Desilo is an underwater archaeological site in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located near the Neretva (or Narenta) river and the Croatian border. The site was first discovered in the late 20th century, but Desilo's history can be traced as far back as ancient times. Investigations by a University of Mostar archaeological team in 2007 uncovered many sunken boats at the bottom of the small lake in Desilo valley. The archaeologists believe these boats to be Illyrian ships, dating back to the first and second centuries B.C. Further excavations in 2008 by University of Oslo archaeologists found evidence suggesting that Desilo was an Illyrian trading post. These archaeological findings are significant because they are the first known discovery of Illyrian ships. Additionally, Desilo functioning as a trading centre suggests there were peaceful interactions between the Illyrians and the Romans.

History
The underwater archaeological site of Desilo was first discovered and recorded officially in 1972. It resides 20 kilometers from the coast of the Neretva river. In the era of ancient Bosnia and Herzegovina, Neretva was home to the ancient Illyrian tribes Ardiaei and Daorsi (or Daversi). Desilo is located near multiple land traffic passageways in the direction of Daorsi capital Daorson, as well as the Roman colony Narona. Today, Desilo lay within Hutovo Blato, a nature park on the Neretva river. Archaeological research in 2007 and 2008 provided archaeologists and historians with information about Desilo's function and significance in ancient times.

Archaeological excavations and findings
In March of 2007, Professor Snjezana Vasilj of the University of Mostar and her archaeological team found 16 Illyrian boats more than 6 metres under the water level in Desilo. This discovery is the first of its kind: Illyrian ships had previously only been known to historians through Greek and Roman myths. The ships were covered with fragments of amphorae, Roman pitchers for holding wine. From the boat discoveries, Vasilj and her archaeological team concluded that Romans had sunk the ships in retaliation of an Illyrian pirate attack.

Archaeologists Marina Prusac and Adam Lindhagen of the University of Oslo did not completely agree with the interpretation of Professor Vasilj's archaeological team. They said that Desilo's proximity to the Roman colony of Narona as well as its location at the innermost point of a bay made the site an unlikely area for pirate activities to occur. Rather, they thought Desilo's location suggested that the site functioned as a trading centre. In the fall of 2008, Prusac and Lindhagen's archaeological team conducted the third known underwater research of the Desilo site. From their findings of additional sunken ships and pieces of amphorae from the 1st century B.C., the remains of a harbour, and the ruins of an Illyrian settlement, the archaeologists concluded that Desilo was a trading post and served as an important point of contact between the ancient Illyrians and Romans.

Sunken boats
Among the sunken ships, Vasilj and her team found iron Roman spears and horse shoes in addition to the previously mentioned broken amphorae. In their opinion these findings give credence to their conclusion that the ships were sunk by Romans after an Illyrian pirate attack.

Prusac and Lindhagen's archaeological team found a greater number of boats at Desilo than had been previously recorded. They reported over 30 sunken ships. Called "lembi" by the Romans, these small boats were known for their fast maneuverability.  According to Lindhagen's dating of the amphorae, the time span in which the boats were sunk occurred over the course of a century.

Amphorae
Among the boats on the lake bed, archaeologists found hundreds of pieces of amphorae and more than 700 amphorae lids. The amphorae are the Lamboglia 2 type. Lindhagen, a specialist in amphorae, said these findings suggest that imports from the Roman colony Narona were much more extensive than previously thought. Lindhagen analyzed the pottery to find the amphorae's origin and determined that they were produced along the Dalmatian coast, where wine was exported to the entire Roman Empire.

Archaeologists still remain unsure as to why all the amphorae are broken. Prusac and Lindhagen said that they don't think the Romans would have sunk hundreds of amphorae containing their own wine, and hypothesize that the amphorae might have been dumped after being emptied. However, they also note that findings of animal bones, horse teeth, Illyrian pottery and weapons such as axes and spear tips in the sea could indicate that the Illyrians made ritual offerings to the sea. Although this practice was common in Scandinavia during the Iron Age, it has never been heard of before from the Illyrian area or the surrounding eastern Adriatic region.

Remains of a harbour
Lindhagen and Prusac discovered the remains of a harbour buried in the river bed. A polygonal wall 20 metres in length and 60 centimetres in width appeared solidly built. The wall had a row of mooring holes along its width. A second wall found underneath the mud in the river bed appeared not as solidly built. The archaeologists thought that the harbour operated as a trading post, with the stable wall likely functioning as a quay and the second wall as a dam. They also found many pieces of pottery among the remains of the harbour, which they said indicates that this was a major trading post.

Ruins of a settlement
Prusac and Lindhagen found an Illyrian settlement about a hundred metres from the harbour site. Archaeologists Jo-Simon Frøshaug Stokke, Lene Os Johannessen and Ole Christian Aslaksen also discovered terrace formations in the mountainside of the valley, which they said suggest that a settlement existed for at least several hundred years before any trade occurred between the Illyrians and the Romans. Anchor parts, lance tips and fibula, and metal buckles for fastening clothes were also found near the settlement, as well as graves that predate any of the other findings.

Significance of archaeological findings
Lindhagen has said that the discovery at Desilo is the most important find of all time from the Illyrian areas, and that there is still much more to be discovered at the site.

Prusac and Lindhagen's findings suggesting that Desilo was a trading centre between the Illyrians and Romans reveals peaceful connections between the two groups. Prior to this discovery, descriptions of Illyrians focused on their warlike behavior and terse relations with the Romans and Greeks. Prusac said that revealing peaceful relations between the Illyrians and Romans demonstrates that the Illyrians had grown over time in their cultural contact with other nations.

Prusac also said that their discovery is important for understanding cultural identities in the Balkans in ancient times. Archaeological research on the Illyrians was used politically as the culture-historical glue of the various groups in the former Yugoslavia, as the neutral term "Illyrian" was applied to all ethnic groups there, but Prusac and Lindhagen's evidence of peaceful relations demonstrates that there were differences between the Illyrian peoples.

See also
 Neretva
 Hutovo Blato
 Krupa (Neretva)
 List of ancient tribes in Illyria
 List of Illyrian cities
 Daorson
 Daorsi
 History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 History of the Balkans

References

Works cited

External links
Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission for Preservation of National Monuments
Wine route Herzegovina
Hutovo Blato Nature Park
Hutovo Blato Nature Park — Network of Adriatic Parks
Archeological Museum of Narona in Vid, Croatia
Troy - possible locations within Neretva valley
Geografija.hr
Čapljina municipality

Ancient Bosnia and Herzegovina
Illyrian archeological sites and structures in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina
Archaeology of Illyria
Illyrian architecture
Illyrian art
Cities in ancient Illyria
National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nature parks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hutovo Blato
Neretva basin


The 1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney in Australia and was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from 12 October through 18 October 1981. Top-seeded John McEnroe won his second successive singles title at the event.

Finals

Singles

 John McEnroe defeated  Roscoe Tanner 6–4, 7–5, 6–2
 It was McEnroe's 10th singles title of the year and the 34th of his career.

Doubles

 Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe defeated  Sherwood Stewart /  Ferdi Taygan 6–7, 7–6, 6–1
 It was Fleming's 7th title of the year and the 39th of his career. It was McEnroe's 16th title of the year and the 72nd of his career.

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details

Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Australian Indoor Tennis Championships
In
Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Sports competitions in Sydney
Tennis in New South Wales


Jarmo Lehtinen (born 3 January 1969) is a rally co-driver from Finland. He was the co-driver to former World Rally Championship driver Mikko Hirvonen and have scored 15 WRC wins competing under Ford World Rally Team and  Citroën Total. As of 2019, he is current co-driver for M-Sport driver Teemu Suninen.

Career
Lehtinen started co-driving in 1988 alongside friend Jari Mikkola. He later partnered Marko Ramanen in the Finnish Rally Championship, and he made his WRC debut in the 1997 Rally Finland. In 1999 Lehtinen partnered Ramanen in the British Rally Championship and accompanied Jouni Ampuja to sixth in Group N in the Finnish Championship. He worked with Ampuja in the Finnish Championship for another two seasons. In 2002 he took up a new role in the gravel crew for Skoda driver Toni Gardemeister on the world championship. He also began to work with Hirvonen on international events. The pair have worked together on all their WRC outings since 2003, with Subaru in 2004 and with Ford since 2006, becoming runners-up in 2008. He won his first world rally at the 2006 Rally Australia. Lehtinen and Hirvonen competed for Citroën in 2012.

WRC victories

Complete WRC results

References

External links

 Jarmo's profile on wrc.com

1969 births
Living people
Finnish rally co-drivers
World Rally Championship co-drivers


is a Japanese yuri manga series written and illustrated by Takashi Ikeda. It was serialized in Media Factory's seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive between March 2007 and November 2011, and was compiled into nine tankōbon volumes. The series has been licensed in North America by One Peace Books. It was adapted as a 13-episode anime television series produced by AIC that aired between October and December 2009 on TV Tokyo. The series, which is set in a co-ed high school, is about Sumika Murasame, a 15-year-old girl who is secretly in love with her female best friend, Ushio Kazama. Ushio likes girls too, but is only into "cute" and "small" girls, while Sumika is tall, good at sports, and outgoing rather than shy.

Plot
Sumika Murasame is a high school girl who is in love with her female best friend Ushio Kazama, but is unable to confess how she feels as Ushio only likes girls she considers to be "cute" and "small", while Sumika is tall and athletic. Sumika discovers one of her classmates, a boy named Masaki Akemiya who likes her, started cross-dressing to catch her attention, but inadvertently was hired as a model. Sumika and Ushio get to know two girls in their class who are a couple, Tomoe Hachikusa and Miyako Taema; Tomoe wants to start a "girl's club" where only lesbians can join but is wrought with opposition. Sumika agrees to go on one date with Masaki, who comes cross-dressed as his female persona Akemi Yamasaki. Sumika becomes involved with her classmate Azusa Aoi, a quiet girl and aspiring writer who plans to attend a dōjinshi convention fueled by her love of yuri author Orino Masaka, which is the pen name of Ushio's older brother Norio. Sumika gets roped into helping Azusa and attending the summer convention as well, despite wanting to spend time with Ushio.

After the sports day competition and cultural festival, a short German high school girl named Charlotte Münchhausen (nicknamed Lotte), comes to stay at Sumika's home and dojo to train in karate. Sumika, who had quit karate because it is not "cute", starts training again to help in Charlotte's training, much to the joy of Sumika's father. Ushio is unhappy about Charlotte's training and merely wants her to be a gentle, cute girl. Charlotte gets sick after running in the rain during training, and after Ushio confronts her about it, Sumika lashes out, distraught how she cannot become any cuter or smaller. Following Tomoe's suggestion, a female karate club is formed with Sumika as the president and Charlotte as the vice-president. After Ushio starts realizing she has romantic feelings for Sumika, she starts to worry that Sumika may stop being friends with her. Masaki stops being a fashion model after being traumatically exposed as a cross-dresser.

After Sumika and her friends enter their second year of high school, two first-year girls named Mayu Semimaru and Koino Matsubara join the female karate club. Sumika is troubled over her relationship with Ushio, which has an adverse effect on her karate performance, much to the disappointment of Mayu. Sumika starts to get more involved with karate training to take her mind off of Ushio and in doing so, inadvertently distances herself from her. Ushio breaks down in depression because of this distancing, which results in Ushio breaking her arm, but is able to make up with Sumika. Tomoe accidentally implies to Ushio that Sumika has romantic feelings for her, much to Ushio's surprise, and Ushio finally accepts that she has fallen in love with Sumika but decides to become less dependent on her friend before confessing because she believes love will always fail for her. Meanwhile, Mayu realizes that she might have romantic feelings for Sumika as well, which distracts her in a karate tournament. Later, Sumika runs for student council president, though runs into various problems concerning rumours about her, and is forced to recede when Mayu ends up punching another student for insulting Sumika. As such, Ushio ends up becoming the new student council president.

Characters

The main character of the story, Sumika is intelligent, tall with long black hair and athletically gifted. Her family runs a karate dojo, so she has practiced martial arts since she was little, quickly becoming very strong, even being considered a karate "genius". However, after realizing she was in love with Ushio she decided to quit in order to try to become "cuter". Due to her abilities she's popular at school and, despite her personality not being violent at all, she's sometimes nicknamed "Violent Murasame". She secretly loves Ushio, but the fact that Ushio doesn't return her feelings at all makes her suffer. Often she tries acting cuter, but the results aren't great and Ushio remains oblivious to Sumika's feelings.

Sumika's best friend and classmate who lives alone with her brother, Ushio is a naive girl madly in love with cute girls. She often gets crushes but they are all one-sided. She considers Sumika to be a very precious friend and often says that she is "cool", "not cute" and "not her type". She is completely unaware of Sumika's feelings and her inner reaction to these words. She herself develops feelings for Sumika, but is afraid to act on them based on a bad experience with one of her old friends. She later learns from Tomoe that Sumika is in love with her too, and slowly starts to give Sumika hints.

 A classmate of Sumika and Ushio who is also a lesbian. She is in a relationship with another classmate, Miyako Taema. She is 18 years old, having taken two years off from school to save her family's corporation from bankruptcy (a feat publicly attributed to her father). Due to this age difference, she has a more mature outlook on life than the other characters. The Hachisuka family is very wealthy and traditional, but they have no choice but to accept Tomoe's habits. She claims that "high school is all about being in clubs", so she tries to set up a "Girls' Club" for "girl-loving girls who had no choice but to enter a co-ed school". The proposal is rejected and the girls later reform it into a karate club. She has a driver's license but is a dangerously bad driver.

Tomoe's girlfriend. While she looks like an innocent and clumsy girl, and is popular with boys (who nickname her "Princess"), her true self is quite different, having a devilish, bad-mannered personality, and is always prone to bad-mouth or tease other people. Tomoe is the only one able to 'control' her; they are always together, and for this reason they had no friends before befriending Sumika and the others. Miyako is a daughter of Hachisuka family's driver, a fact that doesn't sit well with the rest of Tomoe's household, but as with other things, they cannot go against her.

A classmate of the main characters, she is introduced in volume 2. Aoi is a yuri fan, in particular she loves the works of the shōjo novelist Orino Masaka, unaware that the author is actually Ushio's brother, Norio, using a pen name. Sumika knows this but she doesn't want to disappoint her, so she keeps it secret. Aoi thinks that love between girls must be something completely pure and fragile, hidden away from people's eyes; for this reason she doesn't like Tomoe and Miyako's relationship, considering them way too blatant. She likes attending yuri-only events and writing yuri dōjinshi, and she wishes to do so with Sumika.

A shy classmate of the main characters. He likes Sumika, but when he notices that she likes Ushio he cross-dresses in order to catch her attention. His younger sister finds out and sends pictures of him to a magazine. To his dismay, he is chosen as a model and pictures of him start appearing in magazines under the alias . Ushio sees the pictures and develops a crush on Akemi and wants to meet 'her'. Akemi's career ends when her 'manhood' is accidentally revealed during a fashion show, but the company keeps Masaki's identity a secret.

A German girl, nicknamed Lotte, introduced in volume three. She's short and she has a very childish appearance; her silky blonde hair and blue eyes make her seem like a doll. Ushio falls for her at first sight and she calls her an 'angel'. Despite her appearance, Lotte's personality isn't feminine at all: she has a harsh way of speaking, she practices karate and wants to become cool and strong like Sumika. She also acts innocently and naively, and at first she's easily tricked by Ushio into wearing cute dresses. When at school she wears a gakuran, a schoolboy's uniform, in order to preserve the "Japanese spirit".

A classmate and friend of Sumika and Ushio, they often eat lunch together. She has a happy personality and she loves eating a lot, particularly curry bread. According to Sumika, she's straight and politely declines any involvement in the dubious activities proposed by Ushio and Tomoe.

A first year student who joins the karate club after Sumika and the others enter their second year of high school. She is an admirer of Sumika's fighting ability and is rather vocal when she does not live to her expectations. Contrary to her stoic appearance, she tends to not be very level headed. She later harbors feelings for Sumika herself, finding herself jealous whenever she sees her with Ushio.

Another first year student and Mayu's best friend, who also joins the karate club. Like Mayu, contrary to Koino's cheerful appearance and attitude, she is the more level headed of the two. Her personality has been affected by witnessing her mother constantly change partners. She is the only one who knows of Mayu's crush on Sumika and soon starts to develop feelings for Mayu herself.

Ushio's older brother. They live alone in a messy house. He is a writer who publishes shōjo yuri novels under the pen name of Orino Masaka (written in kana, it is almost exactly "Kazama Norio" when written backwards). His true identity is not known to his audience, so he is believed to be female.

Masaki's younger sister and the one responsible for throwing him into the modeling business. Although rather teasing in this aspect, she does try to help her brother in her own way as shown when she concocts a scheme to get him together with Sumika.

Production
Whispered Words was written and illustrated by Takashi Ikeda. After joining an independent film crew while in college, Ikeda decided to start drawing on manga as a way to create projects all on his own. His second manga work was submitted to the Shogakukan magazine Big Comic Spirits and subsequently won a small award. Whispered Words was originally conceived as a one-shot manga by Ikeda. Media Factory featured it in this for in the March 2007 of its magazine Monthly Comic Alive before picking it up for full serialization a few months later. After Whispered Words was translated for North American release, Ikeda stated he was unsure if would ever create another yuri-themed manga. Ikeda later authored the yuri manga series The Two of Them Are Pretty Much Like This, which was serialized on publisher Gentosha's Comic Boost website between January 2020 and February 2022 and localized in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment.

Media

Manga
The Whispered Words manga was serialized in Japan in Media Factory's seinen magazine Monthly Comic Alive between its March 2007 and November 2011 issues. The chapters were collected into nine tankōbon volumes released between December 22, 2007 and January 23, 2012. One Peace Books localized the manga for North American release, compiling the original nine tankōbon volumes into three larger graphic novels and releasing the series between May 13, 2014 and March 17, 2015. The manga has also been licensed for release in Taiwan by Sharp Point Press.
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| December 22, 2007
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| rowspan=3 | May 13, 2014
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| September 23, 2009
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Anime
A 13-episode anime television series produced by AIC aired on TV Tokyo and TV Aichi between October 7 and December 30, 2009, with rebroadcasts on other stations and AT-X a few days later, and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The anime takes plot material based on the manga, with the exception of episode twelve, which is an anime-original story. The opening theme song is  and the ending theme song is ; both songs are sung by Natsumi Kiyoura.

Video game
A kissing video game, titled Sasame Kisscomi as an app for the iPhone was released by Team Tachyon. The game rates the player on how well they can kiss, and also offers 27 pages of manga, as well as color images of the anime's art for successful kissing.

Reception
Tim Jones of THEM Anime Reviews said he feared that the series would turn into "another Maria Holic" and said that the first few episodes were frustrating to him, but the perverted thoughts of Sumika were "kept in her head, not expressed out loud." He added that although they do not become a couple, it is shown that Ushio really likes Sumika, a subtle yuri relationship. He praised Tomoe and Miyako, an "openly lesbian couple," saying it is nice to see a "yuri couple in a romantic comedy with some bit of humility." He pointed out that Aoi is "a shy girl who loves yuri" and has a crush on Sumika, and was generally fine with the voice cast. He criticized the series music as "nothing to write home about, said that the visual quality of the show looks fine, and said that the show is "an example of a good show wanting to be great," but dragged down by annoying jokes. He further said the series is "older teenagers and up" because must of the cast are lesbians, along with some fan service, and called an episode where a male character, Masaki, dresses up in drag as one of the "most creepy, unfunny episodes" he had seen in a long time.

Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network said that after the first episode, the "series goes on as if blindsided by its own longevity," spending most of its time, up to episode six, "drifting," and "rudderless" with antics of Akemiya, a cross-dresser, and two lesbian lovers (Tomoe and Miyako) "acquiring a pretty serious patina of goofiness in the process." He also said that the series is a "couple of steps above your average romantic comedy," having some perverse humor, saying it is blessed by "good...background artistry." Kimlinger says that if the show, after its first episode, "feels like a sequel to its first episode," then its a fun sequel with characters which are likable, laughs, and more. He concludes that the series is an "enjoyable and often very funny romantic comedy" while he says that the series never lives up to "the promise of that opening episode" and is visually bland.

Megan Gudeman of CBR said that the anime makes Sumika's crush on her friend, Ushio, "comedic," and said that there is enough "yuri representation throughout the cast to be considered a 2000s staple." Em Casalena said the series shows a relationship with themes "you'd find in any teen romance" but it is between "two openly lesbian high school students," with a focus on lesbophobia and being a "young gay student in Japan." Casalena also says that the story is "incredibly relatable" with those girls who are closeted likely finding "parallels between her life" and the events in the series.

References

External links
 Anime official website
 Sasameki Koto anime at TV Tokyo

2007 manga
2009 Japanese television series debuts
2009 Japanese television series endings
Anime International Company
Japanese LGBT-related animated television series
Media Factory manga
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Seinen manga
Sharp Point Press titles
TV Tokyo original programming
Yuri (genre) anime and manga
Lesbian-related comics
2000s LGBT literature
2000s LGBT-related comedy television series


In probability theory, a Markov model is a stochastic model used to model pseudo-randomly changing systems. It is assumed that future states depend only on the current state, not on the events that occurred before it (that is, it assumes the Markov property). Generally, this assumption enables reasoning and computation with the model that would otherwise be intractable. For this reason, in the fields of predictive modelling and probabilistic forecasting, it is desirable for a given model to exhibit the Markov property.

Introduction
There are four common Markov models used in different situations, depending on whether every sequential state is observable or not, and whether the system is to be adjusted on the basis of observations made:

Markov chain

The simplest Markov model is the Markov chain. It models the state of a system with a random variable that changes through time. In this context, the Markov property suggests that the distribution for this variable depends only on the distribution of a previous state. An example use of a Markov chain is Markov chain Monte Carlo, which uses the Markov property to prove that a particular method for performing a random walk will sample from the joint distribution.

Hidden Markov model

A hidden Markov model is a Markov chain for which the state is only partially observable or noisily observable. In other words, observations are related to the state of the system, but they are typically insufficient to precisely determine the state. Several well-known algorithms for hidden Markov models exist. For example, given a sequence of observations, the Viterbi algorithm will compute the most-likely corresponding sequence of states, the forward algorithm will compute the probability of the sequence of observations, and the Baum–Welch algorithm will estimate the starting probabilities, the transition function, and the observation function of a hidden Markov model.

One common use is for speech recognition, where the observed data is the speech audio waveform and the hidden state is the spoken text. In this example, the Viterbi algorithm finds the most likely sequence of spoken words given the speech audio.

Markov decision process

A Markov decision process is a Markov chain in which state transitions depend on the current state and an action vector that is applied to the system. Typically, a Markov decision process is used to compute a policy of actions that will maximize some utility with respect to expected rewards.

Partially observable Markov decision process

A partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) is a Markov decision process in which the state of the system is only partially observed. POMDPs are known to be NP complete, but recent approximation techniques have made them useful for a variety of applications, such as controlling simple agents or robots.

Markov random field

A Markov random field, or Markov network, may be considered to be a generalization of a Markov chain in multiple dimensions. In a Markov chain, state depends only on the previous state in time, whereas in a Markov random field, each state depends on its neighbors in any of multiple directions. A Markov random field may be visualized as a field or graph of random variables, where the distribution of each random variable depends on the neighboring variables with which it is connected. More specifically, the joint distribution for any random variable in the graph can be computed as the product of the "clique potentials" of all the cliques in the graph that contain that random variable. Modeling a problem as a Markov random field is useful because it implies that the joint distributions at each vertex in the graph may be computed in this manner.

Hierarchical Markov models
Hierarchical Markov models can be applied to categorize human behavior at various levels of abstraction.  For example, a series of simple observations, such as a person's location in a room, can be interpreted to determine more complex information, such as in what task or activity the person is performing. Two kinds of Hierarchical Markov Models are the Hierarchical hidden Markov model and the Abstract Hidden Markov Model. Both have been used for behavior recognition and certain conditional independence properties between different levels of abstraction in the model allow for faster learning and inference.

Tolerant Markov model
A Tolerant Markov model (TMM) is a probabilistic-algorithmic Markov chain model. It assigns the probabilities according to a conditioning context that considers the last symbol, from the sequence to occur, as the most probable instead of the true occurring symbol. A TMM can model three different natures: substitutions, additions or deletions. Successful applications have been efficiently implemented in DNA sequences compression.

Markov-chain forecasting models
Markov-chains have been used as a forecasting methods for several topics, for example price trends, wind power and solar irradiance. The Markov-chain forecasting models utilize a variety of different settings, from discretizing the time-series to hidden Markov-models combined with wavelets and the Markov-chain mixture distribution model (MCM).

See also
 Markov chain Monte Carlo
 Markov blanket
 Andrey Markov
 Variable-order Markov model

References

zh-yue:馬可夫鏈


Axel Carl William Grandjean (9 March 1847 - 11 February 1932) was a Danish composer and conductor.

He was one of the first students at the Royal Danish Academy of Music with dignified teachers such  as Niels Gade, Johann Peter Emilius Hartmann, August Winding and Johann Christian Gebauer. He also tried as an actor, when in 1869 he successfully played the role of the playwright Jean de France. He gave up the idea and concentrated on music.

That same year he took on a study trip to Germany and Paris. After his return he worked as a music teacher and now as a conductor. In 1899-1918 he was at the Danish Royal Theater. He directed the music for some plays and ballets. In parallel with this work he composed some operas. He also composed many songs and piano arrangements, including a 3 volume work of a variety of songs from the 19th century Vaudeville. In 1917 he became a Knight of the Dannebrog and in 1919 he published his memoirs.

He died in 1932. He was survived by his son Poul Bredo Grandjean.

References
This article was initially translated from Danish Wikipedia

Danish composers
Male composers
1847 births
1932 deaths


The 1995 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain was the six and last race of the 1995 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 30 September in the Hackney Wick Stadium in London, England.

Starting positions draw
The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Jason Crump as Wild Card.

Heat details

Final classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
FIM-live.com
SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
Gr
1995
Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain


Milcombe is a village and civil parish about  southwest of Banbury, Oxfordshire. Pronounced Mill-Comb-Bee. Milcombe is famous for its village shop. Originally called ‘John’s shop’ or More officially, ‘New Road Stores’ but is now called ‘Best-one’.

History
The Church of England parish church of Saint Laurence was built in the 13th century, but little survives from this period except for the west tower. The font is the 15th century. In the 19th century the building was in very poor condition, so in 1860 the Gothic Revival architect G.E. Street, rebuilt the chancel and most of the nave. The parish benefice is now combined with those of Bloxham and South Newington.

Milcombe House was a large 17th-century house. Most of it was demolished in 1953, but a small part has been retained as a farmhouse. Some outbuildings of the hall survive: an 18th-century dovecote and part of the 17th century stables.  By about 1875 the Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway had been built through the parish. It passed very close to the village in a cutting at the foot of Fern Hill. The nearest station was Bloxham,  away. British Railways closed Bloxham station in 1951 and closed the Banbury and Cheltenham railway completely in 1964, but the disused cutting beside Milcombe village remains.

Amenities
Milcombe has a 17th-century public house, the Horse and Groom. The village hall is converted from a set of 17th-century cottages. Milcombe has a village shop. In 2009 a Women's Institute was founded in Milcombe.

References

Sources

External links

Milcombe
Civil parishes in Oxfordshire


Sir Mark Brian Pepys  (born 18 September 1944) is a South African-born British academic of medicine. He was until 2011 Professor of Medicine at University College London and Head of Medicine at the Hampstead Campus and the Royal Free Hospital.

Education
Pepys was born in Cape Town, South Africa, the son of physician Jack Pepys   and Rhoda Gertrude Pepys (née Kussel). He moved to the UK in 1948. He finished his early education at the University of Cambridge, and then qualified as a medical doctor at University College London Medical School. He then returned to  Cambridge where he was awarded a PhD in Immunology in 1973.

Awards and honours
Pepys won the GlaxoSmithKline Prize in 2007 "for his excellent work as a clinical scientist who has identified specific proteins as new therapeutic targets and developed novel drugs with potential use in amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease". In 1998, Pepys was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). His nomination reads:

In 1999, he became director of the University College London Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins.

Mark Pepys has recently won the 2008 Ernst Chain Prize for his work on amyloid diseases, established by Imperial College London in recognition of leaders in their fields.

Pepys was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to biomedicine.

See also
SAP scan

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Cape Town
South African scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal College of Pathologists


Major General Sir Frederick Carrington,  (23 August 1844, Cheltenham – 22 March 1913, Cheltenham), was a British soldier and friend of Cecil Rhodes. He acquired fame by suppressing the 1896 Matabele rebellion.

Biography

Carrington was educated at Cheltenham College and joined the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1864.

In 1875, he arrived in South Africa where he raised and commanded the Mounted Infantry in the Griqualand West expedition and the Frontier Light Horse in the Ninth Frontier War in 1877.

He commanded the Transvaal Volunteer Force against Sekhukhune in 1878–1879 and the Cape Mounted Riflemen in the Basuto Gun War of 1881.  He was severely wounded in this campaign.

In 1885, he accompanied Sir Charles Warren's expedition to Bechuanaland in command of the 2nd Mounted Infantry, which soon became known as 'Carrington's Horse'.

He commanded the Bechuanaland Police beginning in 1888.  He also was appointed military adviser to the High Commissioner in the First Matabele War and commanded the British force in the Matabele Rebellion in 1896.

Carrington was in command of Belfast district in 1899–1900. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, he was appointed on the staff of the South Africa Field Force on 28 February 1900, with the local rank of a lieutenant-general to be in command of the Rhodesian Field Force. This was a field force established to prevent attacks on Rhodesia from the south, and the soldiers were drawn from the various colonial contingents in the war, including the South Australian Citizen Bushmen (though not from Rhodesia itself). Carrington left for South Africa in March 1900 on the SS Dunottar Castle, and arrived in Cape Town the following month.

He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1887, a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1897, and retired with the rank of major-general.

He was the father-in-law of World War I fighter ace William Mayes Fry and the father of the writer Dorothy Carrington.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Article and colour painting at Pine Tree Web

British Army major generals
Cape Colony army officers
Commissioners of the Bechuanaland Protectorate
1844 births
1913 deaths
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
British military personnel of the Bechuanaland Expedition
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
People of the Basuto Gun War
People of the Second Matabele War
People of the Sekukuni Campaign
People educated at Cheltenham College
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1880s in Bechuanaland Protectorate


Richard Zarou (born 1981) is a contemporary composer of concert and film music and the host of the new music podcast "No Extra Notes".  Zarou is from Centreville, VA and completed his undergraduate studies at Shenandoah University in Virginia.  He completed his Master of Music degree in music composition at Florida State University in 2006 and completed his Doctor of Musical Arts degree in music composition, again at Florida State University, in December 2008.

Zarou's concert music has been featured on a number of festivals and concerts both in the US and abroad.  His work "Catatonic Visions of a Spring-Loaded Case" for bass trombone and CD was premiered by Jonathan Warburton and has received several performances both in the US and in the UK since its 2008 premiere.  Zarou has also been programmed on the national conference of the Society of Composers, Inc., the College Music Society's 50th anniversary concert program, the prestigious Electronic Music Midwest festival, Florida International University's FEASt FEST, and the Delta State University's Electroacoustic Juke Joint, among many others.

As a film composer, Richard Zarou has worked with a number of professional and student filmmakers.  Perhaps his most significant contribution was to the 2007 documentary Breaking the Silence: Torture Survivors Speak Out, a film by Terry Coonan and Vallerie Richard Auzenne in collaboration with the torture victim advocacy group TASSC.

Zarou is perhaps best known for his electroacoustic compositions including his recent album-length release "In From the Rain".  His music, particularly his electroacoustic works, is characterized by a vibrant energy, often process-oriented organization, and a clear focus on emotional impact.  Zarou has worked with a number of musicians including bass trombonists Jonathan Warburton (UK) and Aaron Misenheimer, cellist Katie Geeseman, flutist Barbi Risken, pianist Martin Levicky (Czech Republic), mezzo-soprano Sarah Horick, and the Eppes String Quartet, among many others.  Richard Zarou was also the first composer to receive a commission for a new work for the Loudon County String Orchestra which was premiered in January 2009.

Notes

External links
http://www.richardzarou.com/
http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/25/torture.survivors/
http://www.thisisnotalabel.com/EMM-2008---Richard-Zarou-on-Ad-Vitam-Aeternam.php
http://elizabethjoankelly.com/Documents/Freeplay10program.pdf
http://www.societyofcomposers.org/data/publications/newsletter/issues/2005/SCINewsXXXV6.pdf

Florida State University alumni
1981 births
Living people
Shenandoah University alumni
21st-century American composers
String quartet composers


Owen Price (died 25 November 1671) was a Welsh schoolmaster and writer.

Life
Price was born in Montgomeryshire, Wales and studied at Jesus College, Oxford for four years.  After returning to Wales to teach, he resumed his education at Oxford and obtained his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees by 1656.  He became master of Magdalen College School, Oxford in 1657, and was complaining in the following year about the delay in appointing him as master of Westminster School, saying that the delay was dissuading parents from sending their children to him for lessons.  He was not appointed to Westminster School, and lost his position at Magdalen College School on the Restoration because of his non-conformist beliefs.  He then taught in Devon and Oxfordshire, maintaining his good reputation as a teacher.  He died in Oxford, near Magdalen College, on 25 November 1671.

Works

Price wrote The Vocal Organ (1665), containing the first illustrations in an English book of the parts of the body involved in speech.  It taught punctuation and pronunciation, amongst other topics.  English Orthography (1668) was a revised version of his first book, including rules of spelling set out in 'question and answer' format.  A later edition, in 1670, added a list of words that were frequently misspelt, although his lists were not original.

References

1671 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Welsh schoolteachers
Welsh non-fiction writers
Year of birth unknown


Rugby union in the Isle of Man is a popular sport. It has no national competitive side of its own, and is not affiliated to the IRB in its own right. For this reason, it has no IRB ranking.

Governing body
Rugby Union is played in the Isle of Man under the auspices of the Cheshire Rugby Football Union which is affiliated to the (English) Rugby Football Union. The sport is organised and operated by a Manx Executive Committee which is a sub-committee of Cheshire RFU.The Isle of Man is politically neither part of the UK nor of England, but Manx rugby has a relationship with English rugby for practical reasons.

History

Due to its proximity to England, and the major rugby nations of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, Manx rugby is amongst the oldest in the world, dating back to the mid 19th century. King William's College, the island's best known private school took the game up early and it is still one of the school's main sports, and a number of other Manx schools also play, such as Castle Rushen High School, Ramsey Grammar School. The Manx Government also funds a full-time rugby development officer.

An early club was Mona RFC, which is now defunct.

There are a number of rugby union clubs within the island that contest the domestic competitions the Manx Shield and the Manx Cup. Reigning Shield Champions are Douglas Rugby Club with the Manx Cup yet to be decided. Other clubs include Castletown Rugby Club, Ramsey Rugby Club, Southern Nomads Rugby Club, Vagabonds Rugby Club and Western Vikings R.U.F.C

There is also a London Manx RFC side.

Ramsey Rugby Club, Douglas Rugby Club and Vagabonds Rugby Club all had teams participating in the English Clubs Championship until 2020. At levels 8 & 9 of the structure there were insufficient teams to run a worthwhile league system. Ramsey & Vagabonds were therefore back in domestic competition only. Douglas and Vagabonds Ladies fell victims to the COVID-19 pandemic and are in a similar position.

Like many small islands, the Isle of Man has a population problem. The main sport is association football, and the national population is under 80,000.

As yet, the Isle of Man has fielded a national team only on a sporadic basis.

Notable players connected with the Isle of Man
The following are notable Manx rugby union players, or people with a connection to the island.
 G.A.M. Isherwood, British Lions player, attended Ramsey Grammar School, but was born and spent most of his life in England... for which he was strangely never selected.
 A.P. Penketh, of Douglas RC, who took part in the first 1888 British Isles tour to New Zealand and Australia
 Doug Davies, 24 caps for , died in Peel.
 Neil Bennett, played for England, born in Ramsey.
 Douglas Bader, better known as a flying ace, spent the first two years of his life in the IOM.
 Bevan Rodd, England player, born in Scotland, who grew up in the Isle of Man

Broadcast media
The Isle of Man has no television of its own, but does have its own radio station. However, British and Irish television can both be received on the island, and often include extensive rugby coverage - such as the Rugby World Cup and Six Nations Championship

Teams
 Castletown R.U.F.C.
 Douglas R.U.F.C.
 Ramsey R.U.F.C.
 Southern Nomads R.U.F.C.
 Vagabonds R.U.F.C.
 Western Vikings R.U.F.C.

References

External links
 Manx Rugby Football Union
 Manx Rugby (Commonwealth Games)
 BBC's Manx sports page

 http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-171460343.html
 Sale Sharks To Stage Rugby Camps For Manx Children
 RFU launch Manx learning courses
 Western Vikings RUFC

Sport in the Isle of Man


Rugby union is a popular sport in Jersey.

Governing body
Rugby union is played in Jersey under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is affiliated to the Hampshire Rugby Football Union but is not a member of the Rugby Football Union of England. As such, it has no national team of its own, and is not affiliated to World Rugby in its own right. For this reason, it has no WR ranking.

History
Due to its proximity to England and the major rugby nation of France, Jersey rugby is amongst the oldest in the world, dating back to the mid 19th century. Most schools play the sport, especially the private ones.

There are several rugby union clubs in the island including a rugby academy for under-18s that includes more than 600 players as of April 2012 and Les Quennevais Rugby Club.

Jersey Reds are a Jersey rugby club that enjoyed a meteoric rise through the English pyramid from 2005, when they were playing in London South West Division 3 (now known as London 2 South West), to 2012. They earned promotion at the end of that season, and then starting in 2007–08 earned four more in five seasons. The most recent promotion, at the end of the 2011–12 season, placed them in the second-tier RFU Championship, where they have played ever since.

The Siam Cup is an annual Rugby Union competition held between Jersey Reds and Guernsey RFC. It was first contested in 1920. The trophy awarded its winner is the second oldest rugby honour contested after the Calcutta Cup.

Like many small islands, Jersey has a population problem. The main sport is football, and the national population is just over 90,000.

As yet, Jersey has not fielded a national team.

JRA League
The Jersey Rugby Association (JRA) League features the following teams:

 Beeches
 Guernsey RFC 2nd XV
 Jersey 3rd XV
 Jersey United Banks
 Les Quennevais
 St Jacques
 The Panthers

Broadcast media
Jersey has no television of its own but does have its own radio station. However, British and French television can both be received on the island, and often include extensive rugby coverage - such as the Rugby World Cup and Six Nations Championship. The ITV variant Channel Television sometimes includes rugby news.

BBC Radio Jersey has live commentary of every Jersey Rugby Club home game as well as live inserts from every away game.

Notable Jersey players
 Fraser Waters, born Cape Town, and has played for England, attended St. Michael's Preparatory School on Jersey.
 Matt Banahan
 Alison Christie was the first Jersey born player to represent one of the British Isles nations, Scotland,  from 1994-2004. She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team twice, once in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and once in Murrayfield Stadium in 2007.
 Matthew Cook Jersey born Spanish international.
 Michael Le Bourgeois, the first Jersey born player to sign a professional contract with Jersey RFC.

See also
 Rugby union in Guernsey

References

External links
 Guernsey vs Jersey
 Jersey Reds
 BBC's Jersey sports page

Sport in Jersey


The following is a list of local nature reserves in Wales.

References
 Local Nature Reserves in Wales (Public Freedom of Information Act request to the Countryside Council for Wales, made via WhatDoTheyKnow, information released 17 March 2009)


San Sigismondo is a Roman Catholic religious complex in Cremona, northern Italy. It is located some 2 km outside the historical centre of the city.

History
The monastery was founded on 10 June 1463 to celebrate the union between the previously rival families of the Visconti and the Sforza, who had contended for the rule in the Duchy of Milan. An inscription near the high altar reads: "Here Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, joined in marriage Biancamaria daughter of Filippo Visconti: this as habit it meant, and with the word and the ring in the year 1447".

The building was designed by the ducal military engineer, Bartolomeo Gadio. The church has a façade divided in two storeys by an entablature supported by four fake columns in Doric style, which are surmounted by a tympanum and five small spires. The entrance, over which is a rose window, is supported by two Ionic columns with a Baroque flavour.

The interior is on the Latin Cross plan, with a nave and six chapels on each side. It houses artworks from the Campi brothers, Bernardino Gatti, Giacomo Bertesi and Gabriele Capra. The frescoes of Bernardino in the cupola are considered among his masterpieces.

The bell tower is octagonal in plan, the upper part being cylindrical in shape.

External links

Page at belpase.it

15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Sigismondo Cremona


Rugby union in the Bailiwick of Guernsey is a popular sport. Outside the island of Guernsey itself, it is occasionally played in Alderney and Sark. Sark has its own rugby team, although it regularly has to pick up "guest" players to make up its numbers.

Governing body
Rugby is played in Guernsey under the auspices of the (English) Rugby Football Union.

History

Due to its proximity to the major rugby nations England and France, Guernsey rugby is among the oldest in the world, dating back to the mid 19th century. A number of schools play the sport, especially the private ones, such as Elizabeth College.

Guernsey RFC was founded in 1928  and competes in the English leagues.
There is only one other club in Guernsey, St Jacques RFC, which was founded in 1978. From the 2014/15 season St Jacques compete in the Hampshire Rugby Football Union (Hants) Solent Merit league. St Jacques home ground is the King George V (KGV) playing fields. The current coaches are Jon Bell, Rob Box and Peter Mcmachon, the current captain is Brett McFarlane. St Jacques have a squad of around 40 players, with many being recent graduates of the Guernsey Rugby Academy.

The Siam Cup is an annual Rugby Union competition held between Jersey Reds and Guernsey RFC. It was first contested in 1920. The trophy awarded its winner is the second oldest rugby honour contested after the Calcutta Cup.

Development of the sport is  limited due to the practicalities of small islands; Guernsey's national population is under 80,000. The main sport is association football.

Broadcast media
Guernsey has no television of its own (the ITV variant Channel Television sometimes includes rugby news) but does have its own radio stations. British and French television can both be received in the islands, and often include extensive rugby coverage - such as the Rugby World Cup and Six Nations Championship.

See also
 Rugby union in Jersey

External links
 http://www.grufc.co.uk/
 Guernsey Rugby Academy
 Guernsey Touch
 Guernsey vs Jersey
 http://www.ogier.com/AboutUs/Action/Sport/Pages/GuernseyRugbyAcademy.aspx
 http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2009/02/26/rugby-official-swore-but-was-not-disorderly/
 BBC's Guernsey Sports page
 Sylvans RFC

References

Sport in Guernsey
Sark


Rugby union is a popular sport since its introduction by British military personnel in the 19th century.

Governing body
The Gibraltar Rugby Football Union (GRFU) has existed since the 1980s when the border with Spain was opened.

Rugby is played in Gibraltar under the auspices of the (GRFU), which exists for the development of the game on the Rock. In 2010 the GRFU appointed a Development Officer to promote the sport in middle schools and comprehensive schools.

History
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory, it has long had a rugby presence, and the game was probably introduced at some point during the 19th century by the military.

Around World War II, a number of Gibraltarians were evacuated to the United Kingdom, and some learned rugby while at school there or in the British Armed Forces.

Teams of Gibraltarians have been bolstered by the constant coming and going of the British Armed Forces, who traditionally had strong teams. During the mid-1960s, a mini league was set up - just in time, as the land border with Spain would close in 1968. This league was dominated by Gibraltar RFC.

Even up to the mid-1980s, rugby on the Rock had a major problem, namely the lack of grass. Games were frequently played on a rocky surface, and visitors had to play tag rugby. Peter Collings, a former St Mary's University, Blackburn and Leek winger, the Headmaster of St George's School, and others like Geoff Dunn of the Bat and Bull pub, kept Rugby alive via the tag game. Peter Collings was a one-man band for some ten years. He played and refereed, organised fixtures, the disciplinary committee and the pitch allocations. Fixtures occurred most weekends at the Devils Tower pitch and at Navy No 1 on Queensway. There were also regular and well attended Rugby Sevens events that took place, with recorded coverage from GBC television on John Shepherd's sports programmes. Tag rugby had its limitations, but with regular trips to play in Tangier against Moroccan and French teams, it allowed Rugby skills to flourish and for the game to stay alive in Gibraltar during the 1970s and 1980s when travel to Spain was impractical.

With the opening of the border in the 1980s, the huge demand by military personnel and returning local, university students led to the creation of Gibraltar's first national league. The original teams within this competition were teams from: Navy, Air Force, Army, La Linea and two Gibraltarian teams. This later increased with the introduction of the Spanish settlements of Ceuta and Cadiz to the league. The decline in this league was down to a number of factors, such as the decline in military personnel in Gibraltar as well as the increase in the number of Spanish teams taking part in the Andalucian League (FAR) and the lack of investment in youth development locally. The land border reopened in 1985, and a number of games were played against sides from Seville and Madrid. Gibraltar RFC has now merged with one of the Super4s clubs. A number of Gibraltar-based players play for the Barbarians RFC, an Andalucia Rugby Team that play in the Andalusia Divisions.

National team
On 5 November 2011 the Gibraltar Rugby Football Union (GRFU) fielded a national team in its first official Test Match. The fixture was against the Belgium Development Team in Brussels. The final score was Belgium XV 20 Gibraltar XV 8. Test Caps have been awarded to the Gibraltar Team.

The GRFU is currently going through the process of FIRA/AER (European Rugby Federation) membership. The GRFU is planning other international fixtures versus international opponents for April 2015.

There is also a Gibraltar National sevens team that plays regularly in tournaments, particularly in the Tangier Sevens.

 see Gibraltar national rugby union team

Domestic structure
The lack of a decent playing pitch was long a problem, however the laying of a 3rd generation (IRB Approved) astroturf pitch has meant that Gibraltarian teams have been allowed to play their first game of XVs on their home field. The new surface was laid in April 2010 and the first game played on the pitch was against a touring side. The historic first encounter between a Spanish and Gibraltarian side (U20s) was held in September 2010, against Marbella RFC

In 2011 the GRFU hosted its first, locally based, international Sevens tournament called "The Rock 7s".

The Gibraltar Rugby Championship
Gibraltar's National League is played amongst the four local clubs: DHL Europa Stormers, Inline Framing Straits Sharks, Ibex Buccaneers, Rock Scorpions. The aim of the GRC is to give Gibraltar's young, aspiring rugby players a platform from which to continue their rugby development pathway.

Gibraltar Minis

Gibraltar Minis came into existence in 2011.

Notable players
  Jeremy Campbell-Lamerton, born Gibraltar, capped for  three times.
Harvey Armstrong record points scorer with 36 as of 14/10/16

Notes

External links
 Official Page

References
 Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 )
 Cotton, Fran (Ed.) (1984) The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records. Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing.


Franz-Walter Woidich (2 January 1921 – 5 July 2004) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. Wernitz was credited with 110 aerial victories claimed in roughly 1000 combat missions. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

Career
Woidich was born on 2 January 1921 in Znojmo, present-day Czech Republic, at the time in the bilingual region of southern Moravia of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Oberfähnrich (Ensign) Woidich joined the 5. Staffel (5th Squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27–27th Fighter Wing) on 11 July 1941, then stationed in North Africa. He was credited with two aerial victories out of four claims filed in the North African theater of operations. The first claim was made on 22 November 1941 over a Royal Australian Air Force Curtiss P-40 during the Siege of Tobruk. On 12 February 1942, Woidich engaged in combat with Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk fighters from No. 73 and No. 274 Squadron from the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the vicinity of Tobruk on a Junkers Ju 87 dive-bomber escort mission. In this aerial encounter, he claimed a P-40 shot down  southwest of Fort Acroma. On 15 March 1942, Woidich claimed a Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk shot down in combat with No. 450 Squadron RAAF, No. 260 Squadron RAF and 2 Squadron SAAF. The combat occurred  southeast of Ain el Gazala.

Eastern Front
He was transferred to the 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52–52nd Fighter Wing) which fought on the Eastern Front on 1 April 1942. Here he claimed seven aerial victories by the end of 1942. On 11 June 1943, Woidich succeeded Oberleutnant Rudolf Miethig who was killed in action the day before as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 52. At the time his score had increased to 16 aerial victories. On 13 July 1943 during the Battle of Kursk, Woidich, accompanied by his wingman Leutnant Franz Schall, claimed two Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down.

His score of enemy aircraft shot down had increased to 56 by the end of 1943. He had claimed four aircraft shot down on both 7 and 13 July 1943. He was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 11 June 1944 following his 80th aerial victory. A noteworthy achievement was made on 11 January 1944 when he claimed his 57th to 60th aerial victory. He became an "ace-in-a-day" on 17 January 1944 when he shot down his 62nd to 66th enemy aircraft. He again claimed four aircraft shot down on 16 April 1944 for victories 72 to 75. His most successful month was July 1944 with 29 aircraft shot down. In July 1944, Woidich was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 84th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. On 10 August, he transferred command of 3. Staffel to Leutnant Leonhard Färber.

Woidich was transferred to Ergänzungsstaffel (Training/Supplement Squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 400 (JG 400–400th Fighter Wing) for conversion training to the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket powered aircraft on 11 August 1944. As a Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 6./JG 400 he claimed one of the very rare aerial victories while flying the Me 163 rocket fighter on 22 April 1945.

After World War II in 1953, Ing.-grad. Woidich together with Dipl.-Ing. Karl Thress opened the Ingenieurbüro Woidich (Engineering Office Woidich), an automotive technical engineering bureau, in Mainz-Kastel. Woidich's son, Dipl.-Bw. Gerd Woidich, joined the firm in 1981.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Woidich was credited with 110 aerial victories. Spick also lists Woidich with 110 aerial victories claimed in approximately 1,000 combat missions. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 82 aerial victory claims, plus thirty further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 78 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and three on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber flying the Me 163 rocket fighter.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 82191". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area  in size.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 13 September 1943 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 17 October 1943 as Oberfeldwebel in the 3./Jagdgeschwader 52
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 11 June 1944 as pilot and Leutnant of the Reserves in the 3./Jagdgeschwader 52

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1921 births
2004 deaths
People from Znojmo
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Moravian-German people
Naturalized citizens of Germany


Allama Ali Khan Abro () was a Sindhi scholar and educationist who is known for having written the Sindhi translation of Quran and intended to give the Qur'an a practical contemporary interpretation. He also wrote a translation for non-Muslims at the request of Taj Mahmood Amroti.

Life

Abro attended Sindh Madrasatul Islam and graduated from Bombay University. He had religious education in Hyderabad, where he learned Arabic and English. He then started working as a lecturer. He wrote books on social and literary topics.

References

Pakistani writers
Pakistan Movement activists from Sindh
Sindhi people
Pakistani scholars
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Translators of the Quran into Sindhi
Pakistani Sunni Muslims
Sindh Madressatul Islam University alumni


Jonny Woo is a British comedian, actor, and drag queen. He co-owns The Glory: an East London pub where he regularly performs.

Woo spent time in New York City between 2000 and 2003, where he performed at downtown clubs and was prominent on the burlesque scene. He returned to London, where he created events and became known for massive parties. He has toured the world with solo and group shows and had residencies at the Soho Theatre, ICA, Bistrotheque. He's also created events for The Royal Opera House, The Royal National Theatre, The London Coliseum, and The Hackney Empire, as well as for media and corporate companies including MTV and Selfridges. His party, Gay Bingo, was established in 2003 and changed the face of London's drag scene, bringing in a new generation of "alt drag," "East London drag," or "nu-drag." Since then, he has devised numerous shows as well as opened his own venue, The Glory, in East London, which he also tours festivals with. Woo is a founding member of Glastonbury's drag scene at NYC Downlow.

Training
Woo, born Jonathan Wooster, trained at the University of Birmingham in Drama and Theatre Arts and at London Contemporary Dance School. He went on to continue training in dance in New York where he performed with Julia Ritter Performance Group.

Career
Woo began performing as a cabaret artist at The Slipper Room on the new burlesque scene with performance artist Brandon Olson, where they developed material that later became the show "Go-Go Real" at Dixon Place. They went on to perform for a season in Provincetown and created a second show for Dixon Place inspired by the events of 9/11. As a solo artist, Woo developed "The Mummy Project," a series of installations in the windows of performance space Chashama on 42nd Street, also a response to 9/11.

Woo created and hosted Radio Egypt with the landlord of The George and Dragon, Richard Battye, in 2003, which ran at the pub, then the 291 Gallery, until December of that year.

In 2004, Woo began an 8-year residency at Bistrotheque, a restaurant, bar, and cabaret venue. He hosted the "Tranny Talent" and "Tranny Lip-Synching" competitions and went on to develop performance art, cabaret, and multi-media shows for the space. The competition still exists, is held annually at The Glory, and was renamed LIPSYNC1000 in 2014. About 150 drag queens enter LIPSYNC1000 each year.

Woo was instrumental in bringing drag to Glastonbury as part of the first gay tent at the "NNYC Downlow" festival. From 2008 to 2011, he led and directed around 30 drag artists as part of this New York-inspired installation and club.

Following the closure of Bistrotheque's cabaret room, Woo began working with Hoi Polloi at the Ace Hotel in Shoreditch on projects such as the Miss Hoi Polloi pageant.

Various gay bingo revivals occurred, including 2012 and 2014 gay bingo boat parties on the Thames.  Woo accepted a two-year Friday night residency at the Hippodrome, London, where he hosted the cabaret room.

Having quit drugs a few years before following a near-death experience [5], Woo wrote a show about the "unconscious explosion of Shoreditch in the 90s" called The East London Lecture, which he later performed in the autumn at the Rose Lipman Building in Haggerston.

Across the summer of 2014, Woo devised a Lou Reed tribute show originally called (TRANS)former, which he performed with a live band at Latitude Festival. The show appeared in 2015 at Glastonbury Festival as well as a ten-night run at the Edinburgh Fringe. The show then had a residency at the Soho Theatre in September 2015.

Woo devised a side project show with his friend, the operatic drag queen Le Gateau Chocolat, called A Night at the Musicals, which has appeared at festivals and events. Woo began working with East London Session Players in 2015 and has appeared as the lead in two theatre productions, adaptations of Suddenly Last Summer and The Tell-Tale Heart.

in 2016 devised a show responding to Brexit called "Jonny Woo's All Star Brexit," written with Jerry Springer. The opera's composer, Richard Thomas, and the show enjoyed an Edinburgh Festival run.

Woo also created "Jonny Woo's Un-Royal Variety," a major alternative drag and cabaret variety show at Hackney Empire.

Following the cancellation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020, Woo hosted "Attitude and Netflix’s BIG Eurovision Song Contest Quiz" alongside Juno Dawson.

The Glory
In 2010, Woo began hunting for a site in East London to open his own bar. Together with TV director Colin Rothbart, bar manager Zoe Argiros, and Gay Bingo drag partner John Sizzle, the four took over the former site of the Paradise Inn on Kingsland Road in Haggerston. Described as a "queer haunt, nightlife spot, and performance mecca," the pub re-opened as The Glory in December 2014.

Woo launched a comedy night at The Glory with comedian Jayde Adams. This was later replaced by a gay sketch comedy troupe, The Sex Shells, to whom Woo gave a residency to.

Victoria Coren Mitchell visited The Glory and interviewed Woo as part of the BBC Four documentary series "How To Be Bohemian." In the program, Coren Mitchell states, "This is the kind of bohemian I could get behind."

References

External links
 Timeout interview
 This is Jonny Woo
 Interview
 Latest features

Living people
British comedians
English drag queens
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Year of birth missing (living people)


WellPoint Systems Inc., a Calgary-based private company, develops and supports software packages for the energy industry. The company's software is used in various applications including oil marketing, asset management and operations management.  WellPoint's energy software suite utilizes Dynamics AX and .NET architectures. The company also provides software and services under the BOLO, IDEAS International and iSoft brands.

WellPoint currently employs nearly 200 people in seven offices worldwide. The company was publicly traded on the TSX Venture Exchange, a public venture capital marketplace for emerging companies, before it was delisted by the exchange for failling to maintain the exchange's requirements in 2013.

History
Founded in 1997, Calgary-based WellPoint Systems also has operations in Denver, Colorado; Houston, Texas; Livingston, New Jersey; Tampa, Florida; Tunis, Tunisia and Pretoria, South Africa. In 2006, WellPoint acquired IDEAS International, Inc. and then Bolo Systems, Inc. and iSoft Technologies (pty) Ltd. in 2007.  Wellpoint's software products include AX EAM, BOLO, Energy Broker, Energy Financial Management and IDEAS.  The company entered into receivership on January 31, 2011.

April 2011, Energy Solutions announced its plan to purchase Wellpoint Systems. Details of the acquisition were announced in their FAQ. P2 announced the completion of the WellPoint Systems acquisition on May 2, 2011.

Notable events
WellPoint was recently ranked 249th on  the 2008 Deloitte Technology Fast 500, a ranking of the 500 fastest growing technology, media, telecommunication and life sciences companies in North America; 28th on the Canadian Technology Fast 50, a ranking of the 50 fastest growing technology firms in Canada; 6th in the Over $20 Million Group for Alberta Venture's 2009 Fast Growth 50 list, a ranking of Alberta's 50 fastest growing companies working in information technology, real estate development, and manufacturing, as well as business, financial and oilfield services; and 96th in the 2009 Branham300 Top 250 Canadian ICT Companies, a ranking of top Canadian and multinational Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) companies operating in Canada.

References

External links
 WellPoint Systems Inc.
 BOLO Systems
 IDEAS
 AX EAM
 P2 Energy Solutions

Companies listed on the NEX Exchange
Defunct software companies of Canada


Ole Martin Storlien (born 30 June 1988) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier, who competed for the Veldre ski club. Storlien came at a 21st place in Vikersund 2009. That was his World Cup debut. He also has some great results from the Continental Cup (earlier named World Cup B). A 2nd place as best. Storlien came at the 7th place in the World Junior Championships 2008 in Zakopane.

He retired at the end of the 2015-16 season.

References

External links

Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers
1988 births
Living people
21st-century Norwegian people


Edinburgh Island is an island located within Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is approximately  above sea level.

Other islands in the vicinity include Doak Island, Bate Islands, Outpost Islands, Richardson Islands, Sesqui Islands, and Sisters Islands.

Edinburgh Island, PIN-DA, is a former Distant Early Warning Line and a current North Warning System site.

References

Islands of Coronation Gulf
Uninhabited islands of Kitikmeot Region
Former populated places in the Kitikmeot Region


William B. Crawley, Jr. is a Distinguished Professor of History and Historian at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He is the director of the Great Lives program and teaches the course Great Lives: Biographical Approaches to History and Culture. His primary teaching fields are recent American history and history of the South.

Biography
Crawley earned a B.A. in history from Hampden-Sydney college. As well as a M.A and a Ph. D from the University of Virginia. Afterwards, in 1970, he went on to become a professor at the University of Mary Washington for 40 years. While there, he earned several awards for distinguished teaching and skill in administrative positions. He would come to serve as the Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History at the university. In 1994 he received the Grellet C. Simpson Award for outstanding teaching. By 2005, the graduating seniors chose him for the Mary W. Pinschmidt Award as the professor who had the greatest impact on students’ lives.

Bibliography

 1978: Bill Tuck: A Political Life in Harry Byrd's Virginia
 2008: Centennial History of The University of Mary Washington

References

University of Mary Washington people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


Sursassite is a sorosilicate mineral. It was first discovered in 1926. It was first found in the Sursass (Oberhalbstein), a district of Graubünden, Switzerland. It is generally found in deposits of metamorphosed manganese.

Notes

Sorosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11


The International Census of Marine Microbes is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that inventories microbial diversity by cataloging all known diversity of single-cell
organisms including bacteria, Archaea, Protista, and associated viruses, exploring and discovering unknown microbial diversity, and placing that knowledge into ecological and evolutionary contexts.

The ICoMM program, led by Mitchell Sogin, has discovered that marine microbial diversity is some 10 to 100 times more than expected, and the vast majority are previously unknown, low abundance organisms thought to play an important role in the oceans.

References

External links
 ICoMM Website

Marine biology


Cybermethodology is a newly emergent field that focuses on the creative development and use of computational and technological research methodologies for the analysis of next-generation data sources such as the Internet.  The first formal academic program in Cybermethodology is being developed by the University of California, Los Angeles.

Background

Cybermethodology is an outgrowth of two relatively new academic fields.  The first is technology and society. This field focuses on the impact of research and innovation on society, and related policy issues. Many universities, including Berkeley, Cornell, MIT and Stanford offer degrees and/or programs of study in this and related fields.   A great strength of technology and society studies is that it exists at the intersection of the natural and social sciences, engineering, and public policy.

The second field closely integrated with cybermethodology is Internet studies. This recently developed field has generated programs at several universities including Minnesota, Washington, Brandeis, and Georgetown.  Internet studies involves the study of the fundamental workings of the Internet as well as learning about entities and issues such as Internet security, on-line communities and gaming, Internet culture, and intellectual property.

Nature
Cybermethodology is the component of internet and technology studies that is specifically concerned with the use of innovative technology-based methods of analysis, new sources of data, and conceptualizations in order to gain a better understanding of human behavior. It is characterized by the use, as primary data sources, of emergent entities such as virtual worlds, blogs, texting, on-line gaming (mmorpgs), social networking sites, video sharing, wikis, search engines, and numerous other innovative tools and activities available on the web.
Major components of cybermethodology include:
  Basic Cyber-Literacy, a core knowledge of information technology and Internet tools such as statistical and analytic software, electronic library resources, digital devices, and use of the Internet as a source of data.
  The Research Life Cycle, knowledge of the data lifecycle from acquisition and input to archiving and accessibility.
 Non-Linear Technologies, including hyperlinks, dynamics surveys, and technological methods such as neuroimaging.
 Programming Concepts, including the ability to create new interactive research tools.
 Analytical Methods and their relationship to different types of data: non-linear, qualitative, spatial, time-variant processes, and agent-based information such as rules of social interaction and agent mental representations.
 Modes of Interaction extending beyond person-to-person interviews, on-site fieldwork, and anonymous surveys to contemporary environments such as online and virtual communities and interaction through games and virtual environments.
 Research Presentation including the use of new media techniques, issues raised by intended or unintended rapid dissemination of results by electronic means to untargeted audiences, and the dynamic potentially interactive nature of cyber-research.
 Meta-Literacy, the ability to critically evaluate the methods, tools, and results of cyber-research.

See also

 Cyberculture
 Cyberinfrastructure
 Cyberpsychology
 Cyberspace
 Scientific method
 Social software

References

Computing and society
Social science methodology


The George Washington Colonials football team represented George Washington University of Washington, D.C. in college football competition from 1881 to 1966. The team's home field in the final six seasons was District of Columbia Stadium, shared with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League.

The Colonials were most successful between the 1930s and 1950s, when they regularly played top-level competition. George Washington made one bowl game appearance, at the end of the 1956 season at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas; the Colonials shut out host Texas Western (now UTEP) 13–0 on New Year's Day. The football program was discontinued after the 1966 season due to a number of factors, including the team's lack of an on-campus stadium and football support facilities.

History
The earliest recorded football games at Columbian University (as the school was known until 1904) were five contests against Gallaudet and Episcopal High School between 1881 and 1883. On November 8, 1890, football resumed when Columbian defeated a Washington-based club, Kalorama AC, 10–0. The team played off and on until 1920. That season was not a successful one for George Washington, which finished 1–6–1, including a defeat at the hands of West Virginia, 81–0, and , 101–7. H. Watson "Maud" Crum became the head football and basketball coach in 1924. He was the first to remain in that position with the "Hatchetites" for more than four years.

In 1928, the school's athletic teams were renamed the "Colonials". That year they were routed by Penn State, 50–0. Head coach James "Possum Jim" Pixlee took over the following season and led GW to a 0–8 record. Pixlee, however, later became George Washington's winningest coach in terms of number of wins (42). In 1930, GW routed the New York Aggies, 86–0.

In the 1930s and 1940s, GW gained nationwide media attention and scheduled top competition, starting with Alabama in 1932. The Colonials lost, 28–6, but that same year they beat Iowa, 21–6, and tied Oklahoma, 7–7. From 1933 to 1935, back Alphonse "Tuffy" Leemans set school records with 1,054 single-season rushing yards, 2,382 career rushing yards, 207 single-season carries, and 490 career carries. After college, he became a two-time All-NFL player for the New York Giants and was eventually inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1938 to 1941, William Reinhart, the Colonials' winningest baseball and basketball coach, also coached football. The football team, however, was mediocre under him, and, from 1943 to 1945, was discontinued due to World War II. Andy Davis played as GW quarterback from 1948 to 1951, and recorded 3,587 passing yards and 1,416 rushing yards. In 1952, the Colonials defeated Bucknell, 21–7, with the help of a block punt, an interception, and a fumble recovery. The loss was Bucknell's second in their past 20 games.

George Washington was a member of the Southern Conference for many years. In 1953, head coach Eugene "Bo" Sherman was named Southern Conference Coach of the Year and center Steve Korcheck was named Southern Conference Player of the Year. In 1956, GW ended the regular season 7–1–1. The lone defeat came against West Virginia, when reserve quarterback Alex Szuch's passing led the Mountaineers to victory, 14–0. They held Boston U to a tie, 20–20. The season's performance resulted in the team being invited to play in the 1957 Sun Bowl in El Paso, TX to face the host school, Texas Western (now known as UTEP). The Miners possessed a 9–1 record and were favored by a two-touchdown margin. The 17th-ranked Colonials, however, won, 13–0, to finish their most successful season with an 8–1 record.

Over the next three years, the Colonials compiled a 6–20 record. Bill Elias served as head coach in 1961 and improved the Colonials to a 5–3 mark from 1–8 the year prior. After the season, however, he left to take over at Virginia, a team that had a 28-game losing streak. From 1962 to 1966, James V. Camp served as head coach, and his teams posted a 22–35 record. Between 1961 and 1963, Dick Drummond rushed for 1,814 yards and was twice named All-Southern Conference. Garry Lyle, one of the last GW players to go on to an NFL career, did not consider the last Colonial teams to have been terrible. He recalled, however, that, "When I was a freshman, we played Army and I remember the varsity coming home and half of them wore casts."

The final George Washington football game to date came on Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1966, when the team lost to , 16–7. It was GW's third loss in a row. GW ended the season with a 4–6 record (conference: 4–3) and Coach Camp was named Southern Conference Coach of the Year. GW President Dr. Lloyd H. Elliott reevaluated GW's football program; he said that GW had lost $254,000 on the football program during the 1966 season. Coach Camp resigned on December 19, 1966, because of the uncertainty of whether GW would retain its football program the following year.

On January 19, 1967, the board of trustees voted to end the football program. GW decided to use the football program's funding to build a new field house for the basketball team. Poor game attendance and the expense of the program contributed to the decision. A former GW player, Harry Ledford, believed that most people were unwilling to commute into Washington, D.C., which did not have metrorail at the time, on Friday nights to D.C. Stadium (later RFK), was perceived as an unsafe area. Additionally, Maryland and Virginia were nationally competitive teams that drew potential suburban spectators away from GW.

Bowl games

References

American football teams established in 1881
American football teams disestablished in 1966
1881 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1966 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.


William Dawson LeSueur (February 19, 1840 – September 23, 1917) was a Canadian civil servant and author.

Biography
Born in Quebec City, the son of Peter LeSueur and Barbara Dawson, LeSueur studied Latin and Greek at the High School of Montreal. In 1856, he joined the provincial Post Office Department after moving to Toronto. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1863 from the University of Toronto and studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School but never practiced. He continued to work as a clerk for the post office eventually becoming chief secretary in 1888. He retired in 1902.

A writer, LeSueur published over 80 articles on a wide variety of topics.  He was a freelance journalist for the Montreal Daily Star, the Montreal Gazette, and the Ottawa Citizen.

In 1906, he published a biography of Louis de Buade de Frontenac. LeSueur was asked by Messrs. Morang and Co. to write a biography of William Lyon Mackenzie for their "Makers of Canada Series". The biography stated that Mackenzie's actions held back the cause of reform in Canada and that he was inconsequential to the history of Canada in the 1850s. Mackenzie's grandson William Lyon Mackenzie King pressured Morang into rejecting the manuscript, although Morang stated he didn't publish it because he wanted a more positive portrayal of Mackenzie's life.

In 1903, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and served as its president from 1912 to 1913. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Queen's College in 1900.

He died in Ottawa in 1917 and is buried in Beechwood Cemetery.

Selected publications
 (1879). "A Few Words on Criticism," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. III, pp. 323–328.
 (1879). "The Scientific Spirit," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. III, pp. 437–441.
 (1880). "The Future of Morality," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. IV, pp. 74–82.
 (1880). "Morality and Religion," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. IV, pp. 166–171.
 (1880). "Morality and Religion Again – A Word to My Critics," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. IV, pp. 642–655.
 (1880). "Morality without Theology," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. V, pp. 522–528.
 (1880). "A Vindication of Scientific Ethics," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XVII, pp. 324–337.
 (1881). "'Progress and Poverty' and the Doctrine of Evolution," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. VI, pp. 287–296.
 (1881). "Carlyle and Comte," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. VI, pp. 639–642.
 (1882). "The True Idea of Canadian Loyalty," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. VIII, pp. 1–11.
 (1882). "Physics and Metaphysics," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. VIII, pp. 352–360.
 (1882). "Free Thought and Responsible Thought," The Canadian Monthly and National Review, Vol. VIII, pp. 614–620.
 (1882). "Materialism and Positivism," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XX, pp. 615–621.
 (1882). "Mr. Goldwin Smith on the Data of Ethics," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXII, pp. 145–156.
 (1883). "The Anarchy of Modern Politics," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXIII, pp. 444–453.
 (1884). "A Defense of Modern Thought," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXIV, pp. 780–793.
 (1885). "Evolution and the Destiny of Man," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXVI, pp. 456–468.
 (1886). "Evolution Bounded by Theology," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXIX, pp. 145–153.
 (1886). "Ex-President Porter on Evolution," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXIX, pp. 577–594.
 (1887). "Creation or Evolution?," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXXI, pp. 29–39.
 (1889). "Mr. Mallock on Optimism," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXXV, pp. 531–541.
 (1889). "Science and its Accusers," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 367–379.
 (1893). "State Education and 'Isms'," The Canadian Magazine, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 3–7.
 (1895). "Kidd on 'Social Revolution'," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XLVII, pp. 38–48.
 (1896). "War and Civilization," The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 758–771.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 William Dawson Le Sueur

1840 births
1917 deaths
19th-century Canadian civil servants
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
High School of Montreal alumni
Journalists from Quebec
University of Toronto alumni


Heir-Conditioned is a Warner Bros. Looney Tunes theatrical cartoon short directed by Friz Freleng and written by Warren Foster. The short was released on November 26, 1955, and features Elmer Fudd and Sylvester.

Heir-Conditioned is the second of three Looney Tunes shorts underwritten by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (the first being By Word of Mouse).

Plot
The story begins with Sylvester finding himself the heir of his mistress' vast fortune. While his financial adviser, Elmer Fudd, is urging him to invest his money, Sylvester is frightened he will simply lose his money. Meanwhile, his street cat friends are out to get the money for themselves, but Fudd manages to thwart each attempt, including the one from Johnny, a cat who pretends to be a salesman for a "silver cleaning liquid" of the Hi-Ho Silver Cleaning Company of Walla Walla, Washington. Finally, Fudd manages an extensive lecture on the benefits of good investment on the economy with an educational film to illustrate the point. While Sylvester is not convinced, the cats outside see the film themselves and are persuaded to the point when Sylvester manages to get the money to them, they demand he give it over to Elmer for investment. Defeated, Sylvester gives in and growls to the portrait of his mistress that his life would have been less complicated if she took her money with her.

Voices
Mel Blanc as Sylvester, Charlie the Fast-talking Sales-cat, Additional Cats, Tweety.
Daws Butler as Bernie the Cat
Stan Freberg as Gus the Cat, Additional Cats.
Arthur Q. Bryan as Elmer Fudd

References

1955 films
1955 short films
1955 animated films
1950s educational films
1950s English-language films
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
American animated short films
Sponsored films
Looney Tunes shorts
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Elmer Fudd films
Sylvester the Cat films
Tweety films
Films about inheritances
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
American educational films


Interbeat interval (IBI) is a scientific term used in the study of the mammalian heart.

Definition
Interbeat interval is a scientific term used in reference to the time interval between individual beats of the mammalian heart. Interbeat interval is abbreviated "IBI" and is sometimes written with a hyphen, "inter-beat interval". It is also sometimes referred to as "beat-to-beat" interval.

IBI is generally measured in units of milliseconds. In normal heart function, each IBI value varies from beat to beat. This natural variation is known as heart rate variability (HRV). However, certain cardiac conditions may cause the individual IBI values to become nearly constant, resulting in the HRV being nearly zero. This can happen, for example, during periods of exercise as the heart rate increases and the beats become regular. Certain illnesses can cause the heart rate to increase and become uniform as well, such as when a subject is afflicted by an infection.

Recording
A number of instruments have been developed for specifically recording individual IBI values. Generally, the instruments are used in basic cardiology research, as there is yet no specific condition whose IBI statistics can be used to diagnose the condition or guide treatment for the condition. However, HRV is an active field of research and IBI analysis can yield a rich amount of data that hold promise for future medical applications.

See also
 Circulatory system
 Heart rate variability (HRV)

References
 Malik M. and Camm, A.; Heart Rate Variability, Futura Publishing Company, 1995.

External links
 Heart Rate Variability General Reference
 CamNtech, manufacturer of IBI-recording monitors
 Distributor of IBI-recording monitors

Heart


Hussein Abdul-Wahid  () (born on 28 February 1985 in Baghdad, Iraq) is a former Iraqi football midfielder. He last played for Al-Shorta SC in Iraq where he was the club's captain.

Career
A defensive midfielder that was on the fringes of Yahya Alwan’s Olympic team a couple of years ago. He played for  Al-Sinaa and Zakho but finally made a name for himself at Al-Zawraa. Played for Erbil after spending the previous season with Duhok. He then moved to Al-Shorta in 2012. Hussein made his international Iraqi debut against Saudi Arabia and South Korea.

He won the Iraqi League title with Al-Shorta in 2013 and 2019, the latter as captain, and is joint third-most successful player in the league's history with six titles.

Honors

Clubs
Al-Zawraa
 Iraqi Premier League: 2005–06
 Iraqi Premier League: 2015–16
Erbil
 Iraqi Premier League: 2008–09
 Iraqi Premier League: 2011–12
Al-Shorta
 Iraqi Premier League: 2012–13
 Iraqi Premier League: 2018–19

References

External links

Goalzz.com

Footballers from Baghdad
Iraqi men's footballers
Iraq men's international footballers
Al-Zawraa SC players
Erbil SC players
1985 births
Living people
Al-Shorta SC players
Men's association football midfielders


Louie Lehman Smyth (March 19, 1898 – September 11, 1964) was a professional football player for the Canton Bulldogs from 1920 until 1923. Smyth won two NFL championships with the Bulldogs in 1922 and 1923 and another with the Yellow Jackets in 1926. He also played for the Hartford Blues, Rochester Jeffersons and the Providence Steamroller. Outside of the National Football League (NFL), he played for the Gilberton Cadamounts of the Anthracite League. During his year in Gilberton, Smyth doubled as a player with the Jeffersons.
In 1923 Smyth led the NFL in touchdowns, with 7.

Smyth was strong runner. He was able to run over opposing linemen due to his size. However, he was also an effective passer. Although he completed 25% of his passes, his passing average was better than 20-yards per completion. He also led the league in both touchdowns rushing and touchdown passes thrown, matching the record held by Jimmy Conzelman from the 1922 season. On defense, he may also have tied for the NFL lead in interceptions however no official statistics were kept at the time.

Highlights

Smyth connected on a few passes to get Canton kicker Pete Henry within field goal range, for a 6-0 win over the Chicago Bears.
A Canton win over the Chicago Cardinals resulted on November 4, 1923 when Smyth threw a 45-yard pass to Guy Chamberlin to put Canton at the Cardinals 13-yard-line. Smyth later cross over the goal line for the winning score.
On September 27, 1925, while playing for Rochester Jeffersons, Smyth threw a 55-yard pass to Shag Sheard during a 14-7 loss to the Canton Bulldogs.
On October 18, 1925 Smyth threw a 40-yard pass to Eddie Lynch during a 7-6 defeat to the Waterbury Blues.
A week later Smyth threw a 20-yard pass to Kellogg in a 33-13 loss to the Green Bay Packers.

References

Further reading

External links

1898 births
Canton Bulldogs players
Frankford Yellow Jackets players
Hartford Blues players
Rochester Jeffersons players
Providence Steam Roller players
Texas Longhorns football players
Gilberton Cadamounts players
Centre Colonels football players
1964 deaths
People from Cleburne, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)


Luigi dal Verme (died 1449) was an Italian condottiero.

The son of the condottiero Jacopo dal Verme, initially he followed the latter's campaigns, then fought in the company of Muzio Attendolo in the war against Joan II of Naples. Later he was hired by the Bolognesi and then by the Republic of Venice. He married Luchina Bussone, daughter of condottiero Carmagnola.

After fighting in the war between the Republic of Florence and Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, the latter give him the title of count and several fiefs. In 1437 he returned to Lombardy and, together with Niccolò Piccinino, defended Bellinzona but was defeated at Orzinuovi and Soncino. In 1446, for Visconti, he besieged Cremona with Francesco Piccinino, but was pushed back by Scaramuccia da Forlì's Venetian troops.

Later he was commander-in-chief of the Estensi army. He was defeated at Monte Brianza by Attendolo. When in 1447 the Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed, he joined Francesco Sforza in its defence, contributing to the latter's conquest of Milan. Finished the war, dal Verme obtained by him the confirmation of his fief in Lombardy.

Dal Verme was wounded in the siege of Monza and died soon afterwards, most likely of plague.

See also
Wars in Lombardy

Date of birth unknown
1449 deaths
15th-century condottieri


John Sutton Utterton was the first Bishop of Guildford (then a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Winchester) in the last third of the  19th century.

Born in 1814 and educated at Oriel College, Oxford, he was perpetual curate of Holmwood, rector of Calbourne and then the Archdeacon of Surrey before his ordination to the episcopate. He was consecrated a bishop on 15 March 1874, by John Jackson, Bishop of London, at Lambeth Parish Church. He died on 21 December 1879, and his successor was not appointed until 1898.

The oak screen in front of the Guardian Angels' Chapel at Winchester Cathedral was erected in his memory in 1892

References

Clergy from Ipswich
1814 births
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Archdeacons of Surrey
Bishops suffragan of Guildford
1879 deaths