Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is a proof by British mathematician Andrew Wiles of a special case of the modularity theorem for elliptic curves. Together with Ribet's theorem, it provides a proof for Fermat's Last Theorem. Both Fermat's Last Theorem and the modularity theorem were almost universally considered inaccessible to proof by contemporaneous mathematicians, meaning that they were believed to be impossible to prove using current knowledge.

Wiles first announced his proof on 23 June 1993 at a lecture in Cambridge entitled "Modular Forms, Elliptic Curves and Galois Representations". However, in September 1993 the proof was found to contain an error. One year later on 19 September 1994, in what he would call "the most important moment of [his] working life", Wiles stumbled upon a revelation that allowed him to correct the proof to the satisfaction of the mathematical community. The corrected proof was published in 1995.

Wiles's proof uses many techniques from algebraic geometry and number theory, and has many ramifications in these branches of mathematics. It also uses standard constructions of modern algebraic geometry, such as the category of schemes and Iwasawa theory, and other 20th-century techniques which were not available to Fermat. The proof's method of identification of a deformation ring with a Hecke algebra (now referred to as an R=T theorem) to prove modularity lifting theorems has been an influential development in algebraic number theory.

Together, the two papers which contain the proof are 129 pages long, and consumed over seven years of Wiles's research time. John Coates described the proof as one of the highest achievements of number theory, and John Conway called it "the proof of the [20th] century." Wiles's path to proving Fermat's Last Theorem, by way of proving the modularity theorem for the special case of semistable elliptic curves, established powerful modularity lifting techniques and opened up entire new approaches to numerous other problems. For proving Fermat's Last Theorem, he was knighted, and received other honours such as the 2016 Abel Prize. When announcing that Wiles had won the Abel Prize, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters described his achievement as a "stunning proof".

Precursors to Wiles's proof

Fermat's Last Theorem and progress prior to 1980

Fermat's Last Theorem, formulated in 1637, states that no three positive integers a, b, and c can satisfy the equation

if n is an integer greater than two (n > 2).

Over time, this simple assertion became one of the most famous unproved claims in mathematics.  Between its publication and Andrew Wiles's eventual solution over 350 years later, many mathematicians and amateurs attempted to prove this statement, either for all values of n > 2, or for specific cases. It spurred the development of entire new areas within number theory. Proofs were eventually found for all values of n up to around 4 million, first by hand, and later by computer. However, no general proof was found that would be valid for all possible values of n, nor even a hint how such a proof could be undertaken.

The Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture

Separately from anything related to Fermat's Last Theorem, in the 1950s and 1960s Japanese mathematician Goro Shimura, drawing on ideas posed by Yutaka Taniyama, conjectured that a connection might exist between elliptic curves and modular forms. These were mathematical objects with no known connection between them. Taniyama and Shimura posed the question whether, unknown to mathematicians, the two kinds of object were actually identical mathematical objects, just seen in different ways.

They conjectured that every rational elliptic curve is also modular. This became known as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture. In the West, this conjecture became well known through a 1967 paper by André Weil, who gave conceptual evidence for it; thus, it is sometimes called the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture.

By around 1980, much evidence had been accumulated to form conjectures about elliptic curves, and many papers had been written which examined the consequences if the conjecture were true, but the actual conjecture itself was unproven and generally considered inaccessible—meaning that mathematicians believed a proof of the conjecture was probably impossible using current knowledge.

For decades, the conjecture remained an important but unsolved problem in mathematics. Around 50 years after first being proposed, the conjecture was finally proven and renamed the modularity theorem, largely as a result of Andrew Wiles's work described below.

Frey's curve
On yet another separate branch of development, in the late 1960s, Yves Hellegouarch came up with the idea of associating hypothetical solutions (a, b, c) of Fermat's equation with a completely different mathematical object: an elliptic curve. The curve consists of all points in the plane whose coordinates (x, y) satisfy the relation

Such an elliptic curve would enjoy very special properties due to the appearance of high powers of integers in its equation and the fact that an + bn = cn would be an nth power as well.

In 1982–1985, Gerhard Frey called attention to the unusual properties of this same curve, now called a Frey curve. He showed that it was likely that the curve could link Fermat and Taniyama, since any counterexample to Fermat's Last Theorem would probably also imply that an elliptic curve existed that was not modular. Frey showed that there were good reasons to believe that any set of numbers (a, b, c, n) capable of disproving Fermat's Last Theorem could also probably be used to disprove the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture. Therefore, if the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture were true, no set of numbers capable of disproving Fermat could exist, so Fermat's Last Theorem would have to be true as well.

Mathematically, the conjecture says that each elliptic curve with rational coefficients can be constructed in an entirely different way, not by giving its equation but by using modular functions to parametrise coordinates x and y of the points on it. Thus, according to the conjecture, any elliptic curve over Q would have to be a modular elliptic curve, yet if a solution to Fermat's equation with non-zero a, b, c and n greater than 2 existed, the corresponding curve would not be modular, resulting in a contradiction. If the link identified by Frey could be proven, then in turn, it would mean that a disproof of Fermat's Last Theorem would disprove the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture, or by contraposition, a proof of the latter would prove the former as well.

Ribet's theorem

To complete this link,  it was necessary to show that Frey's intuition was correct: that a Frey curve, if it existed, could not be modular. In 1985, Jean-Pierre Serre provided a partial proof that a Frey curve could not be modular. Serre did not provide a complete proof of his proposal; the missing part (which Serre had noticed early on) became known as the epsilon conjecture (sometimes written ε-conjecture; now known as Ribet's theorem). Serre's main interest was in an even more ambitious conjecture, Serre's conjecture on modular Galois representations, which would imply the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture. However his partial proof came close to confirming the link between Fermat and Taniyama.

In the summer of 1986, Ken Ribet succeeded in proving the epsilon conjecture, now known as Ribet's theorem.  His article was published in 1990. In doing so, Ribet finally proved the link between the two theorems by confirming, as Frey had suggested, that a proof of the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture for the kinds of elliptic curves Frey had identified, together with Ribet's theorem, would also prove Fermat's Last Theorem.

In mathematical terms, Ribet's theorem showed that if the Galois representation associated with an elliptic curve has certain properties (which Frey's curve has), then that curve cannot be modular, in the sense that there cannot exist a modular form which gives rise to the same Galois representation.

Situation prior to Wiles's proof

Following the developments related to the Frey curve, and its link to both Fermat and Taniyama, a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem would follow from a proof of the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture—or at least a proof of the conjecture for the kinds of elliptic curves that included Frey's equation (known as semistable elliptic curves).

 From Ribet's Theorem and the Frey curve, any 4 numbers able to be used to disprove Fermat's Last Theorem could also be used to make a semistable elliptic curve ("Frey's curve") that could never be modular;
 But if the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture were also true for semistable elliptic curves, then by definition every Frey's curve that existed must be modular.
 The contradiction could have only one answer: if Ribet's theorem and the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture for semistable curves were both true, then it would mean there could not be any solutions to Fermat's equation—because then there would be no Frey curves at all, meaning no contradictions would exist. This would finally prove Fermat's Last Theorem.

However, despite the progress made by Serre and Ribet, this approach to Fermat was widely considered unusable as well, since almost all mathematicians saw the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture itself as completely inaccessible to proof with current knowledge. For example, Wiles's ex-supervisor John Coates stated that it seemed "impossible to actually prove", and Ken Ribet considered himself "one of the vast majority of people who believed [it] was completely inaccessible".

Andrew Wiles
Hearing of Ribet's 1986 proof of the epsilon conjecture, English mathematician Andrew Wiles, who had studied elliptic curves and had a childhood fascination with Fermat, decided to begin working in secret towards a proof of the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture, since it was now professionally justifiable, as well as because of the enticing goal of proving such a long-standing problem.

Ribet later commented that "Andrew Wiles was probably one of the few people on earth who had the audacity to dream that you can actually go and prove [it]."

Announcement and subsequent developments
Wiles initially presented his proof in 1993. It was finally accepted as correct, and published, in 1995, following the correction of a subtle error in one part of his original paper. His work was extended to a full proof of the modularity theorem over the following six years by others, who built on Wiles's work.

Announcement and final proof (1993–1995)
During 21–23 June 1993, Wiles announced and presented his proof of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture for semistable elliptic curves, and hence of Fermat's Last Theorem, over the course of three lectures delivered at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge, England. There was a relatively large amount of press coverage afterwards.

After the announcement, Nick Katz was appointed as one of the referees to review Wiles's manuscript. In the course of his review, he asked Wiles a series of clarifying questions that led Wiles to recognise that the proof contained a gap. There was an error in one critical portion of the proof which gave a bound for the order of a particular group: the Euler system used to extend Kolyvagin and Flach's method was incomplete. The error would not have rendered his work worthless—each part of Wiles's work was highly significant and innovative by itself, as were the many developments and techniques he had created in the course of his work, and only one part was affected. Without this part proved, however, there was no actual proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.

Wiles spent almost a year trying to repair his proof, initially by himself and then in collaboration with his former student Richard Taylor, without success. By the end of 1993, rumours had spread that under scrutiny, Wiles's proof had failed, but how seriously was not known. Mathematicians were beginning to pressure Wiles to disclose his work whether or not complete, so that the wider community could explore and use whatever he had managed to accomplish. Instead of being fixed, the problem, which had originally seemed minor, now seemed very significant, far more serious, and less easy to resolve.

Wiles states that on the morning of 19 September 1994, he was on the verge of giving up and was almost resigned to accepting that he had failed, and to publishing his work so that others could build on it and find the error. He states that he was having a final look to try to understand the fundamental reasons why his approach could not be made to work, when he had a sudden insight that the specific reason why the Kolyvagin–Flach approach would not work directly also meant that his original attempt using Iwasawa theory could be made to work if he strengthened it using experience gained from the Kolyvagin–Flach approach since then. Each was inadequate by itself, but fixing one approach with tools from the other would resolve the issue and produce a class number formula (CNF) valid for all cases that were not already proven by his refereed paper:

On 6 October Wiles asked three colleagues (including Gerd Faltings) to review his new proof, and on 24 October 1994 Wiles submitted two manuscripts, "Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" and "Ring theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras", the second of which Wiles had written with Taylor and proved that certain conditions were met which were needed to justify the corrected step in the main paper.

The two papers were vetted and finally published as the entirety of the May 1995 issue of the Annals of Mathematics. The new proof was widely analysed, and became accepted as likely correct in its major components. These papers established the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves, the last step in proving Fermat's Last Theorem, 358 years after it was conjectured.

Subsequent developments
Fermat claimed to "... have discovered a truly marvelous proof of this, which this margin is too narrow to contain". Wiles's proof is very complex, and incorporates the work of so many other specialists that it was suggested in 1994 that only a small number of people were capable of fully understanding at that time all the details of what he had done. The complexity of Wiles's proof motivated a 10-day conference at Boston University; the resulting book of conference proceedings aimed to make the full range of required topics accessible to graduate students in number theory.

As noted above, Wiles proved the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture for the special case of semistable elliptic curves, rather than for all elliptic curves. Over the following years, Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, Fred Diamond, and Richard Taylor (sometimes abbreviated as "BCDT")  carried the work further, ultimately proving the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture for all elliptic curves in a 2001 paper. Now proved, the conjecture became known as the modularity theorem.

In 2005, Dutch computer scientist Jan Bergstra posed the problem of formalizing Wiles's proof in such a way that it could be verified by computer.

Summary of Wiles's proof

Wiles proved the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves, from which Fermat’s last theorem follows using proof by contradiction. In this proof method, one assumes the opposite of what is to be proved, and shows if that were true, it would create a contradiction. The contradiction shows that the assumption (that the conclusion is wrong) must have been incorrect, requiring the conclusion to hold.

The proof falls roughly in two parts. In the first part, Wiles proves a general result about "lifts", known as the "modularity lifting theorem". This first part allows him to prove results about elliptic curves by converting them to problems about Galois representations of elliptic curves.  He then uses this result to prove that all semistable curves are modular, by proving that the Galois representations of these curves are modular.

Mathematical detail of Wiles's proof

Overview
Wiles opted to attempt to match elliptic curves to a countable set of modular forms. He found that this direct approach was not working, so he transformed the problem by instead matching the Galois representations of the elliptic curves to modular forms. Wiles denotes this matching (or mapping) that, more specifically, is a ring homomorphism:

 is a deformation ring and  is a Hecke ring.

Wiles had the insight that in many cases this ring homomorphism could be a ring isomorphism (Conjecture 2.16 in Chapter 2, §3 of the 1995 paper). He realised that the map between  and  is an isomorphism if and only if two abelian groups occurring in the theory are finite and have the same cardinality. This is sometimes referred to as the "numerical criterion". Given this result, Fermat's Last Theorem is reduced to the statement that two groups have the same order. Much of the text of the proof leads into topics and theorems related to ring theory and commutation theory. Wiles's goal was to verify that the map  is an isomorphism and ultimately that . In treating deformations, Wiles defined four cases, with the flat deformation case requiring more effort to prove and treated in a separate article in the same volume entitled "Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras".

Gerd Faltings, in his bulletin, gives the following commutative diagram (p. 745):

or ultimately that , indicating a complete intersection. Since Wiles could not show that  directly, he did so through  and  via lifts.

In order to perform this matching, Wiles had to create a class number formula (CNF). He first attempted to use horizontal Iwasawa theory but that part of his work had an unresolved issue such that he could not create a CNF. At the end of the summer of 1991, he learned about an Euler system recently developed by Victor Kolyvagin and Matthias Flach that seemed "tailor made" for the inductive part of his proof, which could be used to create a CNF, and so Wiles set his Iwasawa work aside and began working to extend Kolyvagin and Flach's work instead, in order to create the CNF his proof would require. By the spring of 1993, his work had covered all but a few families of elliptic curves, and in early 1993, Wiles was confident enough of his nearing success to let one trusted colleague into his secret. Since his work relied extensively on using the Kolyvagin–Flach approach, which was new to mathematics and to Wiles, and which he had also extended, in January 1993 he asked his Princeton colleague, Nick Katz, to help him review his work for subtle errors. Their conclusion at the time was that the techniques Wiles used seemed to work correctly.

Wiles's use of Kolyvagin–Flach would later be found to be the point of failure in the original proof submission, and he eventually had to revert to Iwasawa theory and a collaboration with Richard Taylor to fix it. In May 1993, while reading a paper by Mazur, Wiles had the insight that the 3/5 switch would resolve the final issues and would then cover all elliptic curves.

General approach and strategy
Given an elliptic curve E over the field Q of rational numbers , for every prime power , there exists a homomorphism from the absolute Galois group

to

the group of invertible 2 by 2 matrices whose entries are integers modulo .  This is because , the points of E over , form an abelian group, on which  acts; the subgroup of elements x such that  is just , and an automorphism of this group is a matrix of the type described.

Less obvious is that given a modular form of a certain special type, a Hecke eigenform with eigenvalues in Q, one also gets a homomorphism from the absolute Galois group

This goes back to Eichler and Shimura.  The idea is that the Galois group acts first on the modular curve on which the modular form is defined, thence on the Jacobian variety of the curve, and finally on the points of  power order on that Jacobian.  The resulting representation is not usually 2-dimensional, but the Hecke operators cut out a 2-dimensional piece.  It is easy to demonstrate that these representations come from some elliptic curve but the converse is the difficult part to prove.

Instead of trying to go directly from the elliptic curve to the modular form, one can first pass to the  representation for some ℓ and n, and from that to the modular form.  In the case  and , results of the Langlands–Tunnell theorem show that the  representation of any elliptic curve over Q comes from a modular form.  The basic strategy is to use induction on n to show that this is true for  and any n, that ultimately there is a single modular form that works for all n.  To do this, one uses a counting argument, comparing the number of ways in which one can lift a  Galois representation to  and the number of ways in which one can lift a  modular form.  An essential point is to impose a sufficient set of conditions on the Galois representation; otherwise, there will be too many lifts and most will not be modular.  These conditions should be satisfied for the representations coming from modular forms and those coming from elliptic curves.

3–5 trick
If the original  representation has an image which is too small, one runs into trouble with the lifting argument, and in this case, there is a final trick which has since been studied in greater generality in the subsequent work on the Serre modularity conjecture. The idea involves the interplay between the  and  representations. In particular, if the mod-5 Galois representation  associated to an semistable elliptic curve E over Q is irreducible, then there is another semistable elliptic curve E' over Q such that its associated mod-5 Galois representation  is isomorphic to  and such that its associated mod-3 Galois representation  is irreducible (and therefore modular by Langlands–Tunnell).

Structure of Wiles's proof
In his 108-page article published in 1995, Wiles divides the subject matter up into the following chapters (preceded here by page numbers):

Introduction
443
Chapter 1
455 1. Deformations of Galois representations
472 2. Some computations of cohomology groups
475 3. Some results on subgroups of GL2(k)
Chapter 2
479 1. The Gorenstein property
489 2. Congruences between Hecke rings
503 3. The main conjectures
Chapter 3
517 Estimates for the Selmer group
Chapter 4
525 1. The ordinary CM case
533 2. Calculation of η
Chapter 5
541 Application to elliptic curves
Appendix
545 Gorenstein rings and local complete intersections

Gerd Faltings subsequently provided some simplifications to the 1995 proof, primarily in switching from geometric constructions to rather simpler algebraic ones.  The book of the Cornell conference also contained simplifications to the original proof.

Overviews available in the literature
Wiles's paper is over 100 pages long and often uses the specialised symbols and notations of group theory, algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and Galois theory. The mathematicians who helped to lay the groundwork for Wiles often created new specialised concepts and technical jargon.

Among the introductory presentations are an email which Ribet sent in 1993; Hesselink's quick review of top-level issues, which gives just the elementary algebra and avoids abstract algebra; or Daney's web page, which provides a set of his own notes and lists the current books available on the subject. Weston attempts to provide a handy map of some of the relationships between the subjects. F. Q. Gouvêa's 1994 article "A Marvelous Proof", which reviews some of the required topics, won a Lester R. Ford award from the Mathematical Association of America. Faltings' 5-page technical bulletin on the matter is a quick and technical review of the proof for the non-specialist. For those in search of a commercially available book to guide them, he recommended that those familiar with abstract algebra read Hellegouarch, then read the Cornell book, which is claimed to be accessible to "a graduate student in number theory". The Cornell book does not cover the entirety of the Wiles proof.

See also
 Abstract algebra
 p-adic number
 Semistable curves

References

Bibliography

  (Cornell, et al.)

  See review
  See also

 Simon Singh  Edited version of ~2,000-word essay published in Prometheus magazine, describing Andrew Wiles's successful journey.

External links

  The title of one edition of the PBS television series NOVA discusses Andrew Wiles's effort to prove Fermat's Last Theorem that broadcast on BBC Horizon and UTV/Documentary as Fermat's Last Theorem (Adobe Flash)
 Wiles, Ribet, Shimura–Taniyama–Weil and Fermat's Last Theorem
Are mathematicians finally satisfied with Andrew Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem? Why has this theorem been so difficult to prove?, Scientific American, 21 October 1999

Explanations of the proof (varying levels)
 Overview of Wiles proof, accessible to non-experts, by Henri Darmon
 Very short summary of the proof by Charles Daney
 140 page students work-through of the proof, with exercises, by Nigel Boston

Mathematics articles needing expert attention
Galois theory
Fermat's Last Theorem
1995 in science
Mathematical proofs


River crab () and harmonious/harmonize/harmonization () are Internet slang terms created by Chinese netizens in reference to the Internet censorship, or other kinds of censorship in Mainland China. In Mandarin Chinese, the word "river crab" (河蟹), which originally means Chinese mitten crab, sounds similar to "harmonious/harmonize/harmonization" () in the word "harmonious society" (和谐社会), ex-Chinese leader Hu Jintao's signature ideology.

Terms
The 2004 Chinese Communist Party announcement of the goal of constructing a "harmonious society" has been cited by the government of China as the reason for Internet censorship. As a result, Chinese netizens began to use the word "harmonious/harmonize/harmonization" (和谐) as a euphemism for censorship when the word for censorship itself was censored, particularly on BBSs. Following this, the word "harmonious" itself was censored, at which point Chinese netizens began to use the word for "river crab", a near homophone for "harmonious". In a further complication of meaning, sometimes aquatic product () is used in place of "river crab".

These euphemisms are also used as verbs. For example, instead of saying something has been censored, one might say "it has been harmonized" () or "it has been river-crabbed" ().  The widespread use of "river crab" by Chinese netizens represents a sarcastic defiance against official discourse and censorship. Some observers, however, have warned that the practice may also reproduce domination, since it does not aim for the abolition of censorship. The sensitive words will remain silent as such, and as a result the everyday reappropriation of official language creates the conditions for the latter's perpetuation.

A well-known picture usually named River crab society, three wearing watches (河蟹社会，三个戴表) illustrates the slang "river crab". In the picture, the three wristwatches refer to the Three Represents, where the Mandarin expressions used for "represent" () and "Wearing watch(es)" () are homophones. The satirized homophone of the three watches might be created by Chinese writer Wang Xiaofeng (王小峰), whose online nickname is "Wearing three watches" (戴三个表). An offensive term "foolish bitch" () is also used by anti-Communist Chinese people.

See also

Chinese Internet slang
Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China
Hexie Farm
List of Internet phenomena in China
Golden Shield Project
Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures (Internet meme)
Grass Mud Horse
Very erotic very violent

Notes

References

Chinese Internet slang
Internet censorship in China
Internet memes
Political Internet memes
Crabs in culture
Euphemisms


The following list of known freshwater fish species, subspecies, and hybrids occurring in Washington state is taken from Wydoski and Whitney(2003).  Some scientific names have been updated or corrected. Trout nomenclature follows Behnke et al.(2002). Asterisks denote introduced fishes. The list includes several anadromous species, and two normally marine species (starry flounder and shiner perch) that are occasionally found in freshwater. Only one species (Olympic mudminnow) is a Washington endemic, however three others (Nooksack dace, Salish sucker, and margined sculpin) have very limited distributions outside the state. Sixty-seven fish species, subspecies, or hybrids are listed, 37 native, and 30 introduced.

Petromyzontiformes

Family Petromyzontidae
Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus
Western river lamprey, Lampetra ayresi
Western brook lamprey, Lampetra  richardsoni

Acipenseriformes

Family Acipenseridae
Green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris
White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

Clupeiformes

Family Clupeidae
American shad*, Dorosoma sapidissima

Cypriniformes

Family Catostomidae
Longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus
Salish sucker, Catostomus sp.
Bridgelip sucker, Catostomus columbianus
Largescale sucker, Catostomus macrocheilus
Mountain sucker, Catostomus platyrhynchus

Family Cobitidae
Weatherfish*, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Family Cyprinidae
Chiselmouth, Acrocheilus alutaceus
Goldfish*, Carassius auratus
Lake chub, Couseius plumbeus
Grass carp*, Ctenopharyngodon idella
Common carp*, Cyprinus carpio
Tui chub, Gila bicolor
Peamouth, Mylocheilus caurinus
Golden shiner*, Notemigonus crysoleucas
Fathead minnow*, Pimephales promelas
Northern pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus oregonensis
Longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae
Nooksack dace, Rhinichthys cataractae ssp.
Leopard dace, Rhinichthys falcatus
Umatilla dace, Rhinichthys umatilla
Speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus
Redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus
Tench*, Tinca tinca

Cyprinodontiformes

Family Fundulidae
Banded killifish*, Fundulus diaphanus

Family Poeciliidae
Mosquitofish*, Gambusia affinis

Esociformes

Family Esocidae
Grass pickerel*,Esox americanus vermiculatus
Northern pike*, Esox lucius
Tiger muskellunge*, E. lucius x E. masquinongy hybrid

Olympic mudminnow, Novumbra hubbsi

Perciformes

Family Centrarchidae
Rock bass*, Ambloplites rupestris
Green sunfish*, Lepomis cyanellus
Bluegill*, Lepomis macrochirus
Pumpkinseed*, Lepomis gibbosus
Warmouth*, Lepomis gulosus
Smallmouth bass*, Micropterus dolomieui
Largemouth bass*, Micropterus salmoides
White crappie*, Pomoxis annularis
Black crappie*, Pomoxis nigromaculatus

Family Embiotocidae
Shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata

Family Percidae
Yellow perch*, Perca flavescens
Walleye*, Sander vitreus

Family Moronidae
Striped bass*, Morone saxatilis

Percopsiformes

Family Percopsidae
Sand roller, Percopsis transmontanus

Gadiformes

Family Gadidae
Burbot, Lota lota

Gasterosteiformes

Family Gasterosteidae
Three-spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus
Brook stickleback*, Culaea inconstans

Osmeriformes

Family Osmeridae
Longfin smelt, Spirinchus thaleichthys
Eulachon, Thaleichthys pacificus

Pleuronectiformes

Family Pleuronectidae
Starry flounder, Planichthys stellatus

Salmoniformes

Family Salmonidae
Lake whitefish*, Coregonus clupeaformis
Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta
Sockeye salmon/Kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka
Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Golden trout*, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita
Coastal rainbow trout/Steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus
Columbia River redband trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri
Coastal cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki clarki
Westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi
Lahontan cutthroat trout*, Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi
Pygmy whitefish, Prosopium coulteri
Mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni
Atlantic salmon*, Salmo salar
Brown trout*, Salmo trutta
Bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus
Brook trout*, Salvelinus fontinalis
Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma
Lake trout*, Salvelinus namaycush
Arctic grayling*, Thymallus arcticus

Scorpaeniformes

Family Cottidae
Coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus
Prickly sculpin, Cottus asper
Mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi
Paiute sculpin, Cottus beldingi
Slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus
Shorthead sculpin, Cottus confusus
Riffle sculpin, Cottus gulosus
Reticulate sculpin, Cottus perplexus
Margined sculpin, Cottus marginatus
Torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus
Pacific staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus

Siluriformes

Family Ictaluridae
Black bullhead*, Ameiurus melas
Yellow bullhead*, Ameiurus natalis
Brown bullhead*, Ameiurus nebulosus
Channel catfish*, Ictalurus punctatus
Tadpole madtom*, Noturus gyrinus
Flathead catfish*, Pylodictis olivaris

References

External links
 Aquatic Species at Risk - Nooksack Dace | Fisheries and Oceans Canada
 Updated COSEWIC status report on Nooksack dace
 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Endangered Fish Species page
 FishBase
 Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 Paper on Nooksack dace and Salish sucker

Fish
Washington state
.Washington
.Washington


Phenolates (also called phenoxides) are anions, salts, and esters of phenols, containing the phenolate ion. They may be formed by reaction of phenols with strong base.

Properties

Alkali metal phenolates, such as sodium phenolate hydrolyze in aqueous solution to form basic solutions. At pH = 10, phenol and phenolate are in approximately 1:1 proportions.

The  phenoxide anion (aka phenolate) is a strong nucleophile with a  comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines. Generally, oxygen attack of phenoxide anions is kinetically favored, while carbon-attack is thermodynamically preferred (see Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control). Mixed oxygen/carbon attack and by this a loss of selectivity is usually observed if the reaction rate reaches diffusion control.

Uses
Alkyl aryl ethers can be synthesized through the Williamson ether synthesis by treating sodium phenolate with an alkyl halide:
C6H5ONa + CH3I → C6H5OCH3 + NaI
C6H5ONa + (CH3O)2SO2 → C6H5OCH3 + (CH3O)SO3Na

Production of salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is produced in the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction between carbon dioxide and sodium phenolate.

See also
 Sodium phenolate

References


Cín Lae Uí Mhealláin is an account of the Irish Confederate Wars written by Tarlach Ó Mealláin, OFM.

Described as "an account of the progress of the Confederate war from the outbreak of rebellion in 1641 until February 1647" its text "reflected the Ulster Catholic point of view."

Description

The text was first described as Cín Lae Uí Mhealláin by Professor Tadhg Ó Donnchadha in 1931, Cín Lae being the Irish term for 'diary.' It is written on both sides of twenty-two small sheets of paper (approximately 18.5 cm by 14 cm). The narrative comes to an abrupt end on the 28th line of page forty-four; "Tanic trí mile saigdeor ón Pharlemeint i nÁth C. i n-aghaidh Laighneach agus each...."

It is housed at the Boole Library at University College, Cork, as MS 3.

Facets

In his introduction to the text, Charles Dillon points out that:

Tarlach had a detailed knowledge of the Ulster leaders. As he was familiar too with many of the places in which they fought, he is an invaluable source for the general historian, toponomyst and genealogist and, because of his language, he is an invaluable source for the linguist and the historian of Irish as well.

Reasons for composition

Ó Doibhlin opines that

[It] might have been more accurately named a Commonplace Book kept by Ó Mealláin, possibly at the instigation of the leader of the rebellion, Sir Pheilim O'Neill of Caledon. It looks very much like a notebook the writer had with him in the field and he may have hoped that the notes taken down would at some stage in the future act as an aide memoire for a fuller, more extensive account.

Charles Dillon concurs, stating that

The Cín Lae was written in abbreviated form, apparently as a memory aid to the author who may have intended to produce a fuller history of the period at a later date. Sadly, no such history appears to have been written ... [although] ... he ... had the opportunity of revising at least part of the script.

Extracts

The text begins thus:

One the eve of the Feast of Saint John Capistranus the lords of Ulster planned to seize in one night, unknown to the English and the Scots, all their walled towns, castles and bawns. The date chosen was 22nd October, Friday to be precise, and the last day of the moon. [Saturday 23 October 1641, Old Style]

On one occasion Ó Mealláin describes O'Neill rousing the troops:

Do bhí an General ag teagasc imeasc an tsloigh. Iseadh adubhairt 'Ag sud chuagaibh escairde Dé agus naimhde bhur n-anma; agus denaidh calmacht 'na n-aghadh aniu; oir is iad do ben dibh ar (leg. bhur) dtigheranaidh, bhur gclann agus bhur mbeatha spiordalta agus temporalta, do bhen bhur nduthaigh dibh, is do chuir ar deoruigheach sibh etc."/"The General  was in the midst of his men exorting them. 'Here before you are the enemies of God, and your souls enemies; and be courageous against them today for it is they who took away your lordships, your families, your spiritual and temporal lives, and sent you into exile.

Elsewhere, he describes the terrible effect of the war on the general population (daoine san tír):
Atá, daoine san tír, Cathanaigh, Duibhlinigh, muinter Ara, Ibh Eathach agus clann Aodh Bui uile an Ruta ag ithe capall, each: deireadh earraigh; a ghoid; fuadach cat, madraidh; ag ithe daoine, leathar carbaidhi, agus leathar fo na aol." "There are people in the country, O'Kanes, O'Devlins, the people of Ara and Iveagh, inhabitants of Clandeboy and the Route eating horsemeat; the end of spring; thieving and the stealing of dogs and cats; cannibalism, eating the leather of carriages and leather treated with lime.

Other occasions described include a number of combats and battles, such as Benburb.

See also

 Irish Rebellion of 1641
 Irish Confederate Wars
 Henry Ó Mealláin
 Feardorcha Ó Mealláin

References

 Tadhg Ó Donnchadha (1931) Analecta Hibernica iii, pp. 1–61.
 Éamonn Ó Doibhlin (1968) Domhnach Mór, pp. 101–35
 Charles Dillon (2000) Cín Lae Uí Mhealláin, pp. 337–95 Tyrone:History and Society.
 Diarmaid Ó Doibhlin (2000) Tyrone's Gaelic Literary Legacy, pp. 414–17, op.cit.

History books about Ireland
War diaries
Irish-language manuscripts
Irish-language literature
17th-century books
Early Modern literature


The 1996–97 European Hockey League was the first edition of the new tournament for European hockey clubs, the European Hockey League. The season started on September, 1996, and finished on January 26, 1997.

The tournament was won by TPS, who beat HC Dynamo Moscow in the final.

First round

Group A

Group A standings

Group B

Group B standings

Group C

Group C standings

Group D

Group D standings

Group E

Group E standings

Quarterfinals

Final stage
(Turku, Finland)

Semifinals

Third place match

Final

References
 Season 1997

1996–97 in European ice hockey leagues
European Hockey League


Canvas Solaris are an American progressive metal band from Statesboro, Georgia, formed in 1999, and disbanded in 2011. Though they first played with vocals, they moved on to instrumental, drawing influence from bands as diverse as Cynic, Rush, King Crimson, Death, Watchtower, and The Mars Volta.

Biography
Hunter Ginn (drums), Nathan Sapp (guitar), and Jimmy McCall (bass) formed Canvas Solaris in 1999 in Statesboro, Georgia. Brad Jeffcoat joined the band to serve as a vocalist. At this point, the band was playing mainly technical death metal, influenced by bands like Voivod and Carcass. They recorded two untitled demos of four songs each and toured in South Carolina for several years before Jeffcoat and McCall both left the band. Ben Simpkins joined as a second guitarist, bassist, and keyboardist, the band decided to drop vocals entirely, and they put out the EP Spatial/Design in 2003 on Tribunal Records. A year later, in 2004, they released their first full-length album, Sublimation.

In February 2005, the band signed with Sensory Records, where they remain today, and put out their second full-length album, Penumbra Diffuse in 2006. Their next album, 2007's Cortical Tectonics, was their last to feature Ben Simpkins on guitar, bass, and keyboards. Chris Rushing, Donnie Smith, and Gael Pirlot joined on guitar, keys, and bass, respectively, and the band put out The Atomized Dream in 2008. Following its release, they toured with Dysrhythmia and Behold... The Arctopus. The band released Irradiance in 2010.

Since disbanding in 2011, the band have formed The Universe Divide and The Burden of Existence with vocalist Narissa Wolke  (releasing a self-titled album).

In 2013, the band announced a reunion with a new album in the works, clarifying this in a Facebook comment. An album was anticipated to be released in 2014 and funded independently via a public fundraiser website. After announcing the completion of the drum tracking in 2017, it was not until a December 2020 Facebook post that they officially announced a release for the new album, by then entitled Chromosphere, in May 2021.

Band members
 Most Recent Line-up
 Nathan Sapp - guitar, vocals (1999- )
 Hunter Ginn - drums, percussion (1999- )
 Chris Rushing - guitar (2008- )
 Donnie Smith - keyboards (2008- )
 Gael Pirlot - bass (2008- )

 Former members
 Ben Simpkins - guitar, bass, keyboards (2002–2007)
 Brad Jeffcoat - vocals (1999–2002)
 Jimmy McCall - bass (1999–2002)

Discography

Studio albums
 2004 - Sublimation
 2006 - Penumbra Diffuse
 2007 - Cortical Tectonics
 2008 - The Atomized Dream
 2010 - Irradiance
 2021 - Chromosphere

Demos & EPs
 2000 - Demo I
 2000 - Demo II
 2003 - Spatial/Design

References

External links
 The Band's MySpace Page
 Encyclopaedia Metallum
 Sensory Records
 ProgArchives

Heavy metal musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
American progressive metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1999
American musical quintets
1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


Wolf Mail (born 1972) is a Canadian-born guitarist, singer-songwriter who embarked on his Blues & Roots music journey at the age of fourteen.
Mail has recorded eight full-length albums, internationally distributed and has toured in over twenty-six countries. He is influenced by blues, jazz, soul and country.

Early years
Born in Montreal, Quebec, raised in the South of France and California, Mail spent much of his early years traveling. He began playing the guitar at the age of ten, heavily influenced by Elmore James and John Lee Hooker. Later, Mail received guitar lessons from fellow Canadian guitarist David Goodman. At age seventeen he put his own project together and left home shortly after to tour with his band.

Career
Mail recorded two independent albums in the mid-'90s before signing up with ZYX records. Since then he has released eight albums.

His first effort, Solid Ground, included the ballad "Hello" which stayed in the best selling music charts in Japan for three weeks and had fans declare their "favorite love song of all time".

Pre-production for his second album Blue Fix   started in Los Angeles with Gary Mallaber on drums and Gerald Johnson on bass. The recording was completed in France with Niko Sarran on drums.

Mail then recorded a live CD and DVD  Live Blues in Red Square  in Moscow.

His fourth album Electric Love Soul  was recorded in 2009 in Los Angeles at Dawghouse studios by Grammy Award winner Alan Mirikitani, and Robert Cray producer Dennis Walker.

His follow-up The Basement Session  was recorded in Sydney, Australia, at the Basement, which has hosted artists such as Prince and Albert Collins.

His sixth album,  Above The Influence  was released in October 2013.
Rhythms Music Magazine said "it sees Mail return to where he cut his teeth, our teeth, everyone's teeth – again, searing electric blues."

Mail wrote and recorded his seventh album "The Wolf is at our door" in Sydney, Australia. The album was released in March 2023. "A contemporary bluesy vibe, slow burn vocals, and moments of psych-like sound that bring to mind Muddy Water’s Electric Mud, wrote the Blues Rock review

Influences

Elmore James is the artist that Wolf cites as his first inspiration.

Wolf's playing style is a fusion of traditional blues, soul, and rock influences. He draws inspiration from guitar legends such as Albert Collins, Johnny Winter and Peter Green who have contributed to his playing style.

Wolf's playing ranges from stop-start staccato runs to Winter's more fluid style with lightning-fast runs. His intense, feverish style cuts a swathe between Buddy Guy and Rory Gallagher.

International

For over two decades, Wolf has toured the US, Japan, Australia, and Europe, performing at clubs, festivals, small towns, and big cities. His passion for music has earned him a dedicated following, and he has developed a niche but loyal global audience.

Awards and recognition

Player Magazine Japan selected Mail as the "Close-up" artist of the month in June 2005. Other artists have included Robert Cray and Brian Setzer. MusicOz Australia gave Wolf Mail best top 10 international performer of the year award for 2012.

Musical instruments and gear

Wolf uses a Mark Gilbert WM1 signature bearing his name along with the Mark Gilbert BC electro-acoustic guitars.

For recording sessions Wolf also uses a 1957 Fender Telecaster and a 1972 Gibson Les Paul Deluxe.

His guitar rig also includes several effects pedals such as an original 1978 Boss OD1 overdrive, a Boss CE-2 and a custom boost pedal.

For many years, Wolf was endorsed by Carvin Audio, and was one of the first artists with Joe Walsh to use the Carvin Bel Air vintage series.

Although Wolf still owns several Bel Air amps, he now uses Mesa Boogie Lonestar amplifiers.

Discography
Wolf Mail
2002 – Solid Ground
2005 – Blue Fix
2009 – Live Blues in Red Square
2010 – Electric Love Soul
2011 – The Basement Session
2013 – Above The Influence
2015 – Oseana Auditorium
2023 – The Wolf is at Our Door

Collaborations
2015 – Blues Christmas (with Leslie West, Eric Gales, Kenny Neal, Pat Travers, Joe Louis Walker, Chris Spedding).
2018 – Live at the Lazy (with Milena Barrett)

DVDs
Live Blues in Red Square was released in 2009, and recorded at the Jazz Town Theater, in Moscow, Russia.
Oseana Auditorium released in 2014 was recorded during Wolf's 2013 tour of Scandinavia, while supporting Blues legend Johnny Winter.

Bibliography

Rock my world Canada by Mike Carr. A comprehensive and historic reference book on Canadian blues artists.

Record labels
Japan/ Asia – BSMF Records
Europe – ZYX Music
North America – Cleopatra Records

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Blues rock musicians
Canadian blues guitarists
Canadian blues singers
Canadian male guitarists
Musicians from Montreal
Electric blues musicians
21st-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian male musicians


Shahmirza Moradi (Persian/Luri: ; also transliterated as Shamirza Moradi; December 14, 1924 – December 14, 1997)  was an Iranian Lur especially versed in playing sorna.

Biography
Moradi was born in Dorud, Loristan. He started learning music as a child and learned Sorna from his father.  In 1971, he began radio work; he then performed at the major cultural festivals in Iran, including those of Shiraz and Tehran. Thanks to the efforts of the Luri musician Ali Akbar Shekartchi, his first recordings were distributed in 1981.

In 1991, Moradi performed at the Avignon festival (southern France) and on the program of Persian nights July 31 and August 1, at two successive concerts in the Cloître des Célestins in Paris. His son, Reza Moradi, used to accompany him on the dohol; Reza Moradi is also a kamancheh player, an instrument that he learned from his father.

Awards

 Avignon Festival 1991, Paris, France Edition 45

See also
Sorna
Luri music
Iranian Folk Music
Dohol
Lorestan

References

External links

Fujie, L. (1994). The Music of Lorestiin, Iran. Performed by Shahmirza Moradi and Reza Moradi. Text by Reza Mo'ini. CD with 7-page booklet in English. Nimbus Records NI 5397. 1994. Yearbook for Traditional Music, 26, 194-194. doi:10.2307/768281 Published By: Cambridge University Press 7 March 2019
https://www.mehrnews.com/news/799258/اعجاز-سرنا-خالق-عاشقانه-های-لرستان-را-جاودان-کرد
https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/88505/Oboe-Players-to-Meet-in-Doroud
https://doroud.farhang.gov.ir/fa/news/51172/مصاحبه-با-شاه-میرزا-مرادی-مروارید-اقیانوسها
https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&q=moradi
McConnachie, J. , Dorian, F. , Dowell, V. , Duane, O. (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. United Kingdom: Rough Guides.
World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, By Frederick Dorian, Orla Duane, James, Page 362
Avec: maître Mohammad Musavi (ney) et maître Shah-Mirza Moradi (zurnâ), Production: Festival d'Avignon, France culture et France musique

1924 births
1997 deaths
People from Dorud
Sorna players
Luri musicians


José Diego may refer to:

 Diego José de Cádiz (1743–1801), a Spanish Capuchin friar and preacher from the Andalusia region.
 José de Diego (1866–1918), a Puerto Rican statesman, journalist, poet, lawyer, and advocate for independence.
 José Tormos Diego (1890–1977), a Puerto Rican politician who served as mayor of Ponce.
 José Diego (footballer), (born 1954), a Spanish former footballer who played as a midfielder for Real Sociedad and the Spain national team.

See also
 Diego José, Argentine professional footballer.
 Diego José Abad, Jesuit poet and translator in New Spain and Italy.


Phyllidiella pustulosa, the pustulose wart slug, pimpled phyllidiella, or pustulose phyllidiella, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, in the family Phyllidiidae.

Distribution
This species was described from specimens collected in Timor. It is one of the most common nudibranchs throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific. However, a study using DNA sequencing of the CO1 gene has shown that it is a species complex.

Description
Although this nudibranch changes appearance as it grows, three median clusters of (usually) pink tubercles remain the same, except that they are amalgamated in juveniles and separated in large animals. These tubercles can range in color from pink to green to white. The intensity of the pink coloration and green-grey tones may possibly be related to diet, and the length of time since last feeding. Other distinguishing features are the pale pink edge of the mantle, the broad, triangular, black tipped oral tentacles and the rhinophoral clavus possessing 22 to 26 lamellae (in specimens greater than 35 mm).

References

Further reading
 Litvaitis M.K. & Newman L.J., 2002. Color, Color Patterns and Mimicry.
 Newman, L.J.; Cannon, L.R.G.; Brunckhorst, D.J. 1994. A new flatworm (Platyhelminthes Polycladida) which mimics a Phyllidiid nudibranch (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 110(1): 19-25. [publ. not seen by RFB]
 Newman, Leslie & Lester Cannon. 2003. Marine Flatworms: The World of Polyclads. vii + 112 pp. CSIRO Publishing.
 Rudman, W.B., 1998 (June 25). Mimicry - Phyllidiella, flatworms, Chromodoris [In] Sea Slug Forum.
 Rudman, W.B., 1999 (July 11). Comment on About Mimicry & flatworms by Christine. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum.
 Seifarth, W. 2004. Marine Flatworms of the World. http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/flatintr.htm]

External links

Phyllidiidae
Gastropods described in 1804
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier


Roger H. Brown is an American businessman, philanthropist, and academic administrator and former president of Berklee College of Music. Brown is also the co-founder of Bright Horizons and founder and chairman of the Salt Lick Incubator.

Early life and education
Brown was born in Gainesville, Georgia in 1956. Brown graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Davidson College with a degree in physics and public policy in 1978. He then spent a year teaching science and math in Kenya before returning to the attending Yale School of Management, where he earned his MBA.

Career
After his first year at Yale, he and his wife, Linda A. Mason, co-directed Land Bridge, a famine relief program on the Cambodia-Thailand border. Working under the auspices of CARE and UNICEF, the program served as many as 25,000 people a day and was the largest emergency food distribution effort ever attempted. He then returned to Yale, earning a Masters in Public and Private Management in 1982. He and Mason wrote a book about their experiences in Cambodia, Rice, Rivalry, and Politics.

After graduating, Brown took a job with Boston management consulting firm, Bain and Company, but left in January 1985 to co-direct famine relief efforts in Sudan for Save the Children. The innovative program developed by Brown and Mason established many local food distribution centers, rather than a few centralized ones.

Returning to Boston, Brown and Mason co-founded Bright Horizons, which provided on-site child care for client-company employees, in 1986. Under their leadership, the company grew into a publicly traded company which currently employs 33,000 people (2019). Brown served as chief executive officer until January 2002. He and Mason also co-founded the Horizons Initiative, now Horizons for Homeless Children, which provide services for homeless children, and the Bright Horizons Foundation for Children, which creates safe, enriching, and nurturing spaces in homeless shelters, domestic violence shelters, and other agencies. In July, 2012 Brown assumed the role of Chairman of the Board for Boston After School and Beyond. He is the recipient of the White House's Ron Brown Award for Corporate Leadership and the Ernst & Young/USA Today Entrepreneur of the Year Award.

Berklee
Brown assumed the presidency of Berklee College of Music in 2004. He is the third president of the college and the first non-member of the Berk family. A music enthusiast and avocational drummer, Brown had produced award-winning CDs of children's music featuring Ziggy Marley and Arlo Guthrie, among others, as a fund-raiser for the Bright Horizons Foundation for Children. Under his leadership, Berklee has achieved successive record enrollments and has also grown its online educational offerings through Berklee Online, becoming the world’s largest online music institution. This includes massive open online courses, and online undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs. Brown also expanded the college’s reach to attract students from more than 100 countries, and created Berklee's Presidential Scholars and Africa Scholars programs to provide full scholarships to talented musicians. Since he became president, the college has also initiated educational institutes that offer focused areas of study, including Africana Studies, the Berklee Global Jazz Institute, student founded Jazz Revelation Records, Berklee Institute for Creative Entrepreneurship (ICE), Effortless Mastery Institute, American Roots Music, Popular Music Institute (BPMI), Berklee Institute of Jazz and Gender Justice, and Mediterranean Music Institute.  Berklee’s City Music Program, which provides free music education to underserved youth, has expanded the Berklee City Music Network, which has partners across the U.S., Canada, and Latin America. During Brown’s tenure, Berklee has instituted a more selective admissions policy. All applicants are required to have an audition and interview, an effort that sends admissions staff to cities around the globe on the Berklee World Tour searching for talented musicians. Under Brown’s leadership, the amount of scholarship and financial aid available to Berklee students has increased by over 500%, growing from $9 million to over $70 million annually.

Brown has led the college to augment the student experience by establishing semester-abroad programs and by expanding the Boston campus through the construction of a new 16-story facility at 160 Massachusetts Avenue with dorm rooms, practice rooms, common areas, a fitness center, a dining hall/performance venue, and a music production complex.  Brown negotiated with the city of Valencia, Spain, and the Generalitat Valenciana to create a Berklee campus in the Spanish city that offered the college’s first graduate degree programs as well as a study abroad program.

Brown launched the institution’s first-ever capital campaign, Giant Steps in 2011, which raised $54.5 million. The institution’s second campaign, Soundbreaking, closed in 2019, raising over $160 million.

In 2016, he oversaw Berklee's merger with the Boston Conservatory. The merger created an institution with comprehensive and dynamic training for music, dance, theater, and related professions. In 2017, a landmark public-private-nonprofit partnership brought together Berklee, the City of New York, and private donor to revitalize the historic Power Station recording studio in Hell’s Kitchen, which the college has re-named Power Station at BerkleeNYC.

On October 17, 2019, Brown announced that he will be stepping down as Berklee’s president in May of 2021.

In the spring of 2022, Brown founded the Salt Lick Incubator, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and its associated YouTube channel, Salt Lick Sessions, to support diverse, emerging musicians with grants and collaborative opportunities to bolster their careers.

Awards

 The Cruz de Honor from the provincial government of Valencia, Spain
 The March of Dimes Franklin Delano Roosevelt Humanitarian Award
 Honorary Doctor of Laws degree, Williams College
 Boston Arts Academy Foundation honor

Notes

Living people
1956 births
Yale School of Management alumni
Davidson College alumni
Berklee College of Music faculty


River crab may refer to:
Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, sometimes called the Chinese River Crab
Potamonautes perlatus, the Cape river crab of South Africa
Potamonautes reidi, Reid's river crab
Potamonautes sidneyi, the Natal river crab of South Africa
Liberonautes grandbassa, Grandbassa river crab
Liberonautes lugbe, Lugbe river crab
Liberonautes nanoides, dwarf river crab
Other species of freshwater crab
River crab (Internet slang), also often referred to as the doctrine of "Harmonious society", is a euphemism for Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China and a form of protest against such censorship

Animal common name disambiguation pages


The Battle of Najafgarh was a subsidiary engagement of the Siege of Delhi during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. A large Indian force sortied from Delhi, intending to attack the rear of the British force besieging the city. A detachment from the besiegers marched to intercept them, and defeated them while they were disordered by difficult terrain and by quarrels among their commanders.

Siege of Delhi
During the earliest days of the Rebellion, sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the British East India Company's Bengal Army stationed at Meerut rose in revolt against their British officers, and marched to Delhi. When they arrived there, they were joined by mobs from the city and sepoys from regiments stationed near Delhi. They captured the city on 11 May 1857, killing British officers and civilians. They proclaimed themselves to be at the disposal of the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, who reluctantly gave his support to the rebellion. News of the restoration of the Empire's authority induced many other regiments of sepoys, and other irregular bodies, to rebel and to march to Delhi.

A small British force advanced on Delhi and occupied a ridge outside the city, where they awaited reinforcements before they could consider storming the city. Sepoys and other forces repeatedly attacked the ridge but were defeated and driven back into Delhi. There was no coordinated leadership among the Indians at first; each sepoy regiment refused to accept orders from the officers of other regiments, and although Bahadur Shah appointed his son Mirza Mughal as Commander in Chief of his armies, Mirza Mughul had no military experience and was ignored by most of the sepoys.

On 1 July, the sepoy regiments which had rebelled at Bareilly arrived in Delhi, together with 4,000 Muslim ghazis. They were led by Bakht Khan, a veteran artillery officer of the East India Company. Pleased with the numbers of troops (and treasure) he had brought, Bahadur Shah appointed him Commander of his armies. However, the officers of other sepoy regiments were jealous of his authority. Under Bakht Khan's direction, a major attack was launched on the British positions on 9 July, but was driven back after coming close to success. By the end of the month, after further attacks had failed, Bakht Khan's critics induced Bahadur Shah to place a committee of ten men headed by Mirza Mughal at the head of the army.

Indian movements
By mid-August, the last substantial reinforcements of sepoys had reached Delhi, but large numbers of sepoys had become discouraged by successive failures, quarrels among their commanders and shortage of supplies, and were deserting. Bakht Khan belatedly suggested attacking the rear of the British position. A large detachment would leave the city and head west, as if making for Jaipur, but instead double back to cross the Jumna Canal, which protected the British rear, at a bridge at Najafgarh. The force left Delhi on 24 August, in heavy rain. It consisted of the sepoy regiments which had moved to Delhi from Bareilly, Nasirabad and Nimach, and numbered about 8,000 in total, with 13 guns.

They reached the Jumna Canal late that day, but found that the bridge at Palam which they intended to use had been destroyed earlier by the British. They had anticipated this, but it took them 24 hours to repair the bridge properly, during which the troops were drenched by rain and had no food, as supplies in Delhi were very short. On 25 August, the Nimach brigade of sepoys led the advance, skirting the edge of the Najafgarh jhil (swamp).

British moves
Bakht Khan's attack had been launched at least ten days too late. On 14 August, the British had been reinforced by the Punjab Moveable Column, numbering 4,200 and consisting of British, Sikh and Punjabi units. Its commander was Brigadier John Nicholson, who was well known as a forceful and uncompromising soldier, in contrast to the nervous and infirm commander of the troops on Delhi Ridge, Major General Archdale Wilson.

On 24 August, Bakht Khan's force was seen departing Delhi and moving west. Nicholson was detached to intercept them. He set out early on 25 August. Sir Theophilus Metcalfe, who had narrowly escaped from the city on 11 May, accompanied him as a guide. In spite of the heavy rain and floods, Nicholson drove his men to make a rapid march.

By 4.00 pm, Metcalfe had discovered the position of the Nimach troops. Their main body, with four guns, occupied a caravanserai, behind a stream. Nine more guns were posted between the serai and the bridge at Palam. Most of the exhausted Indian troops were pitching camp, and had piled their arms and equipment.

Battle
The Indians' guns covered the bridge over the stream, but Nicholson's troops crossed by a ford upstream, and formed up in two lines while the British artillery shelled the serai. Nicholson sounded the advance, and himself led the 61st Foot and 1st Bengal Fusiliers as they charged across  of mud to storm the serai. On their right, the 2nd Punjab Infantry (Greene's Rifles) attacked the village of Najafgarh itself.

As they tried to retreat, the Nimach troops suffered heavy casualties from artillery fire as they tried to cross or skirt the Najafgarh swamp. The survivors were rescued by the Nasirabad brigade, which advanced on the British right. The Punjab infantry lost their commanding officer and were held up until the 61st went to their aid. However, Bakht Khan did not move his own Bareilly brigade forward, instead retiring to Delhi once the routed Nimach soldiers retreated through his position.

The British had captured all Bakht Khan's guns, and inflicted heavy casualties. Nevertheless, Nicholson had not been aware of the presence of the Bareilly brigade at Palam, and was disappointed not to have been able to attack them the next day. He complained to his friend John Lawrence, the Commissioner for the Punjab, "...I had no information, not even a guide I did not pick up for myself on the road".

Results and aftermath
The British rejoiced at their first definite success against a rebel force in the field for over two months. On the Indian side, the sepoys became increasingly disillusioned. Their defeat had been caused largely by poor administration, which left the troops hungry and exposed to the monsoon rains, and quarrels among their commanders. Only three days before the battle, the commanders of the Nimach troops (General Sudhari Singh and Brigade Major Hira Singh) had attempted to depose Bakht Khan from his command, and Bakht Khan's refusal to move to their aid when they came under attack caused further dissensions.

Notes

References

Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Battles involving the United Kingdom
1857 in India
August 1857 events


The 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill occurred off the coast of southeast Queensland, Australia on 11 March 2009, when 230 tonnes of fuel oil, 30 tonnes of other fuel and 31 shipping containers containing 620 tonnes of ammonium nitrate spilled into the Coral Sea, north of Moreton Bay during Cyclone Hamish. It happened after unsecured cargo on  damaged other cargo, causing the spillage. Over the following days, the spill washed ashore along  of coastline encompassing the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Bribie Island and Moreton Island.

The ship proceeded through Moreton Bay and docked at the Port of Brisbane where it continued to spread a  long slick in the mouth of the Brisbane River.

The Queensland government declared a state of emergency. Premier Anna Bligh described the spill as the "worst environmental disaster Queensland has ever seen." It took over 1,425 people 16 months to clean up the affected areas.

Cause and initial responses
MV Pacific Adventurer was sailing from Newcastle to the Port of Brisbane in Moreton Bay. Cyclone Hamish had formed off the coast of Queensland. Subsequently, the improperly stowed cargo dislodged from the deck damaging other cargo and containers, causing various substances to spill into the ocean. The ship was damaged at and below the waterline and began to leak fuel and lubricant oil.

Over the following days the spill washed ashore over a 60 km stretch of coastline. In an interview, crew members stated that the captain, Bernardino Santos, was to blame for the incident. The captain decided to stay on course, directly through the storm. As the ship encountered heavy swells, the 20 crew members went below deck, fearing for their lives. At 3:12 a.m., a wave broke the restraints for the cargo and sent 31 containers of ammonium nitrate overboard. The Queensland maritime safety authorities estimated that the ship was at a 25-degree angle at the time the containers were knocked off. When the ship came back down, one of the containers damaged the hull. After rolling to the opposite side, it crashed onto another container, creating a large hole underneath the ship, which was not noticed until it docked in Brisbane.

Swire Shipping initially reported that only 20 tonnes had been spilled. This was later revised to 30 tonnes, 100 tonnes, 230 tonnes and 250 tonnes. The Queensland Government reacted to the situation based on the initial information of 20 tonnes, which was later discovered to be inaccurate, leading to claims of an inadequate initial clean-up response. After divers inspected the ship for the source of the spill, two holes were found. One, located just above the waterline, was  long  wide. The second and larger hole was underneath the ship and measured about  long and  wide.

Affected areas
In the days following the spill, substances washed ashore along a  stretch of coastline. Oil covered beaches, rocky reefs, coastal wetlands and mangrove wetlands. Most of these areas were declared restricted zones and public access was limited. Radar satellite images acquired in preparation for cyclone damage captured the extent of the spill before it hit the coastline.

Sunshine Coast
Bokarina beach
Marcoola beach
Maroochy River mouth
Minyama beach
Mudjimba beach
Warana beach
Wurtulla beach

Moreton Bay
Bribie Island – northern coastline
Moreton Island – from Eagers Creek on the ocean beach, north around Cape Moreton and on to Comboyuro Point, in Moreton Bay
Brisbane River mouth –  long slick

Clean-up
Following the oil spill Queensland Premier Anna Bligh declared two islands and parts of the Sunshine Coast disaster areas. Clean-up efforts were reportedly going to cost at least A$100,000 a day and last more than a week as the oil continued to spread. Several search parties have been sent to the spill area to attempt to find the potentially explosive materials that were in the 31 containers. Press reports stated that if the ammonium nitrate were to mix with the heavy fuel, the mixture could ignite and cause a large explosion. If the chemical did not react with the fuel but still leaked out, marine life could be threatened by large blooms of algae. By 15 March, the cost of the spill jumped to $A10 million (US$6.6 million). A team of 88 people were sent out to begin the clean-up process and a further 58 were expected to join within the following days. On 16 March, the Royal Australian Navy began searching for the 31 containers of ammonium nitrate that were knocked off the ship. A navy minehunter was sent to look for the containers to reduce the amount of impact the chemical could cause.

The clean-up was a delicate operation, because high tides had already eroded beaches after ex-tropical cyclone Hamish battered the coast over the previous week. At the same time, high tides carried off some of the fuel oil initially deposited along shorelines and dispersed it back into the sea. By 15 March, the federal government reported that 50% of the oil had been contained and that the slick had been removed from about 95% of Bribie Island, 85% of the Sunshine Coast and 25% of the waters around Moreton Island. On Moreton Island, 290 people worked to clean up the oil, with most focusing on Middle Creek and Cape Moreton. Even though hundreds of people had worked on cleaning the spill, the average amount of oil cleaned each day was  per day. At that rate, it would have taken more than a month to clean all the affected areas. The Federal Government promised to provide $A2 million (US$1.3 million) to help with the clean-up.

Clean-up in process
In late July 2010, the clean-up effort was declared "complete". Federal Environment Minister Peter Garrett attended clean-up sites to celebrate the end of clean-up efforts. 1,425 personnel took 16 months to clean up 155 hectares of coastal area and included installation of 21,220 plants and 2.6 km of fencing to protect recovering vegetation.

Effects and consequences

Disaster declaration
Shortly after the slick washed ashore the Queensland government declared a state of emergency. The disaster declaration restricted public access to beaches affected by the oil slick and allow clean-up teams unobstructed access. The declaration covers all of Moreton Island, coastal waters and beaches in the Sunshine Coast, Redcliffe and Brisbane disaster districts and the southern tip of Bribie Island to Point Arkwright.

Local economy
Several of the local restaurants which receive shipments of fish from the waters off the Queensland coast refused to stock any more fish due to the spill. The cost of the clean-up also hurt the economy, costing at least A$10 million. In July 2009 the total bill was estimated to be A$34 million.
The Australian Government provided A$750,000 to help jump-start the tourist industry. Fourteen of the 19 beaches affected along the Sunshine Coast that had been cleaned were reopened in March 2009.

Fines and legal implications
Once the ship was at port, Captain Santos was forced to surrender his passport to Australian officials and he was to remain in Brisbane for at least two weeks to help with the investigation. On 14 October 2011, Swire Navigation and Bluewind Shipping were fined $A600,000 each and ordered to publish a public apology after earlier pleading guilty to causing the spill. The court heard the two companies have already paid $A17.5 million under a limitation order in the Federal Court, as well as an additional $A7.5 million to help cover the $A31 million cost of cleaning up the damage. Charges against Santos were dropped earlier in the week.

Wildlife
The Environmental Protection Agency reports that the full extent of wildlife affected by the spill has yet to be realised. "The flow-on effects of oil spills can be substantive," according to a spokesperson for the agency. "The longer-term impacts are yet to be realised." Several birds have been found covered with oil. By 17 March, about 30 animals had been recovered after being covered with oil. All of the animals were immediately treated and cleaned. Oiled animals included pelicans, ghost crabs and sea snakes.

See also

2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill
Environmental issues in Australia
List of oil spills
Spill containment

References

External links

Map of affected areas from ABC News

Southeast Queensland oil spill
Pollution in Australia
Southeast Queensland oil spill
Southeast Queensland Oil Spill, 2009
Disasters in Queensland
2009 in the environment
South East Queensland
2000s in Queensland
Oil spills in Australia
Environmental history of Australia


Louis Antoine de Poirot (1735–1813) was a Jesuit painter and translator of the 18th and early 19th century, who worked in the service of the Qianlong Emperor of China. He adopted the Chinese name He Qingtai (賀清泰). He was the last of the Western painters who worked for the Qianlong Emperor, together with Father Giuseppe Panzi. The two painters replaced the more famous father Giuseppe Castiglione and Jean-Denis Attiret.

Poirot also made a translation of the Old Testament in the Manchu language, and a translation of the New Testament into the Chinese language. He was also in charge of the translations between Latin and Manchu for the diplomatic correspondence between Beijing and Saint Petersburg (Russia).

See also
Jesuit China missions

References

 Stephen K. Batalden, Kathleen Cann, John Dean, Sowing the word: the cultural impact of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804-2004 Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2004
 Lorry Swerts, Mon Van Genechten, Koen De Ridder, Mon Van Genechten (1903–1974): Flemish Missionary and Chinese Painter : Inculturation of Chinese Christian Art, Leuven University Press, 2002

18th-century French Jesuits
1735 births
1813 deaths
19th-century French Jesuits


Continental Bank () was a bank in China. It specialized in savings, warehouses, trusts and real estate business. It was founded in Tianjin in 1919 by Feng Guozhang, the acting president of Republic of China and Tan Lisun, the former Nanjing director of Bank of China. Half a month later, a Beijing branch was also established. In 1942, its headquarters was moved to Shanghai. In 1952, it was closed down.

Tha bank, together with Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, Kincheng Banking Corporation and China & South Sea Bank, are called "Four Northern Banks", which were the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China in the 1920s.

See also

 Four Northern Banks

References

Defunct banks of China
Companies based in Tianjin
Banks based in Shanghai
Banks disestablished in 1952
Banks established in 1919
Chinese companies established in 1919


The Piedra River (also known as El Rio De La Piedra Parada, Pedra, Rio, and Rio Piedre) is a river in the U.S. state of Colorado. It drains parts of Archuleta, Hinsdale, and Mineral counties along a mainstem length of about . The river flows through a series of isolated box canyons, emptying into the San Juan River at Navajo Lake. Its name stems from the Spanish word, piedra, meaning rock.

Course
The Piedra River is formed by the confluence of its East Fork and Middle Fork, deep in the San Juan Mountains. The Middle Fork, larger of the two, rises in a bowl-shaped valley in the San Juan National Forest. It flows southwards, and forms the Piedra after a journey of . The East Fork starts at a small unnamed lake in the Rio Grande National Forest and flows southwest for about . The Piedra flows through open meadows, then drops into a canyon, receiving O'Neal Creek from the left and Williams, Weimuche and Sand Creeks from the right. The river angles to the southwest and receives the First Fork Piedra River from the right, and after the confluence, flows more in a southerly direction. It receives Heffin and Yellowjacket Creeks, both from the right, and at the confluence with the latter, flows past the town of Piedra and crosses under U.S. Highway 160. Its canyon widens into a valley, and flowing south-southeast alongside a ridge, the river receives Devil Creek from the left and receives Stollsteimer Creek from the left at Stollsteimer. The river then angles southwest, now running alongside State Highway 151. It enters Navajo Reservoir near the town of Arboles, near the New Mexico state line. Its confluence with the San Juan River, inside Navajo State Park, is drowned under the waters of the reservoir.

See also
List of rivers of Colorado
List of tributaries of the Colorado River

References

Rivers of Colorado
Tributaries of the Colorado River in Colorado
Rivers of Archuleta County, Colorado
Rivers of Hinsdale County, Colorado
Rivers of Mineral County, Colorado
San Juan Mountains (Colorado)


Joseph Blackburn may refer to:
Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (1838–1918), Kentucky politician
SS Joe C. S. Blackburn, a Liberty ship
Joseph Blackburn (cricketer) (1852–1922), English cricketer
Joseph Blackburn (painter) (died 1787), English portrait painter
Joe Blackburn, American ice hockey goaltender

See also
Joseph Henry Blackburne (1841–1924), British chess player


is a 1986 video game software developed and published by Hudson Soft for the Family Computer exclusively in Japan. It is based on Fujiko F. Fujio's (the pen name of Hiroshi Fujimoto) Japanese manga series of the same name, which later became an anime series and Asian franchise. It was the tenth best selling Famicom game released in 1986, selling approximately 1,150,000 copies in its lifetime. It is the third game created for the Doraemon license after the versions created for the Arcadia 2001 and the Epoch Cassette Vision. Even though the game is completely playable by a player with no knowledge of Japanese, ROM translator Neokid and Sky Yoshi released an English translation patch for the game but both are completely different.

Gameplay
In this game, Doraemon must travel through three different chapters in order to save Nobita and his friends, who have all been kidnapped. Each world is actually a different game with its own style of genre and game play system, and was designed by a different lead designer. The first chapter is an action game that takes place in a pioneer that scrolls continuously in four directions. The second chapter is a shooter game that scrolls through the evil den automatically in both horizontal and vertical directions. The third chapter is an aquatic adventure game where each screen scrolls over to the next. Each world must be completed by defeating a boss at the end. Then the player will advance to the next chapter, until all three bosses have been vanquished. Power-ups can be obtained in each chapter to increase Doraemon's strength and health meter. One power-up from the next chapter can be found in the first two chapters to give you an advantage when you finally arrive there.

References

External links
 Neokid's translation patch at RomHacking
 Sky Yoshi's translation patch at RomHacking

1986 video games
Action games
Doraemon video games
Hudson Soft games
Japan-exclusive video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Shoot 'em ups
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Jun Chikuma


Ballamodou "Balla" Conde (born 18 October 1973, in Conakry) is a retired Guinean footballer, who played as a midfielder.

Club career
Conde made his professional debuts at the age of 16 with Horoya AC in the Guinean League, making a substantial contribution as the team won three national championships. In 1997, after spells in Tunisia and Kuwait, he joined Penang FA in the Malaysian League, reaching and losing the domestic cup final in his first year at the club, and becoming team captain the following year, which ended in league conquest.

Conde would then play most of the following decade in Australia, starting with the Parramatta Eagles of the NSW Premier League where he played two years, helping the team to a final and a last-four appearance. Afterwards, he represented two teams in the Singaporean S-League, Gombak United FC and the Singapore Armed Forces FC, before returning to his previous country, signing with the Bonnyrigg White Eagles Football Club for 2004–05.

After a brief stint with FC Bossy Liverpool in the New South Wales Winter Super League, Conde joined Wollongong Football Club, playing with the Illawarra side until his retirement, at the age of 35. He stayed with the club subsequently, working as an assistant coach.

In 2016 Balla commenced his own academy training Australia's next generation of Football Stars. His academy based in St Marys, NSW coaches children from age 2 to All ages. Australian Football Generation Stars(AFGS) is now the Penrith regions leading academy.

References

External links
Wollong Wolves profile
Oz Football profile
Australian Football Generation Stars

1973 births
Living people
Guinean men's footballers
Australian men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
CS Sfaxien players
Parramatta FC players
Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC players
Wollongong Wolves FC players
Guinea men's international footballers
Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Penang F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore
Gombak United FC players
Warriors FC players
Geylang International FC players
Singapore Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia
Horoya AC players
Footballers from Conakry


Alex Blackwell (born 1983) is a female cricketer for New South Wales and Australia.

Alex Blackwell may also refer to:
 Alex Blackwell (basketball) (born 1970), American basketball player
 Alexander Blackwell (17001747), Scottish adventurer

See also
 Blackwell (surname) for other people with that surname


Khunti district is one of the twenty-four districts in South Chotanagpur division of the Indian state of Jharkhand. The district of Khunti was carved out of  Ranchi district on 12 September 2007. , it is the second least populous district of Jharkhand (out of 24), after Lohardaga. Khunti town is the headquarters of the district. It is historically known as the birthplace of Birsa Munda, and being the centre of activity of the Birsa movement.

The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

History
In ancient site of Saridkel, burnt bricks houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools found which are belongs to early centuries CE.

Administration

Blocks/Mandals
Khunti district has one sub-division and 6 blocks. The Deputy Commissioner (DC) of Khunti district is Mr.Suraj Kumar IAS. Khunti sub-division is the only sub-disvision in the district headed by the Sub-Divisional Magistrate(SDM) Mr. Pranav Kumar Pal.
Khunti district has six community development blocks. The following are the list of the Blocks in Khunti district:

Demographics

 census of India, Khunti district has a population of 531,885, roughly equal to the nation of Cape Verde. This gives it a ranking of 541st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.96%. Khunti has a sex ratio of 994 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 63.86%. 8.46% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.52% and 73.25% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 61.72% of the population in the district spoke Mundari, 27.79% Sadri, 5.78% Hindi and 2.90% Kurmali as their first language.

Local places

Panchghagh waterfall has 5 streams to it. The Banai River branches itself out in five different streams, generating rivulets through the cluster of rocks.

Anganbari –Shiva Temple is a religious center of the district known for its Shiva Temple. Every year during Sawan season local festival is celebrate for one month long. On Maha-shivratri Day, temple is visited by many disciples from different regions of Jharkhand. It is located on Khunti-Torpa road 9 km from the district headquarters.

Dombari Buru rises above Sail Rakab village close to Ulihatu. It is in the hills of Dombari Buru where Birsa Munda led his legendary ulgulan (rebellion) against the British more than a century ago. It is located 50 km from the state capital.

References

External links
 Official website
Tourism guide of jharkhand state, more about khunti

 Ranchi Talk
Hundru Fall - The 2nd Highest WaterFall of Jharkhand, more about Hundru Falls

Districts of Jharkhand
2007 establishments in Jharkhand

Politics


The Hmong Archives, formerly known as Hmong Nationality Archives, is a nonprofit organization located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States with the mission to research, collect, preserve, interpret, and disseminate materials in all formats about or by Hmong.

The Hmong Archives was founded by Marlin LeRoy Heise (Minnesota Historical Society retiree), Yuepheng Xiong (founder of Hmong ABC), Tzianeng Vang (founder of Hmong Professional Network) and other Hmong professionals in February 1999. It was first housed at Metropolitan State University in Saint Paul. It later relocated to a Hmong business strip in the "Minnehaha Mall", the Hmong Archives then found its way to the Center of Hmong Studies at Concordia University, Saint Paul. Overcrowding led the organization in May 2008 to 298½ University Avenue West, Saint Paul, MN, above the Hmong ABC (Arts, Books & Crafts) store.  Since early 2012 Hmong Archives had relocated to 343 Michigan Street, Saint Paul, MN. Regular office hours are Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 10AM to 6PM.

Collections range from rare Hmong record albums to Hmong embroidery, Hmong children's drawings, videos and books in over a dozen languages.  As of March 2013, over 150,000 items had been accessioned.

Current staff are volunteers.

External links
Official website

Hmong-American culture in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Hmong-American culture and history
Non-profit organizations based in Minnesota
Organizations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Minnesota


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Patrick County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Patrick County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.  Another property was once listed but has been removed.

Current listings

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Former listing

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

References

Patrick


Very good very mighty () is a catch phrase and internet meme in China that originated with the WoW Chinese-translation group in June 2007. Using the syntactical structure very X very Y (很X很Y) became increasingly popular among netizens of Mainland China as internet slang and snowclone.

Very erotic very violent

In the December 27, 2007 edition of CCTV's daily newscast, Xinwen Lianbo, a primary school student described a pop-up she had seen on a website as being "very erotic, [and] very violent" (很黄很暴力) as part of an appeal to strengthen the already strict web filtering in the People's Republic of China. The statement quickly became a meme on Chinese web forums, primarily due to the nature and context of the comment, and that other parodies took advantage of the fact that huáng (黄), the Mandarin character for "erotic", can also refer to the color yellow.

Very silly very naive
After the Edison Chen photo scandal, Gillian Chung made a statement during her first public appearance on February 11, 2008, to respond and apologize to the public for being naive and silly. This news was reported by media of Mainland China with the title of “very silly very naive” (很傻很天真).

Very sinister very strongly-backed
On March 29, 2008, two female students in Zhengzhou City had haircuts in a barbershop named Paul International and were asked to pay 12 thousand yuan (approximately US$1,700 at the time), and refused to let the students leave until they paid up the entire sum.  When reporters came to investigate the incident, a spokesman for the barbershop said, "I have someone out there strongly backing me, you (the reporters) can do anything you want." This suggested that the barbershop had the backing of powerful local officials or business moguls and were free to do as they pleased without bowing to external oversight. In response, on April 3, 2008, some internet users went to the barbershop, which had been banned by the Administration for Industry and Commerce of Zhengzhou City, holding a banner with "very sinister [with] very strong backing" (很黑很後台) on it in protest Paul International's actions.

See also
Internet slang
Grass Mud Horse
List of internet phenomena
Internet in the People's Republic of China
Jia Junpeng
Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures
Doge (meme)

References

Chinese Internet slang
Political Internet memes
Snowclones


John Blain may refer to:

 John Blain (cricketer) (born 1979), Scottish cricketer
 John Blain (Canadian football) (born 1955), football player

See also
John Blaine (disambiguation)


Charles Blair may refer to:
Charles Stanley Blair (1927–1980), United States federal judge
Charles F. Blair Jr. (1909–1978), United States Air Force general
Chandos Blair (1919–2011), general and former Defence Services Secretary
Chuck Blair (1928–2006), Canadian ice hockey player
Charles W. Blair (1829–1899), Union Army general
Charles A. Blair (1854–1912), member of the Michigan Supreme Court, 1905–1912
Charlie Walker-Blair (born 1992), English rugby union footballer


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince Edward County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Prince Edward County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.

There are 15 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

References

Prince Edward


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Richmond County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 National Historic Landmarks.  Another property was once listed but has been removed.

Current listings

|}

Former listing

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

References

Richmond


Chris Booker (born 1971) is an American radio and TV personality.

Chris Booker may also refer to:
Christopher Booker (1937–2019), British journalist and author
Chris Booker (baseball) (born 1976), American baseball pitcher
Chris Booker (basketball) (born 1981), American basketball player


Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus (also known as Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus; c. 45 BC – 12 BC) was a Roman Senator during the reign of Augustus. He was ordinary consul in 12 BC with Publius Sulpicius Quirinius as his colleague.

Family background
Not much is known about his family background and early life. Appianus may have been the son of Appius Claudius Pulcher consul of 38 BC by an unnamed wife. He was probably adopted by Marcus Valerius Messalla, suffect consul 32 BC, thus becoming Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus.

Political career
According to the French historian Fr. François Catrou et Rouillé, Appianus served as a quaestor in the army of the Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. After this, little is known about his remaining political career beyond his consulship in 12 BC. He died not long afterwards.

Marriage and issue
About 14 BC, Appianus married Claudia Marcella Minor, a daughter of Octavia the Younger; Claudia Marcella Minor's maternal uncle was the Roman emperor Augustus. Marcella bore Appianus two children, a daughter Claudia Pulchra and a son Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus. Although there has been some speculation that Claudia's father might actually have been Publius Claudius Pulcher, the son of Clodius.

References

Sources
 R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press, 1986
 UGO FUSCO – GIAN LUCA GREGORI, A PROPOSITO DEI MATRIMONI DI MARCELLA MINORE E DEL MONVMENTVM DEI SUOI SCHIAVI E LIBERTI, aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 111 (1996) 226–232, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn
 M. Lightman & B. Lightman, A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women, Infobase Publishing, 2008
 Jesuit François Catrou et Rouillé, Histoire romaine depuis la fondation de Rome [jusqu'a l'an 47 de J.-C.], avec des notes historiques, géographiques et critiques...par les RR. PP. Catrou et Rouillé de S. J. T. 01-20 (histoire romaine par Bernard Rothe, [sic pour Routh] T. 21)

40s BC births
12 BC deaths
1st-century BC Romans
Ancient Roman adoptees
Claudii
Imperial Roman consuls
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Ancient Roman patricians
Appianus, Marcus
Year of birth uncertain


Catherine Blake (1762–1831) was the wife and assistant of William Blake.

Catherine Blake or similar may also refer to:

People
Catherine C. Blake (born 1950), United States federal judge
Katharine Blake (actress) (1921–1991), South African actress
Katharine Blake (singer) (born 1970), British musician
Dorothy J. Heydt, American author, pen name Katherine Blake
Katherine Devereux Blake (1858–1950), American educator, peace and women's rights activist
 Catherine Blake (née Wright), mother of William Blake

Fictional entities
Katherine Blake (character), killer on the soap opera Shortland Street

See also
Katarina Eriksdotter (12th-century), Swedish princess, married to Nils Blake


A total lunar eclipse will take place on May 26, 2040. The northern limb of the Moon will pass through the center of the Earth's shadow. This is the second central lunar eclipse of Saros series 131.

This eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 131, and the second of the series that passes through the center of the Earth's shadow. The first central eclipse of this series took place on May 15-16, 2022.

Visibility
It will be completely visible over Australia and the Pacific, seen rising over Eastern Asia, and setting over North and South America.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series (354 days)
This eclipse is the third of four lunar year eclipses occurring at the Moon's ascending node.

The lunar year series repeats after 12 lunations or 354 days (Shifting back about 10 days in sequential years). Because of the date shift, the Earth's shadow will be about 11 degrees west in sequential events.

Metonic series
First eclipse: May 26, 2002.
Second eclipse: May 26, 2021.
Third eclipse: May 26, 2040.
Fourth eclipse: May 27, 2059.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 138.

Saros series

Inex series

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links
NASA: Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future

Index to Five Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses, -1999 to +3000 (2000 BCE to 3000 CE)
Eclipses: 2001 to 2100

References
Bao-Lin Liu, Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C.-A.D. 3000, 1992

2040-05
2040-05
2040-05
2040 in science


A total lunar eclipse will take place on August 7, 2036. The southern tip of the Moon will pass through the center of the Earth's shadow. This is the last central lunar eclipse of Saros cycle 129.

Eclipse season
This is the second eclipse this season.

First eclipse this season: Partial solar eclipse of July 23, 2036

Third eclipse this season: Partial solar eclipse of August 21, 2036

Visibility
It will be completely visible over South America, seen as rising over North America, and setting over Africa and Europe.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

It last occurred on July 27, 2018 and will next occur on August 18, 2054.

This is the 39th member of Lunar Saros 129. The previous event was the July 2018 lunar eclipse. The next event is the August 2054 lunar eclipse. Lunar Saros 129 contains 11 total lunar eclipses between 1910 and 2090. Solar Saros 136 interleaves with this lunar saros with an event occurring every 9 years 5 days alternating between each saros series.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 136.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

2036-08
2036-08
2036-08
2036 in science


John Bowes may refer to:
John George Bowes (c. 1812–1864), Canadian politician
John Bowes (art collector) (1811–1885), English art collector and thoroughbred racehorse owner
John Bowes (steamship), 1852 steam collier, named after the art collector
John Bowes, 1st Baron Bowes (1691–1767), Lord Chancellor of Ireland
John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1737–1776), British peer
John Bowes, 10th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1769–1820), British peer
John Bowes (Australian politician) (1843–1897), New South Wales colonial politician
John Bowes (speaker) (c. 1383 – c. 1444), Speaker of the House of Commons of England, 1435
John Bowes (preacher) (1804–1874), English preacher
John Bowes (cricketer) (1918–1969), Lancashire cricket player
John Bowes (footballer) (1874–1955), English football forward

See also
John Bowe (disambiguation)
Bowes (disambiguation)

Bowes, John