The Haugean movement or Haugeanism () was a Pietistic state church reform movement intended to bring new life and vitality into the Church of Norway, which had been often characterized by formalism and lethargy. The movement emphasized personal diligence, enterprise and frugality.

Background
The Haugean movement took its name from the lay evangelist Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824). It played an important part in nurturing the democratic folk movement of the time, and stimulating the entrance into politics of representatives of the rural population. It increased tensions between the more privileged classes and the common people, as well as between the clergy and the laity.

Hans Nielsen Hauge worked as a lay preacher at a time when such activity was forbidden by law. The Conventicle Act of 1741 () prohibited any religious meetings (conventicles) not authorized by the state church: a response to radical Pietism within Norwegian cities. The act decreed that religious gatherings could be held only under the supervision of a state-approved minister of the Church of Norway. The pastor was thought to be the only person who could correctly interpret Christian teachings. The ministers had the sole right to administer the sacraments, and as a public official he was accountable to the state for the Christian indoctrination of his flock.

Hauge came to feel that he had a divine call which made it mandatory for him to break this law and proclaim the word of God directly among his fellowmen. He advocated a priesthood of all believers. He felt that people had to be awakened to a consciousness of their sins before they could begin to gain salvation through the grace of God. According to Hauge's views, the state church failed to provide parishioners with a personal religious experience. Hauge’s religious teachings were therefore viewed as attacks on the state church and its ministers.

Over a period of 18 years, Hauge published 33 books. Hauge traveled, mostly by foot, throughout much of Norway. Hauge was arrested several times and faced state persecution. He was imprisoned no less than fourteen times between 1794 and 1811, spending a total of nine years in prison. Upon his release from prison in 1811, he took up work as a farmer and industrialist at Bakkehaugen near Christiania (now Oslo). He later bought the Bredtvet farm (now the current site of Bredtvet Church in Oslo) where he lived out his life.

In the movement's early days, Hauge's emphasis on equality between men and women was a key aspect; women such as Sara Oust served as lay preachers.

Impact
The teachings of Hauge had considerable influence with Norway.  Within commerce, many Haugeans launched industry initiatives, including mills, shipyards, paper mills, textile industry and printing house. Within political activities, three Haugeans – John Hansen Sørbrøden, Christopher Borgersen Hoen and Ole Rasmussen Apeness – were in attendance at the National Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.

Within popular culture, the character Solveig in Peer Gynt (1876) by Henrik Ibsen  is presented as a member of a Haugean family, and this religious affiliation is clearly related to her purity and steadfast love for the play's protagonist. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's work Synnøve Solbakken (1857) also presents the heroine as a Haugean with similar purity and commitment to her eventual betrothed, Thorbjørn. A vivid picture of Haugeans appears in the novels of Alexander Kielland. Adolph Tidemand portrayed Hauge and his followers in the painting Haugianerne (1852).

In September 1817 , a ship with 500 immigrants from Württemberg, Germany, including a number of Rappites (followers of Pietist separatist George Rapp), was forced to stop in Norway because of poor weather conditions. Staying in Bergen for about a year and provided with housing by the authorities, they were warmly accepted by the Haugeans. The two groups found much in common and held devotions together, with some of the Germans learning Norwegian during their stay. Samson Trae, a Haugean leader, noted that "It gave us extreme joy to realize that the foundation of your faith accords with the true word of God." After Rapp's followers left to settle in the United States, the two groups remained in contact for at least some time. In one letter, the Rappites stated, "Our hearts have often longed for your loving and edifying company since we came to America. We have longed more for Bergen than for Germany because of the love with which you received us and re-freshed us in body and spirit."

The influence of Hans Nielsen Hauge within Norway coincided with the years during which many Norwegians were immigrating to North America. The Haugean influence on Lutheranism in America has been considerable. For example, the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States was a Haugean. Lutherans in the U.S. had a Hauge Synod, Eielsen Synod, and Lutheran Free Church all indicative of that influence. He is honored and his writings are studied by American Laestadians, also called Apostolic Lutherans. (Most Laestadian denominations did not merge.) Hauge is remembered on the liturgical calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on March 29 as one of the renewers of the church.

Opposition
In opposition to the Haugean movement's perceived legalistic, excessive focus on works righteousness, the Strong Believers movement was formed. Its leader, lay preacher Knud Spødervold, published his book  ('The Dispensation of God's Grace') in 1848. It was a polemic theological critique of the Haugeans, Moravian Church, Quakers, and others. This resulted in a "fierce bitterness" between the Haugeans and Spødervold.

See also
Religion in Norway
Läsare, a similar Pietistic movement in Sweden
Nyevangelism, a movement that had some influence on Haugeanism

References

Other sources
 Amundsen, Arne Bugge (1997) The Haugean Heritage – a Symbol of National History (from "In Search of Symbols. An Explorative Study" Jens Braarvig & Thomas Krogh,editors, pp. 214–233. Department of Cultural Studies, University of Oslo)
 Eielsen, Sigrid  (2000) A Haugean Woman in America : the Autobiography of Sigrid Eielsen (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Northfield, Minn., vol. 35)
 Gjerde,  S. S. & Ljostveit, P. (1941) The Hauge Movement In America  (The Hauge Inner Mission Federation)
Wee, Mons Olson (1919) Haugeanism: A Brief Sketch of the Movement and Some of Its Chief Exponents (Harvard University)

Related reading
Aarflot, Andreas (1979) Hans Nielsen Hauge, his life and message (Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, MN.)
Arnesen, Daniel (2001) Haugianske vennebrev (P. Øverland)  (Norwegian)
Bull, Jacob Breda (1912) Hans Nielsen Hauge (Kristania: Steen'ske Bogtrykkeri Og Forlag)
Pettersen, Wilhelm (2008) The Light In The Prison Window: The Life Story of Hans Nielsen Hauge (Kessinger Publishing, LLC)
Hauge, Alfred (1947) Hans Nielsen Hauge: Guds vandringsmann  (Ansgar)  (Norwegian)
Shaw, Joseph M. (1979) Pulpit Under the Sky: A Life of Hans Nielsen Hauge (Greenwood Press Reprint)
Sjursen, Finn Wiig (1993) Den haugianske periode, 1796–ca. 1850 (NLA-forlaget)  (Norwegian)
 Thorvaldsen, Steinar  (2010) A Prophet Behind the Plough, Hans Nielsen Hauge and his Ministry (University of Tromsø)

External links
Luther Seminary: Hauge Synod
Hans Nielsen Hauges Minde

19th-century Lutheranism
Lutheran revivals
Lutheran theology
Christian movements
Lutheranism in Norway
Lutheranism in the United States


BuyMyTronics.com was an electronics resale business in Denver, Colorado, founded in 2007 as BuyMyBrokeniPod.com. Its business model was to purchase used and broken cell phones, iPods, iPhones, game consoles, pdas, MP3 players, Apple laptops, and other electronics that have been replaced by newer models.

History
In 2007, BuyMyTronics.com was operated and founded by Brett Mosley. In his first year, he hired two employees, fixed 1,000 iPods, and branched out into fixing his first dozen iPhones and game consoles. Fixed models were resold online, and other models were scrapped for their parts; Mosley stated that this was both profitable and productive toward electronic waste mitigation. His company repaired, resold, or stripped hundreds items of electronic waste per week, including cell phones, iPods, iPhones, game consoles, PDAs, Apple laptops, and MP3 players, and offered free shipping.

In 2013, BuyMyTronics was purchased and became part of the GameStop Network.

See also
 Electronic waste in the United States
 Mobile phone recycling

References

External links
 BuyMyTronics.com

2007 establishments in Colorado
2013 disestablishments in Colorado
2013 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 2007
American companies disestablished in 2013
Companies based in Denver
Computer companies established in 2007
Computer companies disestablished in 2013
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 2007
Electronics companies disestablished in 2013
Electronic waste in the United States
GameStop
Mobile phone recycling
Waste management companies of the United States


"Show Don't Tell" is the first single on Canadian rock band Rush's 1989 album Presto. The song peaked at number one on the U.S. Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart, the second of five songs by Rush to top the chart.

Music and song structure
"Show Don't Tell" illustrates Rush's move away from synthesizer in favour of a more guitar-oriented approach; the band favoured a more funk/groove style of play and away from the 1980s style of music typical on Power Windows and Hold Your Fire, the two preceding albums.  In Rush's music of the late 1970s and early 1980s, their progressive rock is indicated by asymmetric time signatures and lyrics fitting into a concept album, and in "Show Don't Tell", their progressive rock is shown by using a very complex riff played in unison by the members of the band.
The band chose to use more funk by using extended chord tones, a dramatic pause eighteen seconds into the song and other methods as well.

The funkier song structure proved to be difficult for Neil Peart when he played the drums for the song.  He explained in Canadian Musician:

Lyrics
As is the case with a vast majority of Rush songs, Peart wrote the lyrics for this song.  In an interview, he explained that "Show Don't Tell" is an example of his trend from the album Grace Under Pressure onward from writing concepts and abstractions to a more concrete, first-person viewpoint, or as he noted when interviewed a perspective with a "stance and a good attitude".
Peart alternates between narration and a first person perspective as he writes about confronting a person who has fooled the protagonist of the song too often.  Peart's philosophy throughout the song is epitomized with the very no-nonsense lyric "You can twist perception.  Reality won't budge!"  The first verse explains the frustration of depending on others and finding out that is the wrong approach (e.g. "Everyone knows everything, and no one's ever wrong, until later.  Who can you believe?").

The chorus shows the protagonist's resolution to being fooled: stop listening to the schemer's persuasion, pay attention only if the schemer shows evidence, rather than being convinced by conniving words.

The second verse uses vivid imagery of a courtroom trial as the solution to the protagonist's; however, in this case, the deceived protagonist is the "judge and the jury".  After the second verse and chorus, an instrumental section features a bass solo by Geddy Lee and a shorter guitar solo by Alex Lifeson. The chorus in the last section uses more courtroom imagery and then alternates lines from the chorus between the two verses and the chorus using courtroom imagery.

Live performances
"Show, Don't Tell" was featured in the tour supporting Presto and was also included on the two subsequent tours, the Roll the Bones Tour and Counterparts Tour. A live rendition of "Show, Don't Tell," recorded on Feb. 27, 1994 (the last year the band performed the song) at the Miami Arena, was included on the 1998 album Different Stages.

Track listing
Music by Lifeson, Peart, and Lee. Lyrics by Peart.

US release:
Show Don't Tell - 5:01

Canadian release:
Show Don't Tell (Edit) - 4:17
Red Tide - 4:29
Force Ten (live) - 4:50

See also
List of Rush songs
List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)

References

1989 singles
Rush (band) songs
Songs written by Geddy Lee
Songs written by Alex Lifeson
Songs written by Neil Peart
Atlantic Records singles
1989 songs
Rock ballads
Song recordings produced by Rupert Hine
1980s ballads


Suffix beginning with L

Empire Labrador
Empire Labrador was a 3,539 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlepool. Launched on 19 August 1944 and completed in October 1944. Sold in 1949 to Williamson & Co Ltd, Hong Kong and renamed Incharran. Seized on 1 May 1950 by a Chinese Nationalist warship. She was released with the assistance of . On 12 February 1953 she was attacked by Chinese Nationalist warships when in the Strait of Formosa but evaded capture and safely reached Hong Kong. Sold in 1955 to Indo-China Steam Navigation Co Ltd, London and renamed Sunshine. Sold in 1968 to Golden River Shipping Corp. and renamed Golden River. Operated under the management of C T Chu, Hong Kong. Arrived on 7 April 1970 at Sakaide, Japan for scrapping.

Empire Labuan
Empire Labuan was a 7,339 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlepool. Launched on 5 September 1944 as Empire Labuan and completed in November 1944 as HMS Holm Sound (F 189), an aircraft component repair and maintenance ship. Completed one wartime tour to Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, Aden, Bombay, Cochin, Ceylon, Cocas Islands, Fremantle and return, in support of the Pacific fleet. Sold in 1949 to Aviation & Shipping Ltd and reconverted to a cargo ship, renamed Avisbay. Operated under the management of Purvis Shipping Co Ltd, London. Sold in 1950 to Elder Dempster Lines, Liverpool and renamed Prah. Sold in 1959 to Atlanska Plovidba, Yugoslavia and renamed Naprijed. Arrived on 13 May 1969 at Split for scrapping.

Empire Lad
Empire Lad was a 298 GRT coastal tanker which was built by Rowhedge Ironworks Ltd, Rowhedge, Essex. Launched on 10 July 1941 as Empire Garnet and completed in November 1941 as Empire Lad. Sold in 1946 to Anglo-American Oil Co Ltd and renamed Esso Suwanee Sold in 1951 to Esso Petroleum Co Ltd. Sold in 1960 to P L Den Breejen, Netherlands. Sold in 1963 to Compagnia Comercio Navigazione Alpes, Panama. Converted to carry dry cargo, now 331 GRT and renamed USA. Sold in 1966 to Autco SA, Panama and renamed Pejerey. Renamed Esterel in 1966. Sold in 1968 to Columbo Shipping Co, Panama and renamed Westerend. Sold in 1970 to Albina SA, Panama, renamed Sunrise then Grace. Sold in 1971 to D P Gousetis, Greece and renamed Captain Stelios. Sold in 1975 to C Dagadakis, Greece and renamed San Liberal. Sold in 1977 to E & G Kottis, Greece and renamed Kleopatra.

Empire Lady
Empire Lady was a 7,046 GRT cargo ship which was built by Shipbuilding Corporation Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. Launched on 20 June 1944 and completed in August 1944. Sold in 1946 to Royal Mail Lines Ltd and renamed Tweed. Arrived on 20 August 1959 at Newport Monmouthshire for scrapping.

Empire Lagan

Empire Lagan was an 11,399 GRT escort aircraft carrier which was built by Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pennsylvania. Completed in April 1940 as Mormacland for Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc. Rebuilt in March 1941 by Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company as an escort carrier with a capacity for twenty aircraft. Transferred on 17 November 1940 to the Royal Navy and renamed HMS Archer. On 13 January 1942 she was in collision with SS Brazos, which sank at . Archer was towed stern-first to Charleston, South Carolina for repairs. Decommissioned:	6 November 1943, Archer was relegated to a stores ship. Transferred in March 1945 to the MoWT and renamed Empire Lagan. Transferred in January 1946 to United States Maritime Commission (USMC) and laid up in Norfolk, Virginia. Sold in 1948 to Sven Salen, Stockholm and renamed Anna Salen. Operated under the management of Reder Pulp AB from 1949.

Refitted as a passenger ship with superstructure extended to the stern, and extra lifeboats, now 11,672 GRT. Sold in 1955 to Compagnia Navigazione Tasmania SA and renamed Tasmania. Operated under the management of Hellenic Mediterranean lines. Sold in 1961 to China Union Lines, Taipei. Converted to a cargo ship (now 7,638 GRT) and renamed Union Reliance. On 7 November 1961 she was in collision with the Norwegian tanker MV Berean, which caught fire and exploded, then beached. Refloated on 9 November and towed to Galveston, Texas. Scrapped in March 1962 at New Orleans.

Empire Lagoon
Empire Lagoon was a 2,013 GRT collier which was built by Grangemouth Dockyard Co Ltd, Grangemouth. Launched on 15 March 1941 and completed in June 1941. Sold in 1946 to Hudson Steamship Co Ltd, London and renamed Hudson Bay. Scrapped in 1964 in Blyth, Northumberland.

Empire Lagos
Empire Lagos was a 7,058 GRT cargo ship which was built by Short Brothers Ltd, Sunderland. Laid down as Empire Lagos but launched on 31 October 1944 as HMS Solway Firth, an aircraft engine repair ship. Completed in 1947 by Amsterdam Drydock Company as a 7,339 GRT cargo ship. Sold to Skibs Kongsberg and renamed Kongsberg. Operated by A G Olsen, Norway. Sold in 1955 to Rederi A/B Borgtramp and renamed Olofsborg. Operated under the management of J A Zachariassen, Finland. Sold in 1959 to Polish Steamship Co, Szczecin and renamed Huta Florian. Arrived on 26 August 1971 at Bilbao, Spain for scrapping.

Empire Laird
Empire Laird was a 313 GRT collier which was built by Richard Dunston Ltd, Thorne, Yorkshire. Launched on 29 December 1942 and completed in July 1943. Sold in 1947 to A L Duggan & Co Ltd, Bristol and renamed Monkton Combe. Sold in 1950 to J Tyrrell, Arklow and renamed Halronell. On 22 October 1961 she became stranded on Black Rock, Rosslare. She broke in two on 23 October and sank.

Empire Lake
Empire Lake was a 2,852 GRT collier which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlpool. Launched on 30 January 1941 and completed in March 1941. Torpedoed on 15 July 1943 and sunk by  at .

Empire Lakeland
 was a 7,015 GRT cargo ship which was built by John Readhead & Sons Ltd, South Shields. Launched on 14 September 1942 and completed in November 1942. She was managed by Blue Star Line. Torpedoed on 11 March 1943 and sunk by  while a member of Convoy SC 121.

Empire Lambeth
Empire Lambeth was a 2,250 GRT collier which was built by John Crown & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 15 July 1946 as Empire Lambeth and completed in September 1946 as Dashwood for William France, Fenwick & Co Ltd. Scrapped in June 1961 at Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Netherlands.

Empire Lance
 Empire Lance was a 7,177 GRT (11,650 tons displacement) Type C1-S-AY-1 cargo ship which was built by Consolidated Steel Corporation, Wilmington, California. Laid down as Cape Pine and completed in December 1943 as Empire Lance for the MoWT. To the Royal Navy in 1945 as HMS Sir Hugo, then reverted to MoWT and renamed Empire Lance later that year. To USMC in 1949 and renamed Cape Pine. Renamed Imperial Lance at an unknown date. Scrapped in December 1966 at Baltimore.

Empire Lancer
Empire Lancer was a 7,037 GRT cargo ship which was built by Lithgows Ltd, Port Glasgow. Launched on 31 August 1942 and completed in November 1942. Torpedoed on 16 August 1944 by  and sunk in the Mozambique Channel.

Empire Lankester
Empire Lankester was a 7,067 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlepool. Launched on 24 February 1944 and completed in April 1944. Sold in 1948 to Clan Line Steamers Ltd and renamed Clan Mackellar. Sold in 1961 to Mullion & Co Ltd, Gibraltar and renamed Ardgroom. Sold in 1966, due to be renamed Nearco but arrived on 20 February 1967 at Hong Kong for scrapping.

Empire Lantern
Empire Lantern was a 6,854 GRT cargo ship which was built by Hong Kong & Whampoa Dock Co Ltd, Hong Kong. Laid down on 26 May 1941 as Empire Lantern. Seized by the Japanese while under construction, launched on 8 December 1942 as Gyokurei Maru. Torpedoed and sunk by  on 18 September 1944, at .

Empire Lapwing
Empire Lapwing was a 5,358 GRT cargo ship which was built by the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation, Harriman, Pennsylvania. Completed in 1921 as Ala for the United States Shipping Board (USSB). To American Diamond Lines in 1931. To Black Diamond Lines Inc in 1935 and renamed Black Condor. To MoWT in 1941 and renamed Empire Lapwing. Allocated in 1942 to the Belgian Government and renamed Belgian Fighter. Torpedoed on 9 October 1942 by  and sunk at .

Empire Larch
Empire Larch was a 487 GRT tug which was built by Goole Shipbuilding & Repairing Co Ltd, Goole. Launched on 30 January 1941 and completed in June 1941. The ship was operated by the Hull-based United Towing Co. on behalf of the owners (MoWT) and was armed under the DEMS programme. Damaged on 30 June 1941 by enemy aircraft bombing off Great Yarmouth, later repaired. Departed Aberdeen on 16 February 1942 with Empire Pilgrim in tow, bound for Blyth, Northumberland. Was towing tug TID 12 on 9 August 1943 when she broke free and went aground at Tarlair Point, Macduff, Banffshire. In April 1944 she was assigned to "Operation Corncob" in preparation for the coming invasion of France and sailed from Hull to join the convoy which collected the vessels which were to be used as blockships to form the breakwater for the Mulberry Harbour. On 6 June 1944 she crossed the channel from Poole to join the Normandy invasion fleet and arrived in the evening off Arromanches (Gold Beach) and assisted in positioning and scuttling the blockships. She ran aground on the morning of 7 June (while still under artillery fire from a German shore battery) and was towed off a sandbar by a US Navy tug. She assisted tug Thames in the tow of Empire Beatrice from Tilbury to Glasgow in April 1945. Sold in 1946 to United Towing Co Ltd (who had managed her under contract from the MoWT during the war) and renamed Masterman. She was sold in 1962 to Brodospas, Yugoslavia and renamed Smjeli. She departed Cape Town, South Africa on 9 December 1962 with Marianella on tow, bound for Genoa to be scrapped. She was scrapped in 1972 in Split. This ship's role in the D-Day landings is the subject of the song 'Shores of Normandy' written by her then Galley Boy (Jim Radford, the youngest participant in the Allied invasion force) and performed by him three times in the Royal Albert Hall in 2014 for the D-Day 70th-anniversary commemorations.

Empire Lark
Empire Lark was a 4,971 GRT cargo ship which was built by Deutsche Werke, Kiel. Launched in 1921 as Martha Hemsoth. Sold in 1926 to Hanseatische Reederei, Hamburg and renamed Kersten Miles. Arrived on 27 October 1939 at Las Palmas with machinery damage while carrying a cargo of wheat from Argentina to Germany. Interned at Las Palmas, seized in May 1945 as a war prize. To MoWT and renamed Empire Lark. Scuttled on 17 July 1947 at  with a cargo of 7,669 tons of chemical ammunition and 20 tons of contaminated earth.

Empire Lass
Empire Lass was an 813 GRT (850 DWT) coastal tanker which was built by Grangemouth Dockyard Co Ltd, Grangemouth. Launched on 31 July 1941 and completed in January 1942. Sold in 1946 to Anglo-American Oil Co Ltd and renamed Esso Juniata. Sold in 1956 to F T Everard & Sons Ltd and renamed Argosity. Lengthened in 1957 to , now 877 GRT. Arrived on 3 May 1969 at Bruges, Belgium for scrapping.

Empire Latimer
Empire Latimer was a 7,244 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Doxford & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 14 August 1941 and completed in December 1941. Allocated in 1942 to the Norwegian Government and renamed Kronprinsessen. Sold in 1946 to E Rasmussen, Norway and renamed Polytrader. Sold in 1962 to Marenviado Compagnia Navigazione and renamed Flora M. Operated under the management of L G Matsas, Greece. Arrived on 27 December 1968 at Mihara, Japan for scrapping.

Empire Launcelot
Empire Launcelot was a 2,890 GRT cargo ship which was built by Ailsa Shipbuilding Co Ltd, Troon, Ayrshire. Launched on 13 August 1942 and completed in October 1942. Allocated in 1943 to the Belgian Government and renamed Belgian Trader.  Sold in 1946 to Armement Deppe SA, Belgium and renamed Ostende. Sold in 1954 to H Stinnes, Germany and renamed Kettwig. Sold in 1963 to Monson Schiffs MBH & Co AG, Germany. Sold in 1965 to Compagnia de Navigazione Saborga SA and renamed Honda. Operated under the management of N Paletta, Italy. Scrapped in 1974 in Split, Yugoslavia.

Empire Law

Empire Law was an 8,127 GRT tanker which was built by Furness Shipbuilding, Haverton Hill-on-Tees. Launched on 27 November 1943 and completed in March 1944. To Royal Fleet Auxiliary in 1946 and renamed RFA Wave Conqueror. Sold in 1958 to H G Pounds, Portsmouth. Used as an oil hulk at Le Havre. Departed Le Havre under tow on 6 April 1960 and arrived on 23 April 1960 at Spezia, Italy for scrapping.

Empire Lawn
Empire Lawn was a 254 GRT tug which was built by Ferguson Brothers Ltd Port Glasgow. Launched on 1 April 1942 and completed in May 1942. To the Admiralty in 1947 and renamed Masterful. Sold in 1958 to Marittime Augustea SpA, Italy and renamed Sanantonio. Sold in 1968 to Societa Rim. Napoletani, Italy. Scrapped in March 1981 in Naples.

Empire Lawrence
 Empire Lawrence was a 7,457 GRT CAM ship which was built by J L Thompson & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 10 June 1941 and completed in September 1941. Bombed on 27 May 1942 and sunk by German aircraft east of Bear Island () while a member of Convoy PQ 16.

Empire Lea
Empire Lea was a 2,563 GRT cargo ship which was built by Nakskov Sjibs Akt., Nakskov. Launched in 1942 as Karin K Bornhofen for R Bornhofen, Hamburg. Seized in May 1945 at Copenhagen. To MoWT and renamed Empire Lea. Allocated in 1946 to USSR and renamed Verkhoyansk. On shipping registers until 1970.

Empire Leech
Empire Leech was a 363 GRT coastal tanker which was built by J Smit, Alblasserdam, Netherlands. Launched in 1929 as Escaut for William Muller & Co, Netherlands. Attacked on 25 March 1941 by German aircraft off north Cornwall. Beached at Cleave Strand, Crackington Haven, but her cargo of coal burned for four weeks. Refloated, salvaged and repaired. To MoWT and renamed Empire Leech. Sold in 1948 to William Muller & Co, Netherlands and renamed Seine. On 17 July 1955 she was in collision with Russian tanker Drogobitz off Dungeness, Kent and sank.

Empire Leonard
Empire Leonard was a 235 GRT tug which was built by A Hall & Co Ltd, Aberdeen. Launched on 5 May 1946 and completed in September 1946 as Sun XVI for W H J Alexander Ltd. Sold in 1962 to Societa Rim. Napoletani, Italy and renamed S Cataldo. Scrapped in 1983 in Naples.

Empire Leopard

 was a 5,676 GRT cargo ship which was built by Skinner & Eddy Corp, Seattle. Completed in December 1917 as West Haven for USSB. To the United States Navy in 1918, returned to USSB in 1920, then to Atlantic Gulf Pacific Steamship Co later that year. Returned to USSB in 1922. To Los Angeles Steamship Co Inc, Los Angeles in 1929 and renamed Marian Otis Chandler. To MoWT in 1940 and renamed Empire Leopard. Torpedoed on 2 November 1942 by  and sunk at  while a member of Convoy SC 107.

Empire Lethe
Empire Lethe was a 369 GRT coaster which was built by R Williamson & Son, Workington. Launched in 1891 as Black Rock. Sold in 1913 to William Thomas & Sons Ltd, Liverpool and renamed Eleth. To MoWT in 1941 and renamed Empire Lethe. To William Thomas & Sons in 1946 and renamed Eleth. Capsized on 1 February 1951 and sank  east of Carlingford, Republic of Ireland.

Empire Lewis
Empire Lewis was a 138 GRT tug which was built by R Dunston Ltd, Thorne. Launched on 29 May 1943 and completed in August 1943. Sold in 1947 to the Cypriot Government and renamed Desdemona. Sold in 1987 to a Turkish buyer and renamed Kaptan Dursun.

Empire Lewisham
Empire Lewisham was a 1,059 GRT coaster which was built by George Brown & Co (Marine) Ltd, Greenock. Launched on 27 November 1945 and completed in February 1946. Sold in 1946 to J Hay & Sons Ltd, Glasgow and renamed The Monarch. Sold in 1962 to P Vrangos, Greece and renamed Silver Cloud under the Lebanese flag. Renamed Chrysanthi at an unknown date. Scrapped in September 1968 at Eleusina, Greece.

Empire Liberty
Empire Liberty was the prototype Liberty ship. She was a 7,157 GRT cargo ship which was built by J L Thompson & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 23 August 1941 and completed in November 1941. Allocated in 1943 to the Greek Government and renamed Kyklades. Sold in 1947 to H C Dracoulis, Greece and renamed Mentor. Scrapped in October 1960 in Osaka, Japan.

Empire Liddell
Empire Liddell was a 1,425 GRT cargo ship which was built by W Harkness & Sons Ltd, Middlesbrough. Launched in 1920 as Enugu for the Nigerian Government. To MoWT in 1943 and renamed Empire Liddell. Sold in 1946 to Arden Hall Steamship Co Ltd, Cape Town and renamed Hoeveld. Sold in 1951 to South African National Steamship Co, Cape Town and renamed Aliwal. Scrapped in January 1961 at Durban, South Africa.

Empire Life
 was a 9,879 GRT cargo ship which was built by Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Co Ltd, Dundee. Launched on 12 January 1945 by Lord Westwood and completed in May 1945. Sold in 1946 to the Union-Castle Mail Steamship Co Ltd and renamed Good Hope Castle. Arrived on 14 July 1959 at Hong Kong for scrapping.

Empire Lifeguard
 Empire Lifeguard was a 1,333 GRT convoy rescue ship which was built by Fleming & Ferguson Ltd, Paisley. Launched on 8 June 1944 as Castle-class corvette HMS Maiden Castle for the Royal Navy. Completed in November 1944 as Empire Lifeguard for MoWT. On 23 July 1947 she was holed at Haifa, Palestine by Limpet Mines attached to her hull in Famagusta, Cyprus. She was refloated on 8 August 1947 and towed to Port Said, Egypt for dry-docking. She caught fire three times during repairs, which were completed in September 1947. Laid up at Falmouth, Cornwall c1954, arrived on 22 July 1955 at Antwerp, Belgium in tow of ST Marinia for scrapping.

Empire Light (1940)
S.S. Empire Light was a 6,828 GRT freighter built by Barclay Curle Co Ltd, and launched at Glasgow on 5 July 1940. It was sunk by German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin on 25 April 1941, off the Seychelles Islands at approximately .

Empire Light (1942)
Empire Light was a 6,537 GRT tanker which was built by J Brown & Co Ltd, Clydebank. Launched in 1925 as Lumen for H E Moss & Co Ltd, Liverpool. Collided on 9 April 1942 with the Dutch flagged SS Spar in the River Tyne. Repaired, to MoWT and renamed Empire Light.  Torpedoed on 7 March 1943 and sunk by  at .

Empire Lightning
Empire Lightning was a 6,942 GRT cargo ship which was built by Short Brothers Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 4 September 1941 and completed in January 1941. On 7 October 1942, she was in collision with British-flagged SS Milcrest, which sank. Empire Lightning put into Halifax, Nova Scotia with bow damage for repairs. Sold in 1946 to Hall Brothers Steamship Co Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne and renamed Trident. Arrived on 9 November 1959 at Osaka, Japan for scrapping.

Empire Lilliput
Empire Lilliput was a 138 GRT tug which was built by R Dunston Ltd, Thorne. Launched on 10 November 1943 and completed in January 1944. Sold in 1947 to Shell Company of Singapore Ltd and renamed Lembu. Scrapped in September 1958 in Singapore.

Empire Lily
Empire Lily was a 325 GRT coaster which was built by I Pimblott & Sons Ltd, Northwich, Cheshire.  Launched on 29 January 1942 and completed in June 1942. Allocated in 1946 to the Dutch Government and renamed Pampus. Sold later that year to L Tercy, France and renamed Petit Frere. New diesel engine fitted in 1953. Sold in 1962 to A Veroutis & Co, Greece and renamed Dedalos. Sold in 1964 to S D Voudouris & Syriggas, Greece and renamed Nikiforos. Sold in 1973 to Beekman Line SA, Greece and renamed Gagnant. On shipping registers in 1988 but owner not specified, thought to have been scrapped about this time.

Empire Linden
Empire Linden was a 244 GRT tug which was built by Henry Scarr Ltd, Hessle. Launched on 24 September 1941 and completed in December 1941. Loaned in 1944 to Kenya & Uganda Railways & Harbours Administration, Mombasa. Chartered in 1945 to British Petroleum Co Ltd, Bandar Mashur. Sold in 1948 to Tanganyika Railways & Harbours Administration, Dar es Salaam. Sold in 1956 to East African Railways & Harbours Administration, Dar es Salaam and renamed Linden. Sold in 1974 to Marino Engineering Works, Kenya. Scrapped in September 1983 at Mombasa, Kenya.

Empire Lionel
Empire Lionel was a 7,012 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlepool. Launched on 2 May 1942 and completed in June 1942. Sold in 1945 to Pool Shipping Co Ltd and renamed Levenpool. Operated under the management of Sir R Ropner & Co Ltd. Sold in 1962 to Trafalgar Steamship Co Ltd and renamed Newlane. Operated under the management of Tsavliris Shipping Ltd, London. Sold in 1968 to Kantara Shipping Ltd, Cyprus and then in 1969 to Newlane Shipping Ltd, Cyprus, still under Tsavliris's management. Arrived on 23 October 1969 at Chittagong, India for scrapping.

Empire Livingstone
Empire Livingstone was a 6,997 GRT cargo ship which was built by Lithgows Ltd, Port Glasgow. Launched on 24 July 1941 and completed in October 1941. Ran ashore on 31 December 1943 at Bizerta, Tunisia. Declared a total loss and scrapped in situ.

Empire Lizard
Empire Lizard was a 1,749 GRT tanker which was built by Bertram Engine Works, Toronto, Ontario. Launched in 1904 as cargo ship Haddington, renamed Maplehill in 1914. Sold in 1937 for scrapping but bought by Branch Lines Ltd, Montreal and converted to a tanker. Renamed Oakbranch. To MoWT in 1945 and renamed Empire Lizard. Sold in 1947 to Bulk Storage Co Ltd and renamed Basingbrook. Scrapped in 1949 in Sunderland.

Empire Lola
Empire Lola was a 292 GRT tug which was built by George Brown & Co (Marine) Ltd, Greenock. Launched on 5 March 1946 and completed in April 1943. To the Admiralty in 1947 and renamed Justice. Sold in 1951 to the Government of Bermuda. Sunk as a gunnery target off Bermuda on 21 July 1967 by .

Empire Longford

 was a 3,703 GRT cargo ship which was built by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. Launched in 1912 as Dimboola for Melbourne Steamship Co. Sold in 1935 to Ho Hong Steamship Co, Singapore and renamed Hong Siang. To Ministry of Transport in 1951 and renamed Empire Longford. Acquired by the military in 1951 and renamed Empire Longford, she carried stores from Singapore to Korea and between Korea and Japan. She was also used on at least one occasion to carry troops from Pusan to Inchon even though not designed to carry passengers. She was sailed to the UK and scrapped in 1953 in Dover, Kent.

Empire Longstone
Empire Longstone was a 7,301 GRT cargo ship which was built by Shipbuilding Corporation Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. Launched on 2 May 1946 and completed in August 1946 as Hesperides for Houston Line Ltd. Sold in 1960 to Clan Line Steamers Ltd and renamed Clan Murray. Scrapped in September 1962 in Osaka, Japan.

Empire Lord
Empire Lord was a 7,359 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Doxford & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 11 October 1943 and completed in February 1944. Sold in 1946 to United British Steamship Co Ltd and renamed Aldington Court. Operated under the management of Haldin & Co Ltd. Sold in 1959 to Cosmar Shipping Corporation, Liberia and renamed Anacreon. Sold in 1966 to Garden City Shipping Co Inc, Panama and renamed White Daisy. Operated under the management of F Italo Groce, Italy. Sold in 1968 to Compagnia Navigazione Rivabella SA, Panama and renamed Robertina. Operated under the management of World Shipping SA. On 15 June 1970, she sprang a leak off Cape Palmas, Liberia. Beached  west of Cape Garraway, Liberia but a constructive total loss.

Empire Lorenzo
Empire Lorenzo was a 2,865 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlepool. Launched on 25 September 1942 and completed in December 1942. Sold in 1946 to Hogarth Shipping Co Ltd and renamed Baron Elcho. Operated under the management of H Hoparth and Sons. Sold in 1951 to Compagnia Maritime Ircar SA, Liberia and renamed Kismet II. Ran aground on 25 November 1955 at Cape Breton Island () and abandoned as a total loss.

Empire Lotus
Empire Lotus was a 3,683 GRT cargo ship which was built by Ropner & Sons, Stockton on Tees. Launched in 1920 as Alness. Sold in 1933 to Alexandria Navigation Co, Egypt and renamed Star of Ramleh. To MoWT in 1940 and renamed Empire Lotus. Operated under the management of Glover Bros (London) Ltd Foundered on 12 April 1942 in the Atlantic while in convoy SC79 from Halifax NS at .

Empire Lough
Empire Lough was a 2,824 GRT collier which was built by William Gray & Co Ltd, West Hartlepool. Launched on 1 October 1940 and completed in December 1940. Intercepted on 24 June 1944 by German E-boats in the English Channel and set on fire. Beached near Folkestone but a total loss.

Empire Lowlander
Empire Lowlander was a 2,160 GRT collier which was built by John Crown & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 4 March 1946 and completed in June 1946 as Corflow for William Cory & Son Ltd. Sold in 1959 to G Vlassis & Co, Greece. Capsized on 25 December 1969 and sank at .

Empire Lucy
Empire Lucy was a 242 GRT tug which was built by J S Watson Ltd, Gainsborough. Launched on 6 March 1946 and completed in June 1946. Sold in 1962 to Impresa Marittima Augustea, Italy and renamed Ohnina. Transferred to the Marina Militare in 1972.

Empire Lugard
Empire Lugard was a 7,241 GRT cargo ship which was built by William Doxford & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. Launched on 28 April 1941 and completed in September 1941. Torpedoed on 13 September 1942 and sunk by  at  while a member of Convoy TAG 5.

Empire Lundy
Empire Lundy was a 288 GRT (300 DWT) coaster which was built by J Harker Ltd, Knottingley, Yorkshire. Launched on 11 April 1944 and complete in August 1944. Sold in 1946 to Skibs A/S Scot and renamed Scot. Operated under the management of L Lauritsen, Norway. Sold in 1947 to Shell h/f, Iceland and renamed Skeljungur. Sold in 1956 to Bowker & King Ltd, London and renamed Bannister. Removed from shipping register in 1967.

Empire Lune
Empire Lune was a 2,837 GRT cargo ship which was built by Nakskov Skibs Akt, Nakskov. Launched in 1943 as Millerntor for Hamburg America Line. Completed at Lübeck in 1945 by Lübecker Flenderwerke AG. Seized in May 1945 at Flensburg. To MoWT and renamed Empire Lune. Allocated in 1947 to the United States, sold to Sword Line Inc. New York and renamed Alabama Sword. Renamed Texas Sword in 1951. Sold in 1956 to Compagnia de Ultramar SA, Liberia and renamed Zephyr.  Ran aground on 10 November 1962 at Gladden Spit, British Honduras (). Caught fire on 17 November but the fire was later extinguished. Refloated on 27 November and declared a total constructive loss. Sold and repaired, sold in 1964 to Transcontinental Shipping Corp, Liberia and renamed Carina. Sold in 1966 to Astronato Compagnia Navigazione, Liberia and renamed Sapho I. Sold in 1967 to Marvigor Compagnia Navigazione, Liberia. Scrapped in March 1970 at Karachi, Pakistan.

Empire Lynx
Empire Lynx was a 6,032 GRT cargo ship which was built by Texas Steamship Co, Bath, Maine. completed in October 1917 as Maine for USSB. To Green Star Steamship Corp, USA in 1920, returned to USSB in 1921. To C Barnes, USA in 1922 and Fairfield Steamship Corp in 1923, Operated under the management of Seas Shipping Company, New York. To MoWT in 1940 and renamed Empire Lynx. Torpedoed on 3 November 1942 and sunk by  at  while a member of Convoy SC 107.

Empire Lytton
Empire Lytton was a 9,807 GRT tanker which was built by Furness Shipbuilding Co Ltd, Haverton Hill-on-Tees. Launched on 16 June 1942 and completed in August 1942. Torpedoed on 9 January 1943 by  and sunk at  while a member of Convoy TM 1.

See also
The above entries give a precis of each ship's history. For a fuller account see the linked articles.

References

Sources

L


Mutshatsha is a town in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the border with both Zambia and Angola.  It is the administrative center of the territory of the same name in Lualaba province.

Transport
The town is served by a station on the Benguela railway.

See also
 Railway stations in DRCongo
 Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

References

External links
 Maplandia

 Populated places in Lualaba Province
 Communes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Scoyenia is an ichnogenus found in paleozoic-mesozoic strata in North America. It appears to be the preserved remains of animal burrows.

See also
 Ichnology

Burrow fossils


Ancorichnus is an ichnogenus. Ancorichnus, is distinguished by structured mantle peripheral to a meniscate core. The mantle is not considered as a wall structure since it formed by the locomotive behaviour of the burrow producer. This ichnotaxon occurs in full relief at the top of grainstone beds 10 and 12. It is a non-branched, cylindrical, horizontal burrow with a diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm and 0.3-0.4 cm, respectively.

See also
 Ichnology

Trace fossils

References


RMS Communications Group, Inc., doing business as CellForCash.com, was a company that bought used cellular handsets. CellForCash.com was located in Ocala, Florida. Its website allowed consumers and business to sell their cellular phones for cash. The website listed over 200 cell phones the company is willing to buy. Users selected a manufacturer and model and complete a registration. The company provided a box and a prepaid shipping label for mailing.

Environmental research organization Inform, Inc., projected that 130 million cell phones were retired in 2005 in the U.S., from which CNN estimated that undiscarded phones were approaching 500 million.

CellForCash.com shipped most non-charity phones to Latin America due to high demand. It had retrieved and recycled hundreds of thousands of unused phones since its inception.

Ratings
The Better Business Bureau rated RMS Communications Group, d.b.a. CellForCash.com, a grade F, with many complaints regarding its legitimacy and practices, noting the number of complaints filed against them, their failure to respond to most of the complaints, and the seriousness of many of the complaints. The largest categories of complaints are "Refund or Exchange Issues" and "Contract Issues".

See also
Electronic waste in the United States

References

External links
Cell For Cash

Companies based in Florida
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Electronic waste in the United States
Mobile phone recycling
Waste management companies of the United States


William Henry Bell, known largely by his initials, W H Bell (20 August 1873 – 13 April 1946), was an English composer, conductor and lecturer.

Biography
Bell was born in St Albans and was a chorister at St Albans Cathedral. He studied organ, violin and piano in London at the Royal Academy of Music along with composition under Frederick Corder, and modal counterpoint privately with Charles Villiers Stanford. He won the Goss Scholarship in 1899.  He mainly made his living as an organist and lecturer; he was Professor of Harmony at the Royal Academy of Music where he taught from 1909 to 1912. In 1911 Bell was Director of Music for the Pageant of London at Crystal Palace.

In 1912, Bell went to South Africa to direct the South African College of Music in Cape Town.  He was Principal until 1935 and is credited with a significant expansion of the school.  In 1920, Bell became Professor of Music at the University of Cape Town, where he held classes for degree courses.  The South African College of Music was incorporated into the University in 1923 and Professor Bell became Dean of the Faculty of Music.  Bell founded the Little Theatre, a training center for opera, and occasionally directed the Cape Town Music Society. He was also responsible for founding the Speech and Drama Department at UCT in 1931, and the UCT Ballet School in 1934. He died in Gordon's Bay near Somerset West, Cape Province, Union of South Africa.

The W H Bell Music Library at the University of Cape Town is named in honour of William Henry Bell.

Music
Compositions by Bell were heavily featured in the series of concerts directed by August Manns at Crystal Palace between 1899 and 1912. Premieres there included the Walt Whitman Symphony and the symphonic poems The Pardonor's Tale and The Canterbury Tales. The symphonic prelude A Song in The Morning received its London premiere at the BBC Proms in 1901, and Agamemnon its world premiere at the Proms in 1908. Dan Godfrey was also a champion of Bell's music in Bournemouth. Thomas Beecham put on performance of the Arcadian Suite, Love Among the Ruins and The Shepherd. However, when Bell moved to South Africa performances back in the UK all but ceased. He continued to compose while in South Africa with all of his four mature symphonies (numbers 2 to 5) premiered there. His Symphonic Variations received its first performance in Cape Town in August 1917, but was not heard in London until 24 February 1921 when Bell conducted it during a trip back to England. The three movement Concerto for Viola and Orchestra Rosa Mystica was also premiered in Cape Town in 1917, one year after it had been completed.

The South African Symphony (No 4) was first performed in Cape Town on 1 March 1928. While it is essentially a work in the European tradition it incorporates some African folk music elements. These, according to John Joubert, who took private composition lessons from Bell from 1942–46, were probably provided by Percival Kirby, Professor of Music at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg.  Bell's 70th birthday was celebrated in the UK with a BBC broadcast of the 1941 Symphonic Fantasy Aeterna munera as well as the Arcadian Suite on 20 August 1943. But since then his music has rarely been revived, with the exception of recordings of the South African Symphony and the Viola Concerto.

Selected works
Opera
 Hippolytus (c.1914); music drama in 3 acts; libretto after Euripides
 Isabeau (1922–1924); fantasia in 1 act
 The Mouse Trap (1928); opera in 1 act; libretto after The Sire de Maletroit's Door by Robert Louis Stevenson
 Doctor Love (1930); opera in 1 act; libretto after Le Docteur amoureux by Molière
 The Wandering Scholar (1935); musical comedy in 1 act; libretto by Clifford Bax based on The Wandering Scholars by Helen Waddell
 The Duenna (1939); musical comedy in 3 acts; libretto by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
 Romeo and Juliet (1939); unfinished opera

 Music for Japanese Noh plays
 Komachi (1925)
 Tsuneyo of the Three Trees (1926)
 Hatsuyuki (1934)
 The Pillow of Kantan (1935)
 Kageyiko (1936)

Incidental music
 Life's Measure (?1905–1908)
 A Vision of Delight (1906); music to the play by Ben Jonson

Ballet
 The Enchanted Well, The Vision of Delight (1934); a masque
 Fête Champêtre (1935)
 Le Jongleur de Notre Dame (1936)

Orchestral
 The Canterbury Pilgrims, Symphonic Prelude (1896) (after Chaucer)
 The Pardoner's Tale, Symphonic Poem (1898) (after Chaucer)
 Symphony No. 1 Walt Whitman in C minor (1899)
 A Song of the Morning, Symphonic Prelude (1901)
 Mother Carey, Symphonic Poem (1902)
 Epithalamium, Serenade for orchestra (1904)
 The Shepherd, Symphonic Poem (1907)
 Agamemnon, Symphonic Prelude (1908)
 Love among the Ruins, Symphonic Poem (1908)
 Arcadian Suite (c.1908)
 Danse du tambour (1909)
 Le fée des sources, Symphonic Poem (1912)
 Prelude (1912)
 Staines Morrice Dance (1912)
 Symphonic Variations (1915)
 Symphony No. 2 in A minor (1918)
 Symphony No.  in F major (1918–1919)
 The Portal, Symphonic Poem (1921)
 A Song of Greeting, Symphonic Poem (1921)
 Veldt Loneliness (1921)
 In modo academico, Suite in C minor (1924)
 Symphony No. 4 "A South African Symphony" (1927)
 An English Suite (1929)
 Symphony No. 5 in F minor (1932)
 Aeterna munera, Symphonic Fantasy (1941)
 Hamlet, 5 Preludes (1942)

Concertante
 Rosa Mystica, Concerto for viola and orchestra (1916)

Chamber music
 Piano Quintet (1894)
 Sonata in E minor for violin and piano (1897)
 Cradle Song for violin and piano (1901)
 Arab Love Song for viola and piano
 Cantilena for viola and piano
 Arabesque for violin or viola and piano (1904)
 Sonata in D major for violin and piano (1918)
 Sonata in F minor for violin and piano (c.1925)
 Sonata in D minor for clarinet or viola and piano (1926)
 String Quartet in G minor (1926)
 Sonata for cello and piano (1927)
 String Quartet in F major (1927)

Piano
 The Witch's Daughter (1904)
 Chorale Variations (1940)
 4 Elegiac Pieces (1940)

Organ
 Chants sans paroles (1901)
 Minuet and Trio in C major (1901)
 Postlude (Romance, Spring Song) (1902)

Choral
 Hawke for chorus and orchestra (c.1895)
 Mag and Nunc (1895)
 Miserere Maidens for soloist, chorus, orchestra and organ (1895)
 The Call of the Sea, Ode for soprano, choruses and orchestra (1902–1904)
 Hearken unto Me, Ye Holy Children, Anthem for baritone solo and chorus (published 1903)
 I Will Magnify Thee, O Lord, Anthem for Easter for mixed voices and organ (published 1903); words from Psalm XXX
 St. Albans Pageant Music, July 1907 for chorus and orchestra (1907); words by Charles Henry Ashdown
 The Baron of Brackley, Scotch Border Ballad for chorus and orchestra (1911)
 Maria assumpta for soprano, choruses and orchestra (1922)
 Prometheus Unbound for chorus and orchestra (1923–1924); words by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 Medieval Songs for chorus and piano (1927–1928)
 Medieval Songs for female chorus, string orchestra and piano
   "The Maiden That Is Makeless" (to "I syng of a mayden")
   "Mater ora filium"
   "The Flower of Jesse"
   "At Domys Day"
   "May in the Greenwood"
   "Twelve Oxen"
 Dicitus philosophi for chorus and orchestra (1932?); words by Benjamin Farrington
 The Tumbler of Our Lady for soloists, choruses and orchestra (1936)
 The Song of the Sinless Soul for mezzo-soprano, female chorus and orchestra (1944)
 Adonis for soprano, mezzo-soprano, female chorus and orchestra (1945)

Vocal
 The Rose and the Lily for voice and piano (1892)
 Songs of Youth and Springtide for voice and piano, Op. 9 (1892–1896); words by Robert Browning
   "Summum Bonum" (on Browning's poem)
   "Nay, but You, Who Do Not Love Her" (from Browning's collection Dramatic Romances and Lyrics)
 Serenade for voice and piano (1896)
 Three Songs for voice and piano (1896); words from Sonnets from the Portuguese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
   "Say Over Again"
   "If Thou Must Love Me"
   "I Lift My Heavy Heart"
 Crabbed Age and Youth for voice and piano (1898)
 Five Settings of E. Nesbit for voice and piano (1898); words by E. Nesbit
 Three Old English Songs for voice and orchestra
 Love's Farewell for voice and piano (1902)
 The Four Winds for baritone and orchestra (1903); words by C.H. Luderz
 Six Love Lyrics for baritone or alto and piano (1903); words by William Ernest Henley
 Sing Heigh Ho! for voice and piano (1903)
 Bhanavar the Beautiful, Song Cycle for voice and chamber ensemble (1908)
 The Ballad of the Bird Bride for baritone and orchestra (1909); words by Rosamund Marriott Watson
 The Little Corporal for voice and piano (1912)
 Sappho, Song Cycle for soprano and orchestra (1920, revised 1942)
 Claire de lune for voice and piano (1925); words by Paul Verlaine
 D'une prison for voice and piano (1925?); words by Paul Verlaine
 Que faudre-t'il a ce cœur for voice and piano (1925); words by Jean Moréas
 Four Medieval Songs for voice and piano (1927)
 Four Medieval Songs for voice and piano (1930)
 Twelve Blake Songs; words by William Blake
   "Spring"
   "Summer"
   "Autumn"
   "Winter"
   "To the Evening"
   "To Morning"
   "My Pretty Rose Tree"
   "The Fairy"
   "In a Myrtle Shade"
   "The Birds"
   "My Spectre around Me"
   "I Heard an Angel Singing"

Notable students
 Hubert du Plessis (1922–2011)
 Stefans Grové (1922–2014)
 John Joubert (born 1927)

References

External links
 W H Bell Music Library

1873 births
1946 deaths
19th-century British composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century English composers
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
British music educators
English classical composers
English male classical composers
English opera composers
English Romantic composers
Male opera composers
South African composers
South African male composers
Academic staff of the University of Cape Town


Bringing Up Baby is a four-part British television documentary series which compares three different childcare methods for babies: the Truby King method (a strict, routine-based method popular in the 1950s), the Benjamin Spock approach (a more relaxed approach based on parents' instincts, popular in the 1960s), and the Continuum concept (in which babies are in constant contact with a parent at all times, based on tribal child-rearing methods and popular in the 1970s). Each method was advocated and administered by a nanny for two families each. The series was controversial when it aired on Channel 4 in 2007, particularly due to the actions recommended by Truby King advocate Claire Verity, and questions over Verity's qualifications.

The Methods

The Truby King method
Mentor Claire Verity espoused a routine popular in the 1950s, based on the 1907 book Feeding And Care Of Babies by Truby King: that babies should follow a strict routine from the day they are born, and that parents should dictate this routine, not the other way round. This included a rigid timetable with feeds every four hours, a separate room from the parents from day one, and rules forbidding "unnecessary contact" especially when the babies woke during the night. Verity also recommended that the babies spend several hours per day outside, saying that the fresh air helped them to sleep better.

The Benjamin Spock approach
Mentor Dreena Hamilton supervised two families (including a single mother) with the approach outlined by Benjamin Spock in his best-selling book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. The Spock method encouraged parents to use their instincts to detect a child's needs. Sarah Fox, one of the mothers using Spock's method admitted that her son Leon did not sleep as well as she would have liked, but the closer bond between them made following Spock worthwhile.

The Continuum concept
Mentor Claire Scott had her two families follow the Continuum concept, developed from a study of South American Indians by anthropologist Jean Liedloff. The Continuum concept recommends constant skin-to-skin contact between the baby and its parents until it is twelve months old. The child sleeps in the same bed as the parents, and is carried around in a sling during the day. Grace Collins, who raised her son Oliver using the concept, also praised the bond this method built up between the child and parents, was not too inconvenient and had a positive effect on Oliver's development.

Controversy
The UK's media regulator Ofcom received 752 complaints about Bringing Up Baby, and conducted an investigation which cleared the programme of breaching the broadcasting code. Ofcom found that although some of the techniques portrayed in the series were controversial, they were presented in an appropriate context, and the audience was properly informed of the benefits and disadvantages of each. It determined that Channel 4 had taken due care to ensure the health and wellbeing of the children used as subjects in the experiment, and that the families involved had given clear consent and were free to discontinue their involvement at any time during the filming.

Childcare expert Gina Ford strongly criticised Verity's methods in a letter to the NSPCC, urging them to take steps to ensure that television production companies not continue what she called a form of "child abuse".

The Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths (FSID) released a statement on its website, expressing concern over Verity's recommendation that a baby sleep in a separate room from its parents from the day it was born. The FSID stated that "Advice on the programme that a baby should sleep in its own bedroom from day one has, in fact, been found to double the risk of cot death."

In addition, questions arose over Verity's qualifications as a maternity nurse. Channel 4 had issued a press release listing a number of qualifications Verity claimed to hold. When The Times newspaper requested a list from Verity's agent, it found the lists differed. Verity claimed to hold diplomas in child daycare and pre-school practice from ASET, qualifications in maternity practice, sleep training and paediatrics from Maternity Nurse Training, and a diploma in childcare from Goal. All three organisations confirmed that they had no record of granting such qualifications to Verity, and Channel 4 conducted an investigation into the claims.

When the series aired in Australia on the ABC1 network in 2009, complaints to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation regarding the controversies in the UK prompted the ABC to broadcast a disclaimer before the second and subsequent episodes of the series:

Disclaimer: Some of the parenting practices advocated by the mentors in this series are not consistent with current, scientifically based, safe sleeping messages and can increase the risks of sudden and unexpected death in infancy including SIDS and fatal sleeping accidents. The ABC advises that the term "maternity nurse" used in this program does not signify a professionally qualified nurse but rather someone with experience in caring for babies and children.

References

External links
Official website (Channel 4)

Channel 4 documentary series
2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings


Kadalundi is a village in  Kozhikode district, Kerala, India. It is a coastal village close to the Arabian Sea. Kadalundi is famous for its bird sanctuary, which is home to various migratory birds during certain seasons and has been recently declared as a bio-reserve. The Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve is the first community reserve in Kerala. The Kadalundi River and the Chaliyar river, two of the longest rivers of Kerala, merges with the Arabian Sea at Kadalundi. The first railway line in Kerala was laid in 1861 from Tirur to Chaliyam through Tanur, Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu, and Kadalundi.
Kadalundi panchayat shares the borders with Kozhikode corporation and feroke municipality.kadalundi is a part of kozhikode urban area master plan.

History

Kadalundi-Chaliyam-Beypore region had trade relations with foreign countries like Rome and Arabia. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire. Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty). The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period. According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrikes starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces. Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was  prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.

According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam (just opposite to Kadalundi), were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in the Indian subcontinent.  It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.

After the breakdown of the Chera Kingdom dynasty rooted in Kadalundi, Parappanad Kovilakam became the rulers of Kadalundi. They gave permission for the Dutch to build a fort in Kadalundi. Even though the fort collapsed after a war with Zamorians, we can see the remnants in Mulla in Kadalundi. Later the British became the rulers of Kadalundi and they built railway lines up to Chaliyam for the purpose of business. Later when Calicut became the center of trades the railway lines were removed but there are remnants such as the railway well, lighthouse, and forest depot.

Thundi is an ancient seaport and harbor-town north of Muziris (Muchiri) in the Chera Kingdom (Keprobotos), modern day India on the Malabar Coast. The exact location of the port is still unknown, modern day Kadalundi, Ponnani, Tanur, and Pantalayani Kollam are often identified as Tyndis located in the Sangam age Tamil kingdom of the Cheras. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era. A branch of the Chera royal family is also said to have established itself at Tyndis. It is also speculated that Tyndis (along with ports such as Naura, Bakare and Nelkynda) operated as a satellite feeding port to Muziris.

Kadalundi was the site of the Kadalundi train derailment, which was one of the biggest accidents on the Indian railway network in 2001.

Political history
Kadalundi, on the southern bank of Chaliyar river and the northern bank of Kadalundi River, was a part the kingdom of Parappanad during medieval period. The rulers of Parappanad were vassals to the Zamorin of Calicut. The headquarters of Parappanad Royal family was the coastal town of Parappanangadi in present-day Malappuram district. In the 15th century CE, Parappanad Swaroopam was divided into two - Northern Parappanad (Beypore Swaroopam) and Southern Parappanad (Parappur Swaroopam).
Kadalundi, Vallikkunnu, and Parappanangadi, were included in Southern Parappanad. Beypore, Cheruvannur, and Panniyankara, on northern bank of Chaliyar, became Northern Parappanad.

It is also known the ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunadu Swaroopam), had assisted the Portuguese to build a fort at the island of Chaliyam, which was a part of Southern Parappanad, and was destructed during the Battle at Chaliyam fort occurred in 1571. Feroke became a part of the Kingdom of Mysore in the late 18th century CE. Following the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the subsequent Treaty of Seringapatam, Kadalundi became a part of Malabar District under British Raj. Kadalundi was included in Eranad Taluk in the Malappuram Revenue Division of Malabar District with its Taluk headquarters at Manjeri. Following the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956, Kadalundi became a part of Tirurangadi Revenue block of Tirur Taluk. On 16 June 1969, Eranad Taluk, Tirur Taluk, Tirurangadi, and Parappanangadi, were transferred to newly formed Malappuram district. However, three Revenue Villages of Tirur Taluk, namely, Feroke, Ramanattukara, and Kadalundi, remained in Kozhikode district, as they were much closer to Kozhikode city centre. However Kadalundi Nagaram beach (where Kadalundi River flows into Arabian Sea, a part of Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat), Tenhipalam, the centre of University of Calicut,  and Karippur, the site of Calicut International Airport, became parts of Malappuram. Now Feroke, Ramanattukara, and Kadalundi are parts of Kozhikode Taluk and Kozhikode metropolitan area

Suburbs of Kadalundi
 Athanikkal, Pallippadi, LP stop and Anayarngadi
 Kottakkadavu, Pediyattukunnu and Edachira
 Pazhanjannoor, Kadukka Bazar and Chaliyam
 Anappady and Chaliyar Kadavu
 Nallur, Kashyapady and Kallampara
 Perumugham, Mannurvalavu and Vadakkumbad
 Kottakkadavu, Calvarykunnu and Prabodhini
 Poocherikunnu, Srankpady and Ambalangadi

Important Landmarks
 Kadalundi Heritage Market
 Punnoli korath Tharavad
 Sree puthukkara Bhuvaneshwari Temple
 Kootungal House
 Pediyattu Bagavathy temple
 Kadalundi Level Cross
 Kadalundi Kadavu Bridge
 Kottakkunnu Church ( Calvary     Hills )
 Pidippazhi Maha Vishnu Temple
 Mannur Maha shiva temple
 Nerum Kaitha Kotta ( Mekotta bhagavathi kshetram )
 Kadalundi Kadavu Bridge
 Kadalundi Bank Road
 Chaliyam pulimootu
 Srikanteswara Temple Chaliyam
 Chaliyam Noorudheen Shaikh Jaram (Darga)
 Chaliyam Juma Mazjid
 Light House (Beypore) Chaliyam
 Nirdhesh Chaliyam
 Umbichi Haji Higher Secondary School Chaliyam.
 Puzhakkara Palli (One among oldest mazjids of Kerala)
 Pazhanchannoor Subramanya swami temple
 Ambali Parambil Temple
 Kadukka Bazar
 Mulla Fort
 Beypore Railway Station, incorrectly named, at Chaliyam was the terminus of the Madras Railway
 Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu Community Reserve
 vattaparambu
 crescent public school

Image Gallery

 Chaliyam
 Beypore
 Feroke
 Ramanattukara
 Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
 Vallikkunnu

 Kadalundi River
 Chaliyar river
 Kadalundi Kadavu Bridge, Azhimugam
 Common-Service-Center-CSC-Chaliyam

References

Villages in Kozhikode district
Kozhikode south


S. Abdul Hameed known by his pen name Manushya Puthiran (in Tamil: மனுஷ்ய புத்திரன்) (born 15 March 1968) is a poet and writer from  Tamil Nadu, India.

Early life and education

Manushya Puthiran born as S Abdul Hameed, is the second of four children on 15 March 1968, in Thuvarankurichi, Tiruchirappalli District. He started his schooling at the age of 7 and he describes his early life:
"Started my schooling very late at the age of seven and I quit the school much earlier. This gave me ample time to see the fun around and dream. Having no constraints of fulfilling parent’s dreams , I drowned into my own dreams. My father and brothers brought books for me to kill the time. I reached an incredible world. On the whole, I was a pampered, spoiled useless but was growing as a Charismatic child. No much difference in that even now."

Completed his schooling in private, continued his first year degree in Bachelor of Arts through Distance Learning Programs, Annamalai University. Just not to miss the fun and experience of campus, from 2nd year onwards he started attending college. Later he did dual master's degree one in Mass Communication and other in History.

Literary career
He began his literary career in early 1980s. At the  age of 16, his first poem got published. Several of his poems got published in popular Tamil Magazines like Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki and Kalachuvadu. His political and topical columns are regular in Tamil periodicals such as Kungumam and Nakkheeran.

He is managing the Uyirmmai publication and Uyirmmai magazine.

Poetry
Pulariyin Muththangal (2016)
 Oozhiyi thinangal(2015)
 Anniya Nilathup Pen (2014)
 Suriyanuku Arugil Oru Veedu (2013)
 Arundhappadatha Koppai (2013)
 Pasitha Pozhuthu (2011)
 Itharku Munbum Itharku Pinbum (2010)
 Adheethaththin Rusi (2009)
 Kadavuludan Piraarthithal(2007)
 Manalin Kathai(2005)
 Neeralaanathu (2001)
 Idamum Iruppum(1998) No
 En Padukkai Araiyil Yaaro Olinthirukkiraargal (1993)
 Manushyaputhiran Kavithaigal (1983)

Literary Collections
 Nizhalgalodu Pesuvom (2014)
 Edhir Kural Part 4  – Kai Vitta Kolaik Kadavul (2013)
 Edhir Kural Part 3  – Kutramum Arasiyalum (2013)
 Edhir Kural Part 2 (2013)
 Nizhalgal Nadantha Paathai (2013)
 Dinosorgal Veliyerik Kondirukindrana (2013)
 Thondramarutha Deivam (2013)
 Edhir Kural Part 1 (2013)
 Enna Mathiriyana Kalathil Vaazhkirom (2009)
 Kaathiruntha Velaiyil (2003)
 Eppothum Vaalum Kodai (2003)

Other Literary Activities

Sujatha Awards for Literary Excellence

Sujatha Awards for Literary Excellence

In the year 2010 Uyirmmai Padhippagam and the Sujatha Trust together organized a commemorative function at the New Woodlands Hotel in Chennai on Saturday, 27 February, the second death anniversary of Tamil literature icon Sujatha.

At the function, it was announced that the Sujatha Awards for excellence in literature would be given away every year in memory of the great writer. The awards will be given away in 6 categories, namely Best compilation of

 Short stories
 Poetry
 Collection of articles
 Novel
 Best Little Magazine
 Best Website

The awards ceremony will be held on 27 Feb every year. The award will consist of a cash prize of Rs. 10000 and a citation.

Awards

 Sanscrithi Sammaan(2002) – Indian Govt award for Young Poets.
 Ilakkiya Sirpi award by American Ilayakkiya Nanbarkal Kuzhi 2003.
 The Indian Ministry of Social Justice awarded him with the "Best Individual Creativity" in the year 2004.
 Received the poetry award from The Tamil Literary Garden, Canada for 'Adheethathin Rusi'
 Manushya Puthiran was chosen as one of top 10 influential people of Tamil Nadu by India Today's for the year 2011 and 2010.
 For his Adheethathin Rusi poem collection, Manushya Puthiran has been awarded by Canada Tamil Ilakkiya Thottam, in the year 2011.The Tamil Literary Garden

Political career
On 19 Aug 2015, he joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He is one of the 2 Advisors to the DMK IT Wing

Posts
In January 2023, he was appointed as the president of Chennai Municipal Library Commission.

Views
He is known for his progressive views on various socio-political issues like abolition of capital punishment, caste annihilation, and women's liberation.

Controversies
In 2018, Manushyaputhiran and H.Raja were involved in a war of words due to a poem written by the former. Several writers then voiced their supports to Manushyaputhiran.

References

 http://india.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=2729
 http://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D/article7557296.ece

External links
Uyirmmai website
Uyirmmai Blog
ManusyaPuthiran Website

Tamil poets
Living people
1968 births
People from Tiruchirappalli district


Titans of Myth may refer to:

Titan (mythology), one of a group of deities in ancient Greek mythology later overthrown by the Olympian gods
Titans of Myth (comics), DC Comics characters based on the mythological Titans


CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc., 373 F.3d 544 (4th Cir. 2004), is a United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit decision about whether LoopNet should be held directly liable for CoStar Group’s copyrighted photographs posted by LoopNet’s subscribers on LoopNet’s website. The majority of the court ruled that since LoopNet was an Internet service provider ("ISP") that automatically and passively stored material at the direction of users, LoopNet did not copy the material in violation of the Copyright Act. The majority of the court also held that the screening process by a LoopNet employee before the images were stored and displayed did not alter the passivity of LoopNet. Justice Gregory dissented, stating that LoopNet had engaged in active, volitional conduct because of its screening process.

Facts
CoStar Group is a provider of commercial real estate information. Its database included a large collection of photographs of commercial properties. LoopNet was an ISP whose website allowed subscribers to post listings of commercial real estate on the Internet. LoopNet did not post real estate listings, but enabled users to post listings that contained text messages and photographs. Prior to CoStar Group's original complaint about copyright infringement, when a photograph was uploaded into LoopNet's system by a subscriber, the photograph was made public immediately. Subsequent to CoStar Group's complaint, LoopNet initiated a system of review, which transferred uploads to one of LoopNet's internal computers for review. A LoopNet employee then reviewed the photograph to ensure that (1) it was an image of commercial real estate, and (2) it was not an obviously copyrighted image. CoStar Group claimed that by September 2001, it had found over 300 of its copyrighted images on LoopNet's website posted by LoopNet's subscribers. LoopNet had about 33,000 photographs posted by its subscribers at that time. LoopNet responded to takedown notices from CoStar Group.

Issue
On appeal, the parties disputed whether LoopNet should be liable for direct copyright infringement.

District court opinion
The district court held that LoopNet was not liable for direct copyright infringement based on Religious Technology Center v. Netcom. The Netcom case held that direct copyright infringement implied some element of volition or causation, which was lacking in automatic and passive ISPs. The district court held that LoopNet was such an automatic and passive ISP and therefore not liable for direct copyright infringement.

Arguments of CoStar Group
CoStar Group argued that since the United States Congress considered the Religious Technology Center v. Netcom case and codified its principles in enacting the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"), the DMCA should supplant and preempt the Religious Technology Center v. Netcom case as the only exemption from liability for direct copyright infringement for ISPs. CoStar Group argued that because LoopNet could not satisfy the conditions of the DMCA, LoopNet should be strictly liable for direct copyright infringement.

CoStar also argued that even if Netcom'''s construction of copyright infringement liability for ISPs was still valid, LoopNet's acts were volitional and therefore LoopNet should be liable for direct copyright infringement because of its employee's screening process.

Holdings of appellate court
The appellate court supported the Netcom decision as "a particularly rational interpretation of § 106 [of the Copyright Act]." The court reasoned that similar to a copying machine, an ISP who owned an electronic facility that responded automatically to users' input was not a direct infringer. The court also reasoned that temporary electronic copies made during the transmission were not "fixed" because such copies were used to automatically transmit users' material and they were not "of more than transitory duration."

In response to CoStar’s argument that the DMCA made the Netcom case irrelevant, the court held that the DMCA was not exclusive and that the Netcom case was still a valid precedent. The court first reasoned that the DMCA specifically provided that despite a failure to meet the safe-harbor conditions of § 512, an ISP was still entitled to all other arguments under the law. Second, the court reasoned that when Congress codified a common law principle, the common law remained good law. Third, the court reasoned that legislative history suggested that Congress intended the DMCA's safe harbor for ISPs to be a floor, not a ceiling, of protection.

As for CoStar Group's argument that the screening process by a LoopNet employee rendered LoopNet liable for direct copyright infringement, the court held that this conduct did not add volition to LoopNet's involvement in storing the copy. The court reasoned that the employee's look was so cursory as to be insignificant, and if it had any significance, it only lessened the possibility of copyright infringement. LoopNet still lacked the necessary volition or causation for direct copyright infringement.

Dissenting Opinion by Judge Gregory
Circuit Judge Gregory dissented with the majority opinion. Judge Gregory stated that LoopNet employees had made conscious choices to accept or reject the photographs. Therefore, LoopNet had engaged in active, volitional conduct. Since the Netcom defense applied only to passive and automated ISPs, Judge Gregory concluded that the Netcom defense did not apply to LoopNet and the district court opinion should be reversed.

See alsoReligious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.'', 907 F. Supp. 1361 (N.D. Cal. 1995).
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
List of leading legal cases in copyright law

References

External links

 EFF page about this case

2004 in United States case law
United States copyright case law
United States Internet case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit cases


Boquerón is a barrio in the municipality of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 5,373. The village of Boquerón, located on the Boquerón Bay is one of the main tourist attractions in the southwestern part of the island. In 2000, its population was 4,963.

History
Boquerón was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Boquerón was 1,185.

People from the El Combate community in barrio Boquerón are known as mata con hacha ("those who kill with axes") based on an old folk tale about a fight over the salinas, where those from Cabo Rojo fought with axes against people from the adjacent town of Lajas. The latter apparently fought back by throwing stones and are thus known as tira piedras ("those who throw stones").

Features
The barrio is home to a village (El Poblado de Boquerón) and two national wildlife refuges. The Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge is a habitat for a number of native bird species, including the endangered yellow-shouldered blackbird, also known as mariquita de Puerto Rico or capitán. The Boqueron State Forest is one of seven state forests managed by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources.

According to local folklore, after the Puerto Rican pirate Roberto Cofresí shared some of his treasure with his family and friends, he would hide what was left over in a cave located in "Barrio Pedernales" which is just north of Boquerón Bay. Throughout the years no one has found any treasure in the cave.

The downtown of Boquerón known as  is known for its gastronomy and its nightlife. It is home to many restaurants offering local, international, and fusion cuisine which feature the excellent seafood which Cabo Rojo is famous food. El Poblado is also populated by bars for every preference from pool halls to holes in the wall many providing a variety of flavored mojitos and other mixed drinks. Outdoor karaoke is also a feature of Boquerón nightlife as cars are not permitted in the center of  during the weekends, so karaoke spills out into the streets. There is a , a type of countryside inn, by the same name in Poblado.  is also known for being LGBT friendly and hosts a growing Pride Parade each year in June.

Boquerón beach  is a public beach and resort managed by the Puerto Rican government. It is rated as one of the best beaches in Puerto Rico along with Luquillo Beach. The beach was awarded Blue Flag Beach status by the Foundation for Environmental Education.

 is located in Boquerón.

Gallery

See also

 List of communities in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Puerto Rico
Beaches of Puerto Rico
Barrios of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico
Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico
Gay villages


A water district is a special district given the task of supplying water and sewer needs to a community. This term is commonly used in the United States.

See also
 Irrigation district
 Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
 Fresh water supply district

References

Water supply
Water and politics
Water management authorities


Chinese Portuguese or Portuguese Chinese may refer to

Macanese language, a Portuguese-based creole originating from Macau
Macanese cuisine, the cuisine of Macau, with influences from southern Chinese and Portuguese cuisines
Macanese people, people of mixed Chinese and Portuguese descent in Macau
People with dual citizenship of China and Portugal

See also
Chinese people in Portugal


Big Blue Books are a series of small staple-bound books published from 1925 to 1950 by the Haldeman-Julius Publishing Company of Girard, Kansas (1919–1978), larger than the Little Blue Books.  The series included both reprints and first publications, the latter including An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish by Bertrand Russell.

References

Haldeman-Julius, Emanuel; The World of Haldeman-Julius (1960, compiled by Albert Mordell), Twayne Publishers.
Palmer, W. P.; “Emanuel Haldeman-Julius and the education of the poor of America”, IPS-USA-2006 New York Conference.

Series of books


Erik Rubín Milanszenko (born 30 January 1971) is a Mexican singer and actor. He was a member of the Mexican teen pop group Timbiriche.

Early career
At the age of 12, Rubín joined the group Timbiriche, one of the most important and influential pop bands of the 1980s on the Spanish language charts.  His entry into the group transformed it into a septet. His first album with the group was their fourth album. While with the group, he recorded more than 10 albums, participated in several television specials, and visited various countries during their concert tours.  He is best known for hits such as "Mágico amor", "Ámame hasta con los dientes" and "Princesa Tibetana".

Rubín remained with Timbiriche until 1991. The last Timbiriche album he worked on was their tenth. In 1998 he joined on Timbiriche reunion and he wrote new songs for the album El Concierto, which he co-produced. In 2007, for the 25th anniversary of Timibiriche, he rejoined the band and produced their new album.  He also performed with former band mate Paulina Rubio as part of the Mexican Bicentennial Celebrations.

Solo work
He has released several solo albums since leaving Timbiriche, including the Gold Certified Aquí y Ahora He is the primary songwriter for most of his solo work, and has produced or co-produced his own albums as well.

He has from time to time lent his voice to broader pop culture activities, such as Mexico's Council for Communications-sponsored campaign singing in the all-star track "Por los Buenos Mexicanos"

Acting and other work
Rubín has made several television appearances as an actor over the course of his career, including small roles in telenovelas Lazos de Amor (1995) and Rebelde (2004), in which he also sang the title theme song.  He starred alongside Ricky Martin in the musical-romance telenovela Alcanzar una estrella II (1991).  For his acting in live theater, he has won two "Premios Heraldos" (the annual pop culture awards sponsored by the Mexican newspaper El Heraldo de Mexico): playing Roger in the Mexican production of Rent, and playing Judas in the Mexican production of Jesus Christ Superstar. He is also frequently invited to appear as a performer or awards presenter at various Spanish-language pop culture ceremonies, in Mexico and in the United States.

Personal life
He married Andrea Legarreta in 2001 in 2023 they separated . They have two daughters: Mia and Nina.

Discography

With Timbiriche
Timbiriche Disco Ruido, 1984
Timbiriche Rock Show, 1985
Timbiriche VII, 1987
Timbiriche VIII & IX, 1988Timbiriche X, 1990

Solo worksLa Casa del Amor, 1993Sueño de Fantasía, 1995Frecuencia Continental, 1997Quadrasónico, 2002Erik, 2004Aquí y Ahora'', 2009

See also
 Sasha, Benny y Erik

References

External links
Erik Rubin on Myspace

1971 births
Living people
Mexican male singers
Timbiriche members
People from Puebla (city)
Mexican people of Ukrainian descent
Mexican male stage actors
Mexican male telenovela actors


Neodymium(III) oxide or neodymium sesquioxide is the chemical compound composed of neodymium and oxygen with the formula Nd2O3. It forms very light grayish-blue hexagonal crystals. The rare-earth mixture didymium, previously believed to be an element, partially consists of neodymium(III) oxide.

Uses
Neodymium(III) oxide is used to dope glass, including sunglasses, to make solid-state lasers, and to color glasses and enamels. Neodymium-doped glass turns purple due to the absorbance of yellow and green light, and is used in welding goggles. Some neodymium-doped glass is dichroic; that is, it changes color depending on the lighting. One kind of glass named for the mineral alexandrite appears blue in sunlight and red in artificial light.
About 7000 tonnes of neodymium(III) oxide are produced worldwide each year. Neodymium(III) oxide is also used as a polymerization catalyst.

Reactions
Neodymium(III) oxide is formed when neodymium(III) nitride or neodymium(III) hydroxide is roasted in air.

Structure
Neodymium(III) oxide has a low-temperature trigonal A form in space group Pm1. This structure type is favoured by the early lanthanides. At higher temperatures it adopts two other forms, the hexagonal H form in space group P63/mmc and the cubic X form in Imm. The high-temperature forms exhibit crystallographic disorder.

References

Neodymium compounds
Sesquioxides


Chen Chung-hwan (1905-1992, 陳忠寰, autonym 陳康, Pinyin:Chen Kang), was a scholar of ancient Greek and Western philosophy.

In 1924, Chen attended National Southeastern University (later renamed Nanjing University in mainland China and reinstated in Taiwan) and graduated from the Department of Philosophy in 1929.
He then studied at the University of London in 1930, and later at Berlin University under professors Werner Jaeger, Nicolai Hartmann and Julius Stenzel. He received his doctorate in 1940. After teaching at the National Southwestern Union University (Kunming, Yunan Province), National Central University (in Chungking beginning in 1941, and Nanjing), and the National Taiwan University in Taipei until 1958, Chen emigrated to the United States, where he taught at Emory University, Long Island University, University of Texas at Austin, and the University of South Florida before retiring in the early 1980s. He died in Oxnard, California.

Works

 Das Chorismos-Problem bei Aristoteles, Berlin: A. Limbach, 1940.
 Sophia, The Science Aristotle Sought, Hildesheim; Georg Olms, 1975.
 "On the Parmenides of Plato",  The Classical Quarterly, 38, 1944, pp. 101-114.
 "On Aristotle's Metaphysics K 7, 1064 a29", Phronesis, 6, 1961, pp. 53-58.
 "Universal Concrete, a Typical Aristotelian Duplication of Reality", Phronesis, 9, 1964, pp. 48-57.

References

Scholars of ancient Greek philosophy
1905 births
1992 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Nanjing University alumni
National Central University alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
Academic staff of the National Central University
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Academic staff of the National Southwestern Associated University
20th-century Taiwanese historians
Chinese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Chinese expatriates in Germany


Chen Kang may refer to:

 Chen Chung-hwan (1905–1992), scholar of ancient Greek and Western philosophy
 Chen Kang (badminton) (born 1965), Chinese badminton player


Qualification for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup determines which 15 teams join Germany, the hosts of the 2011 tournament, to play for the Women's World Cup. Europe has 5.5 qualifying berths (including the hosts), Asia 3 berths, North and Central America 2.5 berths, Africa 2 berths, South America 2 berths and Oceania 1 berth. The 16th spot was determined through a play-off match between the third-placed team in North/Central America and the winner of repechage play-offs in Europe.

Qualified teams

1.The rankings are shown as of 18 March 2011, the latest published.

Africa

(24 teams competing for 2 berths)

As in the previous World Cup cycle the African Women's Championship will serve as the qualification tournament for the Women's World Cup.  The tournament was scheduled to be held from 31 October to 14 November 2010 in South Africa.  The two finalists will advance to the Women's World Cup finals in Germany.

Eight teams will compete in the continental finals in South Africa, with qualification consisting of two rounds of knock-out home and away ties. The preliminary round was held in March 2010, with winners advancing to the first round of qualification, which was held in May and June 2010.

The seven winners from this round, along with hosts South Africa, advanced to the continental finals.  These finals will consist of two round-robin groups of four teams.  The top two finishers in each group will advance to the two semi-finals, with each semi-final winner qualifying for the World Cup finals.

Final tournament

Knockout stage

Asia

(17 teams competing for 3 berths)

As in the previous World Cup cycle, the 2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup served as a qualifying tournament.

The five leading AFC nations, North Korea (the defending AFC women's champions), South Korea, Japan, China and Australia were automatic qualifiers for the finals (held from 19–30 May 2010).  They were joined by the winners of each of three qualification groups held in July 2009.  A preliminary round of qualification held in April and May 2009 began the qualifiers for the 2011 finals.

The final tournament was held in Chengdu, China. The two finalists – Australia and North Korea – and the winner of the third place play-off – Japan – qualified for the Women's World Cup finals. For the first time in the history of FIFA Women's World Cup, China failed to qualify for the finals.

Final qualification
Knockout stage

Europe

(41 teams competing for 4 or 5 berths, host nation Germany also qualifies)

Forty-one teams from Europe were drawn into eight groups on 17 March 2009.  These groups were played between August 2009 and August 2010.  The group winners advanced to four home-and-away play-offs (held in September 2010), with the winners advancing to the World Cup finals.  The four losing teams competed in repechage play-offs the following month to determine a team to play against the third-placed CONCACAF team for the 16th place in the finals.

Unlike previous qualification tournaments, all UEFA member nations were eligible to qualify.  In the past, only those nations in the top tier of European nations played in qualification groups.

Direct qualification play-offs

|}

Repechage play-offs

Italy advanced to the UEFA-CONCACAF playoff.

North America, Central America and Caribbean

(26 teams competing for 2 or 3 berths)

As with the last World Cup, the CONCACAF Women's Championship served as the region's qualification tournament.  The United States, Canada and Mexico received byes to the tournament, where they were joined by three teams from the Caribbean zone and two from Central America. Both finalists qualified automatically to the 2011 Women's World Cup.  The third placed team met the fifth placed team from UEFA for an additional World Cup berth.  The tournament was held in Cancún, Mexico, from 28 October to 8 November 2010.

Women's Gold Cup
Knockout stage

Oceania

(8 teams competing for 1 berth)

As in the previous World Cup cycle, the 2010 OFC Women's Championship served as a qualifying tournament. The tournament was held in Auckland, New Zealand, from 29 September to 8 October 2010.

Teams played in two groups of four, followed by semi-finals and a final and third-place play-off.  The winners, New Zealand, qualified for the Women's World Cup finals.

Final qualification
Knockout stage

South America

(10 teams competing for 2 berths)

As with previous World Cup qualifications, the Sudamericano Femenino was used to determine the qualification to the World Cup finals.  Qualification was held between 4 and 21 November in Ecuador.

Final positions

UEFA–CONCACAF play-off

The winner of the third-place play-off at the 2010 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup will play-off against the winner of the repechage play-offs from the UEFA qualification tournament.

References

Qualification
FIFA Women's World Cup qualification


The Macau Chinese Bank Limited (; Portuguese: Banco Chinês de Macau, S.A.) is a bank in Macau, China.

The bank was formerly known as Finibanco (Macau) (). It was acquired by Winwise Holdings Limited, the subsidiary of Hongkong Chinese Limited, in 2002 and renamed The Macau Chinese Bank, Limited. In 2007, Value Convergence Holdings, a subsidiary of Melco International Development, signed an agreement to acquire 60% stake of Macau Chinese Bank. However, in 2008, Value Convergence Holdings declared to give up the acquisition because Monetary Authority of Macao did not agree it before the agreement expiry date.

In 2015 the Chinese state-owned Nam Yue Group acquired a 56% stake in the bank from Hongkong Chinese Limited in two tranches. Two other natural persons also acquired 24% stake of the bank.

See others
Hongkong Chinese Bank - now merged to CITIC Ka Wah Bank

References

Banks established in 2002
Banks of Macau
China Resources
2002 establishments in Macau


is a Japanese tarento and actress. She is a former member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48. She was born from Tokyo. She is represented with One Eight Promotion.

Participating songs with AKB48

Single CD selection music

Theatre unit songs

Works

Videos

Filmography

Films

Television

Concerts

Stage

Radio

Video games

Internet

Internet programmes

Bibliography

Photo albums

Calendars

Trading cards

References

External links
 – One Eight Promotion
 (14 Sep 2013 – )
 (Natsumi Hirajima's entries, – 26 Jan 2012)

Japanese idols
Japanese stage actresses
AKB48 members
1992 births
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese actresses


Nathan Willems is a Democrat representing the 29th District in the Iowa House of Representatives since 2009. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service from Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (2001) and a Juris Doctor from the University of Iowa College of Law (2007).

, Willems serves on Iowa House committees for Education (ranking member), Labor, and Ways and Means. He also sits on the Education Appropriations Subcommittee. He was elected in 2008, defeating Republican opponent Emma Nemencek and was re-elected in 2010.

Willems was a field organizer for Congressman Leonard Boswell's 1998 reelection campaign. He managed two Iowa House races in 2000. In 2001 he worked on the unsuccessful United States House campaigns of John Norris and Julie Thomas. He was a legislative clerk for Iowa Representative Ro Foege, whom he later succeeded in the Iowa House. He was a regional director for Howard Dean's Iowa caucus campaign. He worked one summer in the legal department of Iowa Union of Operating Engineers Local 49 before taking his current job as an attorney at Rush & Nicholson, P.L.C., practicing labor and employment law.

Nate is active in the Linn County Democratic Central Committee, the Lisbon Lincoln Highway Lions Club, the Mount Vernon Athletic Boosters, and is First Vice President of the Iowa Federation of Teachers.

Electoral history
*incumbent

References

External links

 Representative Nathan Willems official Iowa General Assembly site
Nathan Willems State Representative official constituency site

Democratic Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Living people
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
Iowa lawyers
People from Anamosa, Iowa
People from Linn County, Iowa
Year of birth missing (living people)


Manzanate is a flavor ingredient which has a fruity apple smell and with aspects of cider and sweet pineapple.

References

Carboxylate esters
Ethyl esters

Sweet-smelling chemicals


A number of motor vessels were named Escaut, including:

, a Dutch coaster in service 1929–41
, a Belgian cargo ship in service 1938–41

Ship names


Stasys Šalkauskis (May 16, 1886 in Ariogala, Lithuania – December 4, 1941 in Šiauliai, Soviet Union) was a Lithuanian philosopher, educator, rector of Vytautas Magnus University.  His philosophy of culture was developed by Antanas Maceina and other philosophers.

References

1886 births
1941 deaths
Salkauskis
Social philosophers
20th-century Lithuanian philosophers
Rectors of Vytautas Magnus University


Confederation Life Insurance Company, also known as Confederation Life, was a major Canadian insurance company and financial services provider.  Its global head office was located in Toronto in what is now the Rogers Building. The company had operations in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Bermuda, and an inactive office in Cuba.

History
The company was founded in 1871 by John Kay Macdonald (1837–1928) in Toronto, then established operations in the UK in 1906 (with a head office at Stevenage, Hertfordshire) and later into the United States with offices in Atlanta.

Macdonald retired in 1920 and was succeeded by Charles Strange Macdonald from 1921 to 1946 and then John Kenneth Macdonald from 1946 to 1969. John Kenneth MacDonald's daughters, Peggy Latimer and Ann Macintosh, never were operationally involved in the firm, but they did inherit ownership from their father.

In 1969, J. Craig Davidson became president and for the first time, the firm was no longer led by a member of the Macdonald family.

Demise
Confederation Life was forced into liquidation in 1994. The process began on August 11 of that year. The international operations of the company made the liquidation process somewhat complex.

The company had financial obligations to 260,000 individual policyholders in Canada and another 1.5 million people were members of a group insurance plan through the company.

During the liquidation process, CompCorp, by then called Assuris, was able to guarantee the assets of all policyholders, and the process cost the compensation fund only CA$5 million.

The various blocks of business held by the company were taken over by several different Canadian and American insurance companies. The liquidator was KPMG. As of 2010, the process was still ongoing.

It was the third liquidation of an insurance company in Canada in consecutive years, Les Coopérants (1992) and Sovereign Life (1993) and was followed in 2012 by Union of Canada Life.

See also
 Confederation Life Building

References

External links
 Confederation Life Insurance Company, In Liquidation

Defunct financial services companies of Canada