The North West Football Union (NWFU) was an Australian rules football competition which ran from 1910 to 1986. In its time it was one of the three main leagues in Tasmania, with the Tasmanian Football League and Northern Tasmanian Football Association representing the rest of the state. Burnie, Latrobe and Ulverstone were the most successful clubs with 12 premierships each.

The league disbanded after the 1986 season after major clubs such as Cooee and Devonport defected to the TFL Statewide League. In 1987 the NWFU effectively merged with the Northern Tasmanian Football Association (NTFA) to form the Northern Tasmanian Football League, which exists today as the North West Football League.

NWFU premierships

Winners by year

Reforming after the war there were two divisions, East and West, Both Divisional premiers would play off.

Most premierships

Tasmanian State Premiership

This was contested regularly between the premiers of the Tasmanian Football League and the Northern Tasmanian Football Association and then the NWFU from 1954 until 1978.

The six winners from the NWFU were:
 1955 – Ulverstone
 1963 – Burnie
 1964 – Cooee
 1970 – Latrobe
 1976 – Ulverstone
 1978 – Cooee

Best and Fairests
The Wander Medal was awarded annually to the best and fairest player in the NWFU, every year from 1948 to 1986. Prior to 1948, the league's best and fairest award was known under various names and given out semi regularly. From 1945 to 1947, an award was given to best and fairest player from the western region but the name of it is unknown. Len Hayes won it in the first two years and Alan Crawford the last.

Wander Medal

 1948 – Dave Jeffrey
 1949 – Len Hayes
 1950 – Lou Redman
 1951 – Jack Rough
 1952 – Max Berryman, Peter Gillam
 1953 – Darrel Eaton
 1954 – Ray Stokes
 1955 – Arthur Hodgson
 1956 – Joe Murphy
 1957 – Darrel Baldock
 1958 – Colin Moore
 1959 – Darrel Baldock
 1960 – Terry Pierce

 1961 – Lloyd Robson
 1962 – Jock O'Brien
 1963 – John Bingley
 1964 – Wally Clark
 1965 – Len Lawson
 1966 – Bob Hickman
 1967 – Bob Hickman
 1968 – Brian Waters
 1969 – Darrel Baldock
 1970 – John Jillard
 1971 – John Jillard
 1972 – Ricky Smith
 1973 – Graeme Shephard

 1974 – Cec Rheinberger
 1975 – Ricky Watt
 1976 – Kerry Coates
 1977 – Ricky Smith
 1978 – Jim Prentice
 1979 – Tom Lee
 1980 – Lindsay Bell
 1981 – John Murphy
 1982 – Richard Lynch
 1983 – Stephen Parsons
 1984 – John Korporshoek
 1985 – Neville Muir
 1986 – Peter Borlini

Cheel Medal
 1923 – Stan Trebilco
 1924 – Fred Odgers
 1925 – Bill Berryman
 1926 – Rupert Stott
 1927 – H. O. "Nip" Smith (Penguin)
 1928 – Charlie Hallam
 1929 – Tas Langmaid
Royal Medal
Awarded only to players from the eastern region of the NWFU
 1930 – Bill Berryman
Wright Medal
Awarded only to players from the western region of the NWFU
 1930 – Jimmy Brown (Ulverstone)
 1931 – Gerry Plapp
Alford Medal
 1937 – Clem Riggs

References
Full Points Footy: NWFU Summary Chart 1910 to 1986

Defunct Australian rules football competitions in Tasmania


Peter Marsh may refer to:
Peter Marsh (social scientist) (born 1950), British academic in the fields of sociology and social work
Pete Marsh, Iron Age bog body
Peter Marsh (athlete) (1948–2012), Australian Paralympian
Peter Marsh (ice hockey) (born 1956), hockey player
Peter Marsh (musician) (born 1952), UK singer, songwriter, guitarist and music producer


William S. Gilliland Log Cabin and Cemetery is a historic home and family cemetery located in Charleston, West Virginia.  It was the home and graveyard of one of Charleston's oldest families, the Gillilands.  They built the log cabins and lived there until selling it to the Neale family in 1868.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the South Hills Multiple Resource Area.

References

Houses in Charleston, West Virginia
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1847
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
1847 establishments in Virginia
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia


George Wendell Brett (May 30, 1912 – January 14, 2005), of Iowa, was a philatelist who wrote extensively on postage stamps and other material produced by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and was called ”Mr. BIA” by his colleagues.

Philatelic literature
Brett contributed over five hundred articles to philatelic journals. He authored several books on postage stamps and their printing, including “The Giori Press: A Comprehensive Study of Current Stamp Production at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing “ in 1961, and “Printing Methods and Techniques”  in 1985.

Philatelic activity
Brett was active in the philatelic community. He was president of the United States Stamp Society (previously called the Bureau Issues Association) during 1966 and 1967, then continued on as chairman and emeritus chairman until his death. And from 1961 to 1963 he was a member of the Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee.

Honors and awards
Brett was honored with the Lichtenstein Medal in 1983, the Luff Award for distinguished philatelic research in 1978, and numerous other awards. He was named to the Writers Hall of Fame in 1979 and the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 2006.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References
 George Wendell Brett

1912 births
2005 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
People from Iowa
American Philatelic Society


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Fumi Yoshinaga, about a hard-working scholarship student in a law school who falls for a rich and carefree student.

The series is licensed and published in English in North America by 801 Media. It was also published in Taiwan by Sharp Point Press.

Reception
Casey Brienza at Anime News Network commends Fumi Yoshinaga's use of her "minimalist style and occasionally awkward character designs to their best advantage." Mania.com's Danielle Van Gorder commends the first volume of the manga's characterization. Mania.com's Danielle Van Gorder commends the second volume of the manga's parallel relationships with the four characters. Pop Shock Culture's Kasey Chambers comments that Yoshinaga's use of dialogue in her manga is what sets Ichigenme... The First Class is Civil Law apart from other yaoi work. Library Journals Krista Hutley commends the manga on its realistic design of the characters with their "long, skinny bodies, large hands, and detailed faces". Holly Ellingwood of Active Anime described it as a "more mature yaoi romance", noting that the story is not "about seduction". Ginger Mayerson of Sequential Tart was disappointed that the first volume did not share the "wackiness" of Antique Bakery or Flower of Life, describing Ichigenme as "deadly serious".  She also notes that Yoshinaga usually has a sympathetic female character in her titles, which is rare for yaoi, but there is no such character in the first volume. Christopher Butcher of Xtra! notes that the story in the first volume "will draw you in", and the second volume is much more explicit than the first. In Jason Thompson's online appendix to Manga: The Complete Guide, he describes Yoshinaga as revelling in "the psychological and social associations of homosexuality—and repressed homosexuality".

References

External links

1998 manga
Digital Manga Publishing titles
Fumi Yoshinaga
Josei manga
Romance anime and manga
Sharp Point Press titles
Yaoi anime and manga


Ole Trond Berg (born 1944) is a Norwegian political scientist.

He graduated from the University of Oslo with the mag.art. degree (PhD equivalent) in 1968, and he later took the dr.philos. degree in 1983. He worked as a research fellow at the University of Oslo from 1970 to 1974, and had stays at Yale University from 1973 to 1974 and the University of Minnesota from 1980 to 1981. After a short career as a civil servant, as a subdirector in the Ministry of Finance from 1983 to 1985, he returned to academia and was appointed as a professor of health administration at the University of Oslo. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

References

1944 births
Living people
Norwegian political scientists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters


McAndrews-Gallaher House is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia.  It was built in 1914 for Frank J. McReynolds, Workers' Compensation Commissioner for West Virginia.  It is in the late Victorian farmhouse style.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the South Hills Multiple Resource Area.

References

Houses in Charleston, West Virginia
Houses completed in 1914
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
Victorian architecture in West Virginia


Richard J. Fuller (2 March 1913 – 1983) was an English footballer who played at centre-forward for Stockport County and Port Vale.

Career
Fuller played for Stockport County, before joining Third Division South club Port Vale in May 1938. His only game for the club was on 28 January 1939, in a 2–0 defeat by Mansfield Town at Field Mill. Failing to make an impression at The Old Recreation Ground, he left on a free transfer in April 1939. During the war he guested for Doncaster Rovers and Darlington.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1913 births
1983 deaths
People from Burwell, Cambridgeshire
Footballers from Cambridgeshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Stockport County F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
English Football League players


is a former professional bowler. She was born in Kusatsu, Gunma, Japan. She later moved to Kagoshima which is her parents' hometown. Nakayama became a member of the Japan Professional Bowling Association in 1969, representing Tokyo Tower Bowling Center.

During her professional bowling career, Nakayama accumulated 33 wins. She attained the number-one rank among JPBA female bowlers in 1969 (avg. 197.6) and 1970 (avg. 199.2), and was ranked among the top-three from 1969 to 1973.

On August 21, 1970, Nakayama rolled a perfect 300 game on Japanese national television, becoming the first woman ever to perform the feat in any television market. (It took nearly 27 years before Michelle Feldman rolled the first American television 300-game in 1997.) She rolled the game during a tournament match, aired on the bowling show Ladies Challenge Bowl (October 1969 to March 1975,) at Fuchū Star Lanes. By the end of 1970, she earned the Japan Professional Sports Award for outstanding achievement.

Because of her 300-game, Nakayama became very famous in Japan, and would eventually boost the sport of bowling. In 1970, she appeared in a shampoo commercial, and also had a song written about her, titled Sawayaka Ritsuko-san (さわやか律子さん). She was a guest judge for the 21st NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (1970), as well as a guest presenter for the 13th Japan Record Awards (1971). In 1971, TBS aired the Japanese television drama Beautiful Challenger, the storyline covering an office lady who joins the company bowling club and competes with other clubs. Both Nakayama, as well as Rie Ishii appeared in the drama series as themselves.

Nakayama also held a female world's record for a three-game series of 824 (268, 257 and 299), setting the record on July 15, 1971.

Nakayama's arch rival was Kayoko Suda (須田開代子).

In 1990, Nakayama was forced to retire from bowling full-time, due to injury to her right shoulder and left knee (her sliding leg). Still, in 1994, she was able to place 4th in The Prince Cup. 1994 was also the year Nakayama celebrated her 25th anniversary as a professional.

Today, Nakayama no longer competes in JPBA tournaments. She is, however, very involved in the operations side of bowling in Japan. Nakayama was president of the JPBA until 2012. She is a co-founder and current president of the Japan Ladies Bowling Club (JLBC) - an organization she and Suda created. She is also vice-president of the Bowling Council of Japan (BCJ.) She is also a co-founder of P★League, along with the JPBA and JBC.

References

External links
 Official site

1942 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gunma Prefecture
Sportspeople from Kagoshima Prefecture
Japanese ten-pin bowling players


The Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God in Harbin (in  or in Russian: Церковь Покрова в Харбине) is an Eastern Orthodox church in Harbin, China.

This church is located in the "church street", north east of "Hongbo Square" (where St. Nicolas' Central Church used to be), on East Dazhi Avenue, where there are also Harbin Nangang Christian Church (Protestant) and Sacred Heart Cathedral of Harbin (Catholic).

The Church of the Intercession, formerly also called the Ukrainian Church in Harbin, is currently the only Orthodox Church in Harbin, and indeed in all of mainland China, open to Chinese nationals for regular worship.

Its summarized history is as follows:

 In 1902, a prayer house was built in the Russian cemetery.
 In 1922, as the China Eastern Railway was being built, the Russians built a wooden church building at the site of current church.
 In 1930, the China Eastern Railway donated the present stone church building. The architect was Tidanov.
 Until 1947, the congregation was composed predominantly of Ukrainians who had fled east from the Russian Revolution in 1917.
 In 1958, during Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, as the Chinese-Soviet relationship soured, the Russians and Ukrainians left China, forcing discontinuance of the church activities.
 On  1984, coinciding with the church's patron saint's feast day, the restoration of the temple was finally completed, and it reopened for worship services, conducted by Father Gregory Zhu Shipu, who served at the church from its re-opening until his passing in 2000, leaving the temple without a permanent rector for fifteen years, until the installation of recently-ordained Father Alexander Yu Shi, whose first liturgy was the Orthodox Easter Service on April 18, 2016

Services
The church is open from 9 to 11am on Sundays and Typica is usually prayed in Chinese at 10am.

References

External links

 Geographic coordinates:
 Harbin Church of Chinese Orthodox Church (Harbin Urban & Rural Planning Bureau, Harbin City Government)

See also

 Christianity in China
 Chinese Orthodox Church
 Russian Orthodox Church
 Ukrainian Orthodox Church
 Harbin Russians
 Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin

Eastern Orthodox church buildings in China
Churches in Harbin
Chinese Orthodox Church
Ukrainian diaspora in Asia
20th-century churches in China


{{DISPLAYTITLE:C2H3NO}}
The molecular formula C2H3NO (molar mass: 57.05 g/mol, exact mass: 57.0215 u) may refer to:

 Glycolonitrile, also called hydroacetolnitrile or formaldehyde cyanohydrin
 Methyl isocyanate (MIC)


The Greenfield Festival is an annual rock music festival held on the outskirts of the town of Interlaken, in the Swiss canton of Bern.

Editions

2005

 Date: 24–26 June 2005
 Visitors: 25,500

Line-up:
 Adam Green
 Aereogramme
 Alter Bridge
 Boss Martians
 Breed 77
 Bright Eyes
 Burrell
 Clawfinger
 De-Phazz
 Die Toten Hosen
 Donots
 Eagles of Death Metal
 The Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster
 Element of Crime
 Fantômas
 Favez
 Feeder
 Finch
 Flogging Molly
 Giant Sand
 Goldenhorse
 Grannysmith
 Green Day
 Jimmy Eat World
 Kettcar
 La Vela Puerca
 Madrugada
 Madsen
 Melody Club
 Millencolin
 Moondog Show
 Nguru (short term for the failed Mars Volta)
 Pennywise
 Shilf
 Simple Plan
 Slut
 Snitch
 System of a Down
 The (International) Noise Conspiracy
 The Faint
 The Hellacopters
 Turbonegro

The performances by Nine Inch Nails and Queens of the Stone Age had to be canceled because of bad weather.

2006

 Date: 16. – 18. June 2006
 Visitors: 20'000

Line-up:
 A.F.
 Amplifier
 Apocalyptica
 Archie Bronson Outfit
 Archive
 Art Brut
 Babyshambles (canceled)
 Backyard Babies
 Billy Talent
 Depeche Mode
 dEUS
 Donots
 Elbow
 Hard-Fi
 In Extremo
 Karamelo Santo
 Kashmir
 Lagwagon
 Live
 Mad Caddies
 Maxïmo Park
 Nguru
 Pale
 Panteón Rococó
 Placebo
 Redwood
 Seeed
 Speck
 Starsailor
 The Answer
 The Cardigans
 The Datsuns
 The Delilahs
 The Peacocks
 The Sisters of Mercy
 The Soundtrack of Our Lives
 The Weepies
 Therapy?
 Tool
 Trivium
 System of a Down
 William White & The Emergency

2007

 Date: 15. – 17. June 2007
 Visitors: 24'848

Line-up:
 Thirty Seconds to Mars
 Cataract
 Die Happy
 dredg
 Five O’Clock Heroes
 Flogging Molly
 Frank Black
 Hayseed Dixie
 Head Automatica
 Hinder (canceled)
 Houston Swing Engine
 Ill Niño
 Incubus
 Itchy Poopzkid
 Juliette and the Licks
 La Vela Puerca
 Less Than Jake
 Madsen
 Manic Street Preachers
 Marilyn Manson
 McQueen
 Me First and the Gimme Gimmes
 My Chemical Romance (canceled)
 Navel
 Porcupine Tree
 Queens of the Stone Age
 Reel Big Fish
 Slayer
 Snitch
 Sonic Youth
 Stone Sour
 Sugarplum Fairy
 The 69 Eyes
 The Films
 The Hives
 The Killers
 The Lemonheads
 The Smashing Pumpkins
 Therapy?
 Tomte

2008

 Date: 13. – 15. June 2008
 Visitors: 26'218

Line-up:
 3 Doors Down (canceled, substitute: Heaven Shall Burn)
 Apocalyptica
 Bad Religion (as a replacement for Linkin Park)
 Beatsteaks
 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
 Blackmail
 Bullet for My Valentine
 Coheed and Cambria
 Die Ärzte
 Donots
 Enter Shikari
 Funeral for a Friend (canceled)
 Heaven Shall Burn
 In Extremo
 In Flames
 Jaguar Love
 Kettcar
 Kilians
 Linkin Park (due to illness of guitarist short canceled)
 Millencolin
 NOFX
 Oceansize
 Panteón Rococó
 Reign of Silence
 Rise Against
 Schwellheim
 Sick of It All
 Slut
 The Bianca Story
 The Blackout
 The Donnas
 The Offspring
 The Weakerthans
 Zebrahead
 Zox

2009

 Date: 12. – 14. June 2009
 Visitors: n/a

Line-up:
 A Day to Remember
 ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
 Animal Kingdom
 August Burns Red
 Billy Talent
 Broilers
 Caliban
 Cataract
 Disturbed
 Dredg
 Dryconditions
 Faith No More
 Flogging Molly
 Future of the Left
 Gallows
 Gogol Bordello
 Guano Apes
 Horse the Band
 Itchy Poopzkid
 Karamelo Santo
 Korn
 Less Than Jake
 Lovedrug
 Monster Magnet
 Neimo (as a replacement for Face to Face)
 Nightwish
 Parkway Drive
 Shinedown
 Slipknot
 Social Distortion
 Soulfly
 Staind
 Tomte
 Trivium
 The Blackbox Revelation
 The Krupa Case
 The Subways
 The Temper Trap
 The Ting Tings
 The Wombats
 Volbeat

2010

 Date : 11. - 13. June 2010

Line-Up:
 Beatsteaks
 Bleeding Through
 Blessed by a Broken Heart
 Callejon
 Coheed and Cambria
 Crime in Stereo
 Danko Jones
 Donots
 Eluveitie
 General Fiasco
 Goodbye Fairbanks
 Grannysmith
 Hatebreed
 Heaven Shall Burn
 HIM
 Hot Water Music
 Juliette Lewis
 LoveHateHero
 Mad Sin
 Neaera
 Panteón Rococó
 Porcupine Tree
 Rammstein
 Subway to Sally
 The Beauty of Gemina
 The Dillinger Escape Plan
 The Hives
 The Peacocks
 The Prodigy
 The Used
 Turbostaat
 Unheilig
 WIZO

2011

 Date : 09. - 11. June 2011

Line-Up:
 Adept
 After the Burial
 All Time Low
 Anti-Flag
 Apocalyptica
 BoySetsFire
 Broilers
 Bullet for My Valentine
 Caliban
 Callejon (as a replacement for Alesana)
 Comeback Kid
 Converge
 Dredg
 Escapado
 Favez
 Framing Hanley
 Frank Turner
 Flogging Molly
 Foo Fighters
 Fuckup
 Itchy Poopzkid
 Kvelertak
 Lacuna Coil
 Long Distance Calling
 Madsen
 Navel
 Parkway Drive
 Sick of It All
 Silverstein
 Social Distortion
 Sublime with Rome
 Suicide Silence
 System of a Down
 The Dreadnoughts
 The Gaslight Anthem
 The Ocean
 The Rambling Wheels
 The Sorrow (as a replacement for All Shall Perish)
 The Young Gods
 Volbeat
 We Butter the Bread with Butter
 Wolfmother
 Young Guns

2012

 Date : 15. - 17. June 2012

Line-Up:

 Die Ärzte
 Limp Bizkit
 The Offspring
 Rise Against
 Billy Talent
 In Flames
 The Hives
 Skindred
 Refused
 In Extremo
 Heaven Shall Burn
 Sepultura
 Eluveitie
 Hatebreed
 Lagwagon
 Schandmaul
 Fear Factory
 Enter Shikari
 Pennywise
 Mad Caddies
 Hot Water Music
 Zebrahead
 Less Than Jake
 Black Veil Brides
 H-Blockx
 La Vela Puerca
 Donots
 Street Dogs
 All Shall Perish
 Neaera
 The Bronx
 Darkest Hour
 The Beauty of Gemina
 Emmure
 Bury Tomorrow
 La Dispute
 Talco
 Wolves Like Us
 While She Sleeps
 Turbowolf
 Death by Chocolate
 Hathors
 Delilahs
 Breakdown of Sanity
 Make Me a Donut (Facebook-contest winner)
 End (Bscene-contest winner)
 Fathead (Restorm-contest winner)

External links
 www.greenfieldfestival.ch (Official Website)
 www.fkpscorpio.com (Official website of the organizer, deutsch)

Interlaken
Heavy metal festivals in Switzerland
Rock festivals in Switzerland
Punk rock festivals
Summer events in Switzerland


Memphis Facula  is a palimpsest, or "ghost crater", on Ganymede, the largest of the Jovian satellites.

About 360 km across, it is situated in the southwestern part of Galileo Regio, a huge almost circular dark region in Ganymede's northern hemisphere. Although almost level today, it is a relic of a massive impact and once was a deep impact crater whose walls have slumped and its floor has risen isostatically, smoothing out the remaining topography with slush.

The morphology of the larger palimpsests like Memphis Facula suggests that Ganymede's icy crust at the time of impact was about 10 km thick and was penetrated by the impact, allowing the slush and fluid beneath to fill and level out the crater.

See also
Ganymede City

References

Surface features of Ganymede (moon)


The  was a group of medium-sized coastal submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. The IJN official designation for this class was  or . They are also known as Type KS submarine. The type name was shortened to .

Design and description
In 1940, the IJN designed a point-defence coastal submarine because they wanted to save their larger submarines for fleet battles. The Ro-100 class was derived from the preceding Kaichū type. They displaced  surfaced and  submerged. The submarines were  long, had a beam of  and a draft of . They had a double hull and a diving depth of .

For surface running, the boats were powered by two  diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a  electric motor. They could reach  on the surface and  underwater. On the surface, the Ro-100s had a range of  at ; submerged, they had a range of  at .

The boats were armed with four internal bow  torpedo tubes and carried a total of eight torpedoes. They were also armed with two single mounts for  Type 96 anti-aircraft guns or a single  L/40 AA gun.

Boats
18 boats were built in 1941-1944 under the Maru Rin Programme (Boat #210-218) and the Maru Kyū Programme (Boat #400-408).

Footnotes

Bibliography

, History of Pacific War Vol.17 I-Gō Submarines, Gakken (Japan), January 1998,
Rekishi Gunzō, History of Pacific War Extra, "Perfect guide, The submarines of the Imperial Japanese Forces", Gakken (Japan), March 2005,
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.43 Japanese Submarines III, Ushio Shobō (Japan), September 1980, Book code 68343-43
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.132 Japanese Submarines I "Revised edition", Ushio Shobō (Japan), February 1988, Book code 68344-36

Submarine classes

Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy
Japan campaign


José Alonso y Trelles (1857–1924) was a Uruguayan poet who wrote under the pseudonym El Viejo Pancho.

Literary works
John the madman (poem of two cantos. Foreword Orosmán Moratorium. Montevideo, 1867 )
Guacha! (National drama in one act. Printing and publishing house "Renaissance" by Luis and Manuel Perez. Charter-prologue Monegal Casiano . Montevideo, 1913 )
Paja brava (1st ed. Verses Creoles. Printing and publishing house "Renaissance" of Luis and Manuel Perez. Montevideo, 1915 )
Paja brava (2nd ed. Verses Creoles. Augmented Edition. Printing and publishing house "Renaissance" of Luis and Manuel Perez. Montevideo, 1920 )
Paja brava (3rd ed. Verses Creoles. Augmented Edition. A. Barreiro National Library and Ramos. Barreiro and Co.. Successors. Montevideo, 1923 )
Paja brava (4th ed. Verses Creoles. Augmented Edition. Foreword by Justino Zavala Muniz . general Agency Bookseller & Publications. Montevideo - Buenos Aires, 1926 )
Paja Brava El Viejo Pancho and outras works of Joseph A. and Trelles (in Galician, Ed Oriberthor, SL 1998 )

References

1857 births
1924 deaths
20th-century Uruguayan poets
Uruguayan male poets
Uruguayan people of Asturian descent
Spanish emigrants to Uruguay
People from A Mariña Oriental
19th-century Uruguayan poets
19th-century male writers
20th-century Uruguayan male writers


Marshall Daniel Renfroe (May 25, 1936 – December 10, 1970) was an American professional baseball player. He was a left-handed pitcher who spent nine seasons (1954–62) in minor league baseball, and saw one game of service in the Major Leagues with the  San Francisco Giants. Born in Century, Florida, he was listed at  tall and .

Renfroe was recalled by the Giants in September 1959 after posting an 8–8 record with a 3.54 earned run average with the Triple-A Phoenix Giants of the Pacific Coast League. On September 27, the last weekend of the 1959 campaign, he was given the starting assignment against the St. Louis Cardinals at Busch Stadium. Staked to a 2–0 lead in the top of the first inning, Renfroe allowed a solo home run to Stan Musial in the bottom of the frame. He escaped without further damage and retired the Redbirds in order in the second inning. But in the third, with the Giants now ahead 4–1, Renfroe failed to retire a batter, allowing three bases on balls, a two-run double to Joe Cunningham, and an RBI single to Wally Shannon. Relieved by right-hander Al Worthington, Renfroe left the game with none out, two runners on base, and the score tied at four. Those runners eventually scored, giving the Cardinals the lead, 6–4. In his two full innings pitched, Renfroe allowed three hits and six earned runs, with three walks and three strikeouts.  The Giants came back later in the game to briefly lead 7–6, but ultimately fell 14–8 with Eddie Fisher taking the loss.

Renfroe then returned to the minors in 1960, and apart from a spring training spent with the  Washington Senators, never returned to the big leagues.  He died at age 34 in a car accident in Pensacola, Florida.

References

External links

1936 births
1970 deaths
Ardmore Rosebuds players
Baseball players from Florida
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Crestview Braves players
Danville Leafs players
Greenville Majors players
Major League Baseball pitchers
McAlester Rockets players
Pensacola Dons players
People from Century, Florida
Phoenix Giants players
Pulaski Phillies players
Quincy Gems players
Road incident deaths in Florida
St. Petersburg Saints players
San Francisco Giants players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Giants players
Victoria Rosebuds players


Peter Sarkisian (born 1965) is an American new media artist based in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He combines video projection and sculpture to create hybrid-format, multi-media installations.

Sarkisian has exhibited at several museums around the globe, including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Picasso Museum in Antibes, France and the Whitney Museum of American Art.

Overview
Peter Sarkisian's art lies at the intersection of film, video and sculpture. He began his career as a filmmaker in the late 1980s, studying direction at the California Institute of the Arts and the American Film Institute before working in the film industry in Los Angeles. By 1994, his interests had grown to include video sculpture, and in 1996 he began working with video projection, producing a number of spatial installations in order to challenge the moving image, as well as its standardized format.

Sarkisian is known for producing multi-media installations that blur the line between what is tangible and what is imagined. His video installations are designed to create perceptual conflicts between image, contour and surface, thereby allowing the viewer to draw multiple visual conclusions while reconsidering the medium of video itself. The relationship between viewer and viewed, and ultimately the dynamic between the two, is the focal point of Sarkisian's art.

Major works and exhibition highlights
In 1997 Sarkisian had his first solo museum exhibition at Site Santa Fe, in which curator Louis Grachos included an installation by Sarkisian with works by Bill Viola, Gary Hill, Tony Oursler and others. The piece exhibited, titled "I don’t want it; take it back", featured multiple projections of a large hand intertwined with a ball in physical space.

In 1998, Sarkisian premiered one of his seminal works, "Dusted", at I-20 Gallery in New York. In this piece, five conjoined projections unfold around the sides of a 33-inch cube, inside of which a man and woman appear to move slowly about. The opacity of the cube gradually yields to transparency as their bodies brush away a layer of soot from its inner surface, thereby revealing a murky view of the interior. This process in turn soils the figures inside and causes them to disappear proportionally.

In 1999 "Dusted’’ was shown at the Edinburgh College of Art as part of the Edinburgh International Festival in Scotland. The cube has since traveled to numerous museums throughout the world, and multiples of the installation have been added to the permanent collections of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Kumamoto, Japan.

In 2000 the Picasso Museum in Antibes, France held a solo exhibition of Sarkisian’s installations in concurrence with a show of Pablo Picasso's work. That same year, Italian art critic and curator Achille Bonito Oliva included Sarkisian’s ‘’Dusted’’ along with installations by Yoko Ono, Peter Greenaway, Robert Wilson and others in his exhibition titled ‘’Stanze é Segreti’’, which took place at the Rotonda della Besana in Milan.

In 2001, Sarkisian exhibited along with Douglas Gordon, Bruce Nauman, Andy Warhol, John Baldessari and others in the exhibition titled ‘’Making Time: Considering Time as a Material in Contemporary Film and Video.’’ Curated by Amy Cappellazzo, the show was presented at the Palm Beach Institute of Contemporary Art in Lake Worth, Florida, then traveled to the Armand Hammer Museum in Los Angeles.

In 2002, Sarkisian was included in the Whitney Museum of American Art Biennale exhibition, curated by Lawrence Rinder.  His contribution to the biennial was titled ‘’Hover’’, the second in a series of installations involving conjoined projections unfolding around the sides of a 33-inch cube.   Also that year, Sarkisian exhibited work at the Contemporary Art Museum in Kumamoto, Japan, as well as in Mexico City at ‘’Vidarte 2002, Festival Internacional de Video y Artes Electrónicas’’.

In 2003, Sarkisian’s work was included by curator Dan Cameron as part of the Eighth International Istanbul Biennial in Istanbul, Turkey.  Sarkisian’s installation, titled ‘’Bohr’s Atom’’, was commissioned for the biennial and explored Niels Bohr’s early observations concerning the quantum state of atoms.

In 2004, Sarkisian was tapped by Albright-Knox Art Gallery curator Louis Grachos to appear in ‘’Bodily Space: New Obsessions in Figurative Sculpture’’.  His work was also exhibited at the Foundazione Ragghianti in Lucca, Italy as part of a traveling show titled ‘’Journey of the Motionless Man’’, which had originated at the Villa Croce Museum of Contemporary Art in Genova the previous year.

In 2005-2006, Sarkisian’s ‘’Dusted’’ was paired with Steve McQueen’s ‘’Drum Roll’’ in a two-person exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

In 2007, Sarkisian debuted a new series titled ‘’Extruded Video Engine’’, in which the elements of video projection and three-dimensional vacuum formed screens were combined.

In 2008, works from the ‘’Extruded Video Engine’’ series were exhibited in solo shows at the Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida) and the Contemporary Art Center, New Orleans.  For the New Orleans show, Sarkisian used his video engines as a temporal mechanism through which to examine a one-year American media cycle, at whose exact midpoint Hurricane Katrina tore through the Gulf Coast.

In 2010, a retrospective of Sarkisian's work titled Peter Sarkisian: Video Works, 1996-2008 was shown at the University of Wyoming Art Museum, and traveled to the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts, Taipei.

Cultural references
Sarkisian's 1999 work White Water was referenced in Episode 1 of True Detective Season 2.

See also
 List of video artists

External links

 Peter Sarkisian Official Website (Download press-kit)
 I-20 Gallery New York
 James Kelley Contemporary, Santa Fe (Download full bio .pdf)
 Bernice Steinbaum Gallery Miami
 Solway Gallery Cincinnati, Ohio
 2002 Whitney Biennial Online Exhibition
 SFMOMA audio podcast of Peter Sarkisian
 Roberta Smith review in New York Times
 Video Excerpt of Extruded Video Engine from Volta, New York exhibition
 White Water, 1999

1965 births
Living people
American multimedia artists
Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico


Trond Nordby (born 6 July 1943) is a Norwegian historian and political scientist.

He graduated candidatus philologiæ in 1972, and received his PhD in 1984. He worked as a research fellow and lecturer of history at the University of Oslo from 1975 to 1986. From 1985 to 1989 he was a researcher for NAVF, and from 1990 he worked at the Norwegian Institute for Social Research. He is now a professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, having been promoted in 1995.

His research has centered on several issues. His background with health history shows in the 1989 biography of Karl Evang and his 1993 book chapter Det offentlige helsevesenet - en fagstyrets høyborg, about the technocracy in health management in Norway. The book I politikkens sentrum. Variasjoner i Stortingets makt 1814-2004 (second edition 2004) focuses on the Norwegian Parliament and Constitution. He has also synthesized social and political history, among others in the book Det moderne gjenombruddet i bondesamfunnet. Norge 1870-1920.

References

1943 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian historians
Norwegian political scientists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian historians


Lee Robert Jenkins (born 17 March 1961) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Aston Villa, Port Vale and Birmingham City, and also played in Finland for RoPS and FinnPa.

Career
Jenkins was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire. A midfield player, he began his football career as an apprentice with Aston Villa in June 1977. The following year he was part of the Villa side that reached the final of the FA Youth Cup, and in January 1979 he signed his first full professional contract and was capped for England at youth level. Jenkins made three substitute appearances in the First Division before joining Port Vale in November 1980. His only appearance was on Boxing Day 1980 in a 1–0 home defeat by Lincoln City. Given a free transfer in April 1981, he moved to Finland where he played for Rovaniemi in the Mestaruussarja (top division). Jenkins returned to England, signing for Birmingham City in October 1985. He broke his ankle on his Birmingham debut, and the following April, with the club in financial difficulties, he was given a free transfer. He then returned to Finland where he played for FinnPa.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from West Bromwich
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Aston Villa F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Rovaniemen Palloseura players
Birmingham City F.C. players
FinnPa players
English Football League players


Tân Dân may refer to:

Tân Dân, Bac Giang, Vietnam
Tân Dân, Ca Mau, Vietnam


Patrick McEnroe and Jonathan Stark were the defending champions but only McEnroe competed that year with Richey Reneberg.

McEnroe and Reneberg won in the final 6–3, 7–5 against Alexander Mronz and Lars Rehmann.

Seeds

  Todd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde (quarterfinals)
  Grant Connell /  Patrick Galbraith (semifinals)
  Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis (semifinals)
  Patrick McEnroe /  Richey Reneberg (champions)

Draw

External links
1993 Ansett Australian Indoor Championships Doubles Draw

Doubles


On April 3, 2009, a mass shooting occurred at the American Civic Association immigration center in Binghamton, New York. At approximately 10:30 a.m. EDT, Jiverly Antares Wong (also known as Jiverly Voong), a 41-year-old naturalized American citizen from Vietnam, entered the facility and killed thirteen people and wounded four others before committing suicide.

It is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in the state of New York.

Shooting
At about 10:30 a.m. EDT, Jiverly Wong barricaded the rear door of the Binghamton American Civic Association building with a vehicle registered in his father's name. He was described as wearing a bullet-proof vest, a bright green nylon jacket, and dark-rimmed glasses.

Wong entered through the front door, firing a number of bullets at people in his path. At 10:30 am, Broome County Communications received several 911 calls, and the first police were dispatched to the scene. Two of the Civic Association's receptionists were among the first victims shot. While one of the receptionists was reported to have been shot through the head and killed, the second, shot in the stomach, feigned death and, when the gunman moved on, took cover under a desk and called 911. The receptionist's call was taken by 911 staff at 10:38 am. The wounded receptionist, 61-year-old Shirley DeLucia, remained on the line for 39 minutes, despite her gunshot wound, and relayed information until she was rescued. She later recounted that the gunman had opened fire without saying anything.

The gunman entered a classroom just off the main reception areas, where an ESL class was being given to students. Out of the 16 people in the room, Wong hit 13 of them, including the professor. He then took dozens of other students hostage. Police arrived within minutes of the 911 calls. Hearing the alarms, Wong committed suicide by shooting himself at 10:33 am, three minutes after he first opened fire. In all, Wong fired 99 rounds: 88 from a 9mm Beretta and 11 from a .45-caliber Beretta.

Police response
Police remained at the perimeter of the property, having locked down nearby Binghamton High School and a number of streets in the area. At one point, not knowing if the gunman was alive or dead, police summoned Broome Community College Assistant Professor Tuong Hung Nguyen, who is fluent in Vietnamese, to help communicate with Wong in the event of contact.

SWAT members entered the Civic Center building and began clearing it at 11:13 am—43 minutes after the first call to the police at 10:30 am, and 40 minutes after patrol officers first arrived on the scene at 10:33 am. At the time of their entry, they had not yet confirmed that Wong had committed suicide, and they proceeded with caution. At approximately 12:00 pm, ten people left the building, with another ten following approximately forty minutes later. Some of the hostages had escaped to a basement, while more than a dozen remained hidden in a closet. Thanh Huynh, a high school teacher of Vietnamese background, was asked to interpret so the Vietnamese survivors could be interviewed by the police.

Wong was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, in the first-floor classroom with his victims. Items found on Wong's body included a hunting knife in the waistband of his pants; a bag of ammunition which was tied around his neck; and two semi-automatic pistols (a .45-caliber Beretta Px4 Storm and a 9mm Beretta 92FS Vertec Inox matching the serial numbers on his New York State pistol license). Also found at the scene were a number of loaded magazines, at least two empty magazines with a 30-round capacity each, and a firearm laser sight.

By 2:33 pm, SWAT had completed the clearing of the building, and all those inside had been evacuated.

Perpetrator

Jiverly Antares Wong (born Linh Phat Vuong, ; December 8, 1967 – April 3, 2009), a resident of Johnson City, New York, was identified as the perpetrator.

Wong was born into an ethnic Chinese (Chinese Nùng) family in South Vietnam. He and his parents, Henry Voong and Mui Thong, immigrated to New York in the late 1980s; he moved to California some time later. In 1992, Wong was arrested there and convicted of a misdemeanor charge of fraud for forgery. Wong became a naturalized American citizen in November 1995; the following year, he registered a gun in Broome County, New York.

He returned to the U.S., taking up residence in Inglewood, California, in December 1999. In California, Wong registered another gun. While living there, Wong married and later divorced Xiu Ping Jiang. The couple had no children. Wong worked for almost seven years as a delivery man for Kikka Sushi, a catering company located in Los Angeles.

Wong failed to show up to work one day in July 2007, having moved to Binghamton, New York, that month, near his parents. Later, he called the company to get a copy of his W-2 earnings statement in 2008, asking that it be forwarded to a New York state address. Although early reports suggested Wong had recently lost his job at a local IBM plant in nearby Endicott, New York, IBM said they had no records showing Wong had ever worked for the company. Wong worked at a local Shop-Vac vacuum cleaner plant until it closed in November 2008.

Wong had been taking English classes at the center, beginning in January 2009 and continuing through March. His attendance was intermittent, and he stopped coming altogether. He shot the students and teacher in the classroom where he had formerly attended sessions.

Possible motives
Several sources suggested possible motives for Wong's attack, including feelings of being "degraded and disrespected" for his poor English language skills, depression over losing his job, and difficulty in finding work in New York. A few years before the killings, he had worked as an engineer at Endicott Interconnect Technologies, a high-tech electronics company. In 2004, the company laid off five percent of its workforce. A coworker from that time said of him, "He was quiet—not a violent person" and "I can't believe he would do something like this." Press TV noted that Pakistani Taliban leader Baitullah Mehsud claimed responsibility for the shooting, saying, "They were my men. I gave them orders in reaction to US drone attacks." However, a spokesman for the Federal Bureau of Investigation discounted the claim as inconsistent with their evidence that Wong was the lone gunman.

Binghamton Police Chief Joseph Zikuski said, "From the people close to him ... this action he took was not a surprise to them." Wong had allegedly made comments such as "America sucks" and talked about assassinating President Barack Obama to his former coworkers at Shop Vac.

Package mailed to TV station
Several days after the shooting, an envelope was received by the Syracuse, New York, TV station News 10 Now dated March 18, 2009, and postmarked April 3, 2009, the day of the shooting. The three stamps used for the postage were a Liberty Bell and two Purple Hearts.

The package contained a two-page handwritten letter; photos of Wong, holding guns while smiling; a gun permit; and Wong's driver's license. Of the letter itself, most of its content was a rambling, paranoid accusation of perceived police misconduct and persecution of him, especially through "secret" visits to his residences.

Victims
Wong killed 13 people and critically wounded four. An account of each of the victims was published in The New York Times on April 6, 2009.

Killed
Parveen Ali, age 26, an immigrant from northern Pakistan
Almir Olimpio Alves, age 43, a Brazilian PhD in Mathematics and visiting scholar at Binghamton University, attending English classes at the Civic Association
Marc Henry Bernard, age 44, an immigrant from Haiti
Maria Sonia Bernard, age 46, another immigrant from Haiti
Li Guo, age 47, a visiting scholar from China
Lan Ho, age 39, an immigrant from Vietnam
Layla Khalil, age 53, an Iraqi mother of three children
Roberta King, age 72, an English language teacher who was substituting for a vacationing teacher and who had also substituted at local schools for many years
Jiang Ling, age 22, an immigrant from China
Hong Xiu "Amy" Mao Marsland, age 35, a nail technician who also immigrated from China in 2006
Dolores Yigal, age 53, a recent immigrant from the Philippines
Hai Hong Zhong, age 54, a third immigrant from China
Maria Zobniw, age 60, a part-time caseworker at the Civic Association, whose parents were from Ukraine

Wounded
The injured were treated for gunshot wounds at Wilson Medical Center in Johnson City and Our Lady of Lourdes Memorial Hospital in Binghamton.

Shirley DeLucia, age 61, the Civic Association receptionist who feigned death and contacted police
Long Huynh, age 42, a Vietnamese immigrant whose wife, Lan Ho, was killed. Huynh had tried to shield her with his body, but a bullet that shattered Huynh's elbow ricocheted, striking and killing his wife. Huynh was wounded three more times: he lost a finger to a shot, was hit by a bullet in his chest, and another bullet entered his chin and exited through his cheek.
Two other unnamed people

Response
 President Barack Obama referred to the shooting as "senseless violence" and offered sympathy to the victims.
 New York Governor David Paterson ordered state flags to be flown at half staff on April 8, 2009.
 Wong's parents, Henry Voong and Mui Thong of Johnson City, New York, issued a statement apologizing for their son's actions, expressing their shared grief and asking for forgiveness from the victims' families.

See also
 Gun violence in the United States
 Mass shootings in the United States

References

External links

Binghamton siege pictures – BBC
"Binghamton Victims Shared a Dream of Living Better Lives", New York Times, April 6, 2009, obituary for the victims
Image of Wong's two page handwritten letter sent to local news station (pdf)

2009 in New York (state)
2009 mass shootings in the United States
2009 murders in the United States
2000s crimes in New York (state)
21st-century mass murder in the United States
April 2009 crimes in the United States
April 2009 events in the United States
Attacks in the United States in 2009
Binghamton, New York
Deaths by firearm in New York (state)
Hostage taking in the United States
Mass murder in 2009
Mass murder in New York (state)
Mass murder in the United States
Mass shootings in New York (state)
Mass shootings in the United States
Massacres in the United States
Murder–suicides in New York


Đồng Phúc may refer to:

Đồng Phúc, Bac Giang, Vietnam
Đồng Phúc, Bac Kan, Vietnam


Kharija ibn Hudhafa (; died 22 January 661) was a companion of Muhammad and a commander in the Muslim conquest of Egypt during the reign of Caliph Umar (). He served as the chief judge and commander of the security forces in Egypt under the governor Amr ibn al-As.

Life
Kharija ibn Hudhafa hailed from the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. The specific clan to which he belonged is a matter of contradiction in the traditional Muslim sources; the Banu Sahm, Banu Adi and Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy are all mentioned as Kharija's clan. Kharija was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He gained distinction for his bravery and horsemanship during Muhammad's lifetime. In 640, Caliph Umar () dispatched him as one of four commanders an Arab army led by al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to reinforce the campaign of Amr ibn al-As to conquer Byzantine Egypt. After the Muslim victory at the Battle of Heliopolis (Ain Shams), Amr had Kharija's brother Abd Allah take possession of Heliopolis and establish terms with the inhabitants of the surrounding villages. After the fall of Babylon in April 641, Amr dispatched Kharija to conquer the Fayyum oasis, Hermopolis (el-Ashmunein), Akhmim, Bashrudat and the villages of Upper Egypt and make similar terms with their inhabitants.

While Amr was away besieging Alexandria, he left Kharija as his deputy over the Arab capital in Egypt, Fustat. He made Kharija the qāḍī (chief judge) of Egypt, where he became popular, and the head of his shurṭa (select troops or security forces). He remained in this office for at least two years into Caliph Uthman's reign (644–656) or throughout Uthman's reign. As opposition to Uthman culminated with a siege of his house in Medina, Kharija was at the forefront of those in Egypt calling to support the caliph. On 22 January 661, Amr, who had been restored to the governorship of Egypt and restored Kharija as the head of his shurṭa, made Kharija stand in for him to lead the Friday prayers as he was ill. A Kharijite assassin intending to kill Amr during the prayers killed Kharija instead, mistaking him for Amr. The assassin was subsequently apprehended and executed by Amr. In a letter sent to the latter in the aftermath of the assassination, Caliph Mu'awiya I () called Kharija a sheikh (chief or elder) of the Quraysh and consoled Amr as Kharija's "paternal uncle and his companion, above his male relatives". One of Kharija's wives was a Kindite woman and his last recorded descendant was his grandson al-Zubayr ibn Suhayl.

References

Bibliography

661 deaths
Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate
Companions of the Prophet
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Quraysh


'Ubadah ibn al-Samit ( ) was a companion of Muhammad and a well-respected chieftain of the Ansar tribes confederation. He participated in almost every battle during Muhammad's era. His official title, according to Muslim scholarly tradition, was 'Ubadah bin Saamit al-Ansari al-Badri () for his actions at the Battle of Badr. He served under the first three Rashidun caliphs in the Muslim conquest against the Byzantines.

The conquest of Cyprus marked 'Ubadah as one of the Rashidun army's most successful military commanders. He participated in more than seven large scale military campaigns before ending his career as a Qadi in the Holy Land. In later years he assisted the then-governor Umayyad Caliph Muawiya I.

'Ubadah served as the Qur'anic teacher of Suffah and the Mufti and judge of the Rashidun caliphate, along with matters of converting subdued populations and building Mosques, such as the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Egypt and the Bazaar Congregational mosque in Homs. Despite his low structural position, 'Ubadah's influence as a respected senior Sahabah who was trusted by Muhammad and caliph Umar could rule many of his compatriots, including those who outranked him structurally such as Mu'awiyah, who served as Governor of Homs during 'Ubadah's tenure as judge.

Islamic scholars regard 'Ubadah as an influential companion of Muhammad who passed down many Hadiths that became the basis of Fiqh ruling in various matters.

Early life
'Ubadah was a descendant from Yemeni Arabs who settled in Yathrib and formed the Banu Aws and Khazraj tribes. He was born into the latter and became a prominent chief. His genealogical lineage was 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit Ibn Qais bin Asram bin Fahr bin Tha'labah ibn Ghanm ibn Auf ibn (Amr bin Auf) ibn Al Khazraj. Sometime before Muhammad's migration from Mecca, 'Ubadah and other Banu Aws and Khazraj tribe chieftains, such as Abdullah ibn Rawahah, ʿAbdullah ibn Haram, Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, and Abu Talha al-Ansari, met Muhammad at Aqabah during their journey from Medina to perform Hajj in Mecca. In historical literature, these clan leaders are said to have done Hajj to achieve enlightenment after they grew weary of tribal conflicts, particularly the civil war of Yathrib that Muslim historians call the Battle of Bu'ath. They listened to Muhammad's preaching and considered him to be the solution to unite their tribes. They immediately pledged their allegiance to him, marking this event as the first pledge of al-Aqabah. 'Ubadah was around forty years old. Later he participated in the Second pledge at al-Aqabah, and narrated the event.

When the Meccan Muslims were migrating to seek refuge in Yathrib (now Medina), 'Ubadah and his fellow Banu Aws and Khazraji provided shelter to them as Muhammad immediately instructed 'Ubadah to take an oath of brotherhood with the Muhajireen named Abu Marthad al-Ghanwi.

Battles under Muhammad

During Muhammad's stay in Yathrib, 'Ubadah participated at the battle of Badr, which elevated his status as a patron of Islam in the view of Muslim scholars and earned him the title of al-Badri, which is bestowed to Muslims who attended the battle. 'Ubadah gave his testimony in regards to the aftermath of the battle when the Muslim army discussed their prisoners of war.

'Ubadah also participated in the battle of Uhud.

After the ancident between the Banu Qaynuqa tribe and Muhammad, 'Ubadah announced that he had annulled the alliance with Banu Qaynuqa, and it was this incident that led to the revelation of  and  from Allah to Muhammad. 'Ubadah's position as a respected head clan superseded Abdallah ibn Ubay's (another Khazraji chief) support of the Jews. In the end, the entire clan instead followed 'Ubadah and supported Muhammad and they expelled the Banu Qaynuqa Jews from Medina and took their date palm gardens as holy war benefit for the city's Muslim community before continuing to serve in the Battle of Khandaq. In January 627, the Ansaris under 'Ubadah and his colleague, Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, led an expedition against the Banu Mustaliq tribe. The raid was successful and they took 200 families captive, along with 200 camels, 5,000 sheep, goats, and a large quantity of household goods. However, during the battle 'Ubadah unintentionally killed one of his Ansari clansmen, Hisham ibn Subabah. Sometime after the treaty of Hudaybiyya, 'Ubadah fought in the Battle of Khaybar.

'Ubadah participated in virtually all military expeditions personally led by Muhammad before his death.

Rashidun caliphate

After the selection of the first caliph, rebellion broke out across the caliphate. 'Ubadah was commanded by Caliph Abu Bakr to quell the rebellions across Arabia, though it history did not record which battles he was involved in. According to David Nicolle, the four Rashidun contingents left Medina between the autumn of 633 to 634 before Khalid converged with other contingents led by generals such as Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan, Amr ibn al-A'as and Shurahbil Ibn Hasanah. 'Ubadah, Abu Darda, and Muadh ibn Jabal were sent to Syria after ibn Abu Sufyan asked the caliph to send him preachers to teach the newly subdued Syrian Christians. At some point, 'Ubadah was tasked to assist the military campaigns in Syria.

During the time of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, reinforcement requests came from the Syrian front during the Rashidun's conquest of Levant. Khattab sent 'Ubadah to join forces with Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and Khalid ibn al-Walid. 'Ubadah participated in the Battle of Ajnadayn under Khalid ibn al-Walid, where the 100,000 Byzantine soldiers under Vardan were trapped, defeated, and fled to Damascus. This battle ended with more than half of the Byzantine army killed, including General Vardan.

During the Siege of Emesa between 635 and 636 AD, Abu Ubaydah appointed 'Ubadah as his deputy in Homs while Abu Ubaydah left to capture Hamah. 'Ubadah stayed there with his wife, Umm Haram, where Umm Haram remembered the Hadith that allegedly prophesied the future conquest of Cyprus in which she and her husband participated.

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |Oh Jabla. Don't you know how we faced your advanced forces at Ajnadain and other places and how Allah Subhanahu Wa ta 'Ala granted us victory over you and how your tyrant ran away? We know who remains from your forces and they are easy for us. We are not afraid of these forces that have come. We have tasted blood and we haven't found blood sweeter than the blood of the Romans! Jabla, I call you to the religion of Islam and to enter our religion with your people and keep your honor in this life and the next life. do not be a servant of these uncouth Romans and put your life on the line to save them from destruction. You are from the chiefs of the Arabs and a king. Verily our religion has appeared. Follow the path of those who have repented and returned to Allah and believe in Him and say: "There is no God but Allah and Mohamed is the Messenger of Allah…"|-
| style="text-align: left;" |'Ubadah ibn al-Samit taunt to Jabalah ibn al-Aiham before the Battle of Yarmuk'''
|}

'Ubadah participated in the Battle of Yarmouk.

After they defeated the Byzantine coalitions in Yarmouk, 'Ubadah, along with the army of Abu Ubaydah and Khalid, continued their conquest until they reached Northern Syria, where they turned south to pacify the shore areas of Levant. 'Ubadah was instructed to lead a detachment to subdue Tartus, a coastal fortress city. While 'Ubadah occupied Tartus in 636, Muawiyah came to the city, and built an Amsar complex, while also delegating fiefs to the garrison commanders.

'Ubadah was commanded by Abu Ubaydah to march towards Jablah and Laodicea (Latakia). 'Ubadah met with resistance from the local garrison during the siege of Latakia. He observed that the city had a massive gate that could only be opened by a large number of men. He ordered his men to camp and dig trenches that could hide a rider on horseback. 'Ubadah and his army pretended to return to Homs, while at night he ordered the army to return hide themselves inside the trench. As soon as people in Laodicea thought 'Ubadah had left, they opened the gate to let their cattle out. 'Ubadah then ordered his entire army to attack. The Byzantines were caught by surprise and failed to close the gate. He climbed the wall then gave signal of Takbir terrifying the Byzantine defenders to flee towards Al-Yusaiyid. The fleeing Byzantine soldiers and local citizens returned and surrendered to 'Ubadah, who accepted their surrender and allowed them to return to their homes with specific conditions, including the obligation to pay the Kharaj land tax. While 'Ubadah oversaw Latakia, no buildings were razed including churches, while starting to build mosques. He stayed to establish the order of the caliphate on the subdued population. One particular mosque, Jami' al Bazaar or Mosque al-Bazaar survives. Laodicea was renamed to Latakia or Al-Ladhiqiyah.After settling matters in Latakia, 'Ubadah marched into other Byzantine controlled cities, and subdued them one by one from Salamiyah to Baniyas port city.

Circa 630s, 'Ubadah subdued the city of Paltus, which would become an Arab settlement called Arab al-Mulk during later era, as recorded by Yaqut al-Hamawi.

 Transfer to Egypt

In July 640, during the siege of Babylon fortress in Egypt against the Byzantine forces, the caliph sent 'Ubadah with 4,000 soldiers. The four commanders were two veteran Muhajireen, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Miqdad ibn al-Aswad; a young Ansari commander named Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari; and 'Ubadah. These reinforcements arrived in September 640. Imam Awza'i, a Tabi'un and founder of now extinct Awza'i school Madhhab, recorded that he witnessed the Muslim conquest of Egypt and he confirmed that 'Ubadah was among the leaders. Amr ibn al-Aas decided to battle on the open field near Heliopolis in early to mid July 640. 8,000 al-Aas soldiers were led by Zubayr, 'Ubadah, Maslama, Miqdad, Bisr ibn Abi Artat. They defeated the 20,000 strong Byzantine army under Theodore. The Muslims besieged the fortress over the course of months without a clear victory. During the siege, both sides exchanged envoys in an effort to demoralize each other. In the days leading up to the end, 'Ubadah was sent with a delegation to Muqawqis to negotiate for the last time. It is said that Muqawqis became afraid of 'Ubadah when he saw 'Ubadah's dark and majestic appearance. 'Ubadah then mocked Muqawqis in a chronicle:

'Ubadah gave him three options: accept Islam, pay Jizyah, or fight. Muqawqis refused chose to continue fighting. Following the failed negotiation, Byzantine forces decided to fight, and on the same day the fortress fell to the Muslims led Zubayr ibn al-Awwam who climbed the fortress wall alone and opened the gate from inside. After the fortress had been taken, al-Aas consulted with Maslama ibn Mukhallad. Maslama suggested that Amr give a field command to 'Ubadah to attack Alexandria. 'Ubadah rode to Amr, who gave him his spear of command. 'Ubadah rode towards the army and gave a speech before commencing his attack on Alexandria. 'Ubadah led a detachment to besiege Alexandria and reused his strategy of using trenches to conquer Latakia in Syria. When he and his main force arrived at Alexandria's outskirts, he gave a signal to the army including those who hid in the trenches to launch an assault. His attack breached and routed the Alexandrian garrison forces on the first charge. After Alexandria, 'Ubadah stayed in Egypt to help al-Aas build the city of Fustat and its landmark, Mosque Amr ibn al-Aas.

 Return to Levant
'Ubadah was dispatched by Caliph Umar to assist Abu Ubaydah and Mu'awiyah in Syria. Until the last years of caliph Umar's life, he wanted to appoint 'Ubadah as governor in Homs, as the caliph thought that the grip of the caliphate and Islam was new in that area, so he wanted someone he trusted to impose strict order. 'Ubadah declined the offer and then agreed to be instead appointed as Qadi in Palestine. 'Ubadah spent time during his tenure as Qadi to teach the Quran and Hadith, opened a public Majlis and led sermons. 'Ubadah joined the main force of Muawiyah to conquer Caesarea in 640 and was appointed to lead the right flank of the Muawiyah corps during the last battle against the Romans at Qaysariyyah or Caesarea Maritima, The Muslims were repelled several times before 'Ubadah and his men crushed the Byzantine ranks in a single charge that broke the stalemate. This allowed the Muslim forces to annex the historical territory of Byzantine, which led to the formation of the Jund Filistin. This ended 'Ubadah's journey in the Levant. During this time, 'Ubadah was appointed as the first governor of Jund Filistin. Later, 'Ubadah assisted Muawiyah I to attack Amorium, 170 miles south east of Constantinople, in the winter of 644 with a force of 10,000 men. This campaign continued northwards until they reached an area in Anatolia called Shaifa.

 First Conquest of Cyprus

After Uthman ibn al-Affan became caliph after Umar's death, Muawiyah requested that the caliph allow him to build a navy to attack Cyprus, as Muawiyah reasoned that Cyprus had become a satellite island of Byzantine forces which could threaten the caliphate on the western banks of Palestine. 'Ubadah, along with veteran companions of Muhammad such as Miqdad Ibn al-Aswad, Abu Dhar GhiFari, Shadaad ibn Aws, Khalid bin Zayd al-Ansari, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, all participated in building the caliphate's first Naval armada, led by Muawiya. Before he joined Muawiya's project to build first naval forces of the caliphate, 'Ubadah joined forces with Muslim general, Abdallah ibn Qais. Together with Muawiyah, they built the first caliphate armada with permission from ibn al-Affan. Abu Dharr mentioned that Miqdad ibn Amr al-Aswad participated in this project. Shortly later, Muawiya and 'Ubadah departed from Acre and headed to Cyprus. According to al-Baladhuri and Khalifa ibn Khayyat, Mu'awiya and 'Ubadah led the attack and were accompanied by their wives Katwa bint Qaraza ibn Abd Amr of the Qurayshite Banu Nawfal and Umm Haram. Umm Haram died in an accident during the campaign. The Muslim forces accepted Cyprus' surrender under the condition that they refrain from hostility to the Muslims, inform the caliphate of any Byzantine movements, pay 7,200 dinars annually for Jizya, and never reveal information to outsiders regarding the caliphate's military operations.

Muawiya and 'Ubadah forces pacified almost every Byzantine garrison. This is evidenced by two Greek inscriptions in the Cypriot village of Solois that note those two offensives. The entire island of Cyprus surrendered after their capital, Salamis, was surrounded and besieged. At least 50 military operations occurred in Cyprus between this first campaign in 648 until the last one in 650.

 Hadith of the prophecy of Cyprus conquest

One of the most famous Hadiths related to 'Ubadah and Umm Haram relate to the prophecy that the Islamic caliphate would dominate the sea on two occasions. This was taught by Muslim scholars as a prophecy of the conquest of Cyprus. 'Ubadah participated in both the initial conquest and the second campaign years later. Umm Haram narrated the prophecy, which she believed related to this campaign. Anas ibn Malik, her nephew, reminded them about the Hadith of the promise of incoming naval conquests by Islam.

 Second conquest

In 652, Cyprus rebelled against the caliphate and caused Muawiyah and 'Ubadah to mount a second campaign. This time Mu'awiyah and 'Ubadah split their forces: one led by Mu'awiyah and the other by Abdallah ibn Sa'd. This punitive campaign was described in Tarikh fi Asr al-Khulafa ar-Rashidin as particularly brutal. Many died in the campaign and many were taken captive.

After they pacified Cyprus once more, 'Ubadah told Mu'awiyah to share the spoils according to the Teaching of Muhammad, which must be divided in fifths. Muawiyah agreed with 'Ubadah's counsel and gave him the task. Afterwards, Muawiyah consulted with one of his officers, Ismail bin Ayyasy, as to how to prevent another uprising. Muawiyah decided on a garrison of 12,000 soldiers. Muawiyah also transferred Muslim settlers from Baklabak, Syria, to Cyprus and constructed mosques.

 Later life and death

At the end of his military career, 'Ubadah retired to Palestine. When Caliph Uthman faced dissidents from the Khawarij sect and portions of the followers of Abdullah ibn Saba. 'Ubadah was among those who expressed support for Uthman. 'Ubadah did not appreciate the revolts from the Abdullah ibn Saba followers, which was headed by Yazid ibn Qais and Malik al-Ashtar. He, Mu'awiyah, Kharijah ibn Huzafah of Egypt, Anas ibn Malik, Hisham ibn Amir, Abu Darda, and Tabiin pupils of Abdullah ibn Masud were among those from outside Medina who urged the caliphate to take action against the Khawarij dissidents in Medina.

'Ubadah passed in Ramla at the age of seventy two (72) years. 'Ubadah said on his deathbed:

 Personal information
 Appearance
Dr. Khalid Basalamah Lc, MA, interviewed the Imam of Al-Aqsa mosque during a visit to 'Ubadah 's grave in Palestine. The Imam related the oral tradition that 'Ubadah was a "handsome man with dark skin". This was supported by Ibn Hajar in his Siyar A'lam Nubala in the chapter of 'Ubadah where he describes him as physically attractive. The Imam noted 'Ubadah was "very muscular. So ripped and huge his forearm size is equal to the span of [an] adult male hand palm.". Several historians noted how his enemies, such as Muqawqis, governor nclof Egypt and Jabalah and leader of the Ghassanid Arabs in the battle of Yarmouk were awed by his appearance.

 Family
'Ubadah's sister was named Nusaybah. His father was Samit Ibn Qais Ibn Asram Ibn Fahr while his mother was Qarat al-Ain Bint 'Ubadah bin Nidhal al-Khazrajiyya. His brother, 'Aws bin al-Samit, was married to Khawla bint Tha'labah, a female companion of Muhammad who was mentioned in Surah al Mujadalah.

Records from Bukhari and Muslim texts included a statement from Anas Ibn Malik that 'Ubadah was married to Umm Haram bint Milhan during the first conquest of the Island of Cyprus with Muawiyah where Umm Haram died during the campaign. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani translated this to mean 'Ubadah married Umm Haram during the campaign. However, Ibn Ishaq disagreed and translated the words of Anas to mean Umm Haram had married 'Ubadah before the campaign. Ibn Hajar argued further that another record from Ibn Hibban that stated that Umm Haram had just married 'Ubadah, which caused Ibrahim al Quraibi, author of Tarikh ul-Khulafa, to support the opinion of Ibn Hajar.

'Ubadah was also married to Jamilah bint Abi Sa'sa' and they had a son named Walid ibn 'Ubadah.

His son, Ubaydah ibn Ubadah ibn Ubadah, was buried in Egypt.

 Character
During his lifetime, 'Ubadah held influence within caliphate administration. He was trusted to pass fatwas judgements, which only a handful of Muhammad's companions were allowed during their life.

Regarding his battlefield achievements, 'Ubadah was known as a fearless warrior. Caliph Umar himself has praised him as an equal of 1,000 warriors. He was once recorded for displaying his personal military prowess when the Muslims had besieged a Byzantine fort. 'Ubadah was found alone praying in a field by Byzantine soldiers. Before they could approach, he jumped to his horse and advanced towards them. The Byzantine soldiers fled and were chased by 'Ubadah until they reached their fort.

He was known as a clever commander who deployed successful strategies, such as the use of ambush trenches which allowed him to conquer strongholds such as Latakia in Syria and Alexandria in Egypt.

Islam historians described 'Ubadah as a stern man with high confidence who could not be easily intimidated during negotiation. He is known as a solemn personality who detested sycophants, which he showed at one Friday prayer in Damascus. The khatib lauded him with praise when 'Ubadah was a chief judge. He threw mud in the Khatib's face and quoted Hadith about the instruction from Muhammad to throw mud in the face of flatterers. Caliph Umar held 'Ubadah in high regard. The caliph respected him to the extent that  he gave 'Ubadah important tasks. Caliph Umar supported 'Ubadah when the latter came into dispute with Muawiyah. The caliph appointed 'Ubadah as a judge while giving him autonomy so that Muawiyah, who was the governor of Syria, could not interfere with his verdicts. The source of the dispute was recorded by a Hadith that was grade highly by Sunan ibn Majah. The Hadith explained the difference between 'Ubadah and Mu'awiyah regarding the permissibility of transactions using gold to exchange with coin of Dinar and silver with coin of Dirham.

 Legacy

Sunni scholars classified 'Ubadah as among the higher-ranked Companions of the Prophet, due to his heritage as an Ansari and his attendance at the First and Second Pledges in Aqaba, the Battle of Badr, and the Pledge of the Tree. At least five reasons are stated by scholars that ranked 'Ubadah in such saintly venerable status according to the traditions of Islamic scholars:

 His attendance at the Aqaba pledge of allegiance, which inaugurated an honorific title of Al-Aqabi.
 His status as Ansar, which inaugurated a honorific title of "Al-Ansari". Furthermore, The embeddings of 'Ansari by Muhammad in various Qur'an verses and Hadith were viewed as a special status in Islam. Two patrons of Hadith, Muslim and Bukhari, compilled special chapters regarding the Ansar matter. Nasiruddin al Albani highlighted the Hadith from Muslim, that the Ansar is "the best tribe in human history until end of times". Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani recorded and gave commentary in his book, Fath al-Bari, regarding the Hadith that loving and caring the Ansaris are required Muslims, while bearing ill will towards the Ansaris and their families were sign of hypocrisy.
 His attendance at the Battle of Badr, which inaugurated a honorific title of "Al-Badri". His status as a veteran is special in the eyes of scholars as Muhammad regarded those of his companions who attended Badr as among the most important in Islam.
 His attendance at the Battle of Uhud, which inaugurated a honorific title of "Al-Uhudi". His attendance in the Pledge of the Tree. Rashid Rida explained that for everyone who pledged were regarded by Islam teaching as special. This explanation is in line with Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's explanation of the Hadith Bukhari regarding pledge attendance, which resulted to the revelation of Hadith Qudse regarding the God's will towards them.

Early Muslim scholars supported scholarly knowledge of 'Ubadah's status as evidenced from Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Al-Dhahabi listed a specific chapter of his biography in his Siyar a'lam Nubala. Quran

Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi narrated that during the time of Muhammad, 'Ubadah was among those who collected and wrote down the Qur'an along with Muadh ibn Jabal, Abayyuu ibn Ka'ab, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, and Abu Darda. Quranic experts generally accepted 'Ubadah's participation in the Pledge of the Tree as Asbab al-nuzul of the verse 55-56 of Surah Al-Ma'idah, which is one of the factors that makes 'Ubadah venerated. Furthermore, tradition from Al-Tabarani and bayhaqi agreed that the revelation of verse 51 to 52 of Surah Al Ma'idah was also linked with 'Ubadah. Where the verses reprimanded 'Ubadah to not follow the path of hypocrites like Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy who took companionship from heretics like Jews and Christians. Those verses are believed by Muslims to be the revision of the Ten Commandments according to Islam."In the Quran, the Ten Commandments are discussed in Surah Al-An'am, 6:151-153":  Either as revealed to Moses originally or as taken by Muslims now: 'Ubadah was reportedly one of the earliest figures to teach Qur'an exegesis. Hammam ibn Munabbih, a Tabi'in who authored one of the oldest Hadith, reported that 'Ubadah was trusted by Muhammad to tutor the disciples of Suffah the art of writing and imparting tafseer of Qur'an

 Hadith & Legals

The fact that 'Ubadah was among the few Companions of the Prophet who are allowed to give Fatwa verdicts and passed down the knowledge of so many Hadith narrations from Muhammad, Muslim scholars across generations generally view him as one of Islam's patrons of knowledge, and borrowed traditions from 'Ubadah as the basis for various rulings, including the observance of Islamic teaching, mysticism, eschatological, ethics or jurisrudence in Sunni Madhhab. In al-Dhahabi's book Siyar a'lam al-nubala, he recorded that at least one hundred and eighty-one (181) Hadiths were narrated by 'Ubadah.

Numerous Hadith for observances of Islamic faith were transmitted by 'Ubadah, such as the Hadith about five daily prayers. This Hadith was deemed authentic by Imam an Nasa'i.

Another Hadith that has been used by scholars was narratd by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri. He attributed it to 'Ubadah through Mahmud ibn al-Rabi. This Hadith became a basis of later Fiqh scholars to formulate the ruling that al-Fatiha are obligatory to be recited in every Salah ritual. Another observance Hadith transmitted by 'Ubadah was used as a metric by Muslims to measure the existence and omen of Laylat al-Qadr, a special occasion for Muslims that occurred once a year, which are found in the work of Ahmad Bin Hanbal and almost all of six prominent Hadith books listed the narrations and traditions from 'Ubadah.

On the field of Mysticism regarding teaching of Islam, Hadith from 'Ubadah were compiled by Abu Dawud regarding a dream of Mumin or true believer of Islam as one of Muhammad's forty miracles. The chains were deemed authentic by the author of the Hadith critics, while the exegete commentary preserved from Abu Hurairah from the classical era by Mahmud ibn Ghaylan translated this Hadith that sometimes, proof of Muhammad prophecies and signs of Qur'an and Sunnah appear in the dreams of believers.

In the school of Fiqh jurisprudence, Maddhab scholars from Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafii, Maliki and other smaller and extinct Madhhab schools like Madhhab of Sufyan al-Thawri took the Hadith regarding governorship and conduct of ruling that loyalty and obedience to the rightful rulers or leaders are a part of Muslim obligation and as a basis of Sharia law about government authority. The exemplary Hadith of 'Ubadah deemed important by Maliki Madhab regarding transactions was recorded by the founder of Maliki Madhhab, Malik ibn Anas in his book Muwatta Imam Malik, which was also deemed authentic by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj in his Hadith compilation. Modern contemporary scholars such as Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, based their fatwas on the basis of his Hadiths as transactions in Islam, Hajj ritual, divorces, and oaths.

 Jihad and laws of war
'Ubadah passed down Hadith that ruled the administration of Spoils of War such as the one after they pacified Cyprus for the second time. 'Ubadah told Mu'awiyah to share the spoils that were acquired through military campaigns according to the Sunnah, which must be divided in fifths. In response Mu'awiyah tasked 'Ubadah to manage the spoils.

Meanwhile, on smaller scale operations, such as limited military raids, 'Ubadah taught the Hadith that has been recorded in Sunan ibn Majah: "...It was narrated from 'Ubadah bin Samit that the Prophet (ﷺ) awarded one quarter of the spoils to those who attacked the enemy at the beginning and one third to those who attacked at the end...". Hanafite scholar Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi preserved the exegesis from Ali ibn Muhammad al-Shaddad, that this Hadith rules that those involved in the start of the fight have right of one quarter of the spoils, while those who participated later acquired one third of the spoils.

 Hadith of the usury

Perhaps the most impactful Hadith narrated by 'Ubadah were Hadiths that focus on riba or usury. It rules out hand-to-hand transactions of commodities. It requires that only similar items be traded, except where the transaction consisted of two different commodities. The exegete scholars agreed that this tradition from 'Ubadah covered at least one of the six types of riba, Riba al Fadhl type, which rules that an increase in one of the two exchanged ribawi items that are of the same nature and type. Thus, on the scope of Madhhab schools, four major Madhhabs, along with Zahiri, unanimously agreed on the implementation of ban,s for such types of Riba. Although the degree of the ban differs among those Madhhabs, such as that Hanbalis disagreed with Hanafis' total ban for any items, as Hanbalis argues on the basis of Said ibn al-Musayyib reasoning, that the Hadith of 'Ubadah were limited to foodstuffs, as non-consumable items were exempted. Sa'ib used another authentic Hadith from Abu Sa'id al-Khudri to regard this matter as counterargument.

Historical usage of this Hadith from 'Ubadah was found, as 'Ubadah tried to implemented the Hadith during the campaign of Cyprus. However, Sunan ibn Majah recorded that during his tenure as judge in Homs, this effort of 'Ubadah to implement the rule became the source of a dispute between 'Ubadah and city governor Mu'awiyah. 'Ubadah argued by basing his argument from this Hadith of usury that Islam forbid the unequal exchanging of goods unless they were of similar quality, in this case the exchange of gold to with dinar and dirham. 'Ubadah viewed that it falls under a practice of Riba, while Mu'awiyah argued that there was no element of usury, except given delays in a transaction. This Hadith was enough to overrule the early verdict regarding Riba by Ibn Abbas, another Companion of the Prophet with similarly high rank. Ibn Abbas gave a less strict verdict regarding Riba.

 Architecture

'Ubadah demonstrated his skill as an architect after the conquest of Latakia. While he administered the city, he built the Great Mosque of al-Bazaar. The mosque has two western entrances. South of the mosque, leading to its courtyard is an open space recently roofed with raspberry boards. From the eastern side, two spaces open in front of the mosque, a rectangle covered with six stone arches, and a medium-sized minaret stands on its highest base. The mosque does not contain artistic touches except for some decorations on the entrance and the minaret. On the western side of the mosque is an old bathroom.

Another example of his architecture is when he ended the conquest in Egypt with al-Aas. He was involved in planning and developing Fustat and in constructing the first mosque in Egypt, known as the mosque of Amr bin al-Aas. He, along with other companions such as Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Abu Darda, and Miqdad ibn Amr al-Aswad, also constructed and decided the Qibla or direction of prayer of the mosque.

 Descendants and social developments
'Ubadah is revered by many Palestinian Arab communities who preserve his tomb in Ramla. Historical book author Simon Sebag Montefiore wrote that the keeper of 'Ubadah's tomb hails from the Nusaybah family, a modern Arabic family that claims to be descendants of 'Ubadah and Nusaybah, his sister. The Palestinian Arabs regard him as an influential figure as evidenced by the public sermon by Dr. Yusuf Juma Salama, one of the official khattib of Al-Aqsa Mosque who spoke of 'Ubadah as the first judge of Palestine. A notable descendant was Sari Nusseibeh, a Palestinian Professor of Philosophy and former President of Al-Quds University. Another prominent descendant was Sadr al-Shari'a al-Thani, a Hanafi scholar, and Maturidi philosophist.

'Ubadah influenced the Ansari descendants of later generations, who held elite positions in various areas, particularly Hejaz.

Regarding 'Ubadah legacy of emancipation, Mustafa al-Siba'i noted that emancipation within Islam was apparent due to the fact that there were one thousand (1,000) black skinned warriors under his command. 'Ubadah rebuked the racist attitude shown by scared, yet scornful Muqawqis towards black peoples during the negotiation of the latter's surrender during the conquest of Egypt

 See also

 Second pledge at al-Aqabah
 Muslim conquest of Egypt
 Rashidun Caliphate
 Muslim conquest of the Levant
 Jund Filastin

 References

 Notes

 Reference list

 Sources

 Primary sources
 Recorded traditional oral narration of historical events during the early time of Islam of Urwah ibn Zubayr, an historian during Rashidun era.
 Earliests records of Maghazi (historical records regarding Islamic conquests) of Muhammad by Tabi'in historian Aban ibn Uthman
 Recorded narrations of Maghazi classifications by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
 Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which contains many scarces of historical account regarding military activity during the time of Muhammad and four righteous guided caliphate
 Sahih Bukhari Chapter 57: Book of Jihad, regarding ethics and basics of warfare according to Islamic tradition
 Sahih Muslim Chapter 19: KITAB AL-JIHAD WA'L-SIYAR (The Book of Jihad And Expedition), regarding ethics and conduct during wartime
 Bulugh al-Maram Chapter 10. The book of Jihad. treatise regarding basis of military conducts and treatise attributed to Shafiʽite scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani.
 Siyar a'lam al-nubala historical and biographical accounts of Companions of the prophet, authored by Al-Dhahabi.
 Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (Biography of the prophet of Allah) by Ibn Hisham
 Sunan al-Kubra lil Behaqi, commonly known as Sunan al-Bayhaqi; authored by al-Bayhaqi
 al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr; Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat; and Al-Mu'jam as-Saghir, Three compilations of Hadith authored by Al-Tabarani
 Masabih al-Sunnah contained narrations of the peoples who lived during the Rashidun conquests, including those directly involved in the conquest. Authored by Al-Baghawi
 Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (The Life of the Prophet)', an edited recension by Ibn Isḥāq
 Historical excerpts from Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi, scholar and historian from the Caliphate of Córdoba
 Futuh al-Buldan, The Conquest of (the) countries, a work regarding early Islamic conquest 9th century historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri of Abbasid-era Baghdad
 Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi (Arabic: كتاب التاريخ والمغازي, "Book of History and Campaigns") by al-Waqidi
 Al-Bidayah wa Nihayah; authored by Ibn Kathir
 Kitāb aṭ-Tabaqāt al-Kabīr (), eight-volume work contains the lives of Muhammad, his Companions and Helpers, including those who fought at the Battle of Badr as a special class, and of the following generation, the Followers, who received their traditions from the Companions, authored by Ibn Sa'd
 Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah (The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions)'', a biographical work of the Prophet Muhammad and 7,554 of his companions, authored by Ali ibn al-Athir

Secondary sources

Ansar (Islam)
Sahabah hadith narrators
Arab generals
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud
Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate
People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
People from the Rashidun Caliphate
Khazrajite people
Quranic exegesis scholars
7th-century jurists


G. R. Edmund (6 January 1931– 2 June 2013) was an Indian politician of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. He served as the Deputy Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1969 to 1971.

He joined Mr M.G. Ramachandran when he founded Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, in 1972. Mr Edmund served as a State Minister between 1977, and 1980 and held 6 portfolios, including: Food, Forest, and Fisheries departments. He also served as Special Representative of the Tamil Nadu Government at Delhi. He was also public prosecutor at Madras High Court.

References

2013 deaths
1931 births
Deaths from organ failure
Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians


The Judo competition in the 1986 Goodwill Games were held in Moscow, Soviet Union from 17  to 21 July 1986.

Medal overview

Medals table

External links
Result of the Judo at the 1986 Goodwill Games (Goodwill Games)
Preliminaries and Quarterfinals by UPI
Semifinals by UPI
Finals by UPI

1986 Goodwill Games
1986
Goodwill Games
Judo competitions in Russia


Alter Ego was an American melodic rock band from Virginia formed in the 1980s. In 1989, they released their only album, Fear.

Band members
Glen Kuykendall - guitar
Ronni Roth - drums
Chris Fisher - bass
Julie Jewell - vocals

Latter day
Kuykendall currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee, where he plays in a number of different bands, works as a songwriter, session musician, record producer and guitar teacher. He released an album, Can You Hear It Ring?, in 2007. He was featured in the Soundpage of the August 1990 edition of Guitar Player.

As of 2009, Fisher plays in the Washington, D.C. band, Aces & Eights.

Discography

Albums
Fear (1989)

References

External links
Alter Ego at AOR-FM
Chris Fisher's Profile at Aces & Eights Web Page
Glen Kuykendall at MySpace
Aces & Eights web site

Rock music groups from Virginia


Norman MacLeod Lang (1875–1956) was the third Bishop suffragan of Leicester from 1913 until 1927.

Lang's father, John Marshall Lang, was a Church of Scotland minister and some-time Moderator; among Norman's brothers were Cosmo, Archbishop of York and then of Canterbury; and Marshall, minister and some-time Moderator. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon, he was made deacon on Trinity Sunday 1900 (10 June) and ordained priest on St Thomas' Day 1902 (21 December) — both times by Randall Davidson, Bishop of Winchester, at Winchester Cathedral. His first post was as a Minor Canon  at Bloemfontein Cathedral. Returning to England he was Vicar of St Martin's, Leicester before his appointment to the episcopate. He was consecrated a bishop on Ascension Day (1 May) by Randall Davidson, by then Archbishop of Canterbury, at Southwark Cathedral.

Serving as Bishop suffragan of Leicester, he held both the Archdeaconry of Northampton and a residentiary canonry at Peterborough Cathedral with his See from 1919 until his resigned the See, due to the erection in 1926 of the new Diocese of Leicester. He continued as an Assistant Bishop of Peterborough — effectively in the same role, without a title — until his retirement in 1945. Alongside that post and his canonry, he remained Archdeacon of Northampton until 1936, after which he became Archdeacon of Oakham.

References

1875 births
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
Archdeacons of Oakham
Bishops suffragan of Leicester
1956 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops


P. Seenivasan was an Indian politician of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Member of the Legislative Assembly Tamil Nadu. He served as the Deputy Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1971 to 1972. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Virudhunagar constituency and Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency) in 1967, 1971 and 1989 elections.
He defeated the King maker K. Kamaraj in the 1967 assembly elections when he contested against him in the virudhunagar constituency.

Electoral performance

References

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
India MPs 1957–1962
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
Politicians from Chennai
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing


Ryan Andrew Kidd (born 6 October 1971) is an English former footballer who is now a youth-team coach at Blackburn Rovers.

A defender, he left Port Vale in 1992 and then spent ten years with Preston North End, before retiring from the game at age 30 due to injury. During his time at the club, Preston won promotion as Third Division champions in 1995–96 and Second Division champions in 1999–2000; and were one game away from promotion to the Premier League in 2001. He turned to coaching once his playing days finished, and was briefly the manager of Darlington in June 2010. He went on to coach at Bury, and was temporarily appointed joint caretaker manager (with Chris Brass) in November 2016.

Playing career

Port Vale
Kidd graduated through the Port Vale youth team to sign his first professional forms under John Rudge in July 1990. He made one league start and three cup appearances as a substitute in the 1991–92 season, but was given a free transfer in May 1992 and moved on to Les Chapman's Preston North End, also of the Second Division.

Preston North End
The "Lilywhites" were relegated into the Third Division (fourth tier) under new manager John Beck in 1992–93; they occupied the final relegation place having finished three points below Hull City. Preston then finished fifth in 1993–94, and reached the Wembley play-off final, where they lost out 4–2 to Wycombe Wanderers. They again finished fifth in 1994–95, with the help of young Manchester United loanee David Beckham, but missed out on the 1995 play-off final after they lost out to Bury at the semi-final stage. North End achieved promotion at the third time, winning the Third Division title in 1995–96 by a three-point margin, under Gary Peters' stewardship.

Kidd was a key first team member in 1996–97, making 40 appearances as Preston retained their third tier status. They achieved another comfortable mid-table in 1997–98, and Kidd played 44 games, scoring in wins over Wigan Athletic and Luton Town, and retaining his first team place under teammate turned manager David Moyes. For the third time in Kidd's Preston career, the Deepdale club reached the play-offs in 1998–99 following a fifth-place finish; however they missed the play-off final with Manchester City after losing out to Gillingham at the semi-final stage. Kidd had played 33 games over the course of the campaign, scoring at Wrexham and in both games against Chesterfield. Preston continued to progress, and won promotion as champions in 1999–2000, finishing seven points ahead of second-place Burnley; Kidd played a total of 38 games.

He played just fifteen First Division games in 2000–01 after recovering from serious neck surgery, but played every minute of the three play-off games. Preston progressed past Birmingham City following a penalty shoot-out, but were denied a place in the Premier League after a 3–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers in the Final at the Millennium Stadium. He was limited to just seven appearances in 2001–02, before he was forced to retire in November 2001, after suffering a serious neck injury (a collapsed disc meant he could not safely head the ball again). For his ten years service and more than 300 league and cup appearances for the "Lilywhites", Kidd was granted a testimonial match in summer 2002 against Kevin Keegan's Manchester City.

Coaching career
Kidd joined Barnsley in January 2006, where he was the assistant to manager Simon Davey as the club reached the FA Cup semi-finals at Wembley in 2008, having knocked out Liverpool at Anfield, then beating Chelsea at home in the quarter-finals. Previously he had gained his coaching and managerial experiences working as Development Centre Manager and under-18 team coach at Preston North End, before taking up the offer of Centre of Excellence Manager at Bury. He left Barnsley in September 2009 after almost three years, following the sacking of Simon Davey.

In March 2010, Davey and Kidd again teamed up to take over at League Two side Darlington. Davey resigned after just eleven weeks, and on 17 June 2010 Kidd took over as manager of Darlington. He signed a two-year contract, however he lasted just eleven days, resigning on 28 June without taking charge of a first-team game and making no signings, after he had second thoughts about the job. On 21 December 2011, Kidd was named as assistant to Rochdale's caretaker manager Chris Beech. He later began coaching the under-16s at the Blackpool academy.

In February 2014, Kidd was appointed as the under-18's manager at Bury. Kidd and Chris Brass took charge of the club as joint caretaker managers following the sacking of David Flitcroft in November 2016, and were given the task of managing the club for the rest of the 2016–17 season. The club lost all four games before Brass was given the job on a full-time basis, with Kidd being appointed as his assistant. He remained at Gigg Lane under three different managers since Brass left in February 2017, and served the club as the youth-team manager in the 2018–19 season, working with Mark Litherland. Following the demise of Bury, Kidd moved on to become the under-18 assistant coach at Blackburn Rovers in October 2019.

Personal life
As of November 2016, Kidd was married to Mirinda, with whom he had two sons.

Career statistics

Playing statistics
Source:

Honours
Preston North End
Football League Third Division: 1995–96
Football League Second Division: 1999–2000

References

1971 births
Living people
People from Radcliffe, Greater Manchester
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
English men's footballers
English football managers
Men's association football defenders
Port Vale F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
English Football League players
Darlington F.C. managers
Bury F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers
Association football coaches
Preston North End F.C. non-playing staff
Barnsley F.C. non-playing staff
Rochdale A.F.C. non-playing staff
Blackpool F.C. non-playing staff
Bury F.C. non-playing staff
Blackburn Rovers F.C. non-playing staff


Patrick Santer (born 16 August 1970 in Luxembourg City) is a Luxembourgish lawyer and politician for the Christian Social People's Party (CSV).

Santer stood for the Chamber of Deputies in the Centre constituency in the 1999 election, finishing tenth on the CSV list, with six elected. However, this qualified him to replace Astrid Lulling, who was herself appointed to take the place of Viviane Reding as Member of the European Parliament after Reding was appointed European Commissioner. He consequently sat in the Chamber from 12 October 1999 to 5 June 2004. He won the ninth-most votes on the CSV list in the 2004 election, with eight elected. Santer took up a seat when three of those that were elected above him were appointed government ministers. Hence, he sat from 3 August 2004 until 11 March 2009, when he resigned.

He is the son of Jacques Santer, former Prime Minister (1984 – 1995) and President of the European Commission (1995 – 1999).

External links
 Chamber of Deputies official website biography

Christian Social People's Party politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg) from Centre
20th-century Luxembourgian lawyers
1970 births
Living people
People from Luxembourg City
21st-century Luxembourgian lawyers


N. Ganapathy was an Indian politician of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadufrom  Papanasam Thanjavur District. He served as the Deputy Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1973 to 1977. He was again a Member of the Legislative Assembly in 1989-1991 from Mylapore Constituency in Chennai City. Mr. Ganapathy was also a brilliant lawyer headed the law firm Pathy & Sundaram practising in the Madras High Court.
Mr. Ganapathy worked with Mr. G. Ramaswamy former Attorney General of India.

Notes

Year of birth missing
Tamil Nadu politicians
Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
20th-century Indian lawyers
Possibly living people


The Judo competition in the 1990 Goodwill Games were held in Seattle, United States 2 and 3 August 1990.

Medal overview

Men's events

Women's events

Medals table

External links
Result of the Judo at the 1990 Goodwill Games(Goodwill Games)

1990 Goodwill Games
1990
G
Judo competitions in the United States