla Hart (Chuck's neighbor and love interest), respectively. Gomez decided he wanted to be part of the pilot after reading there was a ninja in the script. Tony Todd and Wendy Makkena were cast as CIA Director Graham and the National Intelligence Director, General Mary Beckman. The casting for Beckman was narrowed to Makkena and Bonita Friedericy, with Mekenna ultimately being chosen. However, Mekenna only appeared in the pilot, and was replaced in the following episode by Friedericy as General Diane Beckman.

Morgan's surname was changed to "Grimes" before filming, and Sarah's to "Walker". Despite Natalie Martinez appearing in promotional cast photographs, the character Kayla Hart was dropped before filming. Hart, the owner of the club where Sarah and Chuck first encounter Casey, was intended to be a rival for Chuck's affections. However, Fedak and Schwartz found it too unlikely and too complicated to the storyline that two women would be pining over Chuck. Additionally, Captain Awesome was originally planned to be an enemy agent but his portrayal by Ryan McPartlin was so well received that this storyline was also abandoned.

Filming

McG, Schwartz's fellow executive producer on The O.C., directed the pilot and consequently became an executive producer (via his production company, Wonderland Sound and Vision), along with Fedak, Peter Johnson, Scott Rosenbaum, Matthew Miller and Allison Adler. NBC gave the series an early pick-up and a thirteen-episode order on May 10, 2007.

McG said he felt the appeal of the series was its mix of an "Office style comedy" and an action series, and added that Chuck's work place "is designed to be as dangerous as the spy world." Although Chuck's apartment is set in Echo Park, the pilot was shot in El Cabrillo in Hollywood.  After the series was picked up, the apartment and the building's courtyard were re-created on a Warner Bros. soundstage. The exterior shots of the Burbank Buy More where Chuck and Morgan work are of a former Mervyn's store in the Fallbrook Mall in Canoga Park. Chuck's fingers are bandaged at one point due to injuries Zachary Levi sustained while playing Call of Duty.

Music and cultural references
The music of Chuck has been described as "a blending of action soundtracks with Schwartz's penchant for good, pretty obscure bands" such as Foreign Born and The Shins. Journey's song "Any Way You Want It" is featured as Chuck's ringtone. Other songs include "Cobrastyle" by Teddybears, "Cellphone's Dead" by Beck, "Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is" by Jet, "See the World" by Gomez, "For A Fistful of Dollars" by Ennio Morricone, and "The Missionary" by Brothers Martin.

The pilot also establishes the series' tendency to reference popular culture. Schwartz has revealed in interviews that the Buy More is based on consumer electronics stores such as Best Buy, while the Nerd Herd is inspired by the Best Buy subsidiary Geek Squad. When Sarah walks into the Buy More, Chuck and Morgan reference Prince's song "Batdance". Chuck and Morgan also continuously play Call of Duty. A North by Northwest poster is shown in Chuck's room.

During Chuck's flash on Vuc Andric, his first name can be translated as wolf, while the last name Andric can be a reference to famed Yugoslavian novelist Ivo Andrić. The passport has Croatian emblems while Vuc is said to be from Serbia.

Reception
The series premiered on broadcast television at 8pm EST on September 24, 2007, after having been screened to overwhelmingly positive reception at the San Diego Comic-Con International. According to the Nielsen ratings system, the pilot episode drew an estimated 9.21 million viewers, a series high.

"Chuck Versus the Intersect" received mostly positive reviews from critics, with several praising the casting of the series, especially that of Zachary Levi. Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a rating of 9 out of 10, writing, "Schwartz and Fedak's script for the Chuck pilot is very strong, deftly mixing action and humor. Where Schwartz's other new series, Gossip Girl, could use more of the humor he brought to The O.C., Chuck does a great job capturing the wit and self-awareness Schwartz's previous series contained." Varun Lella of AOL TV criticized the episode's opening as being "a weak gag", though writing that "the ensuing moments were hilarious enough to almost erase the poorly executed opening moments." Stephen Lackey of Mania called the pilot better than he expected, as well as "energetic, cinematic, and quite funny." Television Without Pity gave the episode an A− on a scale of A+ to F.

The Columbus Dispatch called the pilot "delightful", writing, "Chuck has good nerd jokes, a winning everyman who is easy to root for, a hot blonde, ninja fighting and a backward car chase." The newspaper praised the performance by the main cast, especially Zachary Levi, who it wrote "should soon be a pleasant surprise to audiences." The paper called the episode "deftly directed by" McG, who kept "things from becoming too silly or far-fetched." Robert Bianco of USA Today gave the episode an overwhelmingly positive review, writing, "Everyday superheroes are, of course, a recurring TV fantasy, but seldom has the genre shown as much pluck as Chuck, and seldom has it found a more agreeable hero than Zachary Levi... Levi needs only a few minutes here to convince you of his wider range and lay claim on breakout stardom."

Steven Hyden of The A.V. Club gave the episode a negative review, rating it as a C−. Hyden criticized Levi as being "likeable but unconvincing playing a loser who hasn't had a girlfriend in five years" and Levi and Gomez as "blandly recreating Judd Apatow's loser heroes without any of the authentic details", though calling Baldwin's performance "one of the few bright spots". Katey Rich of Television Blend wrote that the episode, like Chuck, was "gangly and awkward" and "a lot to swallow in a pilot episode, not to mention totally implausible." However, Rich concluded that the series showed comedic promise and was loved by its audience, "while not necessarily being a slam dunk."

For the pilot, editor Norman Buckley won the Award for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television at the 2007 American Cinema Editors Awards. "Chuck Versus the Intersect" was also nominated for Outstanding Main Title Design at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards.

Footnotes

References

External links

Intersect
2007 American television episodes
American television series premieres


John Bigelow (1817–1911) was an American diplomat.

John Bigelow may also refer to:
 John P. Bigelow (1797–1872), American politician
 John Bigelow, Jr. (1854–1936), American cavalry officer and son of American diplomat John Bigelow
 John Bigelow IV (born 2001), American golfer
 Jackie Cooper (1922–2011), child actor brought up as John Bigelow


Fish mortality is a parameter used in fisheries population dynamics to account for the loss of fish in a fish stock through death. The mortality can be divided into two types:

 Natural mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to causes not associated with fishing. Such causes can include disease, competition, cannibalism, old age, predation, pollution or any other natural factor that causes the death of fish. In fisheries models natural mortality is denoted by (M).
 Fishing mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to fishing activities using any fishing gear. It is denoted by (F) in fisheries models.

(M) and (F) are additive instantaneous rates that sum up to (Z), the instantaneous total mortality coefficient; that is, Z=M+F. These rates are usually calculated on an annual basis. Estimates of fish mortality rates are often included in mathematical yield models to predict yield levels obtained under various exploitation scenarios. These are used as resource management indices or in bioeconomic studies of fisheries.

Estimating mortality

Natural
Estimating natural mortality (M) is one of the most difficult and critical elements of a stock assessment (Hewitt et al. 2007).
There are two basic approaches used to estimate natural mortality: tagging studies and growth parameters.
Tagging studies are used in the Brownie Model, where multiyear tagging studies are used to estimate natural mortality based on recaptures:
fi = ri(1 – Si)

The Paulys Model (using growth parameters) is an indirect way of estimating natural mortality. It assumes that there is a relationship between size and natural mortality. Pauly’s original method was based on the correlation of M with von Bertalanffy growth parameters (K and L∞) and temperature (Gunderson 2002):
N0 = N 1*e(-Z*∆t)

In the Hoenigs method, M was inversely correlated with longevity across a wide variety of taxa (Hewitt and Hoenig 2005):
Ln(M) = 1.44-0.982*ln(tmax)

Fishing
Fishing mortality (F) can be estimated by dividing the catch by the mean stock size. The catch includes annual commercial and recreational landings, along with dead discards. Bycatch discards would be estimated by estimating the percent of fish that are captured in a certain gear and the mortality associated with being captured in this gear. These mortality studies are generally done by using cages for a certain period of time following capture to determine the percentage of fish that die during being held in holding cages. These deaths are assumed to be associated with physical injury or physiological stress from being captured in the gear used during capture.

Why estimating mortality is important

Mortality estimates are important to managers. Determining mortality rates are critical for determining abundance of fish populations. Using the model Z=M+F with M being Natural mortality and F being Fishing mortality (combined mortality from landings plus discard mortality) you can estimate the trend of a population. The mortality rates give you the total deaths of a population when you compare these to the total births or recruits to the population, you can determine if a population is increasing or decreasing. Knowing these rates can help managers to set harvest limits to (MSY) maximum sustainable yield or (OSY) optimum sustainable yield to give the maximum benefit to the stakeholders of the resource.

See also
 Mortality rate
 Population dynamics of fisheries
 Fish kill

References

Fisheries science


John Binns may refer to:
John Binns (Irish politician) (died 1804), Irish  politician
John Binns (journalist) (1772–1860), Irish  journalist
John Binns (cricketer) (1870–1934), English cricketer
John Binns (British politician) (1914–1986), British politician
Jack R. Binns (born 1933), American diplomat


Photo District News (or PDN) was an American monthly trade publication for professional photographers, published from 1980 to January 2020. The publication took its name from New York City's photo district, an area of photo businesses that was once located in Flatiron District.

Time described PDN's annual list of "30 New and Emerging Photographers" as "the go-to outlet to discover up-and-coming photographers, determined on the basis of creativity, versatility and distinctive vision", and as "a career turning point" for those included on the list.

History
Originally named New York Photo District News, PDN was founded by Carl S. Pugh, who was working as a photographer's assistant and sought more freelance work. He inquired as to the best way to advertise his services and was told to post a note on the community bulletin boards found at local businesses frequented by professional photographers. This sparked the idea to create a newsletter for the loose-knit community of professional photographers who populated the inexpensive loft spaces along lower Fifth Avenue (the "Photo District"). PDN was owned by Emerald Expositions and headquartered in New York.

The first issue (May 1980) cost $800 to print and carried $2,000 in advertising, yielding a tidy profit. It was distributed free in stores in the Photo District. PDN was an instant success. In time professional photographers, coming to Manhattan on assignment from elsewhere in the country picked up a copy and requested a subscription (initially $6 per year), which, in turn, was seen by other photographers back home. In this manner, PDN quickly grew into a national publication.

In 1983, PDN launched Photo Expo, a trade show for the same market, which remains the leading US show for professional photographers, under the name PHOTOPLUS. Pugh sold PDN and the show to Adweek in 1984.

The print publication ceased in January 2020, and the website was no longer updated. The future of PDN Annual and PDN's 30 have yet to be determined.

References

External links

Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines disestablished in 2020
Magazines established in 1980
Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Photography magazines
Photography in the United States
Professional and trade magazines
Visual arts magazines published in the United States


The MarineMap Consortium is a group of scientists and geospatial technologists at the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and Ecotrust.

History
In 2007, the MarineMap Consortium formed to develop geospatial technologies at facilitating marine protected area (MPA) planning in California. The California Marine Life Protection Act Initiative (MLPAI) contracted the MarineMap consortium to develop a web-based decision support system geared toward helping non-technical users (i.e., stakeholders) design MPAs. Consequently, the consortium developed their flagship application, called MarineMap.

The MarineMap Consortium is now working to extend the MarineMap decision support tool to be used by collaborative, participatory and science-based marine planning efforts around the world.

MarineMap Decision Support Tool

The MarineMap decision support tool is a web-based program for designing marine protected areas (MPAs). In particular, users can (1) view and query a large number of geospatial data layers, (2) draw prospective MPA boundaries, (3) analyze the contents of prospective MPAs, (4) estimate economic impacts of prospective MPAs, (5) assemble MPAs into collections (called "arrays"), (6) share MPAs and arrays with other MarineMap users, (7) assign allowed uses within prospective MPAs, and (9) export MPA shapes to KML and reports to CSV files.

In 2010, the U.S. Institute for Environmental Conflict Resolution awarded the Innovation in Technology and Environmental Conflict Resolution to the MarineMap Consortium.

References

External links
 MarineMap Consortium
 MarineMap Decision Support Tool
 Open Source Project

University of California, Santa Barbara
The Nature Conservancy


Kara Young is an American model and entrepreneur. As a model she represented several cosmetics companies and appeared three times on the cover of Vogue, Playboy (Germany) and was an entertainment news correspondent for Fox News Channel, as well as co-founding a hair product company and salon.

Early life

Kara was born on December 10, 1969, in San Francisco, California, Parents Marie and Thomas Young.  Her mother is of African American, her father is  English Scottish descent.

Career
According to Young's company web site, between 1988 and 1998 she appeared in advertising campaigns for Revlon, L'Oreal, Clairol, Maybelline, as well as Victoria's Secret and was photographed by Richard Avedon for Revlon's "Most Unforgettable Women" campaign. Young was an A-list model and was profiled in the 1990 article "The New Top Models". She was a cover girl for Vogue in both 1988 and 1989, but is known best for her modeling with Victoria's Secret. She appeared on the covers of Vogue, Elle and Glamour magazine during the early 1990s. She later became an entertainment news correspondent for Fox News Channel. Young retired from modeling and became the co-founder of  Hair Rules, a hair care product line and NYC salon.

Personal
Young was married to photographer Sante D'Orazio in the mid-1990s. In the late 1990s, Young was noticed by Donald Trump at a party in the Hamptons. He pursued her, and they began dating for approximately two years beginning around 1997. In 2005, she married a Billionarie Peter Georgiopoulos, the founder of the General Maritime  shipping Tycoon company. Young lives in New York City with Georgiopoulos and their two children. She is a member of the board of directors for Action Against Hunger.

References

Living people
Actresses from San Francisco
Female models from California
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Date of birth missing (living people)


Nitida, Nitidum and Nitidus are forms of the Latin for "bright, shining, sleek, blooming, smart" and may refer to:

Nitida:
 Nitida saga, a 14th-century Icelandic medieval poem

Nitidus:
Barbichthys nitidus, a junior synonym of B. laevis
Eleutherodactylus nitidus, a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae
Emmelichthys nitidus, a rover species found at depths of between 100 and 500 m
Euryoryzomys nitidus, a rodent species in the genus Euryoryzomys of family Cricetidae
Hemicoelus nitidus, a species of beetles in the genus Hemicoelus of the family Anobiidae
Lichen nitidus, a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology
Limnonectes nitidus, a species of frog in the family Ranidae
Liolaemus nitidus, known as the shining tree iguana is a species of lizard in the family Iguanidae
Nassarius nitidus, a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae
Petalonyx nitidus, a species of flowering plant in the family Loasaceae known as shinyleaf sandpaper plant
Phymatodes nitidus, a species of longhorn beetle
Rhabdoblennius nitidus, a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific Ocean
Sphoeroides nitidus, a species in the family Tetraodontidae, or pufferfishes
Stemonoporus nitidus, a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae
Zonitoides nitidus, species of small, air-breathing land snail in the family Gastrodontidae

Nitidum
 Leptospermum nitidum, the shining tea-tree, a shrub species endemic to Tasmania
 Pisidium nitidum, the shining pea clam, a freshwater clam species
 Strioterebrum nitidum, the shiny Pacific auger, a sea snail species
 Zanthoxylum nitidum the shiny-leaf prickly-ash, a flowering plant species
 Meioceras nitidum, a sea snail species

Latin words and phrases


Time to Kill is an American mystery film directed by Herbert I. Leeds. It is
the first screen adaptation of Raymond Chandler's novel The High Window, which was remade five years later as The Brasher Doubloon.  The detective was changed from Philip Marlowe to Michael Shayne for this version, with Lloyd Nolan playing the part and Heather Angel in a rare turn as leading lady.  It is also the final Michael Shayne film starring Lloyd Nolan made at Fox, who closed down their popular B movie unit which included Mr. Moto, Charlie Chan, and the Cisco Kid. In 1946 the series would be reborn at Producers Releasing Corporation with Hugh Beaumont taking over the role.

Cast
In order of billing:
Lloyd Nolan as Michael Shayne
Heather Angel as Myrle Davis
Doris Merrick as Linda Conquest Murdock
Ralph Byrd as Lou Venter, bodyguard
Richard Lane as Lt. Breeze
Sheila Bromley as Lois Morny
Morris Ankrum as Alexander Morny
Ethel Griffies as Mrs. Murdock
James Seay as Leslie Murdock
Ted Hecht as George Anson Phillips
William Pawley as Mr. Hensch
Syd Saylor as The Mailman
Lester Sharpe as Elisha Washburn
Charles Williams as The Dentist
LeRoy Mason as Rudolph, the headwaiter
George Melford as Minor Role (uncredited)

Production

Rights
20th Century Fox bought Raymond Chandler's novel The High Window for $3,500. RKO Pictures purchased the rights to Chandler's 1940 novel Farewell, My Lovely and made 1944's Murder, My Sweet which would have the character of Philip Marlowe.

Score
David Raksin was uncredited for his work on Time to Kill although the book Film Composers in America : A Filmography, 1911-1970 credits him. Emil Newman is credited with the film score of Superior "Michael Shayne" thrillers: Murders surround theft of valuable coin.

Screenplay
Time to Kill was written by Clarence Upson Young, based on Raymond Chandler's novel The High Window. Brett Halliday wrote a series of books with Michael Shayne as the lead character whereas Chandler's was Philip Marlowe. 20th Century Fox was looking for detective film series after the success of Charlie Chan and Mr. Moto film series in 1940.

Cinematography
Time to Kills cinematographer was Charles Clarke.

Reception

Critical response
In 1978's The Detective in Hollywood by Jon Tuska claimed it "is in every way superior to the later remake, The Brasher Doubloon".

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Review of film at Variety

1942 films
1940s mystery drama films
20th Century Fox films
American detective films
American mystery drama films
Films based on American novels
American black-and-white films
Films based on works by Raymond Chandler
Films directed by Herbert I. Leeds
Films scored by David Raksin
Films scored by Emil Newman
1942 drama films
1940s American films


Bernhard Theodore Mittemeyer (October 30, 1930 – January 25, 2023) was a United States Army lieutenant general who served as Surgeon General of the United States Army between 1981 and 1985.

Early life, education, and career
Mittemeyer was born in Paramaribo, Suriname, on October 30, 1930. At the age of 14, Mittemeyer emigrated to the United States during World War II.

While attending college at Moravian College and medical school at Temple University School of Medicine, he was deferred from the draft. However, after graduation, he was drafted into the Army in 1957. Following initial accession training, he volunteered for the airborne forces since the 101st and 82nd had liberated his home country of the Netherlands during the war. He was assigned to the 101st. After six months, he became the division surgeon for General Westmoreland.

Soon thereafter, however, Mittemeyer announced his resignation to Gen. Westmoreland.  When Gen. Westmorland inquired why he was leaving, Mittemeyer pointed out that he was not in the regular army since he was not a citizen. Westmoreland arranged his citizenship so that he could become part of the regular army.  Mittemeyer then accepted an Army urological residency. In 1968, he deployed to Vietnam, where he commanded the 326th Medical Battalion (Airmobile) from 28 July 1968 to 27 February 1969.

During his tenure as Surgeon General of the Army and working in Military District of Washington (MDW), he instituted Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT), later adopted by MDW-wide and now simply called Physical Fitness Test (PFT), a set of fitness tests including push-ups, sit-ups, and a timed two-mile run that now applies to all 85,000 military employees of MDW.

After serving as Surgeon General of the Army, he retired on February 28, 1985. He served as the chief of urological surgery at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, and retired on August 31, 2010.

Death
Mittemeyer died in Lubbock, Texas, on January 25, 2023, at the age of 92.

Awards and decorations

References

1930 births
2023 deaths
United States Army generals
Surgeons General of the United States Army
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center faculty
United States Army Medical Corps officers
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Paramaribo
Surinamese emigrants to the United States