Louis C. Fraina (October 7, 1892 – September 15, 1953) was a founding member of the Communist Party USA in 1919. After running afoul of the Communist International in 1921 over the alleged misappropriation of funds, Fraina left the organized radical movement, emerging in 1926 as a left wing public intellectual by the name of Lewis Corey. During the McCarthy era, deportation proceedings were initiated against Fraina-Corey. After a protracted legal battle, Corey died of a cerebral hemorrhage before the action against him was formally abandoned.

Biography

Early Years

Louis C. Fraina was born as Luigi Carlo Fraina on October 7, 1892, in the  frazione of the town of Campagna, in the Province of Salerno of southern Italy. His father was a radical Republican and left Italy for America in 1897, to be joined by his wife and son a year later. Luigi's name was Americanized to "Louis" upon his arrival.

Fraina grew up in the slums of New York City in the Bowery and working part-time as a newsboy from the age of 6. He later helped his mother in the making of cigars and plied his trade on the streets as a shoe shine boy.

Fraina graduated from primary school in 1905 but his father died just five weeks later, forcing Louis to abandon school in order to get a full-time job. He was never able to attend high school or college — despite a lifetime career path that saw Fraina working as the education director of major unions, assuming a place as an author and public intellectual, and teaching economics at the university level for a decade.

The precocious and brilliant Fraina pursued the path of self-education, reading broadly. From an early age, Fraina was engrossed with the ideas of political radicalism and freethought, publishing his first essay, "Shelley, the Atheist Poet," in the agnostic journal The Truth Seeker in 1909. Other articles in The Truth Seeker followed, catching the attention of newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, who offered Fraina a job as a cub reporter at the New York Evening Journal, flagship newspaper of the newspaper chain owned by William Randolph Hearst.

Left wing socialist (1909-1916)

Fraina came to socialism as a youth, later stating that he had joined (and quickly departed) the Socialist Party of America in 1909. Fraina seems to have been greatly influenced by the writings of Daniel DeLeon, editor of the newspaper of the rival Socialist Labor Party of America, a party which Fraina joined shortly after his departure from the SPA. Fraina was an enthusiastic convert to the SLP, making public speeches on revolutionary socialism and the SLP's ideas about revolutionary industrial unionism. He made streetcorner speeches in New York City every weekend in good weather, learning the art of public oratory in the trenches and mastering the loud and dramatic form of presentation needed to captivate strangers when speaking from a soapbox.

By 1910, Fraina was writing voluminously for the daily newspaper published by the SLP. According to Fraina's biographer, historian Paul Buhle, "No one, not even DeLeon by this time, wrote more regularly for The Daily People. Fraina's most important journalistic task while on the staff of The Daily People was covering the 1913 Lawrence Textile Strike, one of the pivotal events of the American labor movement of that decade. This strike, in which members of some two dozen nationalities stayed out for weeks to resist a wage reduction, facing violence and arrest, was deeply influential upon Fraina. It was there that the Industrial Workers of the World had their day in the sun — and the revolutionary possibilities seemed endless.

Early in 1914, Fraina resigned from the Socialist Labor Party. He remained politically active, however, and in the fall of 1914 he became the editor of The New Review, an urbane theoretical magazine launched by New York socialists in January a year previously. Fraina remained at the head of the editorial board of that publication until its termination early in 1916 owing to lack of funds. A few months later Fraina landed another position as a magazine editor, this time as the chief of Isadora Duncan's Modern Dance.

Pioneer Communist theoretician (1917-1919)

The United States entered World War I in April 1917. This decision was bitterly opposed by the Socialist Party of America, which at its 1917 Emergency National Convention passed a militant document pledging continued opposition and resistance to the effort. Fraina rejoined the Socialist Party at this time and soon emerged as one of the leaders of the organization's left wing.

In 1917, Fraina joined with Marxist theoretician Louis Boudin as a co-editor of Ludwig Lore's magazine, The Class Struggle. The publication, which first saw print in May 1917, soon became a leading voice of the radical wing of the Socialist Party, individuals who congealed into an organized political faction called the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party in 1919.

In 1918 Fraina was responsible for the first post-revolutionary collection of the writings of V.I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky to be published in the United States. The book, entitled The Proletarian Revolution in Russia, gave English-speaking readers their first glimpse at the ideas of the Russian Communist Party and spurred the desire for emulation on the part of many American radicals.

Early in 1918 five radical Russian groups united with the English-speaking Socialist Propaganda League with which Fraina was associated to form the American Bolshevik Bureau of Information. The body was joined by Soviet Russian official representative Ludwig Martens, ostensibly as the delegate of the "New York Section of Russian Bolsheviki." The Bureau served as a forerunner of the official Russian Soviet Government Bureau, distributing official communications on behalf of the Soviet government, which was isolated by the European war and the object of sometimes imaginative vilification in the pages of the American press.

Fraina was also the editor of two of the earliest proto-Communist newspapers in the United States, The New International (1918) and The Revolutionary Age (1918-1919). Combined with his other speaking, writing, and organizational activities, this position as editor of the leading radical publications of the day helped make Fraina arguably the leading theoretical and political figure of the founding days of the American communist movement.

Fraina was the author of the Left Wing Manifesto that served as the fundamental theoretical document of the organized Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party that emerged early in 1919. Fraina was a delegate to the June 1919 National Council of the Left Wing held in New York City and was prominent in the effort of members of the party's suspended foreign language federations and others seeking to establish a new Communist Party of America (CPA) independent of the outcome of the 1919 Emergency National Convention of the Socialist Party. As arguably the top English-speaking leader of the new organization, Fraina was elected temporary chairman at the opening of the Founding Convention of the Communist Party of America on September 1, 1919, and delivered the keynote address to that body. He was also elected International Secretary by that body — the group's de facto first delegate to the Communist International in Moscow.

1919–20 espionage controversy

The first international conclave attended by Fraina as representative of the CPA was a secret conference conducted by the short-lived Western European Bureau of the Communist International, slated to begin on February 10, 1920, in Amsterdam. As he was not a citizen of the United States, Fraina was forced to make this trip without a passport and legal visas. The services of one Jacob Nosovitsky were employed by the CPA to aid with Fraina's travel arrangements and to accompany him abroad. Nosivitsky, believed to be an active and trustworthy member of the Communist movement and an individual who had been used as a secret international courier, was in actuality a police spy working undercover in the radical movement and reporting on the activities of its principals to the U.S. Department of Justice as its special employee N-100.

Although apparently not tipped off by Nosovitsky himself, Amsterdam police authorities were well aware of the Comintern's secret gathering in the city, and bugged the conference room with a dictaphone machine—a device discovered by delegate Michael Borodin on the second day of the proceedings. A raid by the authorities soon followed, during which many delegates were arrested before being ordered to leave the country or physically deported. Fraina and Nosovitsky were not detained, but rather made their way to the home of Dutch radical S. J. Rutgers in Amersfoort, where several other delegates had assembled. They remained there a week before returning home to America.

Back in America, a scandal was brewing. A Finnish-American former Socialist newspaper editor with extensive linguistic abilities named Ferdinand Peterson was induced to join the Justice Department as an undercover informant after being discharged from the American Army in 1919. Peterson confided in his former party comrade Santeri Nuorteva, now a leading member of the Russian Soviet Government Bureau (RSGB) in New York—the de facto consulate of Soviet Russia—of this assignment. Nuorteva helped Peterson provide a stream of uncontroversial and non-revelatory content for his daily reports throughout the summer and early fall of 1919.

The Justice Department seems to have been aware of Peterson's duplicity, but nevertheless kept him on the payroll. Peterson came to believe—or was led to believe—that Louis Fraina was also on the payroll of the Justice Department. This information was conveyed to Nuorteva, a factional opponent of Fraina and the CPA, who levied these suspicions publicly in the pages of the Socialist Party daily, the New York Call.

Just as Fraina was preparing to depart for Europe again to attend the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow, these espionage allegations regarding Fraina came to a head and the RSGB declared the necessity of resolution of the question before Fraina would be permitted to travel. A "party trial" was held at the office of the RSGB in an attempt to determine the veracity of Peterson's charges. Peterson offered direct testimony about reports he had been allowed to see bearing Louis Fraina's name, checks he had been allowed to see bearing Louis Fraina's signed endorsement, and details of three separate encounters with a person he had believed to be Louis Fraina in the halls of the Department of Justice's New York headquarters.

Defending Fraina's honor against the allegations of the admitted double-agent Peterson, bolstered by the testimony of Nuorteva, was the still-concealed Justice Department employee Jacob Nosovitsky together with Fraina himself and his attorney, Louis Boudin. Implausibilities in Peterson's testimony were ultimately highlighted and Fraina was able to provide a rock-solid alibi that he was not in the city of New York at the time of one of the three alleged "sightings" at Justice Department headquarters, and Fraina was exonerated of Peterson's allegations and allowed to travel to Soviet Russia again. A stenographic report of the Peterson-Fraina encounter was published by the CPA as a pamphlet as Stenographic Report of the "Trial" of Louis C. Fraina, in which it was broadly hinted that it was Nuorteva rather than Fraina who was guilty of espionage activity.

Finally allowed to depart for Moscow, Fraina arrived only to find that rumors of the espionage charge had not been dispelled. Two more hearings were held under the auspices of the Comintern itself — one before the convening of the 2nd World Congress and the second one immediately after. The findings of all committees were unanimous and the charges of espionage against Fraina were dismissed, albeit never fully dispelled.

The Mexican interlude (1921-1923)

The establishment of a functioning Communist movement in Mexico was regarded as a matter of importance to the Comintern and both Fraina for the Communist Party of America and his counterpart John Reed of the rival CLP presented differing perspectives on the Mexican situation at the 2nd World Congress and at the Congress of the Peoples of the East held in Baku, Azerbaijan in September 1920.

Fraina made the case that Mexico (as well as the rest of Latin America) represented a colonial base of American capitalism, and that in the fight to overthrow the latter,  communist revolutionary movements should be sponsored in the former. Reed, on the other hand, emphasized the nationalist aspirations of the Mexican people and their potential to install a broad democratic government in the already existing political climate — a government which would nationalize significant portions of the country's natural resources, thereby hampering American capitalism there.

While Fraina and his views were widely respected among Comintern delegates, he was not elected as an American representative to ECCI. American communist in Moscow Charles Phillips later indicated his belief that the Comintern sought "a native-born and quintessentially American exemplar" such as Reed among its councils that gave him the advantage over Fraina in being named to ECCI. Even when Reed succumbed to typhus on October 17, 1920, Fraina was not selected to join the Comintern's directive body, perhaps owing to a residual aura of suspicion related to discredited espionage charges against him.

Whether to reduce the factional drama between representative of the rival American organizations delegated to Moscow or to remove him altogether from American politics, Fraina was instead dispatched to Mexico to work on behalf of the Comintern there. Joining Fraina as a Comintern representative to Mexico as part of a new "Pan-American Agency" was the venerable Sen Katayama, a 70-year-old veteran of the Japanese and American socialist movements and Karlis Jansen (underground party name: "Charles Scott") a trusted figure in the Latvian-American radical movement. Also returning to Mexico was Charles Phillips, who had been at the 2nd World Congress as a representative of the Communist Party of Mexico and who was the only one of these top Comintern officials who spoke Spanish.

Phillips was the first to arrive in Mexico, landing in January 1921, with the others arriving somewhat later. Fraina's arrival was delayed somewhat by his belated decision, made only in Berlin when he was already en route, that leaving his new wife behind in Russia had been a mistake. Fraina requested permission from Moscow for the former Esther Nesvishskaya, a low level Comintern employee, to join him in Mexico — a request which was granted. Before making the trip to Mexico, Fraina, Katayama, and "Scott" made a stop in New York City, where they attempted without success to broker a unity agreement between the two feuding American Communist Parties.

Fraina and his two Comintern associates soon discovered that the Communist Party of Mexico existed in name only, with only party secretary José Allen and a small group organized as the Young Communist Federation remaining committed to the idea of building a revolutionary Marxist political party in the country. The Comintern representatives established an office as the Latin American headquarters of the Profintern and founded two newspapers, El Trabajador (The Worker) and Boletín Comunista (Communist Bulletin). A convention was held in February 1921 which established a new radical national trade union federation, the Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT). Comintern funds were also used to establish a publishing house, Biblioteca Internacional, which issued pamphlets and books by prominent European radicals.

The fledgling Mexican Communist movement began to suffer an exaggerated sense of its size and influence, however. A rally in Mexico City on May Day 1921 was marked by marching in the streets and the raising of a red flag above the city's central cathedral — provoking a reaction by the government of President Álvaro Obregón. Charles Phillips was arrested and deported to Guatemala and the political activity of Katayama and Fraina was driven underground. Katayama left the country in October 1921, although Phillips managed to secretly return under the alias "Manuel Gomez."

In December 1921 Fraina and Gomez helped organize a convention to reestablish the Communist Party of Mexico — a gathering attended by 21 delegates, purportedly representing a party membership of 1,000. Fraina reported to the Comintern approvingly of the "sobriety and steadiness" of the delegates, who avoided the "flamboyant, hysterical" behavior characteristic of some Mexican political gatherings. Fraina came to feel overwhelmed by the pressing demand of the few activists in the tiny CPM for immediate revolution, however — a vision that for a long time he had realistically dismissed — and he appealed to the Comintern for the dispatch of a veteran Russian militant to Mexico to guide the organization.

Disaffection was to follow.

Return to America (1923-1930)

Disillusioned with the incessant factionalism that seemed to render the fledgling communist movement impotent, Fraina and his wife and baby daughter returned to the United States from Mexico in 1923. The family settled in New York City where Fraina — temporarily adopting the pseudonym "Charles Joseph Skala" — took a job as a clerk in a dry good store for $12 a week, while his wife went to work in a sweatshop. He later landed a job as a proofreader for magazine and pulp fiction publisher Street and Smith Publications and worked part-time as a substitute proofreader at The New York Times. Fraina joined the International Typographers Union in association with these jobs in the printing industry and remained a member for the next twenty years.

The allure of writing again began to call Fraina, however, and in May 1926 he published the first of a handful of articles in the liberal news weekly, The New Republic.
Fraina marked his comeback with the adoption of a new pen name — Lewis Corey — a name formed by adapting his first name and middle initial. This pseudonym was later made permanent by the family through a legal name change.

Corey's work in The New Republic drew notice and in 1929 he received a fellowship at the Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution, a liberal think tank. He remained there through 1930, with his research channeled into a book on the rise to dominant position of the investment banking firm of J.P. Morgan and its operations called The House of Morgan, published in 1931. That same year Fraina was hired to assist Edwin R.A. Seligman and Alvin Johnson in the production of a 12 volume Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. He remained with the project until its completion in 1934.

Left turn (1930-1936)

In 1930 Corey publish his history of The House of Morgan, which documents the history, operations, and methods of J.P. Morgan & Co.'s finance banking and of its historical and political-economic context at the center of the creation of Wall Street finance capitalism -- forthright, unvarnished, well-documented.  The early 1930s, marked by the Great Depression and the international crisis of world capitalism, was a time of renewed radical zeal for Corey. In the pages of the independent Marxist magazine Modern Quarterly, Corey depicted a bifurcated world with collapsing capitalism pitted against the "aspiration" of Soviet communism to engage in the "creation of a new world." Corey expressed a renewed commitment to the latter, noting approvingly that planned economy functioned in the USSR only because "the dictatorship of the proletariat crushed the exploiters and prevents their reappearance," thereby allowing "socialization of the whole national economy."

In retrospect, his biographer later observed, it seemed as though Corey was possessed by a "fervent desire to write his way back into the Communist movement." Corey seems to have had no qualms about the political role of the Communist Party, eagerly signing the manifesto of the League of Professional Groups for Foster and Ford, thereby endorsing the CPUSA's 1932 Presidential ticket. After the election, the League truncated its name to the League of Professional Groups and adopted a program written by Corey providing for ongoing political and educational activity. The Communist Party remained aloof from the organization, however, as the group sought to maintain financial and ideological autonomy from the party in order to better appeal to non-party left wing intellectuals. By the middle of 1933, lacking the CPUSA's publicity and financial support, the League had dissolved.

The middle 1930s saw Corey producing two weighty works on contemporary economics for commercial publisher Covici-Friede — The Decline of American Capitalism (1934) and The Crisis of the Middle Class (1935). During this interval Fraina remained a neo-Marxist, although standing outside the Communist Party. The CPUSA initially treated The Decline of American Capitalism sympathetically, placing a large order for the party's book store network, but in the fall of 1934 it suddenly was made the object of intense criticism, including a harsh serialized critique in the October and November 1934 issues of The Communist, the party's monthly theoretical magazine.

While his 1934 book was treated harshly by the CPUSA, the same can not be said about Corey's 1935 effort, The Crisis of the Middle Class, which was received warmly. By now the party line had changed from the ultra-radical Third Period to a new, more inclusive effort to build bridges with liberals and non-party radicals known as the Popular Front against fascism. Corey was looked upon by the party no longer as a disreputable political transgressor with a checkered past, but rather as a prestigious intellectual ally. This ideological proximity was emphasized when Corey was chosen to edit a special issue of the CPUSA literary monthly The New Masses thematically focused upon the middle class.

Communist dissident (1936-1939)

Corey's political path took another detour in the latter part of 1936, when he moved again away from the CPUSA's orbit and began an association with the dissident Communist movement around expelled party leader Jay Lovestone. The so-called Lovestoneites embraced the fundamental tenets of Marxism, but oriented themselves towards the American trade union movement and away from foreign domination of the International Communist movement and its centrally-determined obsession with advancing the foreign policy interests of the USSR. With secret police terror beginning to rage in the Soviet Union from 1936 onwards, the Lovestone political organization's criticism of the USSR became increasingly harsh and its appreciation of American institutions more pronounced — a perspective which Corey himself shared.

In 1937 Corey worked briefly as an economist in Washington, DC with the Federal government's Works Progress Administration, remaining in that position for about six months. He left that post to assume the position of education director of Local 22 of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), located in New York City. Corey would remain with the ILGWU until 1939.

As was the case for many inter-war era radicals, Corey was opposed to American intervention in a new European World War and was a member of the Keep America Out of War Committee. With signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 and the actual eruption of European war Fraina had a change of heart, however, and he resigned from the Keep America Out of War Committee and became supportive of the British war effort against Nazism. Coming on the heels of the 1937-1939 secret police terror, the apparent duplicity of Joseph Stalin in negotiating a peace pact with Adolf Hitler moved Corey away from the Communist movement for a second time — permanently.

Breaking with Marxism (1940-1953)

Lewis Corey formally broke with circles that were supportive of the Russian way to Communism in 1940, disillusioned with the atrocities committed by the regime headed by Joseph Stalin, by the CPUSA's sugarcoating and endorsing unpalatable Soviet realities, and by the organizational impotence and factionalism of the non-Communist left. In that year he joined with Reinhold Niebuhr, Murray Gross, and other anti-communist liberals in establishing the Union for Democratic Action (UDA) — an organization which later changed its name to Americans for Democratic Action. Corey was named research director for that organization, ending his tenure with the ILGWU.

Corey's public declaration of his alienation from Marxism came in a three part series published in the liberal news weekly The Nation, in which he declared:

The bitter admission must be made that all variants of Marxism, "revolutionary" and "reformist," meeting the pragmatic test of history, have revealed fatal shortcomings....
All [Marx's] creative originality was congealed into a system which had a "Marxist" explanation for everything..., which was unjust to Marx himself because the system denied his emphasis on the historical relativity of ideas....
"The socialist system of collective ownership is compatible with totalitarianism,..." there is a totalitarian potential in the socialist economic system.

Corey's search for a new social philosophy and program to replace the one he had discarded found expression in a 1942 book entitled The Unfinished Task. Corey regarded this as his "final detailed repudiation" of the Marxian edifice. By 1945, Corey had taken to calling his former comrades "political totalitarians" and accusing them of using "power politics and conspiratorial infiltration" to gain their unsavory ends.

In 1942 Corey spoke at Antioch College, a private liberal arts school located at Yellow Springs, Ohio at a conference held on the topic of post-war reconstruction. Corey impressed school officials with his knowledge and acumen and was asked to temporarily replace a young Economics professor who had been drafted into the American military. Ultimately Corey's academic position was made permanent with the school and he became an assistant professor of economics there despite the fact that he had never himself studied in high school, let alone at the university level. Corey would remain at Antioch through the end of the 1950-51 academic year.

Federal investigations
Within weeks of Corey assuming the post at Antioch, University administrators began receiving anonymous letters relating to Corey's communist past. Both the anti-communist right and Communist Party members and fellow travelers took aim at Corey, with leaflets circulated and a story run in the Chicago Tribune entitled "Red Teaching at Antioch." Further attacks were launched by J. B. Matthews of the Dies Committee in 1942, Walter Steele of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and the Cleveland League of Justice and Gerald L. K. Smith. To its credit, the Antioch administration supported the academic freedom of its professor in spite of these attacks.

Ironically, as Corey's politics turned against his Stalinist beliefs, he ran afoul of the Federal prosecutors. In December 1950, Corey was served with a deportation warrant from the US Department of Justice charging that he had been in the country illegally almost his entire life and for being a Communist. His father had come to the United States without obtaining naturalization papers and young Louis had decided against filing later due to his 1917 conviction as a conscientious objector. The case was tied up for years, and his application for a Certificate of Lawful Entry was denied under the McCarren Act.

Death and legacy

On Christmas Day, 1952, Corey received an announcement of an impending deportation order. The next month he was terminated from employment by the Butcher's Union, for whom he worked. Corey spent his last months traveling between New York City and Washington, working with lawyers in his effort to stave off deportation to his native Italy.

Corey suffered a traumatic cerebral hemorrhage at his desk on September 15, 1953, lapsed into a coma, and died the next day. Two days later, a Certificate of Lawful Entry posthumously arrived in the mail, along with a contract from a publisher for a projected book, Toward an Understanding of America.

Corey's papers are housed in the Rare Book & Manuscript section of Butler Library at Columbia University in New York City. The collection includes 10 linear feet of material housed in 24 archival boxes.

Popular culture
In Warren Beatty's film Reds, Fraina was portrayed by Paul Sorvino.

Footnotes

Works

Books and pamphlets
 The Proletarian Revolution in Russia. With Nikolai Lenin and Leon Trotzky. New York: The Communist Press, 1918.
 Revolutionary Socialism: A Study in Socialist Reconstruction. New York: The Communist Press, 1918.
 The Social Revolution in Germany. Boston: The Revolutionary Age, 1919. — Collection of journal articles.
 The House of Morgan: A Social Biography of the Masters of Money. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1930.
 The Decline of American Capitalism. New York: Covici-Friede, 1934.
 The Crisis of the Middle Class. New York: Covici-Friede, 1935.
 A Program for Americans. New York: Union for Democratic Action, 1941. —Unsigned.
 The Unfinished Task: Economic Reconstruction for Democracy. New York: Viking, 1942.
 Meat and Man: A Study of Monopoly, Unionism, and Food Policy. New York: Viking, 1950.

Selected articles and leaflets
 "Syndicalism and Industrial Unionism," International Socialist Review [Chicago], vol. 14, no. 1 (July 1913), pp. 25–28.
 "Mass Action and Industrial Unionism," International Socialist Review, vol. 17, no. 9 (March 1917), pp. 556–557.
 "Conscientious Objectors." New York: League of Conscientious Objectors, c. May 1917.
 "Socialists and War: A Debate," The Class Struggle, vol. 1, no. 2 (July-Aug. 1917), pp. 75–99. —Reissued as a pamphlet.
 "The IWW Trial," The Class Struggle, vol. 1, no. 4 (Nov.-Dec. 1917), pp. 1–5.
 "The Bolsheviki — Socialism in Action! The Evening Call [New York], vol. 11, no. 4 (Jan. 5, 1918), pg. 7.
 The Proletarian Revolution in Russia," The Class Struggle, vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1918), pp. 29 – 67.
 "Lenin: An Appreciation," One Year of Revolution: Celebrating the First Anniversary of the Founding of the Russian Soviet Republic: November 7, 1918. Brooklyn, NY: The Class Struggle, 1918; pp. 3–6.
 "The National Left Wing Conference," The Revolutionary Age [New York], v. 2, no. 1 (July 5, 1919), pp. 4–5.
 "How is Ownership Distributed?" The New Republic, May 5, 1926.
 "Is Income More Equally Distributed?" The New Republic, Jan. 26, 1927.
 "Employee Stock-Ownership," The New Republic, May 11, 1927.
 "Who Owns the Nation's Wealth?" The New Republic, Aug. 10, 1927.
 "Concentration of Income," The New Republic, May 2, 1928.
 "The New Capitalism," in J.B.S. Hardman (ed.), American Labor Dynamics in the Light of Post-War Developments. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1928.
 "Who Gains By Speculation?" The New Republic, April 17, 1929.
 "Wall Street and Hard Times," The New Republic, March 26, 1930.
 "Dividends are Insured, Why Not Wages?" The Nation, Nov. 26, 1930.
 "Bigger and Better Panics," in S. Schmalhausen (ed.), Behold America! New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1930.
 "Revolutions, Old and New," in S. Schmalhausen (ed.), Recovery Through Revolution. New York: Covici-Friede, 1933.
 "Crisis of the Middle Class," The Nation, Aug. 14, 21, and 28, 1935.
 "Challenge to Economics," The Nation, Aug. 1, 1936.
 "American Class Relations," Marxist Quarterly, January 1937.
 "Veblen and Marxism," Marxist Quarterly, January 1937.
 "The Problem of Prosperity," Marxist Quarterly, April 1937.
 "The Cultural Crisis," Youth Frontier, vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1939).
 "Marxism Reconsidered," The Nation, Feb. 17, 24 and March 2, 1940.

Further reading

 Paul M. Buhle, A Dreamer's Paradise Lost: Louis C. Fraina/Lewis Corey (1892-1953) and the Decline of Radicalism in the United States. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995.
 Communist Party of America, Stenographic Report of the "Trial" of Louis C. Fraina. [New York]: Communist Party of America, 1920.
 Esther Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953: A Bibliography with Autobiographical Notes," Labor History, vol. 4 (Spring 1963), pp. 103-131.
 Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. 2nd ed. New Brunswick (USA) & London (UK): Transaction Publishers, 2003
 Richard B. Spence, "Catching Louis Fraina: Loyal Communist, US Government Informant, or British Agent?" American Communist History, vol. 11, no. 1 (April 2012), pp. 81–97.

External links
 Louis Fraina (Lewis Corey) Internet Archive, at Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved October 26, 2009.

1892 births
1953 deaths
American anti-capitalists
American communists
Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Members of the Communist Party USA
American Comintern people
American Marxists
Italian anti-capitalists
Italian socialists
Italian communists
American people of Italian descent
American political party founders


Lady Muriel Evelyn Vernon Paget CBE DStJ (19 August 1876 – 16 June 1938) was a British philanthropist and humanitarian relief worker, initially based in London, and later in Eastern and Central Europe. She was made an OBE in 1918 and promoted to CBE in 1938. She received awards in recognition of her humanitarian work from the governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Imperial Russia. In 1916 she was invested as a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John.

Family
Lady Muriel Finch-Hatton was the elder of the two children of Murray Finch-Hatton, 12th Earl of Winchilsea, of Haverholme Priory, Lincolnshire. She was educated privately at home. Her brother George, Viscount Maidstone, to whom she was greatly attached, died aged nine, in 1892.

She married Richard Arthur Surtees Paget (who later became the second Baronet Paget of Cranmore) on 31 May 1897. They had five children, the first of whom (Richard Hatton Harcourt Paget; 6 March 1898 – October 1898) died in infancy. The surviving children were:
 Sylvia Mary Paget, Lady Chancellor (10 July 1901 – 29 October 1996); married Sir Christopher Chancellor
 Pamela Winefred Paget, Lady Glenconner (7 August 1903 – 1989); married Christopher Tennant, Baron Glenconner
 Angela Sibell Paget, Lady Debenham (14 November 1906 – 16 June 1965); married Sir Piers Debenham Bt.
 Sir John Starr Paget (25 November 1914 – 1992); married Nancy Mary Parish, great-granddaughter of William Ewart Gladstone, four times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

The invalid kitchens of London
After an initial involvement in co-founding the Children's Order of Chivalry, a society that linked wealthy children with poor London children, Lady Muriel became involved in charity work when, in 1905, she responded to a suggestion made by an aunt that she might take up the post of honorary secretary of a charity seeking to establish a kitchen in Southwark (the Southwark Invalid Kitchen). The aim of this charity was to provide, at the nominal cost of 1d, well-prepared and nourishing meals for expectant and nursing mothers, sick children, and convalescents whose would otherwise have been unable to afford them. The kitchen was situated in Scovell Road, with meals being served between 12 noon and 1 p.m. Later on, the charity's rules were revised and the charges were assessed according to the earning capacity of each individual's family. The intention was that these meals would be provided to cases recommended by a doctor, a hospital, or by other approved agencies.

Through fundraising, similar kitchens were later founded in various other areas of London through the Invalid Kitchens of London movement (which evolved from the Southwark Invalid Kitchen), under the patronage of Queen Mary. After the outbreak of the First World War, it necessary to increase the number of kitchens dramatically, partly because so many hospital places had to be allocated for the treatment of wounded soldiers (which meant that other patients were obliged to convalesce at home), and partly because there were wounded soldiers who themselves were recovering at home rather than in the hospitals. In 1915, the number of kitchens increased from 17 to 29, although the numbers tended to fluctuate in proportion to the amount of funding available.

The work of the Invalid Kitchens of London continued after the War. A new kitchen was opened by the Duchess of Somerset at Windsor Street, Essex Road on 17 November 1920. Three thousand more dinners had been served in 1920 when compared with 1919, and a Christmas appeal for £10,000 was launched that December. Lady Muriel was still the honorary secretary of the organisation at that time.

War work in connection with the Eastern Front
In 1915, concerned by what she had learned of the situation on the Russian front, Lady Muriel traveled to Petrograd, where she and her friend Lady Sybil Grey set up the Anglo-Russian Hospital for treatment of wounded soldiers. This was based in the Dmitri Palace, and was formally opened on 19 January 1916 (O.S.). The Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was involved in the funding of this project, and other major donations came from the UK. In 1916 Lady Muriel also established a number of field hospitals and food kitchens in Ukraine.

In 1917, to raise funds for the Anglo-Russian hospitals, she organized a large Russian exhibition on the theme of "Russia in Peace and War" at the Grafton Galleries in London, which ran through May of that year. The exhibition included a series of Russian concerts (where Feodor Chaliapin sang to raise money for her), lectures on various Russian-related topics, dramatic performances of Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy, etc. The opening ceremony, presided over by Lord French, was preceded by a Russian Orthodox religious service.

Shortly after the exhibition, she returned to Russia. However, in February 1918, in the wake of the Bolshevik coup d'état, the majority of the British staff at the Anglo-Russian Hospital in Petrograd returned to the UK, leaving a Russian Red Cross commission with supplies for a further six months. Lady Muriel remained in Ukraine, but she, along with three of her nursing sisters and a doctor, a number of British civilians, and the British diplomat John Picton Bagge, had to be evacuated from Russia very soon afterwards, traveling back to the UK via Moscow, Vladivostok, Tokyo (17 April), Toronto (7 May), and the United States. In the party with her was Dr. Thomas Marsdon, a pseudonym for Dr. Thomas Masaryk, who escaped incognito from Eastern Europe.

An account of what she had seen and experienced in the weeks following the revolution was published in the New York Times. She arrived in London on 9 July, and was received by the King and Queen a week later. She took the opportunity to call British attention to the urgent appeals for aid and assistance being made in the US by Lt.-Col. Maria Bochkareva, foundress of the Russian Women's Battalion of Death.

The years after World War I: an overview
Shortly after the end of the War, Lady Muriel returned to Russia to continue her work, and then in 1920, she directed a mission to Latvia, where she set up access to free kitchens, free medical aid and free clothing. She also inaugurated a system of travelling clinics for the benefit of those living in remote areas, and provided a new hospital at Daugavpils. During the following years, she performed similar work in Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania, at the request of Queen Marie of Romania who became a good friend. She and her team of British nurses and volunteers laid particular emphasis on teaching the local populations the importance of taking precautions to prevent the outbreak and spread of diseases, and in some cases she arranged for nurses from these countries to receive medical training in Britain.

Czechoslovakia
In February 1919, following an urgent appeal from Dr. Alice Masaryková (a.k.a. Alice G. Masaryk), chair of the Czechoslovak Red Cross and daughter of the country's first president, Dr. Thomas Masaryk, a relief mission of the British Red Cross was dispatched with the aim of supplying Czechoslovakia with hospital necessities, milk, clothing and blankets. Lady Muriel left London on the night of 18/19 February for Prague, taking with her a consignment of medical supplies. By 12 March 1919 a new Anglo-Czech Relief Fund had been set up in London under the War Charities Act of 1916, and she remained in Prague to oversee the distribution of the goods which were sent.

To ascertain conditions in Czechoslovakia, Lady Muriel traveled over 3,000 miles by car over a six-week period to investigate. She later reported that some of the problems were caused by rampant inflation (the price of clothing, she maintained, was 1,000% higher, when compared with the pre-war rates); others had arisen because during the Russian occupation there had been widespread commandeering. Cultivation was poor, the potato crop had been destroyed, and some peasants had gone to Hungary to work there for the harvest season as was usual, only to find that they were taken prisoner by the Bolsheviks, with the result that their families at home were left without support.

Displaced British subjects in the USSR
A small number of British residents in the Soviet Union were unable (for example, because of age or infirmity or poverty) – or in a few cases, unwilling – to leave Russia after the October Revolution of 1917. Since many of these were associated, in the minds of the Soviet authorities, with the employment in which they had been engaged under the Old Regime (e.g. private tutors, governesses, technical or clerical staff with British companies), their position became highly vulnerable, even though they might have married into Russian families or (in certain instances) they may have been born and brought up in Russia and spoke little or no English at all.

The British Government contributed a small amount into a fund whose purpose was to provide assistance to these expatriates in cases of particularly urgent need, and a similarly small amount had, since 1924, been allocated from Lady Paget's fund with the same intention. Soon after diplomatic relations between Britain and the USSR resumed in October 1929 (they had been broken off in May 1927), Lady Muriel decided to go to Leningrad to bring assistance. She arrived there early in 1930.

As a result of her initiatives, which included the establishment in a British Subjects in Russia Relief Organization in England, a dacha was eventually built at Detskoye Selo. This small country house was intended to serve as a retirement and convalescent home for displaced British Subjects. After some delays, the dacha opened in 1933, and was placed under the supervision of a Mrs Morley (formerly a matron at Newnham College, Cambridge). Earlier a flat in Leningrad had been obtained for a similar purpose.

Rakovsky's statement – questions in the House of Commons
In March 1938 Christian Rakovsky, a former Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom who was on trial in Moscow for treason, made a statement to the court in which he declared that he had first begun spying for Britain in 1924, and, furthermore, that he had recommenced his espionage activities in 1934 at the express request of Lady Muriel Paget. Rakovsky's statement prompted questions in the House of Commons. On 9 March 1938, Miss Ellen Wilkinson (Labour Party MP for Jarrow) claimed Lady Muriel had "been lecturing on (her) experiences as (a member) of the British Intelligence Services".

Prime Minister Chamberlain replied that Lady Muriel had "no experience in the British Intelligence Service" and stressed that her work was "thoroughly unselfish and humanitarian". Wilkinson retorted that "those who know something about her work have reason to doubt the statement just made by the Prime Minister", and Willie Gallacher (Communist Party member for Fife West) asserted that Rakovsky was telling the truth. Chamberlain reiterated that none of the British subjects' names mentioned at the trial had ever worked for British Intelligence services, and William Leach (Labour, Bradford Central) urged the Prime Minister to take steps "to protect the innocent victims of these fantastic stories". Shortly afterwards the dacha was closed.

Death
Lady Muriel Paget died of cancer in 1938, aged 61. She was buried at Cranmore, Somerset. Her home from 1901 to 1902, 10 Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, London is named Paget House after her.

References

Further reading
 Blunt, Wilfrid, Lady Muriel: Lady Muriel Paget, her Husband, and her Philanthropic Work in Central and Eastern Europe. London, Methuen & Co., 1962. .

1876 births
1938 deaths
British philanthropists
British humanitarians
British women in World War I
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Dames of Grace of the Order of St John
Daughters of British earls
Deaths from cancer in England
People from North Kesteven District
Place of death missing
Wives of baronets


Harry Ells High School in Richmond, California was a major public high school serving the community from 1955 to 1985 with a gap of 3 years (1967–70) when it served as the temporary South campus of Richmond High School.  It was named for Harry Leander Ells (1854–1943), a pioneering resident who served as Richmond's postmaster, a member of its first school board, and an assemblyman representing Contra Costa County.

History
Ells originally opened as a middle school in 1944, as Richmond grew from the influx of World War II manufacturing and shipyard workers and their families. Ells was changed to a high school in 1955 and graduated its first class in 1958.  In the Fall of 1967, it became Richmond High School South Campus while Richmond High's main campus was rebuilt and the new John F. Kennedy High School opened one mile away.  In 1970, Ells reopened as a four-year high school, but by then had lost part of its student base, its Eagle mascot and red-and-white school colors to the new Kennedy High School.  The reopened Harry Ells returned with new colors of purple and white and new mascot, the Falcon. After 15 more years as a separate high school, Ells closed forever in 1985, the result of declining enrollment and the discovery of asbestos in many of its buildings.  After the Ells campus was torn down, LoVonya Dejean Middle School was built and opened on the same site in 2001. A plaque marks the place where Ells once stood, and a section of 33rd Street has been named Harry Ells Place.

After graduating its first four-year high school class in 1958, Ells rapidly achieved prominence on several fronts. For example, its marching band was selected to play at the opening ceremonies at the 1960 Winter Olympics, held in Squaw Valley, Lake Tahoe, CA; the Ells basketball team won the prestigious iNorthern California Tournament of Champions in 1964 and placed three players on the All-Tournament Team, and debate and forensics teams excelled in regional and state competitions throughout the decade of the 1960s, earning Ells a National Award for Excellence in Speech for the years 1961–1967 from the National Forensics League.

Notable alumni

 Benny Barnes (born 1951), class of 1968 who graduated from Kennedy High School; cornerback for the Stanford University Cardinal and the Dallas Cowboys
 Kent N. Brown (born 1944), class of 1961, U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Georgia
 Charles O. Cecil, class of 1958, U.S. Ambassador to Niger and expert resource to commissions and government agencies on issues in Africa and the Middle East [U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, 2001].
 Gene Clines (born 1946), class of 1966, outfielder for four major league baseball teams.
 Dedy Cooper (born 1956), class of 1975, led Ells to the 1975 team championship at the CIF California State Meet.
 Susan Davis (born 1944), class of 1961, congresswoman representing California's 53rd District from 2001 to 2020
 Robert DeVee, class of 1959, painter
 James Dietz, (born 1946), class of 1964, painter of aviation, combat and military subjects
 Cherie (Keane) Ewing, class of 1960, actress, singer, and dancer
 Carl Franklin (born 1949), class of 1967, film and television actor, writer and director
 Bob Gaillard, class of 1958, head basketball coach at the University of San Francisco
 Shirley Ann Lopez, class of 1964 graduate, singer
 Willie McGee (born 1958), class of 1976) outfielder for four major league baseball teams and National League Most Valuable Player Award winner in 1985
 Doug McKechnie, class of 1959, a film and theater music composer and Oscar nominee and part of an Oscare winning team Doug McKechnie | Composer, Actor, Producer
 Patricia McKinley, class of 1967, presiding judge of the Bay Municipal Court (California)
 Eddie Miller (born 1957), class of 1975, outfielder for four major league baseball teams
 Eleanor (Alpert) Palk, class of 1959, judge and commissioner of the Orange County Superior Court
 Andre Patterson (born 1960), head football coach at California Polytechnic State University, defensive line coach for five National Football League teams, and co-defensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings
 Joel Peterson, class of 1965, founder of Ravenswood Winery
 Ron Theobald (1943–2016), class of 1961, secondbaseman for the Milwaukee Brewers.
 Jim Williams (born 1947) class of 1965, outfielder for the San Diego Padres
 Travis Williams (1946–1991), class of 1963, running back for Arizona State University and the Green Bay Packers
 Marilyn (Mimi) Wirth, class of 1963, painter and illustrator

See also
List of closed secondary schools in California

References

Further reading
 Emanuels, George. "California's Contra Costa County, An Illustrated History".
 "California Blue Book, 1903 and 1909 editions"
 Newcomb, Chester B. "Biography of Harry Ells", 1971
. Enos, Ben. "At Harry Ells High, Truly It Was 'We Are Family'", East Bay Times, September 6, 2007.

Defunct schools in California
Educational institutions disestablished in 1968
1955 establishments in California


Paul Vigay (24 October 1964 – 20 February 2009) was a British computer consultant, notable for work in developing and supporting RISC OS software and named as a leading expert on UFOs and crop circles.

Biography
Vigay was born on 24 October 1964 in Croydon. He attended the Horndean School in Waterlooville, passing 10 O-levels. His use of BBC B computers while there led to a lifelong interest in computing. He edited the Acorn section of the Micronet 800 on-line magazine in the late 1980s, and continued to support RISC OS users after Micronet 800 was withdrawn. He was the senior computer technician at Bohunt Community School for several years, maintaining a LAN of over 300 desktops around the school, until he worked for Argonet ISP from 1995 until 2005 when he opened Orpheus Internet to serve Argonet's previous customers and continue support for RISC OS users. He was also a skilled computer programmer, creating an anti-virus app and a lottery prediction app using statistical analysis, among others. According to BBC News, Vigay had a long interest in UFOs, hauntings and the occult and first became involved with crop circles in 1990 while developing equipment to detect electric current flow behind walls and floors. He contributed research for the 2002 film Signs.

Death
Vigay's body was found off Portsmouth beach on 20 February 2009 after being reported missing the previous evening. Police said that it remained unclear whether Vigay committed suicide or died accidentally. According to a hearing at Portsmouth Coroners Court, Vigay had split up with girlfriend Andrea Smith on the night of his death. Smith found a short note Vigay left which said "I love you," and included Vigay's telephone code and computer passwords. The British newspaper The Telegraph reported that a coroner termed his death a "mystery". He was buried at The South Downs Natural Burial Site near Petersfield.

References

External links
Vigay.com
Crop circle Research:Personal profile by Paul Vigay

RISCOS.org Website run by Vigay.
NHNE Crop Circle: Paul Vigay interview, interview from June 1998

1964 births
2009 deaths
British computer programmers
People from Waterlooville
Ufologists


The 2005 New Zealand Grand Prix was an open wheel racing car race held at Teretonga Park, near Invercargill on 16 January 2005.

It was the fiftieth New Zealand Grand Prix and was open to Formula Ford cars.

Classification

Qualifying

Race

References

External links
 New Zealand Formula Ford

New Zealand Grand Prix
Grand Prix


Sweet's Corner is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipal District of West Hants.

References
 Sweet's Corner on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Conover is a ghost town located in Winneshiek County, Iowa, United States. It appears on the Fort Atkinson quadrangle of the United States Geological Survey topographic map and has been subsumed within the U.S. Postal Service ZIP code of nearby Calmar.

History
Conover was a cow pasture until September 1864, when news arrived that the westward-growing railroad would pass through the area, at which time a village was quickly plotted from local farmland during a two-week period. Rails laid by the McGregor Western Railroad Company reached Conover, through Calmar, in August 1865, by which time the village contained more than 200 buildings, including over 32 saloons and as many produce markets.

In 1865, Cargill (now the largest privately held company in America) was first started in Conover when William Wallace Cargill left his family home in Janesville, Wisconsin, and purchased a grain flat house in Conover, Iowa. The flat house, a type of warehouse that preceded country elevators, was at the end of the McGregor & Western Railroad line. This was the first business in a long line of agriculture-based businesses that would build the huge Cargill empire.

By 1866, the village boasted 1200-1500 inhabitants, many of whom had migrated from nearby Calmar. David Noggle presented a petition for incorporation of Conover into a town, and County Judge G. R. Wellett issued the order of incorporation on 17 October 1866.  In 1867, Capt. V. C. Jacobs was elected the first (and only) mayor of Conover. Town Councilmen included Col. G. D. Pagent, Charles Sydan, and probably Capt. George Q. Gardner, but detailed town records were destroyed in a subsequent fire. The election expenses exceeded the capacity of the town treasury, and township clerk J. J. Haug took assignment of the accounts, but the expenses remained unpaid.

Growth of the railroad continued to the north and west, drawing business away from the new town of Conover, and in 1868 Calmar became the eastern terminus and junction with the main line for the I & D branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. In 1869 a branch line from Conover to Decorah was completed, and Robert Jameson became the first conductor. In the same year, the Conover terminal was transferred to Calmar, including the railroad depot, freight house, and side tracks. A large fire further damaged Conover, and many inhabitants (and buildings) moved back to Calmar. By 1870, most of the lots in Conover had returned to cropland, but the 1880 census still reported a population of 168.

Railroad cars were still checked in Conover until the yards closed in the late 1940s. Anna Becvar (née Vondersitt) was the last Conover railroad agent.

Education
Conover is within the South Winneshiek Community School District.

Notes

Ghost towns in Iowa
Geography of Winneshiek County, Iowa


Smith's Corner is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipal District of West Hants .

References
Smith's Corner on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The Michigan Department of Education (MDE) is a state agency of Michigan, in the United States. The MDE oversees public school districts in the state. The department is governed by the State Board of Education. The State Board of Education was first provided for in the Constitution of 1850 and currently exists through the provisions of Article VIII, Section 3, of the Constitution of 1963. The state board is composed of eight members  nominated by party conventions and elected at-large for terms of eight years, with two members being elected at each biennial state general election. The governor is authorized to fill vacancies on the state board and also serves as an ex officio member of the state board, without the right to vote. The superintendent of public instruction is appointed by the board for a term to be determined by the board, to serve as its chair, without the right to vote.

The department is led by the superintendent of public instruction, Michael F. Rice, who was appointed in 2019. As the principal executive officer of the Department of Education, the superintendent sits on the Governor's Cabinet, the State Administrative Board, and acts as chair and a non-voting member of the State Board of Education.  The superintendent advises the legislature on education policy and funding needs, as defined by the State Board of Education. The superintendent is responsible for the implementation of bills passed by the legislature and policies established by the State Board of Education. The superintendent is a spokesperson for education in the state. The superintendent also is the primary liaison to the United States Department of Education and other federal agencies.

Major departmental responsibilities include: educator preparation and certification; providing technical assistance to schools in the areas of education improvement and innovation, special education, grants, transportation, health and food programs; statewide student assessment; school accountability; career and technical education; early childhood learning; distribution of state school aid; and overseeing the distribution and use of federal education program funding. The department also operates the Library of Michigan and the Michigan School for the Deaf in Flint.

List of superintendents of public instruction

The following is a list of those who have served as Michigan Superintendent of Public Instruction.

References

External links
 Michigan Department of Education

Department of Education
Education
State departments of education of the United States
1850 establishments in Michigan


Upper Nine Mile River is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipal District of East Hants.

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The Alternate Blues is a 1980 album featuring the trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, and Freddie Hubbard, supported by a quartet led by Oscar Peterson. It was recorded at Group IV Studios, Los Angeles on March 10, 1980. With one exception, the tracks were previously unissued recordings from The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4.

Track listing
 "Alternate Blues": Alternate One – 5:33
 "Alternate Blues": Alternate Two – 8:04
 "Alternate Blues": Alternate Three – 9:05
 "Alternate Blues": Alternate Four – 9:36
 "Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams (And Dream Your Troubles Away)" (Harry Barris, Ted Koehler, Billy Moll) – 8:55
 Ballad Medley: "Here's That Rainy Day"/"The Gypsy"/"If I Should Lose You" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke)/(Billy Reid)/(Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) – 7:37

Personnel
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Dizzy Gillespie - trumpet
 Clark Terry – trumpet, flugelhorn
 Freddie Hubbard - trumpet, flugelhorn
 Joe Pass – guitar
 Ray Brown – bass
 Bobby Durham – drums

Source:

References

1980 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Freddie Hubbard albums
Clark Terry albums
Dizzy Gillespie albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Pablo Records albums


Thomas Benedict Cotter (September 30, 1866 – November 22, 1906) was a Major League Baseball catcher who played for one season. He played for the Boston Reds in six games in 1891, helping lead the Reds to the American Association title.

External links

19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball catchers
Boston Reds (AA) players
1866 births
1906 deaths
Sportspeople from Waltham, Massachusetts
Baseball players from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Brockton Shoemakers players


Sida acuta, the common wireweed, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae.  It is believed to have originated in Central America, but today has a pantropical distribution and is considered a weed in some areas.

In northern Australia, Sida acuta is considered an invasive species, and the beetle Calligrapha pantherina has been introduced as a biological control agent in an attempt to control the plant.

Description

Plant
Undershrub, with mucilaginous juice, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, green.

Leaves
Alternate, simple, lanceolate to linear, rarely ovate to oblong, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, coarsely and remotely serrate; petiole much shorter than the blade; stipulate, stipules free-lateral, unequally paired at the node, reticulate venation.

Inflorescence
Cymose

Flower
Small, axillary, 2–3 in a cluster; pedicels jointed at the middle, epicalyx absent, complete, bisexual, regular, actinomorphic, hypogynus, pentamerous, yellow.

Calyx
Sepals: five, gamosepalous, campanulate, slightly accrescent, persistent, valvate.

Corolla
Petals: five, polypetalous but slightly connate below and jointed with the staminal column, twisted.

Androecium
Stamens many, monadelphous, arranged  on the staminal column; staminal column is shorter than the petals, divided above into numerous filaments, anthers monothecous, reniform, basifixed, filament short, extrorse. Pollen are spherical with spikes, size is approximately 90 microns.

Gynoecium
Carples: five, syncarpous, ovary superior, penta or multilocular with axile placentation, one ovule in each locule; style 1, passing through the staminal tube; stigma globular, correspond to the number of carpels.

Fruit
A schizocarpic mericarp, seed 1 in each mericarp.

Classification and identification (Bentham and Hooker's system)

Class: Dicotyledonae
I) Reticulate venation.

II) Flower pentamerous.

Sub-class: Polypetalae
I) Petals free.

Series: Thalamiflorae
I) Flower hypogynus; ovary superior.

Order: Malvales
I) Stamens indefinite, monadelphous.

II) Ovary 5 carpellary, placentation axile.

Family: Malvaceae
I) Plant: mucilaginous.

II) Leaves: simple with free lateral stipule.

III) Flower: bisexual, petals: five, twisted; monadelphous stamen, anther one-celled, reniform.

Genus: Sida
I) Staminal column without teeth at apex.

II) Flowers without epicalyx.

III) Ovule 1 in each locule; seed 1 in each mericarp.

Species: S.acuta
I) Leaf base obtuse, apex acute.

Floral formula of Sida acuta
Br,+,K⁵,C⁵^,A_,G(⁵)

Names

Vernacular name

 Sanskrit:
 Bengali:  (in Tripura)
 Hindi:
 Odia (Oriya):
 Gujrati:
 Marathi:
 Malayalam:
 Tamil:
 Telugu:
 Kannada:
 Sinhala:
 Burmese:
 Yoruba:

References

Flora of Southern America
Flora of Central America
Flora of Asia
Flora naturalised in Australia
Plants described in 1768
acuta
Pantropical flora
Taxa named by Nicolaas Laurens Burman
 Constantly blooming plants


Stanley Bryan Ashbrook (October 10, 1882 – January 23, 1958), of Kentucky, was a distinguished American philatelist who was known for his extensive studies of early United States stamps and postal history.  He was usually known as Stanley B. Ashbrook.

Collecting interests
Ashbrook was primarily interested in classic United States stamps and postal history in the form of stamped covers.

Philatelic activity
Ashbrook is most known for his famous two-volume book entitled The United States One Cent Stamp of 1851-57 which was published in 1938.  His research of early American postage stamps led him to author the book The United States Ten Cent Stamp of 1855-57 in 1936 for which he received the Crawford Medal in 1937.

Ashbrook published the "Ashbrook Special Service" as a private subscriber series and also contributed to another subscriber series entitled "Bulletins of the Research Group."

Honors and awards
Stanley Ashbrook received numerous honors and awards for his philatelic research and subsequent publications. These include, the first-issued  Luff Award, the Crawford Medal, and signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1950. He is currently listed in the APS Hall of Fame.

Legacy
His philatelic estate, which included classic American postage stamps, postal history, unpublished notes, and other material was sold in 1958 at auction by the firm of H. R. Harmer.

See also
 Philatelic literature

References and sources
References

Sources
 Stanley Bryan Ashbrook

1882 births
1958 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
People from Kentucky
Signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
American Philatelic Society


Aberra Kassa (1905 – 21 December 1936) was an army commander and a member of the Royal family of the Ethiopian Empire.

Biography
Leul Dejazmach ("Prince of the Cadet line") Aberra Kassa was the second son of Ras ("Duke") Kassa Haile Darge. Kassa Haile Darge was a loyal ally of Negus Tafari Makonnen, who ultimately was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Leul Dejazmach Aberra Kassa was married to Woizero Kebbedech Seyum, the daughter of Leul Ras Seyum Mangasha.

During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Aberra Kassa fought for his father. At the Second Battle of Tembien, the armies of his father and Seyum Mangasha were defeated in battle and bombed out of existence as they withdrew.

During the early days of the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Aberra Kassa was part of the armed Ethiopian resistance. Following the flight of Emperor Haile Selassie, the sons of Ras Kassa became the royal focus of the resistance. Late in July 1936, he took part in the ill-fated attack on Addis Ababa along with his brothers, Wondosson Kassa and Asfawossen Kassa.  After the failure of that attack, he and Asfawossen Kassa fled together to avoid capture.

On 21 December 1936, Aberra Kassa and Asfawossen Kassa surrendered. They had been assured by Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot that they would not be harmed. Hailu Tekle Haymanot was speaking on behalf of the Italian Viceroy and Governor-General of Ethiopia, Rodolfo Graziani. Hailu Tekle Haymanot was the father-in-law of Asfawossen. Aberra Kassa was also given assurances by his own father-in-law, Seyum Mangasha. However, once in captivity, the bodyguards of the brothers were disarmed and they were executed by the Italians as rebels in the market square in Fikke.

Upon hearing of the murder of her husband, Aberra Kassa's widow Kebbedech Seyum rose from her childbed and led the remnants of her husband's forces in battle. After clashing with Italian forces fourteen times, the young widow and her small children crossed over the border into the Sudan with what was left of her husband's forces. Following the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, Woizero Kebbedech Seyum was given the rank of Woizero-hoy and recognized as among the foremost resistance leaders of the occupation in her own right.

See also
 Monarchies of Ethiopia
 Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles

References and notes

Sources

Ethiopian nobility
Ethiopian Royal Family
Ethiopian princes
Ethiopian military personnel
1905 births
1936 deaths
Date of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Executed Ethiopian people
Executed military personnel
20th-century executions by Italy


UltraClash was a professional wrestling supercard event produced by Eastern/Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). The event took place in 1993 and 1998 from the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Dates, venues and main events

References

Recurring events established in 1993
Recurring events disestablished in 1998


"Break Up" is the first single from Mario's fourth studio album D.N.A.. It features and was co-written by Gucci Mane and Sean Garrett with production and additional writing from Shondrae "Bangladesh" Crawford. The single was first premiered on the radio station V-103 at  March 30, 2009 with Greg Street.

Background and composition

According to Mario, "it's a little bit of everything on this record. That's why I love it. Sean is like a brother to me. He knows me. So, when he did this record, he was definitely thinking about me. It’s a club record and every man has experienced this situation before. It's like why would you want to break up with me when you gon' get the same thing with the next man. But, he ain't gon do it as fly as I can. I can't wait to perform it. It's going to be a movie. Look for the movie! We're not calling this a single or a video, we're calling it a movie."

The song, mixed by Fabian, was composed using a loop from Image-Line's FL Studio software named "flute riff". The drums are simplistic and resemble Bangladesh's previous productions such as Beyoncé's "Diva" and Lil Wayne's "A Milli". Some vocals in the chorus sample Surf Club's "I Can't Miss".

Critical reception
Burmy from DjBooth.net speaks that "While Gucci Mane's guest verse (no, this is not some late April Fools' joke) might seem unnecessary to some, Sean Garrett's writing and background vocals, together with Bangladesh's repetitive, percussion-heavy beat (similar to his work on A Milli and Diva) add up to what could be one of the most widely-spun singles of spring/summer '09!".

Other versions
Various unofficial remixes were made with Mario, Gucci Mane and Sean Garrett still included: one with Bow Wow, another with Nicki Minaj and the last featuring Rick Ross and Young Breed.

American rapper Tyga made a freestyle of the song. R&B singer Trey Songz released a version called "Wake Up" with changed lyrics.
Lil Wayne also did a remix on his No Ceilings mixtape.

Music video
The music video for "Break Up" was shot in the second week of June 2009, as Sean Garrett stated, most of the video was filmed in a new complex, which boasted top-of-the-line architecture, was on the harbor, and had a view of the city of Baltimore with director Chris Robinson. The scenes shot in the bedroom were in Mario's bedroom; he stated he felt a little feeling of invasion of privacy because he is not used to being with a girl in bed while having cameras around. Audra Simmons of RichGirl plays the role of Mario's girlfriend who wants to break up with him. In the video it is shown that they argue and he is not a trustworthy boyfriend, as he is seen flirting with another girl in a club. He still tries to look for her, however, remarking in the song that although he cheats he loves her. Brave (Christina Williams), from RichGirl, also makes a short appearance in which she and Audra are shown catching Mario in the act with another girl. In Sean Garrett's part, model Rosa Acosta makes an appearance. In May, Mario stated that the video was coming soon. On July 2, Mario announced on his Twitter that he would be on 106 & Park to premiere the music video, although the video did not premiered and was set to premier on the following week. On July 7, was announced on his website that the music video premiered on 9 of July exclusively on WorldStarHipHop.

The song quickly rose on BET video countdown show 106 & Park it debuted at number 10, moving to number 7. On July 22 the video moved up to number 3 on the countdown. By the end of the week, the video went to number 1 on the countdown. Due its success, it was placed at number 7 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown.

Chart performance
Mario asked to all his fans to request "Break Up". He said that he needed 2000 more spins before going for ads in three weeks.

The song first appeared on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart at number 11, peaking at 10 the following week. It later entered on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, peaking at number 2. Initially, the song charted on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 17. On the chart week of July 4, 2009, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 98 and peaked at number 14, becoming the highest-charting single to date for Sean Garrett. It has also become Mario's third highest-charting single in the US after "Let Me Love You" and "Just a Friend 2002". It got the position of number 7 on BET's Notarized.

Credits and personnel
Songwriting – Radric Davis, Sean Garrett, Shondrae Crawford
Production – Shondrae "Mr. Bangladesh" Crawford, Sean "The Pen" Garrett
Vocal production – Sean Garrett
Recording – Miles Walker, assisted by D.P. Samuels, Kory Aaron
Mixing – Fabian Marasciullo, assisted by Edward Lidow
Featuring vocals – Gucci Mane, Sean Garrett

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2009 singles
2009 songs
Mario (singer) songs
Gucci Mane songs
Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)
Song recordings produced by Bangladesh (record producer)
Songs written by Sean Garrett
Songs written by Gucci Mane
Songs written by Bangladesh (record producer)


When I Close My Eyes can refer to:

 "When I Close My Eyes" (Keith Palmer song), 1991, also covered by Larry Stewart (1993) and Kenny Chesney (1996)
 "When I Close My Eyes" (Shanice song), 1999
 "When I Close My Eyes", a 2012 song by Uncle Kracker from Midnight Special
 When I Close My Eyes (1995 film) or Love Letter, a Japanese film
 When I Close My Eyes (1993 film), a Slovenian film


"The Chair" is a song written by Hank Cochran and Dean Dillon and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in August 1985 as the first single from Strait’s album Something Special. The song reached number one on the country music charts in both the United States and Canada in 1985. The song was named by CMT as one of the Top 100 country songs of all time, posting at number 24 on that list.  Something that sets "The Chair" apart for most other songs of any style - it has no refrain or chorus. Only the basic melody repeats throughout the song.

Background and writing
"The Chair" came at the end of a night-long songwriting binge by country music songwriters, Hank Cochran and Dean Dillon. The two had been writing songs all night long and as Dillon puts it, "were about written out" - when he strummed his guitar and sang the line "Excuse me but I think you've got my chair." Twenty minutes later, "The Chair" was complete.

Content
The lyrics represent a conversation between a man and a woman at a dance club, but only the man's side of the conversation is revealed.  At the beginning he says, "Well excuse me, but I think you've got my chair."  Over the course of the conversation, the talk grows more intimate, until the woman agrees to let the man drive her home.  At the end he says, "Oh I like you too, and to tell you the truth, that wasn't my chair after all."

Critical reception
"The Chair" is widely considered one of Strait's greatest songs. Billboard and American Songwriter ranked the song number one and number three, respectively, on their lists of the 10 greatest George Strait songs.

Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying that "there isn't a hat act out there who could measure up to Strait’s delivery of this song." He goes on by saying that "the song remains fresh and interesting even after you know the twist at the end" and that is the "hallmark of a great storyteller."

Music video
The music video was George Strait's second music video, and it was directed by Marc Ball.

Chart positions

Certifications

References

External links
Allmusic
CMT

1985 songs
1985 singles
George Strait songs
Songs written by Hank Cochran
Songs written by Dean Dillon
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles


The Survival Handbook: A Practical Guide to Woodcraft and Woodlore is a book written by author, television presenter and outdoorsman Ray Mears. It was first published on 1 March 1990 by The Oxford Illustrated Press and then re-printed by The Promotional Reprint Co Ltd in 1994. It is a guidebook to outdoor life, survival and camping.  The difference between the two versions being that the colour photographs were printed on glossy paper in the First Edition.  It contains sections on the basics of outdoor skill, making fire by friction, obtaining food, and working with stone, flint and bone as well as working animal hide.

See also
 Survival kit
 Survivalism

Notes

External links
 Ray Mears' official web site
 Ray Mears on MySpace

Books by Ray Mears
Survival manuals
1990 non-fiction books


Preacher's Kid is a 2010 American Christian drama film directed by Stan Foster, loosely based on the Parable of the Prodigal Son. Original songs and score are composed by recording artist and music producer Tim Miner. The film was written and directed by Stan Foster, and stars LeToya Luckett, Durrell "Tank" Babbs, Clifton Powell, Gregory Alan Williams, Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly, Kiki Sheard, Sharif Atkins, Tammy Townsend, and Essence Atkins. The film was released to theaters on January 29, 2010 by Warner Premiere.

Plot

Small-town preacher's kid Angie King leaves the church and her Augusta, GA home to pursue a dream of singing stardom. Luckett plays Angie, the daughter of a stern but loving bishop, whose attraction to the hunky star (Tank) of a traveling gospel show takes her on the road...and into romance, heartbreak and the realization that happiness may lie in the home she left behind.

Cast
LeToya Luckett as Angie
Durrell "Tank" Babbs as Devlin Mitchell
Tammy Townsend  as Desiree
Carlos Davis as Biscuit
Trey Songz as Monty
Clifton Powell as Ike
Ella Joyce as Sister Watkins
Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly as Marcia
Dawnn Lewis as Mya
Sharif Atkins as Wynton
Kierra Sheard as Litha
Gregory Alan Williams as Bishop King
Essence Atkins as Peaches

Release
Preacher's Kid was released to 109 theaters on January 29, 2010. Gen8X committed to donate the film's opening day net proceeds to humanitarian aid for 2010 Haiti earthquake relief through charities such as Smile of a Child, Friend Ships, and Samaritan's Purse. In its opening weekend, it grossed $190,638, which equals $1,749 per theater. The film has accumulated $515,065 to date.

Reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews from film critics. Michael Dequina of The Movie Report said, "Foster's film confirms the unique, undeniable power this genre can achieve on both stage and film..." John Anderson of Variety gave the film a mixed review, saying, "Stan Foster, making his directorial debut, has reared a 'Preacher's Kid' that's largely wooden, unlikely in many spots and, despite the few hard-edges of his script, could have used a tougher sensibility. The results are a movie that doesn't quite know what it wants to be. But, overall it was a good movie."

See also
List of black films of the 2010s

References

External links
 Official website

Films about evangelicalism
American independent films
2010 films
American drama films
Warner Bros. films
Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


Tipperary Natural Mineral Water is an Irish brand of mineral water coming from a source at Annerville, Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland. Tipperary Water is part of C&C Group, an Irish-owned multinational company.

History
Tipperary Natural Mineral Water Company was founded in 1986 by Nicholas and Patrick Cooney.  The water is pumped from a depth of 100 metres.  In 1987, Tipperary Natural Mineral Water was the first Irish bottled water to qualify for the European Union's Natural Mineral Water status.  In 2012, C&C Group acquired Gleeson Group for €12.4m. In 2016, seeking to cut costs C&C closed the water-bottling plant in Borrisoleigh which employed 140 staff. Production was moved to Clonmel County Tipperary.

In 2019 the former Borrisoleigh water-bottling plant was sold to Oscar Wilde Water, a company owned by entrepreneur John Hegarty.

References

External links
 Official website

Irish drinks
Drink companies of the Republic of Ireland
Bottled water brands
Products introduced in 1986
1986 establishments in Ireland
Mineral water


Veroljub "Verko" Stevanović (, born 17 September 1946, Kragujevac, FPR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian politician who served as the mayor of Kragujevac from 1996 to 2000 and again from 2004 to 2014.

Biography
Stevanović graduated from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kragujevac in City of Kragujevac. His political career began in 1993, when he won his first seat in the Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, as a Member of the Serbian Renewal Movement. In 2006, he was Vice President of the Serbian Renewal Movement. In the interim Government of the Republic of Serbia 2000 he was co- minister of industry. In 1996, he became the first democratic Mayor of the City of Kragujevac.

In the first direct elections for mayor, held in 2004, he was re-elected Mayor for the City of Kragujevac.  He is one of the founders of the regional party, Together for Kragujevac in Kragujevac, which won the local elections in 2008. He was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia for the first time as member of Serbian Renewal Movement. After leaving SPO, he was elected to the National Assembly of Serbia several times on various lists: DSS–NS list (2007), For a European Serbia (2008), United Regions of Serbia (2012) and For Just Serbia (2016). Now, he is a councilor of City Assembly of Kragujevac,
as a member of Healthy Serbia.

See also

 City of Kragujevac
 List of mayors of Kragujevac

References

External links
City of Kragujevac
Together for Kragujevac
Together for Šumadija

Gallery

1946 births
Living people
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
University of Kragujevac alumni
Mayors of Kragujevac
Members of the National Assembly (Serbia)
Together for Šumadija politicians
Healthy Serbia politicians


Asfawossen Kassa (1913 – 21 December 1936) was an army commander and a member of the royal family of the Ethiopian Empire.

Biography
Prince (Leul) Asfawossen Kassa was the third son of Duke (Ras) Kassa Haile Darge.  Kassa Haile Darge was a loyal ally of Negus Tafari Makonnen, who ultimately was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia.

During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Asfawossen Kassa fought for his father. At the Second Battle of Tembien, the armies of his father and Ras Seyum Mangasha were defeated in battle and bombed out of existence as they withdrew.

During the early days of the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Asfawossen Kassa was part of the armed Ethiopian resistance.  Late in July 1936, he took part in the ill-fated attack on Addis Ababa along with his brothers, Wondosson Kassa and Aberra Kassa.  After the failure of that attack, he and Aberra Kassa fled together to avoid capture.

On 21 December 1936, Asfawossen Kassa and Aberra Kassa surrendered.  They had been assured by Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot that they would not be harmed.  Hailu Tekle Haymanot was speaking on behalf of the Italian Viceroy and Governor-General of Ethiopia, Rodolfo Graziani.  However, once in captivity, the bodyguards of the brothers were disarmed and they were executed by the Italians as rebels in the market square in Fikke.

See also
 Monarchies of Ethiopia
 Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles

References and notes

Sources

Ethiopian nobility
Ethiopian Royal Family
Ethiopian princes
Ethiopian military personnel
1913 births
1936 deaths
Executed Ethiopian people
Executed military personnel
20th-century executions by Italy


David Bourke (born 9 January 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 85 games for the Richmond Football Club, kicking 18 goals and one game player, kicking 1 goal for the Kangaroos. He is the son of Richmond champion Francis Bourke and grandson of 1940s Richmond player Frank Bourke, the only three generation family at the club in VFL/AFL history. David was Selected by  in the 1994 AFL Draft via the Father-son rule. His career suffered from an inability to bulk up to a heavier weight, and he was frustratingly inconsistent. David inherited his father's fanatical desire to win the ball; however, his body was not built to take the punishment that this approach entailed. After 85 games in seven seasons, David Bourke was traded to the Kangaroos for the 2002 season, but only managed one game in blue and white.

In 2008 the Tigers centenary year David was nominated for "Mark of the Century" in which he took a massive hanger, against  at the MCG in the 1996 season.

References

1976 births
Living people
Richmond Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club players
Sandringham Dragons players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)


WGDQ (93.1 FM, "WGDQ") is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Sumrall, Mississippi, United States, and serving the Laurel-Hattiesburg area. The station broadcasts an urban gospel format. Its transmitter is located in Rawls Springs, Mississippi.

References

External links

GDQ
Urban oldies radio stations in the United States


Francis Patrick Quinlan (March 9, 1869 – May 4, 1904) was a Major League Baseball player who played for one season. He played two games for the Boston Reds for two games on October 5, 1891 during the Reds' American Association championship. During the doubleheader, he played one game as a catcher and another game as a left fielder.

External links

1869 births
1904 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball left fielders
Baseball players from Massachusetts
Boston Reds (AA) players
19th-century baseball players
Pawtucket (minor league baseball) players
Haverhill (minor league baseball) players
Lewiston (minor league baseball) players
Cambridge Orphans players
Lowell Orphans players


"A Dose of Rock 'n' Roll" is a song written by Carl Groszman, who at the time was signed to Ringo Starr's record label, Ring O' Records. Starr released his own recording of the song on his 1976 album Ringo's Rotogravure. Also issued as the album's lead single, it became his first hit as an Atlantic Records artist.

Released on 20 September 1976 in advance of the album in the US, the single spent nine weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was released in the UK on 15 October but failed to chart there.

Record World said that it "marks a return to the goodtime, sing-along style" and that "Peter Frampton adds some spicy guitar licks."

Personnel

References
 Footnotes

 Citations

External links
Allmusic.com

1976 singles
Ringo Starr songs
Songs written by Carl Groszman
Year of song missing
1976 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Polydor Records singles


Robert Riu Andrews (born November 30, 1971), popularly known as Bobby Andrews, is a Filipino actor, TV host and former matinee idol. Starting out as a commercial model, he rose to fame when he teamed up with Angelu de Leon in the famous teen-oriented television show T.G.I.S. and its sequel Growing Up.

Acting career

In 2009, Andrews appeared in the Philippine remake series of Zorro aired on GMA Network. He was part of the installment of Sine Novela called Kaya Kong Abutin ang Langit with Iza Calzado, Wendell Ramos and Angelika dela Cruz.

In 2010, he went back to ABS-CBN to become part of the Precious Hearts Romances Presents of Martha Cecila's Impostor. He was also seen in the hit primetime remake of Emil Cruz Jr.'s Mara Clara.

Television success
In the 1990s, Andrews gained fame with the hit GMA-7 and Viva television show T.G.I.S., a teen-and-youth-oriented show which pioneered teen television dramas in the Philippines. In 1997, he did the hit soap Ikaw Na Sana and ended with a movie with his co-star and then-screen partner Angelu de Leon.

In 1998, he became part of GMA soaps such as Ganyan Kita Kamahal and Halik sa Apoy. In 2002, he was part of the melodramatic soap Sana ay Ikaw na Nga. In 2004, he came to ABS-CBN to star in the now-defunct hit memorable first fantasy television drama Marina.

In 2005, he became part of GMA-7's first fantasy series Encantadia The First Season and 2006's Agawin Mo Man ang Lahat. In 2007, he came back to primetime as Ronald Santilian in the primetime series Walang Kapalit and 2008's, Lobo as a supporting role. In 2009, he was part of the Sine Novela afternoon soap Kaya Kong Abutin ang Langit. In 2010, he was in the afternoon hit soap Martha Cecila's Impostor which topped the afternoon line up and was mostly seen daily on the primetime remake of Emil Cruz Jr.'s Mara Clara as Amanthe Del Valle.

Political career
Andrews entered into politics when he filed his candidacy for councilor in Quezon City's 4th district for the May 2022 polls under Lakas–CMD. He was included in the Malayang Quezon City coalition of Anakalusugan partylist representative Mike Defensor.

However, he failed to win a seat in the city council when he got the 8th place in the official count.

In 2023, Andrews filed his candidacy for the October 2023 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections for Barangay Captain in Quezon City's 4th district, Barangay Sacred Heart. Andrews lost once again after placing 2nd, losing to incumbent candidate, Camille Malig David.

Filmography

Film

Television

Personal life
Andrews is married to a Chinese woman named Bienne Co. They have two children.

References

External links

Filipino male film actors
Living people
1971 births
GMA Network personalities
ABS-CBN personalities
TV5 (Philippine TV network) personalities
Viva Artists Agency
American male actors of Filipino descent
Filipino people of American descent
Filipino male comedians
Lakas–CMD politicians
Filipino male television actors
Actors from Makati
Male actors from Metro Manila
Comedians from Makati


Brett Alan Blizzard (born June 12, 1980) is an American-Italian basketball player. Originally of American nationality, Blizzard opted to acquire dual citizenship in Italy while playing overseas. He became eligible to play on Italy's national team because of a distant Italian relative. Including Virtus Bologna, Blizzard has played for seven professional teams in his career. He also owns and operates The American Basketball Experience, which brings European youth basketball players to America to train and experience American culture.

Early life
Brett Blizzard was born in Tallahassee, Florida. He attended Florida State University School (colloquially "Florida High School") from 1995 to 1999. As a standout on the basketball team, Brett earned a full-ride scholarship to attend the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) to play for the UNCW Seahawks in the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA). Blizzard finished his career at Florida High as All-Time leading scorer.

UNC Wilmington (1999–2003)
Brett Blizzard entered UNCW in August 1999 as a relative unknown in college basketball, but by his graduation he had become a national media darling for his performances in the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships.

Freshman season
Blizzard started all 31 games as a true freshman in 1999–2000. In fact, he would go on to start every single game of his collegiate career. During his first season, Brett led the team in scoring by sinking 483 points (15.6 ppg). He made 94 three-pointers out of 201 attempts, which earned him the Ed Steitz Award by the Basketball Hall of Fame as the top three-point shooting freshman in the nation. Brett complemented his scoring ability with 76 assists and 62 steals. The Seahawks finished the regular season in fourth place with an 8–8 conference record, but Blizzard solidified his selection as an All-CAA First Team selection by leading UNCW to win the CAA Tournament championship. They defeated Richmond 57–47, with Brett taking home his first of an unprecedented three Tournament MVP awards. In the first round of the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, the #15-seeded Seahawks faced #2 Cincinnati, but lost 47–64 in their first ever tournament berth. Blizzard also won the CAA Rookie of the Year award.

Sophomore season
Brett's sophomore campaign (2000–01) was the least personally successful year of his tenure. In 30 games, Blizzard scored fewer points (415), had fewer steals (48) and made fewer three-pointers than the previous season. Despite the production dropoff, the Seahawks finished the regular season with an 11–5 conference record, good for second place. UNCW lost the conference tournament championship game, however, to George Mason, and were thus relegated to play in the 2001 NIT tournament. They would go on to lose the opening round game versus Dayton, 59–68. Blizzard earned his second consecutive All-CAA First Team selection.

Junior season
In 2001-02, Brett Blizzard led the Seahawks into the NCAA tournament after winning both the Colonial Athletic Association regular season and tournament titles. The Seahawks finished 14–4 in conference play and went on to defeat Virginia Commonwealth University, 66–51, in the conference tournament to earn an automatic March Madness berth. UNCW caught national attention when their #13-seeded Seahawks upset #4 USC in overtime, 93–89, to win their first ever NCAA Tournament game.

Brett scored a team-high 18 points in the contest. Due to his fearless guard play and unique last name, the national media thrust Blizzard into the spotlight and sports commentators would frequently reference him throughout the rest of the tournament. UNCW would lose their next game, however, by a score of 67–76 to Indiana.

He earned his third consecutive All-CAA First Team award and second CAA All-Tournament Team and MVP awards.

Senior season
By scoring 655 points (109 three-pointers) and eclipsing the 2,000 career point milestone, Blizzard once again led UNCW to the CAA regular season and tournament titles. The Seahawks produced a 15–3 conference record and then defeated Drexel, 70–62, in the CAA Tournament Championship game. Along the way he earned his fourth All-CAA First Team bid and third CAA Tournament MVP award, neither of which had ever been done before (and, to this day, still have not). UNCW entered the 2003 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament as an #11 seed. They lost their first round match-up against #6-seeded Maryland. Aaron Coombs sank two free throws with five seconds remaining, giving the Seahawks a 73–72 lead and placing them in a position to pull off a tournament surprise for the second year in a row. Instead, Maryland won the game 75–73 by hitting a buzzer beating three-point shot.

Brett Blizzard finished his career with the University of North Carolina Wilmington as the holder of 32 school records and sharer of five others. Among them, he finished as the school's all-time leader in scoring for both single season and career (655 and 2,144), steals for both single season and career (70 and 241), and games started/played (both 125). On February 2, 2005, Blizzard became one of only three Seahawk players ever to have his jersey retired.

Professional career

Aurora Basket Jesi
In 2003–04, Blizzard got loaned to Sicc BPA Jesi (later renamed Aurora Basket Jesi) from Montepaschi Siena. For the season, he started 41 games and averaged 12.9 points, 2.4 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.

Following a successful rookie campaign, Blizzard tried to make an NBA roster by participating in two July 2004 NBA Summer Leagues while playing for the Phoenix Suns — the Reebok Rocky Mountain Revue in Salt Lake City, Utah and the Reebok Vegas Summer League in Las Vegas, Nevada. No teams signed him and he went back to Italy.

Bennet Cantu Basketball
With Cantu; Blizzard averaged 12 points per game in the ULEB, (Union of European Leagues of Basketball),Cup.

Reggio Emilia Basketball
Blizzard moved to Reggio Emilia where he averaged 13 points

Virtus Bologna Basketball
In his first year, he was a starter and helped lead Virtus to the championship game against Siena. During the four years at Bologna; Blizzard played in 3 Italian Cup Finals, a Championship Final, a FIBA Cup Final, and captured a FIBA Cup Championship. Blizzard ended his relationship with Bologna in 2010 due to non payment from the club.

References

1980 births
Living people
American emigrants to Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
American people of Italian descent
Andrea Costa Imola players
Basketball players from Florida
Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna players
Italian men's basketball players
Pallacanestro Cantù players
Pallacanestro Reggiana players
Shooting guards
Basketball players from Tallahassee, Florida
UNC Wilmington Seahawks men's basketball players
Veroli Basket players
Virtus Bologna players
Derthona Basket players
Naturalised citizens of Italy
Naturalised basketball players


Local elections were held in Turkey on 29 March 2009. The overall winner was the ruling party Justice and Development Party, although the party saw a decline in its vote relative to the 2007 general election. The leading opposition party, the social democratic Kemalist CHP, increased its vote share, as did a number of smaller parties including the SP, DTP and BBP, whose party leader Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu had died in a helicopter crash four days before the election. The third largest party, the Turkish nationalist MHP, enjoyed a more modest vote surge. The election was not contested by Cem Uzan's GP. The AKP failed to take certain provinces it had publicly targeted, such as Diyarbakır, İzmir and Urfa, and did not achieve its goal of exceeding 47% of the overall vote.
There was localized election-related fighting in southeastern Turkey, in which five people were reported to have been killed and about a hundred injured.

Results

Provincial assemblies

By province
Metropolitan provinces are in bold. AKP denotes provinces won by the Justice & Development Party, CHP denotes provinces won by the Republican People's Party, MHP denotes provinces won by the Nationalist Movement Party, DTP denotes provinces won by the Democratic Society Party, BBP denotes provinces won by the Great Union Party, DSP denotes provinces won by the Democratic Left Party and DP denotes provinces won by the Democrat Party.

District elections
Elections were also held for district mayors (ilçe başkanı) as well as neighbourhood presidents (muhtar).

References

Local elections in Turkey
Local


WJMG (92.1 FM, "G 92.1") is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and serving the Laurel-Hattiesburg area. The station airs an urban contemporary format.

It, along with sister station WORV, are owned by Vernon C. Floyd of Hattiesburg.  A licensed broadcast engineer, he did much of the work himself in the construction of the two stations' facility located in North Hattiesburg.

External links

JMG
Urban contemporary radio stations in the United States


"If I Know Me" is a song written by Pam Belford and Dean Dillon, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in March 1991 as the first single to his album Chill of an Early Fall. It peaked at number 1 on both the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

Content
The narrator has just left his lover, but he knows that if he knew himself, then he'd turn his car around, and not get out of town, and come running back to her.

Music video
The music video was directed by Bill Young and filmed at Victoria's Black Swan Inn in San Antonio.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

1991 singles
George Strait songs
Songs written by Dean Dillon
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles
1991 songs