William James Glazier (born 2 August 1943) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is best remembered for his time in the Football League with Coventry City, for whom he made over 390 appearances and is a member of the club's Hall of Fame. He was capped by England at U23 level and represented the Football League XI.

Club career

Early years
Glazier's involvement in football began with a spell as a member of the ground staff at Third Division club Torquay United, before he was released due to lack of funds.

Crystal Palace
In October 1961, Glazier joined Third Division club Crystal Palace on trial, which was arranged by virtue of his family's bread delivery man being a personal friend of Palace captain Johnny McNichol. Glazier was signed on the strength of his performance for the Palace 'A' team in a match versus Dover. He quickly displaced Vic Rouse as first-choice goalkeeper and was an ever-present during the 1963–64 season, in which the club secured promotion to the Second Division with a runners-up finish. Glazier departed Selhurst Park in October 1964, after making 113 appearances for Palace.

Coventry City
In October 1964, the manager of Second Division club Coventry City, Jimmy Hill, signed Glazier for a then world-record fee for a goalkeeper of £35,000. Glazier suffered a broken leg in a match versus Manchester City in April 1965, which kept him out of the game for a year. He returned to play in the Coventry team which won the Second Division title in the 1966–67 season. Now playing in the First Division, Glazier continued as the club's first-choice goalkeeper until August 1975. He was awarded a testimonial in November 1974 versus an England 1966 World Cup XI, with Glazier scoring twice in a 6–6 draw. Glazier made 392 appearances in 11 years at Highfield Road. He twice won the Coventry City Player of the Year award (1968–69 and 1973–74) and was inducted into the club's Hall of Fame.

Brentford
Glazier dropped down to the Fourth Division to sign for Brentford for a £12,500 fee in August 1975. The move was helped along by Jimmy Hill (by now working as a broadcaster), who put Glazier in touch with Brentford manager John Docherty, who had been looking for a goalkeeper after loanee Steve Sherwood returned to Chelsea. Business interests and problems commuting from his Brighton home meant that Glazier couldn't give his full commitment to the Bees and he left the club after making just 12 appearances.

St. Louis Stars
Glazier ended his career with a spell at North American Soccer League club St. Louis Stars in 1977.

International and representative career
Glazier won three caps for the England U23 team and kept a clean sheet in each match. One of Glazier's caps came against Romania at Highfield Road (home of his then-club side Coventry City) drew a crowd of 27,476, one of the highest attendances for an U23 match in England. A broken leg suffered with Coventry City in 1965 cut short Glazier's international career, as he was over the age-limit after returning to fitness. In March 1970, Glazer played for the Football League in a 3–2 win over its Scottish counterparts.

Personal life
Early in his career, Glazier lived in Brighton, where his parents ran a guesthouse. After retiring from football, Glazier ran a hotel in Brighton before moving to Spain for 12 years, where he worked in swimming pool maintenance. He returned to the UK in 1998 and settled in Lincolnshire, where he began a catering business with his wife.

Honours
Crystal Palace

 Football League Third Division second-place promotion (1): 1963–64

Coventry City
Football League Second Division (1): 1966–67

Individual

 Coventry City Player of the Year (2): 1968–69, 1973–74
 Coventry City Hall of Fame

Career statistics

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
St. Louis Stars (soccer) players
England men's under-23 international footballers
English Football League representative players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Nottingham
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Torquay United F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate sportspeople in Spain
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States


The 1970 FA Charity Shield was the 48th FA Charity Shield, the annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Football League and FA Cup competitions. It was contested between Everton, the reigning First Division champions, and Chelsea, holders of the FA Cup. Goals from Alan Whittle and Howard Kendall gave Everton a 2–1 victory; Chelsea's goal was scored by Ian Hutchinson. The match was staged at Stamford Bridge, Chelsea's home ground.

Match details

See also
1970–71 in English football
1970–71 FA Cup

1970
Charity Shield 1970
Charity Shield 1970
Comm
Charity Shield


Constituent Assembly elections were held in Bulgaria between 1 and 30 January 1879, although only 117 of the 231 members of the Assembly were elected during this period. It followed the country's liberation from the Ottoman Empire, and saw the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party emerge as the two main parties. The Assembly was opened on 10 February, and convened in Veliko Tarnovo to ratify the country's first constitution, known as the Tarnovo Constitution, on 16 April. The parliament was later transferred to Sofia, which became the capital of the country.

Following debates between the Conservatives, who were in favour of a bicameral parliament, and the Liberals, who supported a unicameral system, the new constitution made provision for a unicameral National Assembly, which was elected later in the year.

Elected members
Ivancho Hadzhipenchovich

References

Bulgaria
1879 in Bulgaria
Elections in Bulgaria
January 1879 events


The Hodgkins School was a former elementary school in East Brookfield, Massachusetts, United States. At the time of its closing in 2002, it was the oldest continuously operating public school building in the state.

History
The school was named after David Hodgkins, a former United States army surgeon who later served as the town's doctor and on the school committee of the town. At the time, it cost $6297.53 to construct. The school housed students in first through ninth grades with those in Grades 1 through 6 in Hodgkins Elementary School and Grades 7 through 9 called Lashaway Junior High.  Both "schools" were housed in the same building. Depending on enrollment, two grades were at times combined in the same room sharing a teacher. The school served the community as the sole school in town until 1957 when the nearby Memorial School was erected adjacent to the site. The school continued to be used as a junior high from the mid-1950s to 2002, when both the Memorial School and the Hodgkins School were closed and the students and staff were moved into the brand new East Brookfield Elementary School.

Currently, the building is owned by the Town of East Brookfield and is home to the Historical Museum, the Massasoit Art Guild, the Quaboag Valley Railroaders, and Scouts BSA Troop 238.

References

Schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1882
Educational institutions disestablished in 2002
Defunct schools in Massachusetts
1882 establishments in Massachusetts


Everlasting Life is the major-label debut album of gospel/jazz singer Kim Burrell. The album won Burrell the 1999 Gospel Music Excellence award for Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year, as well as the 2000 Stellar Award for Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year.

Track listing
 "I'll Keep Holding On" – 2:49
 "Holy Ghost" – 4:25
 "Over and Over Again" – 4:55
 "Oh Lord" – 2:19
 "I Found Him" – 3:56
 "Kim's Request" – 1:09
 "Prodigal Son" – 5:05
 "Prodigal Son (Reprise)" – 2:03
 "It's Not Supposed to Be This Way" – 4:04
 "I Come to You More Than I Give" – 5:26
 "Lift Jesus" – 6:15
 "Everlasting Life" – 4:27
 "Tribute" – 1:43

References

External links

1998 albums
Kim Burrell albums


For the Canadian politician, see Barbara Sullivan.

Barbara K. Sullivan is a notable American marine biologist.  She is featured in an exhibit at the New England Aquarium for her work on comb jellies, also called ctenophores, and creatures such as chaetognatha and copepods.  She is a professor at the University of Rhode Island.

Sullivan has published extensively.

See also
 Laurence Madin

References

Living people
American marine biologists
University of Rhode Island faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women biologists


"Keep Me a Secret" is the debut single by Scottish singer-songwriter Ainslie Henderson, who rose to fame on the first series of Fame Academy. The single was released on 24 February 2003 and charted at number 5 in the UK.

Background and production
Henderson wrote "Keep Me a Secret" with his Fame Academy co-stars Malachi Cush and Sinéad Quinn, the latter who had finished in second place on the show behind David Sneddon, with Henderson placing fourth behind Lemar. Sneddon topped the chart with his debut single "Stop Living the Lie", while Quinn also placed high with her number two peaking entry "I Can't Break Down" in February 2003.

Critical reception
Drowned in Sound described Henderson as an "all new improved popstar" and that the influence of James in his writing had delivered a "big pop chorus that's actually really, really good". MusicOMH's review for Henderson's independently released 2006 album Growing Flowers by Candlelight describes Henderson as carrying "with his obvious charisma the suggestion of songwriting ability" and described "Keep Me a Secret" as "jaunty". In 2014, the Official Charts Company picked out "Keep Me a Secret" as one of their "pop gems", a selection of "overlooked classics" recorded by talent show contestants. The song was chosen alongside "I Can't Break Down" by Henderson's fellow Fame Academy competitor Sinead Quinn, "Sunshine" from Pop Idol series one runner-up Gareth Gates and Pop Idol winner Will Young's "Jealousy".

Chart performance
"Keep Me a Secret" entered the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart at its peak position of number five, with Christina Aguilera's chart-topper "Beautiful", DJ Sammy's "The Boys of Summer", tATu's former number-one "All the Things She Said" and Junior Senior's "Move Your Feet" ahead of it on the rankings. It would remain in the top 40 for two more weeks and spent a total of 11 weeks in the top 100.

Charts

References

2003 songs
2003 debut singles
Songs written by Ainslie Henderson
Mercury Records singles


Erlach Abbey or St. Johannsen Abbey (, otherwise Abtei St. Johannsen) was a Benedictine monastery in Gals, Canton of Bern, Switzerland.

It was founded between 1093 and 1103 by Kuno, Count of Fenis and Bishop of Lausanne, on land that was then an island in the river Thielle. After Kuno's death, the abbey church was completed by his brother, Burchard, bishop of Basel. The new monastery was settled by monks from Saint Blaise Abbey. The Vogtei, initially the property of the Counts of Fenis, passed from them to the Counts of Neuchâtel-Nidau, and from them at the end of the 14th century to the city of Bern, which in took over the domain of Erlach in 1474, definitively acquiring it in 1476.

The abbey was secularised between 1528 and 1529. The nave of the abbey church was demolished, but the choir and transept remained to be used for grain storage. These structures were demolished in 1961 after they had become unsafe, but the choir was rebuilt between 1970 and 1971. The other buildings remained standing, and in the 19th century were put to various industrial uses, until in 1883 the Canton of Bern bought the site back and turned it into a prison. Since 1978, it has served as an adjustment centre for young men.

Sources and external links

Benedictine monasteries in Switzerland
Prisons in Switzerland
Buildings and structures in Bern


William Henry Harrison Benyaurd (May 17, 1841 – February 7, 1900) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who earned the Medal of Honor for his actions at Five Forks, Virginia on April 1, 1865.

Military career
Benyaurd graduated sixth in his class at West Point in 1863. Upon graduation he was immediately promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers.

In August 1864 he was breveted to the rank of captain for "gallantry and meritorious service" in the campaign before Richmond, Virginia. In April 1865, he received a brevet to major for heroism in the Battle of Five Forks. He was awarded the Medal of Honor on September 7, 1897 for the same action.

From 1866 to 1869, Benyaurd served as an assistant professor at West Point. In 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him to a special five-man commission to develop a reclamation plan for the Mississippi River Valley. Benyaurd served as a commissioner intensively studying the waterway until 1879, when Congress created the current Mississippi River Commission. He was then assigned to waterway maintenance on the tributaries to the lower Mississippi River, which included an ongoing effort to clear snags caused by vessels which sank there during or after the Civil War.

He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1889. During the Spanish–American War he was in charge of submarine defenses (i.e., mines) at Jacksonville and Tampa Bay, Florida. He was also in command of defensive fortification on the St. John River in Florida.

He was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

Legacy
The United States Army Corps Of Engineers operates a large towboat named in his honor. The Motor Vessel (M/V) Benyaurd works out of the Corps of Engineers' Mississippi Valley Division in Vicksburg, Mississippi, as is assigned to the Corps' Vicksburg District.

Promotions
 1st Lieutenant – June 11, 1863
 Brevet Captain – August 1, 1864
 Brevet Major – April 1, 1865
 Captain – May 1, 1866
 Major – March 4, 1879
 Lieutenant Colonel – July 2, 1889

Medal of Honor citation
"With one companion, voluntarily advanced in a reconnaissance beyond the skirmishers, where he was exposed to imminent peril; also, in the same battle, rode to the front with the commanding general to encourage wavering troops to resume the advance, which they did successfully."

References

1841 births
1900 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Philadelphia
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Military Academy faculty
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Burials at West Point Cemetery


Five ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Volcano. Two more were planned, but never completed:

  was an 8-gun fireship purchased in 1778 and sold in 1781.
  was an 8-gun fireship purchased in 1780 and sold in 1784.
  was an 8-gun bomb vessel purchased in 1797 and sold in 1810.
  was originally a 16-gun sloop named HMS Heron. She was reclassified as a bomb vessel in 1810 and renamed HMS Volcano. She was sold in 1816 and became the mercantile Jason, which was wrecked in 1821.
 HMS Volcano was to have been an 8-gun bomb vessel. She was ordered in 1819 and cancelled in 1831.
  was a wooden paddle sloop launched in 1836. She became a floating factory in 1862 and was broken up in 1894.
 HMS Volcano was to have been a W-class destroyer. She was cancelled in 1918.
 HMS Volcano was a World War II land-based training establishment at Holmrook Hall, Cumbria, specialising in explosives

Royal Navy ship names


"I'll Keep Holding On" is a song composed by Mickey Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and recorded by Motown singing group The Marvelettes, who released the single on the Tamla imprint in 1965. Peaking at #34 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #11 on the R&B charts), the single returned the group to the top forty after a year recording songs that performed below the top forty. This was among the first A-side singles that longtime Marvelettes member Wanda Young sung lead on. Before 1965, the majority of the leads in Marvelettes songs had belonged to original member Gladys Horton. The single features a woman determined to win the love of an unknowingly conquest telling him that she'll convince him to love her "until my will to resist is gone". Her Marvelettes band mates Gladys Horton and Katherine Anderson egg her on with her ad-libbing "oh yeah/sho' nuff" in the bridge leading up to the chorus. The single was covered by British mod-pop act, The Action in 1966. It then returned across the Atlantic in 1998 to be released on Mink Rat or Rabbit by the Detroit Cobras.

Cash Box described it as "a shufflin’ pop-blues tearjerker about a love-sick gal who contends that she’ll stick with her guy no matter what he does" and said that the song has "tremendous potential."

Credits
Lead vocals by Wanda Young
Background vocals by Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson and The Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, Louvain Demps)
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers
Drums by Benny Benjamin

References

1965 singles
The Marvelettes songs
Songs written by William "Mickey" Stevenson
Songs written by Ivy Jo Hunter
Tamla Records singles
1965 songs
1966 singles
Song recordings produced by Ivy Jo Hunter
Song recordings produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson


John Franklin Bolt (19 May 1921 – 8 September 2004) was a naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps and a decorated flying ace who served during World War II and the Korean War. He remains the only U.S. Marine to achieve ace status in two wars and was also the only Marine jet fighter ace.  He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel during his military career.

Born to a poor family in Laurens, South Carolina, Bolt was a self-described "workaholic" and was involved in numerous groups and social activities throughout his life. After dropping out of the University of Florida for financial reasons in 1941, he joined the US Navy and trained as a Marine Corps pilot. Sent to the Pacific Theater of Operations, he flew an F4U Corsair during the campaigns in the Marshall Islands and New Guinea, claiming six victories against Japanese A6M Zeros.

Bolt continued his service through the Korean War, entering combat through an exchange program with the United States Air Force (USAF) in late 1952. Over a period of several weeks in mid-1953, he led flights of F-86 Sabres into combat with MiG-15s of the Chinese Air Force, scoring six victories during fights along the northern border of North Korea, commonly known as "MiG Alley," giving him a total of 12 victories over his career.

Bolt stayed in the Marine Corps until 1962, serving as an analyst and instructor in his later career, before retiring and earning a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Florida. He subsequently settled down in Florida and began a private real estate law practice; he continued to be active in law until 1991. He died from leukemia in 2004.

Early years
John Bolt was born on 19 May 1921 in Laurens, South Carolina, to Thomas Crews Bolt and Emma Bruce Bolt (née Bagwell). John had a younger brother, Bruce. In 1924 the family moved to Sanford, Florida. In his youth, John Bolt gained the nickname "Jack" from his friends and family. His family was poor and he was for the most part responsible for providing his own clothes and social expenses from the time he was ten years old. He worked several part-time jobs, at one point working 30 to 40 hours a week at a local creamery in addition to attending school. He also enrolled in the Boy Scouts, eventually attaining the rank of Star Scout.

In June 1939, Bolt began attending Seminole High School. Described as modest and hardworking by his high school classmates, he was elected class president in his final two years in school.

Bolt attended the University of Florida, majoring in accounting and meeting most of the costs himself using money that he had saved while working through high school. He joined Phi Eta Sigma, an honor society and professional fraternity, and Alpha Tau Omega, a social fraternity. In 1941, his brother Bruce also enrolled at Florida, straining the family's expenses; John dropped out after his second year so that his brother could complete his degree. Bolt enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in April 1941 to train as a pilot, but deferred his training when the Marine Corps offered him the chance to finish college and attend law school, paying him 500 a year to do so.

World War II
Bolt left for basic training in June 1941. Though he intended to join the US Marine Corps, he signed up for the US Navy Flight Training Program, which would allow him to fly for the Marines. On completion of his basic training in November 1941, he was selected as a pilot, and moved to Naval Air Station Atlanta, Georgia in February 1942. He was placed on active duty just before the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into World War II. Completing his initial pilot training and transferring to Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida for the next phase, he started flight training in the SNJ Texan. He also qualified to fly in the N3N Canary trainer aircraft. His final phase of flight lessons occurred in Naval Air Station Miami in Miami, Florida, where he flew the Grumman F3F, a biplane which was the navy's most advanced trainer at the time. Bolt completed this training on 18 July 1942, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps, receiving his aviator wings that day as well.

Around this time, Bolt began dating Dorothy E. Wiggins, whom he knew from Sanford. The two married after two years of dating, and they eventually had two children together, Robert and Barbara. Years later, during the Korean War, Bolt had the words "Darling Dottie" stencilled on the side of his North American F-86 Sabre jet as a tribute to his wife.

After commissioning, Bolt was assigned as a cadet training instructor, training aviation cadets at Naval Air Station Jacksonville and at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Green Cove Springs, Florida, until December 1942, when the unit was deactivated. Until May 1943 he was trained on the F4F Wildcat, a carrier-based aircraft, in preparation for movement to a front-line combat unit. Over the next few months, Bolt was stationed at Naval Air Station Glenview in Glenview, Illinois, where he trained for 60 hours aboard the paddlewheel aircraft carrier USS Wolverine. After qualifying to operate carrier-based aircraft, he was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in San Diego, California, until June 1943, when he and his class departed for the Pacific Theater aboard the USS Rochambeau.

Formation of VMF-214
On his way to the front lines, Bolt traveled to a number of islands as the Rochambeau stopped at New Caledonia and New Hebrides to avoid Japanese submarines. Upon arrival at Espiritu Santo, Bolt was placed in a pool of new officers who were intended to replace casualties in several squadrons. Casualties at this time proved to be less than expected, so the replacement pool was used to form a new squadron. The new unit was designated VMF-214, and became known as the "Black Sheep" because its pilots had originally not been assigned to a squadron. Under the command of Major Pappy Boyington, the unit was equipped with F4U Corsairs.  Moved after several months to the Russell Islands, they were ready for combat by 13 September. Bolt flew the aircraft every chance he got, and although new to the war in the Pacific, Bolt had over 700 hours flying in the F4U Corsair by September, more than many combat pilots accrued in two combat tours.

On 14 September, the squadron began flying missions to escort B-24 Liberator bombers. The Japanese had 200 aircraft at Kahili Airfield and Balalae Island, opposed by only 50 aircraft from the U.S. squadrons in the area. The first couple of missions that the squadron undertook were relatively quiet but, on 16 September, VMF-214 was attacked by a group of 35 Japanese A6M Zeros. The squadron repelled the strike, destroying 11 Japanese aircraft for the loss of only one of their own. Several costly engagements with the strong Japanese forces in the area followed. Bolt did not score any victories during this time, but was promoted to first lieutenant that month.

Marshall Islands

Bolt got his first victories of the deployment on 23 September when he was with a flight of 15 VMF-214 aircraft escorting B-24 Liberators back from a raid on Kahili. The bombers had been followed by 20 to 30 Zeros, and a dogfight quickly ensued. During the course of the engagement over Bougainville, Bolt scored two victories. His wingman, Ed Harper, also claimed a victory. For the next several weeks, the squadron operated out of Munda in the Solomon Islands.

A self-described "workaholic" Bolt was considered by the other pilots to be the most energetic member of the squadron. He took to collecting and sending home keepsakes from daily life on the front lines; he and two other pilots were known as the "Quartermaster Kids" because they collected so many souvenirs and shipped them home. He could often be found in the harbor near their airstrip dynamiting fish and was known to organize many of the squadron's pig roasts and beer parties. Bolt also took it upon himself to test out many different ammunition configurations for the .50 caliber guns on the F4U during his free time. His research was conducted by firing rounds into 50-gallon drums partially filled with gasoline and at abandoned aircraft in the Espiritu Santo boneyard. He found that incendiary rounds were more effective, and convinced his squadron, and eventually most of the aircraft squadrons in the Pacific Theater, to begin firing six incendiary rounds for every one armor-piercing or tracer round, rather than firing one for one.

Bolt became well known—but also drew the ire of his squadron's commanding officer—during what began as an escort mission for B-24 Liberators. The bombers were lost in the clouds and the flight ran into poor weather, forcing them to turn back. During the flight home, the U.S. pilots noticed much Japanese surface traffic but did not engage because of the weather. On their way back to Munda one of the aircraft had a mechanical problem, and a group including Bolt had to land at Barakoma Airfield on Vella Lavella. He tried to convince others to go with him to attack the ships they had seen, but they refused. He refueled and took off, against Boyington's orders, and destroyed four enemy barges and strafed several ground concentrations in the vicinity of Tonolei Harbor before returning to Munda. Disobeying a direct order drew Boyington's wrath until the next day, when a telegram was received from Admiral William "Bull" Halsey: "That one man war ... conducted by Lieut Bolt against Jap stuff in Tonolei, warm heart (stop) Halsey."

On 17 October, during a mission over Kahili Airfield, Bolt's squadron was ambushed by Japanese fighters. Bolt downed one of the Japanese aircraft in his last mission before a scheduled rest and recuperation (R&R) in Sydney, Australia.

Vella Lavella

When the squadron returned from its R&R, Bolt had been promoted to captain and the squadron had been relocated to Vella Lavella. The new base was within  of Rabaul, which was the center of Japanese activity on New Britain, and was the squadron's next primary target. Defended by 98,000 Japanese troops, the island was of great strategic importance as it had a harbor and several airfields and was within striking distance of the Marshall Islands, defended by 400 Japanese aircraft.

On 23 December, 16 Corsairs from VMF-214 formed part of a force of 120 U.S. fighters and bombers that undertook a mission over Rabaul. The strike against the city and harbor areas was countered by a large force of Japanese aircraft. While defending the bombers, Bolt shot down two more Japanese aircraft, making him the squadron's sixth flying ace. Two days later, he took part in another mission during which his squadron mates claimed four victories, bringing VMF-214's tally of confirmed aerial victories to 76.

On 3 January 1944, VMF-214 was among 75 U.S. aircraft raiding near Rabaul when they were surprised by 300 Japanese aircraft. Boyington was shot down and parachuted into the St. George's Channel. The next day, Bolt led a flight of four Corsairs from VMF-214 in search of Boyington. Despite hazy weather and the need to take an indirect route to avoid Japanese radar, Bolt managed to lead the flight to the area where the battle had taken place the day before. Although they did not spot Boyington, they discovered and engaged a flotilla of Japanese barges, destroying six of them. Bolt also claimed his sixth victory against a Japanese aircraft attempting to defend the barges.

Bolt's tour, along with the rest of VMF-214, came to an end on 8 January 1944, five days after Boyington was shot down and captured by the Japanese. VMF-214 was disbanded and its pilots assigned to other units. In his time with VMF-214, Bolt developed a reputation among his peers as a leader and an accomplished pilot. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross twice, and scored a total of six confirmed victories and one probable victory and two aircraft damaged in his 92 missions with the squadron.

Subsequent assignments
Bolt was reassigned to VMF-211, at an airfield on Nissan Island in the Green Islands,  north of Bougainville and  west of Rabaul. The aircraft there were primarily concerned with the destruction of convoys and ships. The missions, nicknamed "Truck Busters", were very successful, but at the cost of damaged aircraft and wounded crewmen, including Bolt's wingman. This tour lasted until May 1944 when Bolt returned to Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara with his squadron.

Reassigned, Bolt flew to Hawaii, then to Long Beach, California. He reunited with Dorothy Wiggins in San Francisco, and the two married on 23 May 1944 in Oakland, before going on a one-month honeymoon. His next assignment was with the newly formed VMF-471 at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro. While posted to VMF-471, he attended the Aviation Ground Officer's School at Marine Corps Air Station Quantico, Virginia, from November 1944 through February 1945. He saw no combat for the rest of the war, but did manage to break the Corsair endurance record by keeping an aircraft aloft for 14 hours and 9 seconds. After briefly returning to VMF-471, Bolt was reassigned to VMF-215 in March 1945, tasked with training pilots for new carrier-based aircraft. He remained in this role until V-J Day, the end of hostilities.

Following the war, Bolt served in various units around El Toro. He was at various times assigned to MASG-46, VMF-512, VMF-323, VMF-312, VMF-452, and Marine Aircraft Group 12 (MAG-12), before transferring to Quantico again in November 1949 to attend the Aircraft Maintenance Course. Diving in Florida's Tampa Bay on leave, Bolt (then a captain) set a world spearfishing record when he caught an Atlantic goliath grouper weighing hundreds of pounds.

Korean War
In May 1950, Bolt was reassigned to VMF-224 at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, and he remained there until May 1951. The squadron flew the F2H Banshee and within three months of joining the unit he had flown more hours on the aircraft than any other pilot in the squadron. This was followed by a quick four-month tour on the staff at the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. During this time, the US Air Force was operating its first squadron of F-86 Sabre aircraft. The Sabres were the only U.S. aircraft which performed well against the MiG-15s operated by China and North Korea in the Korean War. Bolt used his connections to enter an exchange program with the USAF in September 1951, becoming an exchange officer with the 318th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at McChord Air Force Base in Washington flying the F-94 Starfire. Soon after, he began piloting the F-86F Sabre which had been transferred to the squadron. He continued training with the squadron and was promoted to major in December 1951.

Fighter-bomber missions
In November 1952, Bolt transferred to squadron VMF-115, an element of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing flying F9F Panther fighter-bomber aircraft in South Korea. He flew 94 combat missions with the squadron, all of them in bombing runs and close air support and air strike missions against ground targets. He did not enjoy this duty, preferring instead to fly the Sabre in air-to-air combat. As his squadron headed to Japan for R&R, he traveled to Seoul to visit the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Kimpo Airfield.

At the 4th Wing, Bolt met with its commander, Colonel Royal N. Baker, who refused his request to fly in combat units. He then went to the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Suwon Air Base to observe its operations, where he met with George I. Ruddell, an acquaintance from El Toro, who was commanding the 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. Ruddell agreed to let Bolt join his unit as part of another officer exchange. This apparently angered some of his commanders in VMF-115, and Bolt only completed a requisite six weeks of duty with the wing prior to its next R&R.

Exchange and combat

Six weeks later, Bolt again turned down his R&R and joined the 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, flying the F-86 Sabre. Ruddell assigned him to First Lieutenant Joseph C. McConnell, who would be the top ace in the war. Bolt and McConnell quickly established a close friendship in spite of Bolt's superior rank, and he attributed his success in Korea to McConnell's guidance. Ruddell sent a request to Lieutenant General Glenn O. Barcus, commander of the Fifth United States Air Force, that Bolt's tour with the squadron be extended. The request was granted, and McConnell and Bolt began going on combat missions together as wingmen in MiG Alley, the area in northwestern Korea where air-to-air combat was most frequent. Bolt's Sabre, tail number 52-2582, was named Darling Dottie.

By May, McConnell was rotated back to the United States and Bolt was given charge of the flight; in 16 combat missions and 27 combat hours, his flight had never engaged any MiG fighters. This changed on 16 May, when the flight was attacked by a group of MiG fighters at . He was quickly tailed by one of the aircraft, but managed to avoid its fire and tail another MiG himself. With several well placed shots, Bolt forced its pilot to bail out. Six days later on 22 May, MiG aircraft attacked again, and he managed to outmaneuver a fighter which had been attacking his wingman and shoot it down at . On 24 June, he flew his 31st combat mission, during which he engaged a single MiG and shot it down after a quick battle in the vicinity of the Yalu River. A week later on 30 June, he was flying another mission in the same area when he spotted and quickly shot down another MiG. By the end of the month, he had credit for four victories and two aircraft "damaged".

On 11 July, Bolt led another flight of four fighters in a reconnaissance mission above Sinuiju, his 37th combat mission of the deployment. Two of the aircraft departed after their fuel tanks were depleted, leaving him with one wingman to continue the patrol. Soon after, the two pilots spotted a formation of four MiGs taking off from Antung airfield on the Chinese side of the Yalu River. Despite being low on fuel, Bolt ordered an attack. He made a head-on dive toward the formation, which was attempting to gain altitude, and downed the leading airplane with four machine gun bursts. He then banked his aircraft and aimed for the second aircraft in the formation, continuing the attack and scoring hits on its fuselage. The pilot bailed out, and the remaining two MiGs fled. Within the first five minutes of the engagement, Bolt shot down two of the MiGs. This brought his tally of confirmed victories during the war to six. For these actions he became the final Marine aviator to be awarded the Navy Cross during the war. Bolt is the only non-USAF pilot to become an ace in the F-86 and the only naval aviator to become an ace in two wars. Shortly after this final mission, his tour of duty ended and he was rotated back to the United States for an extended rest and vacation, which he spent with his family.

Later Marine Corps career
Following his return from Korea, Bolt was assigned to the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington, D.C., as an aircraft design engineer. In this duty, he was detailed to The Pentagon and a board which reported on aircraft performance and tactics. A press conference was held in September 1953 to welcome him to the position, and during this he recounted stories from his service in Korea for the first time to local newspapers. Bolt's experiences in World War II and the Korean War were used to help shape air combat doctrine. He worked in this assignment for around a year, until 1954 when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and moved to the Naval Pilot Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, in St. Mary's County, Maryland. During this time, he took evening classes at the University of Maryland, eventually earning a Bachelor of Science in Military History.

In 1957, Bolt was ordered to Marine Corps Base Quantico to attend a one-year course at the Senior School of Amphibious Warfare as part of a program which would later be incorporated into the accredited curriculum of the Marine Corps University. On 5 November, after this one-year stint, he was assigned to command VMF-214, his World War II squadron, at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay on the Hawaiian Islands. The squadron, which was part of Marine Aircraft Group 13, flew the FJ-4 Fury; Bolt remained in command of it until 14 August 1959. His final assignment as an instructor was at the Senior School of Amphibious Warfare at Quantico. He taught at this school for the final three years of his career, before retiring from the Marine Corps on 31 March 1962.

Later life

After retiring from the Marine Corps, Bolt, then 40 years old, began a new career in agriculture. He and his wife moved back to Sanford, Florida, where he worked for Chase & Co. He remained in that position for five years, until 1967. That year, he decided to follow his original career aspirations to be a lawyer. He enrolled in the College of Law at the University of Florida, where his son Robert was also in attendance. The two formed an American handball team during their spare time, and won several tournaments. Bolt's program had a three-year curriculum, but he completed the degree in 27 months, graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in December 1969. For two years after graduation, he stayed with the university to teach, and from 1969 to 1971 he was a law professor as well as the president of the Board of Trustees of Alpha Tau Omega, the fraternity he had joined while an undergraduate at the university.

After this stint as an instructor, Bolt and his wife moved to New Smyrna Beach, a place both of them had enjoyed in their childhoods. He began a private law practice and became a local property owner. During this time he was described as a "softspoken, kind, gentle person who would go out of his way to help a friend or a stranger." He specialized in real estate law and was the attorney for the city's utilities commission for 13 years. He retired from law in 1991.

Bolt subsequently lived a quiet life and kept frequent contact with his children. Robert became a lawyer in Tampa, Florida, and Barbara wrote for Reader's Digest. In May 1993, Bolt attended the 50th reunion of the original "Black Sheep" or the 8th Fighter Squadron in New Orleans, Louisiana, and gave the toast at the beginning of the festivities. In 2003, he was inducted into the American Combat Airman Hall of Fame at the American Airpower Heritage Museum in Midland, Texas.

Bolt died of acute leukemia in Tampa on 8 September 2004 after fleeing the approaching Hurricane Frances. At the time of his death, he was the last surviving of the seven Americans to become aces in both World War II and Korea. He was survived by his wife and children, as well as two grandchildren.

Aerial victory credits
Bolt scored a total of 12 confirmed aerial victories during his career, with an additional "probable" victory and two aircraft damaged. He was the only U.S. Marine Corps pilot to become an ace in the Korean War, and remains the only U.S. Marine Corps pilot to be an ace in two wars. Bolt was one of 1,297 World War II aces from the United States with six confirmed victories during that war. He later became one of 40 Korean War aces from the United States with six more confirmed victories during that war.

Bolt is one of seven U.S. pilots who achieved ace status as both a piston-engined pilot in World War II and as a jet pilot in Korea. The others are all USAF pilots: Francis S. Gabreski, James P. Hagerstrom, William T. Whisner, Vermont Garrison and Harrison Thyng, as well as George A. Davis, Jr.

Military awards
Bolt was decorated during World War II and the Korean War. His military decorations and awards include:

Navy Cross citation

See also
 List of historically notable United States Marines
 List of Korean War flying aces
 List of World War II aces from the United States
 List of Navy Cross recipients for the Korean War
 United States Marine Corps Aviation

Citations

Notes

References

Sources

1921 births
2004 deaths
American World War II flying aces
American Korean War flying aces
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Aviators from South Carolina
Florida lawyers
Military personnel from South Carolina
People from Laurens, South Carolina
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Seminole High School (Seminole County, Florida) alumni
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
United States Naval Aviators
Warrington College of Business alumni
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers


The Nazi gun control argument is the claim that gun regulations in Nazi Germany helped facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the Holocaust. Historians and fact-checkers have characterized the argument as dubious or false, and point out that Jews were under 1% of the population and that it would be unrealistic for such a small population to defend themselves even if they were armed.

The argument is frequently employed by opponents of gun control in debates on United States gun politics, citing security against tyranny. Those against the argument most often call it an example of reductio ad Hitlerum.

Background

In early 1930s Germany, few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms with the Weimar Republic having strict gun control laws. When the Nazi party gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened for Nazi party members only. The laws were tightened in other ways, such as specifically banning ownership of guns by Jews. Nazi laws systematically disarmed so-called "unreliable" persons, especially Jews while relaxing restrictions for Nazi party members. The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.

Argument
According to gun rights activist and former National Rifle Association board member Neal Knox, the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested in a 1992 book by Jay Simkin and Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (JPFO) founder Aaron S. Zelman. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938 and the United States congressional hearings preceding the Gun Control Act of 1968. Supporters of the Nazi gun control argument point to a request by U.S. senator Thomas J. Dodd to the Library of Congress for a translation of the 1938 Nazi law. Dodd was a prosecutor during the post-war Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals, and as a senator he sponsored gun control bills that led to creation of the 1968 law.

In a 2000 article, National Rifle Association (NRA) attorney Stephen Halbrook said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless." In the article, he cites an Adolf Hitler quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms." Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and NRA leader Wayne LaPierre have proposed that Nazi Party policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective resistance. Associate professor of criminal justice M. Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."

The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in U.S. gun politics.

Legal scholar and historian Robert Cottrol has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the Khmer Rouge could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.

A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to Kristallnacht and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"

In October 2015, U.S. Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.

In February 2018, U.S. Republican representative Don Young questioned, "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"

Criticism
Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked".

In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor Mark Nuckols says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists." In his 2011 book, fellow law professor Adam Winkler says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny." He says the militia groups that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations." Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the Brady Bill "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."

Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler, gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of reductio ad Hitlerum. In a 2004 issue of the Fordham Law Review, legal scholar Bernard Harcourt said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian. Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich." According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide," but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the Weimar Republic that preceded it. He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist Robert Spitzer said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor. In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of nation-building and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."

Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory", anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.

In the encyclopedic 2012 book, Guns in American Society, Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, Dave Kopel, and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."

In January 2013, Anti-Defamation League (ADL) director Abraham Foxman said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families." Later that year, Jewish groups and Jersey City, New Jersey mayor Steven Fulop criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany. The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."

See also
 Disarmament of the German Jews
 Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)
 Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe
 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

References

Bibliography

Further reading
Works that argue that gun control serves as a necessary, though not sufficient condition, for Genocide

Works that criticize Nazi gun control arguments

1992 introductions
Fringe theories
Gun politics in the United States
Law of Nazi Germany
Nazi analogies


"When You're Young and in Love" is a song composed by Van McCoy which first became a Top 40 hit single for the Marvelettes in 1967: a remake by the Flying Pickets would reach the UK Top Ten in 1984.

Original version: Ruby & the Romantics

Background
The first recording of the song was by Ruby & the Romantics; like all the group's singles on Kapp Records the track was produced by label a&r head Allen Stanton. Released in September 1964, "When You're Young..." reached the Top Five in Honolulu but otherwise failed to register strongly in any US market reaching #48 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1964.  Ruby & the Romantics scored one subsequent Hot 100 placing, with "Does He Really Care For Me" (#87). However, "When You're Young..." was a bigger hit in Canada, peaking at #25 on the RPM "Top Tracks".

Personnel
Lead vocal by Ruby Nash
Background vocals by Ed Roberts, George Lee, Ronald Mosley, and Leroy Fann
Instrumentation by Unknown

The Marvelettes version

Background
The song was covered in 1967 by the Marvelettes with the track - produced by James Dean and William Weatherspoon - reaching #23 on the Hot 100 that June; its R&B peak was #9. Although not one of the Marvelettes' very biggest US hits, "When You're Young and in Love" became the only record by the group to achieve hit status in the UK with a #13 peak in July 1967. The track is also one of the last Marvelettes' singles to feature Gladys Horton although the lead is by Wanda Young; Horton would only appear, and lead, on the following two B-Sides. Besides Horton and veteran Marvelette Katherine Anderson, Rogers' vocal backing on "When You're Young..." features Motown's premier session singers the Andantes while the original instrumental backing on the track by the Funk Brothers was augmented by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

Personnel
Lead vocal by Wanda Young Rogers
Background vocals by Gladys Horton and Katherine Anderson and The Andantes: Marlene Barrow, Jackie Hicks and Louvain Demps
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra

Charts

Flying Pickets version
The song had its strongest chart impact via a 1984 cover version by the Flying Pickets, produced by  John Sherry. It reached number 7 in the UK. This version of the song was featured in Netflix's Sex Education (TV series).

Other versions
In the autumn of 1975 competing versions of "When You're Young and in Love" by Ralph Carter and the Choice Four charted R&B with the Carter version reaching #37 on the R&B charts where the Choice Four peaked at #45; both versions were also minor Hot 100 crossovers with respective peaks of #95 (Carter) and #91 (Choice Four). Ralph Carter would promote his version with a performance on the April 3, 1976 episode of his Good Times sitcom; his recording was produced by Norman Bergen and Reid Whitelaw. The Choice Four version was produced by the song's composer Van McCoy.
A 1979 remake of "When You're Young and in Love" is notable as the debut single for Stacy Lattisaw and also for being produced by composer Van McCoy; however the McCoy produced album Young and in Love proved neither a critical or commercial success upon release in July 1979 - the month of McCoy's death - with the "When You're Young..." single barely registering on the R&B charts at #91.
Gitte made a recording of "When You're Young and in Love" on 23 October 1964.
The song has also been recorded by Donny and Marie - as "(When You're) Young and in Love"
The Jets recorded it, for their 1987 album Magic.

References

1964 singles
1967 singles
The Marvelettes songs
Songs written by Van McCoy
1984 singles
The Flying Pickets songs
1979 debut singles
Stacy Lattisaw songs
Ruby & the Romantics songs
Tamla Records singles
1964 songs


The Danish Mathematical Society (Dansk Matematisk Forening) is a society of Danish mathematicians founded in 1873 at the University of Copenhagen, a year after the French Mathematical Society.  According to the society website, it has "the purpose of acting for the benefit of mathematics in research and education."

History
The society was founded after the idea of Thorvald N. Thiele.  The first committee was composed of Thiele, Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen and Julius Petersen.

Presidents
 Johan Jensen (1892–1903)
 Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen (1903–1910)
 Niels Nielsen (1910–1917)
 Johannes Mollerup (1917–1926)
 Harald Bohr (1926–1929, 1937–1951)
 Børge Jessen (1954–1958)
 Werner Fenchel (1958–1962)
 Bodil Branner (1998–2002)

See also
 List of Mathematical Societies

External links
 K. Ramskov, The Danish Mathematical Society through 125 Years, Historia Mathematica, 2000.
 The Danish Mathematical Society, English webpage
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Danish Mathematical Society", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Mathematical societies
1873 establishments in Denmark


Daishōyama Naoki (born 7 July 1966 as Naoki Yamazaki) is a former sumo wrestler from Anamizu,  Ishikawa, Japan. A former amateur champion, he made his professional debut in January 1989 and reached a highest rank of maegashira 2 before retiring in 1995. He is now the head coach of Oitekaze stable.

Career
Born in Anamizu, Hosu District, as an amateur he won eleven sumo titles, including collegiate and amateur yokozuna, while studying at Nihon University. He also served as captain of the school sumo team. He was recruited by the former sekiwake Annenyama of the Tatsunami stable. Yamazaki had stayed at the heya while taking part in junior high school competitions (as did Daishōhō), and he had also met the former Tatsunami stable wrestler Wakanami as an infant, being held in his arms for a photograph (as top rikishi are often requested to do for luck). As an amateur champion he was given makushita tsukedashi status and made his debut in the third highest makushita division. His first tournament was in January 1989 and after two consecutive yūshō with perfect 7-0 records in January and March 1990 he was promoted to the second highest jūryō division, becoming the first sekitori from Tatsunami stable since the abrupt departure of yokozuna Futahaguro in 1987. He changed his shikona or fighting name from his own surname to Daishōyama at this point.

Daishōyama made his debut in the top makuuchi division in September 1990, and made a kachi-koshi winning score along with three other makuuchi debutants, Akebono, Wakahanada and Takatoriki. This marked the first time that four wrestlers making their top division debuts at the same time had all come through with winning records. In January 1991 he reached what was to be his highest rank of maegashira 2 and earned his first kinboshi for defeating yokozuna Hokutoumi. He was to repeat this upset in July 1991 and also defeated yokozuna Ōnokuni in that tournament. In January 1993 he had slipped to maegashira 14 in the banzuke rankings but responded with his best ever top division score, winning twelve bouts, defeating Konishiki and Takahanada amongst others and finishing runner-up to Akebono, who was promoted to yokozuna after the tournament. Daishōyama was rewarded with what was to be his only sanshō award, for Fighting Spirit.

Daishōyama had had longstanding hip problems since his professional debut, and after missing two tournaments in 1994 through injury he fell back to the jūryō division. After being forced to sit out the September 1995 tournament as well he was demoted to the makushita division and retired from sumo in November without competing in any more bouts.

Retirement from sumo
Having fought in 33 tournaments as a sekitori, Daishōyama was qualified to become a toshiyori, or elder of the Japan Sumo Association, and he acquired the Oitekaze name, having married the daughter of the previous Oitekaze (former maegashira Oiteyama). Initially a coach at Tatsunami stable, in 1997 he moved to Tomozuna stable. In October 1998 he left Tomozuna to branch out and open up his own Oitekaze stable. His first top division wrestler was Hayateumi in 2000 and he was followed by Hamanishiki in 2001. Both are former Nihon University competitors. He also recruited the Georgian wrestler Kokkai who reached makuuchi in 2004. More recent Nihon University recruits include the popular Endō in 2013, Daishōmaru and Tsurugisho in 2014, Tobizaru in 2015 and Daiamami in 2016, all of whom have reached the top division. He produced another top division wrestler Daieishō in 2015, who has a non-collegiate background, and won a yūshō in January 2021.

Career record

See also
List of sumo tournament top division runners-up
List of sumo tournament second division champions
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo elders

References

1966 births
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Nihon University alumni
Sumo people from Ishikawa Prefecture


Đuro "George" Mihaljević (born 28 February 1936) is a Croatian-American former football player and coach.

Career
Mihaljević began his career with the youth team of Radnički in 1948. Between the ages of 18 and 22 he played professionally in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, before moving to the United States, where he joined the Army. After retiring as a player, he became the first ever coach of the St. Louis Stars during the 1967 season.

Personal life
Mihaljević has five children. His eldest son Joe Mihaljević was also a professional footballer, and currently runs the Mihaljevic Soccer School, now in Folsom, California, a soccer school which his father founded in St. Louis, Missouri.

References

External links
Mihaljevic Soccer School

1936 births
Living people
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Yugoslav men's footballers
American men's soccer players
FK Radnički Beograd players
Yugoslav First League players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Yugoslav football managers
American soccer coaches
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
Expatriate soccer coaches in the United States
Place of birth missing (living people)


John Bolt may refer to:
 John F. Bolt (1921–2004), naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps
 John Bolt (theologian), American-Dutch Reformed theologian
 John Bolt (rower) (born 1956), Australian rower
 Jay Bolt (John Ashley Bolt, born 1994), American soccer player


"Welcome to the World" is a song by American recording artist Kevin Rudolf, released as the second single from his debut album In the City. The single version features vocals from American rapper Kid Cudi, whereas the album version features a verse from rapper Rick Ross. The chorus takes the melody from the 1994 Oasis single "Supersonic".

The song was featured in advertisements for WrestleMania XXVI.

Extended version
There is an extended version of the song that features verses from both Kid Cudi and Rick Ross.

Chart performance
"Welcome to the World" peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Pop 100 and number 58 on the Hot 100. In Canada, it reached number 56 on the Canadian Hot 100. It also debuted on Ryan Seacrest's Weekly Top 40 at number 40.

Music video
The music video was released to MTV on May 1, 2009. It uses the no rap edit version of the song. The video shows Rudolf singing in the streets with his band. Lil Wayne and Birdman make a brief appearance in the video.

Track listing

CD Single
 "Welcome to the World" (Clean) (featuring Kid Cudi) — 3:03
 "Welcome to the World" (Dirty) (featuring Kid Cudi) — 3:03
 "Welcome to the World" (Single Version) — 2:38
 "Welcome to the World" (featuring Rick Ross) — 3:03

Charts

Weekly charts

Release history

References

2009 singles
Cash Money Records singles
Kevin Rudolf songs
Kid Cudi songs
Rick Ross songs
Songs written by Jacob Kasher
Songs written by Kevin Rudolf
2008 songs
Universal Republic Records singles
Songs written by Rick Ross
Songs written by Kid Cudi


Drew Kittleson (born April 2, 1989) is an American professional golfer from Scottsdale, Arizona.

Kittleson played college golf at Florida State University. As a member of the Seminoles lineup, he helped the team win its first ever Atlantic Coast Conference golf championship.

Kittleson advanced to the finals of the 2008 U.S. Amateur at Pinehurst before falling to Danny Lee, 5 & 4. With the second-place finish, he qualified to play in the 2009 Masters Tournament at Augusta National and the 2009 U.S. Open at Bethpage Black Course.

Kittleson turned professional after graduating from FSU in 2011.

Amateur wins
2009 Golfweek Conference Challenge
2010 NCAA Central Region
2011 Gator Invitational, Seminole Intercollegiate

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 Junior Ryder Cup: 2006

References

External links
Florida State player biography
2009 Masters profile

American male golfers
Florida State Seminoles men's golfers
Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona
1989 births
Living people


Jaya Indravarman IV was the king of Champa, a former region located within modern-day Vietnam, from 1167–1192. He probably was the same person as Panduranga ruler, Po Klong Garai. A usurper, "he called himself Jaya Indravarman on Vatu and said he came from the 'famous place known by the name Gramapuravijaya."  He was "full of energy, courage and pride...well versed in all the shastra."  He sent tribute to the Court of China and the Dai Viet.  Unsuccessful in purchasing horses from China for an overland invasion, he prepared a squadron of water vessels.

He is noted for leading the Champa invasion of the Khmer Empire in 1177. His naval forces traveled up the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers to Tonle Sap and sacked Angkor, killing Tribhuvanadityavarman. One of Indravarman IV's inscriptions erected in the Po Nagar temple dated to 1183 recounts how extravagant were the looting gold and silver treasures from the country of Kambu(ja) that were stacked on horse carts, carried to Champa, and were used to donate to the divine Lady Po Nagar by Queen Parameśvari, Queen Rāya, all of the king's Princess Bhägyavatī, Sumitrā, and Sudakṣiṇā, while the rest of the looted Khmer trophy were given to his people throughout the kingdom.

In 1190, the Khmer king Jayavarman VII, the son and successor of Dharanindravarman II, sought vengeance against Champa. The capital was taken by Vidyanandana and Indravarman was brought back to Cambodia as a prisoner. The King of Cambodia later released him in an attempt to regain is throne in 1191.  However, Vidyanandana defeated him and had Jaya put to death.

He died in 1192. His name translates as Sanskrit Jaya, "victorious"; Indra "possessing drops of rain" from Sanskrit इन्दु (indu) "a drop" and र (ra) "possessing"; and Varman, Sanskrit for an expert in the martial arts. Indra is also the ancient Hindu warrior god of the sky and of rain. He is the chief god in the Hindu text the Rigveda.

References

1192 deaths
Kings of Champa
12th-century Vietnamese monarchs


Ernest Richard Sulik (July 7, 1910 – May 31, 1963), was a Major League Baseball outfielder who played in  with the Philadelphia Phillies. He batted and threw left-handed.

He was born in San Francisco, California and died in Oakland, California.

External links

Baseball players from San Francisco
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
1910 births
1963 deaths
San Francisco Dons baseball players
Nashville Vols players


Marine Aircraft Group 40 is a composite United States Marine Corps aviation unit that is based in Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point and was deployed to Afghanistan in 2009.  They served as the aviation combat element for 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade which was supporting Operation Enduring Freedom from spring 2009 through April 4, 2010 when they were relieved by the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (Fwd).  The group is currently composed of two CH-53 squadrons, one light attack helicopter squadron, one AV-8B Harrier II squadron, one MV-22 Osprey squadron, one KC-130 tactical aerial refueling squadron, one unmanned aerial vehicle squadron and an aviation logistics squadron.

Mission
Provide air support to Marine Air Ground Task Force commanders.

Subordinate units

MALS-40 Smoking Aces (Bastion Bastards)

HMLA-169 Vipers

History

Gulf War

MAG-40 was originally stood up to support Exercise Teamwork and Exercise Bold Guard in Norway and West Germany in September/October 1990.  When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990 the MAG was designated as the  aviation combat element of the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade.  They began immediately deploying to the Persian Gulf.  The group remained in the Persian Gulf as part of the Amphibious Task Force.  During this time the group aviation assets included 20 AV-8Bs, 24 CH-46s, 14 CH-53s, 6 UH-1Ns, and 15 AH-1s.

Afghanistan

MAG-40 was reactivated as a composite aircraft group which serves as the headquarters for all Marine aviation units in Afghanistan beginning in the spring/summer of 2009.  The group was located at an airfield in southern Afghanistan and is made up of 50 to 100 aircraft.  During their time in Afghanistan, aircraft from the group flew just under 38,000 flight hours and moved over 141,000 passengers.  They were relieved on April 4, 2010 by the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (Fwd) and will return to MCAS Cherry Point.

See also

 United States Marine Corps Aviation
 List of United States Marine Corps aircraft groups
 List of United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons

Notes

References

Bibliography

Web

 MAG-40's official website

United States Marine Corps aircraft groups
United States Marine Corps in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)


Hayward Montague Davenport (1874–1959), usually referred to as Hayward M. Davenport, was an English maritime painter and pharmacist. His most notable work is a large watercolour entitled Oak and Steel, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1894. Other works exhibited at the Royal Academy include A View of Hampton Court Palace.  He painted extensively for commission before 1901, principally for the captains of the ships depicted. In 1901, on the death of his grandfather, John Thistlewood Davenport, Davenport gave up painting to assume his role as Chairman of J. T. Davenport & Sons, a London-based pharmaceuticals company which marketed Dr. J. Collis Browne's Chlorodyne. His large canvas entitled, H.M.S. "Ophir" leaving Portsmouth, March 15, 1901, with the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York on their historic 40,000 mile cruise of the Empire, sold at Sotheby's in May 2002.

References

18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
British businesspeople
British marine artists
1959 deaths
1874 births
20th-century English painters
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists
18th-century English male artists


The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) is a semi-autonomous Government Agency of the United Republic of Tanzania. It was established by the Tanzania Revenue Authority Act, CAP. 339 in 1995 and started its operations on the 1st of July 1996. It is headed by the Commissioner General. The Current Commissioner General is Alphayo Kidata

In carrying out its statutory functions, TRA is responsible for, among others, to administer and give effect to the laws or the specified provisions of the laws set out in the First Schedule to said Act, and for that purpose, TRA undertakes to assess, collect, and account for all revenue to which those laws apply, on behalf of the Government. Other specific functions of TRA include the following:

 To monitor, oversee, coordinate activities and ensure the fair, efficient and effective administration of revenue laws by the Revenue Department in the jurisdiction of the Union Government.
 To monitor and ensure the collection of fees, levies, charges, or any other tax collected by any Ministry, Department or Division of the Government as revenue for the Government.
 To advise the Minister and other relevant organs on all matters pertaining to fiscal policy, the implementation of the Policy, and the constant improvement of policy regarding revenue laws and administration.
 To promote voluntary tax compliance to the highest degree possible.
 To take such measures as may be necessary to improve the standard of service given to Taxpayers with a view to improving the effectiveness of the revenue Departments and maximizing revenue collection.
 To determine the steps to be taken to counteract fraud and other forms of tax and another fiscal evasion.
 To produce trade statistics and publications on a quarterly basis.

Taxes and charges administered and collected by Authority are Income Taxes that include, Corporate Tax, Individuals, Pay As You Earn (PAYE), Skills Development Levy (SDL), and other Withholding Taxes, Value Added Tax (VAT), Import Duty, Excise Duty, Stamp Duty, Airport Service Charge, Port Service Charge, Motor Vehicle Registration, and Transfer Tax, Property Rate, Fuel Levy, Petroleum Levy, Tourism Development Levy, Railway Development Levy, and Motor Vehicle Driving License Fee. The current chairperson of the TRA is Dr. Muhhamad M Mohhamed. Offices of the TRA are located in Dar es Salaam.

See also
 Economy of Tanzania
 Government of Tanzania
 Taxation in Tanzania

References

External links
Tanzania Revenue Authority official site

Revenue
Taxation in Tanzania
Economy of Tanzania
Revenue services


Highway 126 (AR 126, Ark. 126, and Hwy. 126) is a designation for two north–south state highways in Baxter County, Arkansas. A southern route of  runs from Buffalo City north to US Route 62/US Route 412 (US 62/US 412) near Mountain Home. A second route of  begins at US 62/US 412 in Gassville and runs north to Highway 5/Highway 178 at Midway.

Route description

Buffalo City to Mountain Home
Highway 126 begins near the Marion County line at Buffalo City, situated at the confluence of the Buffalo River and White River. It heads north to Buford and before it meets US 62/US 412, where it terminates near Mountain Home. The average daily traffic counts from the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) for 2010 show that a maximum of about 1500 vehicles per day (VPD) use the northern portion of Highway 126 nearest US 62/US 412, with the count dropping to around 660 VPD for portions further south.

The highway passes the Buford School Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Gassville to Midway

Highway 126 begins at US 62/US 412 (Main Street) in Gassville. It runs north past an intersection with Vine Street (former AR 345). The route exits Gassville to the north, passing through Whiteville and forming a concurrency with Highway 178 near Monkey Run. This overlap continues north past Ozark Regional Airport to Midway, where the route terminates. Highway 178 follows Highway 5 briefly north before turning west toward Bull Shoals-White River State Park.

Traffic counts from the AHTD in 2010 indicate that the average daily traffic volume on this segment of Highway 126 ranges from 3800 VPD near Gassville to 2800 VPD at the northern terminus.

History
AR 126 first appeared on the May 1, 1928 state highway map between AR 101 near Flippin and Midway, with an overlap of Highway 12. In 1931, US 62 replaced Highway 12 in the area, truncating Highway 126 at Gassville.

The Arkansas State Highway Commission created a second segment of Highway 126 on July 29, 1970 between US 62 and Buford to serve recreational traffic near the White River. The highway was extended south to the White River at Buffalo City on May 29, 1975.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

126
Transportation in Baxter County, Arkansas


Shpritsz (the name derives from a colloquial German word for "syringe") is the second studio album by Dutch rock and roll and blues group Herman Brood & His Wild Romance. The album produced two singles. The first, "Rock & Roll Junkie," did not chart. The second, "Saturday Night," charted in Europe and the United States. On the Dutch album chart, the album reached No. 8 on 3 June 1978, and stayed on the chart for 28 weeks. It was certified gold in 1978, and platinum in 1980.

Shpritsz was re-released on CD in 2000 by RCA/Ariola. In a 2008 poll by Muziekkrant OOR, the leading Dutch music magazine, Shpritsz was voted the fourth-best Dutch album of all time.

Track listing

Singles
"Rock & Roll Junkie" was released (with "Street" on the B-side), but never charted. "Saturday Night" was released as a single (with "Phony" and "Pop" on the B-side); it peaked at No. 17 in the Dutch Top 50 on 16 September 1978, and was on the charts for eleven weeks.

In the United States, "Saturday Night" was released as a single in 1979, and rose to No. 35 in the Billboard Hot 100; the single is referred to in the Billboard charts as "Saturdaynight."

Personnel
Herman Brood and his Wild Romance
 Herman Brood – piano, keyboards, vocals
 Dany Lademacher – guitar
 Freddy Cavalli – bass
 Cees "Ani" Meerman – drums
 Bertus Borgers – saxophone
with:
 Dee Dee Dekkers, Josee van Iersel – vocals
 Robert Jan Stips – "synthetic panic" synthesizer on "Saturday Night"
 Floor Van Zutphen, Monica Tjen A Kwoei – female vocals
 Bert Jansen – blues harp on "Hit" and "Pain"
Technical
 Robin Freeman – sound engineer
 Pierre Geoffroy Chateau – co-engineer
Dick van der Meyden, Sylvia Wiggers – cover design
Anton Corbijn – photography

References

1978 albums
Herman Brood & His Wild Romance albums
Ariola Records albums


David Christopher Baldus (June 23, 1935 – June 13, 2011) was a Joseph B. Tye professor of law at the University of Iowa. He held the position from 1969 until his death in 2011. His research focused on law and social science and he conducted extensive research on the death penalty in the United States.

Biography
Baldus received his Bachelor of Arts (Government Major) from Dartmouth College in 1957, his Master of Arts (Political Science) from the University of Pittsburgh in 1962. He went on to attend Yale Law School, earning a LL.B. in 1964 and a LL.M. in 1969. He practiced law in Pittsburgh from 1964–68.

He served as a Lieutenant for the Army Security Agency from 1958–59.

Research

Equal justice and the death penalty
In 1983 David C. Baldus, along with Charles A. Pulaski and George Woodworth, published a study examining the presence of racial discrimination in death penalty sentencing.  The study analyzed over 2000 murder cases occurring in the state of Georgia in the 1970s.  The cases examined by Baldus all occurred between two United States Supreme Court cases involving Georgia: Furman v. Georgia (1972) and McCleskey v. Kemp (1987).  The study looked primarily at the race of the victim in each murder case in order to evaluate the presence of racial discrimination in the sentencing process.  The study also examined, to a lesser extent, the race of the defendant, in order to evaluate the presence of racial discrimination in the sentencing process.  After evaluating the initial findings in the study, Baldus and his colleagues subjected their data to extensive analysis involving 230 variables that could have explained the findings on non-racial grounds. In one such analysis that subjected the data to 39 nonracial variables, Baldus found that defendants accused of killing white victims were 4.3 times more likely to receive the death penalty than defendants accused of killing black victims.  This analysis also showed that black defendants were 1.1 times more likely than white defendants to receive the death penalty.  Based on these findings, Baldus and his colleagues concluded that a black defendant accused of killing a white victim was more likely than any other type of defendant to receive the death penalty. These results were used by the defense in McCleskey v. Kemp to try to show that racial discrimination had played a role in the sentencing of Warren McCleskey. Two types of statistical studies were used in order to examine these murder trials: a procedural reform study and a charging and sentencing study.

Procedural reform study
The purpose of the procedural reform study was to compare the procedure with which Georgia sentenced convicted murder defendants before and after Furman v. Georgia.  The study then looked for reforms in the sentencing procedure after Furman v. Georgia and assessed how reforms affected discrimination found in sentencing decisions.  Baldus and his colleagues looked specifically at two aspects of the trial for the procedural reform study: whether or not the prosecutor chose to seek the death sentence after a capital murder conviction was obtained, and whether or not the jury imposed a death sentence after the trial. The procedural reform study was conducted for purely academic reasons and the researchers had no intentions of using the results in actual murder trials.

Results
The procedural reform study looked at murder trials which occurred both before and after Furman v. Georgia.  Baldus's study found that in murder trials before Furman v. Georgia, the death penalty was given to black defendants 19% of the time and to white defendants 8% of the time.  The death penalty was given to defendants with black victims 10% of the time and to defendants with white victims 18% of the time.  From this data, the researchers concluded that the race of the victim was more influential than the race of the defendant in death penalty sentencing.  It was also concluded that black defendants and defendants with white victims were given harsher punishments than other defendants convicted of the same crimes.

In murder trials occurring after Furman v. Georgia, Baldus and his fellow researchers found that the death penalty was given to 22% of white defendants and to 16% of black defendants.  In trials where the victim was white the death penalty was given out 27% of the time and in trials where the victim was black the death penalty was given out 7% of the time.

Charging and sentencing study
The charging and sentencing study placed its emphasis on the amount of influence that racial and other illegitimate case characteristics had on the progress of cases from the point of indictment up to the death penalty sentencing decision.  The charging and sentencing study was conducted by request from the NAACP which funded the study and which hoped to use the results from the study to challenge the death-penalty system in Georgia.

Results
The results of the charging and sentencing study were the basis of Warren McCleskey's appeal (McCleskey v. Kemp) that the death penalty sentencing in his trial was influenced by racial discrimination.  Baldus and his colleagues found in the charging and sentencing study that of the 2,484 cases studied, 128 defendants were given a sentence of the death penalty, meaning that 5% of all studied defendants were sentenced to death.  The researchers also found that in cases where the victim was white, the death sentences was handed out at a rate 8.3 times higher than in cases where the victim was black.  Finally, the study concluded that in cases with white victims and black defendant the death penalty was given out 21% of the time while in cases where both the victim and defendant were white the death penalty was given 8% of the time.

References

2011 deaths
1935 births
Dartmouth College alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Yale Law School alumni
American anti–death penalty activists
University of Iowa College of Law faculty
United States Army officers


Horace Kenton Wright (February 21, 1915–November 14, 1976), was a Bahamian artist and teacher, considered to be one of the "fathers of modern Bahamian art." He was known in particular for his watercolors.

Early life
He was born in Chicago, Illinois, on February 21, 1915, to Jamaican parents Dr. Joseph and Maud Wright. At the age of two, his family relocated to the Bahamas.

Education and career
In 1931, Wright began his career with the Bahamas Board of Education as a teacher. After travelling to London to pursue studies in art from 1948 to 1951, Wright became the Bahamas' only art teacher, serving from 1951 to 1960.

In a country with limited supplies and training, students were limited in their knowledge of art. During this period, Wright was able to "give Bahamian children an appreciation for art as a tool in industry, as well as a medium of personal expression."

In 1961, Wright was appointed Supervisor of Art for all schools in the Bahamas, and then served as Inspector of Schools from 1964 to 1967.

Wright received further training in Europe and Australia, which led to the final phase of his career in the field of education.

From 1967 to 1975, he served as Schools Broadcasting Officer and Senior Education Officer (Audio/Visual Aids).

Legacy
Wright's taught some of the Bahamas' finest artistic talents, including James O. Rolle, Hervis Bain, and Stanley and Jackson Burnside.

Although Wright was never naturalised, he considered himself Bahamian and his extensive contribution to the education of Bahamian children is notable.

Personal life
Wright married Cynthia Styles, also an educator. They were the parents of three sons. Wright died in Nassau, Bahamas, on November 14, 1976.

See also
 List of Bahamian artists

References

Bibliography
 Bahamian Legends, Volume I - 2004
 The Bahamas Handbook 1976-1977, Dupuch Publications.

1915 births
1976 deaths
Bahamian artists
American emigrants to the Bahamas
Bahamian people of Jamaican descent
People from Nassau, Bahamas
Immigrants to former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas


A resist is something that is added to parts of an object to create a pattern by protecting these parts from being affected by a subsequent stage in the manufacturing process.

Resist may also refer to:

 Resist dyeing, applied to textiles
 Photoresist (often just referred to as "resist") applied to photolithography
 Resist (semiconductor fabrication), applied to semiconductor fabrication

Music
 Resist (Kosheen album), or the title song
Resist (Midnight Oil album), 2022
Resist (Within Temptation album)
Kuʻe, translated Resist, album by Sudden Rush
 "Resist", a song by As Blood Runs Black from the album Instinct
 "Resist", a song by Front Line Assembly from the album Caustic Grip
 "Resist", a song by Grief of War from the album A Mounting Crisis...As Their Fury Got Released
 "Resist", a song by M.O.D. from the album Devolution
 "Resist", a song by Rush from the album Test for Echo
 "Resist", a song by Armageddon Dildos
 "Resist", a song by Levitation
 Resist Records, label
 Resist Music, label related to React Music Limited

Organizations
 RESIST (electoral list), which contested the 2003 Belgian general election
 RESIST (non-profit), based in Somerville, Massachusetts, United States
 Resist, The Resistance Movement, The Resist Festival, Resistance TV, a network of left-wing groups launched by politician Chris Williamson in the UK in 2019.

Other uses
 "Resist" (Supergirl), an episode of the television series Supergirl
 Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, a set of rules for evaluating responses in cancer treatment
 The Resistance (American political movement), a predominantly left-wing movement that protests Donald Trump's presidency

See also
 "Refuse/Resist", song by Sepultura from the album Chaos A.D.
 Resistance (disambiguation)
 Resistor


Mahalakshmi Dhobi Ghat is an open air laundry place in Mumbai, India. It is located at Mahalaxmi railway station in southern Mumbai, it is also accessible from the Jacob Circle monorail station. The washers, known as dhobis, work in the open to clean clothes and linens from Mumbai's hotels and hospitals. It was constructed in 1890.

The phrase dhobi ghat is used all over India to refer to any place where many washers are present. Inspired by the Mumbai Dhobi Ghat (then Bombay), the British built Dhobi Ghat in Kolkata (then Calcutta) in 1902 and there are other dhobi ghat places all over southern Asia.

Overview
There are rows of open-air concrete wash pens, each fitted with its own flogging stone. Claimed to be the world's largest outdoor laundry, Dhobi Ghat is a very popular attraction among foreign tourists.

It is located next to Mahalaxmi railway station on the Western Railway's Saat Rasta roundabout. It can be easily seen from the flyover bridge of Mahalaxmi station.

The Dhobi Kalyan & Audhyogik Vikas Cooperative Society, the apex body that represents washermen, estimates the annual turnover of the Mahalaxmi Dhobi Ghat at around Rs 100 crore. For 18 to 20 hours each day, over 7,000 people flog, scrub, dye and bleach clothes on concrete wash pens, dry them on ropes, neatly press them and transport the garments to different parts of the city. Over one lakh (100,000) clothes are washed each day. Some of the wealthier dhobis have given up on manual cleaning and have now installed large mechanical washing and drying machines.
The dhobis collect clothes from all corners of the city, from Colaba to Virar. Their biggest clients are neighbourhood laundries, garment dealers, wedding decorators and caterers, and mid-sized hotels and clubs.

Dhobi Ghat garnered a Guinness Book of World Records entry under ‘most people hand-washing clothes at a single location’ in 2011. In 2013, World Records India and World Amazing Records honoured World Record Certificate to Dhobi Kalyan & Audhyogik Vikas Co – op. Society Ltd

The Saat Rasta Project is a proposed Public Space Project along the Bapurao Jagtap Road, connecting Jacob Circle to the Mahalaxmi Railway Station. This public space will  connect to Dhobi Ghat, which is also a major tourist attraction.

Home to the dhobis and their families (around 200 families), the Dhobi Ghat has seen this occupation passed down from one generation to the next. Also known as the Mahalaxmi Dhobi Ghat, it can be viewed easily from the Mahalaxmi Railway station. The best time to visit Dhobi Ghat is early morning and early afternoon. While the dhobis are in action in the morning to take care of the washing load, the early afternoons are an ideal time to see the clothes dry.

See also
 Dhoby Ghaut, Singapore
 Dhoby Ghaut, Penang, Malaysia

References

Buildings and structures in Mumbai
Tourist attractions in Mumbai
Laundry places
Economy of Mumbai
1890 establishments in India


Palais de Beaulieu is the historical and emblematic building of the Lausanne convention and exhibition center, located in Lausanne, in the Vaud Canton, Switzerland. The Palais is a convention centre that welcomes mainly conventions and events.

The center includes the Théâtre de Beaulieu concert, dance and theatre hall. With 1,844 seats, the Théâtre de Beaulieu is the biggest theatre in Switzerland. The Prix de Lausanne, an international ballet competition, is also hosted at the Palais de Beaulieu. La Télé, a regional TV-channel, has its studio and its offices at Beaulieu, as well as the Béjart Ballet Lausanne company. Conference Halls 6 + 7 of the Palais hosted the 1989 Eurovision Song Contest

Located in the Beaulieu area in Lausanne, the Convention and Exhibition Center lies in more than 6 hectares of ground. It boasts of 11,000 sq.m. of floor and 12,000 sq.m. of public gardens. The Convention Center uses around 20 modular rooms and halls. Beaulieu Lausanne, part of MCH Group, also hosts some of Switzerland's major fairs and exhibitions.

History

The first "Comptoir Vaudois d'échantillons" was inaugurated in Lausanne in 1916, thanks to the Société industrielle et commerciale de Lausanne, the Chambre vaudoise du commerce et de l'industrie, with support from the Lausanne Municipality. This kind of event was a novelty in Switzerland but was to be generalized afterwards. The first Comptoir suisse took place in September, 1920. Since then, only one edition never happened : the one of 1939, because of the war. Note that the first official event of the NASA in Europe took place during the 1962 Comptoir suisse.

The great hall – later to be known as Beaulieu's main building – was built in 1921. It is called the Palais de Beaulieu since 1957. During the Second World War, it hosted prisoners of war. Talks about creating a new theater began in 1949, and involved the Lausanne Municipality and the Société Coopérative du Comptoir Suisse.  In 1954, the Théâtre de Beaulieu was inaugurated. Nowadays, the Theater is used, among others, by well-known local institutions such as the Béjart Ballet Lausanne, the Orchestre de la Suisse romande and the Paternelle.

On the western side of Beaulieu, buildings were added between 1920 and 1940. Then, between 1950 and 1954, development moved to the South and East of the site. The North Halls were built in 1960 and many renovations followed. Thus, as well as the Comptoir suisse, Beaulieu gradually hosted conventions, artistic activities and economic events.

Since 2000, the buildings belong to a public law foundation named the Beaulieu Foundation, created by the  Vaud Canton, the City of Lausanne and Vaud district councils (Lausanne Region and Association of Vaud municipalities).  The Foundation is in charge of maintenance, renovations and logistics, as well as the strategic and economic development of the site. It manages the Convention Center and, along with Opus One SA, the Beaulieu Theater. As a tenant, MCH Beaulieu Lausanne SA, that took over from the Société Coopérative du Comptoir Suisse, organizes fairs and exhibitions, mostly in the South Halls.  Since 2006, Eldora Traiteur SA, a branch of the Eldora SA Group (previously DSR), is in charge of the catering.

The Beaulieu Foundation launched a renovation program named Beaulieu 2020, that encompasses years 2000 to 2020. Under the Beaulieu 2020 flag, the Palais de Beaulieu has undergone various renovations since 2001, and work is still going on. The old South Halls were destroyed and new South Halls were built in 2011. In 2014, a vote of the population of Lausanne rejected by 52% the project of building a tower of 90 meters next to the Palais de Beaulieu. As a result, MCH Beaulieu Lausanne decided to reduce the conference activities (except general assemblies) and to concentrate on trade fairs (such as the Comptoir suisse). This triggered a reorganization of the Beaulieu 2020 project and of its partners. As from 2014, spaces in the Palais de Beaulieu are being reallocated.  The Haute Ecole de la Santé La Source (La Source Healthcare High School) has decided to take premises at Beaulieu. The Court of Arbitration for Sport is planning to move from the Château de Béthusy (already in Lausanne) to the south part of the Palais de Beaulieu.

Events

Annual events

 Habitat Jardin
 Comptoir suisse
 Baby & Kid Planet
 Swiss Expo
 Le Salon des métiers et de la formation
 Le Prix de Lausanne
 le Béjart Ballet Lausanne
 L'OSR
 La Paternelle
 Numerus general assemblies and conventions

Past major events

 First International Congress on World Evangelization (1974)
 91st session of the IOC (1986)
 Eurovision Song Contest 1989
 World Gymnaestrada (2012)
 Holiday on Ice (1979)
 Mamma Mia (2016)

Notes and references

External links
  (Beaulieu Foundation)
  (convention center)

Buildings and structures in Lausanne
Convention centres in Switzerland
Tourist attractions in Lausanne
Prix de Lausanne


Petitioning (, literally "letters and visits") is the administrative system for hearing complaints and grievances from individuals in the People's Republic of China. It is the primary tool for dispute resolution in the country.

Origins
In ancient imperial times, petitioners were called "people with grievances" (). Petitioners who needed justice would come to the yamen of the county magistrate or high official and beat a drum to voice their grievances. As such, every official court was supposed to be equipped with a drum for this sole purpose. Sometimes petitioners would throw their bodies in front of a sedan chair of the high official. When no one else at the local level was able to help, petitioners would travel to the then empire's capital to seek higher official's help.

Petitioners in recent years sometimes search for justice through the legal system or local petitioning bureaus. However, those who feel that justice has eluded them often still travel to Beijing as a last resort to appeal to the rulers in the age-old manner.

System
The petitions can take many forms, including phone calls, faxes, visits or even e-mails to any government office with regard to any of the issues. Under the system, the National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration and local bureaus of letters and calls ("petitioning bureaus") are commissioned to receive letters, calls, and visits from individuals or groups on suggestions, complaints, and grievances. The officers then channel the issues to respective departments and monitor the progress of settlement, which they feedback to the filing parties.

Petitioning bureaus are ostensibly a communication channel between the government and the citizenry, and have been relied on since the establishment of the PRC in 1949. Petitioners may begin their attempts for redress at the local level with letters and calls to offices, which are located in courthouses or in township-level government offices. If unsatisfied, they can move up the hierarchy to provincial level offices and, at the highest level, the National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration in Beijing.

The number of petitioners in Beijing alone has allegedly reached more than 100,000 people, not counting those that remain at provincial capitals. The number of people using the petitioning system has increased since 1993, to the extent that the system has been strained for years. Official statistics indicate that petition offices annually handled around 10 million inquiries and complaints from petitioners from 2003 to 2007. However, despite its enduring nature and political support, the system has never been an effective mechanism for dealing with the complaints brought to it.

Issues

Interception

Provincial capitals have been accused of hiring people in Beijing to abduct petitioners who have travelled from their areas and force them to go back home; this is known as "intercepting." The apparent aim of interceptors is to prevent citizens from appealing in Beijing because local officials face reprisals if citizens from their areas seek redress in the capital.

Imprisonment and abuse
Human rights organizations have accused Chinese authorities of arbitrarily imprisoning large numbers of petitioners in black jails or other illicit detention facilities. In 2009, Human Rights Watch produced a report alleging that large numbers of petitioners, including children, are detained in black jails, and documented several allegations of torture and mistreatment in the facilities.

See also
Memorial to the throne, the equivalent petition under imperial China
Black jails
Clameur de haro; ombudsman
Weiquan movement

Notes

References

Bibliography
Martin K. Dimitrov, Vertical Accountability in Communist Regimes: The Role of Citizen Complaints in Bulgaria and China

Politics of China
Human rights in China
Complaints organizations
Dispute resolution
Government oversight and watchdog organizations


Noyes Mountain is a mountain located in Maine near the town of South Paris. It is named after George Lorenzo Noyes, who built and operated Harvard Quarry located nearby.

Noyes Mountain stands within the watershed of the Little Androscoggin River, which drains into the Androscoggin River, and thence into Merrymeeting Bay in the Kennebec River estuary.
The east and south sides of Noyes Mtn. drain into Pennesseewassee Lake, and thence into Pennesseewassee Stream and the Little Androscoggin River.
The northeast side of Noyes Mtn. drains into Niles Brook, and the Little Androscoggin.
The west side of Noyes Mtn. drains into Mud Pond, thence into Hicks Pond and Niles Brook.

Tourist attractions
Noyes Mountain has many tourist attractions, including a canoe trip, the Snow Falls Gorge, the Paris Hill Village, a rock store, and a museum.

References

Mountains of Oxford County, Maine
Mountains of Maine