Edappally Raghavan Pillai (30 May 1909 – 4 July 1936) was an Indian poet of Malayalam literature and a close associate of Changampuzha Krishna Pillai. The pair, the front-runners of romanticism in Malayalam, was considered by many as the Shelley and Keats combination of Malayalam poetry. Kesari Balakrishna Pillai compared Pillai to the Italian poet, Giacomo Leopardi.

Biography

Raghavan Pillai was born on May 30, 1909, at Elamakkara, near Edapally in Ernakulam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Pavathu Neelakanda Pillai and Kalyani Amma, in a family with limited financial means. His mother died when he was young and his father, who was an alcoholic, remarried; he could not get along well with his step mother. His early schooling was at a local school in Ponekkara after which he completed middle school from the English School in Edapally Chuttupadukara before completing his high school education from a school in Cheranellore and later at St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam; he passed the 10th standard examination only on the second attempt. During this period, he worked as a private tuition teacher and he fell in love with one of his students who came from a rich family in Edapally. The girl's parents discover it and forced him to leave Edapally.

Pillai moved to Thiruvananthapuram where he stayed with a friend by name M. Balakrishnan Nair and worked at various establishments viz. Bhashabhivardhini Book Depot, Sreemathi weekly and Kerala Kesari magazine as well as at a local grocery shop as their accountant. He also tried unsuccessfully to pass Vidwan examination. When Kerala Kesari was closed down, he moved to Kollam where he was accommodated by V. M. Narayana Pillai, a known lawyer and a relative of the girl he loved. It was here he learned about the marriage of the girl when the lawyer received her wedding invitation. On July 4, 1936, when the lawyer was away from home to attend the girl's wedding, Pillai, aged 27, bathed himself clean and wore a jasmine garland before killing himself. His body was found the next morning, hanging from a tree.

Legacy
Raghavan Pillai was a close friend of Changampuzha Krishna Pillai and the friends were referred to as Edapally poets or as the twins of Edapally. Both the poets were exponents of romantic poetry which earned them the epithet, Shelley and Keats combination of Malayalam poetry. It is believed that the pastoral play, Ramanan, by Changampuzha is an elegy based on the life and death of his friend Raghavan Pillai.

Kesari Balakrishna Pillai likened Pillai to the Italian poet, Giacomo Leopardi. Pillai's body of work comprises Sudha, Chillikkashu, Thushara Haaram (1935), Nava Saurabham (1936), Hridhaya Smitham (1936) and Maninaadham (1944), the last one considered by many as his best work. Ramanan has since been adapted as a feature film, into a Kadhaprasangam by Kedamangalam Sadanandan and into a music album. A memorial was built at Mulamkadakam in Kollam, the place where Pillai killed himself.

Farewell poem
Pillai wrote a poem, Naalathe Prabhatham (Tomorrow's Sunrise), the day before his death and sent it to Malayalarajyam press with instructions to publish it the next day. Maninadam, The poem he wrote shortly before his death opens as:

Changampuzha wrote a short poem, The Broken Flute, mourning the loss of his friend which reads as:

Selected works
Thushara Haaram (1935)
Nava Saurabham (1936)
Hridhaya Smitham (1936)
Maninaadham (1944)
Edappally Raghavan Pillayude Krithikal

References

Further reading
S. Guptannāyar, Changampuzha, Sahitya Akademi (2001). ,

External links

1909 births
1936 suicides
1936 deaths
Malayalam poets
Malayalam-language writers
20th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Writers from Kochi
Poets from Kerala
20th-century Indian male writers
Suicides by hanging in India


Julius Jia Zhiguo (born 5 June 1934) is an underground bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the People's Republic of China.

Bishop Jia had been jailed for as long as 20 years, but had been released before he disappeared. During his confinement at home, his requests for medical treatment were denied by Chinese authorities.

In March 2004, the Cardinal Kung Foundation sent out a press release detailing the disappearance of Bishop Jia of Hebei Province in central China. Newspapers picked up the story, and within a week of Mr. Kung's press release, the bishop was freed.

In 2008, he was arrested again by local authorities on the morning of August 24, the twelfth such arrest since January 2004.

In 2009, Chinese police re-arrested Bishop Jia Zhiguo of Zhengding, the most prominent leader of the Chinese "underground Church." The arrest came just as a special Vatican commission met in Rome to consider the situation facing the Church in China.

Zhiguo was once again arrested by authorities in 2020.

See also
Chinese house church

References

1934 births
Living people
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in China


Monique Merrill (born May 26, 1969) is an American world champion adventure racer, ski mountaineer and marathon mountain biker. She studied at the University of Virginia.

Merrill attended the Pine Crest School until 1987, and studied at the University of Virginia until 1991. She lives in Crested Butte, Colorado.

Selected results

 Six-time champion and record holder for Imperial Challenge Multisport, Breckenridge
 Three-time champion and record holder, Co-ed Grand Traverse-Crested Butte to Aspen ski race
 1999:
 1st, Montezuma's Revenge Mountain Bike 24 Hour Race
 2000:
 1st, Montezuma's Revenge Mountain Bike 24 Hour Race
 2003:
 1st, Xterra National Overall, Keystone
 1st, Montezuma's Revenge Mountain Bike 24 Hour Race
 2005:
 1st, Life-Link Ski Mountaineering Series
 2006:
 1st, World Championship Adventure Racing, Sweden
 1st, Primal Quest Adventure Race, Utah
 1st, Raid Galouise, Alberta, Canada
 3rd, Xterra National Championships, Colorado
 10th, World Championship vertical race
 2007:
 1st, World Championship Adventure Racing, Scotland
 1st, North American Randonnee Rally, Jackson Hole
 1st, 100 Mile Mountain Bike Marathon, Breckenridge
 1st, Mountain Crest Marathon 27.2 miles, Breckenridge
 2009:
 1st, US Ski Mountaineering National Championship, Jackson Hole
 2010:
 7th, World Championship team race (together with Amy Fulywer)
 9th, World Championship single race
 9th, World Championship vertical race
 9th, World Championship combination ranking
 2011:
 1st, Power of Four, Aspen Mountain, mixed team, together with Mike Kloser

Pierra Menta

 2009: 7th, together with Sari Anderson

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2010: 7th (and 4th in the "international civilian women" ranking), together with Lyndsay Meyer and Nina Cook Silitch

References

External links
 Monique Merrill at skimountaineers.org

1969 births
Living people
American female ski mountaineers
Marathon mountain bikers
University of Virginia alumni
People from Breckenridge, Colorado
American mountain bikers
American female cyclists
21st-century American women


Julius Mendheim (c. 1788 – 25 August 1836) was a German chess master and problemist.

Not much is known about Mendheim's life. By profession, he was probably a merchant.

He was the first famous Berlin chess master and a member of the Berliner Schachgesellschaft (founded 1827). Earlier, he was a regular guest at the Old Club of Berlin (which existed from 1803 to 1847), but not a regular member there, despite having the reputation of being the best Berlin player. The young Ludwig Bledow, forthcoming co-founder of the Berlin Pleiades, lost the majority of the games he played with his older mentor. Mendheim seemingly inspired Bledow and the forming of the Pleiades, but he died before the group was firmly established.

Mendheim's strength can be seen from the fact that he single-handedly conducted the correspondence games that Berlin played against other cities (Breslau 1829-1833, Hamburg 1833-1836).

He was an author of Taschenbuch für Schachfreunde (Berlin, published by Alexander Mosar, 1814) and Aufgaben für Schachspieler (Berlin, published by Traugott Trautwein, 1832). He gets some mention in the Handbuch des Schachspiels section on problem composers.

References

External links
 Mendheim at Chessgames.com

1788 births
1836 deaths
18th-century German Jews
German chess players
Jewish chess players
Chess composers


The Gothenburg Address is a Scottish, Edinburgh-based post-rock band.

History
The Gothenburg Address was formed in Edinburgh in 2008 by guitarist Luke Joyce, formerly of Raising Miss June. Its earliest lineup consisted of Chris Bathgate (Arab Strap), David Jeans (Arab Strap, The Zephyrs) and bassist Rob Doig (The Fuse). Playing a series of low key shows around Glasgow and Edinburgh, the band quickly built up a following, culminating in them playing the main stage at George Square, Glasgow at the Winterfest Festival to an audience of several thousand people. This early success was reflected in their being named XFM band of the week, and crowned 'Unsigned Heroes' by Radio 1, on the basis of some rough demo material, which was released as a limited self pressed EP 'Shimmer in the City'.

The band were described by The Scotsman as "...purely instrumental, conveying a late night/early dawn atmosphere through chilly guitars and understated harmonies."

The Gothenburg Address were asked along with fellow Scottish Post-Rock band Mogwai to soundtrack the short film Sonnets from Scotland by photographer Alex Boyd. Boyd would also later go on to provide the artwork for their debut EP, which uses his trademark 'Rückenfigur' style. He has described the band's sound as "...dark, brooding, glacial, majestic and intelligent."

In 2009, The Gothenburg Address recorded a single, "Lesser Coming Home", followed by their debut self-titled album.

Bathgate, Doig and Jeans left the band in 2010 and were subsequently replaced by David Ritchie, Robert Percival and Christian Kimmett. In 2011, the band released a single "The Hessian". Since the release of The Sky. The Mountains. The Land., The Gothenburg Address saw the departure of Christian Kimmet and David Ritchie. The band are now currently working on new material and have welcomed Gavin Cormack on Bass and Al Conway on guitar.

Discography

Albums
The Sky. The Mountains. The Land (2013)
Demos - 2007 - 2009 (2012)
self titled (2009, I Messiah)

EPs
The Hessian (2011)
Lesser Coming Home (2009, I Messiah)
Shimmer In the City EP (2008, I Messiah)

Compilations
From the Cabaret Voltaire (2008, Cab Voltaire)  song: "Through Haze and Wrench"

Film soundtracks
Sonnets from Scotland (2009, I Messiah) song: "The Modern Dilemma"

References

External links
 The Gothenburg Address' official website
 Official Band Myspace
 The Scotsman article
 SIC Magazine article
 Article on Sonnets from Scotland short film
 Stereokill interview

Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups from Edinburgh
Scottish indie rock groups
2008 establishments in Scotland


The Trinidad and Tobago women's national volleyball team is the national team of Trinidad and Tobago.

Results

FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship
2018 — 23rd place
2022 — Did not qualify

NORCECA Championship
2003 — 7th place
2005 — 8th place
2007 — 8th place
2009 — 8th place
2011 — 7th place
2013 — 6th place
2015 — 7th place
2019 — 8th place

Pan-American Cup
2007 — 12th place
2008 — 12th place
2009 — 10th place
2010 — 10th place
2011 — 10th place
2012 — 10th place
2013 — 10th place
2014 — 11th place
2015 — Did not enter
2016 — 10th place
2017 — 9th place
2018 — 11th place
2019 — 10th place

FIVB World Grand Prix
 2017 — 31st

Current squad
The following is the Trinidadian and Tobagonian roster in the 2018 World Championship.

Head coach: Francisco Cruz Jiménez

See also
Trinidad and Tobago men's national volleyball team

References

NORCECA

National women's volleyball teams
Volleyball
Volleyball in Trinidad and Tobago


The Treatment may refer to:

 The Treatment (novel)
 The Treatment (2001 film)
 The Treatment (2006 film)
 The Treatment (2014 film)
 The Treatment, political tactic used by Lyndon B. Johnson
 The Treatment (band), a British hard rock band
 The Treatment (Early Day Miners album), 2009
 The Treatment (Mr. Probz album), 2013
 "The Treatment", song by Sepultura from the album A-Lex, 2009

See also
 Treatment (disambiguation)


The Treatment is an American romantic comedy film released in 2006 produced and directed by Oren Rudavsky and starring Chris Eigeman and Famke Janssen.

It is based on a novel with the same title by Daniel Menaker.

Plot
The film begins with Jake Singer (Eigeman) meeting up with Julia (Stephanie March) in an attempt to rekindle their relationship. She, however, informs him that she is recently engaged and has been wanting to call him to tell him.  The wedding will be in Aspen, but she invites him to her pre-wedding party in New York.

Jake, the son of retired physician Arnold Singer (Harris Yulin), is an English teacher and somewhat of a basketball coach at Coventry, a Manhattan private school.  He becomes involved with Allegra Marshall (Famke Janssen) the widow of a wealthy gentleman who died suddenly from a cardiac embolism.

Jake seeks treatment from psychoanalyst Dr. Ernesto Morales (Ian Holm) who frequently surprises Jake in the form of hallucinations attempting to shape or modify his behavior.

Cast
 Chris Eigeman ... Jake Singer
 Famke Janssen ... Allegra Marshall
 Harris Yulin ... Arnold Singer
 Ian Holm ... Dr. Ernesto Morales
 Stephanie March ... Julia
 Peter Vack ... Ted
 Griffin Newman ... Scott

Awards
The Treatment won in the category of Best New York Narrative at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival.

John Zorn who composed the score for the film won a MacArthur Foundation, the "Genius" award for his music in 2006. The album, titled Filmworks XVIII: The Treatment features a full score for film by John Zorn. The album was released on Zorn's own label, Tzadik Records.

References

External links

2006 films
2006 romantic comedy films
Films scored by John Zorn
American romantic comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language romantic comedy films


Obra is a small town 15 km away from the district headquarters on NH-139 (Patna-Aurangabad). As of 2018, Obra has a population of 14,786. In the Obra block, there are 20 Panchayats each with an average of 6 villages. The geographic block is demarcated in the east and south by Daudnagar, Rafiganj, Aurangabad and in the west by Rohtas district. Situated on the confluence of the Punpun and Adri rivers, the rolling topography of the town is typical, spread on the plain of the Son river bed, known for its very fertile land.

Geography

Obra is located in the eastern part of India at . The town is surrounded by three rivers: Punpun which flows from the western and northern part, the Adri River which crosses the eastern areas near the village Deokali, as well as the Son river which flows through the west of this geographic area. Obra is situated 114 km from the capital city of Bihar, Patna. Obra is situated in the plain of the Son river, which is responsible for making the surrounding land very fertile. Obra is not far from the Ratan hillock of the Magadh range and the Chhotanagpur plateau of Palamu (in the Jharkhand state).

Population
As of 2018 Obra has a population of 7,846 males and 6,940 females.

Economy
The economy of Obra is mainly dependent on agriculture and sesame farming (Til ka tel). The vast tracts of fertile land in the region support the economic output of Obra. It is recognized as the rice bowl of Magadh region which trades with all parts of Bihar and Jharkhand. It is also well known for the production of Kaleen (carpets). The tradition of weaving beautiful and unique carpets in the town dates back to the 15th century. The Kambal (blanket) industry in Obra is supported by the government. A processing plant for raw blanket has been established in Obra for 50 years, and the trade of kambals dates back 100 years. These sectors give employment to more than 1000 people.

References

External links
 Obra in Wikimapia

Populated places on the Punpun River
Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Bihar


Sir John Micklethwaite M.D. (1612–1682) was an English physician, who attended Charles II. He was President of the Royal College of Physicians.

Life
John Micklethwaite was the son of Thomas Micklethwaite, rector of Cherry Burton, Yorkshire, and was baptised, 23 August 1612, in the church of Bishop Burton, three miles from Beverley. He entered at the University of Leyden as a medical student in 1637, and took the degree of M.D. at the University of Padua in 1638. He proceeded M.D. by incorporation at Oxford 14 April 1648.

On 26 May 1643, Micklethwaite was appointed assistant physician at St. Bartholomew's Hospital to Dr John Clarke, whose eldest daughter he married, and he was elected physician 13 May 1653. The Long Parliament, 12 Feb. 1644, had recommended him for promotion, "in the place of Dr. Harvey, who hath withdrawn himself from his charge and is retired to the party in arms against the Parliament." He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians 11 November 1643, and delivered the Gulstonian lectures in 1644. He was elected censor seven times, was treasurer from 1667 to 1675, and president from 1676 to 1681.

When Charles II in 1681 was taken ill at Windsor, Micklethwaite was sent for by Order in Council, and attained much repute by his treatment of the king, on whose recovery he was knighted. He was physician in ordinary to the king. He died of acute cystitis 29 July 1682, and was buried in the church of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, where his monument, with a long inscription, still remains. His death and achievements were celebrated in a broadside, An Elegy to commemorate and lament the Death of the most worthy Doctor of Physick, Sir John Micklethwaite. His portrait, representing him in a flowing wig, was given to the College of Physicians by Sir Edmund King, and hung in the dining-room.

Notes

References

External links
Royal College of Physicians website

1612 births
1682 deaths
People from Beverley
Leiden University alumni
University of Padua alumni
17th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians
Infectious disease deaths in England
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Physicians-in-Ordinary
Medical doctors from Yorkshire


Takali Bhan is a small village in Shrirampur taluka, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India.

References

Villages in Ahmednagar district


The Chavanon (; ) (also called la Ramade) is a  long river in the Creuse, Puy-de-Dôme, and Corrèze départements, central France. Its source is in Crocq. It flows generally southeast. It is a right tributary of the Dordogne into which it flows between Savennes and Confolent-Port-Dieu.

On most of its course, it forms part of the boundary between the Limousin and Auvergne regions.

Départements and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
Creuse: Crocq, Basville, Flayat
Puy-de-Dôme: Fernoël, Giat,
Creuse: Saint-Merd-la-Breuille,
Puy-de-Dôme: Verneugheol,
Corrèze: Laroche-près-Feyt,
Puy-de-Dôme: Saint-Germain-près-Herment, Bourg-Lastic,
Corrèze: Feyt, Monestier-Merlines,
Puy-de-Dôme: Messeix,
Corrèze: Merlines,
Puy-de-Dôme: Savennes,
Corrèze: Saint-Étienne-aux-Clos, Confolent-Port-Dieu,

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Corrèze
Rivers of Creuse
Rivers of Puy-de-Dôme
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine


Darrel G. McHargue (born September 26, 1954 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is a retired American Champion jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing. One of five children from a family not connected to horse racing, he was first introduced to riding as a teenage boy when he rode a neighbor's Quarter Horse. He was 17 years old when he made his professional debut in 1972 at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The following year he was the leading rider at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland.

Triple Crown races
Darrel McHargue competed in eight Kentucky Derbys between 1974 and 1986. His best finishes were a second with Run Dusty Run in 1977 and a third with actor Jack Klugman's colt Jaklin Klugman in 1980.

In 1975, the twenty-year-old McHargue earned the most important win of his career when he rode Master Derby to victory in the Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series.

McHargue had two mounts in the Belmont Stakes, finishing third with Master Derby in 1975 and second with McKenzie Bridge in 1976.

1978 Championship
McHargue was the leading jockey at the 1977 Oak Tree Racing Association fall meet. The next year would be the best of his career. He rode six winners in one day at Santa Anita Park on March 5, 1978 and again on October 25, 1979. In 1978, he was the leading money-winning jockey in the United States with a record $6,188,353 and was voted the Eclipse Award as the United States' Outstanding Jockey. In addition, he was voted the 1978 George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award presented by Santa Anita Park to the jockey in North America who demonstrates high standards of personal and professional conduct, on and off the racetrack.

Beginning in 1980, McHargue rode the great John Henry in eleven of his starts,  winning such races as the San Juan Capistrano Handicap, Hollywood Invitational Turf Handicap, San Gabriel Handicap, San Luis Rey Handicap, and San Marcos Stakes.

European racing
A proven rider on turf, in 1983 McHargue moved to a base in Ireland, where he rode for various trainers including Luca Cumani and Dermot Weld and for owners such as the American husband and wife team of Bertram and Diana Firestone and Englishman Ivan Allan. In 1984, he was the stable jockey for Cumani and had ridden  Allan's outstanding colt Commanche Run in most of his races . Commanche Run had, however, put up a vastly improved performance in the Gordon Stakes under Lester Piggott when McHargue was suspended . McHargue was scheduled to ride Commanche Run in the St. Leger Stakes. However, Piggott replaced McHargue shortly before the race at the instigation of Ivan Allan  Commanche Run won the British Classic by a neck in a very close finish under a superb ride from Piggott. McHargue soon returned home to Pasadena, California.

McHargue retired from riding in early April 1988 and began a new career a few weeks later as a racing official. In 1994, he graduated from the Racing Officials Accreditation Program (ROAP). He worked at northern California tracks and in 2005 was appointed a race steward at Hollywood Park.

McHargue is married to Robin McHargue, daughter of the late trainer Robert Wingfield.

References

External links
 Darrel McHargue at the official Kentucky Derby website
 Profile and photo of Darrel McHargue at Sportscaster Sports Cards
 February 20, 1978 Sports Illustrated article on Darrel McHargue
 November 30, 1997 article in The Independent on Darrel McHargue, Lester Piggott, and the 1984 St. Leger Stakes

1954 births
Living people
American jockeys
American Champion jockeys
Eclipse Award winners
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City


Nigel Stephenson (born 12 October 1950), also known by the nicknames of "Nij", and "Stivvy", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Shaw Cross ARLFC (in Shaw Cross, Dewsbury),, Dewsbury (two spells), Bradford Northern, Carlisle, Wakefield Trinity (captain) (Heritage No. 906), York and Huddersfield, as a , i.e. number 3 or 4, and coached at club level for Hunslet and Huddersfield.

Background
Nigel Stephenson was born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

Playing career

International honours
Nigel Stephenson played left-, i.e. number 4, in England's 0–25 defeat by Australia in the 1975 Rugby League World Cup Final at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Wednesday 12 November 1975.

County honours
Nigel Stephenson was selected for Yorkshire County XIII on ten occasions.
and scored 9 tries and won the county championship a record 5 times along with the late David Topliss.

Championship final appearances
Nigel Stephenson played left-, i.e. number 4, was captain, and scored a try, 4-goals and a drop goal in Dewsbury's 22–13 victory over Leeds in the Championship Final during the 1972–73 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 19 May 1973.also won the championship with Bradford northern two years running 1980/81 1981/1982. second time as captain.

BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances
Nigel Stephenson played , and scored a goal in Dewsbury's 2–22 defeat by St. Helens in the 1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1975–76 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 16 December 1975.

John Player Trophy Final appearances
Nigel Stephenson played , and scored a drop goal in Bradford Northern's 6–0 victory over Widnes in the 1979–80 John Player Trophy Final during the 1979–80 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 5 January 1980.

Career records
Nigel Stephenson holds Dewsbury's career goalscoring record, 863-goals scored during his two spells with the club 1967–78 and 1984–86.

Family
Nigel Stephenson is the father of the rugby league footballer Francis Stephenson, his other son James is a highly regarded Community Coach with Shaw Cross Sharks & Dewsbury Rams and in 2010 James was awarded the RFL Kirklees Coach of the Year Award for his outstanding efforts in rugby league development.

Nigel Stephenson is not related to fellow Dewsbury 1973 Rugby Football League Championship winner Mike "Stevo" Stephenson.

References

External links
Shaw Cross Sharks – Hall of Fame
Diamond day for Shaw Cross' star production line
Dewsbury Rams – Honours & Records
Dewsbury Rams – History
Playing at Smales pace sank champions
Photograph "Neil Fox" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Stephenson about to touch down" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Stephenson scores Northern's second" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Ronnie Firth sprays the champagne" at rlhp.co.uk (upside down)
Photograph "Peter Fox shows the Championship Trophy to youngsters." at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Jimmy and Nigel parade the Trophy" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "The Mayor shows off the Trophy" at rlhp.co.uk (upside down)
Photograph "Northern Off Half Stephenson" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "The 1981 squad pictured at Odsal" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "1981 team v. Hull" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Stephenson Stretchered Off" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Nigel Stephenson In Action" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Nigel Stephenson Scores" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Forsyth about to crash through" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Return to Odsal" at rlhp.co.uk
Photograph "Trevor kisses the turf" at rlhp.co.uk

1950 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
Carlisle RLFC coaches
Carlisle RLFC players
Dewsbury Rams players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Huddersfield Giants coaches
Hunslet R.L.F.C. coaches
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Dewsbury
Wakefield Trinity players
York Wasps players
Yorkshire rugby league team players


The Communauté de communes de la Fave is a French former administrative association of rural communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was created in December 1994 and had its administrative offices at Provenchères-sur-Fave. It was merged into the Communauté de communes Fave, Meurthe, Galilée in January 2014, which was merged into the new Communauté d'agglomération de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in January 2017. It takes its name from the little river Fave.

The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:
Le Beulay
Colroy-la-Grande
La Grande-Fosse
La Petite-Fosse
Lubine
Lusse
Provenchères-sur-Fave

References

Fave


Charles Edwin Bosbury (5 December 1897 – 14 July 1929) was an English professional footballer who made more than 100 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham, Preston North End and Lincoln City. He played as an outside right.

Football career
Bosbury was born in Newhaven, East Sussex. He joined Southampton in 1921, but did not appear for the first team before he moved on to First Division club Birmingham the following year. A tall, strongly built man with a talent for sprinting, Bosbury made his debut on 11 November 1922 in a 1–1 draw at Cardiff City. He played 15 times in the 1922–23 season, but lost his place to Bill Harvey and never regained it. In the 1925 close season he joined Preston North End, but played only twice in a year before moving on again, this time to Lincoln City. Described as able to "beat a man and centre on the run ... capable of cutting in and shooting with deadly effect", Bosbury scored 33 goals in 94 league and FA Cup games in two-and-a-half years with Lincoln. He played his final game for the club in January 1929, despite feeling unwell. Diagnosed as suffering from tuberculosis, he died a few months later in Lincoln aged only 31.

References

1897 births
1929 deaths
People from Newhaven, East Sussex
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Southampton F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
English Football League players
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in England


Sir George Ralph Collier, 1st Baronet, KCB (bapt. 4 June 1772 – 24 March 1824) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812. He had an eventful early life, being shipwrecked early in his career and later captured by the French. Nevertheless, he saw enough service to attract the attention of powerful patrons that secured his rise through the ranks. An officer of considerable ability, he won a noteworthy victory against a stronger French opponent, before embarking on a period of distinguished service off the Spanish and Portuguese coasts, working closely with the British generals fighting the Peninsular War, and markedly contributing to their success. His good service led to a prime posting in command of a squadron despatched to hunt down and neutralise the American super frigates during the War of 1812. He came close to capturing the , but lost her in circumstances that were unclear and would later return to haunt him. The years of peace that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars saw him rewarded with a baronetcy, and he continued to serve in the navy where he was tasked with the suppression of the slave trade. The publishing of William James's account of the War of 1812, which lambasted him for incompetence and cowardice in his failure to catch the Constitution, broke his personal peace. Having failed to clear his name, and increasingly depressed by the accusations, Collier killed himself.

Family and early life
Collier was born in London in 1774, the second son of the chief clerk of the Victualling Board Ralph Collier, and his wife Henrietta Maria. He began his education at the Chelsea Maritime Academy, but by January 1784 his name appeared in the books of the 74-gun third rate  as a captain's servant to the Triumphs commander, Captain Robert Faulknor. This was likely to have been only a nominal entry to gain seniority, and Collier's naval service probably actually began three years later in January 1787, when he joined the 28-gun frigate  at the rank of midshipman. He moved in June 1790 to take up a position aboard Captain Edward Pellew's 50-gun  and spent the rest of that year serving on the Newfoundland station. Collier transferred again in December 1790, joining the 100-gun first rate , then under Captain John Knight in the English Channel.

Collier's next ship was Captain Samuel Hood's 32-gun , which he joined in March 1791. He remained with the Juno until she was paid off. On being discharged he took passage aboard the East Indiaman Winchelsea, bound for the East India station. The Winchelsea ran onto a reef in the Mozambique Channel on 3 September 1792 and was wrecked. Collier and the other survivors were able to reach Madagascar, where they remained until being picked up a Portuguese brig in May the following year. Before they could reach friendly soil the Portuguese ship was captured by a French privateer and Collier and his fellow survivors were sent to Île de France as prisoners. He remained in captivity there until being released in late 1794, whereupon he sailed to the British-held port of Madras.

French Revolutionary Wars
By now the French Revolutionary Wars had broken out, and after a period spent recuperating from his several ordeals, Collier joined Commodore Peter Rainier's flagship  in June 1795. Collier had passed his lieutenant's examination in 1790, but only now did he receive his commission, when he was appointed lieutenant and commander of the Suffolk Tender on 31 July 1795. Rainer sent him to the Cape of Good Hope, but shortly after his arrival, the commander of the station, Admiral Thomas Pringle ordered that Suffolk Tender be surveyed. She was subsequently condemned as unseaworthy, and Collier returned to Rainer at Madras without a ship. Rainer recommended that he return to Britain, where the good report of his service would assure him further employment and promotion. Collier duly arrived in England in May 1799, and on 2 July that year received an appointment to the 64-gun , which was then under the command of Captain Thomas Parr. A further advance came shortly afterwards, when he made first lieutenant on 29 July aboard Vice-Admiral Andrew Mitchell's flagship, the 50-gun . He was present at the capture of the Dutch squadron in the Vlieter Incident in August, and was chosen by Mitchell to carry the despatches back to Britain.

Battle with the Flèche
As was customary Collier received a promotion, to master and commander on 3 September 1799, and a command, the 18-gun sloop , on 21 October. Collier commanded the Victor for the next couple of years, escorting convoys and on one occasion a convoy of troop transports to the Red Sea, bringing troops to defeat the French forces in Egypt. He stopped briefly at Diego Garcia to take on supplies, whereupon he fell in with the 22-gun French corvette Flèche. The two ships fought a brief engagement on 1 September 1801, during which the Flèche damaged the Victors rigging and managed to escape. After repairing the damage, Collier searched the surrounding area before coming across his opponent on 5 September, sheltering in Mahé Roads. The channel was very narrow, and the wind unfavourable, but Collier managed to warp the Victor into the harbour, and with the aid of her staysails, closed on the French ship. After enduring raking fire for some time, he was finally able to haul his ship around and the two vessels exchanged broadsides for over two hours. By then the Flèche was observed to be in a sinking condition, and her captain ran her aground. A party of men were sent over from the Victor, but having boarded the French vessel, found her crew had set her on fire and then abandoned ship. The men were temporarily evacuated while further assistance was sent across, after which they re-boarded and managed to extinguish the fire. Just as this had been achieved, the Flèche slipped off the reef into deeper water and sank.

Collier therefore came away without his prize, but his exploit came to the attention of the First Lord of the Admiralty Earl St Vincent. Impressed by Collier's daring, St Vincent promoted him to post-captain, with the 50-gun  as his command. As a further mark of favour, St Vincent antedated his commission to 22 April 1802, giving him greater seniority over the officers promoted a week later in the general promotion that followed the Peace of Amiens. With the paying off of the Leopard in 1803 Collier moved ashore, spending until 20 January 1806 in command of the Sea Fencibles at Liverpool. On 18 May 1805 he married Maria Lyon, a resident of the city. The couple did not have any children. It was during this period ashore that Collier devised and presented the plans for a blockade of the Texel, in the hopes of being appointed to lead the expedition. Nothing had come of the scheme by the time he received his next sea-going command, that of the 32-gun  in February 1806.

Napoleonic Wars
The Minerva was sent south to the Spanish and Portuguese coasts, where Collier found himself busy suppressing privateering, and the Spanish coastal forts. He was moved on 22 April 1807 to take up command of the 38-gun , and duly took part in the expedition to Copenhagen. He received approbation for his services, and the British commander, Admiral James Gambier sent him back to Britain with his despatches. Collier received a knighthood on 19 September 1807, and by 1812 was back in the Bay of Biscay. He was active off the coast of Spain that year, supporting the guerrillas in the countryside under Admiral Sir Home Popham, and was personally involved in some of the land-based operations of the Peninsular War. He was wounded on 1 August 1812 in an attack on the castle at Santander, but though the attack failed, it led to the French withdrawing from the castle, considering it too exposed. Collier's raids were particularly useful in forcing the French forces in the north of the county to attempt to fortify and defend hundreds of small coastal creeks and villages, instead of supporting the forces in the south, allowing Wellington to defeat them.

It was while operating off the Iberian Peninsula that Collier devised a need for an improved type of ships' boat. He developed a design based on elements of both a whaleboat and a jolly boat, and had one built for him at Plymouth Dockyard. The boat proved extremely useful after tests aboard the Surveillante, especially at being able to land safely on a flat beach to give close support. Collier further modified it by installing a howitzer in the bows, and soon boats of its type were being requested by other captains for their ships. In 1813 Collier succeeded Sir Home Popham in commanding the north coast squadron, Spain. He and a small squadron supported General Arthur Wellesley and General Sir Thomas Graham in the capture of San Sebastián and the siege of Bayonne.

War of 1812
On 15 March 1814 Collier received command of the 50-gun  and was sent to North America to deal with the American super frigates that were causing losses to British merchant shipping. It was a highly sought after posting, and reflected the Admiralty's approval of his efforts off Spain. Collier sought battle with the , but the American ship escaped from Boston and evaded him. He gathered a squadron consisting of the Leander, the 60-gun  and the 40-gun , and set off in pursuit. He almost caught up with the Constitution off St Jago, but weather prevented Leander from closing on her. The Constitution was at the time sailing with two captured British prizes, the former  and . Collier's three ships gave chase and were overhauling the Constitution, when, having allowed the Cyane to escape, the Levant broke away and Collier followed her. In doing so he retook the Levant, but allowed Constitution to escape. Collier continued to cruise in the area, but before he had another opportunity to pursue the Constitution, news reached him that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed and that the war was over.

Years of peace
Collier returned to Britain and on 20 September 1814 was created a baronet. He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815. He was also appointed groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester that day.

West Africa Squadron
In 1818, he continued to see active service at sea, being appointed the first Commodore of the West Africa Squadron, with the 36-gun  as his flagship. On 19 September 1818, the navy sent him to the Gulf of Guinea with the orders: "You are to use every means in your power to prevent a continuance of the traffic in slaves." Unfortunately, however, the squadron initially had only six ships with which to patrol over  of coast. Collier served in this post from 1818 to 1821. His distinguished role in anti-slavery efforts led to his election as an honorary life member of the African Institution on 17 May 1820.

James's account and death
Collier's life was disturbed by the publication of William James's Naval History in 1823. James paid particular attention to the escape of the Constitution, and lamented Collier's failure to bring her to action and capture her. James claimed Collier's incompetence had allowed the Constitution to escape from Boston, while his failure to bring her to action when his squadron later sighted her was attributed to what amounted to cowardice on his part. James summed up the episode with Most sincerely do we regret...that this last and most triumphant escape of the Constitution, the first frigate of the United States that had humbled the proud flag of Britain, had, not long ago, been brought under the scrutiny of a court-martial. The blame would then have fallen where it ought to have fallen...The more it is investigated, the more it will show itself to be, the most blundering piece of business recorded in these six volumes.

Collier applied to the Admiralty for the opportunity to clear his name, but this was not satisfied. Friends and relations had become increasingly concerned about his mental state as a result. His brother took the precaution of removing the razors from his home, but Collier appears to have smuggled one to his room, and used it to cut his own throat early in the morning on 24 March 1824. His servant who was sleeping in the same room immediately brought help, but nothing could be done and Collier died less than five minutes after inflicting the injury, aged 51. The inquest later determined that 'The deceased destroyed himself, being in a state of temporary mental derangement.' The baronetcy became extinct upon his death.

Notes

References

1772 births
1824 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812
Military personnel from London
Suicides by sharp instrument in England
Suicides in Westminster
British military personnel who committed suicide
1820s suicides


Hovhannes-Smbat III was King of Ani (1020–1040). He succeeded his father Gagik I of Ani (989–1020) being the king's elder son and legal heir to the throne.

Life
His enthronement in 1020 was strongly opposed by his younger brother Ashot, who one year later in 1021 rebelled against him, driving his forces to Ani the capital, surrounding and conquering the city and dethroning his brother Hovhannes-Smbat III in 1021 and usurping power from him.

But following a compromise agreement between the two feuding brothers, he agreed to withdraw his rebel forces from Ani and let the legal heir Hovhannes-Smbat III to return to power continuing as Hovhannes-Smbat III of Ani on limited areas around the capital, whereas Ashot (known as Ashot IV) would be enthroned a concurrent king and rule in further Armenian provinces closer to Persia and Georgia. Despite the agreed compromise, conflicts, sometimes military, continued between the two brother kings thus greatly weakening the Armenian Bagratid kingdom. In the winter of 1021/2 Hovhannes-Smbat was compelled to make the Byzantine emperor Basil II his heir, an arrangement imposed on him on account of the Armenian support to King George I of Georgia in the Georgian-Byzantine war. Hovhannes-Smbat's heritage eventually passed to the Byzantine Empire in 1042, long after Basil had died.

References

Bagratuni dynasty
Kings of Bagratid Armenia
11th-century monarchs in Asia
Basil II
11th-century monarchs in the Middle East
11th-century Armenian people


Pseudo-nitzschia is a marine planktonic diatom genus that accounts for 4.4% of pennate diatoms found worldwide. Some species are capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), which is responsible for the neurological disorder in humans known as amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Currently,  58 species are known, 28 of which have been shown to produced DA. It was originally hypothesized that only dinoflagellates could produce harmful algal toxins, but a deadly bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred in 1987 in the bays of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and led to an outbreak of ASP. Over 100 people were affected by this outbreak after consuming contaminated mussels; three people died. Since this event, no additional deaths have been attributed to ASP, though the prevalence of toxic diatoms and DA has increased worldwide. This anomaly is likely due to increased awareness of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their implications for human and ecosystem health.

Blooms have since been characterized in coastal waters and the open-ocean worldwide and have been linked to increasing marine nutrient concentrations, warming ocean temperatures, and bacterial interactions.

Morphology and physiology

Pseudo-nitzschia species are bilaterally symmetrical pennate diatoms.  Cell walls are made up of elongated silica frustules. The silica wall is fairly dense which leads to negative buoyancy, providing a number of advantages. The wall allows the diatoms to sink to avoid light inhibition or nutrient limitations, as well as to protect against grazing zooplankton. The silica frustules also  contribute vastly to the sediment layers of the earth and to the fossil record, which makes them exceptionally useful in increasing understanding of numerous processes such as gauging the degree of climate change. Before sinking to the ocean floor, every atom of silicon that enters the ocean is integrated into the cell wall of a diatom about 40 times.

Silica frustules contain a central raphe, which secretes mucilage that allows the cells to move by gliding. Cells are often found in overlapped, stepped colonies, and exhibit collective motility. Pseudo-nitzschia species synthesize their own food through the use of light and nutrients in photosynthesis. The diatoms have a central vacuole to store nutrients for later use and a light-harvesting system to protect themselves against high-intensity light.

Taxonomy
The diatom lineage may go back 180 to 250 million years ago (Mya). About 65 Mya, diatoms survived a mass extinction in which roughly 85% of all species perished. Until 1994, the genus was known as Nitzschia, but was changed to Pseudo-nitzschia because of the ability to form chains of overlapping cells, as well as other minor morphological differences. While the genus can be readily recognized using light microscopy, identification of distinct species can require taxonomic expertise and be extremely time-consuming. Species identification in this genus is notoriously difficult due to the presence of cryptic species. Similar species are often differentiated by very small differences in the frustule, such as shape, period, and band stria.

The direct impacts of species identification on public health make this a serious concern. Toxogenic and nontoxogenic species commonly co-occur; therefore, discrimination between various Pseudo-nitzschia species is imperative to determine the potential toxicity of an algal bloom. Optical microscopy identification techniques are inadequate when a large number of samples must be routinely examined, such as is required for a monitoring program for public health. Recently, a DNA-microarray was developed for simultaneous detection of multiple harmful algal bloom species with an emphasis on Pseudo-nitzschia. The total assay is believed to have the potential to identify hundreds of species and accurately differentiate between large quantities of related species. Additionally, this technology has been shown to accurately identify toxic phytoplankton even at extremely low concentrations. The lower limit for detection of Pseudo-nitzschia is as low as 500 cells.

The nomenclatural history is given in Hasle (1995) and Bates (2000).

Lifecycle

Ornithine-urea cycle
The physiological distribution, fixation, and recycling center for inorganic carbon and nitrogen plays a key role in the metabolic response of diatoms to prolonged nutrient deprivation. The cycle enables diatoms to respond immediately to the availability of nutrients and recover by increasing their metabolic and growth rates.

Resting stages
Diatoms have the ability to enter two distinct resting stages to overcome periods of stress. A resting spore has a great capacity to survive over extended periods of nutrient deprivation. To avoid low nutrient concentrations during stratification, the resting spores can settle to the bottom where the nutrient concentration is higher. A resting cell is better able to rapidly respond when nutrients become available again. This is more often observed in freshwater and pennate diatoms like Pseudo-nitzschia. There is contradictory evidence regarding the presence or absence of a resting stage in Pseudo-nitzschia.

Reproduction
Among diatoms, reproduction is primarily asexual by binary fission, with each daughter cell receiving one of the parent’s cell’s two frustules. However, this asexual division results in a size reduction. To restore the cell size of a diatom population, sexual reproduction must occur. Vegetative diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce active and passive gametes. These gametes then fuse to form a zygote, which then develops into an auxospore. Sexual reproduction leads to both an increase in genotypic diversity and the formation of large initial cells through formation of  the auxospore. Cells need to be below a species-specific size threshold for the sexual phase to be induced. Many external cues also regulate the initiation, such as day length, irradiance, and temperature.

The basic mode of the sexual phase of reproduction appears to be conserved among Pseudo-nitzschia species. Upon mixing two strains of compatible mating type and of appropriate cell size for sexualization, cells  align side by side and differentiate into gametangia. One active (+) and one passive (-) gamete are then produced within each gametangium. The active gamete migrates toward the passive partner and conjugates. The zygote is then becomes an auxospore, which has no rigid frustule. Inside the auxospore, a large initial cell is produced.

Sexual reproduction appears to occur exclusively in the exponential growth phase and be linked to cell density. Sexualization can only be initiated when a species-specific threshold cell concentration is met. Decreasing the distance to facilitate contact and/or perception of chemical cues between cells triggers the sexual phase, indicating that high cell density is favorable for sexual reproduction. Additionally, the onset of sexualization is linked to a significant reduction in growth of the vegetative and parental cells, suggesting that vegetative division is inhibited when the two strains of opposite mating type come in contact.

Genome and transcriptome

Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries has a genome consisting of 219 megabases (Mb) and a full genome project is underway.

Transcriptomes of three species, P. arenysensis, P. delicatissima, and P. multistriata, have been sequenced. The transcriptomes encode between 17,500 and 20,200 proteins. P. multistriata was found to uniquely encode nitric oxide synthase.

Recently, transcriptome analysis of P. multiseries was used to identify a four-gene cluster linked to DA biosynthesis. The identification of these genes presents an opportunity to monitor toxic blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia genetically in order to better understand the toxicity and environmental conditions that cause them.

Habitat
In general, diatoms flourish in nutrient-rich waters with high light penetration. Some species of Pseudo-nitzschia can grow in a broad temperature range (), making it possible for them to inhabit a diverse range of habitats.

Pseudo-nitzschia species have been observed in all oceans of the world, including the Arctic and Antarctic.  In North America, they have been documented along the Pacific coast from Canada to California, along the Atlantic Northeast coast of Canada, North Carolina, and the Gulf of Mexico. Various species have been detected in the open ocean as well as gulfs and bays, showing a presence in many diverse environments, including off the coasts of Canada, Portugal, France, Italy, Croatia, Greece, Ireland, Australia, Morocco, Japan, Spain, Tunisia, Namibia, Singapore, Angola, Philippines, Turkey, Ukraine, Argentina, and Uruguay.

Given the warming temperatures of ocean water, decreasing sea ice, and increasing light penetration brought on by climate change, it is likely that the season for favorable growth of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species will expand. It is important to continue monitoring Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxicity, particularly in Arctic and Antarctic habitats that may begin to see higher prevalence of these species.

Harmful bloom dynamics
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia and the like can cause diseases and death in many marine organisms, as well as the humans who consume them. HABs can result in oxygen depletion caused by increased biomass production. However, blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia more commonly cause harm through the production of the toxin DA, which can be transferred to other trophic levels through bioaccumulation.

DA can often be detected in shellfish flesh during and immediately following a toxic bloom. Though shellfish harvest closures are typically based on cells counts of Pseudo-nitzschia present, these cell counts do not always correlate with DA levels.  Thus, it is important to understand the other environmental drivers that may lead to higher production of DA.

The largest recorded DA event caused by Pseudo-nitzschia took place along the North American west coast in 2015, causing prolonged closures of razor clam, rock crab, and Dungeness crab fisheries. Later in 2015, DA was detected in whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions. This bloom was dominated by P. australis and likely caused by anomalous warm water and nutrients brought to the surface by upwelling conditions.

Prior to this 2015 bloom, the largest Pseudo-nitzschia bloom recorded occurred in September 2004 off the northwest coast of the United States. The maximum cell densities during this bloom reached 13 x 106 cells per liter, with domoic acid levels of 1.3 pg DA/cell.

Sediment cores indicate a link between increasing coastal nutrient levels (eutrophication) and an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.

Domoic acid

Shellfish become contaminated after feeding on toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and can act as a vector to transfer domoic acid to humans upon ingestion. DA acts as a potent glutamate agonist and is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. Effects can be as minor as vomiting, cramps, and a headache, or as severe as permanent anterograde memory loss, coma, and death. So, monitoring systems and management practices for recreational and commercial fishing are important to ensure the health of marine animals and their predators.

Photosynthesis is essential for the production of domoic acid. Periods of darkness or chemical inhibition of photosynthesis has been shown to inhibit toxin production. Additionally, DA production peaks in the stationary phase of the growth cycle when cell division is slowed or absent. Production is minimal or nonexistent during the exponential phase, and ceases completely during the death phase of the growth cycle.

Factors affecting production
Many factors have been linked to promotion of DA production, including sufficient light, elevated or decreased pH, and nutrition limitations. In one species, P. cuspidata, a link has been indicated between toxicity and photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD). At a low PPFD, the exponential growth rate approximately halved and the cells were significantly more toxic.

While the effect of availability of different nitrogen sources on toxicity has been studied many times, no general rule could be demonstrated for differences in growth and DA production, with the results varying greatly by species. However, toxin production increases when the nitrogen source could not sustain a high biomass, suggesting growth limitation seems to induce toxicity.

The presence of zooplankton has also been shown to affect the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of copepods was shown to enhance toxin production of P. seriata. This effect appears to be chemically mediated, as it could be induced without physical contact.

Pseudo-nitzschia species also appear to respond dramatically to differences in trace metal concentrations, such as iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). In Fe-limited conditions, Pseudo-nitzschia increases DA production by six to 25 times as a result of stress. This increase allows them to enhance Fe acquisition needed for metabolic activities, and can have devastating effects.

Known species
Over fifty species of Pseudo-nitzschia have been described (following WoRMS unless specified):

Pseudo-nitzschia abrensis
Pseudo-nitzschia allochrona
Pseudo-nitzschia americana
Pseudo-nitzschia antarctica (uncertain, unassessed)
Pseudo-nitzschia arctica
Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis
Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Pseudo-nitzschia batesiana
Pseudo-nitzschia bipertita
Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana
Pseudo-nitzschia bucculenta
Pseudo-nitzschia caciantha
Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha
Pseudo-nitzschia chiniana
Pseudo-nitzschia circumpora
Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata
Pseudo-nitzschia decipiens  (uncertain, unassessed)
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
Pseudo-nitzschia dolorosa  (uncertain, unassessed)
Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta
Pseudo-nitzschia fryxelliana
Pseudo-nitzschia fukuyoi
Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae
Pseudo-nitzschia granii
Pseudo-nitzschia hainanensis
Pseudo-nitzschia hallegraeffii
Pseudo-nitzschia hasleana
Pseudo-nitzschia heimii
Pseudo-nitzschia inflatula
Pseudo-nitzschia kodamae

Pseudo-nitzschia limii
Pseudo-nitzschia linea
Pseudo-nitzschia lineola
Pseudo-nitzschia lundholmiae
Pseudo-nitzschia mannii  (uncertain, unassessed)
Pseudo-nitzschia micropora  (uncertain, unassessed)
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata
Pseudo-nitzschia nanaoensis
Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa
Pseudo-nitzschia plurisecta
Pseudo-nitzschia prolongatoides
Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima
Pseudo-nitzschia pungens
Pseudo-nitzschia pungiformis
Pseudo-nitzschia qiana
Pseudo-nitzschia roundii
Pseudo-nitzschia sabit
Pseudo-nitzschia seriata
Pseudo-nitzschia simulans
Pseudo-nitzschia sinica
Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata
Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudulenta
Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica
Pseudo-nitzschia taiwanensis
Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula
Pseudo-nitzschia turgiduloides  (uncertain, unassessed)
Pseudo-nitzschia uniseriata
Pseudo-nitzschia yuensis

Many species of Pseudo-nitzschia have been shown to produce domoic acid, although not all strains are toxigenic.

Pseudo-nitzschia abrensis
Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Pseudo-nitzschia batesiana
Pseudo-nitzschia bipertita
Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana
Pseudo-nitzschia caciantha
Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha
Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta
Pseudo-nitzschia fukuyoi
Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae
Pseudo-nitzschia granii
Pseudo-nitzschia hasleana
Pseudo-nitzschia kodamae

Pseudo-nitzschia lundholmiae
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata
Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa
Pseudo-nitzschia plurisecta
Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima
Pseudo-nitzschia pungens
Pseudo-nitzschia seriata
Pseudo-nitzschia simulans
Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata
Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudulenta
Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica
Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula

References

External links
 Light and electron microscope images of Pseudo-nitzschia species are shown at the Nordic Microalgae website.
 Scanning electron microscopy images at the Digital Microscopy Facility website.
Domoic Acid and Pseudo-nitzschia References
IOC-UNESCO HAB Taxon list
NOAA Phytoplankton Monitoring Network
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA
Toxic Blooms: Understanding Red Tides, a seminar by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
NOAA Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
California Program for Regional Enhanced Monitoring for PhycoToxins, California Department of Health Services and the University of California, Santa Cruz
Washington State Shellfish Biotoxin Program
Series in Marine Phytoplankton: The genus Pseudo-nitzschia

Bacillariales
Diatom genera


Shanweiniao is a genus of long-snouted enantiornithean birds from Early Cretaceous China. One species is known, Shanweiniao cooperorum. There is one known fossil, a slab and counterslab. The fossil is in the collection of the Dalian Natural History Museum, and has accession number DNHM D1878/1 and DNHM1878/2. It was collected from the Lower Cretaceous Dawangzhengzi Beds, middle Yixian Formation, from Lingyuan in the Liaoning Province, China.

O'Connor et al. (2010) found that Shanweiniao is a close relative of Longipteryx, Longirostravis,  and Rapaxavis, which together form a clade of long-beaked enantiornithean birds, the Longipterygidae.

The genus name Shanweiniao () means "fan-tailed bird" in Chinese. The authors report that Shanweiniao is the only known enantiornithean bird with a tail surface capable of generating lift, as in modern birds. They also report that only one other Mesozoic bird, Yixianornis grabaui, which is a basal ornithuran, has been reported with this fan-shaped tail feather morphology.

In a subsequent publication O'Connor et al. (2016) stated that interpretations of the tail morphology of this species are speculative due to incomplete preservation of the feathers of the holotype specimen. The authors noted that longipterygid enantiornithines like Shanweiniao had very robust pygostyles even by enantiornithine standards, while birds preserving clear evidence for aerodynamic rectricial arrangements (Sapeornis, Chiappeavis, members of Ornithuromorpha) had relatively more delicate pygostyles. O'Connor et al. (2016) also reported presence of narrow spaces visible between some of the tail feathers of the holotype specimen of Shanweiniao cooperorum. The authors considered it more likely that Shanweiniao had rachis-dominated tail feathers similar to feathers present in Paraprotopteryx.

The specific name, cooperorum, is after Carl and Lynn Cooper who donated funds to support the study of Mesozoic birds in China.

Though originally interpreted as an arboreal bird, it appears to have been terrestrial in habits, ranking with taxa like megapodes and larks.

References

Longipterygids
Early Cretaceous birds of Asia
Yixian fauna
Cretaceous China
Fossil taxa described in 2009


Christopher John Foley (born 25 February 1956) is an Australian politician. Born in Brisbane, he became a certified financial planner and received a Diploma in Christian Doctrine and Practice, was an Associate in Theology, and became a Justice of the Peace. An ordained minister with the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia, he is married with five children.

He is now retired now from politics and as a pastor of Grace community church.
He was elected as an independent to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in a 2003 by-election for the seat of Maryborough following the resignation due to ill health of another independent, former One Nation MLA John Kingston. Foley was re-elected at the 2004, 2006 and 2009 elections. He lost his seat at the 2012 election to the Liberal National Party of Queensland.

References

Independent members of the Parliament of Queensland
1956 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
21st-century Australian politicians


Bobby Allen Lane (born October 30, 1939) is a former American football linebacker who played in eight games over two seasons with the San Diego Chargers of the American Football League (AFL). He was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the eleventh round of the 1961 NFL Draft. He was also drafted by the Dallas Texans in the 20th round of the 1961 AFL Draft. Lane first enrolled at Cerritos College before transferring to Baylor University. He attended Bellflower High School in Bellflower, California.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats

Living people
1939 births
Players of American football from Oklahoma
American football linebackers
Cerritos Falcons football players
Baylor Bears football players
San Diego Chargers players
People from Wagoner, Oklahoma
American Football League players


Joseph Lopreato (July 13, 1928 in Stefanaconi, Italy – March 25, 2015 in Georgetown, Texas, United States) was a sociobiologist, a social theorist, and a professor of sociology.  After receiving his Ph.D. from Yale University (1960) he taught and lectured at various universities in the US and abroad, and published a dozen books and monographs plus numerous papers in several languages. He died in Georgetown, Texas, on March 25, 2015, and is buried in Austin, Texas.

Career
His work spanned various fields of theory and research, including migration and underdevelopment, social inequality and change, political sociology, the sociological classics, the philosophy of science, and evolutionary demography, among others. Joseph Lopreato was one of the first sociologists to take up the challenge from behavioral evolutionary biology ("sociobiology") to work toward a synthesis of the biological and sociocultural disciplines. He is accordingly best known for his work as a human sociobiologist.

His work in sociobiology, preeminently Human Nature and Biocultural Evolution (1984) and Crisis in Sociology: The Need for Darwin (with his former student, Timothy Crippen, 1999), provides a theory of human nature embedded in a taxonomy of "behavioral predispositions"; a demonstration of  bio-cultural interdependence in such areas as ethnicity, sex roles, and social inequality; an argument that the "crisis" in sociology arises primarily from the failure to discover even a single general law or principle ("no general law, no science"); and, inter alia, a well-reasoned appeal for a scientific sociology through the  exploitation of the sociobiology "fitness principle," to which he has attached a number of important culture-relevant conditions.

In Peasants No More (1967), he studied the effects of emigration in Southern Italy.

Selected bibliography
Lopreato, J. (1967). Peasants No More: Social Class and Social Change in an Underdeveloped Society.  Chandler Publishing.
Lopreato, J. & L. Hazelrigg (1972). Class, Conflict, and Mobility: Theories and Studies of Class Structure.  Chandler Publishing. .
Lopreato, J. (1984). Human Nature and Biocultural Evolution.  Allen & Unwin. .
Lopreato, J. & T. Crippen (1999). Crisis in Sociology: The Need for Darwin.  Transaction Publishers. .

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Sociobiologists
Yale University alumni


The Old Boys' Network: A Headmaster's Diaries 1970–1986 is the 2009 autobiography by the late headmaster of Westminster School, John Rae. It consists of the journal he kept for most of the period in which he was headmaster of Westminster School (1972– 1986), edited by him shortly before his death in December 2006, aged 75. It was published by Short Books on 2 April 2009. It was serialised as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week from 30 March to 3 April 2009, read by Tim Pigott-Smith.

See also
Westminster School
John Rae

References

2009 non-fiction books
Westminster School


Controlling Crowds (Parts I-III) is the sixth studio album by British trip hop progressive and alternative group Archive. It was released worldwide on March 30, 2009.

Release
The album consists of three different parts:
 Part I: Controlling Crowds; Bullets; Words on Signs; Dangervisit; Quiet Time
 Part II: Collapse / Collide; Clones; Bastardised Ink; Kings of Speed; Whore
 Part III: Chaos; Razed to the Ground; Funeral

In the beginning, the band wanted to include a fourth part. It was later released as Controlling Crowds – Part IV on 19 October 2009. Both albums were released on the same day as a double CD under the name Controlling Crowds - The Complete Edition Parts I–IV.

In popular culture
The second song on the album, "Bullets", was used in the January 2013 teaser for CD Projekt Red's game titled Cyberpunk 2077.

Track listing
CD 1 :
 "Controlling Crowds" (10:09)
 "Bullets" (5:54)
 "Words on Signs" (4:00)
 "Dangervisit" (7:37)
 "Quiet Time" (5:55)
 "Collapse/Collide" (9:12)
 "Clones" (5:00)
 "Bastardised Ink" (3:34)
 "Kings of Speed" (4:22)
 "Whore" (4:15)
 "Chaos" (5:28)
 "Razed to the Ground" (5:22)
 "Funeral" (7:19)

CD 2 (limited edition) :
 "Killing All Movement" (6:22)
 "Children They Feed" (3:06)
 "Day That You Go" (3:49)
 "Neatly Folded" (3:18)
 "Bullets" (video)

Charts

Certifications

References

2009 albums
Archive (band) albums
Concept albums


ReaLemon is an American brand of lemon juice that debuted in 1934, and is manufactured and marketed as of 2016 by Mott's, part of Keurig Dr Pepper. ReaLime is a brand of lime juice that debuted in 1944, is produced in the same manner as ReaLemon, and is also produced and marketed by Mott's.

Both ReaLemon and ReaLime are manufactured by reconstituting juice concentrate with filtered water to a natural strength. Irving Swartzburg invented the product and marketed it in 1934, and began to use the brand name "ReaLemon" in the early 1940s. In 1962, Borden purchased the rights to the ReaLemon brand in the United States from Swartzburg. Eagle Family Foods acquired the brand from Borden in 1998, and in 2001 Mott's acquired the brand.

Both products are used as an ingredient in various dishes, and ReaLemon is also used as an ingredient in some beverages. Both products also have some non-culinary uses.

History
ReaLemon was created in 1934 by Irving Swartzburg, who started the business by selling bottles of lemon juice from squeezed lemons to hotels, bars and other commercial customers. The brand name "ReaLemon" began to be used in the early 1940s. ReaLime is a brand of lime juice that is reconstituted from concentrate, which was introduced a decade after ReaLemon in 1944.

The U.S. company Borden acquired the rights to the ReaLemon and ReaLime brands in the United States in 1962 when it purchased the ReaLemon-Puritan Company for around $12.4 million. At this time, the ReaLemon brand had around a 90 percent market share of reconstituted lemon juice in the United States. In early 1970, ReaLemon had a "92 percent share of the national processed lemon juice market" in the United States. However, this market share reduced to 88 percent in August 1970 because of competitors entering into the national marketplace, particularly Golden Crown.

After ReaLemon met with success in European markets, Borden introduced it into the United Kingdom in 1975, as a 250 ml bottle of lemon juice. By 1980, ReaLemon comprised around 25% of the U.K. lemon juice market. In response to this competition, Reckitt & Coleman, the producers of Jif lemon juice began producing Jif in 150 ml- and 250 ml-sized bottles. Borden then began making plans to market ReaLemon in a lemon-shaped package that was similar to Jif's packaging. This resulted in a lawsuit initiated by Reckitt & Coleman against Borden, alleging that ReaLemon copied Jif's packaging to mislead consumers by confusing their product with Jif.

The case became known as "The Jif Lemon case", and was settled in 1990 in the Court of Appeal. It was ruled that a sufficient public recognition of Jif's packaging was existent, which created an established reputation for the brand. The ruling also stated that consumers would be "likely to believe that the ReaLemon was a Jif Lemon when they saw it on a supermarket shelf." The ruling in Reckitt & Colman's favour occurred despite the fact that Reckitt & Colman did not register the plastic lemon packaging.

Eagle Family Foods acquired the ReaLemon and ReaLime brands from Borden in 1998, and in 2001 Mott's, which at the time was a subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes of London, and is now a part of Keurig Dr Pepper, acquired the brands from Eagle Family Foods. The total cost of the acquisition was around $128 million. In 2001, both ReaLemon and ReaLime had a 48 percent market share in the lemon and lime juice categories, making them a market leader at this time.

Production
ReaLemon is prepared from lemon juice concentrate that is formulated at a controlled consistent strength, and after the addition of water, the end-product is a 100% lemon juice product. When bottled, filtered water is used and the product is reconstituted to the strength of natural lemon juice. RealLemon and ReaLime are presently manufactured (as of 2016) and marketed by Mott's.

Both brands are packaged and marketed in distinctive packaging. ReaLemon is packaged in plastic bottles that includes the shape and color of a lemon atop the bottle, and is packaged using a yellow-colored cap. ReaLime is packaged in the same bottle style that includes the shape and color of a lime atop the bottle, and is packaged with a green-colored cap. ReaLemon has also been packaged in the United States in smaller squeeze pack plastic containers that are shaped and colored as that of a whole lemon. ReaLemon is also packaged in single-serving packets.

In July 2012, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a warning to the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group regarding HAACP (hazard analysis and critical control points) violations that were found at a processing plant in Irving, Texas. FDA found that lemon and lime juice was held in unsanitary conditions, which was a potential health threat to consumers. Company managers were advised by FDA that a reduction in microorganism levels was necessary to protect consumers.

Uses

Culinary uses
Two to three tablespoons of ReaLemon lemon juice has the equivalent of the juice from one average-sized lemon. Both ReaLemon and ReaLime are used as ingredients in various recipes, such as in baking, grilling, and as an ingredient in marinades and salad dressings. ReaLemon can be used as an ingredient in hot tea, lemonade and hot lemonade, and in various cooked dishes and baked goods such as pies. ReaLemon and other lemon juices can be used to prevent browning discoloration from occurring in peeled or sliced potatoes. This is performed by soaking the sliced potatoes in a mixture of the lemon juice and water. Both ReaLemon and ReaLime must be refrigerated after the bottles are opened.

Other uses
ReaLemon and other lemon juices can be used as a household deodorizer and cleaner, which is effective per the highly acidic content of lemon juice. ReaLime can be used topically as a remedy to whiten yellowing fingernails by soaking one's fingernails in a mixture of ReaLime, salt and warm water for ten minutes.

See also
 Jif – a brand of lemon juice prepared using reconstituted lemon juice concentrate

References

External links

Keurig Dr Pepper brands
Lemon juice brands
1934 introductions
Borden (company)


The World Parkinson Congress, often referred to as the WPC, is a non-religious, non-political, and non-profit making organization concerned with the health and welfare of people living with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their families and caregivers.  Founded in 2004, the WPC aims to bring the Parkinson's community together, under one roof, to allow for cross-pollination of community leaders to create opportunities to generate more robust ideas around the science and care of Parkinson's. The WPC Inc. has nearly 170 Organizational Partners from around the world.

There is no other International meeting focused just on Parkinson's disease, nor is there an international format that looks at Parkinson's science and care that also invites people with Parkinson's to have a seat at the table.

Each World Parkinson Congress provides a unique forum for partnership between international patient and neurological organizations, the pharmaceutical industry. The 1st World Parkinson Congress was held February 22 - 26, 2006 in Washington, DC, USA. WPC 2006 attracted more than 3,150 delegates from nearly 60 countries; the WPC 2010 held September 28 - October 1, 2010 was in Glasgow, United Kingdom had more than 3,000; WPC 2013 held October 1 - 4, 2013in Montreal, Canada had more than 3,300 delegates. Those delegates included a unique mix of: health professionals and researchers; 1100 people with Parkinson's, care partners and guests; and members of press. WPC 2013 had more than 3,300 delegates and the WPC 2016 in Portland, Oregon had over 4,550 delegates from 65 countries. The last congress took place in Kyoto, Japan in June, 2019 which attracted 2,777 delegates from 60 countries to hear 180 speakers over the course of four days.

WPC launched the WPC Blog in April 2017, an inclusive site with posts from a wide range of experts across the globe who research, treat, and live with Parkinson's disease.

The 6th World Parkinson Congress was held in Barcelona, Spain in July 2023.

References

External links

WPC 2023
WPC Congress
Where is Parky?

Parkinson's disease
Medical conferences
Patients' organizations
International conferences
Recurring events established in 2006


Heavy oil production is a developing technology for extracting heavy oil in industrial quantities. Estimated reserves of heavy oil are over 6 trillion barrels, three times that of conventional oil and gas.

Factors that affect the difficulty of putting reserves into production include permeability, porosity, depth and pressure. The density and viscosity of the oil is the determining factor.  Density and viscosity determine the method of extraction.

Oil viscosity varies with temperature and determines the ease of extraction; temperature can be controlled so that oil can be moved without employing additional techniques. Density is more important for refiners since it represents the yield after distillation. However, no relationship links the two.

Oil reservoirs exist at varying depths and temperatures. Although viscosity varies significantly with temperature, density is the standard in oilfield classification. Crude oil density is commonly expressed in degrees of American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity which are associated with specific gravity. The lower the API gravity, the denser the oil. The API gravity of liquid crude oil ranges from 4º for tar rich in bitumen to condensates that have an API gravity of 70º. Heavy oils are classified between ultra-heavy oils and light oils. They have API gravities ranging between 10º and 20º.

Crude oil generated by petroleum source rocks has an API gravity of between 30º and 40º. Crude oil becomes heavy after considerable degradation, after entrapment and during devolatilization. Degradation occurs through chemical and biological processes when oil reservoirs become contaminated by bacteria through subsurface water. The bacteria then break down some crude oil components into heavy components, making it more viscous. Water carries away low molecular weight hydrocarbons in solution form since they are more soluble. When crude oil is enclosed by a poor quality seal, lighter molecules separate and escape, leaving behind the heavier components through devolatilization.

Heavy oils are commonly found in geologically young formations since they are shallow and have less efficient seals, providing the conditions for heavy oil formation.

Terminology

Injection pattern
The injection pattern refers to the arrangement of the production and injector wells to the position, size, and orientation of flow of a reservoir. Injection patterns can vary over the well lifetime by moving the injection well to areas where maximum volume of contact can be achieved.

Geographical heterogeneity
Geological heterogeneity is the spatial distribution of porosity and permeability in a reservoir rock.

Permeability
Permeability depends on the size of the sediment grains that formed the rock and the manner in which they were packed. Permeability is the number of pores, and their interconnectedness in a rock and the existence of different layers in a rock with different permeability is a manifestation of geological heterogeneity. When steam injection takes place, water flows through the more permeable layers, bypassing the oil-rich less permeable layers. This causes low sweep efficiency and early water production with the volume of oil in contact with the water.

Sweep efficiency
Sweep efficiency is the measure of the effectiveness of an EOR method that depends on the total volume of the reservoir that the injected fluid contacts. Sweep efficiency is affected by multiple factors: mobility ratio, directional permeability, cumulative water injected, flood pattern, geological heterogeneity and distribution of pressure between injectors and producers.

Displacement efficiency
Displacement efficiency is the fraction of oil that is recovered from a zone that has been swept by a steam injection or any other displacement method. It is the percentage volume of oil that has been recovered through displacement by an injected fluid or displacing element injected into the reservoir. It is the difference between the volume of the reservoir before the displacement begins and the volume after the displacement has ended.

Amplitude versus offset
Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) is a technique used in seismic inversion to forecast the existence of reservoirs and the rock types surrounding it. Literature reviews and studies incorporate the analysis of AVO and seismic inversion in oil exploration and rock physics studies.

Seismic waves projected into oil reservoirs undergoing steam injection give data that show the existence of high values of wave attenuation. This attenuation is usually based on velocity dispersion. Studies show seismic wave reflection between an elastic overburden and an equivalent medium have coefficients of reflection that vary with frequency. This variation, depends on the behavior of AVO at the interface. The calculation of synthetic seismographs for the ideal model is carried out using the reflectivity technique for those materials whose velocities and attenuations are frequency dependent. This is usually used since the effects of velocity and attenuation variations are detectable on stacked data.

Improved spectral decomposition techniques have shown the frequency dependent parameters more clearly. Saturated rocks, for example, have seismic low frequency effects concerning hydrocarbon-saturated rocks. Furthermore, hydrocarbon-saturated zones have extremely high values of attenuation from the direct quality factor (Q) measurements. Systemic variations of frequencies with offset, where the standard amplitude against the offset is the AVO, disregards attenuation resulting in the use of the purely reflective model. The primary objective is balancing the frequency content of near and far stacks, while correcting for the effect of the attenuation over the overburden.

AVO is used to detect the existence of oil reservoirs because of the anomaly evident in oil reservoirs where AVO rising is prominent in oil-rich sediments. It is not as useful in defining the rock formations and permeability properties to improve sweep efficiency. Furthermore, not all oil reservoirs manifest the same anomalies associated with hydrocarbon oil reservoirs since they are sometimes caused by residual hydrocarbons from breached columns of gas.

Seismic analysis
Seismic surveys are the standard method used to map the earth's crust. Data from these surveys are used to project detailed information about the types and properties of rocks. Bouncing sound waves off rock formations underneath the surface allows the reflected waves to be analyzed. The time lapses between the incident and reflected waves, as well as the properties of the received wave, provide information about the types of rocks and the possible reserves of petroleum and gas deposits

If the geological heterogeneity of a reservoir is known, the injection patterns can be designed to direct the injections to the less permeable layers of the rock that have oil. The challenge is that the reservoir's permeability distribution is hard to determine because heterogeneity changes from one area to another. Therefore, to maximize oil recovery (sweep efficiency), it is necessary to monitor and map the orientation of the permeability layers  via seismic surveys. Seismic waves are sent through the rock formations and the time lapse and distortions in the seismic waves are analyzed to map the permeability orientation to enhance the efficient installation of injection patterns.

Oil production techniques
Oil recovery involves three stages of extraction: primary, secondary and tertiary. Since mobility is a ratio of effective permeability and phase viscosity, the productivity of a well is directly proportional to the product of layer thickness of the reservoir rock and mobility.

Primary recovery
Primary recovery uses the pressure build-up of gasses in the reservoir, gravity drainage or a combination of the two. These methods constitute cold production and are commonly referred to as using “natural lift". For conventional oil, cold production has a recovery factor of more than 30 percent while for heavy oil it raises 5 to 10 percent.

One variation of the cold production method is called Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). CHOPS creates a wormhole or void where oil gets pulled from the surrounding rocks towards the wellbore. These methods are termed cold production, since they are used at reservoir ambient temperature. When natural lift pressure does not generate sufficient underground pressure or when the pressure declines and is no longer sufficient to move oil through the wellbore, primary production has reached its extraction limit, to be succeeded by secondary recovery.

Secondary recovery
Secondary recovery methods also use cold production, but employ external sources of pressure to generate the required internal pressure, still at reservoir temperature. Secondary recovery methods involve the creation of artificial pressure through the injection of elements to create artificial pressure. Water, natural gas or carbon dioxide are the primary injectates. The pressure forces oil up the production well. Over time the artificial pressure loses efficacy because the remaining (heavy) oil is too viscous to flow and is held by sandstone in the reservoirs. The two cold production recovery methods have a combination recovery factor of between 10 and 20 percent depending on the oil properties and types of rocks.

Tertiary recovery
Tertiary recovery is commonly known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). It is the method of producing oil after the primary and secondary stages have extracted most of the oil in a reserve. Specifically, enhanced oil recovery is used to recover oil trapped in porous rocks and the heavy oil that is too viscous to flow. The three methods for tertiary recovery are: chemical enhanced recovery, thermal enhanced recovery, and miscible enhanced recovery.

It involves both thermal and non-thermal methods. Non-thermal methods include the use of chemicals and microbes to loosen trapped heavy oil and carbon dioxide under pressure. However, thermal methods - mainly steam injection - are the most efficient way of reducing viscosity and mobilizing heavy oil.

Steam injection
Among the three main types of steam injection, steam flooding, for example, injects pressurized steam into the injector well where it heats up and forces the more mobile oil out. EOR techniques are expensive due to the required energy and materials. Therefore, the amount of heavy oil to be recovered from a reservoir depends on the economics. Because of this, ERO begins with analysis of the reservoir, rock formations, permeability, pore geometry and viscosity. Including the heterogeneity of a reservoir, these factors influence the success of any recovery method.

Overall efficiency is the product of the sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency.

Cyclic steam stimulation
Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) injects steam through a single well for a period, leaving it to heat up and reduce viscosity, then extracting oil through the same well in alternating cycles of injection and extraction.

Steam-assisted gravity drainage
Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) involves the use of stacked horizontal wells. The top horizontal well is used to inject steam which heats up the surrounding heavy oil which then flows into the bottom horizontal production well.

Steam injection consists of two core methods: cyclic steam injection and steam flooding.

Cyclic steam injection
During cyclic steam circulation (CSC), steam is injected into the oil reservoir where the resulting high pressure ruptures the reservoir rocks and heats up the oil, reducing its viscosity. The oil is removed in three stages: injection, soaking and production. High-temperature, high-pressure steam is left in the reservoir from days to weeks so that the heat can be absorbed by the oil. Production then begins. Initially, production is high, but subsides as heat is lost; the process is repeated until it becomes uneconomical to do so. Cyclic steam injection recovers about 10 to 20 percent of the entire oil volume. When this method becomes uneconomical, steam injection is employed.

Steam injection is usually used in horizontal and vertical oil wells for reservoirs with viscosity as high as -100,000cP.  In cyclic steam injection wells, oil can be both viscous and solid. The principal mechanism is to dissolve the “solid”. No consensus establishes the ideal soaking time, which may vary from days to weeks. However, shorter soaking times are favored for operational and mechanical considerations. After the first treatment, oil production takes place through natural lifting because of the initial reservoir energy. However, for subsequent cycles, production may have to be aided with pumping. Cyclic injection becomes less and less efficient in oil production as the number of cycles increases. As many as nine cycles can be used depending on the reservoir characteristics.

Continuous steam injection (steam flooding)
This method recovers more oil than cyclic steam injection. It has lower thermal efficiency than CSC and requires a larger surface area. It uses at least two wells, one for steam injection and the other for oil production. Steam flooding recovers about 50 percent of the total oil. Steam is injected at high temperature and pressure through an injector. Steam injection techniques have become more feasible and efficient. Several variations have been developed. However, the high costs involved mandate careful evaluations, in-depth study of the oil reservoir and proper design.

Rock physics
Traditionally, the properties of rocks and minerals beneath the earth's surface were defined through seismic exploration and seismology from earthquakes. Travel time, variations in phase and amplitude of seismic waves produced during seismic exploration show rock and fluid properties at the subsurface level. Previously, exploration seismology explored seismic data only for rock formations that could hold hydrocarbons. However, due technological advances, seismic data became useful to determine pore fluids, saturation, porosity and lithology.

Reservoir properties and seismic data have been linkedby a recent development called rock physics. Rock physics has been employed in the development of essential techniques such as reservoir seismic monitoring, direct hydrocarbon detection and seismic lithology discrimination using angle dependent reflectivity. Rock physics applications are based on understanding the different properties that affect seismic waves. These properties influence how waves behave as they propagate and how a change in one of those properties can produce different seismic data. Factors such as temperature, fluid type, pressure, pore type, porosity, saturation and others are interrelated in such a way that when one element changes others change as well.

Gassmann equation
Pore fluid properties and fluid substitution in rock physics are calculated using Gassmann's equation. It calculates how seismic properties are affected by the fluid change using frame features. The equation uses the known bulk moduli of the pore fluid, the solid matrix and the frame module to calculate the bulk modulus of a medium saturated with liquid. The rock-forming minerals are the solid matrix, the frame is the skeleton rock sample, while the pore fluid is gas, water, oil, or some combination. For the equation to be used, the underlying assumptions are that 1) the matrix and the frame are both macroscopically homogeneous; 2) the pores in the rock are all interconnected; 3) the fluid in the pores is frictionless; 4) the fluid system in the rock is a closed system that is it is undrained; and 5) that the fluid in the rock does not in any way interact with the solid to make the frame softer or harder.

The first assumption assures that the wavelength of the wave is longer than the pores and grain sizes of the rock. The assumption meets the general range of wave wavelengths and frequencies of the laboratory to seismic range. Assumption 2) suggests that the permeability of the rock pores is uniform and no isolated pores are present in the rock such that a passing wave induces full equilibrium of fluid flow of the pores over a half period cycle of the wave. Since pore permeability is relative to the wavelength and frequency, most rocks meet the assumption. However, for seismic waves, only unconsolidated sands satisfy this assumption, because of their high permeability and porosity. On the other hand, for the high frequencies such as logging and laboratory frequencies, most rocks can meet this assumption. As a result, the velocities calculated using Gassmann's equation are lower than those measured using logging or laboratory frequencies. Assumption 3) suggests that the fluids have no viscosity, but since in reality all fluids have the viscosity, this assumption is violated by Gassmann equations. Assumption 4) suggests that the rock-fluid flow is sealed at the boundaries for a laboratory rock sample meaning that the changes in stresses caused by a passing wave do not cause a significant flow of fluid from the rock sample. Assumption 5) prevents any disrupting interaction between the chemical or physical properties of the rock matrix and the pore fluid. This assumption is not always met because interaction is inevitable and the surface energy is usually changed because of it. For example, when sand interacts with heavy oil, the result is a high shear and bulk modulus mixture.

Sources

References

 Unconventional oil


Arthur Stanley Wilson (30 July 1868 – 12 April 1938)  was a  Conservative Party politician in England.  He was the son of the Hull-based shipowner and prominent local Liberal Arthur Wilson, who was best known nationally for hosting the party at his Tranby Croft home, which led to the royal baccarat scandal.

He was educated at Eton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge.

At the 1900 general election, Wilson was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Holderness. He held the seat until his defeat at the  1922 general election by the Liberal candidate William Bowdler, after which he did not stand again.

Wilson was not a frequent participant in Parliamentary debates, but Hansard records his first contribution in House of Commons debates as being a question in December 1900 asking the government "to provide for the safety of the public by framing regulations to ensure that all drivers of motor cars shall submit to a test and hold a certificate as competent drivers".  Driving licences were not introduced in the United Kingdom until the 1930s.

He was commissioned a lieutenant in the Middlesex Militia, then resigned and became a captain in the East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry in December 1902, later transferring to become a Captain in the Territorial Force Reserve Yeomanry. During the First World War, he was captured and became a prisoner of war while acting as a King's Messenger. He had been conveying letters from the Eastern Mediterranean to London when the neutral Greek steamer, Spetzia, on which he was travelling from Piraeus to Messina in Italy, was intercepted by an Austrian submarine.

He was released in 1917.

He married Alice Cecile Agnes Filmer, the daughter of Sir Edmund Filmer, and was succeeded by his son Arthur Thomas Wilson, who later changed his surname to Wilson-Filmer.

References

1868 births
1938 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
British World War I prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by Austria-Hungary


Mohamed Al-Amin Mohamed Al-Hadi (also spelled Muhammad al Amin Muhammad al Hadi) was born in Brava or Barawa on 23 May 1967. He is a member of the Somali Parliament and Director and founder of Alshahid Centre for Research and Media Studies.

References

Alumni of Middlesex University
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Living people
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia politicians
Members of the Transitional Federal Parliament
Year of birth missing (living people)


Distributed garbage collection (DGC) in computing is a particular case of garbage collection where a remote client can hold references to an object.

DGC uses some combination of the classical garbage collection (GC) techniques, tracing and reference counting. It has to cooperate with local garbage collectors in each process in order to keep global counts, or to globally trace accessibility of data. In general, remote processors do not have to know about internal counting or tracing in a given process, and the relevant information is stored in interfaces associated with each process.

DGC is complex and can be costly and slow in freeing memory. As a cheap way of avoiding DGC algorithms, one can rely on a time lease – set or configured on the remote object; it is the stub's task to periodically renew the lease on the remote object. If the lease has expired, the server process (the process owning the remote object) can safely assume that either the client is no longer interested in the object, or that a network partition or crash obstructed lease renewal, in which case it is "hard luck" for the client if it is in fact still interested. Hence, if there is only a single reference to the remote object on the server representing a remote reference from that client, that reference can be dropped, which will mean that the local garbage collector on the server will garbage-collect the object at some future point in time.

References

Automatic memory management