Eugène Courret (1839 – 1920), known as Eugenio,  was a French photographer who was based in Lima, Peru.

Biography
Courret was born in Angoulême, the son of François Courret and Calixta Chalet.  Courret came to Lima in 1860 to work as a cameraman in the photographic studio of Eugène Maunoury. One of his subjects was gay chef Juan Jose Cabezudo. In 1863 founded the "Photo Central" studio with his brother Aquiles. In 1887, he founded a studio with Adolphe Dubreuil, and in the 1890s, he returned to France, where he continued his photographic work.

The Courret studio went bankrupt in 1935, by which time it housed more than 150,000 negatives. Many of the creditors received these glass negatives as part payment in lieu of the money they were owed. Among those who received such payment was the Rengifo family, who kept 54,000 plaques. In 1987 that family gave the negatives to the National Library of Peru to be protected.

References

External links

 Views of Chile and Peru, approximately 1868, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 96.R.1. The collection comprises two albums containing a total of 94 photographs by Eugenio Courret. Each album begins with portraits, followed by photographs of sites in and around the major cities of Peru and Chile.

1839 births
1920 deaths
French photographers
Date of birth missing
French expatriates in Peru
People from Angoulême


Kaive Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is one of the 21 parishes in this municipality. Before the administrative reform of 2009, Kaive Parish was part of the former Cēsis District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kaive Parish

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Liepa Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. Prior to 2009, it was an administrative unit of the former Cēsis District.

History
Liepa Parish was established on the territory of the former Liepa Manor (Lindenhof). In 1925, a section of the former Skangaļi Manor of  was added to Liepa Parish. In 1935, Cēsis County had an area of 68.9 km² and a population of 1262 inhabitants.

During the Soviet occupation, in 1945 Dunduri village and Liepas village councils were established, but were dissolved in 1949. That same year, the Cēsis District was established from a part of the former county. In 1954, the Dunduri village was added to Liepa village. In 1990 the village was reorganized into a parish.

From 2009 until 2021, Liepa Parish was part of the former Priekuļi Municipality. Since 1 July 2021, the Parish is a part of Cēsis Municipality.

Towns, villages and settlements of Liepa parish
Dukuļi
Liepa
Liepasmuiža
Obuļi
Sarkaņi
Saulītes
Skangaļi
Stuķi

See also
Liepa Manor

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Round Table Advertising (Round Table) is a privately held full-service advertising agency located in Toronto, Ontario. The company was founded as Round Table Advertising Inc. in 2000 by former co-workers Sallah Cayer, Fiona Gallagher, and Brent Peterson.

The company asserts it is "a senior hands on, caring and committed group that offers experience, discipline and leadership with a working style that is collaborative, efficient and effective".

Clients
Round Table's past and present clients include:

Alliance Atlantis - Showcase Television
Burnbrae Farms
Concerned Children's Advertisers
COTA Health
Fairmont Hotels and Resorts
First Base
Toronto.com
Janes Family Foods
Park'N Fly
Providence Healthcare
Ronald McDonald House Charities
Scottish & Newcastle - Strongbow Cider
Shell Oil Company - Automotive Accessories
Toronto Parking Authority
Weston Bakeries Ltd.
Workopolis

Notable campaigns

Round Table has produced numerous campaigns for various Weston Bakeries Ltd. brands including Wonder Bread. Leading up to the 2010 Winter Games, the company produced several Olympic-themed advertisements for the brand. A 30-second television commercial shown during the games which featured children singing the Canadian anthem received national media attention.

In 2010, in an ongoing effort to promote the nutritional credentials of the Wonder bread brand, the company produced a 30-second television commercial referencing the brand's history and the changes in its product lineup.

In 2008 Weston Bakeries Ltd. introduced Canada's first sliced bread with Omega 3 DHA. As part of a multimillion-dollar Canada-wide campaign, Round Table developed television commercials as well as print ads aimed at consumers, dietitians, doctors, and pediatricians.

In the summer of 2007, Scottish & Newcastle ran its first advertising campaign in Canada for the popular British beverage, Strongbow Cider. The campaign included various non-traditional executions of outdoor advertising.

Awards
Round Table Advertising has been recognized on numerous occasions for outstanding work in several categories:
The CASSIES Awards
2007 Bronze - Packaged Goods - Food - Wonder Plus
2007 Bronze - Best Launch - Wonder Plus
2006 Silver - Off To A Good Start - Wonder Plus
2003 Certificate of Excellence - Quebec & Regional English - Toronto.com
2002 Certificate of Excellence - Off To A Good Start  - Toronto.com
Promax Awards
2007 North America PROMAX Silver - Branding/Image Campaign Using One or More Media
2007 North America BDA Bronze - Total Package Design: Image All Inclusive Combination
Media Innovation Awards
2008 Certificate - Television - Wonder
2007 Bronze - Radio - Workopolis
2003 Silver - Television - Wonder

References

External links
Official Web Site

Advertising agencies of Canada
Marketing companies established in 2000
Companies based in Toronto


Līgatne Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.
Pop. 2864 (2005). It coveres an area of 160.6 km².

From 2009 until 2021, Līgatne Parish was part of the former Līgatne Municipality.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Mārsnēni Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mārsnēni Parish
  - parish administrative center.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Nītaure Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. The administrative center is Nītaure.

Towns, villages and settlements of Nītaure Parish
 Merķeļi
 Nītaure

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Sir Frank Edward Figgures KCB CMG (5 March 1910 – 27 November 1990) was a British civil servant, noted as the first secretary-general of the European Free Trade Association from 1960 to 1965. In this position he promoted a more united Europe through economic cooperation.

Figgures was educated at Rutlish School, New College and Merton College, and Yale Law School. He was called to the Bar in 1936.

Figgures served in the Royal Artillery during World War II. In 1946 he served as under-Secretary to HM Treasury, helping in Britain's recovery effort, and from 1948 to 1951 he served as Director of Trade and Finance for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. He served in various other treasury positions before heading the EFTA in 1960.

References

1910 births
1990 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Civil servants in HM Treasury
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
European Free Trade Association
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
OECD officials
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Royal Artillery officers
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford


Priekuļi Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Priekuļi Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Wallis Huw Wallis Thomas (10 March 1906 – 2001) was a Church in Wales priest who, at the time of his death, was the oldest working priest in Britain.  He was Archdeacon of Merioneth from 1959 to 1976, but was still thought of as the Archdeacon long after his retirement, and was generally known as "the Arch".

Life
Thomas was born in Llanrwst, Wales and educated at Pwllheli grammar school, University College, Bangor and the University of Strasbourg (studying French at both) before moving to Jesus College, Oxford (where he studied theology).  He was ordained and began his ministry in Bangor, Gwynedd in 1931, initially as a deacon before becoming a priest in 1932. Although his first language was Welsh, he generally preached in English, and was highly respected as a preacher. He was also a keen visitor to parishioners. After a period as a minor canon of Bangor Cathedral from 1935 to 1938, he was secretary and chaplain to the Archbishop of Wales before becoming Rector of Barmouth in 1946 and then vicar of Llanelltyd (a village near Dolgellau) in 1966, before retiring in 1976.  He was Archdeacon of Merioneth from 1959 to 1976 and was generally known as "the Arch" even after his retirement. His successors as Archdeacon, including Barry Morgan (later Bishop of Llandaff and Archbishop of Wales) and Carl Cooper (later Bishop of St Davids), were left in no doubt by parishioners that Thomas was still the real Archdeacon as far as they were concerned. He continued to preach and lead services, in Dolgellau and in Llanelltyd, until well after his 90th birthday, sometimes playing the organ as well. He was described as the oldest working priest in Britain.  He attributed the fact that he rose no higher than Archdeacon to his working-class background and his unmarried status.

He was regarded as a fine speaker and raconteur, and a man of great charm, with a worldwide circle of friends; his female admirers were sometimes nicknamed the "Wallis Collection".  He played several sports to a high standard, playing football for Oxford, representing north Wales at cricket in 1954, playing tennis for his county and acting as a reserve for the Welsh hockey team. He was president of the Merioneth district of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals from 1959 onwards.

References

1906 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Merioneth
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of Bangor University
People from Merionethshire
People from Llanrwst


Aeroflot Flight 244 was hijacked on 15 October 1970, making it the first known successful airline hijacking in the Soviet Union.

Synopsis
Lithuanian Pranas Brazinskas and his 13-year-old son Algirdas seized an An-24 domestic passenger plane en route from Batumi, Adjar ASSR, Georgian SSR, to Sukhumi and Krasnodar to defect to the West. Pranas had been sentenced twice by the Soviet authorities in 1955 and 1965 for financial crimes related to state-run shops where he worked. They selected seats closest to the cockpit in the cabin. Five minutes after takeoff while the aircraft was at an altitude of 800 meters, they called over the flight attendant Nadezhda Kurchenko and demanded control of the aircraft in a threatening note. Kurchenko tried to block the entrance to the cockpit but failed, yelling out that the two were armed shortly before the hijackers shot her twice at point blank range, killing her.

Several members of the crew were wounded in the onboard shootout. Pranas Brazinskas claimed the shootout occurred because of resistance from two armed guards on board. According to Russian media, the shootout was started by Brazinskas when the flight attendant ran to the cockpit to warn the pilots, and there were no guards on board.  The hijackers commandeered the plane to Trabzon, Turkey, and surrendered to the Turkish government.

Aftermath
The Brazinskas were tried and imprisoned, but Turkey refused to extradite them to the Soviet authorities. The plane with its passengers was soon returned to the USSR. After spending some time in prison, the Brazinskas were granted amnesty in 1974 and made their way to Venezuela and finally to the United States. They were initially arrested but later allowed to apply for asylum.

The Soviet Union condemned the United States for granting asylum to murderers and pressed for their extradition. Up until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet government continued to press for the extradition of the Brazinskas, and regularly assailed what they alleged was American hypocrisy in harboring terrorists who attack the aircraft of socialist countries, while pursuing very different actions against terrorists who attacked American nationals, such as in the Achille Lauro case.

In 2002, Algirdas (now known as Albert Victor White) was convicted in Santa Monica of murdering his 77-year-old father Pranas (by then known as Frank White) during a family argument.

After the hijacking, flight number 244 was still in use, even after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current flight departs from Moscow to Mahé, Seychelles.

See also
Aeroflot Flight 6833
List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors

References

1970 in international relations
1970 in the Soviet Union
1970 in Turkey
1970 murders in Turkey
244
Aircraft hijackings in Asia
Aircraft hijackings in Europe
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1970
Aviation accidents and incidents in Georgia (country)
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24
Batumi
Eastern Bloc defectors
History of Adjara
Murder in the Soviet Union
1970 crimes
October 1970 events in Asia
October 1970 events in Europe
Soviet Union–United States relations
1970 murders in the Soviet Union


The electoral system in Sweden is proportional. Of the 349 seats in the national diet, the unicameral Riksdag, 310 are fixed constituency seats () allocated to constituencies in relation to the number of people entitled to vote in each constituency (). The remaining 39 leveling seats () are used to correct the deviations from proportional national distribution that may arise when allocating the fixed constituency seats. There is a constraint in the system that means that only a party that has received at least four per cent of the votes in the whole country participates in the distribution of seats. However, a party that has received at least twelve per cent of the votes in a constituency participates in the distribution of the fixed constituency seats in that constituency.

Apportionment of fixed constituency seats

Notes

Riksdag
Numbering in politics


The Stuttgart–Horb railway is a 67.227 kilometer-long railway in the southern part of the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, running from Stuttgart to Horb. It forms part of a railway known as the Gäubahn () or Gäu Railway. The Royal Württemberg State Railways (Königlich Württembergischen Staats-Eisenbahnen or K.W.St.E.) and the Baden State Railways (Badische Staatseisenbahnen) constructed the majority of this line between the years 1866 and 1879. Today the partially single-track, fully electrified line features the high-speed Intercity-Express (ICE) service, with its tilting train technology, traveling from Stuttgart to Zurich. In addition, a multitude of local train services of numerous railway companies are on offer. The Gäu Railway is also a significant line in the North-South freight service system.

Route details

The Stuttgart–Horb railway steadily ascends from Stuttgart Hbf in a continuous loop around the city centre, which, due to its superb views of the basin of the Stuttgart valley, lent the name "Panoramabahn" to this section, and counts as one of the most beautiful city centre railways in Germany.  From the city it heads in a southwesterly direction, and runs alongside the nature park Schönbuch between Böblingen und Herrenberg. From there, the Gäubahn runs through the eponymous Gäu to Eutingen. The route then descends into the Neckar valley as far as Horb and touches the eastern foothills of the Black Forest.

The Stuttgart–Horb railway is a main line railway, 67.2 kilometres in length. The entire line is electrified and is constructed to be used by the ICE tilting train technology. The line features twin tracks between Stuttgart and Horb and has a total of four tracks between the stations Stuttgart-Österfeld and Stuttgart-Rohr, a 3.5-kilometer-long section.

The line crosses three districts of the state of Baden-Württemberg and is part of three public transport associations.  In the Stuttgart area, and in the district of Böblingen, namely between Stuttgart Hbf and Bondorf, the line is part of the transport-and-tariff association Stuttgart (Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart (VVS)). The station in Ergenzingen is the only station in the district of Tübingen, and is part of the Neckar-Alb-Donau transport association (Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO)). Between Eutingen and Horb, the line traverses the district of Freudenstadt, and its transport association (Verkehrs-Gemeinschaft Landkreis Freudenstadt (VGS)).

History

Construction of the Eutingen–Horb section (1874)

Württemberg completed the section from Eutingen to connect to the Upper Neckar Railway (Obere Neckarbahn) in Horb on 1 June 1874. However, the aim was not to connect Horb via the Gäu and Böblingen to Stuttgart. Rather, the Royal Württemberg State Railways established the Nagold Valley Railway, a connection between Pforzheim and Horb, the completion of which made Horb a railway junction in 1874. However, the Royal Württemberg State Railways initially did not attempt to build a much shorter direct connection from Stuttgart to Horb because the gradients seemed too difficult to overcome.

Construction of the Stuttgart–Eutingen section (1879)

On 22 March 1873, the state of Württemberg legislated the creation of a railway between Stuttgart, via Herrenberg and Eutingen, to Freudenstadt, closing the gap between Stuttgart and Eutingen.  In the discussions prior to the passage of this law, the term Gäubahn was used for the first time to label the section Stuttgart–Freudenstadt, and the term would later become the name for the entire line between Stuttgart and Singen.  In November of the same year, construction on the technically challenging railway began in Stuttgart, led by the Württemberg engineer Georg Morlok. The route on the hillside was complicated, it required inclines of up to 1:52, bank engines in front and behind trains to Stuttgart-West, a large number of tunnels and deep cuts, the 430 metre-long and 39 metre-high Vogelsang embankment and the 42 metre-high Ziegelklingen embankment. A total of 1,600,000 cubic metres of earth were moved. The section to Vaihingen was the most expensive of the entire route, which cost a total of 31 million marks.

Much of the labour recruited by Morlok came from Italy. Construction went well: During the winter 1877/78, the line had already reached Herrenberg.  On 20 August 1879, after a trial run from Stuttgart to Freudenstadt, the Royal Württemberg State Railways officially opened this section on 2 September 1879, in the presence of Georg Morlok, the president of Württemberg Hermann von Mittnacht, the mayor of Stuttgart Gottlob Friedrich von Hack, and many other dignitaries. The construction of this section shortened the distance between Stuttgart via Horb and Tuttlingen to Immendingen by 35 kilometers, and cut the trip time by 1 to 2 hours.

From regional to long-distance railway (1879–1919)

The Stuttgart–Horb–Tuttlingen–Immendingen line was primarily of regional significance at this time. The terminus of all long-distance travel was Immendingen. By the end of the 19th century trip times were becoming quite a bit shorter, to the point where the trip between Tuttlingen and Stuttgart had been cut down to only 3 hours in 1897, 4 to 5 hours less than in the 1870s. Starting in 1900, 3 daily express long-distance trains traversed the line. Around the turn of the century, the Royal Württemberg State Railways mostly used the steam locomotives of the class Württemberg AD for their express service, which were in turn replaced by the class Württemberg C during World War I. The class Württemberg T 5 was used for regional service. Possibly the most famous passenger on this line, Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Russian Revolution, travelled from Zurich via Stuttgart to Petrograd in a special train on 9 April 1917.

The Royal Württemberg State Railways started to lay a second track alongside the originally single-track railway on short sections of the line in the 1880s and 1890s. In 1886, the first section to be made into a twin-track line was the 4.4-kilometer-long piece between Horb am Neckar and Eutingen im Gäu.  In 1895, the 8.6-kilometer-long section between Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof and Stuttgart West received a second track and this was as extended as far as Böblingen from 22 November 1905.

The 1.2-kilometer connecting curve between Stuttgart North (Nordbahnhof) and the Stuttgart–Horb railway was opened on 1 November 1895. An initially planned connection line between Zuffenhausen and Stuttgart West was not realised. Traffic between Stuttgart and Böblingen increased from 16 trains (1890/91) to 32 trains in the winter of 1902/03.

In the period between World War I and World War II, the transport infrastructure in Germany received numerous improvements.  On 22 October 1922, the new main station in Stuttgart (Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof) was officially opened.  This removed the chokepoint at the terminus of the line and enabled the expansion of the capacity of rail traffic. Deutsche Reichsbahn altered the route taken by the line in the centre of Stuttgart to Eckartshaldenweg,  avoiding Stuttgart North station, in autumn 1922.

In the 1920s, the Free People's State of Württemberg, as Württemberg was known during the Weimar Republic, undertook to expand the single-track lines constructed in the 19th century. The goal was to enable rail traffic from Berlin to Switzerland and Italy to utilise not just the railways in the neighbouring territories of Baden and Bavaria, but also the tracks owned by Württemberg.  In addition, the Reichswehr had an interest in a high-capacity rail connection between Berlin and the southwestern border, which, particularly after the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918, was not as close to the French border as the Rhine Valley Railway from Mannheim to Basel, and would not be as easy to disrupt in the event of war. The occupation of the city of Offenburg by French troops in 1923 reinforced the desire for an effective and efficient alternative route.

As part of the expansion of the line, the Reichsbahn also expanded Horb am Neckar station, and replaced the old Eutingen station building with a large new building.

The expansions during the 1920s and 1930s resulted in great improvements in the service schedule on the Gäubahn.  Express trains travelled from Berlin via Erfurt, Würzburg, Stuttgart, Zurich, and Milan all the way to Rome. The last peacetime schedule in 1939 showed 3 express trains from Berlin to Italy, even though not all of the trains continued from Milan to Rome. In addition there was express service between Berlin and Lucerne as well as between Stuttgart and Konstanz. Travel time between Stuttgart and Singen was cut to 2 hours and 41 minutes in 1933, and the regional and local service schedules also saw marked improvements.

As was true prior to the railway expansion, and since World War I, the Württemberg class C steam locomotives were used in express service. After the construction of the connecting curve from Tuttlingen to Hattingen, the Prussian P 10 which assumed the lead on these trains.  The Württemberg class C was reassigned to manage the regional and local service traffic. The class Württemberg T 5 was also still seen, but was replaced by 1933 by the DRG Class 24. The Prussian P 8 had already been used since 1920 between Horb and Immendingen. For freight service, the Prussian G 12 as well as the Württemberg K were used. Starting in 1924, the Reichsbahn began to assign the Prussian G 10 to short-distance freight service, and between 1936 and 1938, the DRG Class 86 saw use in the same capacity.

During World War II, passenger service was reduced in favour of the rather more significant freight traffic. Axis partner Italy received coal shipments from Upper Silesia using freight trains on the line. It lost much of its military freight significance in the North-South corridor with the German attack on the Soviet Union, and many of the newer locomotives, especially the Prussian P 10, were relocated by the Reichsbahn to eastern Europe, while passenger trains on the line again saw the use of the Württemberg C locomotive.

War damage, dismantlement and diesel operation (1945–1962)

Until February 1945, the Gäubahn did not suffer much damage during World War II, with the exception of aerial bombardment in 1944/45, which caused severe damage to the stations in Herrenberg and Horb am Neckar.  This damage only disrupted traffic in the short term. More significant was the damage caused by German troops in April 1945, when several bridges were blown up between Stuttgart and Böblingen, stopping train traffic altogether shortly before the end of the war. Also in April 1945, American and French troops occupied southwestern Germany, which meant that the section of the line between Bondorf and Stuttgart fell into the American zone of occupation, while the section between Ergenzingen and Horb was assigned to the French zone. It was not until 13 August 1946 that the railway was opened again for through traffic.

France insisted on its right to reparations, unlike the United States of America, and  in 1946 dismantled the second track between Horb and Tuttlingen, which had only been laid a few years before. Ever since, the Gäubahn is twin-tracked only between Stuttgart and Horb, as well as between Hattingen and Singen. The border between the American and French zones was responsible for the lack of through-traffic between Stuttgart and Singen, which did not resume until 1948. Compared to the heyday of the line at the end of the 1930s, the service schedule was severely reduced, and did not reach the same level as before the war until the end of the 1950s. The service to and from Berlin, for which the line had been expanded in the time between the wars, was not resumed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn, and the traffic corridor Berlin–Erfurt–Würzburg–Stuttgart–Zürich had lost its significance due to the separation of East Germany and West Germany.

Starting in the 1950s, the Bundesbahn extended some of the express trains between Zurich and Stuttgart to Hamburg. Also, express service was reinstated between Stuttgart and Italy, largely due to the influx of guest workers from Italy into Baden-Württemberg at the end of the decade. These trains primarily saw the use of the Prussian P 10 and the Prussian P 8. Between 1958 and the middle of the 1970s, diesel locomotives of the class DB Class V 100 and DB Class V 200 replaced the steam locomotives on the Gäubahn, with the DB Class V 200.1 being used for freight service.

Electrification
The Bundesbahn electrified the section between Stuttgart and Böblingen in 1963, with the goal of reducing travel time in local service trains in the Stuttgart area.  The section Böblingen–Horb was converted to electric operation in 1974, followed by Böblingen–Horb section in 1977.

The 150 metre-long Kaufwald tunnel was converted into a cutting in nine months in the run-up to electrification in 1958/1959 with single-track operation. The cutting required the removal of 170,000 cubic metres of overburden.

After the section between Böblingen und Stuttgart was electrified in 1963, initially it was locomotives of the DRG class E 17, DB Class 141, DRG Class E 44, and DRB Class ET 55, which saw service.  These were then replaced with DRG Class ET 25, DB Class ET 27, and DRG Class ET 65 by 1969.  After 1974, and the electrification of the Böblingen–Horb section, the Bundesbahn used the DB Class E 10 for regional service on the line and used the same locomotive for express service after 1977.  For freight service, the Bundesbahn initially relied on the DB Class E 50 and DRG Class E 93, switching to the DB Class 151 in the 1980s, then the DB Class E 40 starting in 1988; since 1993, it has been the DB Class 143 responsible for freight service.

Integration into the S-Bahn network
In 1985, the section between Stuttgart and Böblingen was incorporated into the network of the Stuttgart S-Bahn.  Since then, S-Bahn services run from Stuttgart Hbf on the Verbindungsbahn (connection line), which is entirely underground in the centre of the city, and which meets up with the Stuttgart–Horb railway at Stuttgart Österfeld station. The Verbindungsbahn cuts down the trip distance of the S-Bahn by 5.5 kilometers, and puts the University of Stuttgart into the rail network, while regional and long-distance trains still use the old line, but Stuttgart West station lost its passenger service in 1985. In the run-up to the integration into the S-Bahn network, Goldberg station was opened in 1982. It is named after a residential area in Sindelfingen, but it is actually in Böblingen.

On 5 December 1992, the Deutsche Bundesbahn extended the S1 line of the Stuttgart S-Bahn from Böblingen to Herrenberg, thus significantly improving local transport between the Korngäu region and the state capital. For this purpose, Hulb station was put into operation on 8 December 1990 in Böblingen, opening up the extensive industrial area there.

New long-distance and local service (since 1990)

By 1991, the number of express trains on the line increased to eight daily trains, with five of those continuing on past Zurich to the cities of Milan, Genoa, and Lecce or Naples.  On the other hand, traffic to the north was largely eliminated; for example, just a single express trains traveled on to Nuremberg at the time.  The trip between Stuttgart and Singen now took exactly two hours, and was made by locomotives of the DB Class 110 and DB Class 181.  Starting in 1993, the Deutsche Bundesbahn, and, from 1994, the privatised Deutsche Bahn AG, attempted to shorten express trip times even further.  To achieve this goal, the Gäubahn saw test runs  of the Italian Pendolino, as well as the Swedish X 2000. Between 1993 and 1995, two trains of the EuroCity service type replaced some of the traditional express trains on the line. For a short time, TEE-RABe trains of the Swiss Federal Railways were in use, which cut the trip time between Stuttgart and Singen to 1 hour and 50 minutes.

On 1 March 1998, two tilting trains of the type ETR 470, owned by the Swiss firm Cisalpino AG, replaced some express service trains, since German tilting technology trains were not available for service yet. This replacement did not initially result in shorter trip times. In 1999, the DB AG radically altered long-distance traffic on the Gäubahn, and stopped, with one exception, using locomotive-powered trains altogether. For the first time, trains of the type DB AG Class 415 with tilting technology were used on the line, and these trains, together with the Cisalpino, made up the bulk of long-distance trains.  This resulted in a trip time of 1 hour and 44 minutes between Stuttgart and Singen. The Cisalpini were responsible for the traffic between Stuttgart and Milan, while the ICE trains carried the load between Stuttgart and Zurich; the through traffic between Stuttgart via Genoa to Naples was eliminated.  In 2005, the last locomotive-powered express train, the so-called IC Insubria, was also removed.  One year later, in December 2006, the Cisalpino service was stopped, eliminating direct connections to Italy, and making the ICE the only long-distance carrier on the Gäubahn.

From December 2006, ICE T sets composed of five-car sets (class 415), were replaced by seven-car sets (class 411) for ICE services.

After problems with vehicle availability and delays, ICE operations on the Stuttgart–Zurich route were discontinued on 21 March 2010 and replaced by intercity trains with Swiss Federal Railways carriages. Long-distance traffic was then operated solely with rolling stock from the Swiss Federal Railways until 2017. The ICE T would only be used again when they were allowed to travel at high speeds again, which ultimately did not happen. The Swiss Federal Railways had previously opposed attempts by Deutsche Bahn to use rolling stock from former Interregio services on the international line. In spring 2012, at a European timetable conference, Deutsche Bahn spoke out in favour of ending long-distance traffic between Stuttgart and Zurich, but failed again due to resistance from the Swiss Federal Railways.

Operations

Long-distance traffic
Until the 2017/2018 timetable change, long-distance services only ran every two hours. Böblingen was not served from 2004 to 2013.

Since December 2017, Deutsche Bahn IC2 trains have been running alternately with SBB sets. This results in an hourly cycle, with the SBB trains only stopping in Böblingen, and the IC2 trains also stopping in Herrenberg, Gäufelden and Bondorf. Since then, local transport tickets have also been valid on long-distance trains. Because their class 146.5 and 147 locomotives were not approved for use in Switzerland, these journeys ended in Singen. At the edge of the day, a pair of trains also runs from or to Radolfzell. As of December 2022, DB has operated KISS multiple units with Swiss approval until the IC2 can be used in Switzerland.

Regional traffic
The addition ICE services added in 2017 replaced the Regional-Express (RE) services between Stuttgart and Singen, which had run every two hours. The  RE) services between Stuttgart and Rottweil still run every two hours. These trains are split or joined in Eutingen.  Going south, one half runs over the Eutingen im Gäu–Schiltach railway to Freudenstadt and the other half continues to Rottweil. Going north, these two halves are combined in Eutingen for the trip into Stuttgart.  There is an hourly regional service between Stuttgart and Rottweil, since the IC trains can be used with local transport tickets. Since the changeover of the two-houlyr RE to IC2, Ergenzingen and Eutingen im Gäu have only been served every two hours from the direction of Stuttgart without having to change trains. When IC2 trains are running, trips on the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn to Bondorf serve these stops.

In 2004, the DB AG changed the train configuration on the Stuttgart–Singen route  from the locomotive-hauled trains with Silberling coaches to the new DBAG Class 425 electrical multiple unit trains, which were occasionally replaced by locomotive-powered trains of the class 146, with double-decker coaches, starting in 2006. The use of class 425 sets has been greatly reduced on the Stuttgart–Singen route.

The section between Stuttgart and Herrenberg is integrated into the Stuttgart S-Bahn network. The S 1 service runs from Herrenberg to Stuttgart-Österfeld, where the train leaves the Stuttgart–Horb and travels underground via the Verbindungsbahn to Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof. From there, the S 1 service utilises the Fils Valley Railway as far as Plochingen, before branching off to Kirchheim unter Teck the terminus of the S 1 route.  The DBAG Class 423 is used on this route.  The S-Bahn is also managed by the Deutsche Bahn AG, and runs every 30 minutes, except during the peak hour during the work week, where trains are available every 15 minutes.  Between Herrenberg and Eutingen (some of these trains only go to Bondorf), DB AG also runs RegionalBahn trains every hour under the week, whose schedules are synchronized with the S-Bahn trains.  In addition, during the work week, a train owned by the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft travels between Freudenstadt, Eutingen, and Herrenberg, where it connects to the S-Bahn.

Freight traffic
The Gäubahn is again becoming a significant railway in terms of international freight traffic, particularly as an alternative to the heavily traveled Rhine Valley Railway, primarily as a transit route.  With the exception of the connecting line to the industrial area of Böblingen-Hulb, no freight is processed for shipment directly on the line.  Railion trains travel primarily from the large shunting station near Kornwestheim to St. Margrethen in Switzerland, and go around Stuttgart Hbf.  This was accomplished until the 1970s via the Prag Tunnel, Stuttgart-West station and a connecting curve, but has been handled since the opening of the Stuttgart S-Bahn by running freight trains via the Rankbach Railway (Rankbachbahn) from Kornwestheim via Leonberg to Böblingen and the Stuttgart–Horb railway. Class 185 locomotives are used mostly.

Plans for the future

As part of the Stuttgart 21 project, it is intended to build a bypass of the tunnel-rich and steep section of the Stuttgart–Horb railway in the centre of Stuttgart. It is intended that trains on the line uses the new tunnel from Stuttgart Hbf as far as Stuttgart Airport, where it would meet the new Wendlingen–Ulm high-speed railway. Under early plans, Stuttgart–Horb trains would have connected to Stuttgart Flughafen/Messe station and continued to/from the airport towards Böblingen, taking the existing S-Bahn tracks to Stuttgart-Rohr, where they would have connected to the existing Stuttgart–Horb railway via a new Rohr connecting curve. According to the rail lobby group Pro Bahn, this new line would have extended the distance to Böblingen by 4.4 kilometres and have lengthened the trip for a Regional-Express train by five minutes.  For regional and long-distance trains from Horb, this new line would have shortened the trip to the airport and no longer required a change of trains.

The route via Rohr has now been abandoned and planning is continuing using an alternative route, the Pfaffensteig Tunnel, which would be realised as a direct link from the Stuttgart–Horb route to the airport. This should merge towards Böblingen at kilometre 22. In this context, the line is to be rebuilt between route kilometres 21 and 24 (Goldberg). For the integration of the tunnel, the line is to be shifted to the north over a length of around 800 m and a flyover structure is to be built.

See also
 History of the railway in Württemberg

References

Footnotes

Sources

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Swabian Jura
Railway lines opened in 1866
1866 establishments in Germany
19th-century establishments in Württemberg
Rail transport in Stuttgart
Buildings and structures in Böblingen (district)
Buildings and structures in Tübingen (district)
Buildings and structures in Freudenstadt (district)
Rottweil (district)
Tuttlingen (district)
Buildings and structures in Konstanz (district)
Stuttgart S-Bahn


Strittmatter is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Erwin Strittmatter (1912–1994), German writer
Eva Strittmatter (1930–2011), German poet and wife of Erwin Strittmatter
Mark Strittmatter (born 1969), American baseball player and coach
Rolf Strittmatter (born 1955), Swiss bobsledder

See also
99070 Strittmatter, an asteroid

German-language surnames


Raiskums Parish () is a territorial unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 Administrative territorial reform it was part of Cēsis District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Raiskums Parish
Raiskums

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Stalbe Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. The administrative center is Stalbe.

Towns, villages and settlements of Stalbe Parish
 Stalbe
 Rozula

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Straupe Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia (Prior to 2009, it was an administrative unit of Cēsis District). The administrative center is the village of Plācis.

Towns, villages and settlements of Straupe parish
 Brasla
 Mazstraupe
  - parish administrative center
 Pušpūri
 Straupe
 Strautiņi

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Keith Jackson (1928–2018) was an American sportscaster.

Keith Jackson may also refer to:
Keith Jackson (defensive tackle) (born 1985), American football player
Keith Jackson (tight end) (born 1965), American football player, father of the previous
Keith Jackson (physicist) (born 1953), American physicist


Sean B. Williams (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. Williams was born in Oshawa, Ontario. As a youth, he played in the 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Oshawa. He played two games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1991–92 season. Williams was a twelfth round draft pick of the Blackhawks in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. He spent the majority of his career, which lasted from 1988 to 196, with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Chicago Blackhawks players
HC Gardena players
Indianapolis Ice players
Minnesota Moose players
Oshawa Generals players
Saginaw Hawks players
Ice hockey people from Oshawa


Broad Creek may refer to the following locations:

Rivers
Broad Creek (Nanticoke River tributary), a stream in Sussex County, Delaware
Broad Creek (Bogue Sound),  North Carolina, US
Broad Creek (South Australia), flows into Barker Inlet, South Australia
Broad Creek (Susquehanna River), Maryland, US

Other places
 Broad Creek Hundred, Delaware, US
 Broad Creek, Maryland, a former town on Kent Island, Md, US
 Broad Creek Memorial Scout Reservation, US
 Broad Creek, North Carolina, US
 Broad Creek, Prince George's County, Maryland, US
Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries, Maryland, US

See also
Broad River (disambiguation)


A group of metabolites derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.

References

Alpha-Amino acids


PLATINUM BOX II is a DVD + VHS box set, released by Japanese singer Gackt on December 21, 2001. It contain 8 Music videos on the DVD, and a compilation of behind-the-scenes footage on the VHS.

DVD Content
 Mizérable
 Vanilla
 Mirror
 OASIS
 Seki-ray ()
 Saikai 〜Story〜 ()
 Secret Garden
 Kimi no Tameni Dekiru Koto ()

VHS Content
 Recollections (behind-the-scenes footage)

References

2001 video albums
Gackt video albums
Music video compilation albums
2001 compilation albums


Rauna Parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia (Prior to 2009, it belonged to the former Cēsis District). The administrative center is the village of Rauna.

Towns, villages and settlements of Rauna parish
 Bormaņi
 Cimza
 Gaiķi
 Kauliņi
 Ķieģeļceplis
 Lisa
 Marijkalns
 Mūri
 Rauna
 Rozes
 Strīķeļi
 Stuķi
 Vieķi

See also
 Jānis Cimze
 Rauna Castle

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality
Vidzeme


Skujene parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia (Prior to 2009, it was part of the former Cēsis District). The administrative center is Skujene.

Towns, villages and settlements of Skujene Parish
 Ģērķēni
 Kosa
 Māļi
 Pērkoņi
 Sērmūkši
 Skujene
 Vecskujene

See also
 Sērmūkši Manor

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Taurene Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is one of the 21 parishes in this municipality. Before the administrative reform of 2009, Taurene Parish was part of the former Cēsis District. Taurene is located in a hilly region. Land use consists mostly of agriculture, forests and lakes. The regional road P30 runs through Taureme.

Towns, villages and settlements
Hamlets in Taurene Parish are:

Andreni
Banuzi
Brezgis
Jeruzi
Lodes Muiza
Mezrijas
Nekins
Runtes
Taurene
Zalkalns

Lakes and rivers
The Gauja river flows through Taurene. A number of lakes are located in Taurene parish:

Banuzu
Brenkuzu
Dabaru
Daboru
Ilzes Lodes
Kalenites
Rijas
Stupenu
Taurenes
Zelleskaina

Tourism
The Nekina Manor is located in Nekins.

In Taurene the Dutch environmental organization ARK is involved in a natural grazing project. In 2008 ARK introduced a herd of Konik horses to a privately owned piece of land. In 2012 seven of the horses of this herd were moved to a new grazing project in Ranka.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Vaive Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia (prior to 2009 - of Cēsis District). Its administrative center is .

The population in 2021 was 1,328.

Before 1925, Vaive Parish was called Veismaņi Parish. It was a part of Cēsu apriņķis.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vaive parish

Ģūģeri
Eicēni
Kaupēni
Krīvi
Lielmaņi
Mežmaļi
Pinderes
Pūtēji
Rāmuļi
Rāmuļu muiža (Rāmuļi Manor)
Vaive
Veismaņi

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Vecpiebalga Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality  in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is one of the 21 parishes in this municipality. Before the administrative reform of 2021, Vecpiebalga Parish was one of the 5 parishes in the former Vecpiebalga Municipality. Before the administrative reform of 2009, Vecpiebalga Parish was one of the 21 parishes in the former Cēsis District. The territory of Vecpiebalga Parish Municipality is defined by law as a part of the region of Vidzeme.

Vecpiebalga Parish is the birthplace of the writers Reinis Kaudzīte, Matīss Kaudzīte and Kārlis Skalbe.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vecpiebalga Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


The Republic of Poland and the Republic of Belarus established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1992. Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence. Both countries share a border and have shared histories, for they have been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and later, the Russian Empire. They joined the United Nations together in October 1945 as original members. The two countries are currently engaged in a border crisis.

Cultural relations between the two are quite friendly but diplomatic relations between the two countries are currently very strained. Poland is a member of NATO and the European Union, and has an anti-Russian stance, whereas Belarus has long been firmly pro-Russia, and as such, the separate paths by default impair the positive bilateral relationship (see Russia–European Union relations). In August 2011, the arrest of Ales Bialiatski using information from Poland led to a harsh war of words between the two countries. However, in February 2017 some tensions arose between Belarus and Russia over border controls, and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko expressed indignation at Russia's behaviour.

Relations between the two countries have since significantly deteriorated. In the lead-up to and during the 2020 Belarusian presidential election, a number of anti-government protests took place across the country. Belarusian authorities employed various methods of violent political crackdown, consisting of various humans rights violations; Poland strongly condemned the measures. Following Lukashenko's alleged victory for a sixth term, the European Council on 19 August decided that the elections were neither free nor fair, therefore do not recognize the results. Poland and Lithuania became two of the first countries to officially back the Belarusian opposition. Angered by this posturing, Lukashenko claimed that Belarus had closed its EU borders and had deployed additional guards and troops. In August 2021, following a sudden influx of refugees coming from Belarus, Poland deployed 15,000 troops to guard the eastern frontier with Belarus. A standoff ensued between both armies, border guards and refugees caught in between. Poland had accused Belarus of engaging in hybrid warfare, to which Poland was accused of pushing back migrants by force. By 2022, Poland had finalized the construction of a state border barrier between the two countries. In the same year, a number of Home Army monuments in Belarus were purposely destroyed. [citation needed]

Geography
Belarus and Poland share a common border (~418 km long) which is the European Union external border, which also splits the primeval Białowieża Forest between Belarusian and Polish national parks.

Poles make up 3.9% of the population of Belarus according to the 1999 Belarus Census. There were 48,700 Belarusians in Poland according to the Polish census of 2002. Both minorities represent autochthonous populations of the region and are officially recognised by their host governments.

Modern history

2020 Belarusian protests

Amidst the 2020 Belarusian protests and Polish and Western calls for a renewed election, declaring the 2020 Belarusian presidential election invalid, Belarus deployed troops near Eastern Poland.

After the forceful suppression of Belarusian protests, the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya  fled the country to Poland, then to Lithuania. The Polish government has allotted a villa in the Praga-Południe district of Warsaw for 10 years to be used by the Belarusian opposition. It has also given refuge to opposition leader Valery Tsepkalo. Polish Prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki has promised to provide help to the opposition, which angered president Lukashenko and his allies. Poland is also hosting the Belarusian news channel Nexta, which has played a key part in organizing the protests. The Morawiecki government has promised to give 11 million euros to Belarusian civil society and independent media.

Belarus–EU border crisis

In January 2022 Poland started building a 5.5-meter (18 foot) high steel wall topped with barbed wire along the 187 km Belarus border, which was completed in June 2022.

Fallout of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 6 July 2022, scant months after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine caused the announcement by the Morawiecki government of a major increase in funding for the Polish armed forces, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Belarus noticed that Poland "has already repeatedly displayed its imperial ambitions and, with a support from the [US] White House, positions itself as a leader, not only in Eastern, but in Central Europe as well." Major-General Ruslan Kosygin continued: "The territory of Poland, as well as the Baltic countries, is turning into a polygon, where the USA plans to unleash another bloody conflict in Europe against the Russian Federation and its allies." He was concerned about "attempts by individual Polish politicians to initiate the return of the so-called Polish ancestral lands, which means the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus."

In 2022, Polish places of national remembrance were devastated or destroyed in Belarus, incl. Home Army monument in Stryjewka, Home Army soldiers' quarters in Mikulishki, cemetery in Surkanty, Home Army graves and commemorations in Bogdany (Yewlashy), Bobravichy, Vialikija Yodkavichy, Vawkavysk, Dyndylishki, Kachychy, Iwye, Pieskawtsy, Ashmyany and Plebanishki.

On 10 October 2022, the Polish government recommended Polish citizens leave Belarus with available commercial and private means as the relationship between the two countries has become increasingly tense. The Polish government also claims the Polish minority in Belarus is experiencing increasing repression from the state, including the imprisonment of some community leaders.

Violation of Polish airspace
On 1 August 2023, a Belarusian Mi-8 and an Mi-24 helicopter, reportedly flew just over 3 kilometers over Polish territory, reaching the town of Białowieża before turning back and flying over the village of Grudki. Initially, the Polish Ministry of National Defence denied the claims. A few days before this, Poland stated that they'd send more troops to the border, after Belarus taunted Poland over Russians Wagner group.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Belarus has an embassy in Warsaw, a consulate-general in Białystok and a consulate in Biała Podlaska.
 Poland has an embassy in Minsk and consulates-general in Brest and in Grodno.

See also
 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis
 Polish-Belarusian ethnic conflict
 Belarus–Poland border
 Foreign relations of Belarus
 Foreign relations of Poland

References

External links

Poland
Bilateral relations of Poland


Veselava Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Veselava Parish
  - parish administrative center
 Bērzkrogs - town
 Pauļi - village
 Mežgaļi - village
 Stirnas - village
 Zeikariv - village

References

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Augüera'l Coutu is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Its altitude is  above sea level.

Villages
Augüera'l Coutu
Cieḷḷa
Casería
Los Chanos del Coutu
Ḷḷubeiru
Penas
Ratu
Santiagu de Penas

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


3,3',5-Triiodothyronamine is a thyronamine.

References

Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Thyroid


Indian School, Ras Al- Khaimah is an English-medium  school situated in Nakheel, Ras al-Khaimah. Founded in 1979 it  is  managed  by  the  Indian  Association. The school is recognised by the Ministry of Education of the United Arab Emirates and affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in New Delhi. It has adopted the same syllabus as the Central Schools Organization and prepares students for the All India Secondary School Examination and Senior School Certificate Examination of the CBSE, New Delhi (India).

Classes
The school offers classes from Lower Kindergarten (LKG) to the 12th grade. The school offers a computer lab and science labs as well as a library.

Uniform
Boys
 LKG  and  UKG regular uniform is white  sh, navy blue shorts, school  ID card, black shoes  and  white  socks. Navy blue cardigan  during  winter
 PT uniform is white  shirt,  white  shorts and white  shoes. White  cardigan  during  winter.
Boys
 STD  I  to  XII regular uniform is white  shirt (full sleeves for 8th and above), navy blue tie, navy blue trousers, school ID card, black shoes  and  white  socks. Navy blue sweater  during  winter.
 PT uniform is white shirt, white  pants, white  canvas  shoes and  white  socks. White  sweater  during  winter.

Girls:
 LKG  to  STD III regular uniform is white  shirt, navy blue tie, navy blue pinafore and school ID card, black  shoes and white  socks. Navy blue cardigan during  winter.
 PT uniform is white shirt, white pinafore, white shoes and white socks. White  cardigan during  winter.
Girls
 STD  I  to  XII regular uniform is white shirt (full sleeves for 8th and above), navy blue tie, navy blue pinafore, white Pajama, school ID card, black shoes and white socks. Navy blue cardigan during  winter.
 PT uniform is white shirt, white pinafore, white pajama, white canvas shoes and white socks. White  cardigan  during  winter.

Note: STD VIII to XII - white shirt with full sleeves.

External links
 Indian School-Ras Al Khaimah

Educational institutions established in 1979
Indian international schools in the United Arab Emirates
1979 establishments in the United Arab Emirates
Schools in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah


Zaube Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. The administrative centre is Zaube.

Towns, villages and settlements of Zaube Parish
 Annas
 Bērzs
 Kliģene
 Zaube

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


Zosēni Parish () is an administrative unit of Cēsis Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 it was part of the former Cēsis District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Zosēni parish
  - parish administrative center

Parishes of Latvia
Cēsis Municipality
Vidzeme


St Augustine's RC High School is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school located in Billington, Lancashire, England.

History

The school opened in 1963 originally intaking 450 pupils. It is now the largest Roman Catholic high school in its LEA.

St Augustine's won the DfES School Achievement Award for both 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. It was the only high school in Lancashire to be awarded Beacon status in 2002. In 2003 it became one of the first Leading Edge Schools in England and one of Lancashire’s first three Specialist Science Colleges. In 2008, it achieved High Performing Specialist College status and was also awarded Specialist Languages College status.

Previously a voluntary aided school administered by Lancashire County Council, in December 2022 St Augustine's converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by the Romero Catholic Academy Trust, but continues to be under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford.

Curriculum

Curriculum at KS3

Curriculum at KS4
Every student must take maths and English along with either Double Award Science, or separate sciences. These are allocated 3 slots per week. Although St Augustines is a specialist language college, learning a language is not obligatory. Pupils must select more courses in order to fill the time table. Each non-core subject takes up 2 periods per week on the time table.

Lessons
There are many different subjects taught at St Augustine's. In year 9, options are taken for pupils to choose their own subjects. All subjects are taken in years 7-9.
English - split into English language and English literature in year 10.
Mathematics
Science - in year 9 pupils can opt for 'triple science' (biology, chemistry and physics) or 'science' (a grouping of all three)
Modern foreign languages - split into French and Spanish.
Art
Resistant materials
Electronics
Textiles
Food technology
Graphic design
Music
Information computer technology (ICT)
History - splits into pre 20th century and 20th century at year 9
Geography
Drama
Religious education
Physical education
PHSE

At GCSE level, pupils can also have 'study periods', which are free periods to catch up on work.

Also year 8 now take options they choose one subject (music, drama, P.E and technology subjects) and all pupils must take one language (French or Spanish)

Attainment

Notable former pupils
David Dunn, footballer
Michael Bisping, professional mixed martial artist

References

External links
St Augustine's official website

Schools in Ribble Valley
Catholic secondary schools in the Diocese of Salford
Secondary schools in Lancashire
Educational institutions established in 1963
1963 establishments in England
Academies in Lancashire


The Mamyshev 2R regenerator is an all-optical regenerator used in optical communications.
In 1998, Pavel V. Mamyshev of Bell Labs proposed and patented the use of the self-phase modulation (SPM) for
single channel optical pulse reshaping and re-amplification. More recent applications target the field of ultrashort high peak-power pulse generation.

2R regenerator design
The schematic of the conventional Mamyshev regenerator is shown below. A High-Power Erbium doped fiber amplifier (HP-EDFA) boosts the incoming signal to the power (Pm) required for optimal peak power equalization of the ‘one’ symbols. This amplifier can be followed by an optical bandpass filter (not shown in the figure) in order to reject out of band amplified spontaneous emission.

The self-phase modulation-induced spectral broadening is generated in a single-mode optical fiber with a length . The chromatic dispersion of this fiber is normal and its value is D. The nonlinear coefficient is , and the linear losses are . Several types of fibers have been successfully tested : non-zero dispersion-shifted fibers, highly nonlinear silica fibers (HNLF), microstructured silica fibers, chalcogenide fibers or tellurite fibers.

At the fiber output, an optical bandpass filter (OBPF) with a FWHM spectral width , (defined such that the pulse width at the output is the same as that at the input of the system), is spectrally offset by an amount  with respect to the input signal carrier wavelength  and is used to carve into the broadened spectrum - thereby acting as a pulse reshaper.

This is the unit configuration, which may be repeated for higher accuracy of the regeneration.

It has been shown possible to advantageously replace the nonlinear fiber by a highly-nonlinear chalcogenide waveguide, therefore opening the way to all-integrated photonic chip regeneration.

Principle of operation and design

The Mamyshev regenerator can handle return-to-zero signals with ultrahigh data bit rates. Indeed, thanks to the quasi-instantaneous response of the nonlinear Kerr effect, this regenerator does not suffer from the finite recover time of some saturable absorbers.

The interest of the Mamyshev regenerator lies in its ability to regenerate simultaneously the 'ones' and 'zeros' bit of information.

The key effect affecting the pulse evolution in the regenerator is the self-phase modulation that broadens the spectrum in proportion to the intensity of the initial optical pulse. Combined with an output frequency offset OBPF, this constitutes an efficient ultrafast thresholder. In more details, low intensity pulses or noise do not broaden significantly and fall outside of the off-centered BPF and hence the output for the noisy 0's in the data stream are reduced to the zero floor. On the contrary, for the 1's data pulses the intensity is sufficiently strong to broaden the spectra by SPM, and a significant portion of the spectrum falls into the OBPF passband, leading to a generation of the output 1's pulse.

For a careful design of the regenerator and an appropriate combination of filter parameter (spectral offset and bandwidth) / fiber parameter (length, dispersion and nonlinearity values), a reduction of amplitude fluctuations can also be achieved, leading to power equalization of the  pulse stream.

The modelling results for the 2R regenerator are shown with the article. In Figure 1, the upper panel shows regenerated pulse from the input (lower panel) for the Mamyshev 2R regenerator. The noisy 1's pulses are boosted to same power levels in the output, while the 0's pulses are reduced to the noise floor.

An important property of a Mamyshev regenerator is its transfer function that links the output peak power to the input peak power. For an efficient operation and power equalization, this transfer function should exhibit a marked plateau at the 1's power level. Example of a transfer function is provided Figure 2.

The spectral operations of broadening, filtering and regeneration about the central wavelength are shown in Figure 3.

In the design of this nonlinear regenerator, care should be given to avoid the consequences of deleterious Brillouin backscattering as well as pulse to pulse interaction leading to patterning effects in the output sequence.

Mamyshev regenerator - Variants
Due to the spectral filtering process, the regenerated pulse is intrinsically shifted from the original frequency. This can be beneficial if wavelength conversion is to be achieved simultaneously the regeneration and therefore channel switching can be considered. However, if one wants to recover an output signal having the initial wavelength, an option of applying another regeneration with the BPF center frequency placed at the original channel center frequency allows to overcome this problem. This can be done in a single fiber using a bidirectional propagation in the nonlinear fiber.

Multichannel 2R Regeneration
The Mamyshev regenerator in its standard configuration is limited to single-wavelength operation in order to prevent from cross-phase modulation (XPM) effects from adjacent channels. Several schemes have been proposed to extend its region of operation to multichannel regime.

In their work on Four-wave mixing (FWM) compensation by using a HLNF and its XPM, Michael Vasilyev and co-workers have proposed, and demonstrated up to 12-channel optical regeneration in 10Gbit/s systems.

In other work, taking advantage of counter-propagating scheme, double wavelength regeneration has been demonstrated. The number of channels that can be handled has been increased up to four thanks to polarization multiplexing.

Efficient all-optical regeneration based on Mamyshev device has been demonstrated at various repetition rates : 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s and up to 160 Gbit/s.

The Mamyshev regenerator may suffer from a poor yield : the spectral filtering of the expanded spectrum induces high intrinsic energy loss. In order to compensate those losses, distributed Raman amplification can be involved.

3R regeneration
The 2R regeneration can be combined with an additional stage of regeneration to provide 3R regeneration.

Mamyshev technique has also been used for OCDMA transmission and it has been proposed to use the Mamyshev setup in the framework of optical performance monitoring.
The reshaping features of the Mamyshev regenerator have also been combined with a polarization attraction process that enables to simultaneously regenerate thepolarization state and the intensity profile of degraded pulse streams.

High peak power ultrashort pulse generation
The potential applications of Mamyshev regenerators are not restricted to the field of optical telecommunications. This technique has also been found beneficial in the field of ultrashort and high peak power pulse generation. Indeed, the background improvement  and reshaping features of Mamyshev regenerators have opened new perspectives to the use of gain switched lasers and have allowed subpicosecond pulses with peak powers exceeding the megaWatt level to be generated in so-called Mamyshev Oscillators. Other example has been achieved with the contrast enhancement by several orders of magnitude of mJ femtosecond pulse in Argon-filled hollow core fiber.

Concatenation of Mamyshev regenerators and use in a fiber-based optical oscillator
Concatenation of pairs of Mamyshev regenerators has been numerically studied and has shown that well-defined structures could spontaneously emerge from an oscillator architecture, which has then been experimentally confirmed.  Additional investigations have focused on the development of ultrashort high peak power  fiber lasers   and other cavity designs have been considered. In 2017, record peak powers well above the MW level have been reached.

References

Fiber-optic communications


Scipio the African () is a 1971 Italian comedy film directed by Luigi Magni.

Plot
Years after the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus finds himself generally unliked, despite his defeat of Hannibal, many years earlier. He and his brother, Scipio Asiaticus, are accused by Marcus Porcius Cato of the theft of 500 talents intended for Rome. As his friends and loved ones abandon him, Scipio finds life after war not as easy as he thought it would be.

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni as Scipione l'Africano
 Silvana Mangano as Emilia
 Vittorio Gassman as Catone il Censore
 Ruggero Mastroianni as Scipione l'Asiatico
 Turi Ferro as Giove Capitolino
 Woody Strode as Massinissa
 Fosco Giachetti as Aulio Gellio
 Ben Ekland
 Enzo Fiermonte
 Philippe Hersent
 Gianni Solaro

References

External links

1971 films
1970s historical comedy films
1970s Italian-language films
Italian historical comedy films
Films directed by Luigi Magni
Commedia all'italiana
Second Punic War films
Cultural depictions of Scipio Africanus
1970s Italian films


Lago de Oviedo, also known as Laguna de Oviedo, is a saltwater lake in Jaragua National Park, Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic.

Size
It is approximately 25 km2 in area, making it the second largest body of water in the Dominican Republic after Lake Enriquillo.

Geology
Although receiving freshwater from the Bahoruco Mountain Range, the lake is hypersaline due to sea water flowing into the lake through an underground system caused by a karstic depression. Salinity levels show seasonal changes due to precipitation, evaporation and the amount of freshwater input. One of the most notable aspects of the lake is the greenish aspect of its water, caused by limestone sediments being dragged into the lake by the underground water flow.

Ecology
Its unique flora and fauna are perhaps its most interesting feature; in mangroves, American flamingos, rhinoceros iguanas, and various species of endemic birds and several cays inside the lake can be found.

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20090905015652/http://jmarcano.netfirms.com/suroeste/geografia/lagosw2.html
http://www.grupojaragua.org.do/pnj_english.html

Geography of Pedernales Province
Lakes of the Dominican Republic
Saline lakes of North America


The 1857 New York state election was held on November 3, 1857, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

History
The Democratic state convention met on September 10 and 11 at Syracuse, New York. Gideon J. Tucker (Tammany) was nominated for Secretary of State "by acclamation" after a first informal ballot showed a large majority for him and the other candidate George B. Wood was withdrawn. Sanford E. Church (Soft) was nominated for Comptroller "unanimously" after a first informal ballot showed a large majority and the other candidates Alfred M. Wood and Thomas B. Mitchell were withdrawn. Lyman Tremain, Benjamin Bailey and Francis Kernan were proposed for Attorney General but Tremain (Hard) was nominated by acclamation. Isaac V. Vanderpoel, Joseph M. Lyon and Thomas Osborne were proposed for Treasurer, but Vanderpoel (Soft) was nominated unanimously. John M. Jaycox (Hard) was nominated for Canal Commissioner. The nomination for State Engineer caused much excitement when Charles R. Graham was proposed and had his party allegiance questioned when it was remembered that he had chaired a Whig convention in New York City four years previously. After much controversy, including speeches by Daniel E. Sickles and Mayor Fernando Wood, Van Rensselaer Richmond (Soft) was nominated on the first ballot. William C. Rhodes (Hard) was nominated unanimously on the first ballot for Prison Inspector. The re-nomination of Hiram Denio caused another even bigger controversy. Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour rose to urge Denio's nomination, Mayor Fernando Wood spoke fiercely against it, because Denio had made decisions against Wood, and was accused of not being a Democrat. Replying to Wood, Sickles defended Denio in a speech and John Cochrane also endorsed Denio who was nominated on the first ballot with 67 out of 117 votes cast.

The American state convention met on September 15 at Syracuse, New York.

The Republican state convention met on September 23 at Wieting Hall in Syracuse, New York. Almon M. Clapp was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Abijah Mann, Jr. as President. Timothy Jenkins was nominated for the Court of Appeals on the second ballot after much debate on the proposal to endorse Democrat Hiram Denio which course was defended by David Dudley Field (first ballot: Jenkins 119, Henry Wells 50, William B. Wright 45, Denio 12, E. G. Chase 4, H. H. Shankland 2, Ward Hunt 1, this was a small majority for Jenkins, but after much debate if the nomination could be made "unanimous", the roll was called again; second ballot: Jenkins 129, Wright 24, Wells 13, Denio 9). William Curtis Noyes was nominated for Attorney General, and Robert Denniston for Comptroller by acclamation. Almon M. Clapp was nominated for Secretary of State on the ballot (informal ballot: William W. Campbell 91, Clapp 85, John T. Hogeboom 49; first ballot: Clapp 121, Campbell 92, Hogeboom 30; second ballot: Clapp 152, Campbell 64). John T. Hogeboom was nominated for Treasurer by acclamation. Ariel S. Thurston was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the third ballot (first ballot: Thurston 74, Alexander B. Williams 64, Samuel H. Barnes 51, Ansell Bascom 16, William Mallory 15, George Geddes 11; second ballot: Thurston 98, Williams 78, Barnes 52, Bascom 3, Mallory 1; third ballot: Thurston 120, Williams 59, Barnes 58). George Geddes was nominated for State Engineer on the first ballot (vote: Geddes 140, Silas Seymour 94, scattering 4). Thomas Kirkpatrick was nominated for Prison Inspector on the second ballot (first ballot: Kirkpatrick 62, Norwood Bowne [incumbent] 39, David P. Forrest 26, Luther Caldwell 25, some more scattering; second ballot: Kirkpatrick 102, Bowne 40, Caldwell 27, Forrest 16).

Results
The whole Democratic state ticket was elected with a plurality of less than 20,000 votes over the Republican ticket while only in New York County, the stronghold of Tammany Hall, the ticket had a plurality of about 24,000 votes.

The incumbent Denio was re-elected.

15 Republicans, 14 Democrats, two Americans and one Independent Republican were elected to a two-year term (1858–59) in the New York State Senate.

61 Republicans, 58 Democrats and 9 Americans were elected for the session of 1858 to the New York State Assembly.

Sources
Result in The Tribune Almanac 1858

Notes

See also
New York state elections

1857

New York
November 1857 events


3′-Monoiodothyronine is a monoiodinated thyronine.

References

Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Human hormones
Hormones of the thyroid gland
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis


The Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team represents Washington & Jefferson College in collegiate level football. The team competes in NCAA Division III and is affiliated with the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC).  Since its founding in 1890, the team has played their home games at College Field, which was remodeled and renamed Cameron Stadium in 2001.

A number of players were named to the College Football All-America Team, and two players, Pete Henry and Edgar Garbisch, have been elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.  Several other former players have gone on to play professionally, including "Deacon" Dan Towler, Russ Stein, and Pete Henry, who was also elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the National Football League (NFL) 1920s All-Decade Team.  The team has been coached by some of the best-known coaches in football history, including John Heisman, Greasy Neale, and Andy Kerr.

Founded in 1890, the team quickly became well known for drawing large crowds and defeating a number of prominent football teams. The faculty and administration expressed concern over the strength of the team and made efforts to reduce the influence of professionalism on the players.  During the 1910s, some sportswriters suggested that the Presidents were one of the top teams in the nation.  The greatest achievement in the team's history was in 1921, when the Presidents appeared in the 1922 Rose Bowl, playing the heavily favored California Golden Bears to a scoreless tie.  The Red and Black finished the season with a share of the 1921 national championship, as retrospectively named in the 1930s by the Boand System.  As college football evolved in the 1930s and 1940s, the Presidents fell far behind their larger competitors, who were able to offer scholarships for their players.  Controversy over the poor play of the football team, and a lack of play against larger teams, contributed to the resignation of a college president. In 1958 the team joined the newly-formed NCAA College Division and the Presidents' Athletic Conference. In the 1970s the team joined NCAA Division III when the NCAA split the College Division. By the 1980s, the team had learned to thrive in that environment, winning a number of conference championships and regularly qualifying for the NCAA Division III playoffs.

History

Early history (1890–1899)
The development of intercollegiate athletics at Washington & Jefferson College began in 1890, when students formed the Athletic Association, charging the 75 members a $1 membership fee that went to fund athletics.  The football team played its first game on November 1, 1890, a 34–0 win against the Western University of Pennsylvania.  The Red and Black's third game of the inaugural season, against College of Wooster, remains disputed to this day, with both schools claiming a victory. Controversy erupted over the referees' clock management when W&J's team, under the impression that the game was over, left the field with a 4–0 lead; Wooster continued to play and scored a touchdown and extra point to give them a disputed 6–4 victory. By 1894, the college community's interest in the sport had grown considerably, with stronger opponents and the team's first paid coach, E. Gard Edwards. A special train from Washington to Pittsburgh was chartered to carry fans and students to a watch a 6–0 victory against the semi-pro Pittsburgh Athletic Club.

As the team developed, the college community, especially certain members of the faculty, began to express concerns regarding the influence of professionalism in college sports, especially the use of itinerant and semi-professional students.  John Brallier, who was the first openly professional football player, played football for Washington & Jefferson College in 1895 before returning to the Greensburg Athletic Association.  This incident, and others, caused the faculty to adopt the college's first eligibility requirements for student athletes.

At the same time its activities were becoming more scrutinized, the football team became more successful.  The season finale in 1896 at Exposition Park in Pittsburgh was one of the largest crowds in western Pennsylvania history, when an overflow crowd of 12,000 watched W&J defeat Duquesne Country and Athletic Club 4–0.  But it was the September 29, 1897, game against the University of Pennsylvania Quakers that marked the "birth of big-time football" at W&J. The Red and Black lost 18–4 to the eventual national champions, but W&J counted it a moral victory, since they were missing 4 of their 11 starters due to new eligibility requirements.  In a game against Denison University on Sept. 19, 1908, W&J became the first college football team in history to wear numbered uniforms.

New residency requirements and near-dissolution (1900–1911)
By the early 1900s, "football fever" had swept through the student body, leading the College administration to take steps to further integrate the sport into the educational framework, including the development of a new governance structure.  The new Student Athletic Committee and Faculty Athletic Committees instituted a minimum one-year residency requirement to combat transient students and created an alumni coach system, so the coaches would be more sympathetic to the educational objectives of the college.

In 1910, the football program was in danger of being dissolved due to crushing debt. The Student Athletic Committee proposed a $1 per term student fee to fund the team, a proposal that was met with initial resistance from the student body. However, team manager and beloved student solicitor Robert M. Murphy, was able to convince the students to accept the fee. The Student Athletic Committee agreed to retract the residency rule, as it was blamed for contributing to losses, but instituted other student athlete requirements, including a ban on the use of preparatory students at Washington & Jefferson Academy, an increase in entrance requirements, and a stringent system of recording absences. However, the Faculty Athletic Committee balked, vetoing the new rules.

The firings of Dr. G.H. Winchester and Dr. H.E. Wells highlighted the growing tension between athletics and academics.  As orchestrated by a group of alumni football supporters, the two professors were brought before a faculty committee for not having the requisite support for the athletic programs.  At the time, Dr. Winchester was serving in France during World War I and Wells maintained during the hearing that he did not object to athletics per se, but rather the way it was run at Washington & Jefferson.  The event, known nationally as the Winchester-Wells case, was investigated by the American Association of University Professors and was the profiled in Upton Sinclair's book The Goose-Step, a muckraking investigation into the state of American colleges.

The Bob Folwell era (1912–1920)
A new chapter in W&J football history began in 1912, when head coach Bob Folwell was recruited away from Lafayette College by the team manager Robert M. Murphy. An early high point came in 1912 when Folwell's team held Jim Thorpe and the Carlisle Indians to a scoreless tie. The 1913 team posted a 10-0-1 record and were the highest scoring team in the nation. That season featured a scoreless tie with Yale, a 100–0 defeat of Grove City College, and a 17–0 victory over Penn State that broke the Nittany Lions' 19-game winning streak, earning the entire school a day off to celebrate. 1913 was the first season that the team was able to hire trained athletic coaches.  Three players were named All-Americans.  Sportswriter Walter S. Trumbull of The New York Sun suggested that the Michigan Aggies, Washington & Jefferson, Chicago University, and Notre Dame were the new "Big 4 of College Football" instead of the traditional grouping of Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Penn.

The 1914 squad lost at Harvard University in front of 15,000 fans by a score of 10–9. If not for an errant kick that hit the crossbar, W&J would have won the game and at least a share of the mythical national championship. That squad saved face by becoming only the seventh team to ever defeat Yale University, with a decisive 13–7 victory. The game received national press coverage, and the team received a personal note of congratulations by Theodore Roosevelt.

Folwell left to coach at Penn, his alma mater, following the 1915 season.  He was succeeded by Sol Metzger, who led the team to a 15–5 record during the 1916 and 1917 seasons.  Ralph Hutchinson took over the team for the 1918 season, which ended with a 2–2 record in a World War I-shortened season.  David C. Morrow, who had coached the team a decade earlier, returned for his second stint during 1919 and 1920.

The Neale, Heisman, and Kerr Years (1921–1928)

The 1921 team, coached by Greasy Neale, went 10–0 in the regular season, defeating powerhouses Pitt, University of Detroit, and Syracuse. The 7–0 victory over rival Pitt was celebrated with a day of canceled classes and a bonfire with inspirational speeches in front of the Washington County Courthouse. As the best team from the east, W&J was invited to the 1922 Rose Bowl to play the best team from the west: the undefeated and heavily favored California Golden Bears. Some had even begun to call Cal the best team in college football history.  The Red and Black could only afford to send 11 men on the cross-country trip and Robert M. Murphy had to mortgage his home to pay his way. Thus, W&J would be the last Rose Bowl team to play the same 11 men the entire game. During the train ride to Pasadena, in which Greasy Neale continued to prepare his men, Lee Spillers caught pneumonia and could not finish the journey. Ross "Bucky" Buchannan, a reserve player who had stowed away on the train and was fed smuggled sandwiches during the trip, filled Buchannan's roster spot.

Cal had outscored their opponents that season by a margin of 312–33; nevertheless, the W&J defense held the Golden Bears' potent offense, led by Brick Muller, to no points, 2 first downs, no completed passes, and only 49 yards rushing. In one of the most disputed plays in Rose Bowl history, a rushing touchdown for W&J was overturned for an offside penalty called on Wayne Brenkert.  On another play, W&J's Hal Erickson slipped and fell on his way to scoring a sure touchdown.  The contest ended in a scoreless draw.  The game was notable as the last time a "small school" would be represented in the Rose Bowl. W&J's team featured two Rose Bowl firsts: Herb Kopf was the first freshman to play and Charlie "Pruner" West was the first African American to play quarterback.  W&J's team captain, Russ Stein, was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991. The Red and Black finished the season with a share (along with California and Lafayette) of the 1921 national championship, as retroactively determined in 1930 by the Boand System, recognized as a "major selector" by the NCAA.

One of the best games in W&J football history came on November 4, 1922, against the Lafayette Maroons in front of 50,000 spectators at the Polo Grounds in New York City. The Red and Black were down 13–0 at halftime before a Pruner West-sparked comeback won the game 14–13 on a final play to Herb Kopf.  In 1923, W&J defeated the powerful Brown University at College Park, the first time home victory against an Ivy League team. Neale left to coach at University of Virginia and was replaced by legendary coach John Heisman, who stayed for only one season before moving to coach at Rice University.  Andy Kerr's teams from 1926 to 1928 continued to play and defeat the best teams in the country.  In 1930, W&J defeated Lafayette College 7–0 in the first ever college indoor night game, held in front of 20,000 spectators in Atlantic City.

The Great Depression and decline of the football program (1929–1981)

Like the rest of the college, the football program struggled as a result of decreased enrollment and funding during the Depression.  During the tenure of college president Simon Strousse Baker, the Student and Faculty Athletic Committees were heavily in debt and approaching insolvency.  The gate receipts for football games, the Committees' main source of income, had fallen as the team began to lag behind the larger schools it traditionally played. A report in 1929 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching showed that the W&J athletics program, like many programs at other colleges, held a large "slush fund" with donations from alumni and businessmen totaling $25,000 to $50,000 per year.  This "extreme case of subsidizing" funded all college expenses for football players, plus "paychecks" to top performers.  To alleviate this problem, President Baker proposed to wholly separate athletic funds from general College funds by creating an "Athletic Council" to take control of the athletic program.  In spite of the defeat of the proposal, a 1931 follow-up to the original Carnegie Foundation report commended W&J for creating some institutional controls, including limiting subsidization to tuition, room, and board.  In 1932, Baker was hounded from office amid a student strike, partially fueled by frustration with the declining sports programs.

Baker's successor, Ralph Cooper Hutchison, himself more personally popular than Baker, was able to bring even more control to the athletic program by reducing the number of scholarships from 18 to eight and by limiting the practice of playing against powerhouse football teams.  In 1935, W&J played its last games against their former rivals Pitt and West Virginia.  Later, the athletic program was reorganized under an Athletic Director and the practice of awarding athletic scholarships was abolished.  In 1937, Hutchison created a whole new governing structure for athletics, the Athletic Council, which was not unlike the plan proposed by Baker a decade earlier. The new Athletic Council, composed of four faculty members and six students, had responsibility for dispensing student appropriations and income from ticket sales. The Board of Trustees' own Athletic Committee would govern the hiring and payment of coaches.  The new system was intended to unite the intramural and intercollegiate athletics programs, reinstate faculty into athletic governance, give more responsibility to students, and to create a freshman football program.  David C. Morrow, former football coach and member of the Athletic Committee dissented, advocating for a return to the scholarship model, blaming the waning alumni interest in the college on the team's poor performance.  However, the College's indebtedness at that time was $133,000, most of which was the result of player subsidization.  At that time, athletics took up half of the student activity fee.  In an attempt to stabilize the fiscal picture, the athletic budget was cut significantly, with freshman football and boxing discontinued.  The plan worked, and by the 1940s, athletic finances were stabilized.  This signaled the end of the football team's games against larger schools.

The football team was disbanded for the most of World War II, and Pete Henry, the athletic director took over football coaching duties for 1942 and 1945.  Things began to look up by the late 1940s, when Donora-native "Deacon" Dan Towler chose W&J over offers from larger football programs.  The backfield in 1948 was nicknamed the "Four Gazelles."  While still dominant, with the third highest scoring total in the country, that group would have been one of the most best backfields in the nation if not for a plague of injuries.  The fifties and sixties were generally poor for W&J football, as President Boyd Crumrine Patterson, faced with budget deficits, limited athletic scholarships to "on-need" and spread the remaining scholarships among more sports.  In one bright spot, Art Massaro was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 29th Round of the 1953 NFL Draft, making him and Deacon Dan only the 2 W&J players ever drafted.  Deacon Dan earned All-Pro honors in 4 of his 6 years in with the Rams, before leaving to become a Methodist minister.  One other member of the "Four Gazelles", Jack Sourbeer, was recruited by the LA Rams in 1951, but declined their offer to attend medical school instead.

From 1956 to 1972 Washington & Jefferson competed in the NCAA College Division.  In 1958, the Presidents, who had previously been independent and not members of any conference, joined the Presidents' Athletic Conference. The teams of the seventies were similarly poor, save for a PAC championship in 1970 and a second-place finish in 1971.  When the NCAA re-aligned its football conference structure in 1973, W&J joined Division III.

Resurgence in Division III (1982–present)
In 1982, John "Lucky" Luckhardt took over the team and began a resurgence. Led by freshman running back A.J. Pagano, the Presidents qualified for the 1984 NCAA Division III playoffs, the team's first post-season appearance since the 1922 Rose Bowl.  The 1985 team was nationally ranked and barely missed taking the PAC championship. In 1986, they won the PAC and secured another bid the NCAA Division III  playoffs, only to lose to Susquehanna University. The undefeated and united 1987 team won the PAC and advanced to the Division III playoffs, where they defeated Allegheny College in ten inches of snow in a game called "one of the greatest NCAA Division III playoffs ever played." The teams of 1988 and 1989 were also successful, with both teams securing a share of the PAC Championship and the 1989 team making the Division III playoffs.  In 1992, the Presidents, led by running back Chris Babirad, advanced to the NCAA Division III National Football Championship Game, only to lose to University of Wisconsin–La Crosse.  The team returned to the Division III Championship game in 1994, losing to Albion College.

The Presidents under John Banaszak and Mike Sirianni have won 18 out of the last 21 PAC Championships and advanced to the NCAA Division III playoffs 17 times.  Since 2000, the team has a 79–14 record, which is the fourth-most victories during that time period in D-III.

Championships

National Championships
Washington & Jefferson was retrospectively named national champion by 1 NCAA-designated major selector in the 1930s. The Generals do not claim this title according to their official website.

+: co-champion selection with California and Lafayette

Conference Championships
Since joining the Presidents' Athletic Conference in 1958, the Generals have won 26 conference championships, with the most recent occurring in 2018.

Postseason History

Division III Playoffs
The Presidents have participated in 26 NCAA Division III playoffs as of the 2022 season.

•National Champions: none
•National Runner-up: 1992, 1994
•Semifinalist: 1984, 1993, 1995
•Quarterfinalist: 1990, 2004, 2008
•First/Second Round appearances: 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018

Bowl Games
Washington & Jefferson participated in 1 FBS-level bowl game, being selected for the 1922 Rose Bowl.

In addition, the Presidents have participated in 6 ECAC Bowl Series games.

Alumni and notable players
Members of the football team has received individual honors, including 12 conference MVP awards and more than 120 First Team All-Conference selections. Six football players have been named to the Associated Press All-American Team and four players received an NCAA post-graduate scholarship. Additionally, W&J's football team has produced more than 50 All-Americans and 30 Academic All-Americans in the past 40 years.

A number of W&J players have achieved notoriety in both collegiate and professional football.  Halfback Johnny Spiegel, who was the leading scorer in college football in 1914, was named an All American in 1913 and 1914.  Center Burleigh Cruikshank joined Spiegel as an All American in 1914.  Fred Heyman was named to the 1915 All American team.  "Scrubby" McCreight was on the 1917 and 1918 All American teams.  College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame member Pete Henry was a member of the 1917, a consensus All American in 1918, and a consensus All American in 1919.  Rose Bowl MVP Russ Stein, a member of the 1921 All-American team, was a member of the Pottsville Maroons when they won the controversial 1925 NFL Championship.  Edgar Garbisch, who played at W&J from 1921 to 1924, was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.  In 1922, Lee Spillers, Herb Kopf, and Al Crook were named All Americans.  Chet Widerquist was named to the 1923 All American Team.  Bill Amos, who would later coach the W&J football team, was a member of the 1926 and 1927 All American Teams.  Future Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Jap Douds was a member of the 1927, 1928, and 1929 All American Teams.  "Deacon" Dan Towler was a "Little All American" and Cum Laude graduate of W&J. had a seven-year professional career with the Los Angeles Rams in the early 1950s, and was named an All-Pro three times.  Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl is still the all-time leading placekicker in the college's history.

Coaches

The team has had 30 head coaches coach since it started playing organized football in 1890.  They played their first season without a head coach. Three coaches have led Washington & Jefferson College to NCAA Division III playoffs: John Luckhardt, John Banaszak, and Mike Sirianni. Those three coaches, plus Chuck Ream, coached teams that won the Presidents' Athletic Conference Championship.  Greasy Neale's 1921 team played in the 1922 Rose Bowl, where they tied the heavily favored California Golden Bears.  John Luckhardt is the all-time leader in seasons coached (17), games coached (176), and wins (137).  Current coach Mike Sirianni has the highest winning percentage (.854) of any coach since the 1890s.  During his two years as head coach, Charles Nelson has the worst winning percentage (.031).  Four coaches—Greasy Neale, John Heisman, Andrew Kerr and Pete Henry—have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.  Two of those coaches, Greasy Neale and Pete Henry have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.  The current coach is Mike Sirianni, whose first season was in 2003.

Tradition and lore

Doc Donehoo
Dr. James Franklin "Doc" Donehoo never missed a game as the team's physician from 1912 until 1950, a total of 314 straight games, which was a record at the time. At a halftime ceremony on October 23, 1948, to commemorate his 300th straight game, he was called the #1 football fan. Donehoo graduated from W&J in 1890 and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1893.

Rivalries
During its history, W&J's football team has had rivalries with several schools, including Lafayette College, West Virginia University, and the University of Pittsburgh.  The rivalry with West Virginia University was heightened by the fact that Morgantown was located in a dry county, making the trip to nearby Washington for a game against W&J a raucous event for students.  The first verse of Hail, West Virginia, the WVU fight song, refers to W&J with the line, "Others may be black or crimson, but for us it’s Gold and Blue."  However, it is the W&J rivalry with nearby Bethany College is the oldest and most prolific, with the Presidents holding an all-time record of 75–21 in the rivalry that dates to 1896.

Season-by-season records

The team was quite successful in its early years, ending each of its first 20 seasons with winning records.  David C. Morrow served as head coach three times for a total of eight seasons across three different decades.   The team went on hiatus for two seasons during World War II.  In 1970, the Presidents won their first Presidents' Athletic Conference championship.   John Luckhardt coached for 17 seasons.   Under his leadership, the team began a 26-year streak of winning seasons, running from 1984 to 2009.

See also
 List of NCAA Division III football programs
 List of undefeated NCAA Division I football teams

References
General

Specific

Further reading

External links

American football teams established in 1890
1890 establishments in Pennsylvania


Joseph Toole (1887 – 4 June 1945) was a British Labour politician.

Toole was born in 1887, and was the eldest of thirteen children. He began working at the age of 12 as a street scavenger in Manchester by day and as a newspaper vendor by night. He subsequently had various jobs, before establishing his own stationery business. He joined the Labour, and was elected to Manchester City Council in 1919.

In 1923 he was elected as Labour Member of Parliament for Salford South, unseating the sitting Conservative MP. In the following year another election was held, with the Conservatives regaining the seat. At the following election in 1929 Toole was able to regain Salford South for Labour. He was MP for two years before a swing against Labour at the 1931 general election cost him his seat. He stood again, without success, in 1935.

Toole returned to local government as an alderman for the Openshaw ward of Manchester City Council. He was Lord Mayor of the city in 1936/37.

In January 1944 Toole stood as an independent anti-government candidate at a parliamentary by-election in Skipton. Although he only garnered 3,029 votes and lost his deposit, his intervention was enough to enable Hugh Lawson of the Common Wealth Party to defeat the coalition candidate by 221 votes. Toole was promptly expelled from the Labour for breaking the war-time electoral truce between the main political parties.

By the time of his death in June 1945, Toole had moved to Blackpool, where he operated a private hotel. He continued to be a member of Manchester City Council until his death.

References

External links

1887 births
1945 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1929–1931
Lord Mayors of Manchester
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Salford South