The 8th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (8 RAR) was an Australian Army Regular infantry battalion. The battalion was formed in July 1966 as part of an expansion of the Australian Army in the mid-1960s due to the perceived threat of Communism in southeast Asia. Initially the battalion was sent to Malaysia in 1967, before later being sent to South Vietnam as part of Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War. Between November 1969 and October 1970 the battalion undertook operations as part of the 1st Australian Task Force, before being brought back to Australia. In October 1973, after Australia's involvement in Vietnam officially ended, the battalion was amalgamated with 9 RAR to form 8/9 RAR.

History
8 RAR was formed at Enoggera Barracks in Brisbane on 14 July 1966 as part of the expansion of the Army during Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War. On 8 August 1966 it had a strength of 370 men, including 150 experienced soldiers who had been posted across from 1 RAR. The battalion was expanded the next month with both regular soldiers and conscripts.

After a period of training 8 RAR embarked overseas in 1967. In January it was warned that it would relieve 4 RAR in Malaysia, and this movement gradually took place from 24 August to 6 November. While in Malaysia the battalion formed part of the 28th Independent Commonwealth Infantry Brigade which also included New Zealand Army and British Army units.

8 RAR returned to Enoggera in April 1969 and began intensive training ahead of being deployed to South Vietnam. The battalion arrived in South Vietnam on 17 November 1969 and replaced 9 RAR six days later. Like the other Australian Army units in Vietnam, the battalion formed part of the 1st Australian Task Force and was based in Phuoc Tuy province.

In early 1970 8 RAR took part in Operation Hammersley, a reconnaissance operation in the Long Hải area. This operation began on 10 February and on 18 February it captured a large bunker complex after the Vietcong (VC) defenders withdrew following air raids. The operation continued until 9 March, with the battalion carrying out patrols and conducting ambushes in order to engage VC troops. These operations were successful, and 8 RAR was awarded the South Vietnamese Government's Meritorious Unit Commendation, including Cross of Gallantry with Palm Unit Citation for its role in the operation.

8 RAR's main task was participating in and supporting pacification operations in Phuoc Tuy. This involved patrolling the province in order to engage VC units and prevent them from making contact with the civilian population. From 12 June 1970 these operations were designated Operation Cung Chung and were intensified. 8 RAR's tour of South Vietnam ended in October 1970, by which time it had lost 18 men killed in action and suffered 108 wounded. As part of the reduction of the Australian force in South Vietnam 8 RAR was not replaced by another battalion when it returned to Enoggera.

The reduction in the size of the Army at the end of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War led to 8 RAR being amalgamated. On the morning after the Australian Labor Party won the 1972 Federal Election the battalion, like all others in the Army, was ordered to discharge all conscripts who did not wish to remain. This led to a large reduction in the size of the Army, and in 1973 it was decided to reduce the Royal Australian Regiment from nine to five battalions. This change was implemented by merging ('linking') several battalions, and on 31 October 8 RAR was linked with 9 RAR to form 8/9 RAR.

Members of 8 RAR received the following decorations during its deployment to Vietnam: one Distinguished Service Order, three Military Crosses, two Military Medals and 13 Mentions in Despatches.

Battle honours
 Vietnam 1970–71.

Commanding officers
The following officers commanded 8 RAR:
 Lieutenant Colonel J.O. Langtry (1966–1969)
 Lieutenant Colonel K.J. O'Neill (1969–1970)
 Lieutenant Colonel A. Clunies-Ross (1971)
 Major I.S.A. Power (1971)
 Lieutenant Colonel J.M. Murphy (1971–1973)
 Lieutenant Colonel A. Clunies-Ross (1973)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 8 RAR "The Grey Eight"

8
Military units and formations established in 1966
Military units and formations disestablished in 1973
Military units and formations of Australia in the Vietnam War


Morachi Chincholi, by name itself means a village of tamarind trees (Marathi:chincha) and town of dancing peacocks (Marathi:  moar) all around.  It is situated near Pune-Ahmednagar Highway about 55 km from Pune.  Even today one can find a lot of peafowls in the village.

Morachi Chincholi, alluring places entrenched in rural Maharashtra yet quite close for a pleasure trip from Pune. There are enormous activities at morachi chincholi which includes bullock cart rides, tractor rides, hurda parties, children park, rural games, bird watching, kandil nights, nursery, outdoor games, camping and tent facilities. It also includes kids park, magic show, puppet show and other livestock. All activities revolve around pollution and noise free environment. They have a committee of observant  members that will take care of you beyond your expectations.

Morachi Chincholi showcases a true ideal Indian village with all traditional culture. Peacocks at this place are somewhat used to locals living in the village but are shy to tourists. Morachi Chincholi means a village of dancing peacocks.

As you interact with people here, it's quite evident why the national bird enjoys special status at Chincholi Morachi. In this village, the peacock is not just protected, but also revered - so much so that this is one place where its numbers have steadily increased over the years.

This village gives you a true feel of Indian countryside! As the veil of darkness lifted from Chincholi Morachi, heralding a new day, it was life as usual for the villagers. The hurly-burly of daily life had begun in the non-descript village.

Peacock is the national bird of India. It is a large and brightly colored bird of the pheasant family native to South Asia, but introduced and semi-feral in many other parts of the world. Morachi Chincholi Bird Sanctuary also makes for a great getaway from the maddening rush of the city; the place is just so serene and beautiful that you would wish to stay a bit longer each time you visit here.

It is said that during the Peshwe dynasty many tamarind trees were planted and these attracted peafowls. The villagers also claim that their ancestors kept planting tamarind trees and cohabited with this bird. Now there are around 2500 peafowls in this region.

It is Gram Panchayat in Shirur Tahsil and Ashok Thakuji Gorde is Sarpanch from 24 February 2021. Rahul Nanekar is up-Sarpanch.

Getting there
From Pune, take the Ahmednagar Highway (SH 22), then turn left  onto SH 54 just after Shikrapur at Malthan Phata. After passing Ganegaon and Varude, you will get into Morachi Chincholi.

Attractions
While peafowls can be seen roaming the fields throughout the day, they are best observed early in the morning or in the early evening. Some of the resorts have built special viewing areas that allow viewing the peafowl from a distance. Getting too close startles them, causing them to run away.

References

Villages in Pune district
Tourism in Maharashtra


This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in Romania during 2008.

Highest-grossing films

See also
 List of Romanian films
 List of highest-grossing films in Romania

References

Romania
2008
2008 in Romanian cinema


On the Origin of Species is a seminal book on evolutionary theory by Charles Darwin.

Origin of Species, The Origin of Species, or Origin of the Species may also refer to:

Literature
 The Origin of Species (novel), or The Good Son, a 2016 novel by You-Jeong Jeong
 The Origin of Species, a 2008 novel by Nino Ricci
 "The Origin of Species" (short story), a 1993 story by Victor Pelevin
 Origin of the Species, an Amazing Spider-Man comics collection

Other uses
 "The Origin of Species" (The Outer Limits), a television episode
 Origin of the Species, three compilation albums by Psychic TV, 1998–2002
 "Origin of Species", a song by Scale the Summit from The Collective, 2011

See also

 "Original of the Species", a 2004 song by U2


William LeBoutillier Fauvel (January 5, 1850 – February 8, 1897) was a merchant and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Bonaventure in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1897 as a Liberal member.

Biography
He was born in Percé, Canada East, the son of John Fauvel and Henriette-Marie Le Boutillier, both originally from Jersey, and was educated in Jersey. He entered the cod trade with his father and, with his older brothers, John Bertram and George Philip, took over the business when his father retired in 1879. He settled at Paspébiac. Fauvel married Emma Du Heaume in 1881. In 1886, he became interim manager for Le Boutillier Brothers on behalf of its creditors and decided to purchase the business with other partners. Fauvel served as mayor of New Carlisle and was vice-consul for Portugal at Paspébiac. He was also president of the Agricultural Society for Bonaventure. With the support of Quebec premier Honoré Mercier, Fauvel was elected in the Bonaventure riding in the 1891 federal election. Fauvel also served as campaign manager for François-Xavier Lemieux when Lemieux ran for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1894. Fauvel was reelected in 1896 but died in office at Paspébiac the following year at the age of 47.

References

1850 births
1897 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Mayors of places in Quebec


Euryleonis () (Flourished c. 370 BC, Sparta, ancient Greece) was a celebrated woman, owner of a chariot-winner of Olympic games.

Euryleonis was a horse breeder from Sparta whose horse chariot won the two horse chariot races of the Ancient Olympic Games in 368 BC. She is sometimes referred to as a princess and wealthy woman.

Euryleonis was only the second female stephanite (crown-bearer) in the long history of the Olympics. Twenty-four years earlier, her predecessor, the Spartan princess Kyniska, had won the four horse race in 396 BCE and again in 392 BCE, the first ever woman to win at the Olympics. Women could not participate in Ancient Olympic games personally and even being a viewer was under strict prohibition for them, with punishment by death. The only possibility of participating and winning for a woman was to be an owner of a chariot and horses in chariot races, because just the owner, not the driver, was recognized as a winner of races.

Bronze statue
According to the Greek travel writer Pausanias (flourished 143–176 CE), a statue of Euryleonis was erected at Sparta c. 368 BCE It is one of few bronze statues that survives anywhere in the Greek world, and in writing there are no personal statues of athletic or military victors in Sparta before the statue of Euryleonis. According to the Lacedaemonians, the statue was located near the Skenôma, or tent. Another writer also described the statue as being near a tent, which has been suggested to be the small building mentioned by Thukydides as the place where King Pausanias took refuge. It is also said that the statue stood in the temple of Aphrodite in Sparta.

References

Bibliography

4th-century BC Spartans
4th-century BC Greek women
Ancient Olympic competitors
Ancient Spartan women
Sportswomen in antiquity


Tân Phong is a township and capital of Quảng Xương District, Thanh Hóa Province.

References

Communes of Thanh Hóa province
Populated places in Thanh Hóa province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


General elections were held in the Cook Islands on 20 April 1965 to elect 22 MPs to the Cook Islands Legislative Assembly. The elections were won by the Cook Islands Party and saw Albert Henry become the Cook Islands' first Premier.

Background
The holding of an election was necessary to elect members to approve the proposed constitution. If approved, the new constitution would institute self-government for the Cook Islands.

Because the election had the potential to result in removing the Cook Islands from the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories, the election was observed by representatives of the UN.

The Cook Islands Amendment Act contained a clause limiting candidacy for the elections to people who had lived in the Cook Islands for at least three years before the election. This barred Albert Henry from running, as he had only lived in the Cook Island for a year preceding the vote.

Campaign
A total of 66 candidates contested the 22 seats, 19 from the Cook Islands Party, 16 from the United Political Party (led by Leader of Government business Dick Charles Brown), 12 from the Independent Group, 7 from the Labour Party, and 12 independents. also fielding candidates. Two seats had only one candidate – Tangaroa Tangaroa in Penrhyn and Pupuke Robati in Rakahanga – both of whom were returned unopposed

Results
Leader of Government business Brown, Agriculture Minister Napa Tauei Napa and Speaker Teariki Tuavera were amongst the nine incumbents that lost their seats.

Elected members

Aftermath
The newly elected Assembly met for the first time on 10 May. With Henry still ineligible for election, Manea Tamarua was elected Leader of Government Business. He subsequently announced appointed Julian Dashwood, Tiakana Numanga, Apenera Short, Marguerite Story and Mana Strickland to the Executive Council.

On 11 May Cook Islands Party MPs attempted to amend the Cook Islands Amendment Act to reduce the residency requirement and allow Henry to become an MP. The opposition independents walked out of the legislature, meaning it was not quorate due to the absence of two Cook Islands Party MPs. However, they returned the following day and an amendment to reduce the residency requirement to three months (providing the candidate had previously lived in the Cook Islands for at least a year) was passed. Henry's sister Marguerite Story subsequently resigned from the Assembly to allow him to contest the by-election for Te-au-o-Tonga on 9 July. Henry was challenged by Dick Charles Brown, winning by 1,353 votes to 523.

The Legislative Assembly later approved the constitution on 26 July by 20 votes to two. The two 'no' votes came from Pupuke Robati (who claimed that residents of Rakahanga did not wish for the Cook Islands to become self-governing) and Tangaroa Tangaroa (who claimed that Penrhyn wished to become part of New Zealand). The Cook Islands became self-governing on 4 August 1965 when Henry was sworn in as the first Premier. Henry formed a cabinet with Dashwood, Numanga, Short, Strickland and Tamarua as ministers. On the same day as Henry was sworn in, Marguerite Story was elected unopposed as the Assembly's first Speaker.

Although Henry held numerous portfolios, the other members of the cabinet were Associate Ministers for several of his areas of responsibility; Dashwood was Associate Minister for the Post Office, Hotel and Printing Office, Numanga was Associate Minister of Labour, Short was Associate Minister of Economic Development, Strickland was Associate Minister for Finance, Aviation, Shipping and Immigration, Tamarua was Associate Minister of Economic Development, Finance and Justice.

In June 1966 Dashwood was convicted of attempting to obtain a bribe and was removed from the Assembly and cabinet.  He was also struck off the voter roll and was unable to contest the subsequent by-election. Albert Henry's nephew Tupui Henry was elected in the by-election, and was appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Internal Affairs.

References

Elections in the Cook Islands
Cook
1965 in the Cook Islands
Self-governance
April 1965 events in Oceania


Richard Muenz (born March 9, 1948) is an American actor and baritone who is mostly known for his work within American theatre. Muenz has frequently performed in musicals and in concerts. He has also periodically acted on television.

Early life and education
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, and grew up in the Ridgewood, New Jersey, area. He graduated from Ridgewood High School and then attended Eastern University in St. Davids, Pennsylvania, where he was a voice major.

Career
He began his career as a member of the New York City Opera's chorus with whom he sang for three seasons during the early 1970s. At the same time he became a member of the Gregg Smith Singers, with whom he made nine recordings over a couple of years; including William Schuman's The Mighty Casey. He also had the honor of performing Brahms's Liebeslieder Waltzes at Carnegie Hall with the ensemble.

In 1975 Muenz performed the role of Sam in a production of Leonard Bernstein's Trouble in Tahiti at the Whitney Museum. Bernstein was in the audience and after the show he invited Muenz personally to join the cast of his upcoming Broadway musical 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. He accepted and made his Broadway debut when the production premiered in the Spring of 1976 portraying a variety of smaller roles. The following year he joined the long running Off-Broadway production of The Fantasticks as El Gallo. In 1979 he returned to Broadway as Joe in the revival of The Most Happy Fella which was recorded live for television broadcast on PBS's Great Performances. That same year he joined the cast of Ryan's Hope, portraying the role of Joe Novak from 1979 to 1980.

In 1980 Muenz was cast as Lancelot in the revival of Lerner and Loewe's Camelot with Richard Burton as King Arthur and Christine Ebersole as Guenevere. When the show moved from the New York State Theater to the Winter Garden Theatre the following year, he stayed with the production, now sharing the stage with Richard Harris as Arthur and  Meg Bussert as Guenevere. This second cast was recorded live for television broadcast on HBO. In 1983 he portrayed Cadet Dick Thorpe in George Gershwin and Sigmund Romberg's Rosalie at Town Hall with the New Amsterdam Theater Company. In 1985 he appeared as a guest star on the Scarecrow and Mrs. King episode "Over the Limit". In 1986 he was a guest star on Highway to Heaven in the episode "To Bind the Wounds" and the following year he appeared on Kate & Allie in the episode "Ted's Fix-Up". In 1988 he returned to Broadway as Joe in the original cast of Chess. In 1989 he appeared in the world premiere of the Off-Broadway hit of Richard Maltby, Jr. and David Shire's Closer Than Ever at the Cherry Lane Theatre. A critical success, the show ran for 312 performances and a CD recording was made on the RCA Victor label.

In 1990 Muenz portrayed the role of Samuel Cooper in Kurt Weill's Love Life at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia. In 1995 he appeared as Frank Sinatra in the television movie Love and Betrayal: The Mia Farrow Story. In 1996 he appeared Off-Broadway as Eddie Flagrante in John Dempsey's Zombie Prom at the Variety Arts Theatre. In 1998 he was a guest star on the Law & Order episode "Scrambled". In 1999 he stepped in to cover a few performances for Tom Wopat as Frank Butler in the Broadway revival of Irving Berlin's Annie Get Your Gun, portraying the role opposite Bernadette Peters. In 2000 he appeared as Robert Baker in New York City Center Encores!'s production of Bernstein's Wonderful Town. In 2001 he narrated Great Performances'''s tribute to Aaron Copland, Copland's America. In 2005 he returned to Broadway as Pat Denning in the revival of 42nd Street, a role he had previously portrayed on Broadway in 2001.

Muenz's other performing credits include appearances on three seasons of Garrison Keillor’s The American Radio Company of the Air, Jean-Luc” on Guiding Light,  “Dr. Kessler” on Another World, the national tour of Jerry Zaks’ revival of Guys and Dolls as Sky Masterson, the National tour of The Sound of Music, performances with the Night Kitchen Radio Theater, and the Broadway companies of High Society and Nick & Nora. He has also appeared in several productions with the New York City Opera, including Bob in Wonderful Town, File in 110 in the Shade, Danilo in The Merry Widow, and Sid in The Pajama Game'', the latter of which garnered him a Drama Desk Award nomination.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Richard Muenz at the Internet Off Broadway Database

Male actors from New Jersey
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Musicians from Hartford, Connecticut
Actors from Hartford, Connecticut
American operatic baritones
Eastern University (United States) alumni
Male actors from Hartford, Connecticut
Actors from Ridgewood, New Jersey
Musicians from Ridgewood, New Jersey
Ridgewood High School (New Jersey) alumni
Living people
1948 births
Singers from New Jersey
Classical musicians from New Jersey


Stefanović (, ) is a Serbian surname meaning "son of Stefan" (Stephen). There are also variants of Stevanović and Stepanović. It may refer to:

 Aleksandar "Saša" Stefanović, Serbian-American professional basketball player
 Dejan Stefanović, Serbian footballer
 Gavril Stefanović Venclović, Serbian writer
 Igor Stefanović, Serbian footballer
 Jani Stefanovic, musician
 Jesse Stefanovic, fictional character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 Jovan Stefanović, Serbian footballer
 Karl Stefanovic, Australian television presenter
 Ljubiša Stefanović, Serbian-American professional basketball player
 Margita Stefanović, Serbian musician
 Milenko Stefanović, Serbian musician
 Peter Stefanovic, Australian television presenter
 Saša Stefanović, Serbian professional basketball player
 Sasha Stefanovic (born 1998), Serbian-American basketball player
 Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Serbian linguist

See also

Surnames
Surnames of Serbian origin
Surnames of Montenegrin origin
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Shaw Lefevre was a double-barrelled surname created in 1789 through the marriage of Charles Shaw and Helena Lefevre. It was never hyphenated. The surname was held by a total of 24 people, and became extinct in 1936.

The name was held by a number of prominent people, including:

Charles Shaw Lefevre (politician) (1759–1823), born Charles Shaw, British Whig politician
Charles Shaw Lefevre, 1st Viscount Eversley (1794–1888), Speaker of the House of Commons, son of Charles Shaw Lefevre (MP)
John Shaw Lefevre (1797–1879), British politician and civil servant, son of Charles Shaw Lefevre (MP)
George Shaw Lefevre, 1st Baron Eversley (1831–1928), British Liberal Party politician, son of John Shaw Lefevre
Madeleine Shaw Lefevre (1835–1914), first Principal of Somerville Hall (later Somerville College, Oxford), daughter of John Shaw Lefevre

References


Stevanović (, ) is a Serbian surname, derived from the male given name Stevan (Stephen). It may refer to:

 Alen Stevanović, Swiss-born Serbian footballer
 Borislav Stevanović, Serbian footballer
 Dalibor Stevanovič, Slovenian footballer
 Goran Stevanović, Serbian footballer
Ivan Stevanović (footballer) (born 1983), Serbian footballer
Ivan Stevanović (handballer) (born 1982), Croatian handball player
 Jovana Stevanović (born 1992), Serbian volleyball player
 Ljubiša Stevanović (1910–1978), Yugoslav footballer
 Mihailo Stevanović (linguist) (1903–1991), Serbian linguist
 Miroslav Stevanović (born 1990), Bosnian footballer
 Natalija Stevanović (born 1994), Serbian tennis player
 Saša Stevanović (born 1974), Serbian footballer
 Vidosav Stevanović, Serbian writer

See also

Surnames of Serbian origin
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


The Chorrera culture or Chorrera tradition is a Late Formative indigenous culture that flourished between 1300 BCE and 300 BCE in Ecuador. Chorrera culture was one of the most widespread cultures in pre-Columbian Ecuador, spanning the Pacific lowlands to the Andean highlands, and even into southern Colombia.

Regional divisions
Due to variations in ceramics and other material culture, Chorrera culture is divided into regional variants. These include:
Mafa Phase, northern Esmeraldas Province
Tachina Phase, southern Esmeraldas Province
Tabuchula Phase, northern Manabí Province
Engoroy Phase, Santa Elena Peninsula and Guayas coastal region
Chorrera proper, Guayas River Basin
Early Jubones Phase, southeastern Guaya and western Azuay Province
Arenillas Phase, El Oro Province.

Other regions exhibit a strong Chorrera influence.

Ceramics
The hallmark of Chorrera culture is its ceramic traditions, which features whistling animal and plant effigy Stirrup spout vessels and human figurines made from molds. Everyday utilitarian pottery was still very fine with thin decorated walls and red or black slips polished to a high sheen. Surfaces of bowls, bottles, ollas, and other ceramic pieces were incised, painted, pattern burnished, or decorated with rocker stamps. Ceramics were used in personal adornments as well, examples being ceramic ear spools and rocker stamps used for body painting.

Unusual decorative features of Chorrera ceramics include resist-painting and iridescent slips.

Use of metals
Chorrera craftsmen produced some of the earliest metal objects in Ecuador. Numerous metal objects and fragments were excavated at the coastal site of Salango. Objects from copper, silver and gold were made, mostly elite goods like jewelry.

Diet
Crops cultivated by Chorrera people include achira (Canna indica), arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), corn (Zea mays), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as gourds and squash (Cucurbitaceae). They also gathered wild tree fruits, sedge (Cyperaceae), and palm (Palmae).

Chorrera people fished and hunted as well, catching game such as armadillo, deer (including white-tailed and brocket deer) duck, frogs, lizards, peccary, and various rodents.

Trade
This culture continued the brisk trade network established by Valdivia and Machalilla cultures. Chorrera fisherman traded spiny oyster shells (Spondylus) and other marine shells with people from the Quito basin for obsidian. Gold is traded in the latter centuries BCE.

Decline
In 467 BCE, the Pululahua Volcano north of Quito erupted, sending volcanic ash over much of the western Ecuadorian lowland regions, which greatly reduced the expressions of Chorrera culture; however, some Chorrera settlements in the far north and south continued for several centuries. These evolved into more complex cultures of the Regional Developmental Period of 200 and 300 BCE.

References

Bibliography
 Zeidler, J. A. "The Ecuadorian Formative." Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, eds. Handbook of South American Archaeology. New York: Springer, 2008. .

External links

 Chorrera ceramics, National Museum of the American Indian
 Chorrera Culture

Pre-Columbian cultures
Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
Indigenous peoples of the Andes
Archaeology of Ecuador
2nd millennium BC
Archaic period in the Americas


Mannina hagnoleuca is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1916. It can be found in Mexico.

References

Arctiini
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Central America


Verbal injury is a delict in Scotland.

Proof of special damage

In any action for verbal injury it is not necessary for the pursuer to aver or prove special damage if the words on which the action is founded are calculated to cause pecuniary damage to the pursuer.

See also
Malicious falsehood

References

Scots law legal terminology
Defamation
Delict
Scots private law


Savedi is a suburb in the northern part of Ahmednagar in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The All India Radio centre and the TV Centre of Prasar Bharati are located in this area.It is Biggest Suburban city of Ahmednagar.Savedi is Enriched With great Facilities With Shops and Mall
It also has Very Good Health facilities and Food Courts like Cafe and Hotels,It has Upcoming Kohinoor Mall and D Mart Mall,It is Mainly Connected By Roads Like Pipeline Road,Gulmohar Road,Kushtadham Road,Lekhanagar Road

Geography
Savedi is located in Nagar-Manmad Road (State Highway 10) and Nagar-Aurangabad Road. The Aurangabad Road and Manmad Road pass through this area of the city.It is Sub-Urban City Present in North Side Of Ahmednagar City,it has Lot amount of Greenery and Parks

Population
The population numbers some 100,000.

The inhabitants consist of natives as well as students and other migrants. Many people moved to Savedi from Ahmednagar city as the city expanded. This suburb hosts industrialists, professors, workers, and celebrities.

Culture

Temples
 Ayyappa Temple, Vaidu Wadi
 Dattatreya Temple, Premdan Chowk
 Shiv Mandir,Lekhanagar Road
 Datt Mandir,Lekhnagar

Cultural halls
 Raosaheb Patwardhan Smarak
 Shri. Swami samarth temple, Vrundawan colony, Rasane nagar.
 Durga Mata temple, Onkar colony, Rasane Nagar.

NGOs
 Apang sanjeevni societie's mukbadhir vidalaya

Marathi medium schools
 M.E.S. Renavikar Vidya Mandir
 Shri Samarth Vidya Mandir, Bhistbaug Road.
 Jai Bajrang Vidyalaya, Gulmohur Road.
 Anand Vidyalaya, Gulmohur Road.

English medium schools
 Auxilium Convent School, Manmad Road
 Swami Vivekanand School, Tarakpur
 St. Xavier's, Tarakpur
 Athare Patil Public Hospital
 Sree Sai English School
 Swami Vivekanand High School
 Indus World School
 Kidzee Preschool

Colleges
 Pemraj Sarda College
 Ahmednagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Manmad Road
 Shri Samarth Vidya Mandir (Junior College)
 Jai Bajrang Vidyalaya
 New Art & Science Collage

Health
Hospitals include:
 Noble Hospital, Premdan Chowk
 Oberoi Hospital, Zopadi Canteen
 Surabhi Hospital,Gulmohar Road
 Mac Care Hospital,Ekveera Chwak
 Neoron Plus Hospital
 Medplus Hospital
 Athare Patil Hospital
 Daule Hospital
 Ruby Hall Hospital

Medicals include:
 Anand Medicals
 Ambrocia
 Wellness 24
 Zhopadi 24X7

Opticians:
 Mittal Optics
 Lenskart
 titan eye plus
 Annik Optics
 Raj Optics

Hearing aid Clinic:
 Sai hearing clinic

Economy
Ahmednagar's  hyper-market Big Bazaar is situated at Premdan Chowk in this suburb.
 Reliance Smart Store at Savedi

Mall and Shops
 Smart Bazzar
 Reliance Smart Store
 Reliance Trends
 Guru Supermarket
 Kohinoor Mall
 Auram Mall
 Titan World
 Fox Clothing
 Croma Electronic Store
 Kalyan Jewels
 Chandukaka Jewels
 Van Heusen
 Tanishq Jeweler
 Malabar Gold and Jewelers

Entertainment
Ahmednagar's culture is abetted by every type of entertainment. Every Gudhipadwa attracts the city's leading cultural society Rasik Group organizes this musical event. This event is free, attracting a huge audience. Savedi hosts cultural festivals including Ganapati Festival, Navaratri, Lord Balaji Festival, lighting festivals at Datta Temple and Ayyappa Temple. The suburb also hosts theaters, dedicated grounds for activities, multipurpose halls and a cinema multiplex. Savedi attracts exhibitions, fairs, and circuses.

Ahmednagar Karandak is an annual stage competition.

Ahmednagar Film Festival is a newes film festival.

Notables

 Sadashiv Amrapurkar
 Milind Shinde
 Madhukar Toradmal

Transport
It can be reached by bus.
Ahmednagar Mahanagarpalika Transport (AMT) Bus Are Available.
Rikshaws,Vans are Available

External links
 Pinsearch
 AMC
 Blue Sky Big Bazaar All Stores In India

Ahmednagar district


Cognitive capture has alternative meanings in the social sciences. It is a type of:

 Inattentional blindness in the field of psychology.
 Regulatory capture in the field of economics.


Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a Darklord is a 2009 tower defense video game developed and published by Square Enix for the Wii and distributed through the WiiWare download service. The game is an entry in the Final Fantasy franchise, forming part of the Crystal Chronicles subseries. Taking place after Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a King, the game follows the titular Darklord as she defends her mobile tower from waves of attacks as it travels across the kingdom.

Planned during production of My Life as a King, My Life as a Darklord began development in 2008. The game's aesthetic was influenced by lolita gothic and punk fashion. The narrative, and the protagonist, were designed to subvert both series and genre conventions. Composer Kumi Tanioka returned, having previously worked on the other Crystal Chronicles titles. The game received generally positive reviews, with critics generally praising the game's gameplay and presentation while critiquing a lack of in-game depth.

Gameplay

Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a Darklord is a tower defense video game; the player is tasked with defending their tower from waves of attacking enemies. Each level takes place in a different part of the kingdom, as the tower is mobile, and consists of multiple waves of attacks. Unlike most tower defense games, the gameplay takes place in a side-viewed tower with enemies marching through each of the tower's floors linearly, rather than through a top-down perspective of a circuitous route. The player places traps and combatants in the floors of the tower, which then cannot be removed. The level ends when the attackers have reached the Dark Crystal at the top of the tower, or when they have all been defeated.

Defeating enemies gives the player Negative Power, which can be spent in the level to place more obstacles, upgrade existing obstacles to more powerful ones, or build more floors onto the tower. Karma is earned for finishing levels, and can be spent between levels to increase the maximum size of the tower or the starting power of the units. The floors come in different varieties, and provide offensive, defensive, and supportive powers to the obstacles placed on them or the enemies walking on them. Each floor has an artifact, which if reached by the enemy is destroyed, in turn destroying all units and traps placed on that floor, removing any status effects the floor provided, and allowing the attackers to move onto the next layer. Traps and units are divided into melee, ranged, and magic categories, with the three types dealing extra damage to each other in a rock-paper-scissors manner.

Each level begins with all obstacles removed, and completing levels earns the player additional types of units and structures to build. The path that the player takes through the levels of the game is not linear; there are side paths that can earn the player additional Negative Power and units. If a level is failed, the player retains some of the Karma they had earned before being defeated. Despite being released for the Wii, there is no support for motion control with the Wii controller.

Synopsis
My Life as a Darklord takes place in the direct aftermath of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a King, following the vanishing of Miasma from the world as depicted during the ending of the original Crystal Chronicles. The world is divided between the four allied races—Clavats, Lilties, Yukes and Selkies—and monsters that terrorised the world during the Miasma's existence. Following his defeat in My Life as a King, the original Darklord went to sleep within the Dark Crystal, allowing monsters to continue existing following the loss of Miasma. Upon her ascension, the Darklord's daughter Mira resolves to mount a campaign against the rest of the world. Over the course of her campaign, it is revealed that Mira's mother was one of the Clavat tribe, and the Darklord's wish was to create a bridge between monsters and the other tribes. After the final campaign against King Leo, protagonist of My Life as a King, Mira decides to forgo her plan for world domination and fulfil her father's wish of bringing coexistence between monsters and the other tribes.

Development
The plot outline for My Life as a Darklord was in place during production of its predecessor My Life as a King. The original plan was it to be another city building game, but the team decided to make it more original. Production began in 2008. The initial design for the tower would have required fourteen unique floors, which would have been laborious to create. With the idea of artifacts, the team were able to impelement customisation, providing variety between floors without the additional workload. According to producer Hiroaki Iwano, testing and game balance was the most strenuous aspect of production. Scaling traditionally large or ungainly Final Fantasy monsters so they could fit inside the tower floors was also an issue.

The scenario director was Motomu Toriyama, who had previously worked on My Life as a King, and built the story around flipping the traditional protagonists of Final Fantasy being both righteous and humanoid. Similar to the subseries' recurring theme of family, Toriyama made the game's main theme the bond between Mira and her monster army. As the game was a sequel to My Life as a King, it was decided early on that characters from that game would appear. Director Hiroyuki Kaneko also decided to provide cameo appearances for characters from the original Crystal Chronicles. Rather than a professional voice cast, members of the development team provided voice clips for characters and monsters.

While monsters were the focus of both gameplay and narrative, the planned female lead led to a "cute" aesthetic being adopted, with a recurring visual motif being a heart symbol. The art design drew inspiration from the lolita gothic and punk fashion movements. The castle was designed around a number of key words including "beauty" and "glamour". The characters were designed by Yasuhisa Izumisawa, who had previously worked on My Life as a King. When designing Mira, Izumisawa went counter to common design tropes seen in anime and video games, creating an asymmetric visual design. This design was challenging for the modellers, who needed to create the entire model as a single unit rather than their usual method for asymmetrical characters of joining up two half-models.

Music

The music for My Life as a Darklord was composed by Kumi Tanioka, who had worked on previous entries in the Crystal Chronicles series. Due to its tonal difference from other entries, Tanioka wrote the score of My Life as a Darklord to reflect its protagonist and style of comedy, while retaining the established instrumentation. At the time, she was working on both My Life as a Darklord and Echoes of Time, meaning she could not contribute much to the next entry The Crystal Bearers. A digital soundtrack album was released on June 30, 2009 featuring music from both My Life as a Darklord and My Life as a King.

Release
My Life as a Darklord was revealed at the 2009 Game Developers Conference alongside fellow WiiWare title Final Fantasy IV: The After Years. It was also showcased at E3. The game was released internationally during 2009; in Japan on June 30, Europe on July 17, and North America on July 20. A free demo of the game was available on the Wiiware service from November 2009 to January 2010.

There is additional downloadable content for the game, such as new items or levels. At launch time there were 14 different DLC packs, with more added later. Initial DLC packets included two Mira costumes, three new monster types, two floor types, and three items for various amounts of WiiPoints. A DLC package included costumes, abilities, and characters from Final Fantasy IV: The After Years. The game became unavailable with the closing down of the WiiWare in 2018. Costumes themed after the characters of My Life as a Darklord will be released as DLC for Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Remastered Edition.

Reception

My Life as a Darklord has received generally positive reviews, garnering a rating of 73 out of 100 on review aggregate site Metacritic based on 14 critic reviews. Daemon Hatfield of IGN called it "an amusing strategy game and a standout title on WiiWare", praising the gameplay and presentation while saying there were clear limitations due to its release platform. The website also named it the best WiiWare of the month for July 2009.

Dan Whitehead, writing for Eurogamer, praised the depth of the gameplay but complained that without purchasing any of the downloadable content the player has "little room to really dig deep into the tempting tactical depths that the concept so clearly offers". Nintendo Lifes Sean McDermott lauded the gameplay depth created by the variety of units and replayability, but he disliked the types of DLC being released and noted that players would eventually feel repetition due to a lack of mission variety. Alex Donaldson of RPG Site faulted the high difficulty and the fact that the DLC releases seemed designed to exploit this, but otherwise enjoyed the game despite a lack of variety.

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

2009 video games
My Life as a Darklord
Tower defense video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Kumi Tanioka
Video games featuring female protagonists
WiiWare games
Wii-only games


Camille Roy (October 22, 1870 – June 24, 1943) was a Canadian priest and literary critic. He wrote extensively about the development of French-Canadian literature, and its importance in the promotion of French language and culture and of Christian ideals.

Early life and education

Roy was born in Berthier-en-Bas (Berthier-sur-Mer), Quebec. He studied at the Petit Séminaire of Quebec and the Grand Séminaire de Québec and was ordained a priest in 1896.

Career
Roy wrote a number of articles and essays of literary criticism, beginning in 1902, many of which were published in newspapers and magazines.  A collection of his essays, Essais sur la littérature canadienne  was published in 1907. In 1912 he edited and published a collection of stories about Canadian life.

In 1909 Roy wrote Nos origines littéraires, in which he discussed the influence of French literature on Canadian writers.

Roy wrote extensively about approaches to the study of literature, including Manuel d'histoire de la littérateure canadienne-française in 1920.

Roy was rector of Université Laval for four terms: 1922 to 1924, 1929, 1932 to 1938, and 1940 to 1943. Through these years he lectured and wrote about French-Canadian culture and its expression through literature. He was awarded the Lorne Pierce Medal in 1929.

Works
 L'Université Laval Et Les Fêtes Du Cinquantenaire, (1903)
 Essais Sur La Littérature Canadienne, (1907)
 Nos Origines Littéraires, (1909)
 Propos Canadiens, (1912)
 Les Fêtes Du Troisième Centenaire De Québec, (1911)
 Nouveaux Essais Sur La Littérature Canadienne, (1914)
 Tableau De L'Histoire De La Littérature Canadienne-Française, (1915)
 Manuel De L'Histoire De La Littérature Canadienne-Française, (1918)
 La Critique Littéraire Au XIXe Siècle, De Mme De Staël..., (1918)
 Érables En Fleurs, (1923)
 Monseigneur De Laval, (1923)
 A L'Ombre Des Érables, (1924)
 Études Et Croquis, (1928)
 Les Leçons De Notre Histoire, (1929)
 Histoire De La Littérature Canadienne, (1930)
 Regards Sur Les Lettres, (1931)
 Poètes De Chez Nous, (1934)
 Historiens De Chez Nous, (1935)
 Romanciers De Chez Nous, (1935)
 Nos Problèmes D'Enseignement, (1935)
 Pour Conserver Notre Héritage Français, (1937)
 Pour Former Des Hommes Nouveaux, (1941)

Source:

References

 Fonds Camille Roy

External links

 Camille Roy at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1870 births
1943 deaths
Rectors of Université Laval
20th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests
Canadian literary critics
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
People from Chaudière-Appalaches
Academic staff of Université Laval


Stepanović (, ) is a Serbian surname, derived from the male given name Stepan (Stephen). Notable people with the surname include:

 Aleksandra Stepanović (born 1994), Serbian volleyball player
 Aleksa Stepanović (born 1998), Serbian basketball player
 Bojan Stepanović (born 1983), Serbian footballer
 Dragoslav Stepanović (born 1948), Serbian football manager and former player
 Katarina Stepanović (born 1985), Serbian handball player
 Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović (1851–1916), Serbian-Russian inventor
 Stepa Stepanović (1856–1929), Serbian field marshal
 Uroš Stepanović (born 1993), Serbian footballer

See also

Surnames of Serbian origin
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Metropolis Studios is a music production and entertainment industry company established in 1989 by Gary Langan, Carey Taylor and Karin Clayton. It is located in the Power House, a Grade II listed building, at 70 Chiswick High Road in Chiswick, London, England. Over the last twenty years the group has expanded and now consists of three divisions: Metropolis Studios, Metropolis Mastering, and Digital Media/Productions.

Metropolis Studios was bought out on 31 May 2013 by 'MLML (Metropolis London Music Limited)' by Kainne Clements, (who also owns the Academy of Contemporary Music) The Group in 2017 gained a new CEO Richard Connell, a former Sony Music executive.

History of the Power House

The Power House was built in 1901 by a young architect William Curtis Green to power the trams of West London. It originally had a 260-ft. high steel smoke-stack. On the façade, are two large female figures that represent 'electricity' and 'locomotion'. This substantial building was conceived to be so large as to prevent any of the houses in the neighbourhood (which still tended to be large properties with influential owners) suffering from the vibration and dust caused by the steam powered generators.
Due to competition from Lots Road Power Station in Chelsea, power was only generated until 1920 when the building was decommissioned and stripped of its equipment. Being mainly used as a storage facility, the Power House gradually fell into disrepair.

Then in 1962 the trolley bus service was closed, the chimney was then demolished in 1966.
London Transport (by then the owners) decided to redevelop the site. This led to an outcry and the Victorian Society campaigned for the protection of the building from the developers, which in turn led to the building being listed in 1975, one of the first Victorian buildings to be so nominated, and the first that was built in the 20th century. In 1985, the upper part of the building was converted into flats, including a penthouse which is split over three levels.
In 1989, after a large scale redevelopment, the lower part of the building was converted into a recording studios, and the home of Metropolis Studios.

Studios
Metropolis Studios consists of four floors, 5 recording and mixing studios, and four production rooms. It has a concrete and metal atrium, with steel, plywood and render in other rooms. In the studios, the design engineers have placed obtuse angle to refract sound.
Studio B was used as the London mixing studio for Mark Ronson, when he produced the 'Back to Black' album for Amy Winehouse.
The studios has also been used in the past by Queen, Michael Jackson, U2, Lady Gaga, Little Mix, Adele, Rihanna and Lauryn Hill.

Mastering
Established in 1993, Metropolis Mastering was founded by Tony Cousins, Ian Cooper, Tim Young and Crispin Murray, with the aim to “to master audio to a standard never previously achieved”. Metropolis houses five mastering rooms that were designed to a high specification utilising equipment from brands such as PMC Ltd., Bryston and Prism. Two of the rooms were designed with stereo and 5.1 surround sound in mind, while the others are set up for cutting vinyl with a Neumann VMS-80 Disc cutting lathe. In more recent years, Metropolis Mastering began offering an online mastering service which enabled clients to receive these services remotely.

Additions to the original founding team of engineers include: Stuart Hawkes, John Davis, Matt Colton, Andy 'Hippy' Baldwin, Felix Davis, Mike Hillier and Natalie Bibby.

3D Audio
In summer 2021, Metropolis Studios launched their 3D Audio studio for mixing in all spatial formats. It is currently the highest resolution Dolby Atmos studio in the UK. The studio is designed to be as versatile as possible in order to accommodate as many different workflows as possible including realtime immersive mixing of livestreams. The room provides a 22.2 Georg Neumann monitoring system, with loudspeakers in an 11.1.8 configuration. All the loudspeakers are arrayed at 30° of separation to each other.  The studio can accommodate all possible formats, incoming mixing consoles and caters for several interface formats including MADI, Dante (networking), AES3 and Ravenna (networking).

When the studio launched, Amazon Music agreed a content deal with Metropolis to become their UK-based headquarters for immersive mixing  which in turn, has led to many record labels following suit to utilise the facility. The first three months post-launch saw spatial mixes delivered for the likes of Jack Savoretti, The Amazons, Major Lazer, Rag'n'Bone Man, Disclosure (band), St. Vincent (musician), Bonobo (musician), The Vaccines, Cautious Clay and Anne-Marie.

Notes

External links
Official Website

Recording studios in London
Audio engineering
Audio mixing
Local mass media in London
Entertainment companies established in 1989


Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Frank Reilly Minchin  (16 June 1890 – disappeared 31 August 1927) was a British pilot of the Royal Air Force. He was declared dead in absentia after his aircraft disappeared in 1927 while attempting to cross the Atlantic.

Biography
Minchin was educated at Eastbourne College. He passed out of Sandhurst in 1909 and after two years resigned his commission to train as a civilian pilot at the recently formed Eastbourne Aviation Company. In 1913 he obtained his Royal Aero Club certificate flying a Bristol Boxkite at the Langney Aerodrome Eastbourne. In 1915 he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) with the rank of lieutenant and in 1916 was awarded the Military Cross for his daring night bombing flights into enemy territory over Egypt and Palestine. He received the Distinguished Service Order in 1918 for his outstanding leadership in directing raids against Bulgarian and Austro-Hungarian armies.

In 1918, the RFC and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) were merged into the Royal Air Force.  In July 1919 he served in India and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) having gained three awards for gallantry and mentioned in dispatches on three occasions.

In 1923, Minchin joined one of the first British commercial airlines, Instone Air Line, operating from Croydon Aerodrome near London.

Disappearance
On 31 August 1927, Lieutenant-Colonel Minchin, Captain Leslie Hamilton and Princess Anne of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg took off from Upavon airfield in a Dutch Fokker F.VIIA named the St. Raphael in a bid to become the first aviators to cross the Atlantic from east to west.

The St. Raphael was last sighted some 800 miles west of Galway heading for Newfoundland. The St Raphael was never seen again, and the fate of Lieutenant Colonel Minchin, Captain Leslie Hamilton and Princess Loewenstein-Wertheim remains a mystery.

See also
 List of missing aircraft
 List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea

References

1890 births
1920s missing person cases
1927 deaths
Aviation pioneers
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commercial aviators
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
English aviators
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Minchin, Frederick F.
People declared dead in absentia
People lost at sea
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1927
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in international waters


Daughter of Venice is an historical fiction/young adult novel, published in 2002 by Random House Inc.

Plot summary
This story follows Donata, daughter of a wealthy noble in 1592.

Donata Mocenigo, daughter to one of the city's noble families, leads a life of wealthy privilege. But constrained by the strict rules of etiquette a young noblewoman must observe, she longs to throw off her veil and wander freely around the vibrant city she can see only from her balcony. So Donata comes up with a daring plan to escape the palazzo and explore - a plan that will change her own and her family's lives forever.

Donata Mocenigo is the daughter of a wealthy Venetian noble family, but resents her lack of freedom. Eventually she and her sisters conspire to let her dress up as a poor boy, and wander the city freely - her twin sister, Laura, taking her place around the household. On her first visit outside her palazzo, she injures her foot, wanders into the Jewish Ghetto, and meets a young man called Noé, who helps her and gives her a pair of shoes, in return for her working off the debt for him at a printers' workshop, copying out handbills.

Donata does so for a month, getting closer to Noé. Meanwhile, at home, she and Laura persuade their father to allow them to join their brothers in tutorials - Donata begins learning to read and write, and about architecture, business and history. Laura, however, is less interested, and quits tutorials after a short time.

As Donata and Laura are the second and third daughters in their family, and only the first (and sometimes second) daughter normally marries, both of them hope to find husbands instead of being sent to convents like their younger sisters, Maria and Paolina. However, during a dinnertime discussion, Donata's father announces that he has found not one, but two husbands - one for their older sister Andriana, and one for Donata, who has been selected partly because of being so hardworking. However, since it is Laura who has been working hard in her stead while she wanders around Venice, she feels horribly guilty and decides that she cannot get married - partly from loyalty to Laura, and partly because she is falling in love with Noé.

Eventually, she comes up with a plan: she writes a denunciation of herself, claiming that she has converted to Judaism, so that she will be embroiled in a scandal, withdrawn from the betrothal, and Laura can take her place. In the process her family discover that she has been leaving the palazzo, alone, but eventually the plan does succeed. Donata has no idea what her future will hold, but eventually her father reveals that her tutor, Messer Zonico, has gone to the University of Padua to persuade them to allow her to take up the doctorate course in philosophy. Donata is overjoyed, and hopes some day to become a tutor, like the one she admires, to other noble girls.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews described Daughter of Venice as "Compelling historical fiction", noted "Fascinating tidbits of information about Venice’s society, politics, history, and economy find their way painlessly into the narrative." and concluded "While readers will be rightly skeptical at Donata’s speedy mastery of not only written Venetian but Latin as well, they will nevertheless find themselves absorbed in her story and the snapshot of her city that it provides."  while Publishers Weekly wrote "Eschewing a traditional romance, Napoli forges a plot with contemporary elements." and "Enjoying the tour of historical Venice and the taste of its complex society and government, readers may not mind Donata's seeming immunity to the mores and prejudices of her day..."

References

2002 American novels
Novels set in Venice
Fiction set in 1592
American young adult novels
Wendy Lamb Books books


Dai Hoa is a commune the district of Đại Lộc District, Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam. The local economy is mainly agricultural, particularly rice production. The commune has an area of 71.2 square kilometers. It has a population of 6,743 inhabitants (as of 2008).
This commune borders the Thu Bồn River to the north, (Duy Xuyên District of Quảng Nam), Ái Nghĩa town to the north, Đại An commune to the west.
It includes villages: Quảng Huế, Hoà Thạch, Giao Thuỷ, Mỹ Hoà, Lộc Bình, Bộ Nam, Bàu Tây, Giáo Tây, Ái Mỹ, Bộ Bắc, Thượng Phước

Communes of Quảng Nam province
Populated places in Quảng Nam province


Immunoglobulin light chains that are circulating in serum in a free (unbound) state are called free light chains (FLCs). Measurement of the serum level of FLCs became practical as a clinical blood test in recent decades. These tests are used as an aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma and related disorders. There are two types of immunoglobulin light chain produced in humans, designated by the Greek letters kappa (κ) and lambda (λ). Comparing the ratio of κ FLCs to λ FLCs in a person's serum against reference ranges indicates whether that person may have a plasma cell tumour such as multiple myeloma or AL amyloidosis.

Structure
Each immunoglobulin light-chain molecule contains approximately 220 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain that is folded to form constant and variable region domains.
Each domain comprises two β-pleated sheets. The sheets are linked by a disulfide bridge and together form a roughly barrel-shaped structure known as a β-barrel.
The variable (V) domain of light chains has a high degree of structural diversity, particularly the antigen-binding region. In addition, the first 23 amino acids of the 1st variable domain framework region have a number of variations known as subgroups. Four kappa (Vκ1–Vκ4) and six lambda subgroups (Vλ1–Vλ6) can be identified. The specific subgroup structures influence the potential of the free light chains to polymerise such that AL amyloidosis is associated with Vλ6 and light-chain deposition disease with Vκ1 and Vκ4.

Synthesis
Kappa light-chain molecules are constructed from approximately 40 functional Vκ gene segments (chromosome 2), five Jκ gene segments and a single Cκ gene. Lambda molecules (chromosome 22) are constructed from about 30 Vλ gene segments and four pairs of functional Jλ gene segments and a Cλ gene.

Light chains are incorporated into immunoglobulin molecules during B-cell development and are expressed initially on the surface of pre B-cells. Production of light chains occurs throughout the rest of B-cell development and in plasma cells, where secretion is highest.

Production
The production of free immunoglobulin light chains in normal individuals is approximately 500 mg/day from bone marrow and lymph node cells. There is approximately 40% excess immunoglobulin light-chain production over immunoglobulin heavy-chain synthesis. Possibly this is simply to allow proper conformation of the intact immunoglobulin molecules, but an immunological role for the free light chains has also been proposed. There are approximately twice as many kappa-producing plasma cells as lambda plasma cells. Kappa free-light chains are normally monomeric, while lambda free-light chains tend to be dimeric, joined by disulphide bonds. Polymeric forms of both types of free light chain can also occur.

Metabolism
In normal individuals, free light chains are rapidly cleared from the blood and catabolised by the kidneys. Monomeric free light chains are cleared in 2–4 hours, and dimeric light chains in 3–6 hours. Removal may be prolonged to 2–3 days in people with complete renal failure. Human kidneys are composed of approximately half a million nephrons. Each nephron contains a glomerulus with basement membrane pores that allow filtration of immunoglobulin light chains and other small molecules from the blood into the proximal tubule of the nephron.

Filtered molecules are either excreted in the urine or may be specifically re-absorbed. Protein molecules that pass through the glomerular pores are either absorbed unchanged (such as albumin), degraded in the proximal tubular cells and absorbed (such as free light chains), or excreted as fragments. This re-absorption is mediated by a receptor complex (megalin/cubulin) and prevents the loss of large amounts of protein into the urine. It is very efficient and can process 10–30 g of low-molecular-weight proteins per day, so under normal conditions no light chains pass beyond the proximal tubules.

If immunoglobulin light chains are produced in sufficient amounts to overwhelm the proximal tubules' absorption mechanisms (usually due to the presence of a plasma cell tumour) the light chains enter the distal tubules and can appear in the urine (Bence Jones protein). The passage of large amounts of immunoglobulin light chains through the kidneys may cause inflammation or blockage of the kidney tubules.

The distal tubules of the kidneys secrete large amounts of uromucoid (Tamm–Horsfall protein). This is the dominant protein in normal urine and is thought to be important in preventing ascending urinary infections. It is a relatively small glycoprotein (80 kDa) that aggregates into polymers of 20–30 molecules. It contains a short amino-acid sequence that can specifically bind to some free light chains. Together they can form an insoluble precipitate which blocks the distal part of the nephrons. This is termed "cast nephropathy" or "myeloma kidney" and is typically found in patients with multiple myeloma. This can block the flow of urine causing the death of the respective nephrons. Rising concentrations of light chains are filtered by the remaining nephrons leading to a cycle of accelerating renal damage with rising concentrations of free light chains in the blood. At the same time, the amount of free light chains entering the urine will be decreased and will be zero if the patient stops producing urine (anuria). Conversely, urine concentrations of free light chains could increase if renal function improved in a multiple myeloma patient receiving treatment. This could account for the poor correlation frequently seen when urine and serum free light-chain concentrations are compared.

The 500 mg of FLCs produced per day by the normal lymphoid system, however, flows through the glomeruli and is completely processed by the proximal tubules. If the proximal tubules of the nephrons are damaged or stressed (such as in hard exercise), filtered FLCs may not be completely metabolised and small amounts may then appear in the urine.

Clinical use
Serum free light-chain assays have been used in a number of published studies which have indicated superiority over the urine tests, particularly for patients producing low levels of monoclonal free light chains, as seen in nonsecretory multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis. This is primarily because of the re-absorption of free light chains in the kidneys, creating a threshold of light chain production which must be exceeded before measurable quantities overflow into the urine. While there are a number of publications indicating that serum free light chain analysis is preferable to urine analysis at diagnosis, there is currently no consensus on whether urine tests for monitoring should be replaced.

A series of studies, principally from the Mayo Clinic, have indicated that patients with an abnormal free kappa to free lambda ratio have an increased risk of progression to active myeloma from precursor conditions including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smouldering myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma of the bone. Abnormal free light chain production has also been reported to be prognostic of a worse outcome in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. An abnormal light-chain ratio has been defined as a kappa to lambda chain ratio of less than 0.26 or more than 1.65.

Guidelines
In 2009, the International Myeloma Working Group published guidelines making recommendations of when serum free light-chain analysis should be used in the management of multiple myeloma.

Diagnosis
The serum free light-chain assay in combination with serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunofixation electrophoresis is sufficient to screen for pathological monoclonal plasmaproliferative disorders other than AL amyloidosis which requires all the serum tests as well as 24 h urine immunofixation electrophoresis.

Monitoring
Serial serum free light-chain measurement should be routinely performed in patients with AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma patients with oligosecretory disease.  It should also be done in all patients who have achieved a complete response to treatment to determine whether they have attained a stringent complete response.

Other guidelines for the use of serum free light chain measurement in the management of AL amyloidosis, plasmacytoma and the comparison of treatment responses in clinical trials have also been published.

Technical and clinical reviews of serum free light-chain measurement have recently been written by Pratt and Jagannath.

References

External links
 Serum free light chains at Lab Tests Online

Blood tests


Shri Santaji Jagnade Maharaj (1624–1688) was one of fourteen cymbal players employed by Shri Tukaram Maharaja, a prominent Marathi Sant. Jagnade wrote their own Abhangs and also recorded several of Tukaram's Abhangs, He belonged to the Teli caste of oil producers. Jagnade was born and brought up in Sadumbare in the Maval tehsil in the Pune District. He was a Varkari, a devotee of Lord Vittala (or Vithobā), an incarnation of Lord Krishna, who in turn, is considered in Hinduism to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. A stamp commemorating Jagnade was released in February 2009 by the Indian Postal Service.

Life

Sant Santaji Jagnade Maharaj was born in 8th Dec 1624 in Chakan village, near Dehu, in Khed tehsil of Pune District, Maharashtra.
He was born to a pious, dutiful and God loving couple Shri Vithoba Pant Mathabai.
Chakan was a famous market place. Santaji’s father Vithobapant Jagnade was engaged in the avocation of producing edible oil. Santaji grew up in a serene and blessed rural atmosphere. He also continued his ancestral business. As per the prevalent social custom of the times, he was married at the age of twelve to Yamuna and continued his business. But after marriage, he became disinterested in family life and materialistic pursuits and turned to spiritual solace through religious discourses. He took to Kirtans and Bhajans and decided to renounce all worldly pleasures to attain the sublime. Finally he left home abandoning his parents and wife.

In the company of Tukaram Maharaj, he began to write psalms, Santaji became a shadow of Tukaram Maharaj, a true spiritual companion in his religious voyage. Through his writing, he awakened the spiritual consciousness of his contemporaries. The people felt indebted to him for his devotional writings. Santaji’s Abhangs are glorified verses which illustrate his literary skills and talents.

Efflorescence of his poetic skills are evident in his poems “Shankar Deepika”, “Yogachi Wat” Nirgunachya Lavnya. “Tel Sindhu” etc. During this period arose a religious upheaval against Tukaram’s “Gatha’ from the orthodox class. Some anti-social destroyed the manuscripts of Tukaram’s “Gatha” by throwing them into the lndrayani River. Santaji was greatly pained by this boorish act and resolved to rewrite the Abhangs from his and other’s memories and restore their original glory. He accomplished this self-imposed duty by penning down his recollections of the Abhangs as far as he could remember. He toured all over Maharashtra and visited each and every village to collect copies of whatever the spiritual disciples and followers of Tukaram had noted down from his Abhangs. He made people recite the Abhangs, they had memorized and wrote them down. Santaji being the original writer of the Manuscript of Tukaram’s Gatha, it was easier for him to recapitulate the Abhangs from his memory. Thus by undertaking the laborious duty of putting bits together, he recreated Tukaram’s Gatha as recited by Tukaram and gave it a rebirth. This was the second edition of the ‘Gatha” rewritten by the original writer Santaji. Tukaram’s Gatha” lost under the waves of lndrayani, rose again to take its rightful place in the hearts of the sea of masses not because of the blessings of Goddess Saraswati alone, but due to the painstaking efforts and boundless devotion and endeavour of Santaji.

Teachings
Santaji’s teachings were as valuable as that of other Saints. He was illumined soul who believed in the universality of love and compassion. His famous preachings are As Below
(1) Avoid unhealthy competitions
(2) Never discriminate man from man
(3) Never be egoistic or a victim of jealousy or worldly pride
(4) Guide your actions to benefit humanity and welfare of mankind
(5) Give importance to people’s welfare
(6) Earn wealth through right paths and spend liberally
(7) Never despise others, be compassionate.
Santaji preached such noble and universally true words of wisdom. In the ultimate analysis the philosophy and preaching of Santa Tukaram and Sant Jagnade were one and the same. Therefore, at this juncture of spiritual crisis, which has enveloped the whole world, it is befitting to remember and honour the great soul Santaji Jagnade, whose thoughts and philosophy remain immortal.

Legacy
Santaji's postage Stamp was published by Indian Post on 09-02-2009.

References

Indian percussionists
1624 births
1688 deaths


Cynheidre Colliery was a coal mine located in the Gwendraeth valley, in Carmarthenshire, South Wales. Opened in 1954, it closed in 1989.

Cynheidre was developed by the National Coal Board as one of the West Wales "super pits" alongside Abernant Colliery in the River Amman valley, a post-World War II investment intended to keep economic coal mining a viable industry in the area. Created to exploit  of deep lying anthracite seams, it was envisaged to eventually encompass the working of the drift mines at the Great Mountain Colliery and Pentremawr.

Between 1954 and 1956, shafts No.1 (upcast ) and No.2 (downcast ) were sunk  south of Pentremawr, to give economic access to the deeper lying extents of the anthracite seams which couldn't be worked economically by slant mining.

In 1955, shaft No.3 was created. Originally sunk for ventilating Glynhebog drift mine, it was extended to a depth of  to meet the workings at Cynheidre, providing an upcast. By 1960, the colliery employed 650 men producing 30,757 tons of coal.

In 1962, shaft No.4 downcast was created next to shaft No.3, to a depth of . After these developments, Pentremawr was integrated under Cynheidre in 1973, connected both underground as well as overground by the Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway.

From both the structure of local geology and knowledge from workings at Pentremawr, it was known that the coal field suffered from methane gas intrusion. On 6 April 1971 six miners lost their lives in an explosion of methane gas and fine coal dust. In 1972, Cynheidre produced 472,000 tons of coal employing 1,430 men.

Cynheidre was to be the site of the proposed Carway Fawr Drift Mine. Development work started in 1986, but along with the residual Cynheidre underground workings, closed in January 1989 while employing 1,043 men.

In 2006, the site was proposed as the location of a human waste-to-compost plant, but was turned down on planning permission. In 2009 Gwendraeth Valley Recycling Ltd established a Waste Transfer Station / Recycling Yard at the site of the former Carway Fawr winding shed/ control room and yard, within Cynheidre Colliery to the North of shafts 1 and 2.

References

External links
Cynheidre Colliery at WelshCoalMines.co.uk
Cynheidre Colliery at BBC Wales

Collieries in South Wales
Underground mines in Wales
Buildings and structures in Carmarthenshire
Llanelli Rural


Henry Simard (17 February 1836 – 6 November 1895) was a Canadian merchant and political figure in Quebec, Canada. Simard served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1895. During that time, he represented the electoral district of Charlevoix  as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Henry Simard was born on 17 February 1836 in Murray Bay, Lower Canada to Thomas Simard. He was educated at the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière in La Pocatière, Quebec. In 1851, Simard married Justine Gagnon, the daughter of fellow Liberal political figure Adolphe Gagnon (b. 1810 - d. 1885).
Simard served as an assistant inspector for Weights and Measures for Charlevoix for 15 years before he began his political career. He was elected to office on 5 March 1891 and died in office on 6 November 1895. He was 59 years old at the time of his death and he had served approximately 1,708 days (4 years, 8 months, and 4 days) in office.

References

 The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill
 Journals of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada, Volume 10

1836 births
1895 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Mayors of places in Quebec


Lucien Descaves (16 March 1861– 6 September 1949) was a French novelist.

Selected works
 Le Calvaire de Héloïse Pajadou (1883) [Héloïse Pajadou's Calvary. Sunny Lou Publishing , 2021]

Further reading

External links

 Archive of Lucien Descaves Papers at the International Institute of Social History

1861 births
1949 deaths
Novelists from Paris
19th-century French novelists
20th-century French novelists
Place of death missing
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
20th-century French male writers

French anarchists


Rhabdomiris striatellus is a bug found widespread through the Europe with the exception of the extreme north and the southern Mediterranean. Its range extends east across Asia Minor to the Caucasus. It is common in the British Isles. The species is associated with oak trees. The body of the insect reaches . The body is yellow to reddish brown and has yellow veins and dark stripes on its wings. The bug can also be much darker and similar to its relative, Miris striatus. The larvae suck flowers and fruits while the adults prey on aphids and the larvae of other insects.

References

External links

Miridae
Hemiptera of Europe
Insects described in 1794
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius


The Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal. It is published by the BMJ Group on behalf of the European League Against Rheumatism and covers all aspects of rheumatology, including musculoskeletal conditions, arthritis, and connective tissue diseases. The journal publishes basic, clinical, and translational research, as well as abstracts from conferences. The journal was established in 1939. Each issue, the editor-in-chief selects a paper to be published open access as an "Editors Choice". The editor-in-chief is Josef Smolen.

Lay summaries
The journal publishes lay summaries for patients and non-clinicians that explain the findings and treatment implications arising from key research papers published in the journal. Written by BMJs Best Health team, they are also checked for accuracy by the journal's editors.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica, and BIOSIS Previews. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2022 impact factor is 27.4.

The journal has been cited most often by: Arthritis & Rheumatism, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Rheumatology, Journal of Rheumatology, and Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. The journals it has cited most are Arthritis & Rheumatism, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Journal of Rheumatology, Rheumatology, and Journal of Immunology.

References

External links

BMJ Group academic journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1939
English-language journals
Rheumatology journals


Voltage 2.3: Remixed and Revisited is the second full-length album by Canadian Cyberpunk/Industrial metal band Left Spine Down. The album was released on March 3, 2009 via Synthetic Sounds and features 3 newly recorded songs along with remixes and segues. The new songs being "Welcome to the Future" along with covers of "Territorial Pissings" by Nirvana and "She's Lost Control" by Joy Division.

Track listing

References

External links
Left Spine Down Official Site
Synthetic Sounds Official Site
Fighting for Voltage on Amazon.ca
Fighting for Voltage on Amazon MP3 Store

Left Spine Down albums
2009 remix albums


The British Journal of Sports Medicine is a twice-monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering sports science and sports medicine including sport physiotherapy. It is published by the BMJ Group. It was established in 1964 and the editor-in-chief from 2008 to 2020 was Karim M. Khan (University of British Columbia). Jonathan Drezner (University of Washington) has been editor-in-chief since January 1, 2021.

Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 18.4.

International Olympic Committee consensus statements
Since 2009, the journal has partnered with the International Olympic Committee to produce regular consensus statements regarding important issues in sports injury prevention and elite sport. Some of the recent examples include Consensus Statements on concussions in sport (the "Berlin guidelines"), relative energy deficiency in sport, the relationship between training load and injury, mental health issues in athletes, and methods for injury and illness surveillance. These statements can assist in guiding clinicians.

Controversies
In October 2018, over 170 academics signed a letter to the journal complaining after it ran an opinion piece by Aseem Malhotra. The group argued that the article made the "misleading and wrong" statement that saturated fat did not cause heart disease. Fiona Godlee, editor-in-chief of The BMJ, defended the journal's right to challenge "the status quo in some settings".

The IOC consensus statements are also not without controversy, with some writers accusing them of excessive conflict of interest. Another conflict of interest was raised by Pielke et al. about the accuracy of a study published in the journal later used in the drafting of IAAF regulations on permitted testosterone levels for female athletes.

A former editor, Paul McCrory, was found to have plagiarised one of more articles he wrote in the journal around 2005, forcing one retraction and public criticism of the governance of the journal during this period.

References

External links

Sports medicine journals
Academic journals established in 1964
BMJ Group academic journals
English-language journals
Semi-monthly journals
Sports medicine in the United Kingdom


The British Journal of Ophthalmology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of ophthalmology. The journal was established in 1917 by the amalgamation of the Royal London (Moorfields) Ophthalmic Hospital Reports with the Ophthalmoscope and the Ophthalmic Record. The journal was edited for several years by Stewart Duke-Elder. Currently, Keith Barton, James Chodosh, and Jost Jonasand are editors-in-chief.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus, PubMed, Current Contents, Excerpta Medica, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.1.

References

External links

Ophthalmology journals
Monthly journals
BMJ Group academic journals
Academic journals established in 1917
English-language journals


In computer science, an FM-index is a compressed full-text substring index based on the Burrows–Wheeler transform, with some similarities to the suffix array. It was created by Paolo Ferragina and Giovanni Manzini, who describe it as an opportunistic data structure as it allows compression of the input text while still permitting fast substring queries. The name stands for Full-text index in Minute space.

It can be used to efficiently find the number of occurrences of a pattern within the compressed text, as well as locate the position of each occurrence. The query time, as well as the required storage space, has a sublinear complexity with respect to the size of the input data.

The original authors have devised improvements to their original approach and dubbed it "FM-Index version 2". A further improvement, the alphabet-friendly FM-index, combines the use of compression boosting and wavelet trees to significantly reduce the space usage for large alphabets.

The FM-index has found use in, among other places, bioinformatics.

Background

Using an index is a common strategy to efficiently search a large body of text. When the text is larger than what reasonably fits within a computer's main memory, there is a need to compress not only the text but also the index. When the FM-index was introduced, there were several suggested solutions that were based on traditional compression methods and tried to solve the compressed matching problem. In contrast, the FM-index is a compressed self-index, which means that it compresses the data and indexes it at the same time.

FM-index data structure

An FM-index is created by first taking the Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT) of the input text. For example, the BWT of the string "abracadabra$" is "ard$rcaaaabb", and here it is represented by the matrix  where each row is a rotation of the text, and the rows have been sorted lexicographically. The transform corresponds to the concatenation of the characters from the last column (labeled ).

The BWT in itself allows for some compression with, for instance, move to front and Huffman encoding, but the transform has even more uses. The rows in the matrix are essentially the sorted suffixes of the text and the first column F of the matrix shares similarities with suffix arrays. How the suffix array relates to the BWT lies at the heart of the FM-index.

Count

The operation count takes a pattern  and returns the number of occurrences of that pattern in the original text . Since the rows of matrix  are sorted, and it contains every suffix of , the occurrences of pattern  will be next to each other in a single continuous range. The operation iterates backwards over the pattern. For every character in the pattern, the range that has the character as a suffix is found. For example, the count of the pattern "bra" in "abracadabra" follows these steps:
 The first character we look for is , the last character in the pattern. The initial range is set to . This range over  represents every character of  that has a suffix beginning with a.
 The next character to look for is . The new range is   , if  is the index of the beginning of the range and  is the end. This range over  is all the characters of  that have suffixes beginning with ra.
 The last character to look at is . The new range is   . This range over  is all the characters that have a suffix that begins with bra. Now that the whole pattern has been processed, the count is the same as the size of the range: .

If the range becomes empty or the range boundaries cross each other before the whole pattern has been looked up, the pattern does not occur in . Because  can be performed in constant time, count can complete in linear time in the length of the pattern:  time.

Locate

The operation locate takes as input an index of a character in  and returns its position  in . For instance . To locate every occurrence of a pattern, first the range of character is found whose suffix is the pattern in the same way  the count operation found the range. Then the position of every character in the range can be located.

To map an index in  to one in , a subset of the indices in  are associated with a position in . If  has a position associated with it,  is trivial. If it's not associated, the string is followed with  until an associated index is found. By associating a suitable number of indices, an upper bound can be found. Locate can be implemented to find occ occurrences of a pattern  in a text  in  time with  bits per input symbol for any .

Applications

DNA read mapping

FM index with backtracking has been successfully (>2000 citations) applied to approximate string matching/sequence alignment, See Bowtie http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/index.shtml

See also
 Burrows–Wheeler transform
 Suffix array
 Compressed suffix array
 Sequence alignment
 Wavelet Tree

References

Substring indices
String data structures


Gerardus Meinardus Bruggink (4 August 1917 – 5 December 2005) was a Dutch pilot of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force. A recipient of the Military Order of William, he was one of only four Dutch pilots to dogfight the Japanese in the Battle of Java.

Born in Tubbergen, Overijssel, Bruggink followed a Catholic seminary. He met his wife, Corien, while serving in the Dutch East Indies and they were married in January 1942. A replica B-339C Brewster Buffalo (B-3107) was built in July 2008 and delivered to the National Military Museum in Soesterberg, Netherlands, carrying the markings of the plane flown by Bruggink.

Military William Order flight
Bruggink, along with Lt. August Deibel and Officer Cadet Jan Scheffer, volunteered to join Capt. Jacob van Helsdingen on his mission using the last three working Buffalo aircraft on Andir airfield. The four pilots took off on March 7, 1942 and proceeded to Lembang to provide air support for ground troops fighting the Japanese in the city.

Helsdingen's squadron travelled 200 kilometers when they encountered a Japanese aircraft, which Deibel attacked before it escaped. Some time later, three Japanese A6M Zeros appeared. Deibel fired at two of them which turned away, but was hit in the oil tank by the third Zero and had to break off from combat. His wingman, Jan Scheffer escorted him back to Andir airfield under a tropical rainstorm, where Deibel crashed landed his aircraft without suffering any injuries. Helsdingen and Bruggink remained above Lembang, but were now dogfighting six Zeroes. Helsdingen was soon shot down, but Bruggink managed to escape into the clouds before returning to Andir airfield. Dutch forces in Lembang surrendered the next day. All four Dutch pilots were awarded the Military William Order on July 14, 1948. Bruggink also received the Airman's Cross.

Later life

After the Dutch East Indies surrendered, Bruggink became a prisoner of war and was forced to work on the infamous Burma Railway, while his wife was interned in a camp in Java. They were reunited in December 1945, after the war.

In 1955, Bruggink left the Royal Netherlands Air Force and emigrated with his family to the United States, where he worked as a flight instructor for civil aviation in Texas. In 1959 Bruggink started working for various research organizations inspecting aircraft incidents and air safety. Initially a civilian flight instructor in Texas for the U.S. Army, Bruggink later worked for Aviation Crash Injury Research (AvCIR) in Phoenix. In 1963, Bruggink worked for USABAAR (U.S. Army Board for Aviation Accident Research) at Fort Rucker, Alabama. In 1969 he was appointed to be Chief of Human Factors at the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). He retired from the NTSB in 1982 as the Deputy Director, Office of Aviation Safety, but maintained a keen interest in aviation safety matters and published numerous air-safety-related papers. He died in his home in Skipperville, Alabama, on 5 December 2005, after a long illness. He was 88 years old.

See also
Jacob van Helsdingen
August Deibel

References

1917 births
2005 deaths
Burma Railway prisoners
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Dutch prisoners of war in World War II
Dutch Roman Catholics
Knights Fourth Class of the Military Order of William
People from Tubbergen
Recipients of the Airman's Cross
Recipients of the Bronze Cross (Netherlands)
Royal Netherlands Air Force officers
Royal Netherlands Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Netherlands Air Force pilots
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officers
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan


Racism and xenophobia have been reported and investigated in Sweden. Sweden has the most segregated labor market of people with foreign background in Europe, when measured against both high and low educational level by OECD statistics.  According to the European Network Against Racism, skin color and ethnic/religious background have significant impact on an individual's opportunities in the labor market.

Due to increased immigration from Muslim majority countries in the 21st century, Islamophobia in Sweden has increased with anti-immigration views growing stronger in the country. The country has also recorded instances of antisemitism, which has increased in recent years because radicalized members of the increased Muslim population have targeted Jews. Several white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations are also active in Sweden, including the Nordic Resistance Movement.

Racism

Anti-Black and anti-Indigenous racism in Sweden are rooted in the history of the Swedish colonization of the Indigenous Sámi people, the Swedish slave trade, and Swedish colonialism in Africa, North America, and Asia, as well as Swedish government promotion of racist ideologies. Swedish colonization of Sámi land began in the 14th century and intensified in the 17th century when the Swedish state encouraged settlers from the south to move to the north. Due to Swedish state policy, Sámi people have historically been "denied their rights" and "the Sami identity has been defined on the basis of stigmatising and racist conceptions." Swedish colonies included the Swedish Gold Coast in what is now Ghana, the Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy, and New Sweden in what is now Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey.

In 2021, the Church of Sweden apologized for its abuse of Sámi people over several centuries, including forcible Christianization, the mistreatment of children in Sámi schools, and collecting the remains of Sámi people for research on scientific racism and eugenics. The Church of Sweden described their "dark actions" against the Sámi as "colonial" and "legitimized repression". Prior to apologizing, the Church of Sweden had produced a 1,100 page long document in 2019 compiling the church's history of oppressing Sámi people and erasing Sámi culture.

The Swedish role in colonialism and the enslavement of Africans has been characterized as being "little known" by the general Swedish public, despite the persistence of reminders of slavery and colonialism in Swedish art, architecture, and placenames. During the 20th century, the State Institute for Racial Biology was active in promoting eugenics and scientific racism within Swedish society. In 2022, following a five day visit to Sweden, the United Nations International Independent Expert Mechanism stated that the Swedish government needed to develop strategies to address systemic racism.

Islamophobia

The report Racism and Xenophobia in Sweden by the Board of Integration state that Muslims are exposed to the most religious harassment in Sweden. Almost 40% of the interviewed said they had witnessed verbal abuse directed at Muslims. Historically, attitudes towards Muslims in Sweden have been mixed with relations being largely negative in the early 16th century, improving in the 18th century, and declining once again with the rise of Swedish nationalism in the early 20th century. According to Jonas Otterbeck, a Swedish historian of religion, attitudes towards Islam and Muslims today have improved but "the level of prejudice was and is still high." Islamophobia can manifest itself through discrimination in the workforce, prejudiced coverage in the media, and violence against Muslims.

Nazism

Sweden is home to several white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations, including:

 Swedish Resistance Movement, the Swedish branch of the Nordic Resistance Movement

Former organizations and parties include:

 National Alliance
 National Socialist Front
 National Youth
 Party of the Swedes
 White Aryan Resistance
 The Nordic Realm Party
 Legion Wasa

The Nordic Resistance Movement has been noted as a leading neo-Nazi organization in Sweden, exporting extremism throughout Scandinavia and maintaining ties with extremist groups elsewhere in Europe, South Africa, and North America. Contemporary white supremacist groups are part of a century-long history of Nazi and neo-Nazi activism in Sweden.

The right-wing populist Sweden Democrats, the second largest party in the Riksdag, was founded by far right activists who were involved in neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and fascist movements, including one co-founder who had been a Waffen-SS volunteer. The parties advocates Swedish nationalism and immigration restrictions. The party has since claimed and been described to have rejected racism and extremism, instead endorsing ″cultural nationalism″. Party members claim that since 2005, when Jimmie Åkesson became party leader, that the party had undergone reforms. Critics accuse the party of having not completely rejected its fascist history, with anti-fascists alleging that the party remains racist and neo-Nazi.

Antisemitism

Following Germany and Austria, Sweden has the highest rate of antisemitic incidents in Europe, although the Netherlands has reported a higher rate of antisemitism for some years. A government commissioned study from 2006 estimated that 15% of Swedes agree with the statement: "The Jews have too much influence in the world today." A multinational public-opinion study that was carried out by the American Jewish Committee in March – April 2005 (Thinking about the Holocaust 60 Years Later) shows how the view that Jews exert “too much influence” on world events is more prevalent in Poland, Austria and Germany than in Sweden, but also indicates that Swedes agree with this statement to a similar extent as Americans and the British. In reference to the statement that the Jews “exploit” the Holocaust for their own purposes, the same study indicates that this view is more prevalent amongst Swedes than amongst Americans and the British but equally as prevalent amongst Austrians and the French. 5% of the total adult population and 39% of adult Muslims   "harbour systematic antisemitic views". The former prime minister Göran Persson described these results as "surprising and terrifying." However, the rabbi of Stockholm's Orthodox Jewish community, Meir Horden, said that "It's not true to say that the Swedes are anti-Semitic. Some of them are hostile to Israel because they support the weak side, which they perceive the Palestinians to be." Further, a new study conducted by the ADL showed greatly contrasting results with Swedish respondents indicating antisemitic tendencies among a mere 4% of the population.

A record of 60 antisemitic attacks were reported in 2012 in the city of Malmö, up from an average 22 in the two years before that. 35 cases were reported in the first half of 2013, making it on pace to break the record. The Jewish community say that radical members of the Muslim population in the city are responsible for most of the attacks. According to a survey conducted by the Fundamental Rights Agency, in 40% of serious antisemitic harassment incidents the perpetrator was identified as someone with a Muslim extremist ideology.

See also
Anti-Finnish sentiment
Nordicism
Scandinavian colonialism

Sources

References

External links
 European network against racism
 "Swedish culture minister in 'racist cake' row", Al Jazeera, April 18,  2012
 "Swedish minister in 'racist cake' controversy", BBC News, April 18, 2012
 Swedish whiteness and Swedish racism Presentation by Tobias Hübinette at the No Border Camp 2012, Stockholm, June 21, 2012

Society of Sweden
Sweden


The Bristol Babe was a British-built light single-seat biplane, intended for the private flyer and produced immediately after the First World War. Only two flew.

Development
The Bristol Babe was the creation of Frank Barnwell, a flying enthusiast as well as Bristol's chief designer. It was aimed at the private owner flyer and was a small single-engined single-seat biplane with unswept staggered single-bay wings of unequal span. Full-span ailerons were fitted on the top wing only. The fuselage was plywood-skinned, with fabric covering it for protection. The cockpit was below the upper wing trailing edge with rounded decking aft to the tail. The fin and rudder were generous and rounded, the undercarriage a conventional single-axle plus tailskid arrangement.

Finding a suitable small engine proved difficult. The original intention was to use the 60 hp (50 kW) ABC Gadfly radial, but in April 1919 ABC pulled out of aero-engine manufacture. A possible alternative was the 40 hp (30 kW) flat-twin Siddeley Ounce currently being developed, so a third Babe was begun as a testbed. In the meantime, Barnwell resurrected a 1911 Viale 35 hp five-cylinder radial engine of 45 hp (34 kW) that had been installed in an  Avro Type F and which had been put into storage following a crash. This engine ran satisfactorily for up to half an hour, after which it tended to overheat. This was installed in the second Babe which made its first flight on 28 November 1919. The pilot, Cyril Uwins reported that it was an easy aircraft for an experienced pilot but rather unstable for a novice. Though it was useful for testing, the old Viale was not reliable enough for sale, so following discussions at the Paris Aero Show in November 1919, two seven-cylinder 60 hp (50 kW) Le Rhône Type 7B2 rotary engines were ordered for the first two Babes. The third Babe appeared at this show with an incomplete Ounce engine.

The second Babe built was referred to as the Babe I when it had the Viale engine and then as the Babe III with the Le Rhône engine. The Le Rhône-powered first machine was the other Babe III. The Ounce-powered third machine, designated Babe II, never flew, but the two Babe IIIs did and were registered over the winter of 1919-20.

The first Babe underwent a drastic modification in May 1920 when it received a thick cantilever monoplane wing. Safety concerns prevented its testing and by February 1921 both aircraft were off the Civil Register. The Viale engine is now in the Science Museum, London. In the retrospective allocation of Bristol type numbers made in 1923, the Babe I was labelled Type 30, the Babe IIs as Type 46 and the unflown Babe III the Type 46A.

Specifications (Babe III)

References

Citations

Bibliography

Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s British sport aircraft
Babe
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Rotary-engined aircraft


Giuseppe Ferlendis (1755–1810) was an Italian oboist and composer. In 1777, he was appointed oboist at the Court Chapel of Salzburg, with a yearly stipend of 540 florins (higher than that of Mozart by 40 florins). He died in Lisbon. His brother Pietro and his nephews Gerardo, Faustino and Antonio were all professional oboists.

Works
Oboe Concerto No. 1 in F Major (c. 1777)
Oboe Concerto No. 2 in C Major
Oboe Concerto No. 3 in C Major
English Horn Concerto in F Major

References

Sources
 Alfredo Bernardini, "Ferlendis, Giuseppe" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians edited by Stanley Sadie, volume 8, page 682

1755 births
1810 deaths
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian composers
Italian male composers
Italian oboists
Male oboists