Sport in Qatar is primarily centred on football in terms of participation and spectators. Additionally,  athletics, basketball, handball, volleyball, camel racing, horse racing, cricket and swimming are also widely practised. There are currently eleven multi-sports clubs in the country, and seven single-sports clubs.

The largest sporting event hosted in Qatar was the 2006 Asian Games, hosted in Doha. There were 46 disciplines from 39 events contested. On 2 December 2010, Qatar hosted the 2022 FIFA World Cup, thus becoming the first Arab nation to host the tournament. Qatar will host the 2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup, thus becoming the first Arab nation to host  major basketball tournament

Two weeks after stripping San Diego as the host of the first World Beach Games, the Association of National Olympic Committees on 14 June 2019 gave Qatar the honour to host the event. ANOC said "Qatar boasts spectacular oceanfront locations and is ready to provide the perfect setting." The 2019 World Beach Games were held from October 12 to 16.

Football

Football is by far the most popular sport in Qatar, and is played and supported by locals and expatriates alike. The country has two tiers of domestic professional football leagues. The top tier, known as the Qatar Stars League, has undergone numerous expansions in the last several years. In 2009, the league expanded from ten to twelve clubs, and again expanded by two clubs in May 2013, bringing the total number of teams in the first division to fourteen. Attendance at QSL matches ranges between 2,000 and 10,000, depending on the popularity of the teams. In a 2014 survey conducted by Qatari government ministries and departments, 65% of the 1,079 respondents indicated that they did not attend a football match in the previous league season.

Al Sadd is the most successful sports club in the country, and have won the continental club competition on two occasions. Former Real Madrid and Spain striker Raul Gonzalez played for Al Sadd between 2012 and 2014, and in July 2015 the club announced the signing of former FC Barcelona and Spain playmaker Xavi. In May 2019, Xavi was appointed the head coach of the club following his retirement at the end of the 2018–19 season.

Other famous footballers to play in Qatar include: Pep Guardiola, Gabriel Batistuta, Fernando Hierro, and Ronald de Boer.

The Qatari national football team's greatest footballing accolade has been winning the Gulf Cup three times, first in 1992, and again in 2004 and 2015. The youth team also reached the final of the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship, where they lost 4–0 to West Germany in the final.

Qatar hosted the AFC Asian Cup in 1988, 2011 and 2023. It has also hosted the Gulf Cup three times, winning the cup twice.

Qatar won the 2019 AFC Asian Cup on February 1, 2019, after defeating Japan by 3–1 in the finals at Abu Dhabi.

In June 2019, FIFA awarded Qatar the rights to host the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup and 2020 FIFA Club World Cup. On 21 December 2019, Qatar concluded the FIFA Club World Cup, which was being looked at as a benchmark for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. However, the tournament was announced one of the most successful editions in history by the Secretary-General of the Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy (SC) Hassan al-Thawadi.

2022 FIFA World Cup

On 2 December 2010, Qatar won their bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Beating rival bids from Australia, the United States, South Korea, and Japan, FIFA stated that the Qatari bid ran on a platform of bringing the World Cup to the only part of the world previously excluded from hosting it, donating parts of stadia to under-developed countries in Africa and Asia after the competition finishes, and giving fans the opportunity to watch multiple matches in one day and reduce travel expenses by being the most compact tournament to date.

The local organising committee, the Supreme Committee for Development and Legacy, is planning to build nine new stadiums and expand three existing stadiums for this event. The first stadium to be completed will be the Khalifa International Stadium, due in 2016. Qatar's winning bid for the 2022 World Cup was greeted enthusiastically in the Arab world as it was the first time a country in the Middle East or North Africa had been selected to host the tournament.

The tournament is expected to generate thousands of jobs, with extensive infrastructure required to prepare the country to host the world's biggest sports games. Official Qatari sources have estimated that the country will spend US$138 billion, which will include new motorways, a new deep water port, a metro system as well as nine stadia and an extensive fan zone.

As of summer 2015, major contracts have been awarded to a number of international companies, including Foster and Partners, WS Atkins, Arup Associates, and Pascall+Watson.

In addition to the awarding of contracts to international companies, the Supreme Committee announced its intention to support entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized enterprises in the region through the Challenge 22 competition. Held for the first time in June 2015, the competition requires anyone inhabiting a GCC country to submit a business plan. Finalists are invited to Doha for two days of intense coaching, before pitching to judges and winning cash and incubation prizes.

To deliver these projects on time the economy and population are expected to double between 2014 and 2022, with the total number of inhabitants due to exceed four million. The need for new housing has given a boost to the construction and real estate sectors, with growth expected to be  9.5 percent according to the Qatar Statistics Authority.

The emblem for the 2022 FIFA World Cup was revealed in Doha on September 3, 2019. Since the 2022 FIFA would be the first to be played in winters, the emblem depicts a woollen shawl and is inspired by the Arab culture.

Ahead of the World Cup, the United States Men's National Soccer Team (USMNT) announced to hold a training camp in Doha in January 2020. Players like Gyasi Zardes, Jordan Morris, Sebastian Lletget and Aaron Long have been invited to join the camp at Qatar's Aspire Academy.

In October 2021, David Beckham signed a $277 million (£150m) deal with Qatar. Beckham signed a ten-year deal with Qatar to be the face of the Qatar World Cup in 2022.

Controversies

Shortly after the awarding of the World Cup to Qatar, the bid was embroiled in controversy, including allegations of bribery. European football associations have also objected to the 2022 World Cup being held in Qatar for a variety of reasons, including the impact of high temperatures on players' fitness, to the disruption it might cause in European domestic league calendars should the event be rescheduled to take place during winter. In March 2015, FIFA and Qatar agreed that the competition would be held in November and December 2022.

Qatar authorities have also sought to improve the situation by commissioning British law firm DLA Piper to undertake a review of conditions in 2012. Following the recommendations made, Qatar Foundation created the Migrant Workers Welfare Charter which apply minimum requirements with respect to the recruitment, living and working conditions, as well as the general treatment of workers engaged in construction and other projects. The mandatory standards will be incorporated into agreements between Qatar Foundation and all its contractors, who are required to comply with the requirements and rules. Contractors and sub-contractors found to be violating the regulations have been blacklisted from future tenders.

Labour rights have slowly been improving since the review; for example, in August 2015, Qatar announced it will launch a new electronic salary system to guarantee safe and punctual payments directly into workers' bank accounts. Companies that fail to pay their workers on time will be fined and the country maintains that prison sentences could even be handed out. Government ministers also predict that changes to the country's kafala system will be announced later in 2015.

On 31 March 2016, Amnesty International reported that Qatar exposed for its forced labour & abuses against migrant workers. This report is  based on 132 migrant construction workers. According to the report there were many issues like, congested and small accommodations, not being paid for several months, kafala sponsorship system and many others. In October 2019, Qatari authorities have taken a significant step towards protecting migrant workers. According to the reports the reforms include minimum thresholds for wage, food and accommodation, totaling QR 1,800. In addition, a Minimum Wage Commission was established to monitor its impact. Between September 2020 and March 2022, over 300,000 workers (including 7,000 domestic workers) changed their jobs. The Worker’s Support and Insurance Fund, established in 2019, has disbursed QAR 358,000,000 (nearly USD 100m) to over 35,000 workers, in March 2022. A non-discriminatory minimum wage came into force in March 2021, and 280,000 workers or 13% of the workforce received wage rise. The number of complaints at the online platform was nearly 25,000 in 2021, compared to 11,000 in the previous year. In March 2022, 228 workers’ representatives were elected to represent almost 40,000 employees in 37 enterprises.

On 15 September 2022, a global survey was conducted by Amnesty International which showed 73% of people support the proposal that FIFA should use some money generated by the 2022 world cup to compensate migrant workers and other 67% want their national football associations to speak out publicly about the human rights issues associated with the 2022 Qatar world cup including in support of compensation for migrant workers.

Amid the argument, FIFA issued a statement in which FIFA elucidates that it has taken into account the global survey on labor standards conducted by Amnesty International and shed light on how people are not fully aware of the measures implemented in recent years by FIFA and its partners in Qatar to protect workers involved in the delivery of the FIFA world cup Qatar 2022. International labour organization (ILO) and international unions recognized the wide range of measures that have been implemented over the past years to improve protection for workers in Qatar and these developments have come about largely as a consequence of the world cup being played in the country.

Motor racing

Qatar Racing Club, a drag racing facility where the Arabian Drag Racing League competes, is located in the country's capital Doha on a 150,000 m2 area. Its racing track has a capacity for 2,000 people.

Khalid bin Hamad Al Thani, the first Qatari to drive a Formula One car, is involved in the sport and is the owner of Al-Annabi Racing.

Qatari athlete Nasser Al-Attiyah has won 2011, 2015 and 2019 Dakar Rally, the 2008, 2015, 2016 and 2017 FIA Cross Country Rally World Cup, the 2006 Production World Rally Championship, and the 2014 and 2015 World Rally Championship-2.

The Losail International Circuit has hosted the Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix since 2004, a Superbike World Championship round from 2005 to 2009 and since 2014, a Motocross World Championship round since 2013 and hosted its first ever Formula One grand prix on November 21, 2021, with Lewis Hamilton taking the inaugural victory.

Powerboat racing
The Grand Prix of Qatar, a round in the Formula 1 Powerboat World Championship, was held annually in Doha Bay from 2005 to 2015. In addition, the state-sponsored Qatar Team won four Formula 1 championships with Jay Price (2008) and Alex Carella (2011–2013). Qatar ended their involvement in Formula 1 powerboat racing in early 2015 with the merger of the Qatar Sailing Federation and Qatar Marine Sports Federation (QMSF).

Since November 2009, Qatar has been host of the Oryx Cup World Championship, a hydroplane boat race in the H1 Unlimited season. The races take place in Doha Bay.

Basketball

Basketball is an increasingly popular sport in Qatar. The sport is administered by the Qatar Basketball Federation (QBF).  The QBF was established in 1964, but was only admitted into the FIBA Asia and the Organizing Committee of the GCC in 1979.

Qatar's first basketball championship came in the 1995 GCC Youth Championship. The national basketball team won back-to-back bronze medals in the 2003 and 2005 editions of the Asian Basketball Championship and qualified for the FIBA Basketball World Cup for the first time in 2006 held in Japan. Qatar will host the 2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup making Qatar the first FIBA Basketball World Cup in the Middle East or North Africa reigon.

Club teams compete in the Qatari Basketball League, the top domestic basketball league in the country. Qatar's first women's basketball league was launched in 2012.

On 28 April 2023, During Central Board meeting in Manila, FIBA announced that Qatar will host the upcoming World Cup in 2027.

The 2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup will be the 20th tournament of the FIBA Basketball World Cup for men's national basketball teams. The tournament will be hosted in Qatar and will be the third to feature 32 teams.

It will be the first FIBA Basketball World Cup to be held in the Arab world, and the third straight to be held in Asia after the 2019 tournament in China and the 2023 edition co-hosted by the Philippines, Japan, and Indonesia. Qatar will also be the second Muslim country to host after the 2010 edition in Turkey.

Beach volleyball
Qatar featured a men's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 AVC Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.

Camel racing
Historically camel racing was a tradition among the Bedouin tribes of Qatar and would be performed on special occasions such as weddings. It was not until 1972, one year after Qatar's independence, that camel racing was practiced on a professional level. Typically, camel racing season takes place from September to March. Approximately 22,000 racing camels are used in competitions which are mainly held at the country's primary camel racing venue, the Al-Shahaniya Camel Racetrack. The average distance of such races is usually 4 to 8 km depending on the conditions of the camels being raced.

Cricket
Cricket is the second most popular sport of Qatar, albeit one that the local citizens play very little. Despite that, workers and residents from the Indian Subcontinent love to play the game that is treated near to a religion back in their home territories, and because the subcontinent accounts for nearly half the residents in Qatar, the game is rapidly picking up its pace. Although the local Qatar national team isn't as popular, cricket tournaments such as the ICC World Cup and the ICC World Twenty20 which exclude Qatar but include nations which account for most of the expatriates in the country are one of the most viewed sporting events in the country.

The Qatar Cricket Association (QCA) is set to host the country's first T10 League by the end of 2019.

Falconry

Falconry is widely practiced by Qataris. The only falconry association is Al Gannas, which was founded in 2008 in the Katara Cultural Village district of Doha, and which hosts the Annual Falconry Festival. There are roughly 3,000 people in Qatar who own falcons. Hunting season extends from October to April. Prices of falcons can be extremely high, being as expensive as QR 1 million.

Futsal
Futsal became an officially sanctioned sport in 2007, when the fully professional Qatar Futsal League was established. There are two futsal tournaments; the QFA Futsal Cup and the Open Cup, which was inaugurated in 2010. Futsal is overseen by a department of the Qatar Football Association. A women's league was launched in 2009 under the auspices of the Women's Sports Committee.

Golf
Qatar has hosted the Commercial Bank Qatar Masters, a European Tour golf event, since 1998.

Handball
Handball is a very popular team sport in Qatar. It was introduced to the country in 1968; however, Qatar did not join the International Handball Federation until the 1970s. The Qatar men's national handball team qualified for the IHF World Men's Handball Championship on four occasions, and automatically qualified for a fifth as host. Qatar came runners-up to France in the 2015 World Handball Championship held on home soil, however the tournament was marred by various controversies.

Qatar has won the Asian Men's Handball Championship title four times in a row in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020.

Table Tennis
In  October 2021, Sultan Khalid Al Kuwari won U-13 World table tennis tournament with 3-2 victory over compatriot Rawad Al Nasser at Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex in Muscat, Oman.

Sport by number of athletes registered

Statistics accurate as of 2013.

Major sport events in Qatar

Annual Events
 since 1993 - Qatar ExxonMobil Open
 since 1998 - Commercial Bank Qatar Masters
 since 2004 - FIM Moto Racing World Championships
 since 2008 - FEI Equestrian Global Champions Tour
 since 2008 - WTA Tour Tennis Championships
 since 2010 - IAAF Diamond League
 since 2010 - IHF Handball Super Globe
 since 2010 - FIVB Club World Championships

Failed Bids
 2020 - Olympic Games

See also
 Khalifa International Stadium
 Qatar at the Olympics

References


Andrea Morricone (born 10 October 1964) is an Italian composer and conductor, known for his film scores. He is the third child, and second son, of  late composer and Academy Award winner Ennio Morricone.
He composed the film scores for the American films Capturing the Friedmans and Liberty Heights. He collaborated with his father on the score for Cinema Paradiso, for which they won a BAFTA Award for For Best Original Film Music. The Love Theme from Cinema Paradiso is a work by Andrea Morricone. He has also composed music for many other Italian films, including The Inquiry and The Entrepreneur.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Ennio Morricone
Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners
People of Sicilian descent


Dr. Tsui Shung-yiu, SBS, JP is a former Director of the Hong Kong Marine Department.

He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star in 2006. Tsui retired as director after 28 years with the Government. He was a member of the marine and naval architecture discipline advisory panel of the HKIE (Hong Kong Institute of Engineers). He was part of a high-level delegation to promote Hong Kong's maritime services at the Posidonia 2002 International Shipping Exhibition in Greece in June 2002.

He is currently a consultant to Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management.

External links
Hong Kong government information site
Hong Kong Marine Department info site

Hong Kong civil servants
Hong Kong engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star


"Echo" is the third single off rapper Gorilla Zoe's second studio album, Don't Feed Da Animals. Gorilla Zoe uses an Auto-Tune effect for this song. The  song was released on iTunes March 10, 2009 and was produced by Drumma Boy. The official remix features Diddy and another with Ne-Yo and Yung Joc.

Chart positions

References

2009 singles
Bad Boy Records singles
Gorilla Zoe songs
Song recordings produced by Drumma Boy
2009 songs
Songs written by Drumma Boy
Songs written by Gorilla Zoe


Waldemar Kazimierz Achramowicz (born 3 November 1949 in Toruń, Poland) is a Polish politician who is a current Member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly. Between 1999 and 2006 he was Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Marshal. He was Toruń City Councillors also (1994–1998).

In 1998 Polish local election he joined the Regional Assembly I term representing the 4th district. Assembly elected him as Voivodeship Marshal (Marszałek Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego), chairperson of voivodeship executive board.

In 2002 Polish local election he was elected again. He polled 14,652 votes and was first on the Democratic Left Alliance-Labor Union list. Assembly II term elected him as Voivodeship Marshal again.

In 2006 local election he was elected third time. He scored 14,205 votes, running on the Left and Democrats list.

See also
 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly

References

External links
 (pl) Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly webside

1949 births
Living people
People from Toruń
Democratic Left Alliance politicians
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Marshals
Members of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly


Aruattus is a monotypic genus of Indonesian jumping spiders containing the single species, Aruattus agostii. It was first described by D. V. Logunov & G. N. Azarkina in 2008, and is only found in Indonesia. The name is a combination of the Aru Islands, and attus, a prefix often used for salticid genera , meaning "jumper". The species is named after its collector, D. Agosti.

References

Monotypic Salticidae genera
Salticidae
Spiders of Indonesia


The Slachter's Nek Rebellion was an uprising by Boers in 1815 on the eastern border of the Cape Colony.

Background
In 1815 a farmer from the eastern border of the Cape Colony, Frederik Bezuidenhout, was summoned to appear before a magistrate's court after repeated allegations of mistreating one of his Khoi labourers. Bezuidenhout resisted arrest and fled to a cave near his home, where he defended himself against the Coloured soldiers sent to capture him. When he refused to surrender, he was shot dead by one of the soldiers.

Uprising
Hendrik Prinsloo, along with a neighbour Hans Bezuidenhout organised an uprising against the British colonial authority, which was believed, by the Boers (Afrikaner farmers) to be hostile towards themselves and to favour Blacks and Coloureds above the Afrikaner farmers. The Boers also had more than 3,600 cattle stolen and felt the British were not doing enough to protect them from the attacks by the Xhosa. On 18 November a commando of rebels met an armed force sent by Colonel Jacob Cuyler, the military commander and Landdrost (magistrate) on the eastern borders, at Slachter's Nek.

Negotiations failed, and the majority of the rebels left without any shots being fired. Twenty rebels surrendered, followed by several more over the following few days. However, some of the leaders, among whom was Hans Bezuidenhout, refused to turn themselves over to the authorities. On 29 November they were attacked by colonial troops. Everybody but Bezuidenhout and his family surrendered, and like his brother, Hans died while resisting arrest.

Aftermath
The rebels were tried at Uitenhage.

Names of accused
 Hendrik Frederik Prinsloo,
 Nicolaas Balthazar Prinsloo, Marts-son,
 Willem Jacobus Prinsloo, Wm-son,
 Nicolaas Prinsloo, Wm-son,
 Willem Prinsloo, Ns-son,
 Johannes Prinsloo, M.son,
 Willem Krugel,
 Hendrik van der Nes,
 Cornelis van der Nes,
 Stoffel Rudolph Botha,
 Willem Adriaan Nel,
 Thomas Andries Dreyer,
 Johannes Bronkhorst,
 Hendrik Petrus Klopper,
 Jacobus Klopper, and
 Petrus Laurens Erasmus
 Joachim Johaunes Prinslo and
 Johannes Frederik Botha.
 Hendrik Frederik Prinsloo
 Nicolaas Balthazar Prinsloo. (He took part in the Great Trek and was murdered with the van Rensburg trek party at Djindispruit, Limpopo River, Mozambique at the end of July 1836.)

Some were acquitted, but six of the rebels were sentenced to death, one of these was pardoned by the Governor. On 9 March 1816, the remaining five were hanged in public at Van Aardtspos. Four of the nooses broke during the procedure and the still living convicts, together with many spectators, pleaded for their lives, but the executioner ordered them to be hanged a second time.

The rebellion and the consequent executions of the rebels have acquired special significance among contemporary South African historians as the beginning of an Afrikaner struggle against British colonial rule.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

1815 in South Africa
19th century in Africa
Cape Colony
Conflicts in 1815
Military history of South Africa


is a mountain of the Yūbari Mountains. It is located On the border of Minamifurano, Yūbari, Hokkaidō, Japan.

References
 Geographical Survey Institute
 Yubari-dake Mountain Trail, Charm of Hokkaido

Mountains of Hokkaido


A community health extension worker (CHEW) are specially trained professional who provides promotive, preventive, curative And rehabilitative health activities and services to people where they live and work. Community health extension worker are trained in the college of health technologies.community health extension (CHEW) is different from CHW (community health work)  required no formal education he is chosen by the community or organizations to provide basic health and medical care within their community, and is capable of providing preventive, promotional and rehabilitation care to that community. Other terms for this type of health care provider include lay health worker, village health worker, community health aide, community health promoter, and health advisor.

Community health officers contribute to community development and can help communities improve access to basic health services. They are most effective when they are properly trained to provide information and services to the community. Community health officer are the most promising form of delivering health services to resource-constrained areas. They are seen as secondary health services in most low-income countries are available as a service to the community.

In many developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, there are critical shortages of doctors . Current medical schools cannot train enough workers to keep up with increasing demand for health care services, internal and external emigration of health workers, deaths from AIDS and other diseases, low workforce productivity, and population growth.  Community health officer are trained after completing their basic community health extension worker training in the colleges of health technologies, this training takes place in teaching hospitals that offers community health officer training to equip them with the knowledge to carry out more advanced health service in the rural areas. The community health officers work in primary health centre where they spent 70% of their time attending to patients and 30% in the community.  community health officers can trained volunteer village health workers and community health workers chosen by the community that he or she works to help communicate with the local people.Programs involving community health officer in China, Brazil, Iran and Bangladesh have demonstrated that utilizing such officer can help improve health outcomes for large populations in under-served regions. "Task shifting" of primary care functions from professional health workers to volunteer village health is considered to be a means to make more efficient use of the human resources currently available and improving the health of millions at reasonable cost.

Community Health Officer (CHO)
Community Health Officer (CHO), also called Mid Level Health Provider (MLHP) and non-physician practitioner, are trained health care providers who have a defined scope of practice. In India, only Nursing and AYUSH Practitioner are eligible for this cadre. This means that they are trained and legally permitted to provide healthcare in fewer situations than physicians but more than other health professionals. In India, Community Health Officer is another name of Mid-Level Practitioner.

Recently in India, Community Health Officers at Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres are now allowed to supply certain medicines to the patients, as they have been included in Section 23 of Schedule K of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945. In India, Community Health Officer (CHO) is another name of mid-level practitioner.

Ministry of Health and family welfare, Government of India published guidelines for prevention and controlling of COVID-19 cases in rural area of India. According to guidelines Symptomatic cases can be triaged at village level by tele-consultation with Community Health Officer (CHO), and cases with comorbidity or low oxygen saturation should be sent to higher centres.

History
It is unclear where the usage of community health workers began, although China and Bangladesh have been cited as possible origins. Melinda Gates, co-founder of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, said the nongovernmental organization BRAC in Bangladesh "pioneered the community health worker model." Catherine Lovell writes that BRAC's decision to train locally recruited paramedics was "based on the Chinese barefoot doctor model then becoming known worldwide."

Scientific medicine has evolved slowly over the last few millennia and very rapidly over the last 150 years or so. As the evidence mounted of its effectiveness, belief and trust in the traditional ways waned. The rise of university-based medical schools, the increased numbers of trained physicians, the professional organizations they created, and the income and attendant political power they generated resulted in license regulations. Such regulations were effective in improving the quality of medical care but also resulted in a reduced supply of clinical care providers. This further increased the fees doctors could charge and encouraged them to concentrate in larger towns and cities where the population was denser, hospitals were more available, and professional and social relationships more convenient.

In the 1940s, Chairman Mao Zedong in China faced these problems. His anger at the "urban elite" medical profession over the maldistribution of medical services resulted in the creation of "Barefoot doctors". Hundreds of thousands of rural peasants, chosen by their colleagues, were given rudimentary training and assigned medical and sanitation duties in addition to the collective labor they owed the commune. By 1977, there were over 1.7 million barefoot doctors. As professionally trained doctors and nurses became more available, the program was abolished in 1981 with the end of agricultural communes. Many Barefoot Doctors passed an examination and went to medical school. Many became health aides and some were relieved of duty.

Brazil undertook a medical plan named the Family Health Program in the 1990s that made use of large numbers of community health agents.  Between 1990 and 2002, the infant mortality rate dropped from about 50 per 1000 live births to 29.2.  During that period the Family Health Program increased its coverage of the population from 0 to 36%.  The largest impact appeared to be a reduction of deaths from diarrhea. Though the program utilized teams of physicians, nurses and community health workers, it could not have covered the population it did without the community health worker.  Additionally, there is evidence in Brazil that the shorter period of training does not reduce the quality of care.  In one study workers with a shorter length of training complied with child treatment guidelines 84% of the time whereas those with longer training had 58% compliance.

Iran utilizes large numbers of para-professionals called behvarz.  These workers are from the community and are based in 14,000 "health houses" nationwide.  They visit the homes of the underserved providing vaccinations and monitoring child growth. Between 1984 and 2000 Iran was able to cut its infant mortality in half and raise immunization rates from 20 to 95%.  The family planning program in Iran is considered highly successful.  Fertility has dropped from 5.6-lifetime children per woman in 1985 to 2 in 2000. Though there are many elements to the program (including classes for those who marry and the ending of tax incentives for large families), behvarz are extensively involved in providing birth control advice and methods.  The proportion of rural women on contraceptives in 2000 was 67%.  The program resulted in a profound improvement in maternal mortality going from 140 per 100,000 in 1985 to 37 in 1996.

The Government of Liberia launched the National Community Health Assistant Program in 2016 to accelerate progress towards universal health coverage for the most vulnerable populations, especially those in remote communities. Liberia's program seeks to transform an existing cadre of unpaid and poorly coordinated community health workers into a more effective workforce by enhancing recruitment, supervision and compensation. The health ministry has organized a coalition of funding and implementation partners to support this new program, which aims to train, supervise, equip and pay 4000 Community Health Assistants, supported by 400 clinical supervisors, to extend primary care services to 1.2 million people living in remote rural communities.

Scope of programs
The World Health Organization estimates there are over 1.3 million community health workers worldwide. In addition to the large-scale implementation by countries such as China, India, Brazil, and Iran, many countries have implemented community health worker programs in small-scale levels for a variety of health issues.

In India, 600,000 community health workers are paid through a fee-for-service system to deliver a specific set of primary care functions, such as immunization. They have also been found to be effective in delivering care for chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, though there has been limited utilization of community health workers for these conditions. In addition, community health workers have been utilized to increase mental health service utilization and decrease stigma associated with mental illness. In this program respected female members of the community were chosen to participate. All of the women were married, came from a good social standing, displayed a keen interest in the program, and were encouraged by their family to participate. The women chosen were then trained in identification and referral of patients with mental illnesses, the common myths and misconceptions prevalent in the area and in conducting community surveys. The training lasted 3 days and included lectures, role plays and observation of patient interviews at the psychiatry outpatient department at St. John's Medical College Hospital. A population of 12,886 were surveyed using a brief questionnaire. Out of this population, 574 were suspected patients. Out of this 242 suspected patients visited the clinic after follow up from the community health worker. Also in India, The MINDS Foundation has developed a grassroots program targeted at providing mental health services to rural citizens. They leave the responsibility in the hands of local rural citizens who are trained as Community Mental Healthcare Workers (CMHWs).

In Tanzania, village health workers were part of a community-based safe-motherhood approach. The VHWs assisted pregnant women with birth planning, which included timely identification of danger signs, preparation, and accumulation of two or more essential supplies such as soap, razors, gloves for clean delivery, and mobilizing household resources, people and money to manage a possible emergency. Approximately one year after the CBRHP's major interventions ceased in these communities, most of the VHWs continued to do health promotion by visiting pregnant women, teaching them about birth planning and danger signs, and assisting them in obtaining both prenatal and obstetric services. Local VHW associations are forming with support from local political leaders, the Ministry of Health, and the non-governmental organization CARE to sustain the work of the VHWs. The community development officers, some of whom were also the master trainers, are involved in spearheading the formation of VHW organizations.

In Mali, community health workers with the Mali Health Organizing Project in Bamako have helped reduce child mortality (under 5 years old) in their community to less than 1%, compared to a national average of 19%.

The use of community health workers is not limited to developing countries. In New York, they have been deployed across the state to provide care to patients with chronic illnesses like diabetes that require sustained, comprehensive care. They work in both rural communities where access to primary care is sparse, and in urban communities where they are better able to bridge communication gaps that may arise between patients and doctors. They are seen to play an important role in assisting patients with navigating a complex, uncoordinated health care system.<ref>New York State Health Foundation: [[Community health workerCommunity|Health Workers.]]</ref>

A randomized controlled intervention on the U.S.-Mexico border, used promotoras'' or "female promoters" to increase the number of women utilizing routine preventive examinations. The control group received a postcard reminding women to get a preventive screening. The free comprehensive clinical exam included a Pap test, a clinical breast exam, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, blood draw for total cholesterol and blood glucose, and a blood pressure measurement. The other group received the same postcard and a follow-up visit from a promotora. The group that was followed up by a promotora saw a 35% increase in visits to get the free screening.

A program in Karnataka, India took a slightly different approach now referred to as the "link worker" model. The Samastha project developed a network in which trained workers, village health committees, government facilities, people living with HIV (PLHIV) networks, and participating NGOs collaborated to improve recruitment and retention of PLHIV while strengthening and supporting their adherence to treatment. Link workers were PLHIV who were selected by Samastha from a small number of HIV-positive candidates proposed by their community; they received an allowance for their work. The link workers' key tasks revolved around prevention, stigma reduction, and support for PLHIV that included adherence support to both treatment and care. Ultimately, the link workers' coordinating role became a hallmark of Samastha's interventions in high prevalence rural areas. Link workers formed the essential connection between PLHIV, government and community structures, and HIV care and treatment services, commonly accompanying persons from their catchment area to these services.

Community health workers have also been utilized to assist in research. Martin et al. found that the Latin-American population in the United States frequently does not benefit from health programs due to language barriers, distrust of the government, and unique health beliefs and practices, and specifically that providing effective asthma care to the Latino population is an enormous challenge. In addition, they found that Latinos are also often excluded from research due to a lack of validated research instruments in Spanish, unsuccessful study recruitment, and a limited number of Latino researchers. Thus, Martin and colleagues decided to use community health workers to recruit participants. To gauge the effectiveness of their recruitment strategy to other more traditional recruitment models they looked at two studies. Both these studies offered significant monetary incentives for participation while the community health worker study offered nothing for the initial participation. Martin et al. found that individuals who chose not to participate in the study went on to receive other services in the areas of diabetes and cancer prevention, which was not the case for the other studies.

In the Philippines, community health workers are known as barangay health volunteers. With the decentralization of healthcare through the 1991 Local Government Code, the responsibility of delivery of primary health services were transferred from the central government to locally elected provincial, city, and municipal governments. They provide preventive health services and treatments, especially for the poor.

Community health workers play a variety of critical roles in pandemic response.

Current status
Cost and access to medical care remain problems of worldwide scope. They are particularly severe in the developing world and it is estimated one million more health care workers are needed in Africa to meet the health-related Millennium Development Goals.  Doctors are few and concentrated in cities. In Uganda, some 70% of medical doctors and 40% of nurses and midwives are based in urban areas, serving only 12% of the population. Medical training is long and expensive. It is estimated that to meet health workforce needs using the American or European model, Africa would need to build 300 medical schools with a total training cost of over $33 billion and it would take over 20 years just to catch up.  In many countries the salaries of doctors and nurses are less than that of engineers and teachers.  Bright young medical professionals often leave practice for more lucrative opportunities. Emigration of trained personnel to countries with higher salaries is high. In Zambia of the 600 doctors trained since independence, it is estimated only 50 practice in their home country.  In some countries, AIDS is killing experienced nurses and doctors amounting to 30-50% of the number trained yearly. Though many countries have increased their spending on health care and foreign money has been injected, much of it has been on specific disease-oriented programs. Health systems remain extremely weak, especially in rural areas. The World Health Assembly in 2006 called for, "A health workforce which is matched in number, knowledge and skillsets to the needs of the population and which contributes to the achievement of health outcomes by utilizing a range of innovative methods".

Community health workers are thought to be part of the answer. They can be trained to do specialized tasks such as provide sexually transmitted disease counseling, directly observed therapy for tuberculosis control, or act as trained birth attendants. Others work on specific programs performing limited medical evaluations and treatment. Others have a far broader primary care function. With training, monitoring, supervision, and support such workers have been shown to be able to achieve outcomes far better than baseline and in some studies, better than physicians.

Important attributes of community health workers are to be a member of and chosen by the community they serve.  This means they are easily accepted by their fellows and have natural cultural awareness. This is crucial because many communities are disengaged from the formal health system. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 53% of the poorest households do not seek care outside the home. Barriers include clinic fees, distance, community beliefs and the perception of the skills and attitudes of medical clinic workers.  Community health workers are unable to emigrate because they do not have internationally recognized qualifications.  Finally, the variation in incentives between areas of the country tends to below.  All these factors combined with strong community ties, tend to result in retention at the community level.

Much remains to be learned about the recruitment, training, functions, incentives, retention and professional development of community health workers.  Learning developed in one country may not be applicable to another due to cultural differences. Health worker adaptability to local requirements and needs is key to improving medical outcomes.  That being said, it has been estimated that six million children's lives a year could be saved if 23 evidence-based interventions were provided systematically the children living in the 42 countries responsible for 90% of childhood mortality.  Over 50% of this benefit could be obtained with an integrated, high-coverage, family-community care based system.  Community health workers may be an integral and crucial component of the health human resources team needed to achieve such goals.

See also

 Health care providers
 Health human resources
 Barangay Health Volunteers
 Community health agent
 Lady Health Worker
 Health Extension Worker
 Physician shortage
 5-SPICE Framework

References

Further reading

Health care occupations


Saaristattus is a monotypic genus of Malaysian jumping spiders containing the single species, Saaristattus tropicus. It was first described by D. V. Logunov & G. N. Azarkina in 2008, and is found only in Malaysia. The name is a combination of Michael Saaristo and attus, a common suffix for salticid genera, meaning "jumper". The species name means "tropical".

References

Invertebrates of Malaysia
Monotypic Salticidae genera
Salticidae
Spiders of Asia


Zhou Yan (;  ; born September 30, 1982; usually referred to in the media as Yan Zhou) is a Chinese curler. She plays lead for the Chinese national team, skipped by Wang Bingyu.

Zhou curled in her first tournament after having only curled for 2 years, at the 2002 Pacific Curling Championships. At that time she played third for the team. Since then, she has played lead for the team in every tournament except for the , when she was the team lead.

Zhou has won 3 Pacific Championships (, , ), and a World Championship () as a member of the team.

Teammates
2008 Vernon World Championships

2009 Gangneung World Championships

2010 Vancouver Olympic Games

Wang Bingyu, Skip

Liu Yin, Third

Yue Qingshuang, Second

Liu Jinli, Alternate

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Chinese female curlers
Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for China
Olympic curlers for China
Sportspeople from Harbin
World curling champions
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in curling
Curlers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Curlers at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Universiade medalists in curling
Pacific-Asian curling champions
FISU World University Games gold medalists for China
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade
21st-century Chinese women


There are sporting events held in United Arab Emirates.

Football

Football is one the most popular sports in the country.

Motorsport

A motorsport race was the 1981 Dubai Grand Prix held at a purpose-built circuit in Deira Corniche and from 2010 the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held at the end of the season.

The 24 Hours of Dubai race is held at the Dubai Autodrome every year in early January, marking the first auto race of the calendar year.

Cricket

Dubai is home to the International Cricket Council.

Badminton
BWF's "grassroots" programme, Shuttle Time Dubai, aims to broaden badminton's appeal and raise its profile in the emirate by working with 40 schools on how to teach and engage youth in the sport. The ‘BWF Destination Dubai World Superseries Finals’ leg was scheduled to be the first time the international tournament is hosted in the Middle East and enables the sport to connect with a whole new region of fans, explains BWF President Poul-Erik Høyer in his interview to Vision.

Camel racing

Inhabitants of Arab States of the Persian Gulf have practiced camel racing. Robot jockeys have been used after government regulations were passed prohibiting underage jockeys from racing.

In 2021, an all-female camel racing team is formed.

The cloning industry has been receiving demands from customers wanting to reproduce better racing camels for competitions. Where a female camel may reproduce one calf in every two years, cloning industries have increased this number to an average of 10 to 20 babies every year. Animal rights groups have raised concerns regarding the process which causes the animals providing egg cells and carrying embryos to "undergo undue suffering".

Cycling
There are places to cycle in Dubai, including Nad Al Sheba Cycle Path, Al Qudra Cycle Path and Jumeirah Open Beach Track. There is a 30 km cycling lane in Dubai's desert. Since 1 October 2019 cyclist risk to get their cycle confiscated if they ride outside of some cycle lanes in the city. Not wearing protective gear can also lead to confiscation of a cycle.

Endurance riding

Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum is an endurance rider. The Dubai Endurance City has practiced the sport and there are endurance yards.

Falconry
Falconry is practiced.

Golf
The 2013 DP World Tour Championship at Jumeirah Golf Estates delivered a US$44 million gross economic benefit to Dubai, according to research commissioned by tournament organisers, The European Tour.

Ice hockey

In 2018, new president of the Emirates Ice Hockey League (EHL) Vladimir Burdun was appointed. His role was to strengthen UAE ice hockey team and attract more business opportunities.

In 2019, Burdun announced the goal of entering a team in Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) which involved teams from Belarus, China, Finland, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Slovakia by 2021. He also aimed at getting more players ready for KHL. A new ice arena was expected to open in Abu Dhabi, possibly before the end of 2019, with a seating capacity of 17,000 and that venue would meet all the requirements of KHL. The plan was to replicate the "success" of an NHL team situated in deserts, Vegas Golden Knights. KHL and former NHL players, such as Pavel Datsyuk, Sergei Mozyakin, Alexander Ovechkin were mentioned as prospects who might help to increase the future team's competitiveness.

Squash
Squash lessons are available from ex-professionals and a Dubai Open Squash is even held with a $25,000 cash prize to the winner.

Table tennis
Ping Pong Dubai is a nonprofit community initiative aimed at encouraging people from all walks of life to pick up a bat and play table tennis.

References

External links


James Edward Baker (5 May 1904 – 1979) was a Welsh footballer who played in the Football League as a wing half. He made appearances for league clubs Wolverhampton Wanderers, Coventry City and Bristol City, also playing for Lovell's Athletic and Colchester United.

Career

Born in Trethomas, Baker played for the works team for non-league Lovell's sweet manufacturers Lovell's Athletic, before signing for Second Division side Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1926, making his Football League debut on 30 April 1927 in a 2–1 win over Fulham.

Baker remained at Molineux for three seasons but only managed 17 appearances in total during this period, 16 of which were in the league. He joined Coventry City in 1929, where he would go on to have two spells, interspersed by a return to Lovell's Athletic. Baker made over 108 league appearances for Coventry before moving to Bristol City in January 1935.

His Bristol City stint saw Baker play in only 10 games and so signed for newly formed Southern League club Colchester United in 1937, making his debut in a match against Folkestone on 23 September 1937. He made 52 appearances in all competitions for the U's, scoring three times and aiding the club to the Southern League Cup in 1937–38 and the league title in 1938–39. He retired from playing following his stay at Colchester, playing his last match on 11 March 1939 against Swindon Town Reserves.

Honours
Colchester United
1937–38 Southern League Cup winner
1938–39 Southern League winner

All honours referenced by:

References

1904 births
1979 deaths
Footballers from Caerphilly
Men's association football wing halves
Welsh men's footballers
Lovell's Athletic F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Date of death missing


In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.
Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consists of only a concrete finite set of alternative models, but typically allows for much more flexible structure to exist among those alternatives.

Overview

Supervised learning algorithms perform the task of searching through a hypothesis space to find a suitable hypothesis that will make good predictions with a particular problem. Even if the hypothesis space contains hypotheses that are very well-suited for a particular problem, it may be very difficult to find a good one. Ensembles combine multiple hypotheses to form a (hopefully) better hypothesis. The term ensemble is usually reserved for methods that generate multiple hypotheses using the same base learner.
The broader term of multiple classifier systems also covers hybridization of hypotheses that are not induced by the same base learner.

Evaluating the prediction of an ensemble typically requires more computation than evaluating the prediction of a single model. In one sense, ensemble learning may be thought of as a way to compensate for poor learning algorithms by performing a lot of extra computation. On the other hand, the alternative is to do a lot more learning on one non-ensemble system. An ensemble system may be more efficient at improving overall accuracy for the same increase in compute, storage, or communication resources by using that increase on two or more methods, than would have been improved by increasing resource use for a single method.  Fast algorithms such as decision trees are commonly used in ensemble methods (for example, random forests), although slower algorithms can benefit from ensemble techniques as well.

By analogy, ensemble techniques have been used also in unsupervised learning scenarios, for example in consensus clustering or in anomaly detection.

Ensemble theory
Empirically, ensembles tend to yield better results when there is a significant diversity among the models. Many ensemble methods, therefore, seek to promote diversity among the models they combine. Although perhaps non-intuitive, more random algorithms (like random decision trees) can be used to produce a stronger ensemble than very deliberate algorithms (like entropy-reducing decision trees). Using a variety of strong learning algorithms, however, has been shown to be more effective than using techniques that attempt to dumb-down the models in order to promote diversity. It is possible to increase diversity in the training stage of the model using correlation for regression tasks  or using information measures such as cross entropy for classification tasks.

Theoretically, one can justify the diversity concept because the lower bound of the error rate of an ensemble system can be decomposed into accuracy, diversity, and the other term.

Ensemble size
While the number of component classifiers of an ensemble has a great impact on the accuracy of prediction, there is a limited number of studies addressing this problem. A priori determining of ensemble size and the volume and velocity of big data streams make this even more crucial for online ensemble classifiers. Mostly statistical tests were used for determining the proper number of components. More recently, a theoretical framework suggested that there is an ideal number of component classifiers for an ensemble such that having more or less than this number of classifiers would deteriorate the accuracy. It is called "the law of diminishing returns in ensemble construction." Their theoretical framework shows that using the same number of independent component classifiers as class labels gives the highest accuracy.

Common types of ensembles

Bayes optimal classifier

The Bayes optimal classifier is a classification technique. It is an ensemble of all the hypotheses in the hypothesis space. On average, no other ensemble can outperform it. The Naive Bayes classifier is a version of this that assumes that the data is conditionally independent on the class and makes the computation more feasible. Each hypothesis is given a vote proportional to the likelihood that the training dataset would be sampled from a system if that hypothesis were true. To facilitate training data of finite size, the vote of each hypothesis is also multiplied by the prior probability of that hypothesis. The Bayes optimal classifier can be expressed with the following equation:

where  is the predicted class,  is the set of all possible classes,  is the hypothesis space,  refers to a probability, and  is the training data. As an ensemble, the Bayes optimal classifier represents a hypothesis that is not necessarily in . The hypothesis represented by the Bayes optimal classifier, however, is the optimal hypothesis in ensemble space (the space of all possible ensembles consisting only of hypotheses in ).

This formula can be restated using Bayes' theorem, which says that the posterior is proportional to the likelihood times the prior:

hence,

Bootstrap aggregating (bagging)

Bootstrap aggregation (bagging) involves training an ensemble on bootstrapped data sets. A bootstrapped set is created by selecting from original training data set with replacement. Thus, a bootstrap set may contain a given example zero, one, or multiple times. Ensemble members can also have limits on the features (e.g., nodes of a decision tree), to encourage exploring of diverse features. The variance of local information in the bootstrap sets and feature considerations promote diversity in the ensemble, and can strengthen the ensemble. To reduce overfitting, a member can be validated using the out-of-bag set (the examples that are not in its bootstrap set).

Inference is done by voting of predictions of ensemble members, called aggregation. It is illustrated below with an ensemble of four decision trees. The query example is classified by each tree. Because three of the four predict the positive class, the ensemble's overall classification is positive. Random forests like the one shown are a common application of bagging.

Boosting

Boosting involves training successively models by emphasizing training data mis-classified by previously learned models. Initially, all data (D1) has equal weight and is used to learn a base model M1. The examples mis-classified by M1 are assigned a weight greater than correctly classified examples. This boosted data (D2) is used to train a second base model M2, and so on. Inference is done by voting.

In some cases, boosting has yielded better accuracy than bagging, but tends to over-fit more. The most common implementation of boosting is Adaboost, but some newer algorithms are reported to achieve better results.

Bayesian model averaging

Bayesian model averaging (BMA) makes predictions by averaging the predictions of models weighted by their posterior probabilities given the data. BMA is known to generally give better answers than a single model, obtained, e.g., via stepwise regression, especially where very different models have nearly identical performance in the training set but may otherwise perform quite differently.

The question with any use of Bayes' theorem is the prior, i.e., the probability (perhaps subjective) that each model is the best to use for a given purpose.  Conceptually, BMA can be used with any prior.  R packages ensembleBMA and BMA use the prior implied by the , (BIC), following Raftery (1995). R package BAS supports the use of the priors implied by Akaike information criterion (AIC) and other criteria over the alternative models as well as priors over the coefficients.

The difference between BIC and AIC is the strength of preference for parsimony.  BIC's penalty for model complexity is  , while AIC's is . Large-sample asymptotic theory establishes that if there is a best model, then with increasing sample sizes, BIC is strongly consistent, i.e., will almost certainly find it, while AIC may not, because AIC may continue to place excessive posterior probability on models that are more complicated than they need to be. On the other hand, AIC and AICc are asymptotically “efficient” (i.e., minimum mean square prediction error), while BIC is not .

Haussler et al. (1994) showed that when BMA is used for classification, its expected error is at most twice the expected error of the Bayes optimal classifier. Burnham and Anderson (1998, 2002) contributed greatly to introducing a wider audience to the basic ideas of Bayesian model averaging and popularizing the methodology. The availability of software, including other free open-source packages for  beyond those mentioned above, helped make the methods accessible to a wider audience.

Bayesian model combination
Bayesian model combination (BMC) is an algorithmic correction to Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Instead of sampling each model in the ensemble individually, it samples from the space of possible ensembles (with model weights drawn randomly from a Dirichlet distribution having uniform parameters). This modification overcomes the tendency of BMA to converge toward giving all the weight to a single model. Although BMC is somewhat more computationally expensive than BMA, it tends to yield dramatically better results. BMC has been shown to be better on average (with statistical significance) than BMA and bagging.

Use of Bayes' law to compute model weights requires computing the probability of the data given each model. Typically, none of the models in the ensemble are exactly the distribution from which the training data were generated, so all of them correctly receive a value close to zero for this term. This would work well if the ensemble were big enough to sample the entire model-space, but this is rarely possible. Consequently, each pattern in the training data will cause the ensemble weight to shift toward the model in the ensemble that is closest to the distribution of the training data. It essentially reduces to an unnecessarily complex method for doing model selection.

The possible weightings for an ensemble can be visualized as lying on a simplex. At each vertex of the simplex, all of the weight is given to a single model in the ensemble. BMA converges toward the vertex that is closest to the distribution of the training data. By contrast, BMC converges toward the point where this distribution projects onto the simplex. In other words, instead of selecting the one model that is closest to the generating distribution, it seeks the combination of models that is closest to the generating distribution.

The results from BMA can often be approximated by using cross-validation to select the best model from a bucket of models. Likewise, the results from BMC may be approximated by using cross-validation to select the best ensemble combination from a random sampling of possible weightings.

Bucket of models
A "bucket of models" is an ensemble technique in which a model selection algorithm is used to choose the best model for each problem. When tested with only one problem, a bucket of models can produce no better results than the best model in the set, but when evaluated across many problems, it will typically produce much better results, on average, than any model in the set.

The most common approach used for model-selection is cross-validation selection (sometimes called a "bake-off contest"). It is described with the following pseudo-code:

 For each model m in the bucket:
     Do c times: (where 'c' is some constant)
         Randomly divide the training dataset into two sets: A and B
         Train m with A
         Test m with B
 Select the model that obtains the highest average score

Cross-Validation Selection can be summed up as: "try them all with the training set, and pick the one that works best".

Gating is a generalization of Cross-Validation Selection. It involves training another learning model to decide which of the models in the bucket is best-suited to solve the problem. Often, a perceptron is used for the gating model. It can be used to pick the "best" model, or it can be used to give a linear weight to the predictions from each model in the bucket.

When a bucket of models is used with a large set of problems, it may be desirable to avoid training some of the models that take a long time to train. Landmark learning is a meta-learning approach that seeks to solve this problem. It involves training only the fast (but imprecise) algorithms in the bucket, and then using the performance of these algorithms to help determine which slow (but accurate) algorithm is most likely to do best.

Stacking

Stacking (sometimes called stacked generalization) involves training a model to combine the predictions of several other learning algorithms. First, all of the other algorithms are trained using the available data, then a combiner algorithm (final estimator) is trained to make a final prediction using all the predictions of the other algorithms (base estimators) as additional inputs or using cross-validated predictions from the base estimators which can prevent overfitting. If an arbitrary combiner algorithm is used, then stacking can theoretically represent any of the ensemble techniques described in this article, although, in practice, a logistic regression model is often used as the combiner.

Stacking typically yields performance better than any single one of the trained models. It has been successfully used on both supervised learning tasks (regression, classification and distance learning ) and unsupervised learning (density estimation). It has also been used to estimate bagging's error rate. It has been reported to out-perform Bayesian model-averaging. The two top-performers in the Netflix competition utilized blending, which may be considered a form of stacking.

Voting
Voting is another form of ensembling. See e.g. Weighted majority algorithm (machine learning).

Implementations in statistics packages
 R: at least three packages offer Bayesian model averaging tools, including the  (an acronym for Bayesian Model Selection) package, the  (an acronym for Bayesian Adaptive Sampling) package, and the  package.
 Python: scikit-learn, a package for machine learning in Python offers packages for ensemble learning including packages for bagging, voting and averaging methods.
 MATLAB: classification ensembles are implemented in Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox.

Ensemble learning applications

In recent years, due to growing computational power, which allows for training in large ensemble learning in a reasonable time frame, the number of ensemble learning applications has grown increasingly. Some of the applications of ensemble classifiers include:

Remote sensing

Land cover mapping

Land cover mapping is one of the major applications of Earth observation satellite sensors, using remote sensing and geospatial data, to identify the materials and objects which are located on the surface of target areas. Generally, the classes of target materials include roads, buildings, rivers, lakes, and vegetation. Some different ensemble learning approaches based on artificial neural networks, kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), decision trees with boosting, random forest and automatic design of multiple classifier systems, are proposed to efficiently identify land cover objects.

Change detection

Change detection is an image analysis problem, consisting of the identification of places where the land cover has changed over time. Change detection is widely used in fields such as urban growth, forest and vegetation dynamics, land use and disaster monitoring.
The earliest applications of ensemble classifiers in change detection are designed with the majority voting, Bayesian model averaging, and the maximum posterior probability. Given the growth of satellite data over time, the past decade sees more use of time series methods for continuous change detection from image stacks. One example is a Bayesian ensemble changepoint detection method called BEAST, with the software available as a package Rbeast in R, Python, and Matlab.

Computer security

Distributed denial of service

Distributed denial of service is one of the most threatening cyber-attacks that may happen to an internet service provider. By combining the output of single classifiers, ensemble classifiers reduce the total error of detecting and discriminating such attacks from legitimate flash crowds.

Malware Detection

Classification of malware codes such as computer viruses, computer worms, trojans, ransomware and spywares with the usage of machine learning techniques, is inspired by the document categorization problem. Ensemble learning systems have shown a proper efficacy in this area.

Intrusion detection

An intrusion detection system monitors computer network or computer systems to identify intruder codes like an anomaly detection process. Ensemble learning successfully aids such monitoring systems to reduce their total error.

Face recognition

Face recognition, which recently has become one of the most popular research areas of pattern recognition, copes with identification or verification of a person by their digital images.

Hierarchical ensembles based on Gabor Fisher classifier and independent component analysis preprocessing techniques are some of the earliest ensembles employed in this field.

Emotion recognition

While speech recognition is mainly based on deep learning because most of the industry players in this field like Google, Microsoft and IBM reveal that the core technology of their speech recognition is based on this approach, speech-based emotion recognition can also have a satisfactory performance with ensemble learning.

It is also being successfully used in facial emotion recognition.

Fraud detection

Fraud detection deals with the identification of bank fraud, such as money laundering, credit card fraud and telecommunication fraud, which have vast domains of research and applications of machine learning. Because ensemble learning improves the robustness of the normal behavior modelling, it has been proposed as an efficient technique to detect such fraudulent cases and activities in banking and credit card systems.

Financial decision-making

The accuracy of prediction of business failure is a very crucial issue in financial decision-making. Therefore, different ensemble classifiers are proposed to predict financial crises and financial distress. Also, in the trade-based manipulation problem, where traders attempt to manipulate stock prices by buying and selling activities, ensemble classifiers are required to analyze the changes in the stock market data and detect suspicious symptom of stock price manipulation.

Medicine

Ensemble classifiers have been successfully applied in neuroscience, proteomics and medical diagnosis like in neuro-cognitive disorder (i.e. Alzheimer or myotonic dystrophy) detection based on MRI datasets, and cervical cytology classification.

See also
 Ensemble averaging (machine learning)
 Bayesian structural time series (BSTS)

References

Further reading

External links

 The Waffles (machine learning) toolkit contains implementations of Bagging, Boosting, Bayesian Model Averaging, Bayesian Model Combination, Bucket-of-models, and other ensemble techniques


Pierre Eugène Lafontaine (November 26, 1857 – April 21, 1935) was a lawyer, educator, judge and political figure in Quebec. He represented Napierville in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1886 to 1890 as a Liberal.

He was born in Saint-Édouard, Canada East, the son of Laurent-David Lafontaine and Edwige Singer. Lafontaine was educated at the Collège de Montréal and the Université Laval at Montreal. He was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1879 and practised in Montreal with Raymond Préfontaine and then Frédéric Liguori Béique.

In 1880, he married Elmire, the daughter of Louis-Joseph Moll. He was named Queen's Counsel in 1899. Lafontaine served as president of the Montreal Catholic School Board from 1919 to 1928. He was professor of civil law at the Université Laval and was dean of the faculty of law from 1922 to 1930. Lafontaine was named judge in the Quebec Superior Court for Montreal district in 1906 and in the Court of King's Bench in 1922. He retired from the bench in 1932. He died three years later in Montreal at the age of 77 and was buried in Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.

Lafontaine was the author of Droit romain published in 1912 and contributed to la Revue légale and Thémis.

References

1857 births
1935 deaths
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Judges in Quebec
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
Canadian King's Counsel
Université Laval alumni
Lawyers in Quebec


Paula M. Niedenthal is a social psychologist currently working as a professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  She also completed her undergraduate studies at the University of Wisconsin at Madison where she received a Bachelor's in Psychology. She then received her Ph.D. at the University of Michigan before becoming a faculty member of the departments of Psychology at Johns Hopkins University and Indiana University.  Until recently, she served as the Director of Research in the National Centre for Scientific Research at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand France.
The majority of Niedenthal's research focuses on several levels of analysis of emotional processes, this would include emotion-cognition interaction and representational models of emotion. Niedenthal has authored more than 80 articles and chapters, and several books. Niedenthal is a fellow of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.

Honors and awards
 Theoretical Innovation Award, Society of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004
 Distinguished Teacher Award Finalist, Johns Hopkins University, 1992
 Teaching Excellence Award, Johns Hopkins University, 1991
 Sigma Xi Scientific Research Award, University of Michigan, 1986-1987

Professional history

Niedenthal Emotions Lab
Upon arriving at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a full professor in 2011, Niedenthal assembled the Niedenthal Emotions Lab in order to continue past research and discover new research topics relating to human emotion. The lab consists of several undergraduate research assistants, graduate students under Paula Niedenthal's supervision, and other interested or collaborating parties. Undergraduates are given a chance to develop research projects, collect and analyze data, and examine the entire process of research in social psychology.

Embodying emotions
Niedenthal focuses a large portion of research towards the embodiment of emotions. Embodiment refers both to actual bodily states and to simulations of experience in the brain's modality-specific systems for perception, action, and introspection. One such study conducted by Niedenthal focuses primarily on the central sense of embodiment, referring to the brain's modality-specific systems which include the sensory systems that underlie perception of a current situation, the motor systems that underlie action, and the introspective systems that underlie conscious experiences of emotion, motivation and cognitive operations. Niedenthal employs the use of several theories of embodied cognition to explain how certain phenomena can be based specifically in such systems and bodily states. The main idea underlying theories of embodied cognition is that cognitive representations and operations are fundamentally grounded in their physical context, while cognition relies heavily on the brain's modality-specific systems and actual bodily states. Niedenthal believes that it is becoming increasingly essential to demonstrate the casual rules of embodiment in higher cognition. Niedenthal has suggested that embodiment plays a large role in information processing of emotions through the use of Wilsons’ idea of "online" and ‘’offline’’ embodiment in that embodiment is present when individuals respond to real emotion objects as well as when individuals represent the meanings of emotional symbols (e.g., words).

Facial expressions and embodiment
Niedenthal has demonstrated that mimicry plays a causal role in the processing of emotional expression. Consistent with the embodiment hypothesis; In her study participants that were free to mimic the expressions detected the change in emotional expression earlier and more efficiently for any facial expression than those who were prevented from mimicking the expressions. Further studies have shown that in regards to judgment, individuals embodied the relevant, discrete emotion as indicated by their facial expression.  When certain emotions are experienced the resulting action is the stimulation of differing facial muscles depending on the response. Through the use of the electromyographic recording technique Niedenthal was able to observe the participants’ resulting facial expressions. Four such muscles that were activated were the orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, the corrugator, and levator. It is also noted that embodiment does not occur when the information can be processed through association or perceptual features.

Facial expressions and attachment
According to Niedenthal, the perception of facial expressions of emotion can be affected by emotional states among many factors. In accordance with attachment orientation Niedenthal has proposed that lower level cognitive processes of perception such as the timing of the perceived offset of facial expressions of emotion influence the perception of facial expressions of different emotions such as happiness, anger, fear, and sadness.

Emotional response categorization
Defined as: "the mental grouping together of objects and events that elicit the same emotion, and the treatment of those objects and events as "the same kind of thing"". Emotional response categorization enables an individual to choose an appropriate action in regards to their own categorization, allowing the individual to understand the meaning of an object based on their past experiences thus allowing for the individual to imagine their response and the outcome to an event or object.

Emotional response categorization theory
Proposed in 1999 by Niedenthal et al., emotional response categorization theory proposes that emotional states provide a form of conceptual coherence in that any objects or events that pertain to an emotion are grouped together into categories. The theory consists of three claims:
 Basic emotions provide the mental structure for emotional response categorization.
 The experience of a basic emotion(s) (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, etc.) will lead to the process of emotional response equivalence in order for categorization to occur.
 Selective attention to the emotional response associated with an object or event will result in emotional response categorization.

Structure of emotion
Emotional state as well as arousal are important in facilitating memory in that objects and events can be distinguished into high and low-arousal categories. These arousal categories based on basic emotions form the basis for emotional learning that is essential for understanding.

Basic emotions organize concepts into categories
An individual is more likely to associate an emotional experience into a category based on relevance and emotional response categorization. Niedenthal proposes that the experienced emotional state increases the use of all emotional response categories and not just the one being experienced.

Selective attention to emotional response
Niedenthal and colleagues contend that while experiencing an emotional state, an individual selectively attends the response to stimuli that have greater emotional meaning and importance. These previously experienced emotional responses have a larger impact on the judgments and behaviors.

An individual experiencing a strong emotional state due to naturally occurring events will organize their perceptual and conceptual worlds differently from those in a neutral state. In other words: when experiencing a strong emotional state, an individual is more likely to associate the experienced emotion with the targeted objects or event(s). The stimulated person(s) is more likely to associate a wider range of objects and events that are associated with the specific emotion than would the non-stimulated person. It is important to note that emotional response categorization is context dependent in that the resulting response depends greatly on an individual's past experiences.

Emotion congruence and selective perception
One particular area of study by Dr. Niedenthal looks at the question of "Are we more tuned to perceive things that are more congruent with our mood?". For example, one study done by Dr. Niedenthal and Marc Setterlund in 1994 suggests that happiness and sadness have emotion-congruent effects upon selective perception. In their 1994 study, participants were given earphones so that they could listen to music throughout the experiment. Half of the participants were given classical music that was intended to induce a happy mood (the allegro from Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, and parts of Vivaldi's Concerto in C Major), and half of the participants were given classical music that was intended to induce sad moods (Adagietto by Mahler and the adagio from the piano from the Piano Concerto No. 2 in C Minor by Rachmaninov). Subjects were then asked to perform a lexical decision task. Letters were flashed on a screen: some were real words and some were non-words or words that are not in the dictionary but can still be pronounced in English, such as "blang". The words were put into five categories, happy words, positive words that are unrelated to happiness, neutral words, negative words that are unrelated to sadness, and sad words.

Niedenthal and Setterlund found that music can induce happy or sad moods. They also found that when in a happy mood, participants were quicker at identifying happy words than sad words. Such findings are in line with the emotion-congruence thesis. This research also makes the conclusion that our existing moods and emotions lead us to selectively perceive emotion-congruent objects and events.

Neural computation
A 2008 study, conducted by Niedenthal and others, challenges research pertaining to the anger superiority effect. The anger superiority effect states that it is easier to detect angry faces than happy faces in a crowd neutral ones. This idea was said to have evolved over phylogenic development because it is beneficial to be able to quickly detect a threat in a given environment. Niedenthal et al. cite recent research that questions the hidden perceptual versus emotional factors that might account for this so-called anger superiority effect. In congruence with the findings of this research, Niedenthal et al. tested the anger superiority effect using a neural analysis of human faces in two different simulations in order to separate emotional and perceptual processes. They found that perceptual bias is causing a faster, more accurate identification of anger faces.

References

21st-century American psychologists
American women psychologists
American expatriates in France
University of Michigan alumni
Indiana University faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
American textbook writers
21st-century American women


Fatehpur Talratoy is a village located in Madhuban tehsil of Mau district in Uttar Pradesh, India. It has total 196 families residing. Fatehpur Talratoy has population of 1324 as per government records.

Administration
Fatehpur Talratoy village is administrated by Pradhan who is elected representative of village as per constitution of India and Panchyati Raj Act.

Tal Ratoy
Ratoy Taal is a natural lake near village Fatehpur-Talratoy, having an area of approximately 1837 hectares. A canal connects it to nearby Sarayu (Ghaghara) river. It's a source of irrigation for local farmers. However it is also a major tourist destination and picnic spot for local people.

Babarnama
Mughal emperor Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn Muhammad Babar had made special mention of this beautiful lake in his journal 'Babarnama'. He spent a night near this taal during expedition towards eastern part of India.

Mythology
According to Hindu mythology, Ratoi Taal was dug by Asur Mahahanu. Asur Mahahanu fought a battle with Devi Bhageshwari and got annihilated. As per the mythological story, Asur Mahahanu wanted to marry Devi Bhageshwari and send a proposal through his messengers. Devi put a condition before him that if he connects Ratoi Taal with the river Sarayu by digging a canal overnight, she would accept his offer. Asur Mahahanu failed to do so; however, he tried to forcefully marry Devi Bhageshwari and was killed in the battle.

References

External links
Villages in Mau Uttar Pradesh

Villages in Mau district


Haygrove School is a co-educational secondary school in Bridgwater, Somerset, England, with 1,106 students aged between 11 and 16. It is located on Durleigh Road in Bridgwater.

History
The site was originally the Poplar School of Engineering And Navigation, then Dr Morgan's Grammar School For Boys, and finally Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys, before becoming Haygrove School in the 1970s when Somerset County Council implemented comprehensive schools.

Building Schools for the Future (BSF)
In the 2000s, Bridgwater was the first town in the South West level to be selected for the UK government's Building Schools for the Future initiative, which aimed to rebuild and renew nearly every secondary school in England. Within Bridgwater, Building Schools for the Future was to develop four secondary schools - Chilton Trinity Technology College, Robert Blake Science College, East Bridgwater Community School and Haygrove School - along with two special provision schools, Elmwood School and Penrose School, at an expected cost of around £100 Million. However, in July 2010, several components of the scheme for Bridgwater schools were cancelled, including the plans for Haygrove School.

In early July 2011, the school became an academy. In 2017/18, the school became a Multi-Academy Trust.

Building safety issues
In 2020, as part of the Department for Education’s £3bn modular framework, set up to fast-track school construction projects, a new three-storey main school building was built at Haygrove School by Caledonian Modular, to a design by HLM Architects. In September 2022, a window collapsed, which prompted the school to close while safety inspections were carried out.

In August 2023, the school was forced to find alternative accommodation because of safety fears following technical investigations in the building. Similar problems had affected two other schools built by the same firm; education minister Nick Gibb said DfE inspectors had "identified issues that related to the structural integrity of the buildings, weakening its ability for example to withstand extreme events such as high winds or a big snowfall or indeed a collision from a vehicle." The DfE blamed poor workmanship for the structural issues; the school had not been built in accordance with its design. HLM had been involved with Haygrove School and Sir Frederick Gibberd College in Harlow, Essex. HLM said the firm had raised concerns with Caledonian's approach to the technical delivery of the designs; "Unable to resolve our differences, we parted company with Caledonian and the projects were delivered by others."

Exam performance
Percentage of students achieving 5+A*-C including English and Mathematics at GCSE level
 2013 - 76%
 2014 - 71%
 2015 - 77%
 2016 - 69%
Percentage of students achieving 5+A*-C in any subject at GCSE level
 1999 - 62%
 2000 - 68%
 2001 - 63%
 2002 - 66%
 2003 - 67%
 2004 - 64%
 2005 - 60%
 2006 - 64%
 2007 - 65%
 2008 - 63%
 2009 - 70%
 2010 - 74%
 2011 - 77%
 2012 - 84%
 2013 - 88%
 2014 - 78%
 2015 - 84%
 2016 - 78%

Notable pupils
Chris Skidmore (born 1991), cricketer

References

External links

Academies in Somerset
Bridgwater
Secondary schools in Somerset


Piotr Franciszek Całbecki (born 4 October 1967 in Toruń, Poland) is a Polish politician who is a current member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Marshal. He was part of the Toruń City Councillors between 1998-2002.

In 1998 Polish local election, he was elected to the Toruń City Council as a member of the city's executive board.

In 2002 Polish local election, he joined the Regional Assembly II term representing the 4th district. He polled 3,908 votes and was first on the POPiS list.

In 2004 European Parliament election, he was a candidate of Civic Platform from Kuyavian-Pomeranian constituency. He polled 4,800 votes and was not elected.

In 2006 local election, he was elected again. He scored 22,985 votes, running on the Civic Platform list. Assembly III Term elected him as Voivodeship Marshal (Marszałek Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego), chairperson of voivodeship executive board.

Reelected in 2010 and elected again by assembly as Voivodeship Marshal. From 2012, alternate member of Polish national delegation in European Committee of the Regions.

In 2014, elected again to assembly and for the third time chosen as Voivodeship Marshal. From 2015, member of presidential National Development Council. In 2018, reelected to assembly and fourth time elected as Voivodeship Marshal. From 2018, also member of Joint Commission of the Government and Local Government.

See also
 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly

References

External links
 (pl) Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly webside
 (pl) Voivodeship Marshal webside

1967 births
Living people
People from Toruń
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń alumni
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Marshals
Members of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly


An episode is a part of a dramatic work, such as a serial radio, podcast, or television program.

Episode may also refer to:
 Episode (film), a 1935 Austrian film by Walter Reisch
 Episode (Gen Hoshino album), a 2011 album by Gen Hoshino
 Episode (music), a term for a section in music
 Episode (Stratovarius album), a 1996 album by Stratovarius
 Episode (video game), an interactive storytelling game
 Episode (Zack Tabudlo album), a 2021 album by Zack Tabudlo
 Episode, a fictional character from the Monogatari series of novels and anime

See also
Episodes (disambiguation)


The Lime Hollow Center for Environment and Culture (Lime Hollow) is a nature preserve project in Cortland County, New York. It was founded in 1993 as the Lime Hollow Nature Center, the culmination of efforts 20 years earlier to develop a nature preserve to protect an unusual assemblage of marl ponds, a peat bog, and kame-and-kettle topography along an abandoned railroad right of way in Lime Hollow, just west of the city of Cortland.

History

Lime Hollow, through a renewable use agreement, began by utilizing  of land and two buildings belonging to the Tunison Laboratory of Aquatic Science of the US Geological Survey. Lime Hollow purchased an additional  adjoining the Tunison property in 1998, partly funded with a grant from the New York State Clean Air/Clean Water Bond Act. The area included a  pond, beaver pond, old fields, and woodlands.

During 2002, the name of the center was changed to Lime Hollow Center for Environment and Culture. A new logo was created to better express the mission of the center, including an emphasis on providing cultural education programs in addition to environmental education programs.  Lime Hollow opened a $1 million Visitor Center facility located on McLean Road in May 2007. The Visitor Center has a central exhibit space, a bird education room, several modular educational displays, gift-shop, staff offices, and numerous green building features. Outside, the center features a creek-side bird sanctuary - and, a key new addition to the center - a "Trail For All" designed to give people with disabilities easy access to one of the center's groomed trails.

Ecosystem
The Lime Hollow Center for Environment and Culture is home to a very diverse ecosystem.  The kame-and-kettle topography was created by glacial movement, making it so that the land is very undulated.  Due to the nature of the topography, Lime Hollow possess several unique habitats. Among them are marl ponds, small ponds containing deposits of mudstone with high amounts of calcium, and a peat bog, an area where dead vegetation has been compressed by water pressure creating a wetland environment.

Flora and fauna

Within the wide range of habitats existing in Lime Hollow there are wide variety plant and animal species.  The peat bog is home to a wide swathe of Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), an acid-loving plant whose growth season is in the spring.  There are also a wide variety of animal species including muskrats, beavers, and white-tailed deer.

Educational programs and opportunities

Lime Hollow boasts several summer programs that are both educational and recreational.  Among these, Nature's Keepers is a program specifically targeted towards 3- to 5-year-olds and teaching them the value of spending time in a natural environment.  In addition to the summer programs, local schools frequently send field trip groups to the center throughout the year.  This is supported through the contributions of the Cortland Community Foundation, which granted $10,000 to be used in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 school years.  In recent years, through a collaboration between Lime Hollow and OCM BOCES a new environmental education center was constructed.  The center plays host to OCM BOCES science classes for 40 weeks out of the year, and then to summer camps for another 10 weeks.

Recreation

Lime Hollow has developed nearly  of walking trails, several wildlife viewing stations, and over  of land.  Lime Hollow offers walking and hiking opportunities year-round, while winter allows for snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.  A local geocaching group has established several locations on and off the trails.  Lime Hollow also boasts unique topographical features, like the Chicago Bog on the Phillips Memorial trail, which is one of the few existing peat bogs in the Finger Lakes region.

References

External links
Lime Hollow Center for Environment and Culture - official site

Nature centers in New York (state)
Nature reserves in New York (state)
Tourist attractions in Cortland County, New York
Buildings and structures in Cortland County, New York
Protected areas of Cortland County, New York
Kames


Flint Group is a manufacturing company with its headquarters in Luxembourg. Having a revenue of US$2.3 billion and about 7,900 employees, Flint Group is one of the largest suppliers to the printing and packaging and labeling industries worldwide. Flint Group operates 180 sites in 40 countries across the globe.

History
Flint Group’s history is characterised by mergers and acquisitions. The company combined four businesses that together cover nearly the complete range of packaging and print media print consumables. In 2004, CVC Capital acquired ANI, an ink producer that was previously a business unit of Akzo Nobel and BASF Printing Systems, a business unit of BASF, and combined both companies.

The acquisition of Flint Ink Corporation, a US supplier of printing ink and colorants, in late 2005, resulted in the formation of Flint Group. In 2007, Flint Group acquired Day International, Inc., a manufacturer of consumable image-transfer products and press room chemicals for the packaging and print media industries, which supplemented Flint Group’s existing product line and increased its global position in the non-ink press room consumables market. From 2015 the company also owns Xeikon a leading developer of digital colour presses. In the same year Flint Group Africa was formed with a majority shareholding along with Continental Inks in South Africa. In the US Flint Group acquired American Inks & Coatings, Printec and Advanced Colour System in 2016, in the UK, FG also added Druckfarben to the portfolio.

References

External links

Companies based in Luxembourg City
Manufacturing companies established in 1920
1920 establishments in Luxembourg
Holding companies established in 1920


Louis-Joseph Moll (August 24, 1816 – August 5, 1872) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Berthier in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1871 as a Conservative.

He was born in Notre-Dame de Montréal, Lower Canada, the son of Jean-Marie Moll and Catherine-Louise Finchley, and was educated at the Collège de Montréal and the University of Pennsylvania.

In 1841, he married Marie-Joséphine-Valérie, the daughter of Joseph Bondy, dit Douaire. He returned to Quebec in 1845 and entered the practice of medicine at Berthier. Moll was a Justice of the peace and a commissioner for the trial of small causes. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1871. Moll died in Berthier at the age of 55.

His daughter Elmire married Eugène Lafontaine.

References

1816 births
1872 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Physicians from Quebec
Canadian justices of the peace