Steve Strongman is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer and songwriter.  He has released several full length blues albums, Honey, Blues in Colour, Live at the Barn A Natural Fact,  Let Me Prove it to You and No Time Like Now.

Career

Strongman originally from Kitchener, Ontario started playing guitar at age 16. He studied under blues veteran Mel Brown, later playing country, rock, and pop. He has performed with Canadian musicians Roy Clark, Jeff Healey, and Tal Bachman. He subsequently formed Plasticine with co-frontman Rob Szabo. Their video "No One" received extensive play on Much Music. They released two albums, 1999's self-titled CD and 2001's Public Address System. They appeared on national television on Open Mike with Mike Bullard, but folded shortly after when their label collapsed. Following the band's demise, Strongman opted to be the lead guitar player for Kazzer, giving him the opportunity to tour in the United States and Europe.

Strongman relocated to Hamilton, Ontario in 2007 releasing Honey, his first blues album.  The album, consisted of eleven tracks including nine originals, earned good reviews and earned him a Maple Blues Award nomination as well as four nominations at the 2007 Hamilton Music Awards. He toured with his band playing blues clubs across the country, with stops at the Montreal Jazz Festival, the Ottawa Blues Festival and the Tremblant International Blues Festival. He opened for Buddy Guy in Hamilton in 2008. He also supported well-known slide guitar player Sonny Landreth on his only Canadian date in Toronto, Ontario.

Awards and recognitions
 2019 International Blues Challenge Winner, Best Guitarist, Solo/Duo
 2018 Juno Award Nominee, Blues Recording of the Year, No Time Like Now
 2015 Juno Award Nominee, Blues Recording of the Year, Let Me Prove It To You
 2013 Juno Award Winner, Blues Recording of the Year, A Natural Fact
 2012 Maple Blues Award, Recording of the Year, A Natural Fact
 2012 Maple Blues Award, Songwriter of the Year
 2012 Maple Blues Award, Guitarist of the Year
 2011 Maple Blues Award, Guitarist of the Year
 2009 Mel Brown Blues Award
 2009 Hamilton Music Award, Blues Album of the Year, Blues in Colour

Discography
 2019 Tired of Talkin'
 2017 No Time Like Now
 2014 Let me Prove It Too You
 2012 A Natural Fact
 2010 Live at the Barn
 2009 Blues in Colour
 2007 Honey

Audio visual
 2010 Live at the Barn

References

External links
Steve Strongman Website
Facebook – Steve Strongman Music

Living people
Canadian blues guitarists
Male guitarists
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Kitchener, Ontario
Juno Award for Blues Album of the Year winners
Year of birth missing (living people)


Gonzalo Fernández was Count of Burgos (ca. 899-915) and of Castile (c. 909-915).

Count of Burgos, supporter of monasteries
Recorded for the first time in 899 as Count of Burgos, soon the region expanded to the eastern mountain valleys enabling Gonzalo to make his fort base in Lara, thus stretching his rule from the foot of the Cantabrian Mountains around Espinosa de los Monteros to the river Arlanza, which therefore became the border with the neighbouring Muslim territories. In order to stretch his territory this far, he first had to displace the Muslim forces based at the stronghold of Carazo that dominated the area and access. This was achieved after a long and well contested struggle.

The valley of Lara was then the rallying point of the family that - years later - achieved through his son, Fernán González the quasi-independence of Castile, securing the area for five generations with the family until it became a kingdom under Fernando I of Castile of the Jimenez dynasty.
His name appears for the first time in charter of the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña (899), one of the most influential monastic houses later in Castile together with the Monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos. He was also the founder of the other Monastic House of San Pedro de Arlanza (912).

In 912, he took the main role in the Castilian offensive to the river Duero, settling the old villages of Haza, Clunia and San Esteban de Gormaz.

Count of Castile, death
Gonzalo Fernández appears as Count of Castile for the first time in a document of January 8, 914 and again on January 1, 915. He appears witnessing royal documents among other magnates and nobles at the Leonese Court main Assemblies until the defeat of the Leonese in the battle of Valdejunquera (920), after which he was considered dead. Modern scholars suspect that he must have been in disgrace at Court for some unrecorded mistake or other major offense typically resulting in exile, as somebody with his name and the then seldom given rank of Count - Gundisalvus comes - appears signing royal documents at the Court of Navarre between the years 924 and 930, the year that his son was given the authority of Count alone. Previously, his wife Muniadona, who seems to have been a member of the Asturian royal family, appears holding the patrimony estates and county regency during the minority of their son Fernán González.  They also had a son Ramiro.

His remains were laid to rest in a vault at San Pedro de Arlanza, as Friar Antonio de Yepes registers in his "General Chronicle". He was succeeded in Burgos by his brother, Nuño Fernández.

Counts of Spain
Counts of Castile
9th-century Asturian people
10th-century people from the Kingdom of León


An oak–heath forest is a plant community association and type of forest ecology. It is a deciduous forest type of well-drained, acidic soils, characterized by oaks (Quercus) and plants of the heath family (Ericaceae). It is commonly found in the high elevations of the eastern United States.  Such forest areas typically have a dense fibrous root layer at the surface of the soil, and in many areas predominate on south-facing or southwest-facing slopes. Many of the existing oak–heath forests once featured American chestnut as an important canopy species.

Oaks
Oaks (Quercus) characteristic of oak–heath associations include white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Quercus velutina), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), and red oak (Quercus rubra).

Heaths
Heath plants common to this ecology include mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), various blueberries (genus Vaccinium), huckleberries (genus Gaylussacia), sourwood or sorrel-tree (Oxydendrum arboreum), and azaleas and rhododendrons (genus Rhododendron). These are all usually shrubs, except for Oxydendrum, which is usually a small tree. There are also heaths that are sub-shrubs, usually trailing on the ground, including wintergreens (genus Chimaphila and Gaultheria) and trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens).

References

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
Ecoregions of the United States

Forest ecology
Forests of the United States


This is the list of the members of the Parliament of Finland between April 1, 1919 – September 4, 1922 following the parliamentary election in 1919. In the elections Social Democratic Party of Finland () won 80 seats, Agrarian Party (Maalaisliitto, Agrarian League) 42, National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus) 28, National Progressive Party (Kansallinen Edistyspuolue) 26, Swedish People's Party (Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue, ) 22 and Christian Workers' Union (Suomen kristillisen työväen liitto) 2.

Lauri Kristian Relander was selected as Speaker of the Parliament of Finland on April 2. He resigned after being appointed the governor of Viipuri Province on May 8, 1920. Kyösti Kallio was then the Speaker until March 29, 1921, when he was replaced by Wäinö Wuolijoki.

Five cabinets were formed during this parliament: 4 composed of parties from right and center, and one caretaker cabinet. Only the cabinet of Erich had the majority in the parliament.

Members of the Parliament 1919–1922
In the table, the names written with italics were appointed to the Parliament later than April 1, 1919—the first day of the new Parliament—to replace those who had died or resigned.

Notes

References

1919
Parliament
Parliament


Dayakattai or Dayaboss is a Tamil dice game played by 2 or 4 people (or multiples) by forming teams. It originated in Tamil Nadu (a southern state of India) and is comparable to another dice game from the country called Pachisi. Dayakattai takes many different forms.

Etymology

The word "Daya" is derived from the Tamil word தாயம் ("Thayam," meaning first stone).

Equipment

The game uses a pair of long square cuboid dice, called the Dayakattai. These dice also go by names such as Daayam and Daala.

They are typically made of brass and have dots punched onto the long faces (1, 2, 3, 0). Each player starts with twelve or six coins/chips at a 'home' in the center of the game board.

Gameplay

Dhaayam [தாயம்] is a traditional game of Tamil Nadu. Players take turns rolling the Dayakattai. When a player rolls a Dayam (0 on one die and 1 on another), they move one of their pieces one space out of the "home", rolls again and advances their piece by the number indicated by the dice. In order to move all the pieces out of the home, Daayam must be rolled for each one.

Pieces advance first along the side of the player and then in a clockwise direction. When a player rolls a one, five, six, or twelve (two 0s), they get to roll again. The numbers rolled can be distributed among the player's pieces: e.g., if a player rolls 5, 12 and 2, they can move one piece by 12, move another by 5, and then move a third piece by 2. Alternately, the player could elect to have the three numbers shared by only two pieces or even move only one piece by the total number rolled.

Pieces can 'cut' other pieces from the opponent by landing on the same spot that they are in. A 'cut' piece is sent home. However, while in one of the safe zones (marked by an X), a piece cannot be cut. After completing one lap, a piece starts to move up the outer edge of the right side of its owner's leg of the game board. It stays on the corners instead of the spaces. The piece then needs to move the exact number of spaces to get to the center of the board. While at the corner of the home, a piece can be cut by another piece getting to the corner of its home. Players win by getting all of their pieces to the center of the board.  This game has 8 steps.

Long format

In the longer format of the game players start with 8 coins, of which 4 have to move around the board in pairs, i.e. 4 coins form 2 pairs. Paired coins move only when an even number is rolled by the player. The number of paces moved gets halved (e.g. if a player rolls 2 or 4 or 6 or 12, the paired coins can move only 1 or 2 or 3 or 6 paces). Once the inner lap is completed, an outer lap must be completed before the player can move to the outer edge and win the game.

One reason why this format takes a long time, apart from the fact that it has two laps, is due to the "paired coins". Since the pair can move only when even numbers are rolled, if a player has taken all his single coins to the center of the board, it is a daunting task to take the pairs back to the center. However, an advantage of paired coins is that a pair cannot be cut by a single coin, but the reverse is not true.

Significance

One more traditional Dayakattai is in use in some Indian villages; it is called "Marudees" or "Majith," which translates as "a vehicle to God".

The rules are the same with the pieces ranging to 12 numbers each, the cross which comes for every 5 box counts is called a safe place. One team occupies the safe place (pazham zone), which can't be occupied by the other team until it is cleared. The pieces in this safe place cannot be cut, and only if a team cuts at least one of the other team's pieces can it enter the pazham zone. Its zone is usually in the shape of letter M.

The first player to move all 12 coins to pazham is the winner. The Mahābhārata, the famous Indian epic states that the Kauravas invited the Pandavas to gamble for their kingdom over this game.

See also

 Parcheesi - an American adaptation of Pachisi

References

Cross and circle games
Indian games
Indian board games
Traditional board games


Louis Chevalier (29 May 1911, L'Aiguillon-sur-Mer, Vendée – 3 August 2001) was a French historian with interests in geography, demography and sociology. Much of his work was devoted to the history of French culture and Paris.

Early life and education
Louis Chevalier was born in L'Aiguillon-sur-Mer in the coastal department of Vendée in western France. He was educated mainly in Paris and attended the lycée Henri IV, where he was a pupil of the famous teacher of philosophy known as Alain and also of the historian Charles-Hippolyte Pouthas. Chevalier entered the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) in 1932, where a fellow student and close friend was the future president Georges Pompidou. He passed his agrégation in 1938 and entered an academic career. During World War II, he served as a tutor at the ENS and taught his history first course at the Ecole libre des sciences politiques in Paris. In 1946 the latter school became the elite Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (more frequently known as "Sciences Po") and Chevalier was appointed to a professorship. Six years later he was elected to a chair in Parisian history at the Collège de France.

Among his students at Sciences Po was the future French prime minister Edouard Balladur.

Career
Chevalier's most important works are Classes Laborieuses et Classes Dangereuses à Paris au XIX Siècle, published in 1958, a survey of the Parisian working class that challenged many assumptions of political historians about their work regimes and political activities and L'Assassinat de Paris, published in 1977.

Chevalier was awarded France's highest honor, the Legion d'honneur, in 1958; his initial decoration as a knight was upgraded to officier in 1967, and ultimately commandeur in 1977. In 1987, he was awarded the Grand Prix of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.

Works
 Le problème démographique nord-africain, PUF, 1947
 La Formation de la population parisienne au XIXè siècle, PUF, collection Travaux et documents / Institut national d'études démographique, 1949, 312 p.
 Démographie générale, éd. Dalloz, 1951, 599 p.
 Leçon inaugurale faite le 28 avril 1952, Collège de France, Chaire d'histoire et structure sociales de Paris et de la région parisienne, Paris, Collège de France, 1952, 38 p.
 Madagascar, population et ressources, préface par Alfred Sauvy, PUF, collection Institut national d'études démographiques, Travaux et documents, 1952, 212 p., cartes.
 Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses, Plon, collection Civilisations d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, 1958, XXVIII-566 p. Rééd. Paris, Le Livre de poche, collection Pluriel, 1978 (translated in English as Laboring Classes and Dangerous Classes: In Paris During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, Howard Fertig, 2000)
 Les Parisiens, Hachette, 1967, 395 p. Rééd. Paris, Hachette, Collection Pluriel, 1985
 Histoire anachronique des Français, Plon, 1974 (Grand prix Gobert de l'Académie française), XII-346 p.
 L'Assassinat de Paris, Calmann-Lévy, Collection Archives des sciences sociales, 1977, 285 p. Rééd. éditions Ivrea, 1997, présentation par Claude Dubois (translated in English as The Assassination of Paris, University of Chicago Press, 1994)
 Montmartre du plaisir et du crime, collection Les Hommes et l'histoire, Robert Laffont, 1980, 452 p.-[20] p. de pl.,
 Histoire de la nuit parisienne : 1940-1960, Fayard, 1982
 Les Relais de mer. Un village de la côte vendéenne de la veille de la guerre de 14 aux lendemains de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, Fayard, 1983
 Les Ruines de Subure : Montmartre, de 1939 aux années 80, Paris, R. Laffont, 1985, 370 p.-[16] p. de pl.,
 Juanito : Andalousie de boue et de sang, Paris, Stock, collection, Un Livre, une vie, 1990, 434 p.
 Splendeurs et misères du fait divers, Paris, Perrin, Collection Pour l’Histoire, 2003, 156 pages

References

External links
 Obituary: Louis Chevalier, The Guardian, Friday 14 September 2001

1911 births
2001 deaths
People from Vendée
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
French demographers
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
20th-century French historians


Alice Chetwynd Ley, née Humphrey (born 12 October 1913 in Halifax, Yorkshire, England, UK – d. 2004) was a British writer of romance novels from 1959 to 1989.

She was the sixth elected Chairman (1971–1973) of the Romantic Novelists' Association and was named honor life member.

Biography
Born Alice Chetwynd Humphrey on 12 October 1913 in Halifax, Yorkshire, England, UK, she studied at King Edward VI Grammar School in Birmingham. On 3 February 1945, she married Kenneth James Ley. They had two sons; Richard James Humphrey Ley and Graham Kenneth Hugh Ley.

She was teacher at Harrow College of Higher Education. In 1962, she obtained a diploma in Sociology at London University, in connection thus she obtained the Gilchrist Award of 1962. She was lecturer in Sociology and Social History, from 1968 to 1971.

Under her married name, Alice Chetwynd Ley, she published romance novels from 1959 to 1986. She was also tutor in Creative Writing, from 1962 to 1984. She was elected the sixth Chairman (1971–1973) of the Romantic Novelists' Association and was named honour life member.

Alice Chetwynd died in 2004.

Bibliography

Novels
The Jeweled Snuff Box (1959)
The Georgian Rake (1960)
The Guinea Stamp (1961)  The Courting of Joanna
The Master of Liversedge (1966) a.k.a. The Master and the Maiden
Letters for a Spy (1970) a.k.a. The Sentimental Spy
The Tenant of Chesdene Manor (1974) a.k.a. Beloved Diana
The Beau and the Bluestocking (1975)
An Advantageous Marriage (1977)
At Dark of the Moon (1977)
Regency Scandal (1979)
A Conformable Wife (1981)
The Intrepid Miss Haydon (1983)

Eversley Saga
The Clandestine Betrothal (1967)
The Toast of the Town (1968)
A Season at Brighton (1971)

Anthea & Justin Rutherford Saga
A Reputation Dies (1984)
A Fatal Assignation (1987)
Masquerade of Vengeance (1989)

References and sources

English romantic fiction writers
1913 births
2004 deaths
Place of death missing
20th-century English novelists


Saint Illidius (; died 385) was a 4th-century bishop of Clermont, France.  To Illidius is attributed the rise of Clermont-Ferrand as a center of religious teaching and culture.

Gregory of Tours mentions Illidius in his work. Illidius is credited with having  cured the daughter of the Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus at Trier, and died on the return journey.

His tomb attracted many pilgrims.

The fountain of St. Allyre at Clermont is known for its petrifying water, caused by calcareous deposits.

Notes

References

Bishops of Clermont
385 deaths
4th-century Gallo-Roman people
Gallo-Roman saints
Year of birth unknown


Erkki Kaila, previously Erik Johansson (2 June 1867 in Huittinen – 9 December 1944 in Turku) was the Archbishop of Turku, and the spiritual head of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland between 1935 and 1944. He was a Member of Parliament between 1917 and 1927, representing the Finnish Party from 1917 to 1918 and the National Coalition Party from 1918 to 1927.

External links
Archbishops of Turku: Erkki Kaila

1867 births
1944 deaths
People from Huittinen
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Lutheran archbishops and bishops of Turku
Finnish Party politicians
National Coalition Party politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1917–1919)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–1922)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1922–1924)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1924–1927)
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
20th-century Lutheran archbishops
20th-century Finnish Lutheran bishops
Finnish  Lutheran archbishops


Distal subungual onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily involving the distal nail plate.

See also
 Onychomycosis
 Skin lesion

References

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions


Majesta or majestas may refer to:

 Majesta (tissue brand), a brand of Irving Tissue
 Toyota Crown Majesta, a car
 Law of majestas, several ancient Roman laws

See also
 Toyota Majesty, a light commercial vehicle


White superficial onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the surface of the nail.

See also
 Onychomycosis
 Skin lesion

References

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions


Proximal subungual onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the proximal nailfold.

See also
 Onychomycosis
 Skin lesion

References

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions


Garfield is an unincorporated community in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States.

Geography

Garfield is located in central Wisconsin approximately halfway between Rosholt and Nelsonville on Portage County Road A, about  west of Peru. It rests on the present-day location in the Town of New Hope on the intersection of Portage County Roads A south and Z to the east.

Poncho Creek and the Tomorrow River southwest of Garfield are becoming a part of the Richard A. Hemp Fishery Area.

References

External links
 here  to visit the Portage County Historical Society.

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Portage County, Wisconsin

vo:Custer (Wisconsin)


280 North was a web software development startup company formed in 2008 by college friends Tom Robinson, Francisco Tolmasky, and Ross Boucher. It was purchased by Motorola in 2010.  Tolmasky and Boucher both previously worked for Apple, on the iPhone and iTunes respectively.

They created a software stack that includes Objective-J, which relates to Javascript in the same way that Objective-C relates to C, and Cappuccino, which is a port of the Apple Cocoa API. Cappuccino and Objective-J have been released as open source software. Their first major release was 280 Slides, which is presentation software similar to Apple's Keynote or Microsoft's PowerPoint, but that works entirely in a web browser using JavaScript. Their next project was a drag-and-drop visual integrated development environment for web applications named Atlas, which could work with the iPhone API.  Atlas was to be open-sourced, but, after acquiring 280 North, Motorola decided to keep Atlas private.

Notes

External links

Interview with Ross Boucher on opensourcereleasefeed.com

Software companies based in California
Software companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
Software companies disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
2008 establishments in the United States
American companies established in 2008


Candidal onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus caused by Candida. In one study Candida parapsilosis was the most common species; Candida albicans is also a common agent.

See also
 Onychomycosis
 Skin lesion

References

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions


Biznes Segodnya (Russian: Бизнес сегодня; literally: Business Today) is a full-color monthly Russian language business magazine published by Grigoriy Demidovtsev. Based in Saint Petersburg, it is primarily focused on local business issues, local and international legislation and cultural events. It is circulated to chief accountants, financial directors and top managers of 3000 companies in Saint Petersburg through a selective distribution method, as well as St. Petersburg Government Executives and members of the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg. The magazine has a total circulation of 10,000.

References

External links
 Official website

2001 establishments in Russia
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines published in Saint Petersburg
Business magazines published in Russia
Russian-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Russia


The Man Who Thought Life () is a 1969 Danish science fiction  thriller film directed by Jens Ravn and based upon the 1938 novel by Valdemar Holst. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 John Price as Steinmetz
 Preben Neergaard as Max Holst
 Lotte Tarp as Susanne
 Lars Lunøe as Robert
 Kirsten Rolffes as Værtinden
 Ejner Federspiel as Butleren
 Elith Pio as Overlægen
 Jørgen Beck as Kriminalassistenten
 Tove Maës as Kasserersken

References

External links

1969 films
1960s science fiction thriller films
Danish science fiction thriller films
1960s Danish-language films
Danish black-and-white films
ASA Filmudlejning films


Yevgeni Robertovich Shpedt (; born 26 January 1986) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2006 for FC Spartak Moscow.

Honours
 Russian Premier League runner-up: 2006.
 Russian Cup finalist: 2006.

References

1986 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
Russian Premier League players
FC Khimki players
FC Nizhny Novgorod (2007) players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Gornyak Uchaly players
FC Dynamo Barnaul players
Men's association football defenders
FC Novokuznetsk players
FC Chelyabinsk players


Izabela Daniela Lăcătuş (born 2 October 1976 in Bucharest, Romania) is a retired Romanian artistic and aerobic gymnast. She was an alternate to the artistic gymnastics team at the 1992 Olympics. After retiring from artistic gymnastics she had a career in aerobic gymnastics, winning 16 world and continental medals including the 2000 individual world title.

Artistic gymnastics career
Lăcătuş started gymnastics at the CSS Triumf club in her hometown Bucharest, but later she moved to Deva where she trained with the national team. She progressed rapidly and in 1989 she moved up to the senior team and trained alongside Daniela Silivaş. In 1990, following the Revolution, the gym at Deva closed and Lăcătuş went to train at the Olympic Center in Oneşti. Although still a junior according to the FIG rules, she participated in 1990 at competitions reserved for seniors as well as in junior meets. Her best results in 1990 were a 4th all around at Chunichi Cup and a 5th all around  at the Avignion Junior International. By the end of 1990 the gym at Deva opened again and the national team was reinstated. Izabela missed the 1991 Romanian International due to an injury but she competed in the Junior European Championships where she placed 4th all around. Latter that year she won silver for the all around at the Cottbus Cup. In 1992 she won silver on bars at the Romanian International and earned herself a place as the second alternate to the 1992 Romanian Olympic team. The other members of the team were Cristina Bontas, Lavinia Miloşovici, Gina Gogean, Mirela Paşca, Maria Neculiţă and Vanda Hădărean. Eugenia Popa was the first alternate.  In 1992 Izabela competed at several competitions but an ankle injury sidelined her for the rest of the year. She did not manage to make a full recovery and retired in 1994.

Post-1994 and aerobic gymnastics career
In 1994 she started to train for aerobic gymnastics at CSS Triumf Club with coach Maria Fumea and to coach the lower level gymnasts at the same club. She enrolled at the Sports University in Bucharest, with the hope of becoming a coach after graduation. Izabela also performed in the Aeros entertainment show. Among her colleagues at Aeros were Daniela Mărănducă, Lacramioara Filip, Cristian Leric and Remus Nicolai. Her debut as an aerobic gymnast in an international event was at the  1st World Aerobic Gymnastics Championships in Paris, 1995. During her aerobic gymnastics career she competed in the individual event, mixed pairs and groups. Her partners in the mixed pair event were Claudiu Varlam (until 1999) and Remus Nicolai (after 1999). On the individual event she won four world championship medals (gold 2000, silver 1999, 2002 and bronze 1998) and four European championship medals (gold 2001, 2005 and silver 1999, 2003).  She also placed 5th on the individual event at the 2004 world championships. On the mixed pairs event she won one silver and three bronze medals at world championships (2000, 1998, 2002, 2004) and three continental medals  (gold 2003, silver 2001 and bronze 1999).  She also placed seventh on mixed pairs at the 1997 world championships. On the group event she won the continental title in 2005 and placed fourth at the 2006 world championships.

Post-retirement
Lăcătuş retired after the 2006 world championships. She is currently coaching aerobic gymnastics at the CSS Triumf club in Bucharest.

References

1976 births
Living people
Gymnasts from Bucharest
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Romanian aerobic gymnasts
Female aerobic gymnasts
European champions in gymnastics
World Games gold medalists
World Games silver medalists
World Games bronze medalists
Competitors at the 2001 World Games
Competitors at the 2005 World Games
Medalists at the Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships


Ludwig Wilding (19 May 1927 – 4 January 2010) was a German artist whose work is associated with Op art and Kinetic art.  Wilding was born in Grünstadt, Germany.  He studied at the University of Mainz Art School.

Wilding's works are three-dimensional structures that create shifting patterns through their black and white designs.  He has shown at the Museum Leverkusen (1953), Zimmergallery, Frankfurt (1958) and Studio F, Ulm (1965). His work was included in The Responsive Eye (Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1965), Eyes, Lies, and Illusions (Hayward Gallery, London, 2004) and Optic Nerve: Perceptual Art of the 1960s (The Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio, 2007). Ludwig Wilding lived in Westheim, Germany.

References

The Responsive Eye. William C. Seitz, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1965.

Ludwig Wilding. Retrospektive 1949-1987 Kaiserslautern: Pfalzgalerie des Bezirksverbands Pfalz, 1987.

Ludwig Wilding. Una traiettoria cinetica. Getulio Alviani, Milano: Edizioni Arte Struktura, 2004.

Ludwig Wilding. Visuelle Phanomen. Wienand Verlag Edizioni, 2007.

Ludwig Wilding. kunst= traum = illusion = tauschung. Hamburg: Galerie Renate Kammer, 2012.

Ludwig Wilding. Kinetische und Programmierte Kunst: 1967/2008. Milano: Galleria Dep Art Edizioni, 2013.

External links
 Galerie La Ligne, Zürich - biography and information about his stereoscopic art

1927 births
2010 deaths
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz alumni
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century male artists
German contemporary artists
Op art


Andrew James Kalen Daish (born 6 September 1984) is a Swedish rugby union player of Welsh parentage.  As well as playing for Old Albanian as part of the back row

Rugby Union Career

Youth career
Andrew was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England.  He started playing rugby union at the age of six for Old Albanian, based in St Albans, and represented Hertfordshire at U12, U14, U16 and U17 level.  He also represented London and South East Division at U16, Wales Youth (U18), Wales Schools (U18), Wales U19 and was captain of his school side at Verulam School, St Albans.

Club career

Andrew's introduction to senior rugby began at London Welsh, then in National Division One, for the 2005-06 season, while studying at London South Bank University for a degree in Sports and Exercise Science.  He spent two seasons at Welsh where he was a fringe player and upon successful completion of his degree, he gained a place to study for a Post Graduate Certificate in Education at Birmingham University.  At this time he was recommended to local side, Pertemps Bees, also playing in National Division One and he was made part of their squad for the 2007-08 season.

In his debut season with the Bees Andrew had far more opportunities than with his previous club, making 25 league appearances, winning the fans’ most promising player award, as well as being the leading try scorer at the club with eight tries and was also named in the Birmingham Post's Midland Select XV.  Unfortunately, his performances and tries were not enough to keep the Bees up and the side were relegated at the end of the season, dropping to National Division Two.  The next season was not so successful for Andrew as he was unable to break into the Pertemps Bees first team and had limited opportunities in a side that claimed promotion from the 2008–09 National Division Two as league champions, spending part of the season in National Division 3 South with Rugby Lions.  Due to a lack of games at the Bees, Andrew moved across the Midlands to nearby Nuneaton who had just gained promotion to National Division Two for the 2009-10 season.  He failed to make much impact at the Nuns, making only 14 appearances (half of which were from the bench), as the club failed to stay in the division and were relegated by the end of the season.

After several disappointing seasons, Andrew decided to move back to Hertfordshire, dropping down a division to National League 2 South to play for his youth club, Old Albanian.  He had a good first season with the St Albans club, becoming a regular in the newly promoted side and helping them to a very respectable 6th place in the league for the 2010-11 season.  The next year was even better as Andrew had the best season of his career so far, finishing as the club's top scorer (and one of the league's best) with 23 tries, propelling Old O's to the 2011–12 National League 2 South league title ahead of fancied Richmond and promotion to National League 1 - the highest division the club have played in since they entered the league system.  Andrew has become a regular at Old Albanian, who after several years in National League 1 were relegated at the end of the 2014-15 season, returning to National League 2 South.

International career

Although he started his international career at youth level for Wales, Andrew has since represented the Sweden National Rugby Union Team having been made eligible by his grandfather.  He has been capped 20 times with 7 tries as of 2015 and he also has captained the sevens side.  In 2012 he helped the country to gain promotion to European Nations Cup First Division after they won the second division title.

Honours

Pertemps Bees
Pertemps Bees fans 'Most Promising Player Award': 2008-09
Birmingham Post Midland Select XV: 2008-09
Part of squad that were National Division Two champions: 2009-10

Old Albanian
National League 2 South champions: 2011-12

Sweden
European Nations Cup Second Division champions: 2012

References

1984 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Birmingham & Solihull R.F.C. players
Rugby union players from Welwyn Garden City
Swedish rugby union players
Welsh emigrants to Sweden


Arvid Torgeir Lie (18 August 1938 – 19 May 2020) was a Norwegian poet, writer of short stories and translator. He was born in Skafså in Mo, current Tokke municipality. Among his poetry collections are Under fuglens vengjekross (1967) and Snøvinter (1968), and his collection of short stories, Den nye maskina og andre noveller, came in 1986.

He received the Halldis Moren Vesaas Prize in 1995, and the Dobloug Prize in 2007.

Lie died on 19 May 2020.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
People from Tokke
Nynorsk-language writers
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian male poets
Norwegian translators
Dobloug Prize winners
20th-century Norwegian male writers


Robert Bruce Adams (born August 15, 1946) is a former professional American football tight end in the National Football League (NFL) and a spokesperson for the Church of Scientology International. He attended El Camino High School during the 1960s, and was encouraged by a coach at the College of San Mateo to play football. He played for a single season at the college, during 1966, while participating in other sports at the school including track-and-field and basketball. A former coach of the College of San Mateo, Doug Scovil, recruited Adams to the College of the Pacific, where he received a full scholarship to play football there. By 1968, he was captain of the team's offense at the school.

He was not drafted by the National Football League, and was signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Steelers, where he played under coach Chuck Noll. In 1973 while a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Adams became a Scientologist. He said applying Scientology methodology helped his performance playing football. After seven years with the National Football League, Adams finished his pro-career as a member of the Atlanta Falcons. He subsequently took up other professions, including owning a fitness center in Redwood City, California, being a consultant for high tech companies, and working as a teacher.

In 2004, Adams served within the Scientology organization as senior vice president of its Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE), a nonprofit founded by Scientology members in 1988 to supervise the secular programs Narconon, Criminon, The Way to Happiness, and Applied Scholastics. By 2006 he had become a media executive and vice president of the Church of Scientology, and worked out of the organization's facilities in Hollywood, California.  He represented the Church of Scientology at the 2006 conference of the Religion Newswriters Association in Utah. Adams held the position of vice president of public affairs for the Church of Scientology International in 2009, and was a Reverend within the organization. He traveled to Melbourne, Australia in December 2009 for the World Religions Conference. He continued to serve as vice president of the Church of Scientology International in 2010, and was one of four officials listed as spokespersons for the church.

Early life and education
Robert Bruce Adams was born August 15, 1946, in Stockton, California. He attended El Camino High School during the 1960s, and quit playing American football during his senior year at the school, due to his small stature. After high school, he went to College of San Mateo, and a coach named Stu Carter noticed Adams while he was weight lifting at the college. Carter convinced Adams to play football, and he played for a single season at the College of San Mateo; during 1966. Adams concurrently played track-and-field and basketball at the College of San Mateo.

After the College of San Mateo, he participated in football at University of the Pacific. He had played tight end at the College of San Mateo, and a former coach at the school, Doug Scovil, took interest in him. Scovill was managing the football program called College of the Pacific in Stockton, California; he offered Adams a full scholarship to play football. Adams's friend, Walt Harris, was a football player under Scovil; this combined with the full scholarship opportunity convinced Adams to join. He was a football player at College of the Pacific for two seasons, and by his senior year at the school in 1968 had become captain of the team's offense.

National Football League
Adams was signed as a free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers, after he was not drafted by the National Football League. His contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers was for a US$1,000 signing bonus, and $15,000 contract. Chuck Noll, a new coach in the National Football League, supervised Adams's initial performance as a pro-football player. Adams played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the position of tight end. He became a member of the Church of Scientology in 1973, while playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Adams told Newsweek that he joined the church because he was looking for "assistance to become a better football player, teacher and parent ... [Scientology] was simple, precise, workable, and I saw effects immediately on the field." While a member of the New England Patriots in 1974, Adams attended an event held in Boston, Massachusetts sponsored by the Scientology organization, called the New England Conference on Drug Abuse. Adams ended his pro-football career playing with the Atlanta Falcons; he earned a salary of $54,000 in his final year with the team. Adams played for seven years in the National Football League.

Scientology official

ABLE senior vice president
After finishing his career with the National Football League, Adams took up multiple other professions. He worked as a consultant for high tech companies, and as a teacher and author. He was the owner of an exercise facility in Redwood City, California. The Scientology publication Freewinds noted in 1990 that Adams had completed the highest Operating Thetan level of spiritual advancement, OT VIII. In 2004, Adams served as senior vice president of the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE), a nonprofit founded by Scientology members in 1988 to supervise the secular programs Narconon, Criminon, The Way to Happiness, and Applied Scholastics. In an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, Adams objected to an assessment that international Scientology management ran the subdivisions of ABLE. Adams stated, "ABLE does not report its statistics to the church." He commented on the purpose of Narconon, "We feel we're on a mission, and it's for the good of all of us. It's part of the overall plan to collaborate with other groups and bring about a shift in the culture with regard to drug education, prevention and rehabilitation."

CSI vice president
Adams worked in 2006 as a media executive for the Scientology organization out of its offices in Hollywood, California; he was a vice president of the Church of Scientology International in 2006. He represented the Church of Scientology at the 2006 conference of the Religion Newswriters Association in Utah, and participated in a panel discussion called, "Faiths That Don't Fit: Classifying and Reporting on 'Other' Churches". Adams discussed the Scientology policy of "fair game" in a 2008 interview with The Times: "That policy (of fair game) was yanked very quickly. As in any organisation made up of lots of people, some will be internal renegades, if you will. Those people paid the price. And those days are over now."

In 2008, Adams served as vice president of the Church of Scientology International. When asked in a January 2008 interview with The New Yorker about the Scientology story involving a galactic ruler named Xenu, Adams responded, "A small fraction of our scriptures are confidential, and I don't want to allude to something confidential." He asserted that the controversial Scientology program the "Rehabilitation Project Force" (RPF) was a "volunteer program for self-improvement". Adams commented about the RPF, "They get frequent breaks, eight hours of sleep, and three healthy meals. The principal part is auditing, but the physical activity is very extrovertive for the individual and is found to be very therapeutic in itself." Adams was interviewed on the National Public Radio program Morning Edition in 2008 about the activism against Scientology by the Internet-based protest group Anonymous; he referred to the group as "cyber criminals", and commented: "It's very reminiscent of days gone by and current days with the KKK, wearing masks, hiding, having secret meetings on the Internet."

Spokesperson
He held the position of vice president of public affairs for the Church of Scientology International in 2009, and was a Reverend within the organization. Adams traveled to Melbourne, Australia in December 2009 for the World Religions Conference. In an appearance on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation radio program hosted by Tony Eastley, AM, Adams stated, "From one church in 1954 to ... we're in 165 nations now; we have 8,000 churches, missions and groups right across this fair earth of ours." Adams disputed assertions of abuse within Scientology publicized on the floor of the Australian Senate by Senator Nick Xenophon and commented, "It's not that the allegations aren't serious charges; the fact of the matter is that they are unsubstantiated rumours. Many of these so-called charges, so-called allegations are very old. I mean, 12 or 15 years ago, these incidents occurred, were thoroughly reviewed." Regarding statements by Senator Xenophon that women within Scientology who became pregnant were pressured into having abortions, Adams said, "That's someone's statement of... it's totally false. There's no proof whatsoever; no one has ever made... no one has come forward and said here's the proof." Adams asserted to The Age that all of the critical statements made by Senator Xenophon about Scientology in the Australian Senate were "meritless". He commented, "One way to measure that is how law enforcement responds to any of these allegations. There has been no interest because there has been no evidence. Apostates are not credible witnesses, like former spouses or employees - they are trying to find a reason why they departed."

In July 2010 the Church of Scientology International publicized a "Scientology Newsroom" website tailored for members of the media; Adams was one of four international representatives for Scientology listed as "Spokespersons". Adams served as vice president of the Church of Scientology  International in 2010. In his role as Scientology spokesman, he commented to The Seattle Times in August 2010 that critical articles including revelations from former members published in that year by the St. Petersburg Times of Florida were "based on lies by 'apostates' who want to see the church fail". Adams asserted, "The history of all new religions is they go through a time of trial where the public is skeptical." He stated that increased attention in the media to the organization could help to recruit more members, "It's a new religion. Whatever publicity we get, people are curious."

Personal life
Adams's first child was born December 8, 1971. In 1972, Adams and his wife Marilyn resided with their baby son in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; they had a house in Bethel Park. In 2006, Adams was divorced, and had one child.

See also
 List of New England Patriots players
 List of Pittsburgh Steelers players
 Office of Special Affairs
 Scientology in the United States
 Sea Org

References

External links
 Profile, at NFL.com

1946 births
Living people
Players of American football from Stockton, California
American football tight ends
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Atlanta Falcons players
New England Patriots players
Denver Broncos players
Pacific Tigers football players
University of the Pacific (United States) alumni
Scientology officials
American Scientologists


Colombres is one of three parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadedeva, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

In 2011 the population was 1,385. In 2015 it won Premio Princesa de Asturias for "Pueblo ejemplar".

One of the most famous people in Colombres was Iñigo Noriega, who was born on 21 May 1853, he emigrated to Mexico with his uncle and he built a palace in his village named La Quinta de Guadalupe, which is the setting for Fundación de Archivos de Indianos, a place for documents about people who emigrated to South and North America since the 19th century.

Villages
Bustio ("Bustiu")
Colombres (capital of the municipality)
El Peral
Pimiango ("Pimiangu")

Colombres is in Asturias (Ribadedeva). Bordered to the north by the Cantabrian Sea; west of Cantabria, and the Deva River; on the south by the parish of San Juan and west by the parish of Noriega.

References

Parishes in Ribadedeva
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Asturias


Joseph John Daynes (April 2, 1851 – January 15, 1920) was the first organist at the Salt Lake Tabernacle and for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Daynes was born in Norwich, England, to John Daynes and Eliza Miller. The Daynes family later joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and then immigrated to Utah Territory in 1862.

Upon their arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young met the group of Latter-day Saints with whom the Daynes family had traveled. Young heard the eleven-year-old Joseph playing the melodeon and declared: "There is our organist for the great Tabernacle organ." This declaration came true in 1867, when Joseph H. Ridges completed the building of the organ in the Salt Lake Tabernacle. Daynes had been sent to study music in New York. Upon the organ's completion, he became the first Tabernacle organist at age sixteen, a position which he held until 1900. Daynes also served as the music conductor of the 20th Ward Choir in Salt Lake City.

Daynes came from a very musical family. Though his father, John, was a watchmaker by trade, his hobby was music. The piano which John purchased in England is the instrument Daynes learned to play on. Daynes learned quickly—and largely on his own—and by age six participated in an organ recital. When the Daynes family left England for the United States, they brought several instruments with them, including the melodeon Young heard Daynes playing to entertain the other pioneers.

John Daynes continued to develop his love of music and founded Daynes Music in 1862, in Salt Lake City, a company which is still in business today.

Joseph Daynes married Mary Jane Sharp on November 18, 1872, in Salt Lake City. They had seven children.

Daynes was one of the main editors of the Latter-day Saints' Psalmody. He also wrote the music for many of the hymns of the LDS Church. The 1985 English-language hymnal of the church contains five hymns with music composed by Daynes, while the previous edition of the hymnal contained 27 hymns with music by him. Daynes also wrote several anthems. Among the hymns Daynes composed the music for are "Come Listen to a Prophet's Voice," "Now We'll Sing with One Accord," and "As the Dew from Heaven Distilling," which is the traditional closing hymn for the Tabernacle Choir's weekly Music and the Spoken Word broadcasts.

Daynes's son Joseph J. Daynes Jr. served as the first president of the Grant Stake in Salt Lake City. Daynes Jr. was also the president of the Western States Mission of the church, based in Colorado, and was married to one of Wilford Woodruff's daughters.

Evan Stephens, who conducted the Mormon Tabernacle Choir for many years while Daynes accompanied them, said of Daynes: "He was, without doubt, one of the greatest organists of his time. In my experience I never heard his equal as an accompanist for the choir and soloists and he was the very best sight reader I ever knew."

Notes

References
Mormon Tabernacle Choir listing of Daynes accomplishments
J. Spencer Cornwall.  The Story of Our Mormon Hymns. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1975) p. 240-241
B. H. Roberts. Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1930, Reprint 1991: Orem, Sonos Publishing) 6:253.
Encyclopedia of Mormonism, p. 232.
.
Daynes Music Company

External links

1851 births
1920 deaths
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English emigrants to the United States
English hymnwriters
English Latter Day Saints
English organists
British male organists
English Latter Day Saint hymnwriters
Mormon pioneers
Tabernacle Choir organists
Musicians from Norwich
Male classical organists


Vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidal vulvovaginitis and vaginal thrush, is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in irritation. The most common symptom is vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, a thick, white vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain during  sex, and redness around the vagina. Symptoms often worsen just before a woman's period.

Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of Candida. These yeast are normally present in the vagina in small numbers. Vaginal yeast infections are typically caused by the yeast species Candida albicans. Candida albicans is a common fungus often harbored in the mouth, digestive tract, or vagina without causing adverse symptoms. The causes of excessive Candida growth are not well understood, but some predisposing factors have been identified.

It is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection; however, it may occur more often in those who are frequently sexually active. Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. Tight clothing, type of underwear, and personal hygiene do not appear to be factors. Diagnosis is by testing a sample of vaginal discharge. As symptoms are similar to that of the sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia and gonorrhea, testing may be recommended.

Treatment is with an antifungal medication. This may be either as a cream such as clotrimazole or with oral medications such as fluconazole. Despite the lack of evidence, wearing cotton underwear and loose fitting clothing is often recommended as a preventive measure. Avoiding douching and scented hygiene products is also recommended.  Probiotics have not been found to be useful for active infections.

Around 75% of women have at least one vaginal yeast infection at some point in their lives, while nearly half have at least two. Around 5% have more than three infections in a single year. It is the second most common cause of vaginal inflammation after bacterial vaginosis.

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of vaginal thrush include vulval itching, vulval soreness and irritation, pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse (superficial dyspareunia), pain or discomfort during urination (dysuria) and vaginal discharge, which is usually odourless. Although the vaginal discharge associated with yeast infection is often described as thick and lumpy, like paper paste or cottage cheese, it can also be thin and watery, or thick and of uniform texture. In one study, women with vaginal yeast infection were no more likely to describe their discharge as cottage-cheese like than women without.

As well as the above symptoms of thrush, vulvovaginal inflammation can also be present. The signs of vulvovaginal inflammation include erythema (redness) of the vagina and vulva, vaginal fissuring (cracked skin), edema (swelling from a build-up of fluid), also in severe cases, satellite lesions (sores in the surrounding area). This is rare, but may indicate the presence of another fungal condition, or the herpes simplex virus (the virus that causes genital herpes).

Vaginal candidiasis can very rarely cause congenital candidiasis in newborns.

Causes

Medications
Infection occurs in about 30% of women who are taking a course of antibiotics by mouth. Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill healthy bacteria in the vagina, such as Lactobacillus. These bacteria normally help to limit yeast colonization.

Oral contraceptive use is also associated with increased risk of vaginal thrush.

Pregnancy
In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a woman more likely to develop a yeast infection. During pregnancy, the Candida fungus is more common, and recurrent infection is also more likely. There is tentative evidence that treatment of asymptomatic candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth.

Lifestyle
While infections may occur without sex, a high frequency of intercourse increases the risk. Personal hygiene methods or tight-fitting clothing, such as tights and thong underwear, do not appear to increase the risk.

Diseases
Those with poorly controlled diabetes have increased rates of infection while those with well controlled diabetes do not. The risk of developing thrush is also increased when there is poor immune function, as with HIV/AIDS, or in those receiving chemotherapy.

Diet
A diet high in sugar may increase the risk of vaginal thrush; in some women, reducing sugar intake seems to reduce the risk of reoccurring vaginal thrush.

Species of yeast responsible
While Candida albicans is the most common yeast species associated with vaginal thrush, infection by other types of yeast can produce similar symptoms. A Hungarian study of 370 patients with confirmed vaginal yeast infections identified the following types of infection:
 Candida albicans: 85.7%
 Non-albicans Candida (8 species): 13.2%
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae: 0.8%
 Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: 0.3%

Non-albicans Candida are often found in complicated cases of vaginal thrush in which the first line of treatment is ineffective. These cases are more likely in those who are immunocompromised.

Diagnosis

Vulvovaginal candidosis is the presence of Candida in addition to vaginal inflammation. The presence of yeast is typically diagnosed in one of three ways: vaginal wet mount microscopy, microbial culture, and antigen tests. The results may be described as being either uncomplicated or complicated.

Uncomplicated
Uncomplicated thrush is when there are less than four episodes in a year, the symptoms are mild or moderate, it is likely caused by Candida albicans, and there are no significant host factors such as poor immune function.

Complicated
Complicated thrush is four or more episodes of thrush in a year or when severe symptoms of vulvovaginal inflammation are experienced. It is also complicated if coupled with pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, poor immune function, or the thrush is not caused by Candida albicans.

Recurrent
About 5-8% of the reproductive age female population will have four or more episodes of symptomatic Candida infection per year; this condition is called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). Because vaginal and gut colonization with Candida is commonly seen in people with no recurrent symptoms, recurrent symptomatic infections are not simply due to the presence of Candida organisms. There is some support for the theory that RVVC results from an especially intense inflammatory reaction to colonization. Candida antigens can be presented to antigen-presenting cells, which may trigger cytokine production and activate lymphocytes and neutrophils that then cause inflammation and edema.

Treatment
The following treatments are typically recommended:
 Intravaginal (vaginal suppository): butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin, tioconazole, terconazole. Candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy should be treated with intravaginal clotrimazole or nystatin for at least 7 days. All are more or less equally effective.
 By mouth: ibrexafungerp, fluconazole as a single dose. For severe disease another dose after 3 days may be used.

Short-course topical formulations (i.e., single dose and regimens of 1–3 days) effectively treat uncomplicated candidal vulvovaginitis. The topically applied azole drugs are more effective than nystatin. Treatment with azoles results in relief of symptoms and negative cultures in 80–90% of patients who complete therapy.

The creams and suppositories in this regimen are oil-based and might weaken latex condoms and diaphragms. Treatment for vagina thrush using antifungal medication is ineffective in up to 20% of cases. Treatment for thrush is considered to have failed if the symptoms do not clear within 7–14 days. There are a number of reasons for treatment failure. For example, if the infection is a different kind, such as bacterial vaginosis (the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge), rather than thrush.

Vaginal boric acid has evidence of effectiveness against non-C. albicans species.

Recurrent
For infrequent recurrences, the simplest and most cost-effective management is self-diagnosis and early initiation of topical therapy. However, women whose condition has previously been diagnosed with candidal vulvovaginitis are not necessarily more likely to be able to diagnose themselves; therefore, any woman whose symptoms persist after using an over the counter preparation, or who has a recurrence of symptoms within two months, should be evaluated with office-based testing. Unnecessary or inappropriate use of topical preparations is common and can lead to a delay in the treatment of other causes of vulvovaginitis, which can result in worse outcomes.

When there are more than four recurrent episodes of candidal vulvovaginitis per year, a longer initial treatment course is recommended, such as orally administered fluconazole followed by a second and third dose 3 and 6 days later, respectively.

Other treatments after more than four episodes per year, may include ten days of either oral or topical treatment followed by fluconazole orally once per week for six months. About 10-15% of recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis cases are due to non-Candida albicans species. Non-albicans species tend to have higher levels of resistance to fluconazole. Therefore, recurrence or persistence of symptoms while on treatment indicates speciation and antifungal resistance tests to tailor antifungal treatment.

Vaginal boric acid can be used against recurrent infections, both with C. albicans and with other species, although with C. albicans azoles are generally used instead.

Alternative medicine
Up to 40% of women seek alternatives to treat vaginal yeast infection. Example products are herbal preparations, probiotics and vaginal acidifying agents. Other alternative treatment approaches include switching contraceptive, treatment of the sexual partner and gentian violet. However, the effectiveness of such treatments has not received much study.

Probiotics (either as pills or as yogurt) do not appear to decrease the rate of occurrence of vaginal yeast infections. No benefit has been found for active infections. Example probiotics purported to treat and prevent candida infections are Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14, Lactobacillus fermentum B-54, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

There is no evidence to support the use of special cleansing diets and colonic hydrotherapy for prevention.

Epidemiology
The number of cases of vaginal yeast infection is not entirely clear because it is not a reportable disease and it is commonly diagnosed clinically without laboratory confirmation.

Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas. About 75% of women have at least one infection in their lifetime, 40%–45% will have two or more episodes, and approximately 20% of women get an infection yearly.

Research
Vaccines that target C. albicans are under active development. Phase 2 results published in June 2018 showed a safe and high immunogenicity of the NDV-3A vaccine candidate.

References

Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs
Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Vagina
Fungal diseases


John Price (15 September 1913 – 10 December 1996) was a Danish film actor and director, and the father of Danish screenwriter Adam Price. He appeared in 26 films between 1934 and 1982.

Selected filmography
 The Golden Smile (1935)
 Blaavand melder storm (1938)
 Champagnegaloppen (1938)
 Meet Me on Cassiopeia (1951)
 Duellen (1962)
 Tine (1964)
 Der var engang (1966 - directed)
 Neighbours (1966)
 The Man Who Thought Life (1969)

External links

1913 births
1996 deaths
Danish male film actors
Danish film directors
Best Actor Bodil Award winners
20th-century Danish male actors
John


Candidal intertrigo is an infection of the skin by Candida albicans, more specifically located between intertriginous folds of adjacent skin.

See also
 Candidiasis
 Intertrigo
 Skin lesion

References

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions