Kaspersky Lab (; ) is a Russian multinational cybersecurity and anti-virus provider headquartered in Moscow, Russia, and operated by a holding company in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1997 by Eugene Kaspersky, Natalya Kaspersky, and Alexey De-Monderik; Eugene Kaspersky is currently the CEO. Kaspersky Lab develops and sells antivirus, internet security, password management, endpoint security, and other cybersecurity products and services.

Kaspersky expanded abroad from 2005 to 2010 and grew to $704 million in annual revenues by 2020, up 8% from 2016, though annual revenues were down 8% in North America due to U.S. government security concerns.  the software has about 400 million users and has the largest market-share of cybersecurity software vendors in Europe. Kaspersky Lab ranks fourth in the global ranking of antivirus vendors by revenue. It was the first Russian company to be included into the rating of the world's leading software companies, called the Software Top 100 (79th on the list, as of June 29, 2012). Kaspersky Lab is ranked 4th in Endpoint Security segment according to IDC data for 2010. According to Gartner, Kaspersky Lab is currently the third largest vendor of consumer IT security software worldwide and the fifth largest vendor of Enterprise Endpoint Protection. In 2012 Kaspersky Lab was named a "Leader" in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Endpoint Protection Platforms.

The Kaspersky Global Research and Analysis Team (GReAT) has led the discovery of sophisticated espionage platforms conducted by nations, such as Equation Group and the Stuxnet worm. Various covert government-sponsored cyber-espionage efforts were uncovered through their research. Kaspersky also publishes the annual Global IT Security Risks Survey.  Kaspersky's research hubs analyze more than 350,000 malware samples per day.

Kaspersky has faced controversy over allegations that it has engaged with the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB)—ties which the company has actively denied. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security banned Kaspersky products from all government departments on September 13, 2017. In October 2017, subsequent reports alleged that hackers working for the Russian government stole confidential data from the home computer of an American National Security Agency contractor via Kaspersky antivirus software. Kaspersky denied the allegations, reporting that the software had detected Equation Group malware samples which it uploaded to its servers for analysis in its normal course of operation. The company has since announced commitments to increased accountability, such as soliciting independent reviews and verification of its software's source code, and announcing that it would migrate some of its core infrastructure for foreign customers from Russia to Switzerland. In November 2020, Kaspersky finished relocating the data of its customers from Russia to Switzerland. The company has also opened multiple transparency centers in Switzerland, Brazil, Canada, Spain and Malaysia which allow state agencies, government experts and regulators to review its source code.

History
The first version of Kaspersky Lab's antivirus software was developed by Eugene Kaspersky in 1989 in response to the Cascade Virus. Early versions had just 40 virus definitions and were mostly distributed to friends and family members. Kaspersky continued developing the software at KAMI, resulting in the AntiViral Toolkit Pro (AVP) product released in 1992. It was popularized in 1994 after a competitive analysis by Hamburg University gave his software first place.

In 1997, Eugene Kaspersky, his wife Natalya Kaspersky, and Alexey De-Monderik left KAMI to form Kaspersky Lab, and to continue developing the antivirus product, then called AVP. The product was renamed Kaspersky Anti-Virus after an American company registered the AVP trademark in the US.

In 1998, a Taiwanese student released a virus called CIH. During the first three weeks of the outbreak, Kaspersky Lab's AVP was the only software at the time able to remove it. This increased demand and led to deals with antivirus companies in Japan, Finland and Germany to integrate AVP into their software.

According to WIRED, Kaspersky's software was "advanced for the time". For example, it was the first software to monitor viruses in an isolated quarantine. The company's revenue grew 280 percent from 1998 to 2000, with about 60 percent of its revenue coming from foreign sales. Natalya worked to broker deals abroad and localize the software. It opened offices in the UK, Poland, Holland and China. It later expanded to Germany, France, the US and Japan. By 2000, the company had 65 employees and sales in more than 40 countries. Kaspersky opened new offices in South East Asia and the Middle East in 2008 and in South Africa in 2009. It also expanded in India, the Middle East and Africa in 2010. In 2009, retail sales of Kaspersky Lab's antivirus products reached almost 4.5 million copies per year.

In 2011, General Atlantic bought a 20 percent share of Kaspersky Lab for $200 million, with the expectation of helping the company go public. A few months later, the decision was made to keep the firm private and Kaspersky re-purchased the shares from General Atlantic. This was followed by numerous executive departures in 2011 and 2014 regarding disputes over going public and over Eugene Kaspersky's management style.

On January 1, 2012, Kaspersky Lab officially left the Business Software Alliance (BSA) over SOPA. The BSA had supported the controversial anti-piracy bill, but Kaspersky Lab did not support it stating, "we believe that such measures will be used contrary to the modern advances in technology and the needs of consumers," and to show their disapproval, announced their intent to leave on December 5, 2011.

By 2013, the company had an unaudited $667 million in annual revenues. In 2014, Kaspersky Lab signed a distribution deal with Ingram Micro, which significantly expanded its reseller program.

In August 2015, two former Kaspersky employees alleged that the company introduced modified files into the VirusTotal antivirus database to trick software from Kaspersky competitors into triggering false positives in virus and malware scans. A possible motive is that Eugene Kaspersky allegedly was furious at competitors perceived to be "unfairly" free-riding on Kaspersky's malware discoveries via the open-source VirusTotal database. The company denied the allegations. On his personal blog, Eugene Kaspersky compared the accusations to unsubstantiated conspiracy theories. Reuters followed up by publishing leaked emails allegedly from Kaspersky alluding to "falsies" and "rubbing out" foreign competitors; Kaspersky Lab stated the emails "may not be legitimate and were obtained from anonymous sources that have a hidden agenda".

In 2016, Kaspersky executive Ruslan Stoyanov was arrested by Russian authorities on charges predating his work at Kaspersky. In 2019, he was convicted of treason.

In June 2023, Kaspersky Lab said many of its senior staff and managers were hit by an ongoing attack that it first suspected in early 2023 and has compromised thousands of iPhones. The oldest traces of infection date back to 2019. The Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) separately accused the American National Security Agency and company Apple of being behind the attack and infiltrating the phones of diplomats from China, Israel, NATO members, and Syria. Kaspersky Lab said it does not believe itself to be the main target and that it had not shared its own findings about the attack with Russian authorities until the FSB announcement.

Products and services

Kaspersky Lab develops and markets antivirus, internet security, password management, endpoint security, and other cybersecurity products and services. It is the fourth or fifth largest endpoint security vendor and the third largest consumer IT security software company. It is the sixth largest overall IT security company. Its revenues are about 15 percent from Russian companies domestically, one-third from European organizations and one-fourth from U.S. organizations. The software has about 400 million users in all.

Kaspersky's consumer software include the Antivirus, Internet Security and Total Security products. The Antivirus software includes malware protection, monitors the PC for suspicious program behavior, and warns users about potentially dangerous websites. The Internet Security software adds privacy features, parental controls, anti-phishing tools. Total Security adds parental controls, adult website filters, diagnostic tools, a Password Manager application, and other features. Kaspersky's software is available for Macs, PCs, Android, iOS, Windows Mobile, BlackBerry and Symbian.

For businesses, the company markets the Kaspersky Endpoint Security for Business suite. It includes a centralized user interface and management application called the Kaspersky Security Center. The cybersecurity software itself is called the Kaspersky Security Network. The Kaspersky Administration KitSecurity Center manages configuration, installation and remote use. The business suite also has quarantine, reporting, and other features. Its software product for businesses with 25 staff or less is called Kaspersky Small Office Security (KSOS). Within the suite are products specifically for virtualization security, mobile security, and fraud protection among others. Kaspersky also develops a free tool that helps businesses gain access to Windows devices that are infected by ransomware.

Threatpost
Threatpost is a discontinued computer security blog which was funded by Kaspersky Lab. According to Eugene Kaspersky, it was editorial independent from Kaspersky. It was launched in 2009. After August 2022, no new articles have been published on the site.

Partnerships
The Kaspersky Anti-Virus engine also powers products or solutions by other security vendors, such as Check Point, Bluecoat, Juniper Networks, Microsoft Forefront, Netintelligence, Clearswift, FrontBridge, Netasq, Wedge Networks, and others. Altogether, more than 120 companies are licensing technology from Kaspersky Lab. Kaspersky Lab also has a number of partnerships with various technology companies.

The International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats in which Datuk Mohd Noor Amin acts as the chairman, announced the appointment of Harry Cheung – Managing Director of Kaspersky Lab, APAC – as the Goodwill Ambassador for Greater China.

Kaspersky Lab was a long-term partner of Scuderia Ferrari and in December 2021, announced a partnership extension with the Formula One team, and also became the team's esports partner. However, in March 2022 the deal was paused as a joint decision taken by the two companies due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Market assessments and reception
According to PC Magazine, Kaspersky AntiVirus and competitor Bitdefender are both consistently ranked at the top in independent competitive tests. PC Magazine's own malware and phishing tests had similar results and praised the software's "bonus security tools". Under "Cons" the magazine said it took longer than expected to complete a scan. The same magazine said the Kaspersky Total Security product had an "impressive feature list" and praised the extra features in the Total Security product, like password management, encryption and parental controls. PC Magazine said the product had scored highly in lab tests for antivirus, antiphishing and other features. It had "so-so" scores in anti-malware tests and was not able to catch all spam.

Kaspersky's 2013 Endpoint Security for Windows product was the top-ranked enterprise antivirus software in a competitive test by Dennis Technology Labs, followed by Symantec Endpoint Protection. AV-Comparatives awarded Kaspersky "Product of the Year" for 2015, based on the number of high scores it received throughout the year on a wide range of tests. PC Magazine praised the software's features, but said it lacked policy management and deployment options. Kaspersky's parental controls software was reviewed by PC Magazine. The reviewer said it was "well-rounded, very affordable parental control and monitoring". It praised the software's content filtering, child profiles, social media monitoring and other features, but criticized that some features were only available on iOS or Android.

The anti-virus software testing group AV-Comparatives gave the Windows XP version of Kaspersky AV an "Advanced+" rating (its highest) in both its February 2008 on-demand detection test (with the fourth highest detection rate among 16 products tested). However, in the Retrospective/Proactive Test May 2008, Kaspersky received the "Standard" rating, detecting 21% of new malware with 1-month old signatures and receiving a substantial amount of false positives.

The firewall included in Kaspersky Internet Security 7.0 got a "Very Good" rating in Matousec's Firewall challenge, with a result of 85%. Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0 has achieved a 6.5 result out of 8 in the Anti Malware Labs rootkit detection test. It has also achieved a 31 out of 33 detection of polymorphic viruses and a 97% result in the self-protection test.
In 2007, Kaspersky Internet Security 7 received an award from the British magazine PC Pro and also won a place in its "A List".

Kaspersky has passed most of the Virus Bulletin comparative tests since August 2003. In 2005, according to PC World magazine, Kaspersky anti-virus software provided the fastest updates for new virus and security threats in the industry.

In PC World magazine's March 2010 comparison of consumer security suites, Kaspersky Internet Security 2010 scored 4.5/5 stars, and was rated second overall. In the December 2011 version of AV-Comparatives' annual reports, Kaspersky Lab's software achieved the highest overall ranking and has earned the AV Comparatives' "Product of the Year" award.

On February 1, 2012, Kaspersky Internet Security earned "AV-TEST Award for Best Repair 2011" award in the field of home user products from AV-TEST Institute. On January 28, 2013, Kaspersky Endpoint Security earned "AV-TEST Award for Best Protection 2012" and "AV-TEST Award for Best Repair 2012" awards in the field of corporate products from AV-TEST Institute.

Later in 2013, Kaspersky earned the product of the year award from AV-Comparatives and the highest score among Enterprise solutions in a Dennis Technology Labs report.

Kaspersky has also received certification of its products through the OESIS OK Certification Program, which verifies that the applications are interoperable with third-party technology solutions like NAC and SSL VPN products from Cisco Systems, Juniper Networks, F5 Networks, and others.

In 2022 March Kaspersky received a cyber immunity registration trademark in the United States. The registration gives Kaspersky the exclusive right to use Kaspersky Cyber Immunity to identify its products. It also confirms that the trademark has distinctive features checked against specific criteria by national government agencies.

Malware discovery
Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team (GReAT) was established in 2008. It investigates cybersecurity threats and other work by malware operations. IT security companies are often evaluated by their ability to uncover previously unknown viruses and vulnerabilities. Kaspersky's reputation for investigating cyber-security threats has been influential in gaining sales and prestige. Beginning around 2010, Kaspersky exposed a series of government-sponsored cyber-espionage and sabotage efforts. These include Stuxnet, Duqu, Flame, Gauss, Regin and the Equation Group. According to Wired, "many of them [were] seemingly launched by the US and its UK and Israeli allies. Kaspersky is especially well-known for its work uncovering Stuxnet, Careto, and Flame."

Stuxnet

In 2010, Kaspersky Lab worked with Microsoft to counteract the Stuxnet worm, which had infected 14 industrial locations in Iran using four zero-day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows. According to IEEE Spectrum, the circumstances "strongly suggest" the worm was developed by the United States and Israel to damage centrifuges in Iran's nuclear-enrichment program. It was the first discovery of a major government-sponsored cyber-attack.

Flame

In May 2012, Kaspersky Lab identified the malware Flame, which a researcher described as potentially "the most sophisticated cyber weapon yet unleashed". According to the researchers in Kaspersky Lab, the malware had infected an estimated 1,000 to 5,000 machines worldwide when asked by the United Nations International Telecommunication Union to investigate reports of a virus affecting Iranian Oil Ministry computers. As Kaspersky Lab investigated, they discovered an MD5 hash and filename that appeared only on customer machines from Middle Eastern nations. After discovering more pieces, researchers dubbed the program "Flame" after the name of one of its modules.

Flame was an earlier variant of Stuxnet. Kaspersky never verified the source of the software, but it is suspected to have been developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) to transmit keystrokes, Skype calls and other data. Kaspersky created algorithms to find similar malware and found Gauss that July, which collected and transmitted data from devices infected by bluetooth or USB drives.

Red October

In January 2013, Kaspersky discovered the Red October malware, which had been used for widespread cyber-espionage for five years. It targeted political targets like embassies, nuclear sites, mostly in Europe, Switzerland and North America. The malware was likely written by Russian-speaking hackers and the exploits by Chinese hackers. That June, Kaspersky discovered NetTraveler, which it said was obtaining data on emerging technology from government targets and oil companies. Kaspersky did not identify who was behind it, but it was similar to other cyber-espionage coming from Beijing, China. Later that same year, Kaspersky discovered a hacker group it called Icefog after investigating a cybersecurity attack on a Japanese television company. Kaspersky said the hacker group, possibly from China, was unique in that they targeted specific files they seemed to know about before planting malware to extract them.

Mask
In February 2014, Kaspersky identified the malware Mask, which infected 380 organizations in 31 countries. Many organizations that were affected were in Morocco. Some of the files were in Spanish and the group is believed to be a nation-state conducting espionage, but Kaspersky did not speculate on which country may have developed it.

Regin

In November 2014, Symantec and Kaspersky authored papers that contained the first disclosure of malicious software named Regin. According to Kaspersky, Regin is similar to QWERTY, a malware program discovered the next year. Regin was used to take remote control of a computer and is believed to have originated from the Five Eyes alliance. That same month Kaspersky reported on the Darkhotel attack, which targeted users of wireless networks at hotels in Asia. It asked users to update their software, and then download malware that gave up their passwords.

Equation Group

In 2015, Kaspersky identified a highly sophisticated threat actor that it called "The Equation Group". The group incorporated sophisticated spying software into the firmware of hard drives at banks, government agencies, nuclear researchers and military facilities, in countries that are frequent targets of US intelligence efforts. It is suspected to have been developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and included many unique technical achievements to better avoid detection. That same day, Kaspersky announced the discovery of a hacker group it called Carbanak, which was targeting banks and moving millions of dollars into fake accounts. Carbanak was discovered when one bank asked Kaspersky to investigate suspicious behavior from its ATMs. A similar malware using some of the same techniques as Carbanak was discovered in 2016 and dubbed Carbanak 2.0.

Duqu

In June 2015, Kaspersky reported that its own network had been infiltrated by government-sponsored malware. Evidence suggested the malware was created by the same developers as Duqu and Stuxnet, in order to get intelligence that would help them better avoid detection by Kaspersky in the future. Kaspersky called it Duqu 2.0. The malicious software resided in memory to avoid detection. The hack was believed to have been done by the same group that did Duqu in 2011. It used exploits in Microsoft installer files.

Android cyber-espionage

In June 2015, Kaspersky Lab and Citizen Lab both independently discovered software developed by Hacking Team and used by 60 governments around the world to covertly record data from the mobile phones of their citizens. The software gave police enforcement a "menu of features" to access emails, text messages, keystrokes, call history and other data. Kaspersky also identified 37,000 attacks against banking companies that used modifications of the malware called Asacub and took control of Android devices. Asacub targeted mostly banking customers in the U.S., Russia and Ukraine using an SMS message that baited users into installing a Trojan.

Silverlight
In 2016, Kaspersky discovered a zero day vulnerability in Microsoft Silverlight. Kaspersky identified a string of code often used by exploits created by the suspected author. It then used YARA rules on its network of Kaspersky software users to find that string of code and uncover the rest of the exploit. Afterwards, Microsoft issued a "critical" software patch to protect its software from the vulnerability.

Poseidon Group
In 2016, Kaspersky uncovered the Poseidon Group, which would infiltrate corporations with malware using phishing emails, then get hired by the same company as a security firm to correct the problem. Once hired, Poseidon would install additional malware and backdoors. In June 2016 Kaspersky helped uncover a Russian hacking group, leading to 50 arrests.

Titanium

In 2019, Kaspersky uncovered Titanium, a very advanced and insidious backdoor malware APT, developed by PLATINUM, a cybercrime collective. Kaspersky Lab reported the malware on November 8, 2019.

Bans and allegations of Russian government ties

Since 2015, Kaspersky was alleged to have close ties to the Russian government by various Western media outlets and the U.S. government. In 2017, President Trump signed legislation to ban software of Kaspersky on government computers. U.S. government institutions were prohibited from buying and installing Kaspersky software on their computers and other devices.

In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. government warned American businesses that the risk of using Kaspersky software had increased and the FCC added Kaspersky to its list of threats to U.S. national security. Kaspersky responded to the FCC's move in a press release on its website, saying that the agency's decision was "made on political grounds" in light of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and that the company "remains ready to cooperate with US government agencies to address the FCC's and any other regulatory agency's concerns".

See also

 Antivirus software
 Comparison of antivirus software
 Comparison of computer viruses
 Titanium (malware)
 Shaltai Boltai
 Vault 7

Notes

References

External links

 Cyber Threat Real-Time Map
 Log of cybersecurity discoveries

Antivirus software
Companies based in Moscow
Computer security companies
Information technology companies of Russia
Computer security software companies
Privately held companies of Russia
Software companies established in 1997
Software companies of Russia
Technology companies of Russia
Russian brands
1997 establishments in Russia


Gass is a village in Vasai Taluka, near Mumbai in the Maharashtra state of India. In addition to its Hindu residents, it has a Roman Catholic population of about 5000 as of the year 2009. It is a natural village with a big lake. It is home to salt farming, and is popular for green vegetables farming.

It is known to be a well educated village with a great GDP.

References
Gass Memorial Center, Raipur

Villages in Thane district


Sørumsand Idrettsforening is a Norwegian sports club from Sørumsand, founded on 21 November 1917. It has sections for association football, team handball and skiing.

The men's football team currently plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of football in Norway.

External links
 Official site

Football clubs in Norway
Sport in Akershus
Sørum
Sports clubs and teams established in 1917
1917 establishments in Norway


Ingebjørg Guttormsdatter (12th century) was a medieval Norwegian Queen consort and spouse of King Eystein I of Norway (Øystein Magnusson).

Ingebjørg Guttormsdatter was the daughter of Guttorm Toresson from Lillehammer. Ingebjorg grandfather's mother, Isrid Gudbrandsdatter, was the daughter of Gudbrand Kula from Oppland and sister of Åsta Gudbrandsdatter, who was the mother of Kings Olaf II and Harald Hardrada. Ingeborg was thus a cousin of her husband.

Queen Ingebjørg Guttormsdatter and King Eystein had a daughter, Maria Øysteinsdatter (María Eysteinsdóttir), who was the mother of royal pretender Olav Ugjæva. Olaf was named king in 1166, but was subsequently defeated by King Magnus V of Norway (Magnus Erlingsson) and forced to flee the country.

Ingebjørg Guttormsdatter was, alongside Ragna Nikolasdatter and Estrid Bjørnsdotter, known as one of the only two acknowledged queen consorts in Norway between the mid 11th century to the 13th century not to have been foreign princesses.

References

Other sources
Imsen, Steinar Våre dronninger (Grøndahl og Dreyer, 1991)

Norwegian royal consorts
12th-century Norwegian women
12th-century Norwegian people


Lu Lin (; born 3 February 1985) is a Chinese football player who plays as a left winger.

Club career
Lu Lin was the product of the Guangzhou Pharmaceutical youth team and would soon be sent off to their satellite youth team Xiangxue Pharmaceutical to play within the 2002–03 Hong Kong First Division League before he broke into the Guangzhou senior team during the 2003 Chinese league season. With his good technical ability and awareness he would also break into the Chinese U-20 football team and play in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. Upon his return he would go on to establish himself as a regular with Guangzhou and was part of the team that won the 2007 China League One division and promotion to the 2008 Chinese Super League.

Within the top tier Lu would help establish Guangzhou as mid-table regulars until the club was found guilty of match-fixing in 2006 and were punished with relegation at the end of the 2009 Chinese Super League season. Despite this Lu would remain faithful towards the club and was part of the team that went on to immediately win promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2010 league season. Lu would, however decide to move to second tier club Guangdong Sunray Cave on a free transfer in February 2011 to gain more playing time. On 13 July, Lu Lin scored Guangdong's second goal in a friendly against Liverpool in a 4-3 loss.

Lu signed a three-year-contract with Guangzhou R&F in December 2011 and would go on to represent them on more than 100 occasions. Lu is from Guangzhou and during his long career has only played professional football for Guangzhou-based teams which, combined with his displays on the pitch, makes him a favourite of the fans. This was confirmed on 8 May 2016 when Lu played his 300th competitive game for a professional team based in Guangzhou. He extended his contract with the club until the end of 2018 on 7 November 2016. On 26 April 2018, he extended his contract for another two years until the end of 2020 season.

On 4 February 2021, Lu joined second tier club Meizhou Hakka on a free transfer. He would go on to make his debut for the team in a league game on 25 April 2021 against Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard in a 2-1 victory. He would go on to establish himself as a vital member of the team that gained promotion to the top tier after coming second within the division at the end of the 2021 China League One campaign.

International career
He would rise to prominence when he was called up to the Chinese U-20 football team in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands and scoring a free kick in the 4-1 win over Panama in the group stage.

Lu Lin has also represented Guangdong Province in the annual Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup, including in 2014 when his two goals helped Guangdong to victory.

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 16 December 2022.

Honours

Club
Guangzhou F.C.
 China League One: 2007, 2010

Individual

 Guangdong's 'Mr Football': 2016, 2017, 2018

References

External links
Player profile at sohu.com (Chinese)
Player profile at sina.com (Chinese)

1985 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Guangzhou
Hong Kong First Division League players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Guangzhou F.C. players
Shaanxi Wuzhou F.C. players
Guangzhou City F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders


Hawa may refer to:

Places
 Hawa, Idlib, Syria
 Hawa, Nepal
 Tel al-Hawa, Gaza, Palestine

Arts and entertainment
 Hawa (2003 film), a 2003 Hindi horror film starring Tabu
 Hawa (2022 Bangladeshi film), a 2022 Bangladeshi mystery-drama film and "E Hawa", a song from the film
 Hawa (2022 French film), a 2022 French drama film directed by Maïmouna Doucouré

Other
 Hawa (given name)
 Genipa americana, also known as the hawa tree
 Hannoversche Waggonfabrik, a German aircraft, train and automobile manufacturer

See also

 Hawaa, an Egyptian women's magazine
 Awa (given name)
 Hawa, Eve in Islam
 El-Hawa (disambiguation)
 Hawayein (disambiguation)


Alsunga Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. Prior to 2009, it was part of the now defunct Kuldīga District and from 2009 to 2021 of the former Alsunga Municipality.

Kuldīga Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Vidzeme


The 2004 Toray Pan Pacific Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 21st edition of the Toray Pan Pacific Open, and was part of the Tier I Series of the 2004 WTA Tour. It took place at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan, from January 30 through February 8, 2004. Lindsay Davenport won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Lindsay Davenport defeated  Magdalena Maleeva, 6–4, 6–1
 It was Davenport's 1st singles title of the year and the 39th of her career.

Doubles

 Cara Black /  Rennae Stubbs  defeated  Elena Likhovtseva /   Magdalena Maleeva, 6–0, 6–1

External links

Singles, Doubles and Qualifying Singles draws

Toray Pan Pacific Open
Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open


Ēdole Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1021 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 144.49 km2.

History
In the territory of modern Ēdole parish, Ēdole manor () and Post manor () were historically located.
In 1935, the area of Ēdole Parish of Ventspils District was 162.5 km² and 2191 inhabitants lived there. In 1945, Selsoviets, the soviet village councils were established in Ēdole, Kāpu and Tērande, but in 1949 they were liquidated. The village of Ēdole belonged to Alsunga (1949-1956) and after 1956 to Kuldīga districts. The village of Ēdole was joined in 1951 by the liquidated Kāpu village and the territory of the Mērurins kolkhoz in the Tērande village, and in 1977 by the liquidated Īvande village. In 1990, the village was reorganized into a parish. In 1992, Īvande Parish separated from Ēdole Parish. In 2009, Ēdole parish was included as an administrative territory in Kuldīga Municipality.

Villages of Ēdole parish
 Ēdole (parish center)

See also
 Ēdole Castle

References

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Gudenieki Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 798 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 112.3 km2.

Villages of Gudenieki parish

  ( parish center )

References

External links
 Gudenieki parish in Latvian

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Psalm 1 is the first psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in the English King James Version: "Blessed is the man", and forming "an appropriate prologue" to the whole collection according to Alexander Kirkpatrick. The Book of Psalms is part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In Latin, this psalm is known as "Beatus vir"  or "Beatus vir, qui non abiit".

The psalm is a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican liturgies in addition to Protestant psalmody.

Text

Hebrew Bible version

Following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 1:

King James Version
 Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful.
 But his delight is in the law of the ; and in his law doth he meditate day and night.
 And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper.
 The ungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which the wind driveth away.
 Therefore, the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous.
 For the  knoweth the way of the righteous: but the way of the ungodly shall perish.

Numbering
The Book of Psalms is subdivided into five parts. Psalm 1 is found in the first part, which includes psalms 1 through 41. It has been counted as the beginning of part one in some translations, in some counted as a prologue, and in others Psalm 1 is combined with Psalm 2.

Background and themes
Beatus vir, "Blessed is the man ..." in Latin, are the first words in the Vulgate Bible of both Psalm 1 and Psalm 112 (111). In illuminated manuscript psalters the start of the main psalms text was traditionally marked by a large Beatus initial for the "B" of "Beatus", and the two opening words are often much larger than the rest of the text. Between them these often take up a whole page. Beatus initials have been significant in the development of manuscript painting, as the location of several developments in the use of initials as the focus of painting.

Patrick D. Miller suggests that Psalm 1 "sets the agenda for the Psalter through its "identification of the way of the righteous and the way of the wicked as well as their respective fates" along with "its emphasis on the Torah, the joy of studying it and its positive benefits for those who do". Stephen Dempster suggests that the psalm serves also as an introduction to the Writings, the third section of the Tanakh. Dempster points out the similarities between Psalm 1:2–3 and  (the first chapter of the Prophets) – in both passages, the one who meditates on the law prospers:
This Book of the Law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate in it day and night, that you may observe to do according to all that is written in it. For then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have good success.

Like many of the psalms, it contrasts the "righteous" person (tzadik צדיק) with the "wicked" or "ungodly" (rasha` רשע) or the "sinner" (chatta'  חטא). The righteous person is one who takes care to know the laws of God and so has good judgment and avoids bad company. The result is the ability to withstand difficult times in life supported by God's protection. On the other hand, the wicked person's behavior makes them vulnerable to disaster, like chaff blowing away in the wind. The point that the wicked and the righteous will not mingle at the judgment is clearly stated by the writer. The path the wicked have chosen leads to destruction, and at the judgment they receive the natural consequences of that choice.

The righteous man is compared in verse 3 to a tree planted by a stream. His harvest is plentiful, and whatever he does flourishes. The prophet Jeremiah wrote a similar passage: “But blessed is the man who trusts in the , whose confidence is in him. He will be like a tree planted by the water that sends out its roots by the stream.” He elaborated: “It does not fear when heat comes; its leaves are always green. It has no worries in a year of drought and never fails to bear fruit.” Jeremiah implied that an advantage of trusting in the  was the ability to withstand difficult times.

Biblical scholar Alexander Kirkpatrick suggests that the "judgment" referred to in verse 5 pertains not only to the "last judgment", "as the Targum and many interpreters understand it", but also to every act of divine judgment.

Uses

Judaism
Psalms 1, 2, 3, and 4 are recited on Yom Kippur night after Maariv.

Verse 1 is quoted in the Mishnah in Pirkei Avot (3:2), wherein Haninah ben Teradion explains that a group of people that does not exchange words of Torah is an example of the psalm's "company of scoffers".

Psalm 1 is recited to prevent a miscarriage.

In the Talmud (Berakhot 10a) it is stated that Psalm 1 and Psalm 2 were counted as one composition and David's favorite as he used the word "ashrei" ("blessed") in the opening phrase of Psalm 1 (ashrei ha′ish) and the closing phrase of Psalm 2 (ashrei kol choso vo).

Christianity

In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, Psalm 1 is appointed to be read on the morning of the first day of the month.

English poet John Milton translated Psalm 1 into English verse in 1653. Scottish poet Robert Burns wrote a paraphrase of it, referring to "the man, in life wherever plac'd, ... who walks not in the wicked's way, nor learns their guilty lore!" The Presbyterian Scottish Psalter of 1650 rewords the psalm in a metrical form that can be sung to a tune set to the common meter.

Some see the Law and the work of the Messiah set side by side in Psalms 1 and 2, 18 and 19, 118 and 119. They see the law and the Messiah opening the book of Psalms.

Book 1 of the Psalms begins and ends with 'the blessed man': the opening in Psalms 1–2 and the closing in Psalms 40–41. Theologian Hans Boersma notes that "beautifully structured, the first book concludes just as it started". Many see the 'blessed man being Jesus'.

Musical settings
Thomas Tallis included Psalm 1, with the title Man blest no dout, in his nine tunes for Archbishop Parker's Psalter (1567).

Heinrich Schütz wrote a setting of a paraphrase in German, "Wer nicht sitzt im Gottlosen Rat", SWV 079, for the Becker Psalter, published first in 1628.  Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed around 1670, one "Beatus vir qui non abiit", H.175, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo.

Music artist Kim Hill recorded a contemporary setting of Psalm 1.

The Psalms Project released its musical composition of Psalm 1 on the first volume of its album series in 2012.

References

Cited sources

Further reading
 Berlin, Adele and Brettler, Marc Zvi, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York p. 1284-1285.
  (also known under the title of Homelies on Psalms)

External links

 Psalms Chapter 1 תְּהִלִּים text in Hebrew and English, mechon-mamre.org
 Text of Psalm 1 according to the 1928 Psalter
 Psalm 1 – The Way of the Righteous and the Way of the Ungodly text and detailed commentary, enduringword.com
 Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked text and footnotes, usccb.org United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
 PSAL. I. / Bless'd is the man who hath not walk'd astray translation by John Milton, dartmouth.edu
 Psalm 1:1 introduction and text, biblestudytools.com
 Psalm 1 / Refrain: The Lord knows the way of the righteous. Church of England
 Psalm 1 at biblegateway.com
 Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 10: Psalms, Part I, tr. by John King, (1847-50) / PSALM 1. sacred-texts.com
 Charles H. Spurgeon: Psalm 1 detailed commentary, archive.spurgeon.org
 Psalm 1 in Hebrew and English with commentary on specific Hebrew words.
 The happy man of Psalm 1, from the Jewish Bible Quarterly

001


Īvande Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish had a population of 399 on 1 July 2010 and covers an area of 71.11 km2.

Villages of Īvande parish
 Apuze
 Īvande
 Mazīvande

See also
 Īvande Manor

External links
 Īvande parish in Latvian

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Kabile Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 870 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 178.98 km2.

Villages of Kabile parish
 Galamuiža
 Jaunāmuiža
 Kabile
 Kalnansi
 Kāņmuiža
 Leiši
 Meķi
 Pusgaldiņi
 Vecāmuiža
 Višļi

Notable sights and places
 Kabile Manor

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Kurmāle Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 2209 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 113.68 km2.

History
Kurmale Parish is the central part of Bandava, the ancient Curonian kingdom. In ancient documents, Kurmale was first mentioned in the treaty of the Pope's vicar Baldwin of Alna in 1253 with the Curonians, afterwards  Livonian Order took control of Kurmali, and it was called Cormelele in the Latin texts and Kormalen in the German texts.

In 1253, the treaty also mentions Vilgale-Willegale. Planica's writings refer to Plentzen in 1335, Planezen in 1841, Klanici Manor in 1912, and Planica Parish with Planica, Jatele, Pauline and Zaļo Manors in 1938.

Archeological sites
The ancient Bandava land within the boundaries of Kurmale parish has been populated even before these times. The archeological artifacts of these earlier times has been found at  the Kurmale castle mound between the Yuks, Rundāle and Meņģi, Grotleja and Sudmalleju ancient burial ground. In the 1920s, antiques were found at Vilgāle Lake, on the hillside near Bauži House.

The historical site of the Karate hill between the Saddle and Kurmale hillfort,  almost all has been removed in process of construction of the Edole road in the 1970s. In 16th and 17th century that was a place for punishment of witches. Those convicted are buried in the Saddle Cemetery.

In the territory of the present Kurmale Parish there were historically Ernst Manor (), Jatele Manor (, Jātele), Kurmale Manor (, Kurmāle), Planica Manor (, Alejas), Taurkalne Manor (), Vilgale Manor (,  Vecvilgāle ), Zaļā Manor (, Zaļāmuiža).

Revolution of 1905
In 1905 Kurmali and Planica were also taken over by the revolutionary movement of the impoverished Latvian people. Strikes spread to Manors of Jatele, Planica and Kurmale. Local teacher Krišs Newz called for the fight for rights of local Latvian population. Jātele manor was burnt. In December, farmers from the surrounding parishes gathered in Planica forest to "confiscate" the money for dragoons salaries from Kuldiga to Aizpute, but the dragoons took a different route. In the same month, the revolutionaries of the parish were shot or rounded up and sent to katorga.

Much has been written about the extraordinary cruelty of Baron Silvio Bradrich of Kurmale in dealing with the revolutionaries. Old Kurmale residents  have said that he was the only such person during challenging revolt.

Latvian agrarian reform
After Latvian Land Reform of 1920 took effect, on September 15, 1925, the six grade elementary school of Kurmale started operating in Pelči Palace, which until then was located in the same building with the Board of Kurmale Parish on the Kuldiga-Aizpute road. The former parish office, a red brick building, is one of the oldest buildings in the parish.

Fate of German colonists
After the revolution of 1905, German colonists were deported to Kuldiga County on the initiative of some German barons. Colonists accounted for 35% of population in Kurmale parish and 37% in Planicas.

The Germans had several schools which in 1924 moved to the newly built "Illuminating school". However, in the autumn of 1939 the Germans had to leave their Kurzeme homes and relocate to Germany.

Period of Soviet rule
On June 14, 1941, and again on March 25, 1949  total of 85 Kurmale residents and 145 Planica residents has been deported by Soviet authorities to Siberia.

When the administrative division of free Latvia was destroyed in Soviet Latvia, the Kurmaale parish was also reorganized, adding  and part of Turlava Parish. In the eastern part of the old parish, a new one was established - Ievkalnu parish (now Pelči Parish). In 1950 there were 4 villages in Kurmale and Planīca parishes: Kurmāle, Planīca, Vārdupe and Ievukalns.

The first director of  "Vilgāle" farm was Ilmārs Meņģis, and from 1963 to 1992 the farm was managed by Ottis Komarovskis. With good knowledge and skill in farming, being active, responsive, hospitable,  Komarovsky was the only one in the Kuldiga district who worked as a farm manager for almost 30 years. During this time, a modern village was built on the shores of Lake Vilgale with multi-storey residential buildings, a government building, a kindergarten, a stage, a mechanical workshop and a sauna.

Modern period
The present Kurmāle parish is located within the boundaries of the Soviet era and is called Kurmāle (with the long "à").

Villages of Kurmāle parish

Notable people
Actor Ēvalds Valters was born in 1894 in  Egleniekos, Planica Parish.
Mārtiņš Kalns, a secretary and poet of the Kuldīga Town Board, was born in 1909 in the Saddle of Kurmāle Parish.
Mirdza Dreimane, a ceramicist born in 1922  in Mazruļļi in Kurmaale Parish
Gaida Grundberga, a sculptor born in 1928 in 'Ozolaine'
Eduards Berklavs, a soviet dissident and Latvian statesman, one of the founders of the Latvian National Independence Movement, was born in 1914 in Kurmale Parish.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Laidi Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1274 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 114.97 km2.

Villages of Laidi parish
 Laidi
 Rude
 Sermite
 Valtaiķi
 Vanga

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Nīkrāce Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 710 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 130.51 km².

Villages of Nīkrāce parish
 Dzelda
 Lēnas
 Maznīkrāce
 Nīkrāce
 Vormsāte

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Akershus Kollektivterminaler FKF is a county agency responsible for owning and operating major bus terminals in Akershus, Norway. It is a subsidiary of Akershus County Municipality, and operates 19 bus terminals, in addition to some adjacent park and ride facilities. The agency is responsible for all bus terminals with seven or more bus stops, and those in conjunction with railway stations. Smaller terminals and bus stops are operated by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration. The largest terminal is Oslo Bus Terminal, located in the heart of the city center, and owned by the subsidiary Vaterland Bussterminal. The agency has an annual revenue of .

Terminals

References

Bus transport in Akershus
Organisations based in Skedsmo
Government agencies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Norway


Padure Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1134 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 113.11 km2.

Villages of Padure parish
 Deksne
 Keramika
 Ķimale
 Līzesmuiža
 Padure
 Sausgāļciems
 Vēgas

Notable sights and places
 Padure Manor

See also
 Curonian Kings

External links
 Padure parish in Latvian

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Louis Conrad Pelletier,  (November 10, 1852 – June 5, 1929) was a Quebec lawyer and political figure. He represented Laprairie in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member.

Biography
He was born in Lavaltrie, Canada East, the son of Emile Pelletier and Emilie Laporte. He was educated at the Collège de l'Assomption and McGill University. Pelletier was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1877 and set up practice in Montreal. He ran unsuccessfully for the La Prairie seat in the Quebec assembly in 1890 and again in 1900. He was elected to the House of Commons in the 1891 federal election and was defeated by Dominique Monet when he ran for reelection in the newly created riding of Laprairie—Napierville in 1896. Pelletier was named Queen's Counsel in 1893.

In 1894, he married Marie-Anne Élisabeth Élisa Bernardette Roberge. Pelletier served as mayor for La Prairie in 1904. He was also co-founder of the St. Lawrence Brick company (Briqueterie Saint-Laurent). Pelletier was bâtonnier for the Montreal bar from 1920 to 1921.

Louis-Siméon Morin, a cousin on his father's side, served as a member of the legislative assembly for the Province of Canada.

Louis Conrad Pelletier died at his home in Montreal on June 5, 1929.

References

 The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill

1852 births
1929 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Mayors of places in Quebec
People from Lanaudière
Canadian King's Counsel
McGill University alumni


Pelči Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1099 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 56.57 km2.

Villages of Pelči parish
 Ābele
 Kaltiķi
 Pelči
 Raidstacija
 Rimzātciems
 Skrundenieku ciems
 Slipiņciems

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Margareta Hasbjörnsdatter or Margareta Asbjørnsdatter (11th century) was Queen consort of Denmark as the spouse of King Harald III.

Margareta was the daughter of jarl Asbjörn Ulfsen, possibly an uncle of her spouse; she would thereby have been her husband's cousin. No children are known from the marriage. The dates of her birth and death are unknown.

A DNA test in 2003 dispelled the centuries-old legend that Estrid Svendsdatter was buried in the northeastern pier of the Roskilde Cathedral. The new theory is that the sign on the pier refers to Margareta Hasbjörnsdatter, who was also known as Estrid.

Literature
 Henning Dehn-Nielsen: Kings and Queens of Denmark. Kopenhaga: 2007. .
 Kay Nielsen, Ib Askholm: Danmarks kongelige familier i 1000 år. 2007. .

References

11th-century births
Year of death unknown
Danish royal consorts
11th-century Danish women
11th-century Danish people


Raņķi Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 507 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 46.48 km2.

Villages of Raņķi parish
 Līdumnieki (Skrunda-2)
 Raņķi
 Smilgas

References

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Renda Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1091 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 263.35 km2. The administrative center is the village of Renda.

Villages of Renda parish
 Āpciems
 Ezeri
 Jaunmeži
 Kroņrenda
 Mazrenda
 Ozoli
 Renda
 Tiezumi

External links
 Renda parish

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Gjerdrum Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports club from Gjerdrum, Akershus. It has sections for association football, team handball, alpine skiing, Nordic skiing, biathlon, floorball and volleyball.

It was founded as Gjerdrum IF on 25 January 1920. In August 1940 it merged with the AIF club Gjerdrum AIL to form Gjerdrum IL.

The men's football team currently plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of football in Norway. Its only stint at the third tier came in 1988.

Members of the skiing section include the 2014 Olympic cross-country sprint champion Maiken Caspersen Falla.

References

External links
 Official site
 Official site, football section

Football clubs in Norway
Sport in Akershus
Gjerdrum
Sports clubs and teams established in 1920
1920 establishments in Norway


Rudbārži Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1074 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 110.42 km2.

Villages of Rudbārži parish

 Internātskola (Dzirnavas)
 Jaunsieksāte
 Kandeļi
 Kokapuze
 Laukmuiža
 Ļūdikas
 Marijas muiža
 Pansionāts (Grenčukrogs)
 Pelči
 Rudbārži
 Sieksāte (Kalnmuiža)
 Vecsieksāte
 Vidsmuiža
 Zaļumi

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Rumba Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1665 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 225.92 km2.

Villages of Rumba parish
 Bauņi (Novadnieki)
 Dragūnciems
 Ēdas
 Griķi (Lejas)
 Ķīkciems
 Mežvalde
 Rumbenieki
 Veldze
 Venta

See also
 Curonian Kings

External links
 Rumba parish in Latvian

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Skrunda Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1209 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of .

Villages of Skrunda parish

 Bračas
 Ciecere
 Jaunmuiža
 Kušaiņi
 Niedre
 Plostnieki
 Pumpuri
 Rūnaiši
 Savenieki
 Vēršmuiža
 Videnieki

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Carole André-Smith (born 11 March 1953) is a French-Italian former actress. Her best known role was Kabir Bedi's love interest Lady Marianna, nicknamed "", in the successful RAI series Sandokan (1976). Since retiring from acting, she has been the International Marketing Director at Cinecittà Studios, as well as an architect and interior designer.

Life and career
Growing up in Rome as the daughter of French actress Gaby André and American businessman Ely Smith, Carole André already spent time on the sets of Cinecittà at a very early age. In an interview, she remembered she "was always happy at Cinecittà. It felt like I was in another dimension, where crazy things were normal."

In 1967, her mother was invited to Tomas Milian's place and showed him family photographs. Milian, who at the time starred in the Spaghetti Western Face to Face, presented them to the director, Sergio Sollima, who agreed to cast Carole, then 14 years old, in a small part. There followed another small part in another Spaghetti Western later that year. At the age of 15, she acted in Mario Monicelli's black comedy Oh, Grandmother's Dead (1969).

In I tulipani di Haarlem (1970) directed by Franco Brusati, André played the lead role of an insecure girl longing for affection. The film ran in competition at the Cannes Film Festival. In an interview she gave in 1974, André considered it her most important film.

In Violentata sulla sabbia (1971), she was in the lead again. The film did poorly at the box office, and André started taking smaller roles again in films directed by Luchino Visconti (Death in Venice), Mario Camerini (Don Camillo e i giovani oggi) and Duccio Tessari (The Bloodstained Butterfly). In 1973, Dino Risi cast her for a bigger role again: She played the girlfriend of an industrialist (Marcello Mastroianni) in Dirty Weekend.

In 1976, André became famous when Sergio Sollima, with whom she had had her debut, gave her the role of Lady Marianna, "Pearl of Labuan", in the successful TV series Sandokan, which subsequently also received a theatrical release.

After this, and having in brief succession lost both her parents to tragic circumstances, André left the world of cinema to devote herself to her partner, the producer Paolo Infascelli, and their newly-born son Elia Infascelli-Smith, moving to live among relatives in America and also studying architecture and interior design.

In 1980, she returned to Italy and appeared intermittently in a number of TV serials and cinematic films until the early 1990s.

At the age of 40, André developed a passion for swimming and recently started to compete in swimming tournaments for seniors. In 2018, she won the 200 meter freestyle race at the "Campionati Regionali Master Lazio" at the Zero9 pool in Rome under the name Carole Wendy Smith, setting a new record.

André now holds the position of International Marketing Director at Cinecittà.

Selected filmography

Bibliography

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
French film actresses
Actresses from Paris
20th-century French actresses


Snēpele parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 815 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 76.94 km2.

Villages of Snēpele parish
 Kundi
 Snēpele
 Viesalgciems

See also
 Curonian Kings
 Snēpele Palace

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Turlava Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 969 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 124.51 km2.

Villages of Turlava parish

 Grantiņi
 Jāmaiķi
 Kalējciems
 Kazlēnciems
 Klostere
 Krievciems
 Ķikuri
 Ķoniņciems
 Maras
 Turlava
 Valāti
 Ziemeļciems

See also
 Curonian Kings

External links
 Turlava parish in Latvian

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


Vārme Parish () is an administrative unit of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1114 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 147.33 km2.

Villages of Vārme parish
 Dūras
 Vārme
 Vecvārme
 Zalkšciems

See also
 Vārme Manor

External links
Vārme parish in Latvian

Parishes of Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality
Courland


In the branch of mathematics called knot theory, the volume conjecture is the following open problem that relates quantum invariants of knots to the hyperbolic geometry of knot complements.

Let O denote the unknot. For any hyperbolic knot K let  be Kashaev's invariant of ; this invariant coincides with the following evaluation of the -Colored Jones Polynomial  of :

Then the volume conjecture states that

where vol(K) denotes the hyperbolic volume of the complement of K in the 3-sphere.

Kashaev's Observation

 observed that the asymptotic behavior of a certain state sum of knots gives the hyperbolic volume  of the complement of knots  and showed that it is true for the knots , , and . He conjectured that for general hyperbolic knots the formula (2) would hold. His invariant for a knot  is based on the theory of quantum dilogarithms at the -th root of unity, .

Colored Jones Invariant

 had firstly pointed out that Kashaev's invariant is related to the colored Jones polynomial by replacing q with the 2N-root of unity, namely, . They used an R-matrix as the discrete Fourier transform for the equivalence of these two values.

The volume conjecture is important for knot theory. In section 5 of this paper they state that:
 Assuming the volume conjecture, every knot that is different from the trivial knot has at least one different Vassiliev (finite type) invariant.

Relation to Chern-Simons theory

Using complexification,  rewrote the formula (1) into

where  is called the Chern–Simons invariant. They showed that there is a clear relation between the complexified colored Jones polynomial and Chern–Simons theory from a mathematical point of view.

References
.
.
.
.

Knot theory
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in geometry


Andrew Scott Bailey (born May 31, 1984), nicknamed Bails, is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics, Los Angeles Angels, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and Philadelphia Phillies. He played college baseball for Wagner College and was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the sixth round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft. He made his MLB debut in 2009 and won the 2009 American League Rookie of the Year Award. He was an All-Star in 2009 and 2010 while he was the closer for the Athletics. He is currently the pitching coach for the San Francisco Giants.

Baseball career

High school and college
Bailey was born in Voorhees, New Jersey, and first played baseball at Paul VI High School in Haddon Township, New Jersey. He attended Wagner College in Staten Island. Bailey was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 16th round (475th overall) of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft, but decided to return to Wagner for his senior year and earn a degree in business administration. His Wagner number 17 jersey was retired in January 2010, which made him only the fourth former student-athlete to be honored in that way.

Oakland Athletics
Bailey was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the sixth round (188th overall) of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft, and signed for a signing bonus of $135,000. He made the Athletics Opening Day 25-man roster for the  season as a long shot, and made his major league debut on April 6, 2009, tossing a scoreless inning against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Bailey was selected to represent the Athletics in the 2009 MLB All-Star Game in St. Louis. He was the 2009 August AL Rookie of the Month. He broke the Athletics rookie save record on September 12 against the Minnesota Twins with his 24th save of the season.

After a final line of 26 saves (9th in the AL) and a 1.84 ERA and a 0.876 WHIP, Bailey was named 2009 American League Rookie of the Year on November 16, 2009.

He was selected again to the All-Star team in 2010, which he finished with 25 saves (10th in the AL), a 1.47 ERA and a 0.959 WHIP.

On September 12, 2011, Bailey was hit right above the temple by a line drive in batting practice. He felt fine, passed concussion tests, and sat out the next few days. He returned to action to face the Tigers a few games later. His ERA ballooned to 3.24, though he did finish with 24 saves.

Boston Red Sox

On December 28, 2011, Bailey and Ryan Sweeney were traded from Oakland to the Boston Red Sox for Josh Reddick and two minor leaguers. On April 4, 2012, it was announced that Bailey would require reconstructive surgery on his right thumb and that he would begin the 2012 season on the disabled list. Bailey made his 2012 debut with the Red Sox on August 14, pitching a third of an inning in a loss to Baltimore. He finished the 2012 season with 15 innings pitched, a 7.04 ERA, and a 1.89 WHIP.

Bailey began the  season as a middle reliever with the Red Sox, but when closer Joel Hanrahan was injured in mid-April, Bailey took over the closer job. He was the 2013 Apr 21st AL Player of the Week. Bailey compiled 8 saves, a 3–1 record and a 3.77 ERA in 30 appearances until he suffered a shoulder injury that kept him from playing for the rest of the season. After the All-Star Break, MRIs confirmed there was a torn capsule and damaged labrum in his throwing shoulder. He underwent shoulder surgery on July 24, ending his 2013 season. After the 2013 season, Bailey was non-tendered by the Red Sox, making him a free agent.

New York Yankees
On February 22, 2014, Bailey signed a minor league deal with the New York Yankees with a $2.5 million salary if he made the major league roster, and a club option for the 2015 season. After numerous setbacks in his recovery from his shoulder injury, Bailey was ruled out for the 2014 season on August 17. The Yankees signed him to a new minor league contract on November 7, 2014, after declining his 2015 option a few days earlier.

The Yankees promoted Bailey to the major leagues on September 1, 2015. On September 2, he entered in the seventh inning at Boston, his first appearance in a game in two years. In 10 appearances, he posted a 5.19 ERA. On November 3, the Yankees declined Bailey's option for the 2016 season, making him a free agent.

Philadelphia Phillies
Bailey signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies in December 2015, receiving an invitation to spring training. He was called up to the Phillies on April 20, 2016. He was designated for assignment on August 2, and released on August 6.

Los Angeles Angels
On August 13, 2016, Bailey signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels. Bailey was called up in late August and collected six saves for the Angels in 12 games, with a 2.38 ERA and a 0.971 WHIP. On November 9, Bailey signed a one-year, $1 million contract to remain with the Angels. His 2017 season was cut short due to a shoulder injury, limiting him to four games.

Post-playing career

Bailey announced his retirement on February 26, 2018, to take up the job of instant replay coordinator and coaching assistant for the Los Angeles Angels. Bailey spent the 2019 season as the Angels bullpen coach.

Prior to the 2020 season, Bailey was hired by the San Francisco Giants as their pitching coach.

Philanthropy
Bailey serves as Director of Development for the Strike 3 Foundation, a non-profit charity dedicated to pediatric cancer research, founded by former Athletics and Red Sox teammate Craig Breslow.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Baseball coaches from New Jersey
Baseball players from Camden County, New Jersey
Boston Red Sox players
Gulf Coast Red Sox players
Kane County Cougars players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Los Angeles Angels coaches
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Midland RockHounds players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Paul VI High School alumni
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Haddon Heights, New Jersey
Philadelphia Phillies players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Sacramento River Cats players
Salt Lake Bees players
San Francisco Giants coaches
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Sportspeople from Voorhees Township, New Jersey
Stockton Ports players
Tampa Yankees players
Trenton Thunder players
Vancouver Canadians players
Wagner Seahawks baseball players


Francis Martin (1652–1722) was an Irish Augustinian.

Biography
He was born in Galway during the occupation of the town by the Cromwellian army, his family been one of the Tribes of Galway. He was educated in one of the secret schools in the city. In 1673 he began his studies for the priesthood in Louvain with the Augustinian order. Ordained there in 1680, he was the following year appointed Professor of Greek at the college. In the 1680s he was deeply involved in defending Papal Pronouncement against the Jansenists. He took his D.D. in 1688.

In 1691 he became Professor of Divinity at Mechelen, where he published two theses which led to his dismissal. However, he was re-appointed to his old post in Louvain, and in 1694 became its professor of Scripture. Subsequently, he was appointed Vice-President of the college, and in the same year he was made a Canon of St. Peter's.

In 1714, Martin wrote a letter to Edward Synge, the Protestant Archbishop of Tuam, in an effort to convert him to Catholicism.
Archbishop Synge refused, but said of Francis Martin that he was a man who preserved something of freedom in his judgement [and] meant well at bottom.

Francis Martin died at Bruges on 4 October 1722, where he is buried in the grounds of St. John's Hospital.

Note
Among his relations was Richard Martyn (c. 1600–1648), the noted Irish Confederate. Robert Martin of Dangan (1714–1794), studied at Louvain up to 1733, and  was the father of Richard "Humanity Dick" Martin. He was also distantly related to F.X. Martin, (Francis Xaviar Martin), (1922 – 13 February 2000).

Bibliography
 Refuatio Justificationis editae pro defendenda doctrini Henrici Denys, Louvain, 1700.
 L'etat Presant de la Faculte de Theologie de Louvain, Trevoux, 1701, pp. 247–2,250.
 Statera Quaestionis an ad fidem pertineat Sanctis in coelo notas esse mortalium preces, Louvain, 1710.
 Scutum fidei contra haereses hodiernas; seu Tillotsonianae concionis sub titulo; strena opportuna contra papisuum refutatio auctore ... Francisco Martin Iberno - Galviensi ... Louvain, Michael Zangrius, 1714, National Library of Ireland
 Avertissment touchant les pretendus Avis Salutaries, Louvain, 1719.
 motivum Jurvis pro Bullae Unigenitus Orthodixia, Louvain, 1720.
 Avis Salutaires a Messieurs les Protestans et Deliberaus de Louvain, Louvain.
 Via pacis, a thesis.

See also
 The Tribes of Galway

Notes

References

 Galway Authors, Helen Mahar, 1976.

1652 births
1722 deaths
Christian clergy from Galway (city)
17th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Irish expatriates in France
Irish expatriates in Belgium
Old University of Leuven alumni
Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven
Scholars and academics from County Galway


Gianni Agus (17 August 1917 – 4 March 1994) was an Italian actor with a career in film, television, and theatre since 1938. He appeared in more than 60 films between 1938 and 1991.

Life and career
Born in Cagliari, Sardinia, after his diploma in accounting Agus moved to Rome to enrol in the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, from which he graduated in 1938. The same year he made his screen debut in Carmine Gallone's The Life of Giuseppe Verdi and his stage debut with the Merlini-Cialente company.

Agus' career took off in the post-war period, with his participation in numerous revues and musical comedies, often working with Wanda Osiris. His popularity in the general public increased thanks to the television, particularly with the hosting of the eight edition of the Sanremo Music Festival, and later as the sidekick of comedians Peppino De Filippo and Paolo Villaggio on several TV-shows.

Partial filmography

 The Life of Giuseppe Verdi (1938)
 Inventiamo l'amore (1938) - Un invitato alla festa
 The Sons of the Marquis Lucera (1939)
 Naples Will Never Die (1939) - Bebè
 Io, suo padre (1939)
 His Young Wife (1945) - Velan
 Adam and Eve (1949) - Paride
 Femmina incatenata (1949) - Gianni
 Figaro Here, Figaro There (1950) - Il conte di Almaviva
 The Enchanting Enemy (1953)
 Funniest Show on Earth (1953) - Il signore dai capelli tinti di rosso (uncredited)
 Ci troviamo in galleria (1953) - Il lettore di pubblicità
 Verdi (1953) - (uncredited)
 It Takes Two to Sin in Love (1954)
 Cardinal Lambertini (1954) - Count Pepoli
 Giove in doppiopetto (1954)
 Susanna Whipped Cream (1957) - Trombetti
 Femmine tre volte (1957) - Marchese De Blasi
 La cento chilometri (1959) - Corsetti's Friend with a Bow Tie
 The Fascist (1961) - Capo del fascio di Cremona
 Pesci d'oro e bikini d'argento (1961)
 The Two Marshals (1961) - Podestà Pennica
 2 samurai per 100 geishe (1962) - Avv. Sciabica
 I motorizzati (1962) - Mario
 Sexy Toto (1963) - Ispettore di dogana
 Uno strano tipo (1963) - Gastone
 Toto vs. the Four (1963) - Dottor Cavallo (uncredited)
 Divorzio alla siciliana (1963) - L'avvocato
 Le motorizzate (1963) - The Prosecutor (segment "Il Vigile Ignoto")
 Toto and Cleopatra (1963) - Ottavio
 Europa: Operazione Strip-tease (1964)
 L'immorale (1980) - Un presentatore televisivo
 The Long, the Short, the Cat (1967) - Il conte
 Soldati e capelloni (1967) - Colonello Ortega
 Peggio per me... meglio per te (1967) - Barone Marcianò
 The Most Beautiful Couple in the World (1968) - Gianni
 La vuole lui... lo vuole lei (1968)
 Franco e Ciccio... Ladro e Guardia (1969) - Naked man in airport
 Lisa dagli occhi blu (1970) - Centro Spaziale Engineer
 Il gatto di Brooklyn aspirante detective (1973) - Aldemiro Arcangelo Gabriele De Porcaris
 Ku-Fu? Dalla Sicilia con furore (1973) - Kon Ki Lay
 Dirty Weekend (1973) - Sergio
 4 marmittoni alle grandi manovre (1974) - Il colonnello
 Il colonnello Buttiglione diventa generale (1974) - Generale La Tanica
 Il trafficone (1974) - on. Rivolta
 The Balloon Vendor (1974) - Circus Manager
 Buttiglione diventa capo del servizio segreto (1975) - Generale La Tanica
 Due sul pianerottolo (1976) - Dott. Gianni Tagliolini
 My Sister in Law (1976) - Angelo Scotti
 Orazi e curiazi 3-2 (1977) - Mezio
 Fracchia la belva umana (1981) - Dott. Orimbelli
 Culo e camicia (1981) - Annibale Panebianco
 I carabbimatti (1981) - Giuseppe Marrone
 Camera d'albergo (1981) - Himself
 Sbirulino (1982) - Brescioni
 Cuando calienta el sol... vamos a la playa (1982)
 Questo e Quello (1983) - Editor (segment "Questo... amore impossibile")
 Matilda (1990) - Matilda's Father

TV
 Il conte di Montecristo (1966)
La granduchessa e i camerieri, dir. Gino Landi (1977)
Bambole non c'è una lira, dir. Antonello Falqui (1977)
 Giochiamo al varieté (1980)
 Tamburi nella notte, dir. Gabriele Lavia (1982)
 Senator, dir. Gianfrancesco Lazotti (1992)

References

External links

1917 births
1994 deaths
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male television actors
Italian television presenters
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni


Øyvind Sverre Bruland (born 14 December 1952) is a professor of Clinical Oncology and faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo. Bruland holds a B.Sc., M.D and Ph.D. from the University of Oslo, Norway. His research includes: primary bone and soft tissue cancers (sarcomas) and skeletal metastases from prostate cancer and breast cancer; targeted radionuclide therapy, for instance the clinical development of Alpharadin, based on Radium-223; the tumor biology and prognostic impact of micro-metastases in bone-marrow aspirates on patients with primary bone cancer (osteosarcoma); external beam radiotherapy; and the radiotherapy of skeletal metastases and soft-tissue sarcomas.

He has served as supervisor to twelve Ph.D students, nine so far having completed their Ph.D. theses. In 2008 he was elected as a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

References
Alpharadin trial treatment of cancer with skeletal metastasis
Lancet publication of Alpaharadin phase II results
US Approval for phase III testing of Alpharadin
US National Institute of Health information on Alpharadin
Publications according to PubMed
Øyvind S. Bruland, further information

1952 births
Living people
University of Oslo alumni
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters


Elizabeth Oval (also known as X Convenience Oval under naming rights) is an Australian rules football stadium located in Elizabeth, a suburb 24 km north of Adelaide, South Australia.

Elizabeth Oval is the home ground of the Central District Football Club who play in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). The Bulldogs (also commonly known as the Centrals) played their first SANFL league match at the ground in 1964 after playing in the SANFL B-grade (Reserves) since the club's inception in 1959.

The ground has a capacity of approximately 18,000 people, with a single grandstand that seats 1,500. The oval, the longest goal to goal venue in the SANFL at 178m (3m longer than Woodville Oval, though fence to fence it is 15m shorter), and is surrounded by concrete terracing on the grandstand side of the ground, plus a 5 row ring of concrete around the rest of the ground, with grass banks around the entire outer. The ground record crowd of 16,029 was set in 1984 for an SANFL match between the Centrals and the Port Adelaide Magpies.

After negotiations between Central District and the City of Playford, light towers were installed in March 2006 allowing the Bulldogs to play night SANFL games. The first official night game was held at the oval in April 2006 when 7,329 fans turned out to see the defending SANFL premiers (Centrals) defeat Sturt. The ground has not been used for many night matches since the 2000s, other than a few pre-season matches.

The ground was known as Elizabeth Oval from the time it opened until 2001. In 2002, the Club signed a naming rights deal with NAP Finance and the oval's name changed to NAP Oval. Elizabeth Oval was the first SANFL club venue to secure an oval naming rights deal. The first deal expired after 2005 and NAP was replaced by Northern Adelaide home builder Hamra Homes, who held the naming rights as Hamra Homes Oval until the end of 2010. From 2011 to 2015, the oval was known as Playford Alive Oval, and in 2016 changed its name to My Money House Oval. From 2019, South Australian service station company X Convenience held the naming rights of the Oval.

Elizabeth Oval is easily accessible by either car or public transport with Adelaide's northern suburban commuter railway line, the Gawler railway line passing by the western side of the oval and Elizabeth railway station located within five minutes walking distance of the oval. The ground also has plenty of in ground (for members, players and officials) and on-street car parking, as well as ample parking at the nearby shopping mall, the Elizabeth City Centre.

References and notes

External links

Australian rules football grounds
Sports venues in Adelaide


is a Japanese manufacturer of road and track bicycle components, founded in Nara, Japan, in 1910. It made a variety of cycling components, including cranksets and chainrings. After flagging in popularity due to Shimano's increased dominance of the Japanese bicycle component industry in the 1990s, the company has recently become more prominent, due to the rising popularity of fixed-gear bicycles and the cachet associated with the "Sugino 75" track racing equipment.

References

External links

 Official website

Cycle parts manufacturers
Sporting goods manufacturers of Japan
Sportswear brands
1910 establishments in Japan
Companies based in Nara Prefecture
Manufacturing companies established in 1910
Japanese brands


IJCU Dragons Utrecht is a professional ice hockey team in Utrecht, Netherlands. The team played under the name "Hoek Dragons Utrecht" in the Dutch Eredivisie, the top professional hockey division in the Netherlands in 2008-2009. In 2013, it ceased operations. However, the team was reborn in 2019, when they entered the Dutch "Eerste Divisie" (First Division) for the first time in 6 years, finishing with 8 wins, 10 losses, and 2 overtime losses. Home games are played at De Vechtsebanen.

History

Utrecht has had an ice hockey club for many years, including teams named "Dragons". For 2008-2009, the team created a professional squad to compete in the Eredivisie, finishing with a record of 2 wins and 22 losses. They played in the Eerste divisie, the top amateur league in the Netherlands until January 2013, when a loss of players required them to forfeit the remainder of the season.

In March of 2019, rumours of a return were spoken of on social media. They held tryouts shortly thereafter to determine their selection for the following season. the team was reborn in 2019, when they entered the Dutch "Eerste Divisie" (First Division) for the first time in 6 years, finishing with 8 wins, 10 losses, and 2 overtime losses. After qualifying for the playoffs, Utrecht lost in the opening round to Yeti's Breda in two straight games. Long time player Ivo Beulen led the team in scoring for the season.

After playing only one game to start the 2020/2021, the First Division season was paused and later cancelled due to the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic. The team announced it would continue the following season, which is planned to start in September of 2021.

Season results

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, OTW = Overtime Wins, OTL = Overtime Losses, L = Losses, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, Pts = Points

Squad 2019/2020

Goalies
 75 Elaine Wilkes
 60 Danny Gelder
 1  Shane Sturkenboom

Defence
 4  Geno Zwiers
 5  Nigel Zwiers
 6  Boris Sevo
 7  Timo Verheul
 8  Stein Martens
 11 Vince Van de Kraak "C"
 27 Kale Jewell
 28 Jordie Wareham
 29 Jerry Kinneging "A"
 89 Bart Engel

Forwards

 2  Tim Schaasberg

 9  Justus Bos
 10 Teun Landzaat
 12 Indy Bontan
 19 Nicky Collard
 47 Kolton Dunwoody
 66 Pieter Kronenburg
 81 Mike Collard
 94 Dylan Collard "A"
 97 Andrew Trapman

Staff
 Stefan Collard, coach
 Dave Wilkes, trainer
 Maik Janssen, team manager
 Dennis Lodewijk, equipment
 Arnout Meinema, equipment

Championships

None.

External links
 Utrecht Dragons official website (Dutch)
 Netherlands Ice Hockey Union (Dutch)

Ice hockey teams in the Netherlands
Ice hockey clubs established in 2008
2008 establishments in the Netherlands


Dream Music – The Movie Music of Tangerine Dream is a 1993 compilation album by Tangerine Dream featuring material from three of soundtrack albums for the films The Park Is Mine, Deadly Care and Dead Solid Perfect.

Track listing
 "Victory" – 6:19 (from The Park Is Mine)
 "The Hospital" – 5:42 (from Deadly Care)
 "The Letter" – 5:18 (from The Park Is Mine)
 "Taking Central Park" – 3:20 (from The Park Is Mine)
 "Suite From Dead Solid Perfect" – 46:12 (from Dead Solid Perfect)
 "The Helicopter Attack" – 4:40 (from The Park Is Mine)
 "Clean And Sober" – 4:57 (from Deadly Care)

References

1993 compilation albums
Soundtrack compilation albums
Tangerine Dream compilation albums


In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a fork–join queue is a queue where incoming jobs are split on arrival for service by numerous servers and joined before departure. The model is often used for parallel computations or systems where products need to be obtained simultaneously from different suppliers (in a warehouse or manufacturing setting). The key quantity of interest in this model is usually the time taken to service a complete job. The model has been described as a "key model for the performance analysis of parallel and distributed systems." Few analytical results exist for fork–join queues, but various approximations are known.

The situation where jobs arrive according to a Poisson process and service times are exponentially distributed is sometimes referred to as a Flatto–Hahn–Wright model or FHW model.

Definition

On arrival at the fork point, a job is split into N sub-jobs which are served by each of the N servers. After service, sub-job wait until all other sub-jobs have also been processed. The sub-jobs are then rejoined and leave the system.

For the fork–join queue to be stable the input rate must be strictly less than sum of the service rates at the service nodes.

Applications

Fork–join queues have been used to model zoned RAID systems, parallel computations and for modelling order fulfilment in warehouses.

Response time
The response time (or sojourn time) is the total amount of time a job spends in the system.

Distribution
Ko and Serfozo give an approximation for the response time distribution when service times are exponentially distributed and jobs arrive either according to a Poisson process or a general distribution. QIu, Pérez and Harrison give an approximation method when service times have a phase-type distribution.

Average response time
An exact formula for the average response time is only known in the case of two servers (N=2) with exponentially distributed service times (where each server is an M/M/1 queue). In this situation, the response time (total time a job spends in the system) is

where
 is the utilization.
 is the arrival rate of jobs to all the nodes.
 is the service rate across all the nodes.
In the situation where nodes are M/M/1 queues and N > 2, Varki's modification of mean value analysis can also be used to give an approximate value for the average response time.

For general service times (where each node is an M/G/1 queue) Baccelli and Makowski give bounds for the average response time and higher moments of this quantity both in the transient and steady state situations. Kemper and Mandjes show that for some parameters these bounds are not tight and show demonstrate an approximation technique. For heterogeneous fork-join queues (fork-join queues with different service times), Alomari and Menasce propose an approximation based on harmonic numbers that can be extended to cover more general cases such as probabilistic fork, open and closed fork-join queues.

Subtask dispersion

The subtask dispersion, defined to be the range of service times, can be numerically computed and optimal deterministic delays introduced to minimize the range.

Stationary distribution

In general the stationary distribution of the number of jobs at each queue is intractable. Flatto considered the case of two servers (N=2) and derived the stationary distribution for the number of jobs at each queue via uniformization techniques. Pinotsi and Zazanis show that a product form solution exists when arrivals are deterministic as the queue lengths are then independent D/M/1 queues.

Heavy traffic/diffusion approximation

When the server is heavily loaded (service rate of the queue is only just larger than arrival rate) the queue length process can be approximated by a reflected Brownian motion which converges to the same stationary distribution as the original queueing process. Under limiting conditions the state space of the synchronisation queues collapses and all queues behave identically.

Join queue distribution

Once jobs are served, the parts are reassembled at the join queue. Nelson and Tantawi published the distribution of the join queue length in the situation where all servers have the same service rate. Heterogeneous service rates and distribution asymptotic analysis are considered by Li and Zhao.

Networks of fork–join queues

An approximate formula can be used to calculate the response time distribution for a network of fork–join queues joined in series (one after the other).

Split–merge model

A related model is the split–merge model, for which analytical results exist. Exact results for the split-merge queue are given by Fiorini and Lipsky.
Here on arrival a job is split into N sub-tasks which are serviced in parallel. Only when all the tasks finish servicing and have rejoined can the next job start. This leads to a slower response time on average.

Generalized (n,k) fork-join system

A generalization of the fork-join queueing system is the  fork-join system where the job exits the system when any  out of  tasks are served. The traditional fork-join queueing system is a special case of the  system when . Bounds on the mean response time of this generalized system were found by Joshi, Liu and Soljanin.

References

Single queueing nodes


The Arboretum de Grignon (0.8 hectares) is an arboretum located within the campus of the Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (AgroParisTech) on Avenue Lucien Brétignières, Thiverval-Grignon, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France. It is closed to the public but may be visited by groups.

The arboretum was established in 1873 by Pierre Mouillefert, professor at Grignon, who published in 1896 a pamphlet describing the arboretum at that date; however, it was lost in 1940. The arboretum grew gradually over time, with the most recent plantings between 1976-1978. Various of the trees were labeled in 1975 by Mr. George Callen of the Arboretum de Chèvreloup, and in 1991 Mr. Augustin Scalbert created a map identifying almost all trees. At that time, the arboretum contained approximately 230 specimens (66% deciduous, 34% conifers).

Unfortunately, the arboretum was heavily damaged in the storm of December 1999, which destroyed 23 trees and severely damaged 16. In response, the Association de l'arbre de fer was established in 2001 to protect and enhance the natural environment of the former Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon. In 2003 it began restoration and enlargement of the arboretum, as well as creation of a botanical trail and rehabilitation of the campus botanical garden.

Today the arboretum contains about 125 tree species and varieties, including notable, mature specimens of Cedrus atlantica, Fagus sylvatica var. "Tortuosa", Ginkgo biloba, Gleditsia triacanthos, Parrotia persica, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, Sophora japonica "pendula", and Zelkova carpinifolia.

See also
 Jardin botanique de l'Institut National
 List of botanical gardens in France
 Crataegus grignonensis

References
 AgroParisTech - Grignon campus map
 Association de l'arbre de fer: arboretum de Grignon (French)
 Association de l'arbre de fer (French)
 L'Echo des Chênaies entry (French)

Grignon, Arboretum de
Grignon, Arboretum de


The 2006 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 33rd edition of the event known that year as the AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships, and was part of the International Series Gold of the 2006 ATP Tour, and of the Tier III Series of the 2006 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo, Japan, from 2 October through 8 October 2006. Roger Federer and Marion Bartoli won the singles titles.

Finals

Men's singles

 Roger Federer defeated  Tim Henman, 6–3, 6–3

Women's singles

 Marion Bartoli defeated  Aiko Nakamura, 2–6, 6–2, 6–2

Men's doubles

 Ashley Fisher /  Tripp Phillips defeated  Paul Goldstein /  Jim Thomas, 6–2, 7–5

Women's doubles

 Vania King /  Jelena Kostanić defeated  Chan Yung-jan /  Chuang Chia-jung, 7–6(7–2), 5–7, 6–2

References

External links
Official website
Men's Singles draw
Men's Doubles draw
Men's Qualifying Singles draw
Women's Singles, Doubles, and Qualifying Singles draws

AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships
AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships
Japan Open (tennis)
Tennis Championships
AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships


Li Zhihai (; born August 2, 1982) is a former Chinese footballer .

Club career
Li Zhihai would join second-tier club Guangzhou F.C. senior team at the beginning of the 2002 league season and would steadily establish himself as a regular within the squad. Over the following seasons he would become a vital member of the team and was awarded with the club captaincy where he led the team to a division championship and promotion to the Chinese Super League with Guangzhou at the end of the 2007 league season. The following season, he would lead Guangzhou to a 7th-place finish at the end of the 2008 league season despite missing much of the campaign through injury. The next season saw Li Zhihai miss eight games due to suspension after he fought with Tianjin Teda F.C. player Éber Luís Cucchi during a June 25, 2008 league game. After missing much of the 2008 league season through suspension Li Zhihai would once again struggle with injury through much of the 2009 league season and lose the captaincy to Xu Liang. At the end of the season the club would be relegated after it was discovered that the club had fixed a match during the 2007 league campaign, despite this Li Zhihai would stay with the club to help in their push for promotion.

At the start of the 2010 league campaign Guangzhou brought in a new manager in Lee Jang-Soo who decided to bring in several new players, which saw Li Zhihai often sitting on the bench and despite helping the team win promotion back to the top tier at the end of the season was allowed to leave to second-tier football club Guangdong Sunray Cave at the beginning of the 2011 league campaign. Li was promoted to the team captain in this season. However, he was suspected by the club to involve in match-fixing after his disastrous performance in a league match which Guangdong played against Shanghai East Asia in September. Although Li claimed that the charge was without evidence, he was released by Guangdong at the end of the season.

In April 2012, after spending a brief time in Macau's Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol club Lam Ieng, Li moved to China League Two club Shenzhen Main Sports on a free transfer. Li returned to Guangdong Sunray Cave who suffered defend crisis in the 2012 league season in June. He was lined up in his first returning match and insured a 2–0 away victory against Beijing Baxy on 23 June. However, he was dropped from the first team again in July after Guangdong lost to Hohhot Dongjin 4–0. Li was signed by Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol club Chao Pak Kei in January 2013. He made his debut for Chao Pak Kei in a 5–0 home defeat against Lam Ieng on 20 January. He returned to Guangdong Sunray Cave again in February. Li retired in the end of 2013 season and became the assistant coach of Guangdong Sunray Cave. He played as an amateur player for Zhaoqing Hengtai in his spare time.

Management career
Li joined Guangzhou R&F's youth team staff in 2016. In August 2016, Li was appointed as the manager of Hong Kong Premier League side R&F, which was the satellite team of Guangzhou R&F. He led the club finished their in 10th place in the 2016–17 Hong Kong Premier League, which secured R&F's stay in the top flight for the next season.

Career statistics

Management statistics

Honours

Club
Guangzhou F.C.
China League One: 2007, 2010

References

External links
Player profile at Guangzhou Pharmaceutical website
Player stats at sohu.com

1982 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Chinese football managers
Footballers from Qingyuan
Guangzhou F.C. players
Shaanxi Wuzhou F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Men's association football defenders


DSV Posen was a German association football club from the City of Posen, in German Reich. The club dominated competition in the city in the period leading up to World War I.

History
DSV joined the top-flight regional Südostdeutscher Fußballverband (SOFV) when the league grew to include Posen in 1909. They were the dominant side in the city and advanced to the SOFV playoffs in four of five seasons prior to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Their best results were in 1911 and 1912, when the team went as far as the regional semifinals before being put out by Germania Breslau on both occasions (1:3, 1:2).

Football competitions in many parts of Germany were disrupted between 1914 and 1918 by the war and the country was left in disorder following its defeat in the conflict. An uprising succeeded in restoring an independent Republic of Poland, now called Second, built around Poznań, which was the historic center of the country.

Competition in the SOFV was greatly reduced, but was resumed in the 1919–20 season. Play in the Posen district circuit collapsed and they did not send a representative to the Südost regional playoffs. DSV was one of many ethnically-German football clubs in the area that disappeared in 1920 with the reemergence of Poland. Following the outbreak of World War II and the invasion of the country by the Nazis, some of these clubs were reestablished and played against the host of military, police, and other state-sponsored clubs formed in the region. DSV Posen was refounded in 1940 and was again part of German football competition, however the club did not make its way back to top level play and disappeared at the end of the World War II in 1945.

Honours
Posen Football Championship

 Champions (5): 1908–09, 1909–10, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1913–14

References

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in former German territories
Association football clubs established in 1904