Cell sorting is the process through which a particular cell type is separated from others contained in a sample on the basis of its physical or biological properties, such as size, morphological parameters, viability and both extracellular and intracellular protein expression. The homogeneous cell population obtained after sorting can be used for a variety of applications including research, diagnosis, and therapy.

Methods

Methods of cell sorting fall into two major categories: fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and immunomagnetic cell sorting. Due to many years of refinement and increased demand for cell separation however, researchers are working to develop microfluidic sorting devices that have many benefits in comparison to the main types of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunomagnetic cell sorting methods.

Fluorescence-activated

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting, is also known as flow cytometry  cell sorting, or commonly known by the acronym FACS, which is a trademark of Becton Dickinson and Company. Fluorescence activated cell sorting utilizes flow cytometry to separate cells based on morphological parameters and the expression of multiple extracellular and intracellular proteins. This method allows multiparameter cell sorting and  involves encapsulating cells into small liquid droplets which are selectively given electric charges and sorted by an external electric field. Fluorescence activated cell sorting has several systems that work together to achieve successful sorting of events of interest. These include fluidic, optical, and electrostatic systems. The fluidic system has to establish a precisely-timedbreak off from the liquid stream in small uniform droplets, so that droplets containing individual cells can then be deflected electrostatically  Based on the invention of Richard Sweet, droplet formation of the liquid jet of a cell sorter is stabilized by vibrations of an ultrasonic transducer at the exit of the nozzle orifice. The disturbances grow exponentially and lead to break up of the jet in droplets with precise timing. A cell of interest that should be sorted is measured at the sensing zone and moves down the stream to the breakoff point. During the separation of the droplet with the cell in it from the intact liquid jet, a voltage pulse is given to the liquid jet so that droplets containing the cells of interest can be deflected in an electric field between two deflection plates for sorting. The droplets are then caught by collection tubes or vessels placed below the deflection plates.
Flow cytometry cell sorting yields very high specificity according to one or several surface markers, but one limitation is constituted by the number of cells that can be processed during a work-day. For this reason pre-enrichment of the population of interest by immunomagnetic cell sorting is often considered, especially when the target cells are comparatively rare and a large batch of cells must be processed. Moreover, flow cytometry cell sorters are complex instruments that are generally used only by well-trained staff in flow cytometry facilities or well-equipped laboratories and, since they are normally big in size, it is not always possible to place them inside a biological safety cabinet. Therefore, it is not always possible to ensure sample sterility and, since the fluidic systems can be cleaned but it is not single-use, there is the possibility of cross-contamination among samples. Another aspect to be considered is that droplet generation inside the instrument could lead to aerosol formation that are hazardous for the operator when using infectious samples.  These last considerations are of particular importance when cell sorting is used for clinical applications, for example cell therapy and should therefore be performed under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions.
Researchers can use a variety of fluorescent dyes to design multi-color panels to achieve successful, simultaneous sorting of multiple, precisely defined cell-types. Diagram A shows fluorescence-activated cell sorting of negative cell selection (undesired group) and diagram B shows FACS of positive cell selection (desired group).

Fluorescent Dyes in Cell Sorting
Fluorescent dyes can act very differently. Generally, a fluorescent dye will be excited by a light source (a laser) at a particular wavelength and emit light at a lower energy and longer wavelength. The most common dyes act by binding to antigens presented on cells. Common antigens targeted are clusters of differentiation (CDs). These are specific to a certain type of cell. If you can identify which CD is presented on your cells of interest, then you can stain your sample with a fluorescent dye specific to it and use fluorescence-activated cell sorting to separate the population of interest. However, there are many other mechanisms by which fluorescent dyes can act.

Some dyes are able to diffuse across membranes. By taking advantage of this property of the dye, users can characterize intracellular activity as well as surface-expression of proteins. For example, in dead cells, propidium iodide (PI) can penetrate the nucleus where it binds to DNA. The fluorescent signal of PI can be used to quantify DNA content for cell cycle analysis or to identify dead cells in a sample.

Certain fluorescent dyes can be used to characterize kinetic intracellular activity rather than fixing cells in formaldehyde and losing viable cells. The table below outlines dyes that can be used to measure several parameters of cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress.

This experimental setup is just one example of the capability of flow cytometry. In FACS systems, these characterized cells can then be sorted and purified for further experiments.

Immunomagnetic cell sorting
MACS

Immunomagnetic cell sorting is also known as immunomagnetic cell separation, immunomagnetic cell enrichment, or magnetic-activated cell sorting, and commonly known by the acronym MACS which is a trademark of Miltenyi GmbH. Immunomagnetic cell sorting is based on separation of beads passing a magnetic field. A variety of companies offer different solutions for enrichment or depletion of cell populations. Immunomagnetic cell sorting provides a method for enriching a heterogeneous mixture of cells based  on cell-surface protein expression (antigens). This technology is based on the attachment of small, inert, supra-magnetic particles to mAbs specific for antigens on the target cell population. Cells labelled to these antibody-bead conjugates are then separated via a column containing a ferromagnetic matrix. By applying a magnetic field to the matrix, the beads stick to the matrix inside the column and the bead-carrying cells are held back from passing through. Unlabelled cells can pass through the matrix and are collected in the flow-through. To elute the trapped cells from the column, the magnetic field is simply removed. Immunomagnetic cell sorting therefore enables different strategies for positive enrichment or depletion of cells. Immunomagnetic beads are small and usually do not interfere with downstream assays, however for some applications it may be necessary to remove them . Using this separation method up-scaling the cell numbers does not significantly increase processing times and the sterility of the sample is guaranteed if the cell sorting is performed inside a biosafety cabinet. On the other hand, this technique allows to separate the cells based only on a single marker and it is not able to discriminate between different levels of protein expression (quantitative analysis). Immunomagnetic cell sorting has shown to be beneficial when used with NPC (neural progenitor cell) cultures in particular, as it is easier to manage and causes minimal damage to live cells.

NPC cultures are especially difficult to work with because live brain cells are sensitive and tend to contaminate each other. In order to get clearer results, labs need cleaner materials, meaning more pure NPC lines. A study done in 2019 (with the funding support of New York Stem Cell Foundation and the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration) found immunomagnetic cell sorting to be a cheap, simple way to yield such purity with minimal damage to the cell lines, therefore maintaining better quality cells, collecting more homogeneous NPCs, and increasing their chances of finding effective treatments for neurological disorders. They used both the immunomagnetic and fluorescence-activated  methods to filter out CD271- (useful markers for mesenchymal stem cells) and CD133+ (markers for cancer stem cells) to compare viability of each method.

The immunomagnetic cell sorting has also been used in assistance with reproduction (artificial insemination) and retinal transplant treatment. In the case of assisting reproduction, apoptotic sperm cells (dead or damaged cells) are separated out so more non-apoptotic sperm (non-fragmented) cells can be collected and used to increase the subject's chances of fertility. This type of treatment has shown to be more effective when done repeatedly, increasing the amount of non-apoptotic cells present during insemination.

A 2018 study done in France (with the support of multiple individuals and agencies including: the Institut de la Vision in Paris and the Retina France Association) used rats and the immunomagnetic cell sorting method to show that photoreceptors (cells in the retina which respond to light) may be transplanted to cure blindness. In this process, the microbeads were attached to the CD73 enzyme to assist in the separation of PRs (photoreceptors) from retinal organoids. When a CD73+ antigen expressed itself with RCVRN+ cells (calcium-binding proteins in the eye), it showed researchers that this combination of CD73+ and RCVRN+ could be used with post-mitotic PR precursors for repair. Although the study could not verify success in humans, they have the foundation for further research based on the success of pairing non-damaged photoreceptors with a CD73 antigen and the transplantation in rats. This success in cell separation and pairing through transplantation shows promise for a potential cure for retinal diseases including total blindness. So far, only partial vision repair has been reported.

Microfluidic devices
Due to various limitations of fluorescence-activated and immunomagnetic cell sorting devices, a wide range of microfluidic cell-sorting devices have emerged. A few of these are now commercially available or in commercial development. Research into microfluidic cell sorter designs often employ soft lithography techniques utilizing materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

A key benefit of microfluidic sorters is the potential to perform fluorescence-activated cell sorting in a closed single-use sterile cartridge. Such a closed cartridge would prevent the exposure of an operator to biohazards through the droplets that are emitted by FACS systems. Other benefits include reduced impact on cell viability due to reduced hydrodynamic stress on the cells;
Some published devices show the potential for multi-way sorting, decreased cost of a cartridge due to low-cost manufacturing methods, lower power consumption, and smaller-sized footprints, with some devices being the size of a credit card. Some have achieved high purity outputs and rates of up to around 50,000 cells/s.

Microfluidic cell sorters can be divided into two categories: active and passive. Active devices deflect individual cells by the cytometric measurements of the cells, made in real time. Passive devices exploit physical differences between cells in how they interact with the fluid flow or surfaces.

Active
Active microfluidic cell sorters involve the deflection of individual cells following their measurement using cytometric methods, including fluorescent labelling, light scatter and image analysis. Individual cells are deflected by either a force directly on the cell or a force on the fluid surrounding the cells, so that they flow into separate output vessels.

Methods of cell deflection employ several kinds of macroscopic, optical or MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) actuators to deflect a particle or liquid volume within a microchannel. Notable recent examples are based on surface acoustic wave actuators, macroscopic actuators (such as piezoelectric actuators) coupled to microchannels, dielectrophoresis of droplets, thermal vapor bubble actuators, transient micro-vortices generated by thermal vapour bubble actuators, optical manipulation,  and micro-mechanical valves. The fastest of these have demonstrated sort rates in excess of 1000/s and potential maximum throughput rates in some cases approaching those of FACS. Active microfluidic cell sorting requires similar cytometry instrumentation as fluorescence-activated cell sorting described above.

Active microfluidic cells sorters have the potential of throughput scaling by parallelisation on chip.  The fastest published active microfluidic sorting device has demonstrated a 160,000/s throughput

Passive
Passive cell sorting uses the behavior of the fluid within the microchannels to alter and separate cells based on size and morphology. The fluid in a colloidal solution is subject to a velocity profile due to the interactions of the fluid with the walls of the channel; the cells in the solution are subject to various drag and inertial forces that are dependent on the size of the cell and balance accordingly at different locations along the velocity profile. In curved microfluidic channels, vortices are formed due to the Dean force which locate different sized particles in different cross sectional locations due to the Reynolds number and curve radius of curvature.

For example, in a straight channel, larger cells in colloidal solution are found closer to the center of the microchannel than smaller cells due to the larger drag forces from the wall that pushes the cell away from the wall and the shear gradient force from the velocity profile that balances this wall drag force to set the cell into equilibrium.

Other antibody-based methods of cell separation
Several methods of cell separation and enrichment using antibodies were employed before fluorescence-based and immunomagnetic cell sorting gained popularity. These included antibody- and complement-mediated cell separation, polystyrene immunoaffinity devices, and the CellPro CEPRATE® SC System which employed immobilised antibodies in a porous column. The latter was the first FDA-approved medical device for the separation of hematopoietic stem cells.

A newer cell separation technique employing antibodies is buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) is a separation technique in which microbubbles bind to cells through antibodies binding to the surface of cells. The targeted cells are then removed from a biological sample through flotation.

Single-cell sorting
Single-cell sorting provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of cells based on intracellular and extracellular properties. Single-cell methods enable understanding of cellular properties that may be obscured or non-evident. There are several methods for sorting single cells:

The microraft array provides a rapid, cost-effective method for isolating cells, analyzing cells over time, and generating clonal populations with the unique ability to monitor all intra- and extracellular properties. This system is ideal for both adherent and non-adherent cell types.

A single-cell method to observe the response to an external stimulus (in this case, cellular response to a ligand) was studied using a microfluidic device with micro-channel valves to trap a single cell in a chamber. A 23-valve system was used for actuation, and fluorescent dye was used in stimulus-response imaging.

Single-cell clustering methods are a series of statistical methods designed by data scientists based on intracellular
properties. The process includes Single Cell RNA-Seq data gathering; data preprocessing for clustering;  clustering; and evaluations of clustering. Scientists apply machine-learning methods (mainly clustering analysis) on the single-cell RNA-Seq data to divide the cells into different categories. All the methods are modified to resolve the problems in RNA-Seq data such as dropout of low-expression genes and ambiguous cell markers in the presence of technical biases. State-of-the-art methods include SC3., CIDR., Seurat and for more detailed information, please refer to the Wiki page: Single Cell RNA-Seq Clustering.

References

External links

Cells


Procladiini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Genera & species
Genus Procladius Skuse, 1889
Subgenus Holotanypus Roback, 1982
P. choreus (Meigen, 1804)
P. crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838)
P. culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767)
P. sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909)
P. signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850)
P. simplicistylis Freeman, 1948
Subgenus Psilotanypus Fittkau, 1906
P. flavifrons Edwards, 1929
P. lugens Kieffer, 1915
P. rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874)

References

Tanypodinae
Diptera tribes


The Journal of Formalized Reasoning is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal established in 2009. It publishes formalization efforts in any area, including classical mathematics, constructive mathematics, formal algorithms, and program verifications. It is maintained by AlmaDL, the digital library of the University of Bologna.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, MathSciNet, and Zentralblatt MATH.

External links

Computer science journals
Open access journals
Reasoning
Academic journals established in 2008
Biannual journals
University of Bologna
English-language journals


Tanypodini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Genera & species
Genus Tanypus Meigen, 1803
T. kraatzi (Kieffer, 1912)
T. punctipennis Meigen, 1818
T. vilipennis (Kieffer, 1918)

References

Tanypodinae
Nematocera tribes


Neoma may refer to:

NEOMA Business School, a French Business School
Neoma (beetle), a genus of insects
Lumeneo Neoma, a city electric car manufactured by Lumeneo in France
Nyoma, a town in Northern India
Noema, a technical term in phenomenology to describe a type of thought
Nǐ hǎo ma? (你好嗎), a Mandarin Chinese expression written in Pinyin which means "How are you?"

See also
Ni Hao (disambiguation)


Progress M-64 (), identified by NASA as Progress 29P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station. It was a Progress-M 11F615A55 spacecraft, with the serial number 364.

Launch
Progress M-64 was launched by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Launch occurred at 20:22 UTC on 14 May 2008.

Docking
The spacecraft docked with the nadir port of the Zarya module at 21:39:20 UTC on 16 May 2008, two minutes behind schedule, by means of the Kurs system. Following undocking at 19:46 UTC on 1 September 2008, it spent a week in free-flight conducting experiments for the Plazma-Progress programme. It was deorbited on 8 September 2008, with the deorbit burn beginning at 20:47 UTC. The spacecraft burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean, with any remaining debris landing in the ocean at around 21:33 UTC.

Cargo
Progress M-64 carried  of cargo to the International Space Station.  of this was dry cargo, including food for the crew, equipment for conducting scientific research, and a replacement Sokol KV-2 spacesuit for Sergey Volkov, as his original suit had been damaged. It also carried a docking target for attaching the MRM-2 module to the zenith port of the Zvezda module.

In addition to dry cargo, it carried  of fuel for reboosting and refuelling the ISS,  of oxygen and  of air for the crew to breathe, and  of water.

See also

 List of Progress flights
 Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

References

Spacecraft launched in 2008
Progress (spacecraft) missions
Spacecraft which reentered in 2008
Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets


Macropelopiini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Genera & species
Genus Apsectrotanypus Fittkau, 1962
A. trifascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838)
Genus Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916
M. adaucta Kieffer in Thienemann & Kieffer, 1916
M. nebulosa (Meigen, 1804)
M. notata (Meigen, 1818)
Genus Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1909
Subgenus Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1909
P. varius (Fabricius, 1787)

References

Tanypodinae
Diptera tribes


Tom Morgan may refer to:

Sports
 Tom Morgan (rugby union) (1866–1899), Wales international rugby union player
 Tom Morgan (footballer), football (soccer) manager with Wrexham and Port Vale
 Tom Morgan (baseball) (1930–1987), American baseball player
 Tom Morgan (cricketer) (1893–1975), Welsh cricketer

Other
 Tom Morgan (musician) (born 1970), Australian musician and songwriter
 Tom Morgan (bishop) (born 1941), Canadian Anglican metropolitan bishop
 Tom Morgan (comics), American comic book artist

See also
Thomas Morgan (disambiguation)


The  is an indoor sporting arena located in Tomakomai, Hokkaidō, Japan. The arena opened in 1996. It has a capacity of 4,015 (3,015 seated and 1,000 standing). It is the home arena of the Oji Eagles ice hockey team.

Many tournaments such as the Asia League Ice Hockey and national high school competitions are held here.

History
The arena cost about 5.1 billion yen and was completed in 1996, the 30th anniversary of the Tomakomai City's declaration as a "Sports City".

At the opening ceremony, members of the Tomakomai Figure Skating Club and local sports clubs cut the ribbon, and there was a performance by Midori Ito. The Oji Paper Ice Hockey Team played a game with a Russian team.

It has been designated as a national training center for ice hockey since 2008.

In April 2015, the holding company of Oji Paper Prince Holdings changed the name of the arena to "Swan Prince Ice Arena".

Notes
Since April 2015, this arena is called "Hakucho Oji Ice Arena" by the introduction of naming rights.

References

References

 City of Tomakomai Hakucho Arena

Indoor ice hockey venues in Japan
Indoor arenas in Japan
Sports venues completed in 1996
Sports venues in Hokkaido
1996 establishments in Japan
Tomakomai, Hokkaido


Pentaneurini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Genera & Species
 Genus Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905
A. longistyla Fittkau, 1962
A. monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
A. phatta (Egger, 1863)
 Genus Arctopelopia Fittkau, 1962
A. barbitarsis (Zetterstedt, 1850)
A. griseipennis (van der Wulp, 1858)
A. melanosoma (Goetghebuer, 1933)
 Genus Coffmania Hazra & Chaudhuri, 2000
C. adiecta Hazra & Chaudhuri, 2000
C. animispina Hazra & Chaudhuri, 2000
 Genus Conchapelopia Fittkau, 1957
C. aagardi Murray, 1987
C. melanops (Meigen, 1818)
C. pallidula (Meigen, 1818)
C. viator (Kieffer, 1911)
 Genus Guttipelopia Fittkau, 1962
G. guttipennis (van der Wulp, 1861)
 Genus Hayesomyia Murray & Fittkau, 1985
H. tripunctata (Goetghebuer, 1922)
 Genus Helopelopia Roback, 1971
H. cornuticaudata (Walley, 1925)
H. pilicaudata (Walley, 1925)
 Genus Hudsonimyia Roback, 1979
H. karelena Roback, 1979
H. parrishi Caldwell & Soponis, 1982
 Genus Krenopelopia Fittkau, 1962
K. binotata (Wiedemann, 1817)
K. nigropunctata (Stæger,  839)
 Genus Labrundinia Fittkau, 1962
L. longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921)
 Genus Larsia Fittkau, 1962
L. atrocincta (Goetghebuer, 1942)
L. curticalcar (Kieffer, 1918)
 Genus Monopelopia Fittkau, 1962
M. tenuicalcar (Kieffer, 1918)
 Genus Nilotanypus Kieffer, 1923
N. dubius (Meigen, 1804)
 Genus Paramerina Fittkau, 1962
P. cingulata (Stephens in Walker, 1856), preocc.
P. divisa (Walker, 1856)
 Genus Rheopelopia Fittkau, 1962
R. eximia (Edwards, 1929)
R. maculipennis (Zetterstedt, 838])
R. ornata (Meigen, 1838)
 Genus Schineriella Murray & Fittkau, 1988
S. schineri (Strobl, 1880)
 Genus Telmatopelopia Fittkau, 1962
T. nemorum (Goetghebuer, 1921)
 Genus Thienemannimyia Fittkau, 1957
T. carnea (Fabricius, 1805)
T. festiva (Meigen, 1838)
T. fusciceps (Edwards, 1929)
T. geijkesi (Goetghebuer, 1934)
T. laeta (Meigen, 1818)
T. lentiginosa (Fries, 1823)
T. northumbrica (Edwards, 1929)
T. pseudocarnea Murray, 1976
T. woodi (Edwards, 1929)
 Genus Trissopelopia Kieffer, 1923
T. longimana (Stæger, 1839)
 Genus Xenopelopia Fittkau, 1962
X. falcigera (Kieffer, 1911)
X. nigricans (Goetghebuer, 1927)
 Genus Zavrelimyia Fittkau, 1962
Z. barbatipes (Kieffer, 1911)
Z. hirtimana (Kieffer, 1918)
Z. melanura (Meigen, 1804)
Z. nubila (Meigen, 1830)

References

Tanypodinae


Puerto Lucia is a hamlet belonging to the town of Cortegana, in the province of Huelva, Andalucia, Spain.

It is 630 metres above sea level and has a population of 40 people. Its main source of income is Iberian ham or Jamon, cork and rural tourism. It is set in the Sierra Morena, about 40k from the border with Portugal. Its climate is mixed Mediterranean /Atlantic with winter lows of -5c and summer highs of 45c.

Municipalities in the Province of Huelva


The Zombeatles are a zombie parody version of the rock group The Beatles. Stemming from Madison, Wisconsin band The Gomers, the group's  2006 video Hard Day's Night Of The Living Dead gained international status when horror film director and musician Rob Zombie chose it as one of his top YouTube Halloween video picks of 2007, resulting in over a million views worldwide.

In 2009 they released an album called Meat the Zombeatles and a mockumentary called The Zombeatles: All You Need Is Brains as well as touring New Jersey and appearing with John Wesley Harding and Eugene Mirman in their Cabinet Of Wonders Variety Show in April.

Revealed in the Behind the Music-like  mockumentary are historical references to a past zombie apocalypse; however, in the Zombeatles version a complete and parallel zombie universe is proposed via The Fab Gore, the Dead Sullivan Show, The Rolling Kidney Stones, The ZomMonkees, the Dead Clark Five, The ZomZombies, Boo Marley, Elvis Grisly, Dead Zeppelin, the Beach Boils, and appearances by Ewwyoko Ohno, the ZomRutles, Fester Fangs, Bob Killin, etc.

The band
The Zombeatles members are:
 Jaw Nlennon (styled after John Lennon) — played by Stephen Burke
 Pall Ickartney  (styled after Paul McCartney) — played by Gordon Ranney
 Gorge Harryson (styled after George Harrison) — played by Bucky Pope, and occasionally, for some US east coast gigs, played by Jon Dichter.
 Dingo Scarr (styled after Ringo Starr) — played by Biff Blumfumgagnge
 Killy Essen (styled after Billy Preston) – played by Dave Adler
 Eat Breast (styled after Pete Best) – played by Geoff Brady

Management
 Gorge Mortem (styled after George Martin) – played by Joe Soko
 Brain Epspleen (styled after Brian Epstein)

Other appearances in the film

 Angus MacAbre – a Scottish zombie comedian played by writer/director Doug Gordon
 Fester Fangs (styled after Lester Bangs) – played by Ben Wydeven
 Bob Killin' – (styled after Bob Dylan) – played by Ben Wydeven
 The Devil — played by Biff Blumfumgagnge

Discography
 Meat The Zombeatles, 2009 Beeftone Records
 All You Need Is Brains DVD, 2009 MacAbre Pictures

The Zombeatles Meat The Zombeatles
"The Zombeatles 'Meat The Zombeatles'" first printing (2009)
Beeftone Records (U.S.)

"Halp!” (styled after “Help!”)
"Ate Brains A Week” (styled after “Eight Days a Week”)
"Brain” (styled after “Rain”)
"I Wanna Eat Your Hand” (styled after “I Want to Hold Your Hand”)
"She Dead” (styled after “She Said She Said”)
"I'm Eating Through You” (styled after “I'm Looking Through You”)
"Dead Prudence” (styled after “Dear Prudence”)
"Hey Food” (styled after “Hey Jude”)

See also
List of zombie short films and other zombie-related projects

References

External links
Zombeatles Homepage
Zombeatles Facebook
Zombeatles Blogspot

American parodists
Musical groups from Wisconsin
Zombies
Parody musicians
Cover bands
The Beatles tribute bands
Culture of Madison, Wisconsin
American mockumentary films


Tony Tim Henriksen (born 25 April 1973) is a former Danish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Henriksen made his debut for Southend United in the FA Cup on 6 December 1997, away to Fulham in the 1–0 defeat, replacing Adrian Clark in the 56th minute after goalkeeper, Simon Royce was sent-off. In December 1998 he played one game in the Hillier Cup for Rushden & Diamonds.

References

External links

Living people
1973 births
People from Favrskov Municipality
Danish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Randers FC players
Aarhus Gymnastikforening players
AC Horsens players
Southend United F.C. players
Holstebro Boldklub players
Footballers from the Central Denmark Region


Sindh is a province in Pakistan.

The province includes a number of important historical sites. The Indus Valley civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization  (mature period 2600–1900 BCE) which was centred mostly in the Sindh.Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. Islamic architecture is quite prominent as well as colonial and post-partition sites. Additionally natural sites, like Manchar Lake have increasingly been a source of sustainable tourism in the province.

Significant sites

Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province with the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta built by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan and numerous mausoleums dot the province including the very old Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum dedicated to the Iranian-born Sufi and the beautiful mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah known as the Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi.

Mohatta Palace, a museum in Karachi built in 1927 by Shivratan Chandraratan Mohatta a Hindu Marwari businessman. At Partition of Sub-continent in 1947, Mohatta Palace was acquired by the newly established Government of Pakistan to house its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Frere Hall is one of the finest architecture of the British Colonial Era which is one of the most significant tourists spot in Karachi. The Hall was built by Sir Henry Bartle Frere and was initiated in 1863 and the construction process was accomplished in 2 years in 1865. Faiz Mahal is also a palace situated in Khairpur, Sindh. It was built in 1798 by Mir Sohrab Khan who belongs to Talpur Family. It is an example of architectural excellence, a world apart from today's stone-washed structures, is undeniable.

Eco-tourism
Manchar Lake is the largest freshwater natural lake in Pakistan, lies  west of Sehwan on the Indus Highway. It is claimed to be one of the biggest freshwater lakes in Pakistan and the only lake that is home to fishermen living on wooden boathouses for hundreds of years. The lake spreads over an area of 2 and gets its water from the Kirthar Hills torrents and Indus River. The lake receives 385,000 visitors a year.

Other places of interest

Historical Sites
Chaukhandi tombs
Empress Market
Faiz Mahal
Frere Hall
Jehangir Kothari Parade
Kot Diji Fort
Mazar-e-Quaid
Mohenjo-daro
Makli Necropolis
Mohatta Palace
Qasim Fort
Ranikot Fort
Umerkot Fort

Hilly Areas
Kirthar Mountains
Karoonjhar Mountains
Gorakh Hill

Lakes
Manchar Lake
Keenjhar Lake
Haleji Lake
Drigh Lake

Government support

Development corporation

See also
 Tourism in Pakistan
 Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan
 Tourism in Balochistan
 Tourism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 Tourism in Azad Kashmir
 Tourism in Gilgit-Baltistan
 Tourism in Karachi

References

External links

 Sindh Tourism Development Corporation (STDC)
 Tourists and Culture Department Sindh
 Tourism in Sindh, PTDC


John McLean (17 September 1859 – January 22, 1925) was one of seven Australians who each won the World Sculling Championship (Professional) between 1876 and 1957. He was born at Shoalhaven, New South Wales, on 17 September 1859.

Early sculling

John McLean was a native of the Shoalhaven district, New South Wales, where he was born on 17 September 1859. Height, 6 ft ½ in (1.84 m); weight, 11 st, 10 lb (74.4 kg); and chest, 42 in (101 cm). He first appeared in a race on 17 March 1883, when he won an amateur light skiff race at Wardell, beating A. Phipps, D. Gollan, and others. On Easter Monday following he won the All-comers' Light Skiff Race at Swan Bay, beating J. Cook (15 lb), A. Campbell (10 lb), G. Busch (10 lb) and on 24 May, carrying 18 lb, he also won the All-comers' Race at Coraki, defeating A. Campbell (15 lb), W. Hart (28 lb), Tyler, and Hollingworth.

At Woodburn, on 9 November 1883, he rowed second to Campbell (10 lb), carrying 20 lb. The same day he won the Beaten Stakes, carrying 25 lb, his opponents being Hollingworth and McMahon. On 26 January 1884 he won the All-comers' Race at Broadwater with a 10 lb penalty, beating Campbell and Hollingworth. On 17 March he carried 35 lb, and beat Campbell, McDonald, and others in the All-comers' Race at Wardell the same day he also won the Farewell Handicap, carrying 60 lb, his opponents being A. Campbell (50 lb), Phipps (10 lb), Brown (feather).
At Woodburn, on 9 November 1884, carrying 34 lb, he won the All-comers' Race, beating M. Wallace, Hart, Busch, Hann, and Robinson.

On 26 January 1885, carrying 45 lb, he beat M. Wallace (10 lb), W. Wilson (10 lb), M. McMahon (15 lb), J. Cook (20 lb), in the All-comers' Race at Broadwater. On 7 March he beat J. Cook in a match for £100. On Easter Monday he won the All-comers' Race at Swan Bay, carrying 30 lb, and beating Campbell and Wilson (feather). On 17 March, carrying 40 lb, he was beaten by J. Cook (18 lb), at Wardell. Next he won a handicap race at Coraki, beating M, Wallace. On 5 September he was beaten by G. Davis in a match for £100 at Woodburn. On 9 November he won the All-comers' Race at Woodburn, defeating Wallace, Purdy, and Wilson; the same day, carrying 50 lb, he was beaten by Wilson.

On 24 May 1886 he defeated G. Davis in the Champion Race at Woodburn. At the Grafton Carnival on 2 January 1888 he competed in the light skiff race won by Chris. Neilsen, and in the Beaten Stakes on the following day he was fourth, Ashwood being first. On 30 January and 22 September he defeated J. McKinnon, in matches for £100, at Woodburn. He also competed successfully in four out of five double-sculling races. At the Balmain Regatta, 9 November 1888, he finished third in the All-comers' Light Skiff Race, won by H. Messenger, with A. Cormack second, each carrying 15 lb.

On 5 January 1889 he easily defeated G. J. Perkins (ex-champion of England) in wager boats, for £150 a side, on the Parramatta river. He was next matched against Donald McDonald for £100 a side and the latter forfeited his deposit of £50. At the Grafton Regatta, on 24 May, he rowed second in the All-comers' Outrigger Race for a prize of £50, won by R. J. Brown, who received five lengths' start from McLean and D. McDonald. On 5 July he defeated Chris. Neilsen, for £200 a side, on the Parramatta river, but the latter was awarded the race on a foul. He beat C. Stephenson, later champion of New Zealand, on 30 October, for £100 a side, on the Parramatta river. In April 1890 he easily disposed of Neil Matterson over the Parramatta River Championship Course.

In early 1890 McLean was described as "the coming man" i.e. commentators believed he would win the Championship. By the time of the second Title attempt he had won twenty-two of his thirty-one single sculls races. He stood at about six feet tall and was a finely built man.
In late March 1890 McLean raced Neil Matterson (who about a month later sculled and lost to Kemp for the World Title.) After the start McLean edged ahead and at the mile post was four lengths ahead. After this it was no contest and he was an easy winner.

First attempt at the championship

Having beaten the lower ranked men his attention turned the top men of the day. He wanted to row one of  Edward Hanlan, Peter Kemp, or Canadian William O’Connor. The challenge that was accepted was from Peter Kemp, the World Champion. The Title race took place on 15 May 1890 on the Parramatta River and the stake was £200 a side. The normal championship distance was three and a quarter miles. After the start a great race ensued to Uhr’s Point and then Kemp took the lead. Despite a brilliant spurt by McLean he was unable to pass the leader who "won as he liked" by six lengths in a time of 23m.46s.

World Champion
As a preliminary to the Championship he raced Jim Stanbury on 17 November 1890. No title was involved; it was a straight out money race at £200 a side. This was reasonably typical of professional rowing at the time. The race over the Parramatta course was easily won by McLean in 23m43.5s.  It was stated that Stanbury was unwell.

John McLean believed he was good enough to be the World Champion and again challenged Kemp to a race. The date agreed to was 15 December 1890 and once again it was held on the Parramatta River with the stake set at £200 a side. Kemp got away better at the start and was soon had a lead of half a length. Both boats came close together and McLean fouled Kemp who stopped rowing for a couple of strokes. McLean took advantage of this and went half a length ahead. However Kemp soon got underway and spurted and was quickly ahead again. McLean then made an effort and slipped ahead. He sculled well and despite the best work of Kemp he was unable to overtake McLean who finished six lengths ahead in a time of 22m.13s. The referee decided the foul in McLean’s favour.

First defence
Champions did not have long to rest on their laurels and McLean was soon challenged for his Title by James (Jim) Stanbury, another Australian. The agreed date for the match was 28 April 1891 which was again to be held on the Parramatta River. The stake was the usual £200 a side. At the start Stanbury caught the water first and immediately forged ahead. After a mile he was three lengths in front and although McLean rowed for all he was worth he could not get level with the leader. Towards the finish Stanbury spurted and passed the judge an easy winner. His time was 22m.18s.

Final title race
Often when one sculler was beaten by another he was offered a return match. This occurred between McLean and Stanbury and the re-match was set down for 7 July 1891 with almost the same terms and conditions as before. The Parramatta course was about 600 yards shorter than that for the previous match. From the start both boats were fairly even for the first mile or so. McLean then began to lose ground and gradually the Champion drew away from the challenger. Stanbury maintained his position and easily crossed the line some three lengths to the good in a time of 18m.25s.

Personal life
John McLean was the son of Alexander McLean and Christina, née Lamond. He married Henrietta Tyler when he was 31 years old. They had five children. McLean died on 22 January 1925 at Randwick, (NSW) aged 65 years and was buried locally.

External links
Wanganui Herald newspaper 31 Jan 1890, 29 March 1890, 16 May 1890, 18 Nov 1890, 16 Jan 1891, 29 April 1891, 8 July 1891.
Otago Witness newspaper 18 Dec 1890. and 24 April 1890 for early sculling.
Poverty Bay Herald newspaper 3 Jan 1891.
Auckland Observer newspaper 17 Jan 1891.
 Seven Australian World Champion Scullers, , published 2010.

1859 births
1925 deaths
Australian male rowers
Professional rowers
Sportspeople from the Colony of New South Wales


Kew. Rhone. is a concept album by British bass guitarist and composer John Greaves, and American singer-songwriter and guitarist Peter Blegvad. It is a song cycle composed by Greaves with lyrics by Blegvad, and was performed by Greaves and Blegvad with vocalist Lisa Herman and others. The album was recorded in Woodstock, New York in October 1976, and was released in the UK in March 1977 by Virgin Records, credited on the front cover to "John Greaves, Peter Blegvad and Lisa Herman", but on the record label as "John Greaves and Peter Blegvad". It was issued in the US in 1978 by Europa Records.

Blegvad's lyrics on Kew. Rhone. are filled with "anagrams, palindromes and other verbal games".

An enhanced CD version of Kew. Rhone., issued by Voiceprint Records in 1998, included an interactive multimedia track entitled "Kew. Rom.". The album was a critical success, but failed commercially; AllMusic called it "an unfortunately neglected masterpiece of '70s progressive rock."

Background
John Greaves, from the English avant-rock group Henry Cow, and Peter Blegvad, from the German/English avant-pop trio Slapp Happy, first worked together during the merger of the two groups in England in 1974. Slapp Happy and Henry Cow recorded their first collaboration album, Desperate Straights in late 1974, and the song "Bad Alchemy" from the album was Greaves and Blegvad's first collaborative songwriting effort. After the two groups recorded their second album, In Praise of Learning in early 1975, the merger ended and Blegvad moved to New York City. There Blegvad spent the rest of the year earning a living as an illustrator, which included drawing backgrounds for Peanuts animated films. In March 1976 Greaves left Henry Cow and joined Blegvad in New York City to start work on Kew. Rhone. Virgin Records, Henry Cow and Slapp Happy's record label at the time, funded the project. Greaves had begun composing fragments of the song suit in 1974 while still with Henry Cow. The song "Kew. Rhone." evolved from a piece Greaves wrote called "York" that was performed by Henry Cow in the early 1970s, but never recorded.

Greaves and Blegvad spent three months working on Greaves's compositions. Blegvad wrote "surreal" lyrics that were filled with "anagrams, palindromes and other verbal games", and illustrated them with explanatory pictures and diagrams that later appeared on the album's record sleeve, "to be used in conjunction with the words". Some of the songs on the album are not fully comprehensible without reference to these pictures. At the time Blegvad had begun experimenting with cartooning, an activity that later led to him doing a weekly comic strip for The Independent on Sunday called Leviathan, and he was fascinated with the relationship between text and image.

Blegvad said that he and Greaves deliberately created a gap between the words and the music to make the album more interesting. "To [understand] the words you almost have to stop the record and read them, referring to the illustrations on the sleeve." Blegvad also said in an interview that he created experimental and confusing lyrics as a way of coming to terms with Greaves's complicated music, which he found difficult to play.

When Kew. Rhone. was ready to record, jazz musicians Michael Mantler and Carla Bley offered the use of their Grog Kill Studio in Woodstock, New York. Mantler and Bley also played on the album, along with avant-garde jazz drummer Andrew Cyrille, vocalist Lisa Herman and others. Virgin Records released "Kew. Rhone." in the UK in March 1977.

Greaves and Blegvad next worked together on each other's solo albums, Greaves' Accident (1982) and Blegvad's The Naked Shakespeare (1983), but did not record an album under their names again until Unearthed in 1995. They also participated in several bands together, including The Lodge (1987–1989) and The Peter Blegvad Trio (with Chris Cutler).

Kew. Rhone.

The album cover is a reproduction of a painting by Charles Willson Peale entitled Exhuming the First American Mastodon (1806–1808). The song it illustrates, "Seven Scenes from the Painting 'Exhuming the First American Mastodon' by C. W. Peale" interprets the painting with, according to Peter Blegvad, "a brazen disregard for the painter's original intent." It is a song about "the perils of being named or defined" and describes a world in which "definition is acquired as liberty is lost". This "naming" is referred to again in the Romanian proverb, "Names are not the pledge for things, but the things for names" that appears in the song "Twenty-Two Proverbs".

The title track, "Kew. Rhone." is divided into two parts: the first is composed entirely of anagrams of the title, while the second builds up to a palindrome, "Peel's foe, not a set animal, laminates a tone of sleep." "Peel" is C. W. Peale and the "foe" is the mastodon. The animal is not "set" because it is enjoying the attention of its excavators, and it is probably "the tusker's finest hour".

In "Pipeline", set to a bossa nova, a lady and two gentlemen pondering the implications of a dug-up pipeline. The first three "verses" of the lyrics are:

Figure A.
Here are two gentlemen and a lady contemplating a length of dug-up pipeline.

Figure B. illustrates the assertion —
"ambiguity can't be measured like a change of temperature"

Figure C. consists of a list of assorted equipage.
A gentleman imagines how the items on the list would look if only part exhumed (he thinks they wouldn't look unlike a length of pipe).

Amateur's Pamphlet on Kew. Rhone.
Almost eight years after the release of the album Peter Blegvad wrote a pamphlet on Kew. Rhone. under the moniker "the editors of Amateur". It was published in the May 1985 issue of RēR Quarterly. Amateur is an online "publication" edited by Blegvad, and is a collection of his writing and art.

In the pamphlet Blegvad provides additional information on Kew. Rhone. and the song texts. It includes the lyrics to the songs, the record sleeve artwork, plus additional artwork and diagrams related to the songs. The pamphlet also includes the lyrics of "Frenzy", an outtake from the Kew. Rhone. recording sessions that did not appear on the album. The song, which describes Peale's painting, is analysed here by Blegvad. "Frenzy" was released in May 1982 by Recommended Records on their Sampler EP.

Reception and influences

Kew. Rhone. was a critical success, but failed commercially because of the "anti-intellectual zeitgeist of late 70s England", and the fact that it was released on the same day, and on the same label, as the Sex Pistols's Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.

Music critic Stewart Mason of AllMusic called Kew. Rhone. "an unfortunately neglected masterpiece of '70s progressive rock." He described the album as "a brilliant amalgam of Slapp Happy's skewed pop sense, the collective improvisation approach of Henry Cow, the sly wit of the Canterbury prog rock scene" and said it is "a challenging but surprisingly accessible album that rewards as much attention as the listener offers it."

In a review on BBC Online, Peter Marsh called the album "one of the great lost albums of the seventies", saying that it is "surreal, infuriating, complex and silly in just about equal parts." English musician Robert Wyatt reportedly liked it so much that he bought two copies of the LP "just in case the first got worn out!"

John Greaves later recorded two songs from the album, "Kew. Rhone." (with Robert Wyatt singing) and "Gegenstand" for his 1994 solo album, Songs. In May 2008 Kew. Rhone. was performed live in its entirety for the first time in 31 years since its original release at Les Abattoirs in Bourgoin-Jallieu, France. The full line-up was: John Greaves (piano, vocals), Peter Blegvad (vocals, computer), Lisa Herman (vocals), Jef Morin (guitar), David Lewis (trumpet, flugelhorn), Daniel Yvinec (bass), Simon Goubert (drums) and Cecile Bohler (additional vocals).

Kew. Rhone. book
In 2014, Uniformbooks published a book about the album, written by Blegvad and edited and designed in collaboration with publisher Colin Sackett. It includes contributions by Amy Beal, Carla Bley, Franklin Bruno, Sheridan Coakley, Jonathan Coe, Jane Colling, Andrew Cyrille, François Ducat, John Greaves, Doug Harvey, Lisa Herman, Jeff Hoke, Dana Johnson, Andrew Joron, Glenn Kenny, Frank Key, Simon Lucas, Karen Mantler, Harry Mathews, Tanya Peixoto, Benjamin Piekut, Margit Rosen, Philip Tagney, Robert Wyatt, Rafi Zabor and Siegfried Zielinski.

"...its authors and some of its connoisseurs have broken silence to discuss the record and to reflect upon the times in which it and they themselves were forged. Peter Blegvad, Kew. Rhone.’s lyricist and illustrator, excavates each song in turn, uncovering themes and sources. In the second part of the book, a consortium of writers and artists respond to the album in various ways, illuminating without dispelling the mystery of a work designed to resist interpretation even as it invites it." In February 2015 Blegvad was interviewed by Marcus O'Dair about the book.

Track listing
All tracks composed by John Greaves with lyrics by Peter Blegvad.

Side one
"Good Evening" – 0:33
"Twenty-Two Proverbs" – 4:06
"Seven Scenes from the Painting 'Exhuming the First American Mastodon' by C. W. Peale" – 3:32
"Kew. Rhone." – 3:04
"Pipeline" – 3:39
"Catalogue of Fifteen Objects and Their Titles" – 3:35

Side two
"One Footnote (to Kew. Rhone.)" – 1:29
"Three Tenses Onanism" – 4:06
"Nine Mineral Emblems" – 5:51
"Apricot" – 3:04
"Gegenstand" – 3:44

Bonus track on 1998 enhanced CD
"Kew. Rom." (interactive multimedia track)

Bonus tracks on 2004 CD re-issue
"Lisa, Peter & John practice 'Bad Alchemy'... (demo)"
"...and almost get it right (demo)"

Personnel
John Greaves – piano, organ, bass guitar, vocals, percussion ("One Footnote")
Peter Blegvad –  vocals, guitars, tenor saxophone ("Pipeline")
Lisa Herman – vocals

Guests
Andrew Cyrille – drum, percussion
Michael Mantler – trumpet, trombone
Carla Bley – vocals, tenor saxophone ("One Footnote", "Good Evening")
Michael A. Levine – violin, viola, vocals ("Nine Mineral Emblems")
Vito Rendace – alto and tenor saxophones, flute
April Lang – vocals ("Pipeline", "Three Tenses Onanism")
Dana Johnson – vocals ("Twenty Two Proverbs")
Boris Kinberg – claves ("Pipeline")

Production
Engineering by Michael Mantler
Interactive multimedia track "Kew. Rom." produced by Les Corsaires and Voiceprint
Coordination and concept by François Ducat
Programming by Denis Thiriar
Image manipulations by Serge G.
Artistic contributions from Peter Blegvad

CD re-issues
In 1991 Virgin Records re-issued Kew. Rhone. on CD.
In 1998 Voiceprint Records issued an enhanced CD version of Kew. Rhone. with an added interactive multimedia track, "Kew. Rom." that includes background information, interviews with people who made the album, alternate versions of two of the songs and an unreleased track.
In 2004 Le Chant du Monde re-issued Kew. Rhone. with two bonus (demo) tracks.

Notes

References

Works cited
.

1977 albums
Progressive rock albums
Jazz fusion albums
Canterbury scene
Virgin Records albums
Collaborative albums
Concept albums


Katharine Levy is a British actress and television producer.

As a child she appeared in a number of TV series, such as the BBC's 1974 serial David Copperfield (in the role of Little Emily) and I, Claudius (1976; as a young Livilla). Other roles include Jane Masters in The Day After Tomorrow (1975; titled "Into Infinity" when broadcast on BBC1), Sandra in Children of the Stones (1977), Lynne in Follow Me and Mary Churchill in The Wilderness Years.

As a young adult she played Hero in the 1984 BBC TV adaptation of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing and Sarah de Talmont in the ITV series Robin of Sherwood (1985). Levy later joined the Royal Shakespeare Company as part of the cast of Nicholas Nickleby on Broadway. In the UK, she has appeared as Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Hermia in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Olivia in Twelfth Night and Kate Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer. In the West End, she has performed in After the Ball is Over at the Old Vic.

Levy's career has since moved away from acting and she currently works as an executive producer and director of business TV.

References

External links

British child actresses
British stage actresses
British television actresses
British television producers
British women television producers
Living people
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Year of birth missing (living people)


Crisp County–Cordele Airport  is a county-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Cordele, a city in Crisp County, Georgia, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. The airport does not have scheduled commercial airline service.

History
Opened to the public in March 1943, during World War II, the airport was requisitioned by the United States Army Air Force, and was known as Cordele Army Airfield. It was also known as Turner AAF Auxiliary Airfield No. 7. The airfield supported the AAF Advanced Pilot School (Twin-Engine) school at Turner Army Airfield.

It was closed in mid-1944 with the drawdown of AAFTC's pilot training program. Declared surplus, it was turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers on September 30, 1945 and eventually discharged to the War Assets Administration (WAA) to become a civil airport.

Facilities and aircraft
Crisp County–Cordele Airport covers an area of 619 acres (251 ha) at an elevation of 310 feet (94 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 10/28 is 5,001 by 150 feet (1,524 x 46 m) and 5/23 is 5,006 by 100 feet (1,526 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending August 10, 2010, the airport had 22,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 60 per day. At that time there were 16 aircraft based at this airport: 94% single-engine and 6% helicopter.

See also

 Georgia World War II Army Airfields
 List of airports in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Other sources

 Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002.  Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
 Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History's Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
 Shettle, M. L. (2005), Georgia's Army Airfields of World War II.

External links
 CKF – Crisp County–Cordele at Georgia DOT website
 Departments: Airport  at Crisp County website
 Aerial image as of January 1993 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Crisp County, Georgia
Transportation in Crisp County, Georgia
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Georgia (U.S. state)


Jean-Baptiste Renaud (June 22, 1816 – March 1, 1884) was a prominent businessman, merchant and land owner in Quebec. He served as a member of the Quebec Board of Trade and represented Saint-Pierre Ward on the municipal council for Quebec City from 1862 to 1868.

He was born in Lachine, Lower Canada, the son of Jean-Baptiste Renaud and Marie Gariépy. He left school early and became a carter (a transporter of goods) in Montreal; he was joined in business by his brother Louis. In 1841, he married Marie-Sophie Lefebvre. He opened a store in partnership with his brother in 1847. In 1850, he moved to Quebec City, where he opened a store, operated flour mills and owned schooners operating on the Saint Lawrence River. Renaud was a director of the North Shore Railway, the Union Bank of Lower Canada, the Quebec North Shore Turnpike Roads Company, the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company and the Quebec and Gosford Railway, which later became the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway; he also helped found the St. Maurice Railway and Navigation Company, the Salaberry Navigation Company of Montreal, the St. Lawrence Navigation Company, the Quebec Marine Insurance Company and the Quebec and Lake St. John Lumbering and Trading Company. He constructed warehouses and docks and also acquired several large properties at Quebec. In 1880, with Joseph Tassé, Alexandre Lacoste, and Aimé Gélinas, he purchased the La Minerve. Around 1880, his partners Gaspard Le Moine and Victor Chateauvert purchased the firm of J.-B. Renaud and Company. By this time, Renaud had become one of the most important French-speaking businessmen in Quebec.

Renaud died in Quebec City at the age of 77.

His daughter Marie-Hélène-Wilhelmine married Michel-Guillaume Baby.

References

1816 births
1884 deaths
Canadian businesspeople


Merkulov, or Merkoulov (masculine, ) or Merkulova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname.

People with the surname Merkulov

People in aviation
 Vladimir Merkulov (pilot) (1922-2003), Soviet flying ace

People in culture
 Lana Merkulova, Ukrainian singer, formerly of female pop-music band SMS
 Yuri Merkulov (1901—1979),  Soviet artist, one of the founders of the Soviet school of animation

People in sports
 Robert Merkulov (1931–2022), former  Soviet speed skater
 Nina Merkulova (born 1945), former Soviet  alpine skier
 Yulia Merkulova (born 1984), Russian volleyball-player
 Vladimir Merkulov (athlete) (born 1989), Russian professional football-player
 Mikhail Merkulov (born 1994), Russian professional football-player
 Alexandra Merkulova (born 1995), Russian rhythmic gymnast

People in politics
 Nikolai Dionisovich Merkulov (1869-1945), Foreign Minister of the Provisional Priamurye Government in 1921-1922
 Spiridon Dionisovich Merkulov (1870-1957), head of the Provisional Priamurye Government in 1921-1922, brother of Nikolai Dionisovich Merkulov
 Vsevolod Merkulov (1895–1953), Soviet politician and head of the NKGB

Russian-language surnames


KCPL (90.5 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve Astoria, Oregon, United States. The station is owned by Growing Christian Foundation.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on August 7, 2003. The new station was assigned the call letters KORM by the FCC on August 29, 2003. KORM received its license to cover from the FCC on November 2, 2006.

In December 2008, World Radio Network, Inc., agreed to sell KORM to Carlos Arana Ministries for a reported total sale price of $45,000. The deal was approved by the FCC on February 10, 2009, and consummated on April 9, 2009. The new owners had the call sign changed to KGIO on April 16, 2009.

On November 9, 2012, the sale of KGIO and translator K211ET to Centro Familiar Cristiano was consummated at a purchase price of $45,000.

Effective July 1, 2022, Centro Familiar Cristiano sold KGIO to Growing Christian Foundation for $80,000. The new owners changed the station's call sign to KCPL on July 12, 2022.

References

External links

CPL (FM)
Radio stations established in 2006
Clatsop County, Oregon
2006 establishments in Oregon


Telmatogetoninae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Genera & species
Genus Telmatogeton Schiner, 1866
T. abnormis (Terry, 1913)
T. alaskensis Coquillett, 1900
T. atlanticum Oliveira, 1950
T. australicus Womersley, 1936
T. fluviatilis Wirth, 1947
T. hirtus Wirth, 1947
T. japonicus Tokunaga, 1933
T. latipennis Wirth, 1949
T. macswaini Wirth, 1949
T. minor Kieffer, 1914
T. namum Oliveira, 1950
T. pacificus Tokunaga, 1935
T. pectinatus (Deby, 1889)
T. pusillum Edwards, 1933
T. sanctipauli Schiner, 1866
T. torrenticola (Terry, 1913)
T. trilobatus (Kieffer, 1911)
T. trochanteratum Edwards, 1931
T. williamsi Wirth, 1947
Genus Thalassomya Schiner, 1856
T. africana Edwards, 1926
T. bureni Wirth, 1949
T. frauenfeldi Schiner, 1856
T. japonica Tokunaga & Komyo, 1996
T. longipes Johnson, 1924
T. maritima Wirth, 1947
T. pilipes Edwards, 1928
T. sabroskyi Tokunaga, 1964
T. setosipennis Wirth, 1947

References

Chironomidae
Nematocera subfamilies


Josh () is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language coming-of-age political action drama film directed by Vasu Varma in his debut, and produced Dil Raju. The film marks the debut of Akkineni Naga Chaitanya and major Telugu debutant Karthika (daughter of actress Radha Nair) in the lead roles, whilst prominent actor J. D. Chakravarthy played an antagonist role. The film's music is scored by Sandeep Chowta.

The plot explores student politics, and the vested interests of politicians in such activities. Released on 5 September 2009, to highly positive reviews for its direction, screenplay, Chaitanya & Prakash Raj's performance, soundtrack & social message. But the film was not commercially successful.

Plot
Satya is a student. He discontinues his graduation studies in Vizag and comes to Hyderabad in search of a job. He stays with his uncle in Hyderabad. He runs into a fight with MGM college students who are influenced by political mafia leader Durga Rao. Satya tries to change the students but fails. Then he gets accidentally hit by the students and gets admitted into the hospital. When questioned by his uncle about his rude behavior with students Satya narrates his flashback.

In the flashback we see a carefree Satya with a gang of his classmates. Although he was a topper until schooling, college environment makes him a stubborn guy. His principal keeps on advising him to change but Satya would just feel it as a lecture. He also makes his principal's sincere son, Bujji join his gang. One day they go on for a bike race and Bujji accompanies Satya on Satya's bike. The bike's chain gets loose and the bike slips leaving Satya injured and causing Bujji's death. This makes Satya to realise.

And now after getting discharged from the hospital, Satya joins the college to cleanse the system. On the other hand, there is Vidhya, an elementary school teacher who aspires to go to college but could not as her brother feels that college students are rowdies and she would not be safe in college. She meets Satya and love blossoms between them. Main crux of the movie is how Satya changes the students and brings them out of the bad influence of Durga Rao.

Cast

Soundtrack

The music was composed by Sandeep Chowtha. The soundtrack, released on 18 July 2009 at Shilparama Vedika.

Release
Initially scheduled to release on 3 September 2009, the film was delayed due to the death of Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. It was eventually released two days later on 5 September 2009.

Reception
Josh received to positive reviews for its direction, screenplay, Chaitanya & Prakash Raj's performance, soundtrack & social message, but criticised its runtime.Rediff.com critic Radhika Rajmani wrote, "Josh as such, does not have anything new about it. The theme has been touched upon before. The attraction now is Naga Chaitanya who has the movie on his shoulders," while rating the film 3 stars of 5. Idlebrain.com rated 2.75/5 and stated, "The narration and screenplay given by Vasu Varma diluted the main point."

Accolades

Filmfare Awards South
 Won – Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South – Naga Chaitanya

Santosham Film Awards
 Won – Santosham Film Award for Best Debut Actress – Karthika Nair

CineMAA Awards
 Won – Best Female Debut – Karthika Nair

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Telugu-language films
Films scored by Sandeep Chowta
Indian coming-of-age films
Indian action films
2009 action films
2000s coming-of-age films
Sri Venkateswara Creations films


Joseph-Edmond Robert (November 16, 1864 – February 26, 1949) was a farmer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Rouville in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1908 to 1922 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Marieville, Canada East, the son of Victor Robert and Euphrasie Désautels. He was educated at the Collège Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir in Marieville. Robert was co-registrar for Rouville County and a director of the Colonization Society for Saint-Jean County. In 1886, he married Marie-Rose Martel. He was first elected to the Quebec assembly in a 1908 by-election held after Alfred Girard was named a judge. Robert resigned his seat in 1922 after being named colonization and immigration agent for Quebec. He later ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1935. He died in Magog at the age of 84 and was buried in Marieville.

References

1864 births
1949 deaths
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs


Telmatogeton is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Species
T. abnormis (Terry, 1913)
T. alaskensis Coquillett, 1900
T. atlanticum Oliveira, 1950
T. australicus Womersley, 1936
T. fluviatilis Wirth, 1947
T. goughi Sæther & Andersen, 2011
T. hirtus Wirth, 1947
T. japonicus Tokunaga, 1933
T. latipennis Wirth, 1949
T. macswaini Wirth, 1949
T. minor Kieffer, 1914
T. murrayi Sæther, 2009
T. namum Oliveira, 1950
T. pacificus Tokunaga, 1935
T. pectinatus (Deby, 1889)
T. pusillum Edwards, 1933
T. sanctipauli Schiner, 1866
T. torrenticola (Terry, 1913)
T. trilobatus (Kieffer, 1911)
T. trochanteratum Edwards, 1931
T. williamsi Wirth, 1947

References

Chironomidae


Eduardo R. Mondino (born 3 May 1958) is an Argentine journalist and Justicialist Party politician. Until April 2009, he was the National Ombudsman of Argentina.

Mondino qualified in journalism at the Colegio Universitario de Periodismo Obispo Trejo y Sanabria in Córdoba. Following several years working in social communications in his province, he joined the state gas company in 1989. In 1992 he became secretary of state for social action, serving until 1993 when he failed in his bid to be a state senator for Córdoba Province and returned to academia at the University College of Journalism of Cordoba.

On 14 May 1995, Mondino was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, representing Córdoba Province at the head of the Justicialist Party list. He served as chair of the Education Committee and vice-chair of the Communications Committee. He led the passage of several laws on education and telecommunications.

In 1999, Mondino was unanimously approved by both houses of Congress to be the National Ombudsman and took office on 28 December 1999. In 2000 he was made a director of the International Ombudsman Institute and he was elected President of the Federación Iberoamericana de Ombudsman (FIO) for the period 2001-2003. In 2004 he was reappointed as National Ombudsman by two-thirds of both houses of Congress.

Return to elected politics
On several occasions, Mondino made clear his intention to compete for the governorship of Córdoba following the end of his term as Ombudsman in December 2009, leaving him two years ahead of the 2011 elections.

In April 2009, Mondino announced his early resignation as Ombudsman in order to allow him to compete in the 28 June legislative elections for Senator for Córdoba. His candidacy is being promoted by governor Juan Schiaretti in opposition to the national Peronist leadership of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Néstor Kirchner. Schiaretti had fallen out with the Kirchners during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, during which Mondino too had been a critic of the government's position.

References

Biography at National Ombudsman site

1953 births
Living people
Ombudsmen
Justicialist Party politicians
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Córdoba
People from Córdoba, Argentina


Kevin McKenna (born 1980) is a retired Canadian soccer player.

Kevin McKenna may also refer to:

 Kevin McKenna (Irish republican), Irish Republican Army chief of staff
 Kevin McKenna (basketball) (born 1959), basketball player


Thalassomya is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).

Species
T. africana Edwards, 1926
T. bureni Wirth, 1949
T. frauenfeldi Schiner, 1856
T. gutae De Oliveira, Da Silva, & Trivinho-Strixino, 2013
T. japonica Tokunaga & Komyo, 1996
T. longipes Johnson, 1924
T. maritima Wirth, 1947
T. pilipes Edwards, 1928
T. sabroskyi Tokunaga, 1964
T. setosipennis Wirth, 1947

References

Chironomoidea genera


John McKinnon may refer to:
John McKinnon (diplomat) (born 1950), New Zealand diplomat and public servant
John McKinnon (Nova Scotia politician, born 1832) (1832–1907), Nova Scotia politician
John McKinnon (Nova Scotia politician, born 1808) (1808–1892), political figure in Nova Scotia
John J. McKinnon (1847–1884), his son, Nova Scotia politician
John Kenneth McKinnon (1936–2019), Canadian politician
Johnny McKinnon (1902–1969), Canadian ice hockey player
John McKinnon (ophthalmologist) (born 1939), New Zealand mountaineer and Kunde Hospital volunteer

See also
Jon MacKinnon (born 1977), field hockey goalkeeper


Founded in 1996, the Frank Mohr Institute is the Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in the Arts and Emerging Media of the Hanze University Groningen in the Netherlands. In cooperation with the University of Groningen, the institute accommodates three MFA (Master of Fine Arts) courses: Painting, Media Art and Design Technologies (MADTECH), and Scenography. The institute also provides an international programme of courses in the field of new media for university graduates, artists, designers, and participants from the business world. Notable artists include: Ottokaji Iroke, Kimball Holth, Salim Bayri, Kevin Alan Swenson, Paraskevi Frasiola, Anika Mariam Ahmed , Michiel Burger, Susanna Inglada Lee McDonald and Luca Grimaldi

Frank Mohr
Frank Mohr (1931–1998) was a cultural advisor to the city and the province of Groningen and chairman of Academy Minerva and the Prins Claus Conservatory advisory boards, and was a fervent advocate of independence and innovation within art education in North Netherlands, and of deepening knowledge through collaboration between art and scientific education.

Locations

Main Building -
Painting Department -

External links
 Frank Mohr Institute

Hanze University of Applied Sciences


Sir Edwin Ronald Nixon  (21 June 1925 – 17 August 2008) was an eminent  British  business leader who headed IBM's operations in the country for over 20 years.

Born in 1925, he was educated at Alderman Newton's School, Leicester, and Selwyn College, Cambridge. After a spell at  Dexion, he joined IBM UK in 1955 and was successively managing director,  chairman, and chief executive before becoming chairman of  Amersham International in 1988. A former deputy lieutenant of Hampshire, he died in 2008.

References

1925 births
People educated at Alderman Newton's School, Leicester
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
IBM employees
English chief executives
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
2008 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople


Konstantin Yevgenyevich Skrylnikov (; born 16 July 1979) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2003 for FC Rotor Volgograd. He played 2 games in the UEFA Cup 2006–07 with FC Rubin Kazan. Near the end of his career, Skrylnikov joined his hometown side FC Fakel Voronezh.

References

External links

1979 births
Footballers from Voronezh
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Tom Tomsk players
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
Russian Premier League players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Fakel Voronezh players


Passionate Kemp  (foaled 2001) is a Finnish former Standardbred trotter by Lindy Lane out of Sonata Lobell by Mystic Park.

Her most prestigious victories include the  Finnish Trotting Criterium (2004), Gran Premio Orsi Mangelli (2004), Gran Premio Tino Triossi (2005) and the Finnish Trotting Derby (2005). When it, in April 2009, was reported Passionate Kemp's racing career was ended, the mare had earned US$2,383,158 (€1,667,957), an amount that makes her the richest Finnish trotter ever.

Pedigree

References

2001 racehorse births
Finnish Standardbred racehorses
Harness racing in Finland


AutoForm Engineering GmbH located in Pfäffikon SZ Switzerland  is a Swiss software developer. AutoForm’s software forms a platform for the engineering, evaluation and improvement of the sheet metal forming and BiW assembly processes. In 2009, the company had a 50-60% industry market share.

History
In 1995, the company emerged as a spin-off from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, which itself began with a dissertation written by founder Waldemar Kubli in 1990. Subsequently, the company created subsidiaries in Europe, North and South America, and Asia. In 2016 AutoForm was acquired by Astorg and in 2021 Carlyle acquired AutoForm from Astorg.

Products
The AutoForm products address various areas of application along the Sheet Metal Forming and BiW Process Chains, including product development, early planning, process & tooling, and tryout & production. In 2008 of the largest 20 automotive OEMs and most of their suppliers were using AutoForm.

Industry and research partnerships
AutoForm is involved in joint development projects for sheet metal forming and BiW assembly covering several industries. This includes work with automobile manufacturers such as Audi, BMW, Daimler AG, and PSA Group; tooling suppliers such as Magna International and Faurecia; material suppliers including ArcelorMittal, and Thyssenkrupp Steel; and universities including ETH Zurich and Twente University.

References

Software companies of Switzerland
Companies established in 1995


French Pakistani or Pakistani French may refer to:
France–Pakistan relations (c.f. "a French-Pakistani treaty")
Mixed race people of French and Pakistani descent
People with dual citizenship of France and Pakistan
Pakistanis in France
French people in Pakistan


https://www.sanbona.com/

Gondwana Game Reserve is a game reserve situated near the town of Mossel Bay in the Western Cape of South Africa, (also known as Sanbona Wildlife Reserve).

History
Gondwana, situated in the Western Cape, has seen substantial changes over time. Originally it was a collection of cattle and sheep farms spanning 11,000 hectares, before it was transformed under the stewardship of Mark and Wendy Rutherfoord. The landscape has shifted from its agricultural roots to feature open grasslands, valleys, and the preservation of fynbos habitats.

Fauna
Gondwana host endangered species such as the Cape mountain zebra and south-central black rhinoceros and many antelope species including, eland, gemsbok, red hartebeest, bontebok, and springbok can all be found there after their reintroduction to the former farmland. Gondwana has also reintroduced the South African cheetahs onto the reserve. All of which were relocated from a reserve in Karoo where they were free roaming and born in the wild. This is the result of Gondwana's continued conservation efforts to utilize its habitat to help sustain endangered species, and the cheetah introduction contributes to increasing their genetic diversity in South Africa. Gondwana is home to not only the free roaming Big 5 but also to the south-western black rhinoceros, over 10 varieties of antelope, more than the Kruger National Park, and hundreds of head of general game.

See also
Game reserve

External links
 Gondwana Game Reserve Website
 Gondwana Game Reserve on Pam Golding Properties
 Cape Town Magazine on Gondwana

Notes

Protected areas of the Western Cape


Magisters was a large CIS-based law firm. The firm was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 1997, as Magister & Partners. The firm has since changed its name to Magisters and expanded across the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In July 2011, Magisters merged with Egorov Puginsky Afanasiev & Partners.

History
The firm was founded in 1997 in Ukraine as "Magister & Partners" by two young lawyers – Oleg Riabokon and Serhii Sviriba. Riabokon and Sviriba were studying of the Kyiv Institute of International Relations Law department, and the idea to establish a law firm came to them right at the university prom.

In 2006, "Magister & Partners" merged with Ukrainian law firm "Pravis:Reznikov, Vlasenko & Partners" and launched in Russia by merging with "Legas Legal Solutions", this merge became the first-ever cross-border merger between independent law firms in the CIS and marked the beginning of the Firm's CIS-wide expansion.

After conducting a rebranding campaign in 2008 Magisters & Partners became Magisters.

The years 2008 and 2009 have been a period of active expansion for Magisters. The firm merged with a Belarusian law firm BelJurBureau and opened an office in Astana, Kazakhstan. Early 2009, Magisters also set up a representative office in London, UK.

The firm's Kyiv office was raided by the Ukrainian police on February 3, 2011, for undisclosed reasons.

In July 2011, Magisters merged with Egorov Puginsky Afanasiev & Partners.

References

External links
Official firm website www.magisters.com
Chambers and Partners Firm Profile

See also
 List of largest law firms in Europe (excluding UK) (2009)

Law firms established in 1997
Law firms of Ukraine


Jyrki Valto Yrttiaho (4 May 1952 – 17 February 2021) was a Finnish politician and member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was born in Pelkosenniemi. He was elected to the Finnish Parliament in the 2007 election.

References

External links
Parliament of Finland: Jyrki Yrttiaho
Left Alliance: Jyrki Yrttiaho

1952 births
2021 deaths
People from Pelkosenniemi
Left Alliance (Finland) politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2011–2015)
Place of death missing


The Solnan () is a  long river in the Ain and Saône-et-Loire departments in eastern France. Its source is at Verjon, in the Jura Mountains. It flows generally north-northwest. It is a left tributary of the Seille into which it flows at Louhans.

Its main tributaries are the Sevron and the Vallière.

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
 Ain: Verjon, Villemotier, Bény, Salavre, Coligny, Pirajoux, Domsure, Beaupont,
 Saône-et-Loire: Condal, Dommartin-lès-Cuiseaux, Varennes-Saint-Sauveur, Frontenaud, Sainte-Croix, Bruailles, La Chapelle-Naude, Louhans,

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Rivers of Ain
Rivers of Saône-et-Loire


Maple Terrace Court and Walton Apartments is a group of historic dwellings located at Charleston, West Virginia.  Maple Terrace Court is a row of -story brick urban townhouses built in 1914 in the Colonial Revival-style with each two-bay residential units featuring slate-shingled gable roofs with gabled dormers, concrete foundations scored to resemble cut stone, and brick front porches. The Walton Apartments is a three-story unadorned brick apartment building is of utilitarian construction originally built with four one-bedroom residential units per floor.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

References

Apartment buildings in West Virginia
Houses in Charleston, West Virginia
Colonial Revival architecture in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1914
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia


In cell biology, efferocytosis (from efferre, Greek for 'to take to the grave', 'to bury') is the process by which apoptotic cells are removed by phagocytic cells. It can be regarded as the 'burying of dead cells'.

During efferocytosis, the cell membrane of phagocytic cells engulfs the apoptotic cell, forming a large fluid-filled vesicle containing the dead cell. This ingested vesicle is called an efferosome (in analogy to the term phagosome). This process is similar to macropinocytosis.

Mechanism

For apoptosis, the effect of efferocytosis is that dead cells are removed before their membrane integrity is breached and their contents leak into the surrounding tissue. This prevents exposure of tissue to toxic enzymes, oxidants and other intracellular components such as proteases and caspases.

Efferocytosis can be performed not only by 'professional' phagocytic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells, but also by many other cell types including epithelial cells and fibroblasts. To distinguish them from living cells, apoptotic cells carry specific 'eat me' signals, such as the presence of phosphatidyl serine (resulting from phospholipid flip-flop) or calreticulin on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane.

Down stream consequences

Efferocytosis triggers specific downstream intracellular signal transduction pathways, for example resulting in anti-inflammatory, anti-protease and growth-promoting effects. Conversely, impaired efferocytosis has been linked to autoimmune disease and tissue damage. Efferocytosis results in production by the ingesting cell of mediators such as hepatocyte- and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are thought to promote replacement of the dead cells.

Specialized pro-resolving mediators are cell-derived metabolites of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids viz.: arachidonic acid which is metabolized to the lipoxins; eicosapentaenoic acid which is metabolized to the Resolvin E's; docosahexaenoic acid which is metabolized to the resolvin D's, maresins, and neuroprotectins; and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid which is metabolized to the n-3 docosapentaenoic acid-derived resolvins and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectins (See Specialized pro-resolving mediators). These mediators possess a broad range of overlapping activities which act to resolve inflammation; one of the important activities which many of these mediators possess is the stimulation of efferocytosis in inflamed tissues. Failure to form sufficient amounts of these mediators is proposed to be one cause of chronic and pathological inflammatory responses (see Specialized pro-resolving mediators#SPM and inflammation).

Clincal significance

Defective efferocytosis has been demonstrated in such diseases as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis and atherosclerosis.

Footnotes

Cellular processes


Jacques Miquelon (October 4, 1911 – June 16, 2004) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Quebec. He represented Abitibi-Est in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1948 to 1960 as a member of the Union Nationale.

He was born in Danville, Quebec, the son of Arsène-Cyr Miquelon and Éveline Picard, who was the daughter of Jacques Picard. Educated in Danville, at the Séminaire de Québec and at the Université Laval, Miquelon was called to the Quebec bar in 1934 and set up practice first at Quebec City and then, in 1937, at Malartic. Miquelon served as solicitor for the Department of the Attorney General and for the Liquor Commission at Amos. He was director of two mining companies and also was president of the Chamber of Commerce for Malartic. He married Suzanne Turcotte in 1938; he later married Germaine Voyer after his Turcotte's death. In 1946, he was named King's Counsel. Miquelon served in the Quebec cabinet as Minister of State from 1952 to 1959, Attorney General in 1959 and 1960, and Minister of Lands and Forests in 1960. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1960 and 1962. In 1962, Miquelon returned to the practice of law in Montreal. From 1968 to 1978, he was judge in the Social Welfare Court at Montreal. He died in Montreal at the age of 92.

His nephew André Bourbeau also served in the Quebec assembly.

References

External links

1911 births
2004 deaths
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
Members of the Executive Council of Quebec
Université Laval alumni


Donum Vitae is the "Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation" which was issued on February 22, 1987, by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. It addresses biomedical issues from the Roman Catholic Church's perspective.

The doctrinal material is not only addressed to all married couples, especially Roman Catholics, but also to pharmacists, doctors, ethicists, theologians, politicians and industrialists, so that they may try to tackle these issues together. Other related documents, such as Humanae Vitae, were also written for a wide variety of individuals and specialists on the matter.

The document specifically indicated that the Church was opposed to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Given that IVF was relatively new at the time, this position provoked lively debate when it was first announced.

In 2008, the instruction Dignitas Personae was released as a supplement to address newer bioethical issues and technologies.

References
Donum Vitae (official document)

Documents of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
1987 documents
1987 in Christianity


Susan Margaret Douglas (born 29 January 1957) is a British media executive and former newspaper editor.

Early life
Born in London, she was educated at Tiffin Girls' School in Kingston. After graduating with a first-class Honours degree in physiology and biochemistry from Southampton University, she began her career in 1978 with management consultants Andersen Consulting. She then became a medical journalist with Haymarket Publishing. In South Africa (1979–81) she worked for the South African Sunday Express and The Rand Daily Mail.

Career
Returning to Britain in 1981, she began writing for the Daily Mail and News of the World, and in 1982 she joined the Mail on Sunday. Initially a medical correspondent, she was promoted to associate editor of the newspaper, then assistant editor of the Daily Mail in 1987. Joining The Sunday Times in 1991, she became deputy editor. Douglas launched the newspaper's Style & Culture sections, relaunched The Sunday Times magazine, ran the Insight investigative team and introduced many writers and columnists including Julie Burchill, Jeremy Clarkson, Taki, Melvyn Bragg and her then husband, historian Niall Ferguson.

At the beginning of 1996, she took up her appointment as editor of the Sunday Express, then owned by Lord Stevens. Just under two years later, Clive Hollick bought the Express group and rolled the Sunday into the Daily title, rendering all Sunday Express journalists redundant.

Douglas was chosen by former Sunday Times superior Andrew Neil to assist in relaunching The Scotsman, Scotland on Sunday and the Edinburgh Evening News. At the same time, she diversified into magazine publishing, working on the US launch of men's magazine Gear, then the UK websites Vogue.com, Traveller.co.uk and after she helped launch the new title, Glamour, in the UK, she ran the contract publishing division of Condé Nast, with titles such as tate, Trader, Mandarin Oriental, Harrods and the Post office magazine. Glamour was one of the most successful magazine launches ever, and Douglas, as President of New Business with Condé Nast, became a director.

Later career
After a severe horse-riding accident which led to a brain haemorrhage, she became a freelance executive and in 2008, joined literary agency PFD as a director and engineered the management buyout by Andrew Neil. The acquisition ultimately led to Douglas being forced to leave. Consultancy deals with HarperCollins, Future publishing and television company, Luxe.tv and Lingospot followed.

Douglas, as part of a consortium, was reported in January 2013 to have been in talks with Trinity Mirror to purchase a majority stake in Sunday People and rebrand it as The News of the People (Douglas had attempted to buy the News of the World after its closure). In May 2013, these plans were reported to have been dropped, although Phoenix Ventures, her company, remained in talks about other collaborations.

Early in the following month it emerged that she was to head a wholly owned subsidiary of Trinity Mirror called Sunday Brands. The leading  publication would be the Sunday People, with other titles from the group, but these would not include the Sunday Mirror. The Sunday Brands was soon dropped, with Douglas' role changing to offering a digital version of the Sunday People. In the end, the new website, launched in November 2013, did not meet Trinity Mirror's financial  targets and closed in January 2014 when Douglas left the company.

Personal life
Douglas separated from historian Niall Ferguson in 2010, and they divorced in 2011. They have three children together.

References

1957 births
English magazine editors
English newspaper editors
English women journalists
Living people
Medical journalists
Alumni of the University of Southampton
People educated at the Tiffin Girls' School


Archidermapteron martynovi (=ancient, and dermaptera=skin-wing) is an extinct species of earwig, in the genus Archidermapteron, family Protodiplatyidae, the suborder Archidermaptera, the order Dermaptera, and is the only species in the genus Archidermapteron, which simply means "ancient member of the Dermaptera". It had long, segmented cerci unlike modern species of Dermaptera, but tegmina and hind wings that folded up into a "wing package" that are like modern earwigs. The only clear fossil of the species was found in Russia.

Discovery
Little is known about how the species was discovered due to the ambiguity of the reports about it, and the fact that only one fossil was ever found. The reason for this is that the environment that most earwigs live in often prevents preservation, because dead organisms in soil and other crevices quickly rot and dissolve away. It is known, however, that the sole fossil of it was found in the early 1900s by a team of Russian entomologists. The species is named after Dr. Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov, an entomologist who conducted extensive studies of fossil insects in the Soviet Union and who in 1925 wrote a paper about its discovery.

Characteristics
Unlike most extant earwigs in the Forficulina suborder, Archidermapteron martynovi had cerci, that were as long as its thorax and abdomen combined, or about 80% of the length of its body. This would have been longer than their antennae. By contrast, most male Common earwigs, Forficula auricularia, have cerci that are slightly less than the length of their abdomen, but in rare cases can reach lengths that are slightly longer. Common earwigs' cerci almost never reach lengths longer than their abdomen, let alone their abdomen and thorax combined.

The species' cerci themselves could be described as being more bead-like (filiform) than the thicker cerci, specifically known as forceps, of most other earwigs. One of the key characteristics of the Forficulina suborder is the existence of large, thick, basally broadened and crenulate-toothed forceps, which is notably absent on Archidermapteron martynovi. The only species of earwigs with these uncharacteristically thinner cerci are earwigs in the suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina, which are rare and contain few individuals.

In order to open their wings, extant species of Forficulina use their cerci because their wings fold into a "package" due to internal elasticity. While Archidermapteron martynovi had such a wing package, they also had long segmented cerci, as mentioned above. This means that the unsegmented cerci of extant species of Forficulina is probably not an adaptation for wing folding. Instead, it is likely that the cerci of Archidermapteron martynovi served a function similar to that of an insect's antennae: touch.

Phylogenesis

According to the research of Dr. Fabian Hass, an entomologist who specializes in earwig biology, the relative age of this species compared to other genera in the suborder Archidermaptera can be approximated based upon the research of Dr. R. Willmann. According to Willmann, the genus Archidermapteron, and therefore also the species Archidermapteron martynovi, existed longer ago than the genera Dermapteron and Turanovia, but around the same time period as Asiodiplatys, Microdiplatys, and Protodiplatys. He bases this assumption on the shape of the fossils' cerci: Archidermateron, Asiodiplatys, Microdiplatys, and Protodiplatys all had cerci that were long and filiform, while Dermapteron had cerci that were short and more forcep-like. Therefore, Turanovia would have been in between both groups.

Willmann also discovered that Archidermaptera cannot be a monophyletic group, or a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants. The reasoning for this is that various genera in the suborder, such as Dermapteron, are more similar to the earwigs with forceps-like cerci than other genera, such as Turanovia, as mentioned above. This would imply that not all of the descendants of Archidermaptera are contained within the group Archidermaptera. In particular, the group Forficulina is descended from Archidermaptera, but is not included in Archidermaptera, but rather its own group. Therefore, Archidermaptera is not monophyletic, but instead paraphyletic, meaning that the group contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all of the descendants of that ancestor.

However, this does not necessarily mean that Willmann's hypothesis is correct. According to Dr. V. N. Vishnyakova, in an article written by her in the Paleontological Journal, Willmann could be correct on some fronts, but wrong on others. Although Vishnyakova did not address Willmann specifically (she wrote about it ten years earlier), her paper disagrees with Willmann's on the basis of the ordering of Semenviola, Semenoviolides, and Turanoderma, which are extinct genera in Forficulina. Mainstream science is still unsure of whose chart is more accurate: it all depends on the definitions of certain taxon, which can change from person to person.

References

External links
 A drawing of the species

Archidermaptera

Prehistoric insects of Asia


Erkki Alvar Virtanen (born 15 August 1952 in Jämsänkoski) is a Finnish politician and member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected to the Finnish Parliament in the 2003 election.

External links
Parliament of Finland: Erkki Virtanen
Left Alliance: Erkki Virtanen

1952 births
Living people
People from Jämsä
Left Alliance (Finland) politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–2007)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2011–2015)


Masterpiss of Pain is the debut studio album of the Norwegian black metal band Khold. It was recorded in the early part of 2001 and released in December of that year, through Moonfog Productions, the record label run by Satyricon leader Sigurd Wongraven (Satyr).

Track listing

Personnel

Khold

 Sverre "Gard" Stokland – vocals, guitar
 Geir "Rinn" Kildahl – guitar
 Lars Eikind – bass guitar
 Thomas "Sarke" Berglie – drums, percussion

Additional personnel

 Galder – guitar on "Rovnatt"

References

Khold albums
2001 debut albums


Daniel Boone Hotel is a historic hotel located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is a Classical Revival Style ten story structure with blond brick exterior and tan, modular, stone-looking terra cotta. The building was originally constructed in 1927–29, expanded in 1936 and again in 1949 to provide a total of 465 rooms, a large ballroom and 3 parlor meeting rooms.  The overall effect of the facade is to create the common early 20th Century "Skyscraper" look of "Base", two story mezzanine - "Shaft" five stories of 1/1 and 1 story of 6/6 windows - and "Capital" tenth story diamond brick and terra cotta balustrade.  The building is "U"-shaped in plan.  In the early-1980s the building was extensively renovated to become an office building.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

References

Hotel buildings completed in 1929
Buildings and structures in Charleston, West Virginia
Neoclassical architecture in West Virginia
Defunct hotels in West Virginia
Hotels established in 1929
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
William Lee Stoddart buildings


Unto Olavi Valpas (October 4, 1944 – September 13, 2016) was a Finnish politician and member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected to the Finnish Parliament in 1999.

References

1944 births
2016 deaths
People from Kokkola
Left Alliance (Finland) politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1999–2003)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–2007)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)