Seal brown is a hair coat color of horses characterized by a near-black body color; with black points, the mane, tail and legs; but also reddish or tan areas around the eyes, muzzle, behind the elbow and in front of the stifle. The term is not to be confused with "brown", which is used by some breed registries to refer to either a seal brown horse or to a dark bay without the additional characteristics of seal brown.

Like bay, the seal brown color lacks the non-agouti mutation that would create a fully black horse. The genetics behind seal brown are not known, but some think it is caused by an allele of agouti called At. A DNA test said to detect the seal brown (At) allele was developed, but the test was never subjected to peer review and due to unreliable results was subsequently pulled from the market.

The similar dark bay coat color, which also features black points and a dark body, differs from  seal brown by the absence of tan markings. Another mimic is the liver chestnut, an all-over dark brown coat including mane and tail, that is sometimes confused with seal brown. However, true seal browns have black points characteristic of all bay horses, while liver chestnuts do not.

Identification

Opinions vary on what constitutes a true seal brown as distinct from dark bay. In Equine Color Genetics, Dan Phillip Sponenberg wrote "In general, all dark colors with black points that are lighter than black but darker than bay are called brown." In this text, he classifies black-pointed, clear reddish coats of any shade as bay, and black-pointed coats of any shade with black countershading as brown.

Seal brown is best described as a black or nearly-black coat with reddish or tan hairs on the "soft parts": the muzzle, eyes, inner ears, underbelly, behind the elbow, and in front of the stifle. Like other coat colors, seal browns can range in shade. The very darkest are just about black except for their tan areas. Lighter examples are easily confused with dark bays. The mane, tail, and legs are always black.

Terminology
Non-horse people often refer to many horse coat colors as "brown," in particular the bay color.  Among horse aficionados, a common assessment is that "...[the term] is only used by people with one horse or with two hundred."  The implication is that lay observers will refer to a horse's coat color to be "brown" due to a lack of vocabulary, and those discussing large populations of horses will use "brown" out of a need for a more specific vocabulary. The term "seal brown" is unlikely to be part of a novice's repertoire and is therefore preferable when discussing this specific coat color. This coat color is, illuminatingly, called "black and tan" in some languages.

"Brown" but not seal brown
In the most simple terms, the vast majority of horses are indeed some shade of brown, but not "seal brown." Such coat colors include:
 Chestnut, entirely copper-red to liver-brown, without true black hair.
 Bay, reddish-brown to quite dark-brown body coat with true black mane, tail, and legs; dark bays are hard to distinguish from seal browns by even experienced eyes.
Both bay and chestnut may be darkened by the sooty gene.
 Buckskin, tan or gold body coat with the black areas of a bay (above).
 Dun, commonly tan (though rust or slate-like shades exist) with evident primitive markings.
 Silver dapples, sometimes called "chocolate", are often found in brownish shades.

Seal browns on paper
Not all breed registries or studbooks recognize seal brown as a distinct coat color. The American Quarter Horse Association and American Paint Horse Association both recognize "brown" as a separate category, while the Arabian Horse Association labels all non-black, black-pointed shades "bay."

Still other registries, such as The Jockey Club which registers Thoroughbreds and Appaloosa Horse Club, offer the designation "dark bay or brown" to cope with the ambiguity in terminology and identification. Among historically German breeds and registries, the term rappe indicates a black horse, braun is bay, while dunkelbraun indicates dark bay and schwarzbraun indicates seal brown (literally black-brown). In France, seal brown horses are recognized among the "black coat family".

Related coat colors
The presence of other coat color genes can modify a seal brown coat. The seal brown family includes:
 Brown Buckskin, is a result of the dilution effect of a single copy of the cream gene. Sometimes called smoky brown. The black areas of the seal brown coat are unaffected or slightly lightened, while the reddish areas are more golden. These should not be confused with traditional buckskins.
 Sable champagne, a result of the dilution effect of the champagne gene. Like all champagnes, sable champagnes have hazel eyes and pinkish, freckled skin. The coat is a flat, diluted grayish- or purplish-brown, somewhere between the warm pumpkin tones of the bay-based amber champagne, and the cool purplish tones of the black-based classic champagne.
 Brown dun, a result of the dilution effect of the dun gene. Like all duns, brown duns have conspicuous primitive markings including at least a dorsal stripe and darker points. The primitive markings of brown duns are black, and the coat color is somewhere between the slate gray of a grulla and the tan of a bay dun.

Genetics of seal brown

The genetics behind seal brown are not known.

Since 1951, it has been proposed that seal brown was caused by an allele of the agouti gene, given the name at. This is based on the many other species where similar black-and-tan patterns are caused by alleles at the agouti locus. One genetics lab offered a test for seal brown in 2009, but the underlying studies were not peer-reviewed and the test was pulled from the market due to inconsistent results.

Former theories about the genetics of seal brown
An early version of the currently-accepted equine Agouti gene theory was first presented in 1951 by Miguel Odriozola in A los colores del caballo, subsequently reviewed by William Ernest Castle in Genetics. This theory prevailed until the 1990s, when discoveries of similar conditions in other species provided alternate explanations.

Black and pangaré
For a period, the seal brown phenotype - black or near-black coat with tan or red hairs on the soft areas - was described as a true black coat affected by pangaré, or mealy-factor. Pangaré is a quality common to the Przewalski's horse and so-called primitive horse breeds such as the Exmoor Pony. The trait is characterized by pale hairs, typically off-white to light tan, around the eyes, muzzle, and underside of the body.

This theory was discarded when the equine Agouti gene (ASIP) was sequenced in 2001, finding that horses fitting the seal brown phenotype did not possess the homozygous recessive a/a Agouti genotype.

Tyrosinase-brown
Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is a protein involved in melanin synthesis, and is encoded by the TYRP1 gene, also called the brown (b) locus. In humans, mutations in the TYRP1 gene account for variations in "normal" skin, hair and eye coloration, as well as types of clinical Albinism. Mutations in the TYRP1 gene of other mammals result in various reddish-brown coat color phenotypes: Brown in mice, Chocolate in cats, Chocolate in dogs, and Dun in cattle.

The phenotypes associated with TYRP1 mutations are typically rufous or chocolate rather than the black-dominated coats of seal brown horses, and usually result in pinkish-brown skin and light eyes. This is not the case for seal brown horses, and the role of TYRP1 in seal brown was ruled out after it was sequenced in 2001.

Extension-brown and dominant black
The allure of a pure black coat on a horse has struck horse breeders for centuries, resulting in all-black breeds like the Friesian horse. The breeding of pure black horses is attended by two problems: some black coats fade with exposure to light and sweat, and breeding two "black" horses together would sometimes produce non-black horses. In some cases, faded true black horses have lighter coats than the darkest near-black horses.

To account for this, W.E. Castle postulated that there was a third allele at the Extension locus: ED or "dominant black". Based on the existence of such conditions in other animals, Castle suggested that the dominant black gene (ED) would override the "points" pattern of dominant Agouti (A) and produce black or near-black horses, which could then go on to have bay offspring. The implication was that the seal brown coat color, which is often quite nearly black, could be produced by this allele.

Similarly, Sponenberg once hypothesized an Extension-brown (EB) allele, dominant over the wildtype E. He described an allele responsible for black countershading, or sootiness, which would distinguish all shades of brown from all shades of bay.

Both theories were laid to rest after the characterization of the equine MC1R or Extension, which showed no such alleles. However, it remains likely that a genetic control for sootiness does exist.

Dark bay vs. seal brown
Both Dark Bay horses, which have a black mane, tail, and legs with a dark reddish brown or sooty coat, and seal brown horses, which have very dark brown coats in addition to black "points", with reddish or tan hairs around their muzzle, eyes, elbows, and flanks have one of two genotypes at the Agouti locus: A/A or A/a. Both coat colors exhibit a broad range of potential shades due to a variety of factors including the bleaching or fading of black hair, nutrition, and the presence of sooty or countershading factors.

Many black horses fade, sunbleach, or otherwise undergo a lightening of their coat color with exposure to sunlight and sweat. These horses are often mistaken for seal browns or dark bays.  Horses which do not undergo such fading are now usually called “non-fading” black, though other terms were used in the past. However, though hypothesized, there does not appear to be a separate “non-fading” allele for black, either.  Mineral and vitamin deficiencies can also contribute to a lighter coat, similar to sunbleaching.

Black-pointed horses that are not uniformly black often exhibit a trait called sootiness. A sooty coat exhibits a mixing of black or darker hairs more concentrated on the dorsal aspect (top) of the animal, and less prevalent on the underparts. Sootiness is thought to be a form of countershading. Horses without any sootiness are termed "clear-coated". Sootiness can be minor or quite extensive, and often includes dappling. Dark bay horses are typically sooty. The difference between the top-down distribution of the sooty trait and the lighter soft areas of a seal brown can also be difficult to distinguish from one another.

The team of French researchers who developed the DNA test for the recessive a allele also discussed the possibility that Extension might be dosage-dependent. They found a statistically significant tendency for lighter bays to be heterozygous for the dominant, wildtype Extension allele (E/e, also written E+/Ee) while darker bays were more often homozygous (E/E). The authors acknowledged that other factors could play a role, and that the claim needed to be studied on a greater scale. This type of dosage-dependent behavior was not observed with Agouti.

References

Horse coat colors


Cardell is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

Cardell Butler, AKA "Ballaholic", American streetball player
Cardell Camper (born 1952), former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for one season
Cardis Cardell Willis (1937–2007), influential Milwaukee comic
Charles Cardell (1892–1977), English witch who had an influence on the modern neopagan religion of Wicca
Christian Cardell Corbet (born 1976), Canadian painter, sculptor and designer

A cardell was a type of cot bed used in southern Africa in the nineteenth century.

See also
Florence Cardell-Oliver (1876–1965), Western Australian politician and political activist
Cardel (disambiguation)

References


Werner Kempf (9 March 1886 – 6 January 1964) was a general in the German Army rising to corps-level command during World War II. Kempf is best known for commanding the Army Detachment Kempf during the Battle of Kursk.

Career

Kempf joined the Imperial German Army in 1905; following World War I, he served in the Reichswehr and later the Wehrmacht. In October 1937 Kempf took command of the newly formed 4th Panzer Brigade; in January 1939 he was promoted to Generalmajor. At the beginning of World War II in Europe, he took part in the invasion of Poland as commander of Panzer Division Kempf, which was also known as the Panzerverband Ostpreußen (Panzer Group East Prussia) of the 3rd Army under Georg von Küchler. As divisional commander, he received the capitulation of Fort Zakroczym, which was followed by Massacre in Zakroczym, at the conclusion of the Battle of Modlin. The division returned to East Prussia at the end of the Poland campaign, and Kempf was named commander of the 1st Light Division, renamed 6th Panzer Division, on 18 October 1939.

In 1939 and 1940 Kempf led the 6th Panzer Division in the Battle of France. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 3 June 1940 for his role in the campaign, and was promoted to Generalleutnant on 1 August 1940. On 6 January 1941, he was ordered to form XXXXVIII Army Corps (motorized), and became its commander, along with a promotion to General der Panzertruppe, on 1 April 1941. With this corps Kempf took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, starting on 22 June 1941, as part of Panzer Group 1 of Army Group South, where the corps took part in the Battle of Uman and Battle of Kiev (1941), and pushed as far as Kursk.

From 5 May 1942 he was commanding general of the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps and was in this position on 10 August 1942 when he was awarded the Oak leaves to the Knight's Cross. In July 1943, he participated in the Battle of Kursk as commander of the Army Detachment Kempf. From May to September 1944 he was commander of the Wehrmacht in the Baltics. He was then moved to the leadership reserve until he was taken into captivity in May 1945. He was released in 1947.

Awards and decorations
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (15 September 1914) & 1st Class (28 February 1916)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (15 September 1939) & 1st Class (28 September 1939)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 3 June 1940 as Generalleutnant and commander of 6 Panzer-Division
 111th Oak Leaves on 10 August 1942 as General der Panzertruppe and commander of XXXXVIII. Panzerkorps

References

Citations

Bibliography

1886 births
1964 deaths
Military personnel from Königsberg
Generals of Panzer Troops
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
German prisoners of war in World War II
German Army personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
Reichswehr personnel
20th-century Freikorps personnel


3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment (3 RCR) is a regular force light infantry battalion of the Canadian Forces. 3 RCR's most notable service occurred in Korea, Germany, Bosnia and Afghanistan. In 2006–2010, the battalion was deployed to Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. All three rifle companies were deployed at various times during this period of combat. Also notable was the period between 2003 and 2004, when it was the initial Canadian Forces unit to serve as part of the International Security Assistance Force, deploying to Kabul in August 2003.

History

Formation
The Royal Canadian Regiment was formed 21 December 1883, under the name of the "Infantry School Corps".  The regiment was known by a variety of names until "The Royal Canadian Regiment" became official.
There have been three occasions when there have been more than one battalion of The RCR.  First was during the time of the Boer War, when 2nd (Special Service) Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry constituted Canada's initial involvement in that war.  3rd (Special Service) battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry occupied Wellington Barracks in Halifax, NS and conducted garrison duties there.  The second was at the tail end of the Second World War when a second battalion, RCR was formed for duty in Japan.  Finally, during the Korean War, 3rd battalion was formed on 10 January 1951.  3 RCR served in Korea from March 1953 until March 1954.

During a reorganisation of the Canadian Army in the early 1950s, 3 RCR ceased being on the regular force order of battle.  3 RCR was the designation of the militia battalion of The RCR.

3 RCR was once again a regular force battalion when it assumed duties as a mechanised infantry battalion of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, taking over 3 (Mechanized) Commando of the Canadian Airborne Regiment.  It served in Baden, Germany, until 1984, when it was replaced by 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.  It then was based in Winnipeg as part of 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group.  It then returned to Germany in 1988, where it stayed until 1993, following the end of the Cold War.  It was then designated a so-called "10/90" battalion and was based at CFB Borden.  (These battalions were composed of 10% regular force members, and 90% reserve force members.)

3 RCR was stood up as a full-fledged regular force infantry battalion in 1996, and was designated as a light infantry battalion, consisting of three rifle companies, a combat support company and a combat service support company:
 M Company (Airborne)
 N Company (Air Assault)
 O Company (Air Assault)
 Q Company (Combat Support/Complex Terrain)
 R Company (Combat Service Support)

Korean War
3 RCR replaced 2 RCR in Korea in early 1953.  Early in May the battalion withstood a strong enemy assault on its position about Hill 187. The attack was repulsed, but the engagement cost the Canadians heavy casualties – 26 killed, 27 wounded and seven taken prisoner.

3 RCR as a reserve battalion
In 1954 two London, Ontario Militia regiments, the Canadian Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (MG) and The Oxford Rifles were amalgamated and redesignated The London and Oxford Fusiliers (3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment). This unit thus became the reserve component of the RCR. In 1958, it was renamed 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment (London and Oxford Fusiliers).

The Militia battalion changed from the 3rd to the 4th Battalion in 1970 when The Canadian Guards were reduced to nil strength and the soldiers of that regiment's 2nd Battalion (at CFB Petawawa) became the restored 3rd Battalion, The RCR, on the Regular Force order of battle.  This amalgamation also brought to the regiment the perpetuation of a number of battalions of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force, including the 1st, 33rd, 71st, 142nd and 168th Battalions as well as the 2nd Battalion of the Canadian Machine Gun Corps.

Cold War
3 RCR was one of two infantry battalions that formed Canada's commitment to NATO.  It assumed duties from 3 Mechanised Commando, Canadian Airborne Regiment in 1977.  It was stationed in Baden-Söllingen, Germany, as part of 4 CMBG.  It remained there until 1984, when it was replaced by 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.  3 RCR was then stationed in Winnipeg, Manitoba.  In 1988, 3 RCR was once again rotated to Germany.  At this time, it deployed with four rifle companies instead of the usual three rifle companies.  It consisted of the following:
 M Company (Mechanized Infantry)
 N Company (Mechanized Infantry)
 O Company (Mechanized Infantry)
 P Company (Mechanized Infantry)
 Q Company (Combat Support)
 R Company (Combat Service Support)

3 RCR remained in Germany until 1993, when 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group was stood down following the end of the Cold War.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
3 RCR deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina twice as part of SFOR. The first tour in 1998–1999 as Rotation 3 for Operation Palladium under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Jorgensen and then again in 2001 as Rotation 8 under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson.

Afghanistan
3 RCR served in Afghanistan three times.  The first tour was in Kabul in 2003/2004 as Rotation 0 for Operation Athena as part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), the second consisting of Reconnaissance Platoon in 2005 as augmentation of the Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD) reconnaissance squadron, during Rotation 4 of Operation Athena and Rotation 0 of Operation Archer in Kandahar. Later as Rotation 6 for Operation Athena in Kandahar in 2008/2009.
After seeing the unit in the reconstitution phase of the army training operations framework cycle, it was prepared once again for deployment. It stood up as the core of Task Force 3–08 Battle Group in January 2008 and assumed duties in Kandahar in September of that year.  3 RCR redeployed to Canada in April and May 2009. In 2010, O Company deployed as a component of the Task Force 1-10 Battle Group.
1st Platoon, M Company was featured in the Discovery Channel documentary series Combat School while training for their first operational deployment to Afghanistan.

Kabul
As part of Canada's commitment to Afghanistan as part of ISAF, 3 RCR deployed to Kabul, in summer 2003.  It was based out of Camp Julien.  The 3 RCR Battlegroup (3 RCR BG) was augmented by "C" Company, 1 RCR.  3 RCR BG served in Kabul until early 2004, when it was replaced by a battle group of the Royal 22e Régiment. In 2005 the Reconnaissance Platoon, including a sniper section, was attached to the RCD reconnaissance squadron for Rotation 4 of Operation Athena and the subsequent Rotation 0 of Operation Archer as Canada's involvement in Afghanistan transitioned to Kandahar.

Kandahar
In anticipation of its deployment to Afghanistan in autumn 2008, 3 RCR reroled into a mechanized infantry battalion.  It formed the core of Task Force 3–08 Battle Group (TF 3–08 BG), augmented by:
 G Company, 2nd Battalion, RCR
 A Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
 D Squadron, RCD
 24 Field Squadron, 2 Combat Engineer Regiment
 F Battery, 2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery

(A Squadron was augmented by a troop from the RCD.)

3 RCR BG served in Kandahar from 21 September 2008 until 15 April 2009.

Counter-insurgency operations in 2010

In 2010, O Company was deployed to Khandahar as a mechanized rifle company in support of the 1 RCR Battle Group as a part of Task Force 1-10. Having completed extensive training in Fort Irwin, California, and CFB Petawawa, O Company was ready to fight in counter-insurgency-style combat. While deployed in theatre, O Company's three mechanized rifle platoons were individually deployed to various combat outposts in Panjwayi District, where they were in a state of continuous combat over the summer of 2010. All three platoons were proactively engaged in counter-insurgency operations. Over the course of the deployment, one platoon, who were located along 'Route Nightmare', suffered a high number of casualties from IED and ambush attacks. Despite 2010's fighting season being the deadliest on record, O Company suffered few combat deaths. No members of O Company were awarded medals for valour or for bravery.

Other

In 2010, the M (Parachute) Company Group, consisting of combat engineer, mortar group, medical, and signals attachments took shape.  They deployed as a group for the first time in February 2011 participating in an exercise with the US Army 82nd Airborne Division.

Shortly thereafter, N (Airmobile) Company, deployed to Yuma, Arizona, United States, to participate in the US Marine Corps' Weapons and Tactics Instructors course.

O Company were given greater attention, as well, and began preparations to give the battalion a fast-rope capability and successfully conducted their first series of fast-rope training exercises.

In late October and early November 2018, a contingent from the battalion, alongside the Royal Canadian Artillery Band, which provided musical support, mounted the Queen's Guard. The event was one of the rare occasions that a Canadian Forces unit wore an authorized Atholl-grey winter greatcoat.

Cap badge
"An eight-pointed diamond cut star; upon the star a raised circle surmounted by the crown; within the raised circle, the block letters "VRI", the Imperial Cypher of Queen Victoria." (Description of the badge of The RCR as presented in Regiments and Corps of the Canadian Army, published by the Army Historical Section, 1964)

The letters VRI on the cap badge of The RCR stand for Victoria Regina Imperatrix, which is Latin for "Victoria, Queen and Empress".  The right to wear the imperial cypher and crown was granted to the regiment by Queen Victoria in 1893.

When a royal or imperial cypher forms part of the badge of a regiment it is normal for it to change with each succeeding sovereign. During the period 1901 to 1919, the officially authorized versions of the regiment's cap badge were those with Edward VII's and George V's cyphers, although the regiment continued to use the "VRI" ensigned badges throughout this time while petitioning for their formal return.  In 1919, George V granted the RCR permission to wear "VRI" in perpetuity – a unique privilege.

Regimental colours

The 3rd Battalion received their regimental colours from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the regiment's colonel-in-chief, during a private working visit to Toronto in April 2013. The colours were received at Queen's Park and followed by a parade back to Fort York.

References

External links

Royal Canadian Regiment
Battalions of the Canadian Army
Military units and formations established in 1950
Military units and formations of Canada in World War II
Canada


Raymond Arthur Gosling (5 May 1939 – 19 November 2013) was an English broadcaster, journalist, author, and gay rights activist.

He wrote and presented several hundred television and radio documentaries and regional programmes for BBC Radio 4 and Granada Television from the 1960s to 1980s on quirky aspects of life in different British towns and cities. His later documentaries focused on his personal life and his emergence as a gay activist.  He was described as "one of the most uniquely talented figures in the history of British broadcasting."

In February 2010, he claimed during a local BBC television programme to have killed a lover in an act of euthanasia. He was briefly arrested, but the claims were false and he was later given a suspended sentence for wasting police time.

Early life

Gosling was born in Northampton in 1939. He was educated at Northampton Grammar School and the University of Leicester, and also briefly worked as a railway signalman, before dropping out to become the manager of a band, and then working in a factory in London and as a youth worker in Leicester.

He moved to Nottingham while in his twenties, and became a detached outreach youth worker in the St Ann's district. At the age of 23 he wrote an autobiographical account of this work, Sum Total, which was later republished. Gosling always maintained a home in Nottingham, whilst being based in Manchester for much of his broadcasting work.

Broadcasting career
He first worked in radio when he was interviewed as a campaigner for tenants' rights in Nottingham.  He was then commissioned to record a series of talks, mostly interviews with what were called "ordinary people", broadcast during intermissions of classical musical recitals on BBC radio.

Over the years Gosling wrote and presented more than a hundred television documentaries, as well as several hundred radio documentaries. In the 1960s and 1970s he was one of the best known faces in television documentary programming. In this period he also hosted a weekly North-West regional programme on Granada TV, On Site, in which members of the public, in a different town each week, confronted officialdom with their concerns and complaints.  His 1974 Granada series Gosling's Travels was praised by the Sunday Telegraph and compared to documentaries by John Betjeman and Ian Nairn.  He specialised in "the sideways look at such eclectic and quintessentially British institutions as the working classes... and faded seaside towns, the minutiae of life."

In many of his documentaries on BBC Radio he used his distinctively quirky writing style to point up the rich diversity of people and places in Britain.  Some of his best-remembered radio programmes were personal portraits of a series of different towns. In 1982 he wrote and narrated an episode of the television series Great Little Railways for the BBC, featuring northern Portugal. His television documentaries also included Granada TV's The Human Jigsaw in 1984, and a series about football supporters, The People's Game, which he narrated.

In 2000 he returned to television in a series of documentaries about his personal life over recent years, including his bankruptcy. This led to him being taken on by BBC East Midlands in 2004 as a regular presenter on Inside Out, where he reported in his own individual style. His first film for Inside Out revisited his first TV documentary, Two Town Mad, made for the BBC in 1962. It was a comparison between Leicester and Nottingham and Gosling went back to the places and the people in the original film.

Next came films on garden gnomes, statues, bus travel, OAP workers, frugal living, new arts buildings and windmills. His film on Joe Orton was part of a programme which won the RTS Midlands Best Regional programme in 2008.

His BBC Four documentary Ray Gosling OAP concerned his decision to move into sheltered accommodation. It won the Jonathan Gili Award For Most Entertaining Documentary Award at Grierson 2007 over tough competition from Alan Sugar's The Apprentice. It followed the highly acclaimed BBC Four documentaries Bankrupt and Pensioned Off. Other radio contributions included items on BBC Radio 4's You and Yours in 2008 and 2009.

The value of Gosling's work was recognised by Nottingham Trent University in 2005, when it stepped in to save "an amazing treasure trove of groundbreaking TV and radio work which was in danger of being lost forever". The veteran broadcaster's archive, which includes films, tapes, scripts, cuttings and background notes providing perspective on 40 years of social history, is now safely preserved within the School of Arts and Humanities.

Gay rights
Gosling was an early pioneer of the modern British gay rights movement, first becoming involved in the 1950s, and working with Allan Horsfall in the North West Homosexual Law Reform Committee of the late 1960s, which later became the Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE). Horsfall and Gosling ran a website together called Gay Monitor which is partly a history of CHE and partly an account of more recent cases of discrimination against gay men.

Gosling's background in grass-roots activism chimed with CHE's stated attempt to forge a democratic mass movement in which gay people were encouraged to take control of their own lives and fight for their rights.  This was in contrast to much pre-1967 work by, in particular, the London-based Homosexual Law Reform Society, which was seen as "top-down", metropolitan and somewhat elitist and not run by gay people themselves (or not ostensibly so: in fact, HLRS founder A.E. Dyson and long-time HLRS Secretary Antony Grey were both gay, but never said so at the time).  Thus, at a CHE rally in Trafalgar Square, London, on 23 November 1975, Gosling said: "Last time it was done by an elite, who did it by stealth ... This time it has to be done by us, brothers and sisters".

Personal life
During the 1990s, his professional fortunes waned, and his long-term partner Bryn Allsopp was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.  Gosling nursed him until his death in November 1999. He was declared bankrupt in 2000, and was stated to be living in poverty in 2002. In an interview with LeftLion magazine in August 2013 Gosling stated that he had planned on writing his memoirs for a few years but had never quite got round to doing it. "Life is for living, not for writing," he said. He also talked about his lifelong relationship with alcohol: "I've been drinking since I was twelve. I drink brandy and wine now. In those days I drank ten pints a night. There were fifty pubs in my St Anns. I'd have a drink in every one."

False confession
On Inside Out on 15 February 2010, Gosling said he had used a pillow to suffocate a former lover. Gosling said that the "young chap" was dying from AIDS and in "terrible, terrible pain", and did not say whether this had been agreed beforehand. He described how he said to the doctor: "Leave me, just for a bit." When the doctor had gone: "I picked up the pillow and smothered him until he was dead. The doctor came back and I said: 'He's gone.' Nothing more was ever said." On 16 February, The Daily Telegraph reported that officers from the Nottinghamshire Constabulary were to investigate. He was arrested on suspicion of murder on 17 February 2010, and released on police bail the following day without being charged.

Gosling was found to have fabricated the claim and had not been in the UK at the time of the death. On 20 August 2010, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that Gosling would be prosecuted because he had "caused wasteful employment of the police by knowingly making [...] a false report tending to show that an offence had been committed". On 14 September 2010, he was given a 90-day suspended sentence at Nottingham Magistrates' Court.

Death
Gosling died, aged 74, at the Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham on 19 November 2013.

Publications
 1960: Dream Boy. New Left Review, 3:30–34
 1961: Lady Albemarle's Boys. London: Fabian Society (story of a youth club in Leicester)
 1963: Sum Total. London: Faber. (Republished by Pomona in 2004 )
 1967: Saint Ann's. Nottingham Civic Society
 1980: Personal Copy: a memoir of the sixties. London: Faber ; re-published 2010 Nottingham: Five Leaves Publications

Notes

References

External links

 Ray Gosling Available Light
 Gay Monitor
 Interview with Ray Gosling by James Walker in LeftLion Magazine
 Website for Works of Ray Gosling

1939 births
2013 deaths
20th-century English non-fiction writers
Alumni of the University of Leicester
English criminals
English male journalists
English radio presenters
English gay writers
English LGBT journalists
English LGBT broadcasters
English LGBT rights activists
People from Northampton
Gay journalists
BBC television presenters
BBC radio presenters


Namik or Namık is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:

 Namig Abdullayev (born 1971), Azerbaijani wrestler
 Namik Dokle (born 1946), Albanian politician
 Namık Gedik (1911–1960), Turkish physician and politician
 Namık İsmail (1890–1935l), Turkish painter
 Namık Kemal (1840–1888), Ottoman Turkish nationalist, poet, novelist, playwright, journalist, and social reformer
 Namik Paul (born 1987), Indian actor
 Namik Resuli (1908–1985), Albanian linguist and academic
 Namık Kemal Şentürk (1922–2020), Turkish politician
 Namık Tan (born 1956), Turkish diplomat
 Namık Uğurlu (1976–2015), better known as Ankaralı Namık, Turkish singer
 Namık Kemal Yolga (1914–2001), Turkish diplomat and statesman, known as the Turkish Schindler
 Namık Kemal Zeybek (born 1944), Turkish politician

Middle name
 Mehmed Namık Pasha (1804–1892), Ottoman statesman

See also
 Namık (disambiguation)

Indian masculine given names
Masculine given names
Turkish masculine given names
Albanian masculine given names


Player's Option: Combat & Tactics (abbreviated CT, or C&T) is a supplemental sourcebook to the core rules of the second edition of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. This 192-page book was published by TSR, Inc. in 1995. The book was designed by L. Richard Baker III and Skip Williams. Cover art is by Jeff Easley and interior art is by Doug Chaffee, Les Dorscheid, Larry Elmore, Ken and Charles Frank, Roger Loveless, Erik Olson, and Alan Pollack.

Contents
Player's Option: Combat & Tactics is a supplement presenting upgrades and refinements for the combat system of AD&D. Combat & Tactics uses battle maps with 1-inch square grids to keep track of movement in combat. Combat & Tactics uses melee scale as a default for close range combats, in which one square represents a 5-foot square area, and missile scale for outdoor and long-distance combats, in which one square equals a 5-yard area; the Dungeon Master alternates between these two scales depending on the circumstances of the encounter. The weapon proficiency rules have been changed so that player characters can use any weapon they want, if they pay one or more extra proficiency slots. Combat & Tactics breaks the combat round into phases consisting of multiple steps, including initiative and actions.

The book begins with a one-page introduction by Baker and Williams, which explains that this book is intended to provide details to make combat more believable. Chapter One (pages 6–37) describes the Player's Option combat system, which was expanded from the Player's Handbook and Dungeon Master's Guide, and is played on a gridded battle map with 1-inch squares. Chapter Two (pages 38–55) describes a set of combat options for the new combat system, including battle tactics, attack options, fighting styles, dueling, and brawling. Chapter Three (pages 56–69) describes how the climate and terrain of a battlefield affects combat. Chapter Four (pages 70–81) presents details on weapon specialization and mastery, revising the weapon proficiency system from the Player's Handbook. Chapter Five (pages 82–99) provides rules for unarmed combat, including brawling, subduing, and martial arts. Chapter Six (pages 100–115) details two systems for determining critical hits within the game. Chapter Seven (pages 116–151) expands on the weapons and armor presented in the Player's Handbook. Chapter Eight (pages 152–177) details the war machines, and sieges and fortifications of siege warfare. Chapter Nine (pages 178–187) details monsters in combat, particularly creatures in battle, creature types, and attack and armor types of monsters. Pages 189-192 are an index to the book.

Publication history
Player's Option: Combat & Tactics is an AD&D supplement 192-page hardcover book published by TSR, Inc. with design by Skip Williams and L. Richard Baker III and editing by Thomas M. Reid, and featuring illustrations by Kevin and Charles Frank, Roger Loveless, Les Dorscheid, Alan Pollack, Doug Chaffee, and Erik Olson and a cover by Jeff Easley.

In 1995, TSR re-released the core rulebooks for 2nd Edition featuring new covers, art, and page layouts. These releases were followed shortly by a series of volumes labeled Player's Option, allowing for alternate rules systems and character options, as well as a Dungeon Master's Option for high-level campaigns. These releases are sometimes referred to as "Edition 2.5" by fans.

Reception
Rick Swan reviewed Player's Option: Combat and Tactics for Dragon magazine #221 (September 1995). He says that in describing the AD&D combat system, "Combat & Tactics scrapes the mold off the core system, dresses it up in a new suit, and teaches it to behave. If the core system is Frankenstein's monster, Combat & Tactics is Miss Manners." He felt that Player's Option: Combat & Tactics stands as a model of organization, with clear explanations, logical arguments, and a generous number of examples [...] Where the designers deem it necessary to rehash old information, they go out of their way to improve the language." He also notes that the book "also attempts to eradicate ambiguities specified or implied in the core system, providing lucid definitions of called shots, grappling, and "range only" weapons. Occasionally, the designers cram too much information into the same sentence. [...] But overall, it's a first-class performance." He felt that three concepts in particular stand out, because "they address and — for the most part — correct problematic areas in the core system, they seem strong candidates for inclusion in the average campaign": the movement grid, movement scales, and weapon proficiencies. Swan comments on the movement grid: "While far from perfect — squares work well in rectangular dungeons, not so well in circular towers — the grids make the DM's life easier by providing simple, intuitive answers to common questions." He comments on the two different movement scales: "Switching back and forth isn't confusing in the least; it's like using the zoom lens on a camera. Statistics are easy to convert [and] computing distances becomes second nature [...] With two scales, just about any encounter can be staged on a table top." He adds: "Suffice to say, Combat & Tactics combat is so detailed, it's a game in itself. But fortunately, it's a pretty good one. Slicing combat into tiny pieces requires players to make more decisions; consequently, they're more vulnerable to missteps but less dependent on the outcome of any given die-roll. The system rewards competence and punishes stupidity — just like a real battlefield." Noting the fatigue rules and another rule that gives a bonus against ranged attacks, Swan comments: "When you start piling modifiers on top of modifiers, some rules become more trouble than they’re worth." He also notes that of the movement rules, "Though the square grid facilitates movement, it's also easy to exploit", explaining that diagonal movement is not equal to moving in a straight line. In his evaluation, Swan conclucded that "if you consider combat a key element of the AD&D game — or, perhaps, its primary purpose — then Combat & Tactics succeeds in two critical areas. First, it lets you tailor the combat system to the style of your campaign. If you prefer quick-and-dirty clashes between armies, use the mass combat rules; if you want to linger over every scratch and scrape, use the critical hit tables. Second, and more importantly, Combat & Tactics captures the visceral feel of combat: the blood and the sweat, the sting of a sword, the heady jolt of victory. Despite all the numbers, I always felt like a warrior, never an accountant." He also adds: "Combat & Tactics makes combat more flexible (with tactical maneuvers for every occasion), sensible (the improved proficiency rules) and chaotic (unlike standard AD&D, there's a real danger from friendly fire). And it's all compatible with the core system."

Reviews
Backstab #8
Casus Belli #89

Further reading
 "Part 1: Critical hit tables from the Combat & Tactics book", Dragon #216
 "Sage Advice", Dragon #222

References

Dungeons & Dragons sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1995


The Meso-Cordilleran languages are a group of languages spoken in or near the Cordillera Central mountain range in Northern Luzon. Its speakers are culturally very diverse, and include the lowland Pangasinense, the Igorot highlanders, and Alta-speaking Aeta groups.

Languages
Classification per Himes (2005):

Northern Alta
Southern Alta
South-Central Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Isinai
North Central Cordilleran
Kalinga–Itneg
Itneg (a dialect cluster)
Kalinga (a dialect cluster)
Nuclear Cordilleran
Ifugao
Balangao
Bontok–Kankanay
Bontok–Finallig
Kankanaey
Southern Cordilleran
Ilongot
West Southern Cordilleran
Pangasinan
Nuclear Southern Cordilleran
Ibaloi
Karao
Iwaak
Kallahan

References

Northern Luzon languages


Player's Option: Skills & Powers (abbreviated SP, or S&P) is a supplemental sourcebook to the core rules of the second edition of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

Contents
Skills & Powers is a supplement which presents new rules that broadened character abilities, bringing these abilities together into groups and adding "character point" values. Players purchase abilities for their characters, as long as the character has enough points to spend and that the group for that ability is available for the class and race of that character. Skills & Powers includes new methods for rolling the six ability score statistics for characters, and rules for the player to alter these scores. Each such statistic is further divided into a pair of sub-statistics, and the ability scores of the character will depend on one of the sub-statistics for any circumstance. When the value of each ability score is determined, that value is also assigned to both sub-statistics and the player can lower one to raise the other. The book presents additional options to focus the abilities and background for any character, including a table to determine what event started a character out as an adventurer, and a collection of "character kits" that a player can use to set social rank and to change the abilities of the character. The book also includes four new schools of magic, as well as an updated psionics system.

The book begins with a one-page foreword by Niles and Donovan. Chapter One (pages 6–11) describes the character points system for Player's Option, which are used to improve the abilities of player characters. Chapter Two (pages 12–21) describes ability scores, each of which is divided into two subabilities. Chapter Three (pages 22–45) describes the racial requirements for each character race. Chapter Four (pages 46–63) presents details on how the various character classes work in the Player's Option system. Chapter Five (pages 64–85) provides 30 character kits, various character packages. Chapter Six (pages 86–111) details how nonweapon proficiencies work in play. Chapter Seven (pages 112-135) details weapon proficiency and mastery. Chapter Eight (pages 136-141) provides five new schools of magic. Chapter Nine (pages 142-175) details psionics in the Player's Option system. An appendix (pages 178-187) compiles the tables presented in this book. Pages 188-192 are an index to the book.

Publication history
This 192-page book was published by TSR, Inc. in 1995. The book was designed by Douglas Niles and Dale Donovan. Cover art is by Jeff Easley and interior art is by Thomas Baxa, Doug Chaffee, Les Dorscheid, Jeff Easley, Ken Frank, and Eric Hotz.

The psionics system from this book is later used in Dark Sun Campaign Setting, Expanded and Revised.

Reception
Cliff Ramshaw reviewed Player's Option: Skills & Powers for Arcane magazine, rating it a 9 out of 10 overall. He felt that readers might suspect that Skills & Powers would "do nothing but further confuse the situation" regarding the "out of hand" number of character classes available in the game, but suggested that the book "in fact does the opposite". According to Ramshaw, "When you start to use this system, you realise it's superb. Character abilities are still largely determined by the luck of the dice, and yet players are able to gain much more control over which abilities they wish to favour. And all without upsetting the tried and tested balance of the AD&D stats system." Ramshaw admits that character creation is "much more complex and time-consuming with these new rules but if, like me, you enjoy creating characters, then this will be a bonus rather than a problem" and that "the result is much greater player choice without letting characters get grossly out of hand. And once the character has been generated, it's no more difficult to play or referee than a character of the old school." Ramshaw concludes that "Although Skills & Powers will appeal particularly to players who'd like their characters to take on the abilities of specific heroes from literature, anyone who wants to make their characters stand out from the crowd will simply love it."

Reviews
Backstab #9
Casus Belli #89

Further reading
 "Harrowed Heroes", Dragon #264
 "Designer Demesnes", Dragon #259
 "Heroes of Cerilla", Dragon #247
 "Heroes of Faith", Dragon #236
 "Mindscapes of Athas and Beyond", Dragon Annual #2
 "Planar Heroes", Dragon #235
 "Sage Advice", Dragon #233
 "Sage Advice", Dragon #231
 "Skills & Powers in Eight Easy Stages", Dragon #225

References

Dungeons & Dragons sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1995


Lake Paatari is a lake in the Lapland region, Finland. It drains through the Juutuanjoki river into Lake Inari. Its main inflows are the rivers Lemmenjoki and Vaskojoki.

Paatsjoki basin
Lakes of Inari, Finland


Dungeon Master Option: High-Level Campaigns is a supplemental sourcebook to the core rules of the 2nd edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) fantasy role-playing game.

Contents
High-Level Campaigns is split into seven sections. The book starts with "The Seven Maxims", a series of common-sense principles. Second is "Adventures", which offers a mechanic to generate custom lands and creatures. "Spells and Magical Items" addresses the nature of high-level magical powers, detailing suggested limits for both spells and magical items, while "Creating Magic Items" deals with high-level wizards who want to create weapons and wands and "Magical Duels" introduces a mage-specific combat system, with the idea that wizards can fight by proxy in a pseudo-world in which they can unleash their mightiest magic for any purpose. "True Dweomers" is an additional spell list, while "High-level Characters" suggests extra abilities to give to powerful characters.

Header
The book begins with a one-page foreword by Skip Williams. Chapter One (pages 6–29) explains the seven maxims for running high-level AD&D campaigns: Don't depend on the dice, Use adversaries intelligently and inventively, Control magic, Be aware of demographics, Think on an epic scale, Plan ahead, and Share responsibility with your players. Chapter Two (pages 30–67) provides advice on how to construct adventures. Chapter Three (pages 68–85) expands on the use of spells and magical items. Chapter Four (pages 86–95) presents a guide for spellcasting characters to create magical items. Chapter Five (pages 96–117) details how to conduct magical duels between spellcasters. Chapter Six (pages 118-141) details true dweomers, spells more powerful than those presented in the Player's Handbook. Chapter Seven (pages 142-179) details how to advance high-level player characters beyond 20th level. An appendix (pages 180-188) lists the statistics of spells usable in spell dueling. Pages 189-192 are an index to the book.

Publication history
This 192-page book was published by TSR, Inc. in 1995. The book was designed by Skip Williams. The cover art is by Jeff Easley and interior art is by Eric Hotz, Ken Frank, and Stephan Peregrine.

Reception
Trenton Webb reviewed Dungeon Master Option: High-level Campaigns for Arcane magazine, rating it a 4 out of 10 overall. Webb comments that "The AD&D system has a fundamental flaw: characters eventually become so potent that they can cope with anything the world (or alternative planes, or gods) can throw at them. High-level Campaigns seeks to remedy this, aiming to provide new inspiration and sensible controls for [...] high-level campaigns."  He comments that the "Adventures" section is "an attempt to reinvigorate the level-challenged DM" and calls the "True Dweomers" section "the obligatory additional spell list, with more 'earth-shaking' magic", and suggests that the "High-level Characters" section "suggests extra abilities to give powerful people a truly heroic swagger".  Webb concludes that "The Seven Maxims is the most essential section, though it contains little more than solid, common-sense rules that focus the minds of DMs and players", and that "Similar strong-but-simple ideas are crystallised in Magical Duels [which] is a complex but calculated system with unique spell-on-spell combat rules that make for invigorating battles."  Webb contends that "The new powers in High-level Characters fall into two kinds: style and substance. The style side is great, helping PCs to develop nuances of character, but the abilities in the substance part are really trivial things that will be overlooked by referees, but that players will attempt to transform into life-saving skills." Referring to "The Seven Maxims", "Magical Duels", and "High-Level Characters" sections, he states that "These three good chapters constitute the majority of the book and are recommended reading. The other four chapters, however, fall into the trap of so many TSR supplements and guides; namely that rather than replacing or refining rules, ever more tables and lists are heaped on top of the old."  Webb concludes his review by saying: "High-level Campaigns is of interest but by no means essential. The Seven Maxims could add clarity, and Magical Duels might add excitement. Essentially, though, High-level Campaigns is an ideal present for a referee friend. That way you can borrow it, check out the good bits, and avoid that sinking feeling of having paid £12 for another earnest AD&D debate and yet another spell list.

Reviews
Backstab #10
Casus Belli #114

References

Dungeons & Dragons sourcebooks
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1995


State Route 167 (SR 167) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways.  It runs  from an intersection with U.S. Route 1 (US 1A) in Presque Isle to a junction with US 1A in Fort Fairfield.

The route was originally designated in 1925, and ran between Lincoln and the Canada–United States border at Vanceboro. In 1936, the number was given to a route between Presque Isle and Fort Fairfield. At the time, SR 167 shared part of its alignment with SR 163, but was eventually moved to its own route. In 1940, with the designation of US 1A over an old section of SR 161, the orphaned section of SR 161 between Fort Fairfield and the border was renumbered to SR 167. The pavement entered Canada as New Brunswick Route 190. SR 161 has since been returned to its original routing past Fort Fairfield therefore truncating SR 167 to US 1A.

Major junctions

References

External links

Floodgap Roadgap's RoadsAroundME: Maine State Route 167

167
Transportation in Aroostook County, Maine


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in the independent city of Salem, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the city.

Current listings

|}

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke County, Virginia

References

Salem


Rosado is the Spanish word for the color pink.

Rosado may also refer to:
 Rosado (wine), a type of wine in Spanish-speaking countries
 Rosado (surname), people with the surname
 Governador Dix-Sept Rosado, a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil


John Arthur Johnstone was an English footballer who made six league appearances as a forward for Port Vale in 1921 and 1922. He was the brother of fellow Vale player Harry Johnstone.

Career
Johnstone joined Port Vale in April 1921, making his debut soon after. He played three Second Division games in both the 1920–21 and 1921–22 campaigns, before he was allowed to leave The Old Recreation Ground.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Footballers from Manchester
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players


Events in the year 1997 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Harald V
 Prime Minister – Thorbjørn Jagland (Labour Party) until October 17, Kjell Magne Bondevik (Christian Democratic Party)

Events

 18 January – The Norwegian explorer Børge Ousland became the first to complete an unassisted Antarctic solo crossing.
 4 June –  Great Nordic Biker War: a car bomb destroyed the Bandidos motorcycle gang's Norwegian chapter headquarters in Drammen, killing Irene Astrid Bekkevold, who was passing by in her car when the bomb went off. The explosion caused widespread material damage in the area, including to the Drammens Is ice cream factory. The bombing had been planned by the Norwegian chapter of the rival Hells Angels motorcycle gang, seven members of which were eventually convicted and sentenced to prison terms from 5 to 16 years.
 15 September – The 1997 Parliamentary election takes place. While Labour won a plurality of seats, they were unable to reach Jagland's 36,9% threshold, gaining 35% of the vote. As a result of this, the Labour government stepped down, being replaced by a centrist coalition of the Christian People's Party,  Liberal Party and the Centre Party, with Kjell Magne Bondevik being appointed Prime Minister.
 17 October – Bondevik's First Cabinet was appointed.
 22 December –  Værøy is struck by a 3.3 magnitude earthquake.

Popular culture

Sports
29 June to 12 July – the UEFA Women's Euro 1997 was held in several cities.
11 to 16 August – the 1997 World Orienteering Championships were held in Grimstad.

Music

Film

Literature

Novels
Jo Nesbø – Flaggermusmannen

Television

Anniversaries
 1000 years since Trondheim was founded by Olav Tryggvason

Notable births

9 January – Jacob Karlstrom, footballer
17 January – Andreas Hanche-Olsen, footballer
28 January – Mons Røisland, snowboarder
30 January – Mathias Bringaker, footballer
31 January – Helene Gigstad Fauske, handball player
3 February – Thomas Bucher-Johannessen, cross-country skier
4 February – Henrik Bjørdal, footballer
7 February – Per Magnus Steiring, footballer
8 February – Audun Heimdal, orienteering and ski orienteering competitor (d. 2022).
15 February – Marie Dølvik Markussen, footballer
1 March – Johannes Johannesen, ice hockey player
3 March – Iman Meskini, actress
6 March – Alisha Boe, actress
7 March – Thomas Hayes, actor
19 March – Viktor Durasovic, tennis player
17 April – Martin Samuelsen, footballer
6 May – Simen Brekkhus, footballer
7 May – Johan Salomon, chess player
10 May – Julian Kristoffersen, footballer
12 May – Amund Wichne, footballer
24 May – Magnus Fredriksen, handball player.
25 May – Tobias Foss, cyclist
11 June – Julian Veen Uldal, footballer
18 June – Morten Sætra, footballer
30 June – Mathias Gjerstrøm, footballer
2 July – Anders Mol, beach volleyball player
7 July – Magnus Abelvik Rød, handball player
15 July – Markus André Kaasa, footballer
17 July – Sigurd Hauso Haugen, footballer
17 July – Magnus Ramsfjell, curler
24 July – Jostein Ekeland, footballer
28 July – Sivert Solli, footballer
2 August – Håkon Lorentzen, footballer
3 August – Adrian Lillebekk Ovlien, footballer (d. 2018).
4 August – Tuva Hansen, footballer
6 August – Sander Svendsen, footballer
24 August (in Britain) – Alan Walker, music producer
27 August – Eirik Haugan, footballer
30 August Tobias Lauritsen, footballer
3 September – Sulayman Bojang, footballer
11 September – Erlend Dahl Reitan, footballer
18 September – Viktor Hovland, golf player
6 October – Lene Cecilia Sparrok, actress
15 October – Jarl Magnus Riiber, Nordic combined skier
28 October – Edvard Linnebo Race, footballer
28 October – Marcus Mehnert, footballer
17 November – Julian Ryerson, footballer
24 November – Patrick Berg, footballer
25 November – Mathias Rasmussen, footballer
14 December – Beatrice Nedberge Llano,  athlete specialising in the hammer throw
31 December – Kjerstin Boge Solås, handball player

Notable deaths

3 January – Jon Lennart Mjøen, actor, film director and screenwriter (b. 1912)
3 January – Erling Mossige, jurist and banker (1907)
4 January – Tormod Skagestad, poet, novelist, playwright, actor and theatre director (b. 1920)
14 January – Ebba Lodden, politician (b.1911)
14 January – Henny Mürer, choreographer and dancer (b. 1925)
18 January – Henry Hermansen, cross-country skier (b. 1921)
25 January – Lars Brandstrup, gallerist (b. 1913)
25 January – Gunnar Nygaard, broadcasting pioneer (born 1897).
27 January – Berte Rognerud, politician (b.1907)
3 February – Richard Andvord, businessman and resistance member (b. 1920)
9 February – Thorleif Dahl, jurist and civil servant (b. 1907)
10 February – Harriet Andreassen, labour activist, politician and Minister (b.1925)
10 February – Olaf Strand, middle-distance runner (b. 1899)
15 February – Frode Rinnan, architect and politician (b. 1905)
17 February – Lorentz Nitter, physician (b.1910).
3 March – Erik Waaler, professor of medicine (b. 1903)
9 March – Ingvard Sverdrup, politician (b.1936)
15 March – Kåre Holt, author (b.1916)
16 March – Paal Frisvold, general (b. 1908)
17 March – Harald Gustav Nilsen, illustrator (b. 1909).
19 March – Johannes Bråten, politician (b.1920)
21 March – Liv Andersen, politician (b.1919)
21 March – Elna Kimmestad, actress (b. 1918)
27 March – Birger Hatlebakk, industrialist and politician (b.1912)
28 March – Arthur Arntzen, politician (b.1906)
3 April – John Ugelstad, chemical engineer and inventor (b. 1921)
12 April – Gunnar Ellefsen, politician (b.1930)
13 April – Bjørn Bue, Lutheran missionary and bishop (b. 1934)
17 April – Folke Hauger Johannessen, admiral of the Royal Norwegian Navy (b. 1913)
26 April – Eigil Helland-Hansen, travel agent (b. 1910)
5 May – Leif Longum, essayist and literary scholar (b. 1927)
8 May – Clara Ottesen, economist, politician and feminist (b. 1911)
22 May – Nina Eik-Nes, politician (b.1900)
31 May – Sven Hauge, military officer (b. 1923)
5 June – Thor With, bishop (b. 1918)
6 June – Thorleif Kristensen, politician (b.1916)
13 June – Johan Richter, engineer, industrialist and inventor (b. 1901)
22 June – Lars Bergendahl, cross country skier and triple World Champion (b.1909)
23 June – Jenny Søyseth, politician (b. 1922)
1 July – Torvald Kvinlaug, politician (b. 1911)
16 July – Johan A. Vikan, politician (b.1912)
20 July – Alf Engen, skier and skiing school owner/teacher in America (b.1909)
26 July – Gunnvor Advocaat, painter (b. 1912)
2 August – Harald Kihle, painter and illustrator (b.1905).
16 August – Alf Malland, actor (b. 1917)
24 August – Randi Monsen, illustrator (b. 1910).
30 August – Søren H. H. Larsen, physicist (b. 1920)
1 September – Reidar Olsen, footballer (b. 1910)
10 September – Einar Jørum, footballer (b. 1924)
12 September – Haaken Severin Mathiesen, landowner (b. 1926)
14 September – Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff, judge (b.1905)
16 September – Liv Stubberud, politician (b.1930)
17 September – Jan P. Syse, lawyer and politician (b. 1930)
6 October – Gunnar Odd Hagen, politician (b. 1921)
14 October – John Qvale, police chief and judge (b. 1911)
20 October – Thormod Næs, sport shooter (b. 1930)
4 November – Erik Poppe, professor of medicine, specialist in oncology (b. 1905)
6 November – Anne Stine Ingstad, archaeologist (b.1918)
11 November – Shake Keane, jazz musician and poet (b. 1927)
16 November – Wilhelm Hayden, competition rower (b. 1926)
18 November – Fredrik Horn, footballer (b. 1916)
19 November – Kjell Schou-Andreassen, footballer (b. 1940)
20 November – Asbjørn Aavik, missionary (b. 1902)
22 November – Willy Evensen, rower (b. 1919)
23 November – Oddvar Vargset, wrestler (b. 1925)
23 November – Karl Valdemar Westerlund, politician (b.1907)
30 November – Alfred Næss, playwright and songwriter (b. 1927)
1 December – Eldrid Erdal, politician (b.1901)
5 December – Jan Voigt, actor, dancer and museum director (b. 1928)
15 December – Karsten Andersen, conductor (b. 1920)
18 December – Harriet Holter, social psychologist (b. 1922)
19 December – Alf Nordhus, barrister (b. 1919)
28 December – Roald Dysthe, businessperson (b. 1903)

Full date missing
Trygve Bjørgo, educator and poet (b.1916)
Per Brunsvig, barrister (b. 1917)
Gotfred Kvifte, physicist (b.1914)
Åse Hiorth Lervik, literary researcher (b.1933)
Bjarne Slapgard, educator and author (b.1901)
Jakob Sverdrup, historian (b.1919)
Alf Tveten, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (b.1912)

See also

References

External links

Norway


Duetos (English: Duets) is the third compilation album and ninth album by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings and the third compilation album by Mexican-American musician A.B. Quintanilla. It was released on March 29, 2005, by EMI Latin.

Track listing

DVD

A CD/DVD version of the album was also released. It contains five music videos.

Sales and certifications

References

2005 compilation albums
2005 video albums
Kumbia Kings albums
A. B. Quintanilla albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Albums produced by Cruz Martínez
EMI Latin compilation albums
Spanish-language compilation albums
Music video compilation albums
Cumbia albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions


Acústica may refer to:

Antologia Acústica, acoustic compilation album by Brazilian solo artist Zé Ramalho
Tracción Acústica, the tenth album of Enanitos Verdes published in 1998
Versão Acústica, Brazilian acoustic rock band formed by Emmerson Nogueira
Versão Acústica (album), the first album by Brazilian acoustic rock musician Emmerson Nogueira
Versão Acústica 2, the second album by Brazilian Acoustic rock musician Emmerson Nogueira
Versão Acústica 3, the third album by Brazilian Acoustic rock musician Emmerson Nogueira

See also

 Acústico (disambiguation)
 Acoustica (disambiguation)
 Acoustic (disambiguation)


Francis A. DeSales (March 23, 1912 – September 25, 1988) was an American actor known for playing Harold Faller in The Big Story, Sheriff Maddox in Two Faces West, and Ralph Dobson in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.

Born in Philadelphia, DeSales was survived by his wife Doris when he died of cancer at his home in Van Nuys at the age of 76.

Film roles

Mr. and Mrs. North (1954, TV Series) - Lieutenant Bill Weigan
Headline Hunters (1955) - Tribune Reporter (uncredited)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 2 Episode 9: Crack of Doom") - Card Player
Terror at Midnight (1956) - Police Lt. Conway
The Girl He Left Behind (1956) - Army Psychiatrist (uncredited)
All Mine to Give (1957) - Mr. Stephens
The Unholy Wife (1957) - John Hayward, Defense Attorney (uncredited)
Portland Exposé (1957) - Alfred Grey (uncredited)
The Wayward Girl (1957) - Investigator Butler
Jailhouse Rock (1957) - Surgeon (uncredited)
The Hard Man (1957) - Captain Peters (uncredited)
Return to Warbow (1958) - Sheriff (uncredited)
Darby's Rangers (1958) - Captain (uncredited)
Too Much, Too Soon (1958) - Imperial Pictures Executive (uncredited)
The Lineup (1958) - Chester McPhee (uncredited)
The High Cost of Loving (1958) - Charles Blake (uncredited)
No Time for Sergeants (1958) - Sgt. T.C. Payne (uncredited)
Apache Territory (1958) - Sgt. Sheehan
Senior Prom (1958) - Carter Breed
Revolt in the Big House (1958) - Chief of Detectives (uncredited)
Up Periscope (1959) - Captain Quinn (uncredited)
Face of a Fugitive (1959) - Deputy Sheriff George Allison
It Started with a Kiss (1959) - Car Company Representative (uncredited)
Operation Petticoat (1959) - Capt. Kress (uncredited)
Psycho (1960) - Deputy District Attorney Alan Deats (uncredited)
Sunrise at Campobello (1960) - Riley (uncredited)
Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960) - Night Court Magistrate
A Fever in the Blood (1961) - Conventioneer (uncredited)
The Police Dog Story (1961) - Captain Dietrich
When the Clock Strikes (1961) - Warden
The Honeymoon Machine (1961) - U.S. Senator (uncredited)
The Flight that Disappeared (1961) - George Manson (uncredited)
A Majority of One (1961) - American Embassy Representative
A Global Affair (1964) - U.S. Delegate (uncredited)
Kisses for My President (1964) - Reporter (uncredited)
The Third Day (1965) - Sanford - Board Member (uncredited)
The Plainsman (1966) - Gambler (uncredited)
Sweet November (1968) - Armstrong
The Arrangement (1969) - Presentation Executive (uncredited)
Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) - Capt. Arthur H. McCollum - Wilkinson's Subordinate with Stark (uncredited)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) - Auction Attendee (uncredited)
The Outfit (1973) - Jim
The Strongest Man in the World (1975) - Regent (uncredited)
Moving Violation (1976) - Lawyer
Rabbit Test (1978) - Cardinal (final film role)

References

External links

1912 births
1988 deaths
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male film actors
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Greater Los Angeles
People from Van Nuys
Male actors from Philadelphia
20th-century American male actors


The de Havilland T.K.1 was a 1930s British two-seat biplane and the first design built by students of the de Havilland Technical School.

Design and development
The T.K.1 was built by students under the direction of Marcus Langley at Stag Lane Aerodrome in 1934, based on converting the de Havilland Swallow Moth monoplane to a biplane. It was a conventional two-seat biplane powered by a  de Havilland Gipsy III and first flown in June 1934. It was flown by Geoffrey de Havilland to 5th place in the 1934 King's Cup air race with a speed of 124.4 mph. It was sold onto a private owner in 1936 who flew it for as short time as a single-seater before it was scrapped.

Specifications

Notes

References

1930s British civil utility aircraft
T.K.1
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934


The Muslim People's Republic Party (MPRP) or Islamic People's Republican Party (IPRP; ) was a short-lived party associated with Shia Islamic cleric Shariatmadari. It was founded in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution as a "moderate, more liberal counterweight" to the theocratic, Islamist Islamic Republican Party (IRP) of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and disbanded in 1980.

History
The party was founded around March 1979. by a "group of bazaar merchants, middle-class politicians, and clerics associated with Khomeini's chief rival in Qom", the Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari. In contrast to the Islamic Republican Party, the Muslim People's Republican Party emphasized "collective" religious leadership - as opposed to leadership by Khomeini - "criticized the unruly behavior" of the revolutionary committees and the "harsh judgment" of the revolutionary courts, was ready to cooperate with the secular parties, and demanded free access for all to the broadcast media." The MPRP "immediately came under attack from the" IRP and the MPRP's offices in "Karaj, Arak, Saveh, Ardabil, and Khalkhal were attacked."

In November 1979 the party and its clerical adviser, Shari'atmadari (who was not a member), became a rallying point of Iranians who opposed the proposed new theocratic constitution of the Islamic Republic, which was soon to be voted on in a national referendum. In return, the party and the cleric were attacked by the state-controlled media. Khomeini met with Shariatmadari on December 6 and delivered "what appears to have been an ultimatum" to him.

In early December riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region. Members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers in Tabriz took to the streets and seized the television station, using it to "broadcast demands and grievances." Tabriz being Iran's second or third largest city it appeared "for a moment ... that the opposition had found a powerful base from which to check the spreading power of the Islamic Republican Party" and Khomeini's power.

The regime responded with carrots and sticks. Revolutionary Guards retook the TV station, mediators were sent to Tabriz, a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration was staged in Tabriz. At this crucial point, Shariatmadari "wavered" in his support for the movement, and the Tabriz movement "faltered."  In early January 1980, Shariatmadari "formally disassociated" himself from the MPRP, and after a clash in Qom between his followers and those of Khomeini he was put under virtual house arrest  and many of his aides (who had been active in the party) were arrested.

The Islamic Republican Party organized a massive campaign to demand the dissolution of the MPRP and that party obliged announcing it "was suspending activities." By January, the party was no longer active. Some months later, two members of the party were put to death in Tabriz, "for having organized antigovernment rallies."

In 2010, Dr. Asadollah Asadi was imprisoned on charges that he was a member of the party (also known as the Muslim People's Party). He was released on bail in 2016.

See also
 Organizations of the Iranian Revolution
 List of largest political parties

References

1979 establishments in Iran
Political parties established in 1979
1980 disestablishments in Iran
Political parties disestablished in 1980
Defunct political parties of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
Banned political parties in Iran
Islamic political parties in Iran
Liberal parties in Iran
Centrist parties in Iran
Iranian clerical political groups
Conservative parties in Iran
Republican parties


Events in the year 1994 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Harald V
 Prime Minister – Gro Harlem Brundtland (Labour Party)
 President of the Storting – Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl (Labour Party)

Events
 1 January – the Agreement on the European Economic Area comes into effect.
 6 January – Grefsen Post Office is robbed for , the largest post office robbery in Norway to date.
 7 January – Kaci Kullmann Five announces her stepping down as leader of the Conservative Party.
 26 January – Biologist Dag Olav Hessen survives a hurricane on mount Norefjell, having gone missing since 22 January.
 31 January – The "Bjugn case" reaches its verdict in Frostating Court; the accused party is acquitted.
 12 January – The Scream is stolen from the National Gallery of Norway.
 26 March – Elisabeth Andreassen and Jan Werner Danielsen win the Melodi Grand Prix 1994, earning a spot in the Eurovision Song Contest 1994.
 10 April – Jan Petersen is formally elected as the new leader of the Conservative Party.
 15–17 April – The Progress Party national convention at Bolkesjø, turns out to be one of the most dramatic purges in the history of Norwegian party politics, ending with the libertarian section of the party losing all power to the traditionalists.
 22 April – Explorer Børge Ousland becomes the first person to reach the North Pole unsupported on foot.
 7 May – The Scream is recovered and three men arrested for its theft and attempt to sell it, among them Pål Enger.
 9 May – Explorer Erling Kagge summited Mount Everest, thus becoming the first person to complete the "Three Poles Challenge".
 16 May – Musician Varg Vikernes is sentenced in Eidsivating Court to 21 years of prison for murder and arson.
 24 May – Minister of Finance Sigbjørn Johnsen survives a vote of no confidence in Parliament, related to the recent appointment of Torstein Moland as Bank of Norway governor.
 18 June – a strike among NRK personnel ends in a deal between the unions and NRK, having lasted since the previous Sunday.
 30 June – a strike among nurses is subdued by the government of Norway, following less than three days of striking.
 1 July – The emergency phone numbers change from 001, 002 and 003 to 110 (fire), 112 (police) and 113 (ambulance).
 2 July – Artist Sigmund Årseth decorates a barn in Vang with a caricature of Gro Harlem Brundtland, becoming one of the iconic expressions of the EU debate in Norway.
 15 August – Per Hatling announces his resignation as chief executive officer of Norske Meierier, effective 1 September.
 21 August – A bomb attack against the Blitz House at 03:42 hours injures none.
 16 September – The jeweller David-Andersen in downtown Oslo was robbed of  worth of jewelry.
 28 September – Six Norwegians die in the MS Estonia disaster.
 28–29 September – Torp hostage crisis: Two Swedish robbers took two police officers and two pensioners as hostages at the Sandefjord Airport, Torp. The police freed the hostages and killed one of the hostage takers. It is the only incident in peace time that a Norwegian police chief has given the orders to shoot to kill.
 7 October – Kåre Kristiansen retires from the Norwegian Nobel Committee following the committee's decision to co-award Yassir Arafat the Nobel Peace Prize.
 13 October – Fugitive Souhaila Andrawes is arrested at Grefsen for her role in the Lufthansa Flight 181 airjacking.
 15 October – Death of Silje Redergård
 31 October – Arne Solli becomes Chief of Defence of Norway, succeeding Torolf Rein.
 21 November – Per Liland is exhonorated by Eidsivating Court for a double murder committed in 1969, having served the original life sentence in prison.
 28 November – Norway votes no to EU, 15 days after Sweden votes yes.
 8 December – The Hitra subsea road tunnel is opened, being the world's deepest undersea tunnel at the depth of 264 metres.
 10 December – The Nobel Peace Prize is formally awarded to Yassir Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin in Oslo.
 12 December – Erik Jarve is fired as chief executive of Oslo Stock Exchange, effective immediately.
 24 December – Liv Arnesen becomes the first woman to reach the South Pole by land.
 27 December – Cato Zahl Pedersen becomes the first disabled person to reach the South Pole by land. His expedition party started alongside Liv Arnesen.

Date missing
Reform 94 is implemented in secondary schools, giving vocational education the structure of two years in school, two years in business training.
A reform in higher education merges hundreds of state colleges into selected university colleges.

Anniversaries
125 years since the establishment of Dagbladet.
250 years since the police force of Oslo was founded.

Popular culture

Sports
 6 January – Espen Bredesen wins the 1993-94 Four Hills Tournament.
 7-9 January – the 1994 European Speed Skating Championships are held in Hamar.
 5 February – The Olympic torch of in Morgedal, which was lit in 1993, is extinguished in favour of the official 1994 Winter Olympics relay torch that was lit at Olympia.
 12–27 February – The 1994 Winter Olympics is held in Lillehammer.
Norway finishes second in the medals table, albeit with the highest number of overall medals.
 13 February – As a part of Norway's performance at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Johann Olav Koss sets a new world record in 5000 metres speed skating in 6:34.96 minutes.
 16 February – As a part of Norway's performance at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Johann Olav Koss sets a new world record in 1500 metres speed skating in 1:51.29 minutes.
 20 February – As a part of Norway's performance at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Johann Olav Koss sets a new world record in 10,000 metres speed skating in 13:30.55 minutes.
 10–19 March – The 1994 Winter Paralympics is held in Lillehammer.
Norway finishes atop the medals table with 64 medals, the tie-breaker with Germany being the number of gold medals, 29 versus 25.
 18 March – Espen Bredesen breaks the world record in ski jumping, reaching 209 metres in training at the Ski Flying World Championships. The record will last for three years.
 19 March – The 1993–94 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup concludes, with Kjetil André Aamodt emerging as the overall men's winner.
 27 March – The 1993–94 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup concludes, with Espen Bredesen emerging as the overall men's winner.
 19 May – Johann Olav Koss announces his decision to retire from active sports.
 18–28 June – Norway contests the 1994 FIFA World Cup, their first World Cup outing since 1938, but are eliminated after three matches.
 26 July – Jan Kvalheim and Bjørn Maaseide win the 1994 Goodwill Games in beach volleyball.
 August – Jan Kvalheim and Bjørn Maaseide win the 1994 European Beach Volleyball Championships.
 6 August – It is publicly announced that sprinter Aham Okeke failed two doping tests on 12 and 20 July. Okeke would have been a medal candidate at the 1994 European Athletics Championships, but is stopped at the airport before catching the plane to Helsinki.
 7–14 August – The 1994 European Athletics Championships is held with Norway winning 3 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medal.
 23 August – Monica Valvik wins the road race at the 1994 UCI Road World Championships.
 24 September – Norway win the bronze medal at the 1994 European Women's Handball Championship
 24 September – the 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships are held in Oslo.
 12 December – Christian Ruud reaches 83rd place on the ATP World Ranking, breaking into the top 100 for the first time.

Date unknown
 The 1994 World Powerlifting Championships in Lillehammer is moved to Johannesburg, following a drought in the sponsor market of the Olympic city.
 Marit Breivik becomes national team manager.
 Petter Thoresen wins the 1994 Orienteering World Cup.

Music

Film

Literature

Notable births

1 January – Emilie Hegh Arntzen, handball player.
4 January – Hermann Tomasgaard, competitive sailor.
7 January – Lisa Marie Ness Klungland, politician.
10 January – Ohi Omoijuanfo, footballer.
12 January – Markus Fjørtoft, footballer.
17 January – Kristoffer Haraldseid, footballer.
17 January – Eirik and Kristin Haugstad, footballers.
18 January – Magnus Blakstad, footballer.
25 February – Marit Røsberg Jacobsen, handballer.
27 January – Kristoffer Zachariassen, footballer.
27 January – Robin Bjørnholm-Jatta, footballer.
6 February – Vetle Dragsnes, footballer.
14 February – Kristian Blummenfelt, triathlete.
21 February – Kristoffer Haugen, footballer.
5 March – Kristin Venn, handballer.
9 March – Henrik Dahlum, footballer.
13 March – Marie Rønningen, competitive sailor.
17 March – Renate Blindheim, football manager.
20 March – Silje Waade, handballer.
25 March – Jakob Glesnes, footballer.
29 March – Fredrik Sjølstad, footballer.
7 April – Maria Therese Tviberg, alpine skier.
11 April – Marius Lundemo, footballer.
12 April – Silje Bergan, singer.
13 April – Veton Berisha, footballer.
18 April – Martin Rønning Ovenstad, footballer.
26 April – Gøran Johannessen, handballer.
27 April – Maria Navarro Skaranger, novelist.
1 May – Daniel Granli, footballer.
9 May – Martin Sesaker, curler.
18 May – Simen Juklerød, footballer.
29 May – Nicholas Fadler Martinsen, competitive sailor.
5 June – Aleksander Foosnæs, footballer.
21 June – Sondre Mulongo Nystrøm, performer.
24 June – August Baskår Pedersen, handballer.
30 June – Andreas Sjalg Unneland, politician.
4 July – Hanna Bredal Oftedal, handballer.
4 July – Jon Anders Lindstad, freestyle skier.
4 July – Agnete Johnsen, singer.
7 July – Ole Selnæs, footballer.
11 July – Martin Helseth, competitive rower.
16 July – Adrian Smiseth Sejersted, alpine skier.
16 July – Torbjørn Bergerud, handballer.
22 July – Sigurd Rosted, footballer.
25 July – Vilde Johansen, handballer.
26 July – Guro Reiten, footballer.
4 August – Mohamed Elyounoussi, footballer (born in Morocco).
16 August – Eili Harboe, actress.
21 August – Tonje Enkerud, handballer.
24 August – Petter Strand, footballer.
30 August – Erik André Solbakken, competitive rower.
8 September – Ghayas Zahid, footballer.
25 September – Idar Nordby Lysgård, footballer.
3 October – Andreas Hollingen, footballer.
8 October – Fitim Kastrati, footballer.
13 October – Olav Øby, footballer.
18 October – Sindre Mauritz-Hansen, footballer.
2 November – Aleksander Stokkebø, politician.
3 November – Felix Stridsberg-Usterud, freestyle skier.
9 November – Katrine Lund, sport shooter.
18 December – Sophie Elise, influencer
11 November – Martine Steller Mortensen, competitive sailor.
7 December – Viljar Vevatne, footballer.
17 December – Birger Meling, footballer.
17 December – Johan Hoel, cross-country skier.
18 December – Vilde Ingstad, handballer.

Notable deaths
 6 January – Per Palle Storm, sculptor (born 1910).
 7 January – Øistein Sommerfeldt, composer (born 1919).
 7 January – Ernst Hansen, politician (born 1912).
 7 January – Edvard Elsrud, non-fiction writer (born 1926).
 8 January – Harry Boye Karlsen, footballer (born 1920).
 10 January – Per Skift, actor (born 1920).
 12 January – Teddy Røwde, painter (born 1912).
 14 January – Agnar Mykle, author (born 1915).
 15 January – Jørgen Adolf Lier, politician (born 1906)
 18 January – Tullik Helsing, sports diver (born 1918).
 20 January – Einar Bårdsen, politician (born 1925).
 23 January – Johan Jørgen Holst, politician (born 1937).
 24 January – Helge Vatsend, lyricist and novelist (born 1928).
 24 January – Astri Fosser, politician (born 1900).
 25 January – Unni Kielland, painter (born 1911).
 26 January – Arnt J. C. Mørland, ship-owner (born 1921).
 28 January – Harald Løvenskiold, businessperson (born 1926).
 29 January – Jacob Vaage, historian and museum curator (born 1905).
 30 January – Finn Arnestad, composer (born 1915).

 4 February – Per Gulowsen, diplomat (born 1920).
 9 February – Tom Pettersen, swimmer (born 1935).
 14 February – Halfdan Petterøe, equestrian (born 1906).
 15 February – Reidar Bull, judge (born 1909).
 15 February – Rafael Goldin, museum director (born 1920).
 20 February – Kaare Steel Groos, politician (born 1917)
 20 February – Rolf Jacobsen, writer (born 1907).
 23 February – Ragnar Christiansen, politician (born 1922)
 23 February – Odd Højdahl, trade unionist and politician (born 1921).
 24 February – Tor Ørvig, paleontologist (born 1916, died in Sweden).
 26 February – Odd Furøy, painter (born 1908).
 28 February – Arne Ekeland, painter (born 1908).

 3 March – Tønnes Sirevåg, school principal (born 1909).
 5 March – Tor Frøysaker, physician (born 1929).
 7 March – Rolf Rynning Eriksen, resistance member (born 1911).
 7 March – Arild Kalvik, trade unionist (born 1918).
 8 March – Knut Haukelid, resistance member (born 1911).
 13 March – Magne Lerheim, politician (born 1929).
 14 March – Solveig Tunold, literary historian (born 1900).
 15 March – Erling Sverdrup, resistance member and statistician (born 1917).
 16 March – Asbjørn Andersen, politician (born 1941).
 21 March – Paula Nordhus, politician (born 1935)
 27 March – Vigdis Rojahn, children's writer (born 1902).
 28 March – Sten Nilsen, illustrator (born 1921).
 30 March – Bjørn Aronsen, animation film director (born 1926).

 2 April – Inggard Rosseland, painter and printmaker (born 1914).
 7 April – Sigmund Ruud, ski jumper (born 1907).
 7 April – Karl Otto Hoff, jazz drummer (born 1930).
 9 April – Bjarne Fidjestøl, philologist (born 1937).
 10 April – Finn Emanuel Olsen, painter and writer (born 1911).
 11 April – Unn Kleve, printmaker (born 1923).
 15 April – Finn Alexander, civil servant (born 1909).
 19 April – Nina Smid, politician (born 1907).
 20 April – Egil Sundar, newspaper editor (born 1932).
 20 April – Sigmund Selberg, mathematician (born 1910).
 24 April – Leif B. Lillegaard, writer (born 1918).
 24 April – Ivar Jerven, painter and printmaker (born 1924).
 24 April – Marta Schumann, novelist (born 1919).
 25 April – Per Tannum, furniture designer (born 1912).
 28 April – Olav Nordrå, writer (born 1919)
 29 April
Kaleb Nytrøen, police officer (born 1905).
Rein Henriksen, lawyer and industrialist (born 1915).

 1 May – Gunnar Fredriksen, athlete (born 1907).
 7 May – Erik Kullerud, children's writer (born 1926).
 8 May – Einar Diesen, newspaper editor (born 1897).
 8 May – Rolf Sjøl, businessperson (born 1921).
 22 May – Harald Reinertsen, politician (born 1904).
 23 May – Olav H. Hauge, poet (born 1908).
 28 May – Erik Rinde, jurist and social scientist (born 1919)
 29 May – Aasta Voss, actress (born 1914).

 2 June – Odd Dahl, nuclear physicist (born 1898, died in the US).
 2 June – Ole Hegge, cross-country skier (born 1900)
 16 June – Chrix Dahl, painter, printmaker and illustrator (born 1906).
 16 June – Ivar Orgland, philologist (born 1921).
 17 June – Eigil Olaf Liane, politician (born 1916)
 21 June – Jan Fredrik Wiborg, civil engineer (born 1944)
 24 June – Thorstein Guthe, fencer (born 1912).
 25 June – Helga Waabenø, missionary (born 1908).
 26 June – Jan-Erik Aarberg, sailor (born 1924).

 4 July – Liv Nilsson, trade unionist (born 1943).
 6 July – Kåre Prytz, writer (born 1926).
 6 July – Knut Lykke, diplomat (born 1904).
 6 July – Olav Benestad, activist (born 1942).
 12 July – Finn Andreas Westbye, musician (born 1914).
 12 July – Arne Johnson, illustrator (born 1994).
 16 July – Dagfinn Mannsåker, archivist and historian (born 1916)
 26 July – Knud Haaning, painter (born 1929).
 29 July – Gorgus Coward, school administrator (born 1912).

 3 August – Fritz Harstrup, ceramist (born 1951).
 4 August – Rolf Greger Strøm, luger (born 1940).
 5 August – Paul Sæthrang, footballer (born 1918).
 16 August – Erik Anker, sailor (born 1903)
 16 August – Kaare Espolin Johnson, painter (born 1907).
 18 August – Anfinn Stigen, philosopher (born 1923).
 23 August – Lars Holen, politician (born 1912)
 25 August – Leif Eldring, judge and civil servant (born 1933).
 25 August – Ingrid Wyller, rector (born 1896).
 30 August – Olav Gjærevoll, botanist and politician (born 1916).

 2 September – Jan Willums, businessperson (born 1916, died in Belgium).
 4 September – Gert Jynge, painter (born 1904).
 9 September – Soffi Schønning, opera singer (born 1894).
 9 September – Hagbarth Schjøtt Sr., businessperson (born 1894).
 15 September – Peter Theodor Viken, politician (born 1930).
 15 September – Kai Sjøberg, footballer (born 1936).
 20 September – Bjarne Øen, Chief of Defence (born 1898).
 24 September – Stein Hamnes, politician (born 1940).

 5 October – Anker Rogstad, criminal and crime novelist (born 1925).
 5 October – Harald Ofstad, philosopher (born 1920).
 6 October – Per Mørch Hansson, businessperson (born 1905).
 7 October – Agnes Vold, priest (born 1912).
 8 October – Ivan Th. Rosenqvist, geologist (born 1916).
 12 October – Edel Eckblad, actress (born 1914)
 15 October – Dagny Haraldsen, Queen mother (born 1898).
 18 October – Ivar Kornelius Eikrem, politician (born 1898)
 23 October – Helge Røstad, judge (born 1923)
 23 October – Ivar Refseth, politician (born 1921).
 23 October – Tobias Gedde-Dahl, physician (born 1903).
 23 October – Arvid S. Kapelrud, theologian (born 1912).
 26 October – Tutta Rolf, actress (born 1907, died in the US).
 29 October – Einar Falck, businessperson (born 1925).
 29 October – Oscar Midtlyng, athlete (born 1906, died in the US).
 31 October – Erling Stordahl, singer (born 1923).

 3 November – Andreas Tømmerbakke, resistance member (born 1910).
 5 November – Christian Christensen, newspaper editor (born 1922).
 6 November – Edvard Natvig, athlete (born 1907).
 7 November – Charles Mathiesen, speed skater (born 1911)
 7 November – Thor Inge Kristiansen, actor (born 1924).
 9 November – Erling Christophersen, explorer, botanist and diplomat (born 1898).
 11 November – Harry Johan Olai Klippenvåg, politician (born 1913)
 11 November – Jan Johnsen, politician (born 1925).
 15 November – Asbjørn Lindhjem, politician (born 1910)
 15 November – Hallvard Magerøy, philologist (born 1916).
 18 November – Henning Sinding-Larsen, journalist (born 1904).
 27 November – Toralf Tollefsen, accordionist (born 1914).
 29 November – Ferdinand Strøm, dentist (born 1903).

 3 December – Knut Mørch Hansson, actor (born 1920).
 4 December – Beate Mulholland, children's writer (born 1944).
 6 December – Annette Thommessen, human rights activist (born 1932).
 9 December – Hans Egil Rønbeck, politician (born 1912).
 11 December – Magnus Andersen, politician (born 1916)
 12 December – Sverre Oddvar Andresen, politician (born 1924)
 12 December – Rolf Gjermundsen, politician (born 1921)
 12 December – Nanna Münster Ebbing, politician (born 1913).
 13 December – Georg Hygen, botanist (born 1908).
 13 December – Erik Jarve, stock exchange executive (born 1944).
 14 December – Trygve Leivestad, Supreme Court Justice (born 1907).
 17 December – Ella Hval, actress (born 1914).
 28 December – Arnljot Norwich, politician (born 1922).
 30 December – Sverre Lysgaard, sociologist (born 1923).
 30 December – Kjell Samuelsen, politician (born 1930).
 31 December – Reidar Helgesen, politician (born 1920).

See also

References

External links


Delgadillo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Angel Delgadillo (born 1927), the creator of the first Route 66 Association
Antonio Pérez Delgadillo (born 1978), Mexican football goalkeeper
Ceyli Delgadillo, American voice actress
Diego Delgadillo (born 1533), judge of the first Audiencia of New Spain
Fernando Delgadillo (born 1965), Latin American musician and composer
Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (1886–1927), Mexican martyr who died in the Cristero War
Juan Delgadillo (disambiguation), the first owner of the historic eatery Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In
Nicolás Delgadillo (born 1997), Argentine footballer
Robert A. Delgadillo (born 1971), also known as RAD, American artist whose work explores and celebrates pop culture
Rocky Delgadillo (born 1960), the current City Attorney of Los Angeles, California


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.

There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

References

Scott


The SafeClear Program is a traffic program in the city of Houston, Texas, United States. The program requires that vehicles which are stalled due to any reason (engine troubles, out of gas, etc.) on Houston freeways be immediately towed. The purpose of the program is to reduce traffic congestion and to make freeways safer by making freeways clearer. The reasoning is that many freeway accidents are the result of disabled vehicles.

History
The program was initially created in 2005 by Houston Mayor Bill White. SafeClear initially required that the driver of the stalled vehicle pay to have it towed off the freeway, but at a lower rate than typically charged by towing companies. The rate was set by the city of Houston. The program was created to relieve the severe backups on Houston's freeways during the morning and evening rush hours and to make the freeways safer.

Initial controversy
The program encountered great controversy when it was first implemented for several reasons. Tow truck drivers claimed that the program hurt their business, leading nine wrecker companies to file lawsuits against the city. Mayor White testified in court in the case. The tow truck drivers claimed the program violated federal law. In addition the SafeClear Program has been blamed for causing the deaths of people while trying to get their cars off the freeway without having to pay fees to the tow truck drivers. State lawmakers were also opposed to the program. State Senator and fellow Democrat John Whitmire marshaled 30 out of 31 Texas State Senators' votes to make the SafeClear program illegal. They demanded and later received improvements to the program.

Program reform
Mayor White responded to the controversy and criticism by changing the rules of the program and the towing laws, including free towing for limited distances (one mile) funded by the city. Distances after the initial mile could then be set by the towing company. Improvements also included strict licensing of SafeClear wreckers including criminal background checks and requiring revenue generated from the program to enter a mobility fund instead of general city coffers. White also rode with a wrecker and conducted several studies of the program's effectiveness.

With a budget shortfall, Mayor Annise Parker changed the structure in 2011 in which a modest fee charged to the vehicle owner of $50.00 for a tow and $30.00 for roadside assistance.  For those that are unable to pay at the point of service, storage fees will be applied after the first 48 hours in addition to the $50 towing charge.

Results of the program
While the program has received stiff opposition, some studies have found that the program has helped. A study, conducted by Rice University and Texas A&M University one year after the program's implementation, found that the number of freeway crashes decreased by 10.4%, decreasing by nearly 2,000 crashes. According to these results, drivers in Houston saved approximately $35 million by the implementation of the program. However Suzanne Poole, president of the Houston Professional Towing Association, says those numbers are misleading saying "The price increase in gas and a lot of people are carpooling or using mass transit which those figures are reflected in how many people are using the buses. But also the wrecker drivers with the SafeClear program no longer call out officers to minor accidents, they simply give them the blue forms to send to the state. If they don't send those forms in, those accidents aren't reported. So the actual figures are inaccurate." However, Suzanne Poole's claims are not backed by substantial evidence. A study by the city found that freeway crashes decreased by over 20%, over 1,000 crashes, during the first two years it was implemented.

In regards to traffic congestion, a study by KHOU-TV found that average drive times increased at 86% of freeways into Houston six months after the program was implemented compared to before the program. However, some claim that more cars were on the roads during these six months and that construction on the freeways, particularly on U.S. Route 59, caused drive times to increase.

References

External links
 Official City Of Houston SafeClear Program

Transportation in Houston
Traffic law


Parvidens may refer to:

Cheiromeles parvidens, species of bat in the family Molossidae
Hylogomphus parvidens, species of dragonfly in family Gomphidae
Lipochromis sp. nov. 'parvidens-like', species of fish in the family Cichlidae
Mautodontha parvidens, species of gastropod in the family Charopidae
 Parvidens, a genus of fly (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)