Israel–Jordan relations are the diplomatic, economic and cultural relations between Israel and Jordan. The two countries share a land border, with three border crossings: Yitzhak Rabin/Wadi Araba Crossing, Jordan River Crossing and the Allenby/King Hussein Bridge Crossing, that connects the West Bank with Jordan. The relationship between the two countries is regulated by the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994, which formally ended the state of war that had existed between the two countries since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and also established diplomatic relations, besides other matters. Relations between the countries get strained from time to time, usually over tensions at the Al-Aqsa mosque. On 8 October 2020, Israel and Jordan reached an agreement to allow flights to cross over both countries’ airspace.

History

1948–1994
Between 1948 and 1994, Jordan consistently followed an anti-Zionist policy, but made decisions pragmatically. Several factors are cited for this relative pragmatism, among these being the two countries' geographic proximity, King Hussein's Western orientation, and Jordan's modest territorial aspirations. Nevertheless, a state of war existed between the two countries from 1948 until the treaty was signed.

Memoirists and political analysts have identified a number of "back-channel" and at times clandestine communications between the two countries, often resulting in certain accommodations even during times of war.

Jordan was not a member of the United Nations when the vote on the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was taken in November 1947, but following the establishment of the state of Israel on 14 May 1948, Jordan, then known as Transjordan, was one of the Arab League countries that invaded the former Palestinian Mandate territory precipitating the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. By war’s end, Jordan was in control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem (including the Old City). It expelled its Jewish population, and formally annexed the territories in 1950. After the Fedayeen attacks from Jordan decreased after Israel's victory in the 1956 Suez War, the tense relations between Israel and Jordan following the 1948 war eased.

In the 1967 Six-Day War, Jordan aligned itself with Nasser's Egypt despite an Israeli warning, and lost control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem to Israel, but did not relinquish its claim to the territory until 1988. Jordan significantly reduced its military participation in the Yom Kippur War in 1973 against Israel. Jordan and Israel signed the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace in 1994, normalizing relations between the two countries.

In 1970 King Hussein waged the war of Black September against the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), eventually ejecting the organization and thousands of Palestinians, who threatened Hussein's rule. During Black September, Syrian troops invaded the kingdom, threatening to further destabilize the regime. In response, the Israeli Air Force made a series of overflights over the Syrian forces, prompting them to return to Syria. The war against the PLO factions may have strengthened the connections between Israel and Jordan. Some claim that Mossad warned Hussein about a Palestinian assassination attempt and that Hussein warned Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in a clandestine face-to-face meeting about Egyptian and Syrian threats prior to the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Hussein's intention was to stay out of the war.

In 1987 Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister Shimon Peres and King Hussein tried to secretly arrange a peace agreement in which Israel would concede the West Bank to Jordan. The two signed the "Peres–Hussein London Agreement", defining a framework for a Middle Eastern peace conference. The proposal was not consummated due to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir's objection. The following year Jordan abandoned its claim for the West Bank in favor of a peaceful resolution between Israel and the PLO.

Israel-Jordan peace treaty

In 1994, Israel and Jordan negotiated a peace treaty, which was signed by Yitzhak Rabin, King Hussein and Bill Clinton in Washington, DC on 25 July 1994. The Washington Declaration says that Israel and Jordan ended the official state of enmity and would start negotiations to achieve an "end to bloodshed and sorrow" and a just and lasting peace.

On 26 October 1994, Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty, normalizing relations between them and resolving territorial disputes, including water sharing. The treaty adjusted land and water disputes, and provided for broad cooperation in tourism and trade. It also included a pledge that neither Jordan nor Israel would allow its territory to become a staging ground for military strikes by a third country. The treaty was closely linked to efforts to achieve peace between Israel and the Palestinians.

Following the agreements, Israel and Jordan opened their borders. Several border-crossings were erected, allowing tourists, businessmen and workers to travel between the two countries. Israeli tourists started to visit Jordan, and many foreign tourists would combine visits to both countries.

In 1996 the two countries signed a trade treaty. As part of the agreement, Israel assisted in establishing a modern medical center in Amman.

2010–present
In 2010, when the government of Jordan sought permission from international governments to produce nuclear fuel for use in Jordanian power plants, Israel objected, citing the unstable political nature of the Middle East. In light of the Israeli objection the request for United States approval was denied.

In a meeting with the Centre for Israel & Jewish Affairs in Canada, Jordanian King Abdullah noted that Israel, which he recognizes as a vital regional ally, has been highly responsive to requests by Abdullah to resume direct peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Promoting peace between Israel and the Palestinian Authority is a major priority for Jordan. It supports U.S. efforts to mediate a final settlement, which it believes should be based on the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, proposed by Saudi Arabia.

On 23 July 2017, the deputy director of security of the Israeli embassy in Amman shot two Jordanian men. The Jordanian Public Security Directorate concluded that the Israeli guard was attacked by one of the men, a 17-year-old furniture repairman, and shot at both the repairman and the building’s Jordanian owner. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported that the furniture repairman had been wielding a screwdriver, a claim the father of the Jordanian youth denies. Both Jordanian men died and the Israeli guard was injured as a result of the incident.

On 22 November 2019, King Abdullah described Jordan's relations with Israel as being "at an all-time low", mostly because of domestic political issues in Israel.

In March 2021, Jordan delayed approval of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's flight over the country on the way to the United Arab Emirates. Israel accused Jordan of doing this deliberately as a response to a dispute over Israeli entry permits for Jordanian Crown Prince Hussein bin Abdullah's security detail for a trip to the Al-Aqsa mosque. Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi accused Israel of breaching agreed terms of the trip to Al-Aqsa and accused Netanyahu of "toying with the region and its peoples’ right to live in peace for the sake of electoral and populist concerns" and "destroying the trust which is the basis for ending the conflict".

In April 2021, Jordan condemned Israel for raiding the Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem and silencing the minaret's loudspeaker. However, on 8 July of that year, reports surfaced that Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett met with King Abdullah II of Jordan in what was said to be a "very positive" atmosphere. The report, leaked by an anonymous former Israeli official, said that Bennett and King Abdullah agreed to open a "new page" in relations, after the strained relations of the past years. More specifically, it said that Israel agreed to double the amount of water they sold to Jordan. Bennett's office declined to comment on the report.

In early September 2021, King Abdullah and Israeli president Isaac Herzog discussed sustainability, climate crisis and energy in an unannounced meeting. On 5 January 2022, Abdullah met with Israeli Minister of Defense Benny Gantz in Amman. They discussed regional stability and bilateral ties. Abdullah stated "the need to maintain calm in the Palestinian territories" and called for a two-state solution as a "comprehensive and just solution" of the conflict. It was the first public hosting of an Israeli official by Abdullah in more than four years. According to observers, it was part of a reset of bilateral relations between Jordan and Israel. On 30 March 2022, King Abdullah met with Israeli president Isaac Herzog in Amman. They discussed the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and bilateral relations. It was the first official visit of an Israeli president to Jordan.

In an interview with CNN in December 2022, after the inauguration of the new Israeli government, King Abdullah warned Israel not to change the status of the Muslim and Christian holy sites and stated "If people [Israeli government] want to get into a conflict with us, we're quite prepared".

In April 2023, Jordanian MP Imad Al-Adwan was arrested by Israeli authorities after trying to smuggle weapons and gold into the West Bank.

Economic relations
Jordan has also benefited economically from the peace treaty. As a result of the treaty, Qualified Industrial Zones were developed in Jordan. In these zones, companies that use a percentage of Israeli inputs can export duty-free to the United States. As of 2010, the zones have generated 36,000 jobs, and have become the strongest engine for Jordan's economic growth. The opposition Muslim Brotherhood movement has asked the government to shut them down, but the government maintains that the zones provide jobs for thousands of Jordanians.

Israel has facilitated Jordanian trade with Iraq and Turkey since 2013 by allowing goods to be transported by truck via the Jordan River Crossing near Beit She'an. The goods are taken to Haifa Port and shipped from there to Iraq and Turkey. Previously this trade passed overland through Syria but has been disrupted by the Syrian Civil War.

According to a 2016 agreement valued at US$10 billion, Israel will supply Jordan with 45 billion cubic meters (BCM) of natural gas over 15 years. The gas will be supplied by a new pipeline scheduled for completion by 2020 that will stretch from the Israel–Jordan border to the Arab Gas Pipeline near Mafraq. The Jordanian government maintains that procuring gas from Israel will save Jordan JD700 million per year in energy costs. The pipeline started its initial 3-month operation on December 31, 2019, despite heated protests by opposition groups. Local campaign coordinators against the deal criticised the high costs when the country is already receiving cheap liquified gas through a port in Aqaba, as well as additional electricity produced by solar power plants.

In November 2021, Jordan and Israel signed an agreement brokered by the United Arab Emirates by which a UAE company will build a solar power plant in Jordan from which Israel will buy electricity in exchange for water from an Israeli desalination plant.

See also
 International recognition of Israel
 Island of Peace
 History of the Jews in Jordan

References

External links
Embassy of Israel - Amman
Embassy of Jordan - Tel Aviv

Jordan
Bilateral relations of Jordan


John Harvey Frykman Ph.D.,  (19 April 1932 – 21 October 2017) was a Lutheran minister and American psychotherapist specializing in brief therapy, medical hypnosis and family therapy. He was the founding director of the drug treatment program of the Haight Ashbury Free Clinic in San Francisco, California, and is noted for his problem solving, individualized approach to substance abuse therapy and solution focused brief therapy.

Education and military service
During his initial higher education, he earned a Certificate in Architectural Construction from Wentworth Institute, Boston, a B.A. in Sociology from Bethany College, Kansas, and a Master of Divinity from Philadelphia Lutheran Theological Seminary. He spent two years in the U.S. Army, with overseas duty in Korea. Pastoral work in New York, Pennsylvania and California provided years of experience with inner-city situations and a close-at-hand understanding of chemical dependency problems. Along the way he developed skills in community organization, inter-group relations, clinical counseling and group work. Jay Haley and Milton H. Erickson, M.D. were colleagues  and very important influences in his life. He is a California-licensed Marriage Family and Child Counselor, and in 1982 he earned a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Ryokan College, Los Angeles.

Haight Ashbury
In 1968, Frykman became the founding director of the drug treatment program at the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic in San Francisco. In this capacity he received training in pharmacology and the medical treatment of drug crises through Dr. Frederick Meyers of the University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, and Dr. David Smith at the Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinic.

Teaching
Frykman was then recruited to become the first "community counselor" for the Carmel Unified School District, where he worked directly with young people and their families and developed a community-based approach to substance abuse problems. In addition, he taught at the National Drug Abuse Training Center and the University of California Extension where a wide range of courses dealt with the nature of drugs, lifestyles of substance abusers, and approaches to treatment, education and prevention. He also taught pastoral care and family therapy at Gurukul Lutheran Theological College and Research Institute, Madras, India, in 1988.

Cypress Institute
Since 1971, Frykman has been president of Cypress Institute (Monterey and San Francisco), a non-profit corporation for research and direct services in the fields of human communication, organizational development, education and counseling, with emphasis on a systems understanding and strategic, rapid problem-solving.

Lutheran minister
After completing seminary (ranking fifth in his graduation class) Frykman served as associate pastor at the First English Lutheran Church in Sacramento, pastor at St. John's Lutheran Church in Oakland, California, pastor at the First United Lutheran Church, San Francisco and, in 2009, as VIM  pastor at Bukit Doa International Church in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia.

On January 1, 1996, First United Lutheran Church of San Francisco, along with St. Francis Lutheran Church, was expelled from the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA), because they violated a provision of the ELCA constitution. In January 1990, under Frykman's leadership, the two congregations called and ordained a gay man and a lesbian couple, graduates of Lutheran seminaries, who were not approved for ordination by the ELCA solely because they refused to pledge lifelong celibacy. In the face of this judgment against them, these congregations, along with their companion congregations, continued to stand by their decision. Frykman said during his trial for ordaining non-celibate homosexual ministers in 1990, "Ecclesiastical disobedience in the face of unjust practice in the church was in the best tradition of Martin Luther."[2]

International impact
Frykman has worked extensively overseas, teaching and consulting in Norway, England, Sweden, Germany, Finland, India, Spain, Greece, the Philippines and France. In January 2005, Lutheran Lesbian and Gay Ministries (LLGM) presented Frykman with the "Voice of Distinction" award at a gala banquet celebrating its 15th anniversary. These awards are given to individuals and organizations in recognition of their outstanding commitment, dedication and sacrifice on behalf of sexual minority persons. Frykman has consulted or taught in 16 countries and 27 of the United States.

Bibliography
By Frykman
 THE HASSLE HANDBOOK (1984)
 The Hassle Handbook: A Guide to Teenage Survival (August 1988)
 The NEW Hassle Handbook: A Guide Through the Teen Age Years (November 19, 2007)

Co-authored
 A New Connection: A Problem Solving Approach to Chemical Dependency (written with Richard B. Seymour, David E. Smith and Frederick H. Meyers) (March 1991)
 Making the Impossible Difficult: Tools for Getting Unstuck (written with Thorana Nelson) (October 13, 2003)

Notes

External links
History of Ordinations, Trial and Expulsion
San Francisco Lutherans defend ordination of gays
Lutherans Punish 2 Churches for Gay Ordinations
LLGM 15th Anniversary
GoodReads Author Profile

20th-century American psychologists
2017 deaths
1932 births
American people of Swedish descent
20th-century American Lutheran clergy
American psychotherapists
Clergy from Boston
Wentworth Institute of Technology alumni
Bethany College (Kansas) alumni
21st-century American Lutheran clergy


Gerdina Hendrika Kurtz (1899–1989) was a Dutch historian, writer and archivist. She published under the name G.H. Kurtz.

Early years
Gerda Kurtz was born in Amsterdam, and moved to Haarlem with her family at age seven. She studied at a girls' school there, but her mother died when she was only 13 and she became focussed on schoolwork. She graduated from the Gymnasium and proceeded to the University of Utrecht to study History. During the course of her study she often returned to Haarlem to substitute-teach History and Geography at the Gymnasium. She enjoyed teaching, but was impatient with many of her students. She herself was a gifted student and graduated cum laude in History in 1929 (she was the 5th woman to graduate cum laude from a university in the Netherlands). She started working as a volunteer for the archives of Utrecht and passed her certification exam in 1930 as an official archivist. She continued her volunteer work and taught on the side, until she found an assistant's position with the Gelderse Vallei. Meanwhile, she kept looking for a position as archivist.

Appointment as Haarlem Archivist
Kurtz graduated at the top of her class, but found difficulty in finding a suitable job. In 1913 a Dutch law enforcing the firing of women after marriage was reversed, but in 1924 a Royal decision was taken to fire all female federal government workers under the age of 45 who got married. In 1933, when Kurtz was looking for a job, this decision was extended to local government employees. Archivists either worked for local or federal government agencies, so her prospects were rather grim. The reasons for these political decisions were:
 Because of the high unemployment due to the inter-bellum crisis, women had to "make way for men" on the job market.
 Working women, once married, would use contraceptives to be able to keep up their income, and such behavior was simply not allowed by the church fathers in high government circles.

This second point made the political agenda only after more women began to work in government positions. Prior to that this point was never discussed in the legislature concerning young female farm workers or young female production workers. In any case, these laws discouraged the appointments of women in any jobs, since the expectation was that they would get married sooner or later.

When the city archivist of Haarlem died, the city council first attempted to dissolve the position completely by merging it with the city library. Protests from various groups led them to reconsider and so it came to pass that Kurtz was one of 9 candidates for the position. As a female she was low on the priority list, but she knew several influential people in Haarlem and she was the only one with the proper qualifications. After writing a letter to the city treasurer assuring him that she needed to be paid no more than 2500 guilders per year, she was hired. She held the position from 1938 until 1967.

The Mistress
Six months after her appointment the archives moved to their present location in the old church St. Janskerk on the Jansstraat in Haarlem. The move itself was an opportunity to reorganize and reorder the archives and Kurtz developed her own catalog system for this. Kurtz became known as the Juffrouw, or mistress.  She never married, but helped hundreds of visitors to the city archives with their research projects. During World War II she wrote a book about the history of the Haarlem archives, in which the devastating effects of the siege of Haarlem and the French occupation on the archives themselves became all too clear for her. This work probably influenced her to take many pictures of Haarlem during the German occupation, many of which have been used in scientific publications to document various aspects of the war. Not only did she take many pictures, she also hid the archives of the various Jewish organizations of Haarlem in the crypt of the Sint Janskerk, protecting them through the war years. It has been said of the North Holland archives that this was the only government institution in Haarlem without a notice stating "Jews not allowed".

Later years

Kurtz published her last book at age 80 and died at the age of 90 in Haarlem of a long sickness. She is buried at Westerveld graveyard.

Publications
From the moment she was appointed, she became a member of the Haarlem Historical Society and proceeded to write various publications. In her first four years she wrote ten books.
Here are just some of her more popular books:
 Willem III en Amsterdam 1683–1685, 1928 (PhD thesis)
 Beknopte geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1946
 Geschiedenis en beschrijving der Haarlemse hofjes, 1951
 Honderd jaar Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Haarlem, 1957
 Kenu Symonsdochter van Haerlem, 1956
 Het Proveniershuis te Haarlem, 1979
 De straat waarin wij in Haarlem wonen ; geschiedenis en verklaring der Haarlemse straatnamen, 1965

References

Sources
 Jaarboek Vereniging Haarlem 1989, Jaap Temminck

External links
 Books by Miss Kurtz on the Google Books Library Project
 Website of the Haarlem Archives (now merged with North Holland Archives)

1899 births
1989 deaths
Dutch librarians
Dutch women librarians
Dutch women writers
Writers from Haarlem
Writers from Amsterdam


"I travelled among unknown men" is a love poem completed in April 1801 by the English poet William Wordsworth and originally intended for the Lyrical Ballads anthology, but it was first published in Poems, in Two Volumes in 1807 (see 1807 in poetry). The third poem of Wordsworth's "Lucy series", "I travelled..." was composed after the poet had spent time living in Germany in 1798. Due to acute homesickness, the lyrics promise that once returned to England, he will never live abroad again. The poet states he now loves England "more and more". Wordsworth realizes that he did not know how much he loved England until he lived abroad and uses this insight as an analogy to understand his unrequited feelings for his beloved, Lucy.

Although "I travelled..." was written two years after the other four poems in the series, in both tone and language it closely echoes the earlier work. Wordsworth gives no hint as to the identity of Lucy, and although he stated in the introduction that all the poems were 'founded on fact', knowing the basis for the character of Lucy is not necessary to appreciate the poem and its sentiment. Earlier critics assumed she represents a youthful love of Wordsworth who had died, but modern scholarship believes she was likely a hybrid or largely fictitious. Similarly, no insight can be gained from determining the exact geographical location of the 'springs of Dove'; in his youth, Wordsworth had visited springs of that name in Derbyshire, Patterdale and Yorkshire.

The poem is filled with conflict and contradictions. Comparing the irony of the usage of the words "among" and "unknown" in the poem's title, the critic Mark Jones concluded that 'unknown' indicated the poet finally realizes the depth of his feelings for Lucy. Jones wrote, "these are paradoxes of memory and belated appreciation, and they turn on the question of what it is to know, as the two uses of this word in the first stanza indicate". The language used is highly nostalgic for a personal and societal ideal, according to critic Dudley Fitts it "expresses with quiet assurance the value of a life lived within the protective circle of a national and social tradition".

Lucy's only appearance is in the second half of the poem, where she is linked with the English landscape. As such, it seems as if nature joins with the narrator in mourning over Lucy, and the reader is drawn within this mutual sorrow. Although the poem focuses on death, it transitions into a poem describing the narrator's love for England and nature.
'Tis past, that melancholy dream!
Nor will I quit thy shore
A second time; for still I seem
To love thee more and more. (lines 5–8)

Notes

Bibliography
 Johnston, Kenneth. The Hidden Wordsworth: Poet, Lover, Rebel, Spy. W. W. Norton & Company, 1998.
 Jones, Mark. The 'Lucy Poems': A Case Study in Literary Knowledge. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1995.
 Moorman, Mary. William Wordsworth: A Biography: The Early Years, 1770-1803. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

External links

 Biography and Works of William Wordsworth

Poetry by William Wordsworth
1801 poems
1807 poems


Brazil–Israel relations are the bilateral relations between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the State of Israel. Brazil has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Haifa. Israel has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo. The Brazilian ambassador to Israel is Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas. Israel's current ambassador to Brazil is Daniel Zohar Zonshine. Brazil and Israel maintain close political and military ties. The two nations enjoy a degree of arms cooperation. Brazil is a full member state of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, while several Brazilian elected officials participate in the Israel Allies Caucus, a political advocacy organization that mobilizes pro-Israel parliamentarians in governments worldwide.

Brazil has the 9th largest Jewish community in the world and the 2nd largest in Latin America, with 107,329 Jews in Brazil in 2010, according to the IBGE census. The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil. Around 25,000 Brazilians live in Israel, most of them being Brazilian Jews.

Support for the Jewish people during World War II
Relations between Brazil and Israel have been characterized as historically "unstable". Antisemitism was especially prevalent in Brazil prior to World War II, including the purposeful exclusion of Jewish immigrants.

In the early stages of World War II, Brazil took part in the first three consultative meetings of the Ministers of External Relations of the American Republics which worked out the recommendation for the collective severance of diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers. Brazil announced, in the 1942 Rio conference, that it had cut all diplomatic ties with Nazi Germany, thereby siding with Allied Powers. Eventually most South American states did the same, with the exception of Argentina and Chile.

During Oswaldo Aranha's term as Brazil's Minister for External Relations, from 1938 to 1944, many Jews were granted visas to Brazil. In 1939, Jews were granted 4,601 permanent and temporary resident visas to Brazil. In that year, 9% of all permanent residency visas and 14% of temporary Brazilian visas were emitted to people of Jewish origin. In 1940, 2,500 Jewish immigrants were given visas to Brazil.

Albert Einstein asked Oswaldo Aranha for help in obtaining a visa for his friend, German Jew Helene Fabian-Katz. Einstein had previously appealed to the United States government for help, but the US denied Fabian-Katz a visa. Helene Fabian-Katz was granted a visa to Brazil and joined her brother, who was already living in São Paulo.

Nowadays Brazil has the 9th largest Jewish community in the world, with a total of 107,329 individuals in 2010 according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil.

Role in the establishment of the State of Israel

Brazil played a large role in the establishment of the State of Israel. Brazil held the Presidency office of the United Nations General Assembly in 1947, which proclaimed the Partition Plan for Palestine. Brazilian Ambassador Oswaldo Aranha, then the chairman of the United Nations General Assembly, supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of the State of Israel.

Feldberg is careful to point out, however, that this vote in favor of Israel was largely political, as Brazil was trying to strengthen relations with the United States, who was in favor of the Partition. Despite this vote, they abstained in a vote that decreed Israel was a sovereign nation. Brazil also did not move its embassy to Jerusalem, largely because the Vatican was against it.

Today, streets in Israeli cities such as Beer-Sheva and Ramat-Gan, and a square in Jerusalem, are named after Oswaldo Aranha. In 2007, a street in Tel Aviv was named in his honor at a ceremony attended by his relatives and Brazil's ambassador to Israel.

Brazil was also one of the first countries to recognize the State of Israel, on 7 February 1949, less than one year after Israeli Declaration of Independence. The first Israeli embassy was opened in 1955 in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of Brazil, with David Shaltiel as the first ambassador.

Political ties
Some Brazilian politicians participate in the Israel Allies Caucus, a transnational pro-Israel lobby coalition. Federal Deputy Fátima Pelaes, a representative for the state of Amapá in the Brazilian Parliament, serves as the co-chair for the Brazil Israel Allies Caucus.

Brazil stands alongside Israel in the fight against antisemitism. Brazil strictly condemns antisemitism, and antisemitic acts are an explicit violation of the law. According to the Brazilian penal code it is illegal to write, edit, publish, or sell literature that promotes antisemitism or racism. The law provides penalties of up to five years in prison for crimes of racism or religious intolerance and enables courts to fine or imprison for two to five years anyone who displays, distributes, or broadcasts antisemitic or racist material, although antisemitism in Brazil remains rare. Also in 1989, the Brazilian Senate passed a law (law no. 7716 of 5 January 1989) prohibiting the manufacture, trade and distribution of swastikas for the purpose of disseminating Nazism. Anyone who breaks that law is liable to serve a prison term of between two and five years.

The growing political relations between the two countries over the years are based on a history of friendship and cooperation. In recent years, several Israeli ministers have been to Brazil, in particular the ministers of agriculture, public security, education, diaspora and public diplomacy, and trade. On the Brazilian side, Israel was visited by the Minister of Education (2006), the President of the Central Bank, the Minister of Environment, the Minister of National Integration (2007), the Secretary for Women Policies, the Secretary for Strategic Affairs (2008), the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Tourism and the Head of the Institutional Security Cabinet (2010). The Minister of Trade, Industry and Development accompanied the former president in March 2010. Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs Celso Amorim visited Israel five times between 2005 and 2010.

In July 2014 Brazil condemned "the disproportionate use of force by Israel in the Gaza Strip" and recalled its ambassador to Tel Aviv. Israel called Brazil a "diplomatic dwarf that creates problems rather than contributes to solutions," and compared the proportionality of the death toll to Brazil's defeat at the 2014 World Cup. In August 2014, President of Israel Reuven Rivlin apologized to the President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff for these statements, which he said did not represent the feelings of the Israeli population.

Brazil–Israel relations have improved significantly during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro since 2019. Brazilian president Bolsonaro has expressed his love for Israel several times. He has even said to have turned Brazil into Israel's new best friend.

In December 2019, Brazil opened a trade office in Jerusalem. Brazil also considered moving its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.

State visits: past
Israeli President Zalman Shazar scheduled a seven-day state visit to Brazil in 1966. From July 18 to July 25, Israel's president was the official guest of President Castello Branco. In honor of the Israeli President, a bill calling upon the Brazilian government to grant honorary citizenship to President Shazar was introduced on May 23, 1966, in the Chamber of Deputies at Brasilia. The bill in the federal legislature was introduced by Deputy Cunha Bueno. The Brazilian Post Office Department announced on June 1, 1966, that it would issue a special postage stamp carrying a portrait of Mr. Shazar.

Although Juscelino Kubitschek, president of Brazil between 1956 and 1961, visited Israel after his tenure, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was the first Brazilian president to visit Israel while in office, in 2010.

During the 2009 Shimon Peres state visit to Brazil, the Israeli Foreign Ministry announced the reopening of the Israeli consulate-general in São Paulo, Brazil.

Recent state visits

Netanyahu's official visit to Brazil

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's visit to Brazil between December 2018 and January 2019 marked the first official visit by an Israeli prime minister. The prime minister landed in Brazil on December 28, 2018, in Rio de Janeiro, for a five-day visit. He and Israeli first lady Sara Netanyahu were received by the Israeli ambassador to Brazil, Yossi Shelley, by federal deputy Eduardo Bolsonaro, son of president-elect Jair Bolsonaro, and by the city's mayor, Marcelo Crivella.

Netanyahu's first appointment was at the Copacabana Fort, where he met with Bolsonaro in addition to the future Minister of Economy, Paulo Guedes, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ernesto Araújo, and Minister of Defense, Fernando Azevedo e Silva. Netanyahu invited Bolsonaro to visit Israel. They agreed to strengthen agricultural cooperation in sectors such as the economy, security, water management, agriculture and technology. After the meeting, Bolsonaro offered Netanyahu the highest and most important national prize in Brazil, awarded to prominent and influential people. It was previously awarded to former US president Dwight D. Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II. On December 30, he and his wife participated in an event with leaders of the Brazilian Jewish community and a meeting with Brazilian Christian friends from Israel. During the event, the Post Office of the Brazilian state of Amazonas launched a stamp prepared by Israeli Christian friends in Manaus in honor of Israel's 70 years of independence. In Brasilia, on January 1, 2019, Netanyahu participated in the inauguration ceremony of Jair Bolsonaro as president of Brazil, in a historic landmark of relations between the two countries.

President Jair Bolsonaro visits the State of Israel

At the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Jair Bolsonaro's first official visit was to Israel. The trip took place on March 31, 2019, and it was the first time that a representative from Brazil honored the country with an official trip early in his term. In a speech next to Netanyahu, Bolsonaro emphasized the importance of the former head of the United Nations, Osvaldo Aranha, for the creation of the State of Israel in 1948.

The visit resulted in agreements in the fields of science and technology, defense, public security, civil aviation, cybersecurity, and health. Brazil recalled that Jerusalem has been an inseparable part of the identity of the Jewish people for more than three millennia and has become the political heart of the modern and thriving State of Israel.

In this spirit, and 72 years after participating in the first chapter of the recreation of the State of Israel, Brazil has decided to establish an office in Jerusalem for the promotion of trade, investment, technology and innovation, to be coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Brazilian Export and Investment Promotion Agency (Apex-Brasil). Bolsonaro also visited one of the local symbols of Judaism, the Western Wall, in a historical event.

Agreements
Energy

The two governments agreed to cooperate in several sectors, such as oil and gas, thermoelectricity and renewable energies. In the field of energy and mining, they recognized the transformative role of innovation, robotics and cybersecurity. As two relevant natural gas producers, the two countries will exchange best practices on the design of domestic natural gas markets.

Science, Technology and Innovation

During President Jair Bolsonaro's visit to Israel, a Cooperation Agreement in Science and Technology was signed, which will allow the launch of new initiatives in the field of science and technology.

Trade promotion / investments

In December 2007, a Free Trade Zone Agreement between Israel and Mercosur was signed, Brazil being the largest partner of Israel in Latin America. Israel was the first extra-regional partner to set an agreement of this type with the economic bloc. The agreement aims to open the market of goods trade, rules of origin, safekeeping, cooperation in technical and sanitary norms, technological and technical cooperation and customs cooperation.

The president of the Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo, Paulo Skaf said during a 2010 conference in Jerusalem that Brazil will triple trade with Israel by 2015. The conference was attended by Brazilian President Lula da Silva, Israeli President Shimon Peres and a group of Brazilian and Israeli business leaders.

In the context of tourism, 60,000 Brazilians visited Israel in 2012. The number is 20% higher than it was in 2011. Due to that growth, the Israeli Ministry of Tourism aims to bring 140,000 Brazilians to Israel in 2014. The basic strategies are the expansion of the Representative Office of the Ministry of Tourism in Brazil and the facilitation route between Brazil and Israel, with the Israeli airline El Al beginning its operations in the Brazil.

The leaders noted that exchanges between Brazil and Israel in the fields of science, technology and innovation illustrate the synergies that exist in several areas, which can and should be further explored to stimulate reciprocal investments, which are below the level and complexity of the economies of the two countries.

Brazil opened a commercial office in Jerusalem to strengthen the partnership with the country in the areas of innovation, technology and investments. The office is managed by the Brazilian Export and Investment Promotion Agency (Apex-Brasil) and operates in the Jerusalem Gati Business Center building. On 15 December 2019, the trade office was officially opened in Jerusalem. The Arab League condemned Brazil's opening of the trade office in the city of Jerusalem.

CultureRio de Janeiro is a sister city with Haifa, Tel Aviv (since 2006), and Ramat Gan (since 2010). São Paulo and Tel Aviv are sister cities since 2004. There is an important Jewish community in São Paulo. According to Raphael Singer, a former Israeli diplomat in Brasília, around 60,000 Jews lived in São Paulo at the time.

On October 25, 2013, the Israeli foreign ministry stated that Israel will team up with Brazil's Jewish community to deliver medical aid to Africa. The aid project is scheduled to begin in January 2014 in Guinea Bissau and is headed by Claudio Lottenberg, the head of the Confederação Israelita do Brasil (CONIB), an umbrella group of Brazilian Jewry.

In September 2018, the Brazilian delegation to the Jerusalem March totaled 900 people, accounting for the largest group at the annual Sukkot event in Jerusalem.

In the cultural area, Brazil and Israel have been developing cooperation ties. In 2009, the Cinematographic Co-Production Agreement was signed in Brasilia between the governments of the two countries. It was approved by the National Congress in November 2016 and promulgated by President Michel Temer in May 2017, in order to favor the development of film and television production, as well as encourage the development of cultural and technological ties between the two countries. [12 ]

Civil Aviation

Countries have entered into an air services agreement to increase connectivity between and increase the operational freedom of airlines, which will help to strengthen ties between their societies.

Defense

The two nations enjoy a degree of arms cooperation, with Brazil recently announcing that it was going to produce the Israeli-made TAR-21 Assault Rifle under license.

Brazil is a key buyer of Israeli weapons and military technology. In addition to the hundreds of millions of dollars in contracts signed with Israeli manufacturer Elbit since 2000, the Brazilian Air Force signed a $90 million, five-year lease for 12 Kfir aircraft, and Rafael-manufactured Derby missiles were purchased in 2006. Most recently, Israel Aircraft Industries signed a $350 million contract in November 2009 to supply drones to the Brazilian police - the largest such deal ever between Israel and Brazil.

In 2011, the Federative Republic of Brazil awarded a medal to the Head of the Israeli International Military Cooperation Department of the Planning Directorate, Col. Hanny Caspi, for her peace-making efforts. The medal was given to Col. Caspi during a ceremony at the Brazilian Embassy in Tel Aviv, to honor her contribution in promoting the security cooperation between the Israel Defense Forces and the Brazilian Army. The Brazilian Ambassador to Israel, Maria Alicia Bregner also mentioned that she is excited that the head of the department is a woman. Col. Caspi is only the fourth Israeli officer to receive the medal, which is signed by the General of the Brazilian Ground Forces, and is considered as a gesture of respect and appreciation. The countries signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement, which provides a legal framework for joint military initiatives and opens the way for closer ties in this field.

Missions of humanitarian aid

Israel's Brumadinho aid delegation

In January 2019, Israel assisted Brazil in one of the biggest disasters in Brazilian history, the rupture of the Brumadinho dam. The country was the only one to offer assistance at the time. The tragedy killed 270 people and caused great environmental and property losses. Soon after the structure collapsed, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered a troop of about 130 people to be sent to Brazil to help locate victims. The Israeli government sent rescue teams and equipment to locate victims amid the mud in an operation led by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and articulated by the Israeli embassy in Brazil. Israel's ambassador, Yossi Shelley, personally accompanied the searches. In four days of operation, the Israeli mission located 35 missing people, with no survivors. In recognition of Israeli aid, Governor Romeu Zema paid tribute to members of the mission for their joint efforts with Brazilian teams.

Israeli firefighters in the Amazon

Forest fires in the Amazon in September 2019 mobilized leaders around the world. The State of Israel sent a team of eleven fire-fighting specialists to Brazil to assist in the work against fires in the North. The delegation received in Brasília by the President of the Republic, Jair Bolsonaro, helped the Brazilian teams that were on the front lines of the combat in the Rondônia region. Under the command of Israeli military attaché Oded Knaan, the 11 professionals landed in Porto Velho on September 5 and participated with 39 Brazilian military personnel in the actions to combat fire. To help with the work in the Amazon, the group brought high-tech equipment and exchanged experiences with Brazilian firefighters.

Rescue operation in Bolivia

On March 28, 2020, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the coordination of the Israeli embassy in Brazil and the support of Brazil's Foreign Ministry, conducted a complex operation to rescue Israeli, Brazilian and other nationals who were held in Bolivia after the closing of the country's borders due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first group of foreigners authorized to leave Bolivia after the beginning of the crisis caused by COVID-19. The Bolivian government also contributed to the mission's success.

In total, 56 travelers were rescued and went to their countries of origin, including: 24 Brazilians, 23 Israelis, three Australians, two Canadians, two Singaporeans and two Hungarians. The travelers were picked up by a private plane, provided by the Israeli Embassy in Brazil, from five different points in Bolivia, to the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Then they took off on a Bolivian army plane to Guarulhos International Airport, in São Paulo.

Disputed issues
On March 2, 2023, Israel's Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Lior Haiat, strongly criticized the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Brazilian government for permitting two Iranian warships to dock in Rio de Janeiro. Haiat deemed this decision as a "dangerous and regretful development," and urged Brazil to promptly send the warships away.

See also

 History of the Jews in Brazil
 Foreign relations of Brazil
 Foreign relations of Israel
 International recognition of Israel

References

Further reading
 Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 539–551.

External links
 Israel-Brazil Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Jews and Judaism in Brazil
Israel
Bilateral relations of Israel


The Fishing Show is a New Zealand television program about all types of sports fishing. Host Matt Watson gained worldwide attention for successfully catching a black marlin, whilst jumping from a helicopter, although this later was proven and owned up to by Matt to be a hoax, it has gained him the nickname "Gannet Man".

The show started as a low budget production in Northland in New Zealand but has now been picked up by the Discovery and Animal Planet channels and will be broadcast in the US in October 2009. Excerpts from the show have been a hit on YouTube where David Letterman learnt of it.  When interviewed on The Late Show, Matt said, "...doing my job, you need balls".

Episodes

Season 1

Best of The Fishing Show

Season 2

Series 3: The ITM Vanuatu Fishing Challenge

Season 4

Season 5

Season 11

Season 12

Season 13

References

External links
Matt Watson interview on The Rock radio station
Official website
TV3 ITM Fishing Episodes On Demand

2004 New Zealand television series debuts
2016 New Zealand television series endings
2000s New Zealand television series
2010s New Zealand television series
English-language television shows
Fishing television series
New Zealand sports television series
Three (TV channel) original programming
TVNZ 1 original programming


Robert Wilson Pursell (28 September 1919 – August 2005) was a Scottish footballer who played as a full-back for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Port Vale, Winsford United, and Northwich Victoria. He was the son of Peter Pursell and nephew to Bob Pursell, who were also defenders who played for Port Vale.

Career
Pursell played for Northwood B.S.C., Chesterton and Wolverhampton Wanderers, before joining Port Vale on trial from Chesterton in November 1939 and signing professional forms the next month. During the war his career was put on hold, and he guested for Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd. and the Bristol Aeroplane Company Ltd. As Vale began playing football again in August 1944 he returned to The Old Recreation Ground, but was only utilized regularly from September 1945. He made 32 Third Division South and five FA Cup appearances in the 1946–47 season. However, he played just seven games in the 1947–48 season, and manager Gordon Hodgson allowed him a transfer to Winsford United in July 1949. Later he played for Northwich Victoria and Michelin.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1919 births
2005 deaths
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Winsford United F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
English Football League players
Anglo-Scots


On the Outside may refer to:
 On the Outside (Starsailor album)
 On the Outside (The Marked Men album)
 On the Outside, a 1998 album by Symposium
 "On the Outside", a song by Oingo Boingo from the album Only a Lad
 "On the Outside", a song by No Use for a Name from the album Making Friends
 "On the Outside", a 1996 song by Sheryl Crow from the X-Files album  Songs In The Key Of X


Israel and Indonesia have no formal diplomatic ties, although they maintain quiet trade, tourism and security contacts. In 2012, Indonesia spoke of upgrading relations with Israel and opening a consulate in Ramallah, but this agreement was never implemented.

According to a 2017 BBC World Service Poll, 64% of Indonesians viewed Israel's influence negatively, compared to only 9% expressing a positive view.

History

While not openly opposed to Israel necessarily, Indonesia does not want to provoke the country's Islamist elements which held a staunch opposition against Israel.

Indonesia's first president, Sukarno, brushed aside Israeli overtures and eventually adopted a strong pro-Arab policy as part of his anti-colonialist worldview. A notable incident was the expulsion of Israel and the Republic of China (Taiwan) from the 1962 Asian Games held in Jakarta. Because of the pressure from Arab countries and the People's Republic of China, the Indonesian government refused to issue visas for the Israeli and Taiwanese delegations, thus refused the entry of delegations from Israel.

However, with the transition to the New Order and the installation of General Suharto as president, military and intelligence ties were opened through unofficial channels, especially Iran and Turkey, in 1968. In 1971, Indonesian and Israeli military officers are believed to have started negotiations on transfer of military hardware and sharing of intelligence on global Communist terrorist groups. In November the following year, some counter-battery radars for accurate artillery fire were bought by the Indonesian military from the Israel Military Industries. In March 1974, a team of 27 officers and 90 soldiers from the Indonesian Army were sent to study a 2-month course to Israel on artillery radar and land surveillance, as well as ELINT and SIGINT from the Israeli Defence Forces. In January 1975, the Indonesian Navy and Indonesian Air Force sent a 60-man team to Israel to learn special insertion and covert operations from Shayetet 13 and the Israeli Navy. The result was the establishment of a Special Forces Training School to train small units of the Kopassus in airborne and seaborne insertion, in November 1975. In August 1976, Indonesian and Israeli Chiefs of Air Staff met during a supposedly coincidental visit to Tehran to discuss the Indonesian procurement of 35 Douglas A-4 Skyhawk fighter aircraft from Israel, which were ultimately delivered in 1981–82 under Operation Alpha. Indonesia is also interested in Israeli-made drones, especially the IAI Searcher and IAI Heron drones. Four Searcher UAVs have been delivered through Philippines Kital Group, with Heron UAV still in consideration. Singaporean leased Searcher drones also assisted the Indonesian army in Operation Tinombala.

In 1993, Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin met Indonesian president Suharto at his private residence in Jakarta. This, what press said was Rabin's unscheduled visit, happened during Suharto's chairmanship of the Non-Aligned Movement and shortly after the Oslo Accords. This was the first ever high-profile meeting between both leaders.

In 1999, after entering the Reformation era, Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid and Foreign Minister Alwi Shihab mentioned their wishes to open ties with Israel although only at the level of economic and trade links. Wahid believed that Indonesia has no reason to be against Israel. He pointed to the fact that Indonesia has "long-term relationships" with China and the Soviet Union, two countries he viewed as having atheism as part of their constitutions, and further explained that Israel "has a reputation as a nation with a high regard for God and religion." However, after Wahid's removal from office in 2001, no effort was maintained to improve the relations between Indonesia and Israel.

In 2005, Indonesia said that establishing full diplomatic ties with Israel will only be possible after peace has been reached between Israel and Palestine. Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom held a discreet first meeting with his Indonesian counterpart Hassan Wirajuda during a UN summit in New York City in September 2005. However, President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ruled out establishing formal diplomatic ties but said: "Any communication between Indonesian and Israeli officials will be oriented to the objective of assisting the Palestinian people in gaining their independence".

In 2006, Indonesia and several Islamic groups in the country condemned Israel's ongoing military operation in Gaza and demanded the release of arrested Palestinian officials, and also called on Israel to withdraw its forces from Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War. The Indonesian Foreign Ministry advised that the national tennis team was pulling out of its Fed Cup matches in Israel, saying "We are witnessing a military invasion by Israel and the arrest of scores of Palestinian officials...It is now impossible to play there".

In a visit to Singapore in 2006, the Israeli Arab diplomat Ali Yahya called for direct ties between Israel and Indonesia. In an interview with The Jakarta Post he said, I misunderstand why the relationship between the majorities of Muslims in Asia is hostile to Israel. If it is because of Israel and Palestine, then (how can it be reconciled that) we have peace with Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, but not with eastern Asia?

We protect the holy places in Israel, respect the Arabic language, and bring imams and rabbis together to have discussions. I am posing a question if the Muslim countries in Asia can open the gate to their country for us, so that we can open up relations with them.

There are so many opportunities in Israel and by stressing the need for cooperation we would like to get these countries to also have a share of these opportunities. But to do that, we need to have the opportunity to talk directly to these countries, which I hope, will come up soon.

In 2008, the Jakarta Post printed a letter from Israeli Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Majalli Wahabi, urging Indonesia to take a role in advocating for peace in the Middle East. Analysts suggested that the printing of the letter might be a signal of a thaw between the two nations. However, the Gaza War that lasted from late 27 December 2008 to 18 January 2009 affected relations. Indonesia harshly condemned Israeli actions, labeling it as "aggression", and expressed its support of the Palestinians.

In March 2016, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called for normalization of ties with Indonesia, citing "many opportunities for bilateral cooperation" and adding that reasons preventing relationship between the two countries were no longer relevant. However, Indonesia refused, stating that it will only consider normalization if Palestinian independence is fulfilled.

In 2018, member of Presidential Advisory Council Yahya Cholil Staquf visited Israel to meet Benjamin Netanyahu and joined a Jewish Forum, which was responded negatively by the Indonesian public.

In 2023 Israeli Olympic shooter Sergy Rikhter withdrew from international competition in Jakarta after the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) refused to allow him to compete with any symbols representing Rikhter's home country of Israel. In order to qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, athletes are required to have participated in at least two ISSF Championships during the Qualifying period, reach a Minimum Qualifying Score (MQS), and secure a place in one of five quotas within a series of four World Cup meets,
of which Jakarta is the first in this cycle. Richter won gold for Shooting at the 2019 European Games in 10 metre air rifle and competed in Tokyo Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle. Reportedly, World Cup organizers informed Richter and the Israeli federation they would only allow him to participate with his weapon if he competes with identification symbols of the ISSF or the flag of the International Olympic Committee. Richter rebuffed the ISSF and chose not to compete in the World Cup, in part stating,

I will never accept to participate in a competition without the [IOC Country Code] ISR on my competition suit, on my personal rifle and on the results screen…I start the most important year on the way to Paris, when my opponents take a professional advantage over me due to political problems. If the Olympic movement, which advocates the existence of sports without distinctions of nationality, religion, race and sex, does not support its ideology, then what is its value? I don't understand how the state is allowed to organize some sort of competition with a national identity restriction.

On 29 March 2023, FIFA announced that Indonesia would lose its right to host the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup and a new country be selected instead. This is because of controversy over Israel's participation in the competition in Indonesia, which does not officially recognize Israel as a sovereign state.

Agreements
In 2008, Indonesia signed a medical cooperation agreement with Israel's national emergency medical service worth US$200,000.

In 2012, Indonesia agreed to informally upgrade its relations with Israel and to open a consulate in Ramallah, headed by a diplomat with the rank of ambassador, who also would have unofficially served as his country's ambassador for contacts with Israel. The move, which had been agreed upon after five years of sensitive deliberations, would have represented a de facto upgrading of relations between the two countries. Indonesia had formally presented the move to open a West Bank consulate as a demonstration of its support for Palestinian independence. In fact, while the ambassador-ranked diplomat was supposed to be accredited to the Palestinian Authority/PLO, a significant portion of his work would have been in dealings with Israel, and the office would have fulfilled substantial diplomatic duties as well as consular responsibilities. After Israel denied the Indonesian foreign minister entry to Ramallah in 2012, Indonesia backed out from the agreement and the consulate in Ramallah was not opened. Despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, Israel and Indonesia quietly maintain trade, security and other relations which, however have been quietly deteriorating ever since the Middle East Peace Process has been stalled.

Tourism and travel

Israeli citizens are eligible for  visas to Indonesia for single entry group tourist travel and single entry business travel. For Indonesians, tourist visas to Israel are only available for group travel through travel agencies. In May 2018, Indonesia barred Israeli passport holders from entering the country, which Israel reciprocated, although not for all types of visas. A month later, both countries reversed their tourism bans.

See also
 Indonesia–Palestine relations
 History of the Jews in Indonesia
 Operation Alpha

References

Israel
Indonesia


EPIC v. Department of Justice is a 2014 case in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia between the  Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the  U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) where EPIC seeks court action to enforce their Freedom of Information Act request for documents that the Department of Justice has withheld pertaining to  George W. Bush's authorization of NSA warrantless surveillance.

Background
On December 16, 2005, the New York Times published an article revealing that President Bush authorized the National Security Agency to "eavesdrop on Americans and others inside the US to search for evidence of terrorist activity without the court-approved warrants ordinarily required for domestic spying." Foreshadowing the secrecy at issue in this case, the White House asked the New York Times to not publish the article as it could "[jeopardize] continuing investigations and alert would-be terrorists that they might be under scrutiny." The New York Times agreed to delay publication for a year in order to conduct additional reporting, which resulted in the omission of information that "administration officials argued could be useful to terrorists" from the final article.

Just four hours after the publication of this article, EPIC submitted a FOIA request to the Department of Justice for the legal justification behind the "Warrantless Wiretapping" program of President Bush.

EPIC's FOIA Request
On October 3, 2013, by way of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), EPIC requested copies of the following documents:
 An audit of NSA domestic surveillance activities
 Guidance or a "checklist" to help decide whether probable cause exists to monitor an individual's communications
 Communications conceding the use of information obtained through NSA domestic surveillance as the basis for the DOJ surveillance applications to the FISC
 Legal memoranda, opinions, or statements concerning increased domestic surveillance, including "one authored by John C. Yoo shortly after September 11, 2001 discussing the potential for warrantless use of enhanced electronic surveillance techniques"

EPIC also requested a fee waiver as well as an expedited process because, they argued, it is urgent to inform the public "about an actual or alleged federal government activity" that concerns all Americans and is potentially illegal.

Fourteen days following the initial filing of the FOIA request, the Department of Justice approved EPIC's fee waiver and expedited processing requests.

EPIC v. DOJ (D.C. 2014)
Despite receiving approval notices from all of the agencies, the DOJ did not follow-up or send any materials to EPIC. In January 2006, EPIC responded to the DOJ's inaction by filing a suit.

EPIC's Complaints
EPIC's lawsuit made the following claims:
The DOJ is not complying with the deadline set by the FOIA statute.
The DOJ is denying EPIC and the public their lawfully entitled access to these records, an entitlement codified in the FOIA statute.

EPIC asked for the court to require the Department of Justice to immediately process the request, disclose all of the requested records, and award the EPIC its cost and attorneys' fees, as well as any other relief the Court deems just and proper.

Simultaneously, EPIC requested a preliminary injunction that would require the Department of Justice to immediately process the request and disclose all of the requested records.

DOJ's Response
At the same time, the DOJ requested a summary judgment to dismiss the case. The DOJ argued that it legally withheld the requested documents under the first and third FOIA exemptions. The first exemption of the FOIA concerns national defense and foreign policy, exempting material that is "specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy." The third exemption of FOIA concerns material that has been "specifically exempted from disclosure by statute"; these statutes are commonly referred to as FOIA Exemption 3 Statutes.

Judge's Decision
After conducting an "in camera review," where the judge reviews the documents privately without their incorporation into the legal record, the judge determined that the documents in question did in fact qualify for exemption under the first and third exemptions (national defense and statute-based exemption, respectively).

In his analysis, the judge cited a former case in which the Electronic Frontier Foundation sued the Department of Justice over its failure to respond to EFF's FOIA request concerning the US government's engagement in telephone surveillance. The EFF v. DOJ court cited Exemption Five as an acceptable justification for the DOJ's withholding of the documents on the grounds of Exemption 5. Exemption Five exempts documents that include "confidential, pre-decisional legal advice" that are protected as part of the "deliberative-process and attorney-client communications privileges." Finding no reason to distinguish the EFF case from the case at issue, the judge applied the EFF case analysis and held that some of the documents requested by EPIC qualified for withholding under Exemption Five.

As a result, given that no un-exempted documents remained to be disclosed, the court granted DOJ's motion for summary judgment and dismissed the case with prejudice. In other words, EPIC was not granted copies of the documents for which they had submitted a Freedom of Information Act request.

EPIC Acquires Documents
Eight years after the initial FOIA request, through an ACLU lawsuit (which EPIC joined as plaintiff) concerning a similar FOIA request, EPIC obtained a mostly unredacted version of two key memos written by former Justice Department official Jack Goldsmith. The Stellar Wind program is described in the memos as containing four components, all of which are types of information the NSA has been authorized to collect without a court order: telephone content (i.e., warrantless wiretapping), Internet content, telephone metadata (i.e., the massive call records database), and Internet metadata. Providing legal justification for the Stellar Wind program, Goldsmith's memos argue that the president has "inherent constitutional power to monitor Americans' communications without a warrant."

While the memos are at times cited as justifying surveillance specifically in times of war, Goldsmith's memos cite the Federalist Papers to argue that "the president can conduct warrantless searches for foreign intelligence 'even in peacetime.' "

Many argue that these legal justifications are retroactive and anti-democratic, in that the argument, as it stands, insulates the Executive Branch's surveillance efforts from Congressional disapproval.

The portions redacted are believed to include dissenting arguments, as well as the arguments that explicitly lay out justifications for undermining the American peoples' civil liberties.

See also
 Hepting v. AT&T
 NSA call database
 Surveillance
 Wiretapping

References

Surveillance
Civil liberties in the United States
Telecommunications in the United States
United States District Court for the District of Columbia cases
2014 in United States case law


Amenmose was an ancient Egyptian prince.  He lived during the 18th dynasty and was the eldest son and designated heir of Thutmose I. He predeceased his father.

Amenmose is likely to have been born before his father ascended the throne. It is not known who was his mother or his brother Wadjmose's mother.  She is likely to have been either the Great Royal Wife Ahmose, who was also the mother of Hatshepsut and Neferubity, or the secondary queen Mutnofret, who also was the mother of Thutmose II.

Amenmose is depicted in the el-Kab tomb of his and Wadjmose's tutor, Paheri. A fragment of Amenmose's small stone naos has also been found dated to year 4 of Thutmose I. Amenmose's name was written in a cartouche, which was usually restricted to pharaohs and their chief queens; it was rare for a crown prince to be identified in this manner.

Amenmose was the first Egyptian prince to receive a military title (that of "Great Overseer of Soldiers"), reflecting the role of pharaohs and princes as generals. This title first appeared during the Middle Kingdom and was later used frequently for princes during the Ramesside period.

Sources

Ancient Egyptian overseers of the troops
Heirs to the ancient Egyptian throne
Princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Thutmose I
Heirs apparent who never acceded


Frederick Bristol Buckingham (February 13, 1876 – December 3, 1948) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. Buckingham played for the Washington Senators in the 1895 season. He played just one game in his career, pitching in 3 innings, with a 6.00 ERA.

Buckingham attended Yale University.

Buckingham was born in Blenheim, New York and died in Washington, D.C.

References

External links

Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
1876 births
1948 deaths
Baseball players from New York (state)
Yale University alumni
19th-century baseball players


The German Federal Railway Authority (, ) has been the independent federal authority for the regulation of the railways in Germany since 1 January 1994. It is under the supervision and direction of the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport and is headed by a president.

Responsibilities
The EBA is the inspectorate and authorising body for the majority of German domestic, railway infrastructure companies that are owned by the government, referred to as federal railways (Eisenbahnen des Bundes or EdB), and for German and foreign railway transport operators in Germany.

Non federally owned public railways and privately operated railways are under the supervision of the German states (Bundesländer), who can choose to transfer this responsibility to the EBA (§ 5 Abs. 2 AEG). To date 11 states, with the exception of Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse and Lower Saxony have chosen to do so. In such cases the EBA works under the direction of the states.

Since 1 January 2007 the EBA has run the railway vehicle register for Germany in accordance with § 5 Abs. 1e of the General Railway Law (Allgemeines Eisenbahngesetz or AEG) and the EU guidelines in §25a of the AEG and is therefore responsible for the issue of vehicle index and classification numbers.

The EBA has a flat organisational structure. Over 300 employees work at its headquarters in Bonn on the core issues, and  another 1,000 people carry out the operational work of inspections and authorisations, occasionally on the spot, in twelve branches at 15 locations. Also within the purview of the Federal Railway Office is the responsibility for investigating railway accidents.

In addition, the EBA has also taken on the responsibility for the approval and oversight of maglev railways under the General Maglev Law (Allgemeines Magnetschwebebahngesetz or AMbG').

Since 1 January 2006 the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) has been responsible for overseeing access to the railway infrastructure. Detailed regulations contain rules about the non-discriminatory access to railway infrastructure and the principles for granting rewards for the use of railway infrastructure under the Railway Infrastructure User Regulation (Eisenbahninfrastruktur-Benutzungsverordnung or EIBV).

 History
With effect from 1 January 1994, as part of the structural reformation of the German railways, the former so-called "special assets" of the Federal Republic of Germany - the Deutsche Bundesbahn and the Deutsche Reichsbahn - were reorganised into an operational division, the Deutsche Bahn AG (DB AG), and two national authorities, the Federal Railway Office (Eisenbahn-Bundesamt) and Federal Railway Assets (Bundeseisenbahnvermögen or BEV), both subordinated to the Federal Ministry for Transport, Construction and Housing. A merger of these two authorities, originally planned for 2009, has currently foundered.

The first president of the EBA was Horst Stuchly. His successor, Armin Keppel, retired in 2008. Keppel also led the Bundeseisenbahnvermögen in 2007.

In 2009, a new president, Gerald Hörster, took up office.

In 2019, German Centre for Rail Traffic Research was founded at the Federal Railway Agency.

 Approval guidelines
Approvals for old technology:
 Munich Bundesbahn Headquarters (Bundesbahnzentralamt München''): Mü8004, Munich 1980 (on April 4)
New technology:
 DIN/ISO=EN 50126, 50128, 50129

See also

 Eisenbahn-Bau- und Betriebsordnung

References

External links

 The official homepage of the EBA
 General Railway Act

Transport authorities in Germany
Federal authorities in Bonn
German federal agencies


Northeastern Illinois Golden Eagles men's basketball formerly represented Northeastern Illinois University in intercollegiate men's basketball. The team participated in NCAA Division I beginning with the 1990–91 season.

The squad briefly joined the East Coast Conference before moving to the Mid-Continent Conference from 1994–98. At the end of the 1997–98 academic year, the university's administration disbanded the athletic department.

Leading players of this era included high-scoring guard Reggie Smith (1992–94), imposing center Monte O'Quinn (1992–96). Another guard, Andrell Hoard (1995–97), won the 1997 ESPN National Slam Dunk Championship. Guard Victor Snipes (1991–93) led NCAA Division I in steals per game as sophomore in 1991–92.

Record by year

Conference tournament history

East Coast Conference

Mid-Continent Conference

Head coaching history

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20121106040357/https://www.nmnathletics.com/pdf7/78574.pdf
 https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/NEIL/


Chorizanthe howellii is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common names Mendocino spineflower and Howell's spineflower. It is endemic to coastal Mendocino County, California, where it is known only from the sand dunes and coastal scrub near Fort Bragg. It is estimated that 95% of the remaining individuals of this plant are part of a single population growing at MacKerricher State Park. It is a federally listed endangered species.

This is a decumbent or spreading species, growing hairy stems along the ground up to about 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each surrounded by a starlike array of six spreading white bracts tipped with straight brown awns. The flower itself is a few millimeters wide and white to pale pink in color.

Threats to this species have historically included off-road vehicle use, trampling by people on foot and horseback, non-native plant species such as the iceplant Carpobrotus edulis and beachgrass Ammophila arenaria. These impacts have been reduced in the state park with a ban on off-road vehicles, limiting foot and horse traffic, and removal of non-native plant species.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Chorizanthe howellii
The Nature Conservancy
Chorizanthe howellii Photo gallery

howellii
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of Mendocino County, California
Critically endangered flora of California


The Harry Reid Airport Connector (RAC) is a limited-access roadway system located in Paradise, an unincorporated town in the Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, United States. Composed of State Route 171 (SR 171), the Airport Tunnel and arterial streets, the airport connector provides vehicular access to the passenger terminals at Harry Reid International Airport. Despite being completely owned by Clark County, the first  of the Harry Reid Airport Connector is maintained by NDOT as unsigned SR 171, while the remaining section is maintained by Clark County.

The Harry Reid Airport Connector was constructed and opened to traffic in 1994, in conjunction with the completion of I-215 between Interstate 15 and Warm Springs Road.

Route description

The Harry Reid Airport Connector begins at an interchange with Interstate 215 (exit 10) in Paradise. From there, the route follows unsigned State Route 171 as it transitions to a below-ground freeway alignment. The connector crosses underneath several local streets and a branch line of the Union Pacific Railroad as it heads northward towards the airport. SR 171 encounters a half-diamond interchange with Sunset Road (SR 562), where the state highway designation ends  at the south portal of the airport tunnel.

The Airport Tunnel is a grouping of three separate tunnels. One tunnel is provided for northbound traffic with another for southbound traffic, and third tunnel between them is reserved for future transit use. The tunnels continue northward, crossing under the east–west runways and taxiways of the airport and emerging on the opposite side.

Curving westward after exiting the north portal, the RAC meets the main terminal grounds with ramps providing terminal access to and from the south. The freeway grade road ends with a traffic signal at Russell Road. North of the signal, the connector transitions to a one-way couplet network, with northbound traffic following University Center Drive (formerly Swenson Street) and southbound traffic using Paradise Road. Another set of ramps provides airport terminal access to and from the north. Finally, the Harry Reid Airport Connector ends at Tropicana Avenue (SR 593), although the one-way roads continue north for about a mile to Harmon Avenue.

In addition to providing access to the airport, the connector also serves as a shortcut between I-215 and Tropicana Avenue (SR 593) near the Thomas & Mack Center on the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) campus. Also, following the relocation of McCarran Airport's car rental facilities to a new, centralized complex at 7135 Gilespie Street, SR 171 and the tunnel are now used by all shuttle buses carrying customers between the main passenger terminals and the rental car facility.

History
SR 171 and the Airport Tunnel opened to traffic in 1994, in conjunction with the completion of I-215 between Interstate 15 and Warm Springs Road.

Major intersections

See also

References

Buildings and structures in Paradise, Nevada
Connector
Road tunnels in the United States
Transportation in the Las Vegas Valley
Tunnels completed in 1994
Tunnels in Nevada


L-form bacteria, also known as L-phase bacteria, L-phase variants or cell wall-deficient bacteria (CWDB), are growth forms derived from different bacteria. They lack cell walls. Two types of L-forms are distinguished: unstable L-forms, spheroplasts that are capable of dividing, but can revert to the original morphology, and stable L-forms, L-forms that are unable to revert to the original bacteria.

Discovery and early studies
L-form bacteria were first isolated in 1935 by Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel, who named them "L-forms" after the Lister Institute in London where she was working.

She first interpreted these growth forms as symbionts related to pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLOs, later commonly called mycoplasmas). Mycoplasmas (now in scientific classification called Mollicutes), parasitic or saprotrophic species of bacteria, also lack a cell wall (peptidoglycan/murein is absent). Morphologically, they resemble L-form bacteria. Therefore, mycoplasmas formerly were sometimes considered stable L-forms or, because of their small size, even viruses, but phylogenetic analysis has identified them as bacteria that have lost their cell walls in the course of evolution. Both, mycoplasmas and L-form bacteria are resistant against penicillin.

After the discovery of PPLOs (mycoplasmas/Mollicutes) and L-form bacteria, their mode of reproduction (proliferation) became a major subject of discussion. In 1954, using phase-contrast microscopy, continual observations of live cells have shown that L-form bacteria (previously also called L-phase bacteria) and pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLOs, now mycoplasmas/Mollicutes) ) do not proliferate by binary fission, but by a uni- or multi-polar budding mechanism. Microphotograph series of growing microcultures of different strains of L-form bacteria,  PPLOs and, as a control, a Micrococcus species (dividing by binary fission) have been presented. Additionally, electron microscopic studies have been performed.

Appearance and cell division

Bacterial morphology is determined by the cell wall. Since the L-form has no cell wall, its morphology is different from that of the strain of bacteria from which it is derived. Typical L-form cells are spheres or spheroids. For example, L-forms of the rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus subtilis appear round when viewed by phase contrast microscopy or by transmission electron microscopy.

Although L-forms can develop from Gram-positive as well as from Gram-negative bacteria, in a Gram stain test, the L-forms always colour Gram-negative, due to the lack of a cell wall.

The cell wall is important for cell division, which, in most bacteria, occurs by binary fission. This process usually requires a cell wall and components of the bacterial cytoskeleton such as FtsZ. The ability of L-form bacteria and mycoplasmas to grow and divide in the absence of both of these structures is highly unusual, and may represent a form of cell division that was important in early forms of life. This mode of division seems to involve the extension of thin protrusions from the cell's surface and these protrusions then pinching off to form new cells. The lack of cell wall in L-forms means that division is disorganised, giving rise to a variety of cell sizes, from very tiny to very big.

Generation in cultures
L-forms can be generated in the laboratory from many bacterial species that usually have cell walls, such as Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli. This is done by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis with antibiotics or treating the cells with lysozyme, an enzyme that digests cell walls. The L-forms are generated in a culture medium that is the same osmolarity as the bacterial cytosol (an isotonic solution), which prevents cell lysis by osmotic shock. L-form strains can be unstable, tending to revert to the normal form of the bacteria by regrowing a cell wall, but this can be prevented by long-term culture of the cells under the same conditions that were used to produce them – letting the wall-disabling mutations to accumulate by genetic drift.

Some studies have identified mutations that occur, as these strains are derived from normal bacteria. One such point mutation D92E is in an enzyme yqiD/ispA () involved in the mevalonate pathway of lipid metabolism that increased the frequency of L-form formation 1,000-fold. The reason for this effect is not known, but it is presumed that the increase is related to this enzyme's role in making a lipid important in peptidoglycan synthesis.

Another methodology of induction relies on nanotechnology and landscape ecology. Microfluidics devices can be built in order to challenge peptidoglycan synthesis by extreme spatial confinement. After biological dispersal through a constricted (sub-micrometre scale) biological corridor connecting adjacent micro habitat patches, L-form-like cells can be derived using a microfluifics-based (synthetic) ecosystem implementing an adaptive landscape selecting for shape-shifting phenotypes similar to L-forms.

Significance and applications
Some publications have suggested that L-form bacteria might cause diseases in humans, and other animals but, as the evidence that links these organisms to disease is fragmentary and frequently contradictory, this hypothesis remains controversial. The two extreme viewpoints on this question are that L-form bacteria are either laboratory curiosities of no clinical significance or important but unappreciated causes of disease. Research on L-form bacteria is continuing. For example, L-form organisms have been observed in mouse lungs after experimental inoculation with Nocardia caviae, and a recent study suggested that these organisms may infect immunosuppressed patients having undergone bone marrow transplants. The formation of strains of bacteria lacking cell walls has also been proposed to be important in the acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance.

L-form bacteria may be useful in research on early forms of life, and in biotechnology. These strains are being examined for possible uses in biotechnology as host strains for recombinant protein production. Here, the absence of a cell wall can allow production of large amounts of secreted proteins that would otherwise accumulate in the periplasmic space of bacteria.

L-form bacteria are seen as a persister cells, and a source of recurrent infection that has become of medical interest.

See also
 Mycoplasmataceae—lack peptidoglycan but supplement their membranes with sterols for stability.
 Protoplast
 Spheroplast
 Ultramicrobacteria

References

Further reading

External links
Errington Group at Newcastle University
Scientists explore new window on the origins of life 2009 Newcastle University press release

Cell biology
Bacteria


The 2009 WNBA All-Star Game was played on July 25, 2009 at Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut, home of the Connecticut Sun. The game was the 9th annual WNBA All-Star Game. This was the second time Connecticut had hosted the basketball showcase, after previously hosting the 2005 game.

The All-Star Game

Rosters

1 Injured
2 Injury replacement
3 Starting in place of injured player

Coaches
The coach for the Western Conference all-stars was San Antonio Silver Stars coach Dan Hughes. The coach for the Eastern Conference was Indiana Fever coach Lin Dunn.

Other events

Three-Point Shootout

Skills Challenge

References

Wnba All-star Game, 2009
Women's National Basketball Association All-Star Game


Central Precinct is located in Randolph County, Illinois, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 445.

Geography
Central Precinct covers an area of .

References

Precincts in Randolph County, Illinois


Kim L. O'Neill is the developer of a monoclonal antibody that allows for the accurate, cheap and easy detection of cancer.

O'Neill has a B.Sc. degree from New University of Ulster and a Ph.D. from the University of Ulster.  He is a full professor of microbiology at Brigham Young University. In 1998 research by O'Neill suggested a link between caffeine and the formation of some cancers. O'Neill has served as associate director of BYU's cancer research center.

O'Neill is also a convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, having joined the church in Ireland.

References

External links
Short listing of O'Neill's credentials
BYU bio
Patent list for O'Neill
Article by O'Neill on his discoveries potential

Alumni of Ulster University
Brigham Young University faculty
Converts to Mormonism
Irish Latter Day Saints
Irish biologists
Living people
Irish emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)