The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type introduced in 1963 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). They were also operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

Some former JR East sets were also sold for second hand use in Indonesia, where they operated on the KRL Jabodetabek system in Jakarta between 2004 and 2016.

Operations

JR East

JR East has operated previously a large number of 103 series sets on the following lines.
 Chūō Line (Rapid) (1973~83; and then also used on the Diamond anniversary (75th anniversary) celebration of Mitaka Station in June 2005)
 Chūō-Sōbu Line (1979~2001; 1971~2003 for Tokyo Metro Tozai Line through-running services)
 Hachikō Line (1996–2005)
 Jōban Line (1971~86 for Chiyoda Line through-running services; 1967–2006 for Joban Line Rapid and Narita-Abiko Line through service)
 Kawagoe Line (1985–2005)
 Keihin-Tōhoku Line (1965–1998)
 Keiyō Line (1986–2005)
 Musashino Line (1980–2005)
 Nambu Line (1982–2004)
 Ōme Line (1976–2002)
 Akabane Line (now Saikyo Line) (1978–1990)
 Senseki Line (1979–2004; 2006~09)
 Tsurumi Line (1990–2005)
 Yamanote Line (1963~88)
 Yokohama Line (1972~89)

A single four-car 103 series set had remained in use by JR East on the Senseki Line in the Sendai area between November 2006 up until 21 October 2009.

JR Central
JR Central has formerly used 103 series sets on Chuo Main Line services in the Nagoya area, but these were subsequently replaced by 211 series and 313 series trains.

JR-West

JR-West continues to operate a large number of 103 series sets, many of which have received extensive life-extension refurbishment.
JR-West currently operates 103 series sets on the following lines. They were also used on the Osaka Loop Line until October 2017. As of 2019, there are 63 cars still available in service.
 Nara Line (4-car trainsets, x2)
 Sakurai Line
 Bantan Line
 Kakogawa Line
 Sanyō Main Line (Wadamisaki Branch Line, lone 6-car trainset remain in service, sometimes substituted by 207 series)

Previous Operations (JR West):
 Akō Line
 Kabe Line (1992–March 2011)
 Kure Line (1992–March 15, 2015)
 Osaka Loop Line (1969–October 2017)
 Sakurajima Line (1969–October 2017)
 Yamatoji Line (1969–January 25, 2018)
 Wakayama Line (1970–January 2018)
 Osaka Higashi Line (1969–January 25, 2018)
 Hanwa Line (1968–March 16, 2018)

JR Kyushu
JR Kyushu operates a fleet of 103–1500 series sets on JR Chikuhi Line inter-running services. As of 2018, there are six 3-car trainsets still remain in service.
 Chikuhi Line (1982–present)

Overseas operations
Four former JR East 103 series 4-car units (Musashino Line sets KeYo 20, 21, 22, and 27) were shipped to Indonesia in 2004 to operate on the KRL Jabodetabek system in Jakarta.
 KuMoHa 103: 105, 153
 MoHa 103: 654, 752
 MoHa 102: 231, 321, 810, 2009
 KuHa 103: 359, 384, 597, 632, 815, 822
 SaHa 103: 210, 246

These cars retain their Japanese numbering.

As of November 2016, all 103 series have been withdrawn.

←

103-0 series

The 103–0 series trains were built between 1963 and 1981. Built for JNR as an "upgraded" version of the 101 series, the 103 series has been widely used around Japan and has been manufactured in a multitude of different body styles and configurations.

Based on the earlier 101 series, the 103 series has been used on various commuter services since 1963. In fact, some 103 series cars were actually converted from 101 series cars. The 103 series was the main rolling stock used on urban commuter services for a time.

Some sets have been used for at least 50 years, and their age is starting to show; as such, their use on various lines is diminishing and they are being replaced by newer trains. For instance, the 103 series are being replaced by the newer 323 series on the Osaka Loop Line where they famously operate.

The sets have been manufactured in a multitude of different body styles, with additional body styles being created over the years. Older sets had body styles similar to the one used on the 101 series.

Prototype
This 8-car unit was built in 1963 without air-conditioning. The cars were withdrawn from service between 1988 and 1991.
 Moha 103: 901-902
 Moha 102: 901-902
 Kuha 103: 901-904

Standard series
These were built between 1964 and 1970. While not originally fitted with air-conditioning, most of the cars were fitted with air conditioning from 1975. The bogies of the trailer cars were changed from TR201 to TR212 for the cars built from 1968. Cars fitted with TR212 bogies feature disc brakes, because they needed to run on higher speeds on the Jōban and Hanwa Lines.
 KuMoHa 103: 1-155
 MoHa 103: 1-278
 MoHa 102: 1-433
 KuHa 103: 1-177 & 501-638 (TR212 bogies fitted: 115-177 & 617–638)
 SaHa 103: 1-305 (TR212 bogies fitted: 226–305)

Air-conditioned prototype
This single 10-car unit was built in 1970. It was equipped with various air conditioning units and tested on the Yamanote Line in Tokyo. It was subsequently modified to become a standard air-conditioned set in 1978. In 2000, four cars were scrapped at the Narashino Depot; the remaining six cars were scrapped at Keiyō Rolling Stock Center in 2005.
 MoHa 103: 279-281
 MoHa 102: 434-436
 KuHa 103: 178-179
 SaHa 103: 306-307

Sets without air-conditioning
Built during 1972 and 1973, these units were similar to the air-conditioned prototype but without air-conditioning. This type was used mainly in Osaka area. Most cars were fitted with air-conditioning from 1976.
 MoHa 103: 282-330 & 364-374
 MoHa 102: 437-486 & 520-530
 KuHa 103: 180-212
 SaHa 103: 308-323

Air-conditioned sets
Built in 1973, they were similar to the air-conditioned prototype. They were fitted with motorized destination blinds on both sides.
 MoHa 103: 331-413 (excluding 364–374)
 MoHa 102: 487-569 (excluding 520–530)
 KuHa 103: 213-268
 SaHa 103: 324-359

ATC equipped sets
Built between 1974 and 1980. The front end design was changed with the driver's cab raised so that an ATC signalling system could be included. Kuha 103 of this version was used in the Tokyo area only.
 MoHa 103: 414-713
 MoHa 102: 570-869
 KuHa 103: 269-796 (excluding 500–700), 798, 809, 816
 SaHa 103: 360-471

Raised driver's cab
Built between 1979 and 1984. The front end design was the same as the ATC-equipped sets, although this type was not fitted with ATC. Kuha 103-811 & 816 were converted to include ATC in 1984.
 MoHa 103: 714-793
 MoHa 102: 870-2050 (excluding 900–2000)
 KuHa 103: 797, 799-850 (excluding 809, 816, 845, 847, 849)
 SaHa 103: 472-503

Converted from 101 series
Some 101 series trailer cars were converted to the 103–0 series. The cars' bodies and bogies were 101 series originals as the conversions involved minimum modification. The last of these cars were withdrawn from service in 1999.
 SaHa 103: 751-780 (from SaHa 101)
 KuHa 103: 2001-2004 (from KuHa 100), 2051-2052 (from KuHa 101)

Experimental direct-drive mechanism (DDM-VVVF)

An insulated gate bipolar transistor traction system and direct-drive motors both manufactured by Toshiba were experimentally tested on car MoHa 103-502 (car #4) on ten-car set KeYo304 based on the Keiyō Line from May 2002; the car was originally manufactured in December 1975 by Nippon Sharyo. The direct-drive motors and IGBT inverters appear to be of the same specification as used on the experimental E993 series set due to similar cadences.

The use of direct-drive motors in the car gave the set a unique sound, with both the roar of the old-fashioned resistor-controlled traction motors and the more modern, high-pitched cadence of the variable frequency drive in car MoHa 103–502; MoHa 103-502's use of direct-drive motors gave the car itself a unique sound, as once the set reached a certain speed, the traction motors made no discernible noise.

The set entered service with the direct-drive motored car on 15 May 2003, but was retired and scrapped in December 2003 after just 7 months of service with this experimental car. Car MoHa 103-502 remains the last 103 series car to have been fitted with a variable frequency drive. No JR train since (other than the E993 and E331 series sets) has used direct-drive motors in combination with IGBT inverters.

103-1000 series

160 103–1000 series cars (formed 16 10-car sets) were built in 1970 and 1971 for use on Jōban Line-Chiyoda Line inter-running services, which commenced in 1971. Originally painted in grey with a sea green stripe, they were subsequently displaced by new 203 series trains. Some sets were later converted to become 105 series sets, and the rest of the fleet was reallocated to Jōban Line services from Ueno. In 1989, one Joban Line set was reallocated to the Chūō-Sōbu Line-Tōzai Line inter-running services. This set was repainted in grey with light-blue stripe, which was the same livery as the 103–1200 series. The last set was retired in March 2004.

103-1200 series

Similar to the 103–1000 series, these were 7-car sets built by Nippon Sharyo and Tokyu Car Corporation for use on Chūō-Sōbu Line-Tōzai Line inter-running services alongside the aluminium-bodied 301 series. Five sets (35 cars) were built between 1970 and 1978. They were initially painted in grey with a yellow stripe, but this was changed to a light blue stripe from 1989 to avoid confusion with the similarly coloured 205 series trains introduced on Chūō-Sōbu Line services. The last set was retired in July 2003.

103-1500 series

Nine 103–1500 series 6-car sets were built between 1982 and 1983 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Hitachi for use on inter-running services between the Chikuhi Line and the Fukuoka City Subway Kūkō Line in Kyushu. In 1989, four sets were reformed as eight 3-car sets (numbered E11 to E18) by rebuilding MoHa 103 and MoHa 102 cars as KuMoHa 103 and KuMoHa 102 cars respectively. They were initially painted in light blue with a white stripe, but were repainted into a grey and red livery from 1995. The 3-car sets were modified for driver-only operation between December 1999 and March 2001. Toilets were added to one end car of each set between June 2003 and October 2004.

103-3000 series

Five three-car 103–3000 series sets (numbered 51 to 55) were formed in 1985 from former 72–970 series EMU cars for use on the Kawagoe Line following electrification in September 1985. Five MoHa 72970 cars were also converted to SaHa 103-3000 cars to augment Ome Line trains. These cars were fitted with passenger-operated door controls. The five Kawagoe Line sets were lengthened to four cars between October 1995 and March 1996 ahead of Hachiko Line electrification in March 1996. The last set was withdrawn in October 2005.

Formation
 KuMoHa 102-3000
 MoHa 103-3000 (with pantograph)
 SaHa 103-3000
 KuHa 103-3000

103-3500 series (JR East)

One 4-car 103–3500 series set was formed in December 1995 from surplus 103–0 series cars to augment the fleet ahead of Hachikō Line electrification in March 1996. As with the 103–3000 series sets, passenger-operated door controls were fitted. The motor/trailer car configuration differed from that of the 103–3000 series sets. The single set was withdrawn in March 2005.

Formation
 KuHa 103-3502 (formerly KuHa 103–738)
 MoHa 102-3501 (formerly MoHa 102–2047)
 MoHa 103-3501 (with pantograph) (formerly MoHa 103–790)
 KuHa 103-3501 (formerly KuHa 103–725)

103-3500 series (JR West)

Nine 2-car 103–3500 series refurbished sets (H1 to H9) were formed between September 1997 and March 1998 ahead of Bantan Line electrification in March 1998. Toilets were added between 2005 and 2006.

Formation
 KuMoHa 102-3500 (with toilet)
 KuMoHa 103-3500 (with pantograph)

103-3550 series

Eight 2-car 103–3550 series refurbished sets (M1 to M8) were formed between January and October 2004 ahead of Kakogawa Line electrification in March 2005. These sets feature cab gangway connections and toilets.

Formation
 KuMoHa 102-3550 (with toilet)
 KuMoHa 103-3550 (with pantograph)

Internal training sets
One internal crew training set, formed as KuMoHa 103-100 + MoHa 102–224, was used for internal crew training at the JR East Crew Training Center at Higashi-Omiya Depot. The set had different cab end designs, as MoHa 102-224 used the cab of former ATC equipped KuHa 103–332, sets. It was withdrawn in 2009 following the delivery of a new 209 series-based training set in 2008.

Preserved examples
 KuHa 103-1: Preserved at the Kyoto Railway Museum in Kyoto since April 2016.
 KuHa 103-525: Stored at Toshiba factory in Fuchu, Tokyo
 KuHa 103-713: Preserved at the Railway Museum in Saitama, Saitama (front end only).
 KuMoHa 103-18: Stored at Mino-Ōta Depot in Minokamo, Gifu.
 KuMoHa 103-58: Previously Used at the Toshiba factory in Fuchu, Tokyo. Scrapped in 2011.
 KuMoHa 103-110: Used for training purposes at the Osaka Prefectural Firefighting College in Daito, Osaka.
 KuMoHa 103-147: Privately preserved in Ibaraki Prefecture.

References

Further reading

External links

Electric multiple units of Japan
Electric multiple units of Indonesia
West Japan Railway Company
East Japan Railway Company
Central Japan Railway Company
Kyushu Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1964
Hitachi multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Tokyu Car multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan


John W. Smith was a 19th-century footballer.

Career
Smith joined Burslem Port Vale in June 1892 and made his debut at left-half in a 4–0 defeat at Sheffield United on 17 December 1892. He was a regular in the side from September 1893, but his career ground to halt on New Years Day 1894 as he injured an ankle in a 3–1 defeat at Middlesbrough Ironopolis. He played few games from then until his release in the summer of 1895.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


Chrystie Street is a street on Manhattan's Lower East Side and Chinatown, running as a continuation of Second Avenue from Houston Street, for seven blocks south to Canal Street. It is bounded on the east for its entirety by Sara Delano Roosevelt Park, for the creation of which the formerly built-up east side of Chrystie Street (the even numbers) was razed, eliminating among other structures three small synagogues. Originally called First Street, it was renamed for Col. John Chrystie, a veteran of the War of 1812 and a member of the Philolexian Society of Columbia University, and a new First Street was laid out above Houston Street.

Transportation
In 1967, the Chrystie Street Connection—a major connecting line of the New York City Subway—opened; it is one of the few connections between lines of the (former) BMT and IND divisions. The  of the New York City Subway can be reached at Grand Street.

A protected two-way bike lane along Chrystie Street was built in 2016, replacing two older bike lanes that wove between the parking and travel lanes in each direction. It also directly connected the bike lanes between Second Avenue and the Manhattan Bridge.

Notable locations
The second African Burying Ground was located on the west side of First (Chrystie) Street, between Stanton and Rivington Streets, extending to the Bowery, after the African Burial Ground near Collect Pond was declared closed in 1794. In the 1820s St Philip's assumed ownership from the City Council, and when the cemetery was closed in 1853, remains were disinterred and removed to Cypress Hills Cemetery.

On June 28, 1776, on the corner of Chrystie and Grand Streets, Thomas Hickey was hung in front of over 20,000 spectators for having participated in a plot to kill George Washington.

From 1847 through 1854, New York's Temple Emanu-El was located at 56 Chrystie Street, the site now part of the Park.

The settlement movement maintained a Settlement House there, where Lee Strasberg first became involved in the theater. Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker Movement continued this concept with one of their hospitality houses there; Michael Harrington frequented it in 1951/52 shortly after he moved to New York.

Dixon Place, a theater that previously occupied several sites in Lower Manhattan since their foundation in 1986, opened on Chrystie Street in 2009.

The cabaret nightclub The Box Manhattan, sister club to The Box Soho in London, is located in Chrystie Street.

In popular culture
Chrystie Street appears in "59 Chrystie Street", the first section of the 15th track on the album Paul's Boutique by American hip hop group the Beastie Boys, released on July 25, 1989. The address in the title refers to an early residence of Beastie Boys group members.

In the mid seventies, an unrefurbished loft at 195 Chrystie Street became the shared home of Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and David Byrne. This was where they formed and rehearsed the hugely influential rock/pop group Talking Heads.

In the Spider-Man comic book series, Peter Parker's apartment was at 187 Chrystie Street.

In DC Comics' Doorway to Nightmare, Madame Xanadu (Nimue) lived on Chrystie Street, her doorway visible only to those in need of her services. It was sometimes misspelled "Christy," and was variously described as being in Greenwich Village or the East Village.

References

External links

Chrystie Street
Chinatown, Manhattan
Lower East Side


Julie Campbell Tatham (June 1, 1908 – July 7, 1999) was an American writer of children's novels, who also wrote for adults, especially on Christian Science. As Julie Campbell she was the creator of the Trixie Belden series (she wrote the first six) and the Ginny Gordon series. As Julie Tatham she also took over the Cherry Ames series and Vicki Barr series from Helen Wells.

Biography
Julie Campbell was born on June 1, 1908, in Flushing, New York, United States. She was the seventh of ten children of Julia deFres (Sample) and Archibald Campbell, an Army general, she also was a granddaughter of an Army general.

On March 30, 1933, she married Charles Tatham Jr, and had two sons. In the 1940s, she created under her maiden name two series for Whitman Publishing Co, the Ginny Gordon series and the popular Trixie Belden series, continued by other writers under the pseudonym Kathryn Kenny. Under her married name, she also wrote some books of Helen Wells's series: Cherry Ames and Vicki Barr. She wrote over 10 years before retiring.

Julie Tatham died on July 7, 1999, in Alexandria, Virginia, at the age of 91.

Bibliography

As Julie Campbell

Ginny Gordon Series
The Disappearing Candlesticks (1948)
The Missing Heirloom (1950)
The Mystery At the Old Barn (1951)
The Lending Library (1954)
The Broadcast Mystery (1956)

Trixie Belden Series
The Secret of the Mansion (1948)
The Red Trailer Mystery (1950)
The Gatehouse Mystery (1951)
The Mysterious Visitor (1954)
The Mystery Off Glen Road (1956)
The Mystery in Arizona (1958)

Rin Tin Tin's Stories
Rinty (1954)

As Julie Tatham

Cherry Ames Series
10. At Spencer (1949)
11. Night Supervisor (1950)
12. Mountaineer Nurse (1951)
13. Clinic Nurse (1952)
14. Dude Ranch Nurse (1953)
15. Rest Home Nurse (1954)
16. Country Doctor's Nurse (1955)

Vicki Barr Flight Stewardess Series
5. The Clue of the Broken Blossom (1950)
6. Behind the White Veil (1951)
7. The Mystery at Hartwood House (1952)
8. Peril over the Airport (1953)

As Julie C. Tatham

Single novels
The Mongrel of Merryway Farm (1952)

Non-fiction
The Old Testament Made Easy (1985)

As Julie Campbell Tatham

Single novels
World Book of Dogs (1953)
To Nick from Jan (1957)

References and sources

See also
The Julie Campbell page on Trixie-Belden.com

1908 births
1999 deaths
American fiction writers
20th-century American women writers


The Hilton Head International Piano Competition is a piano competition held annually since 1996 at Hilton Head Island, South Carolina's First Presbyterian Church.

Selected list of jurors

  Joseph Banowetz
  José Feghali
   Peter Frankl
   Kemal Gekić
  John Giordano
   Enrique Graf
  Ian Hobson
   Leslie Howard
  Jerome Lowenthal
  Dominique Merlet
  John O'Conor
  Piotr Paleczny
  Daniel Pollack
   Menahem Pressler
  Jerome Rose
  Ann Schein Carlyss
  Andre-Michel Schub
  Christopher Taylor
   Valerie Tryon
  Arie Vardi
  Mikhail Voskresensky
  Janice Weber

Prize winners

References
  Hilton Head International Piano Competition

External links
 Hilton Head International Piano Competition official website

Piano competitions in the United States


CloudStore (KFS, previously Kosmosfs) was Kosmix's C++ implementation of the Google File System. It parallels the Hadoop project, which is implemented in the Java programming language. CloudStore supports incremental scalability, replication, checksumming for data integrity, client side fail-over and access from C++, Java and Python. There is a FUSE module so that the file system can be mounted on Linux.

In September 2007 Kosmix published Kosmosfs as open source.
The last commit activity was in 2010. The Google Code page for Kosmosfs now points to the Quantcast File System on GitHub which is the successor to KFS.
A former project on SourceForge used the name CloudStore in 2008.

See also

 Google File System
 List of file systems
 GlusterFS
 Moose File System

References

Free software programmed in C++
Distributed file systems
Userspace file systems


Yoo Young-sil (, ; born May 1, 1975) is a retired South Korean football player who was a member of South Korea women's national football team.

International career
Yoo began her international career as an 18-year-old defender. Yoo made her first appearance selection during 1993 AFC Women's Championship finals against Malaysia and scored debut goal in same game. Yoo was a part of 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup for South Korea. On 6 October 2008, Yoo announced her retirement and started to coach.

Honors

Korea Republic
 Women's East Asian Cup Winner : 2005

Individual
 Women's East Asian Cup Best defender : 2005

References

1973 births
Living people
South Korean women's footballers
South Korea women's international footballers
WK League players
Women's association football defenders
Footballers from South Jeolla Province
Kyung Hee University alumni
Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels WFC players
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 1994 Asian Games
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for South Korea


Vasilije Matić (12 June 1906 – 20 August 1981) was a forestry expert from Yugoslavia.

Matić was born in Srpske Moravice. He graduated from the Faculty of Agroforestry at the University of Zagreb in 1930. He worked at Sušak, Sarajevo and Tuzla forestry office (1932–38), and Jasenak forestry office (1939–41). During the occupation of World War II, he was imprisoned (1941–45). From 1945 to 1949, he worked in the Ministry of Forests, and the Ministry of Wood Processing Industry of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He then became an Associate Professor and, in 1960, a full Professor on the Forestry faculty in Sarajevo in the subject of planning in forestry. He was an expert and science worker in forestry planning, particularly in the field of study of growth of trees. He was an organiser of the first forest inventory on large areas in Yugoslavia for the PR Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References
Vasilije Matić's obituary
Matić, Vasilije

1906 births
1981 deaths
Forestry academics
Croatian foresters
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sarajevo


The XIX Tactical Air Command is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  The unit's last assignment was with the Ninth Air Force based at Biggs Field, Texas, where it was inactivated on 31 March 1946.

During World War II, the mission of the XIX Tactical Air Command was to support General Patton's Third Army with tactical air support throughout during the army's advance from formation in France on 1 August 1944 until VE-Day. The initial Commander was Maj Gen Elwood Richard Quesada.

History
Formed in England in early 1944, the command was designed to provide air support to Army ground forces, primarily with Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and North American P-51 Mustang aircraft. It supported all of Third Army's operations and more. Its roles included an extensive number of tactical roles: close air support, battlefield air interdiction, deep interdiction, dive bombing, counterair, reconnaissance, and even leaflet dropping.

The command's close air support role took its most concerted, extended, and spectacular form in supporting Patton's armored and motorized infantry columns as they sped across France.  The Third Army's tank crews and their accompanying air liaison officers pointed out enemy concentrations, and divisional artillery at times gave further assistance by marking targets with smoke. In return, the P-47 and P-51 pilots of the command provided cover for the tanks.

A typical close air support tactic involved one-hour shifts of four aircraft per flight, and four more on ground alert could be called in if necessary.  As little as three minutes after being contacted, they could strike the designated target, thereby freeing the armored forces to continue their advance.

Another role of the command was dive bombing. Normally thought of as a tactic, the command considered it a separate role. It resembled deep interdiction, for both types of missions made use of various aerial bombing techniques and normally attacked similar, prearranged targets. But while deep interdiction was designed to cut off enemy movements either in or out of the combat zone, dive-bombing missions were most often used for static warfare.  They were employed, for example, during the unsuccessful September attempt to seize Metz, and their most extensive use was during the siege at Brest.

The results of Brest were not particularly impressive.  It was soon obvious that the defenders––as part of Hitler's "hold on to the ports" strategy––had ample provisions and were determined to hold out.  It also became evident that fighters and fighter bombers assigned to the operation were insufficient to perform effectively all of the tasks they were expected to carry out, particularly in terms of dive bombing. P-47s and P-51s simply did not have the bombing power to bring about the desired results. Thus the American commander called on other air formations to assist.  Eighth Air Force responded between 11 August and 5 September with four missions in which 983 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortressess dropped 2520 tons of bombs. British Bomber Command made two raids with approximately 220 Aro Lancasters taking part. IX Bomber Command's Martin B-26 Marauders and new Douglas A-26 Invaders undertook six missions. IX Tactical Air Command loaned some of its squadrons to the command – squadrons that flew 839 sorties between 5 and 11 September, when Brest's capture was accorded a high priority. By the time the last of Germany's beleaguered troops capitulated on the 19th, the Allies had flown more than 3500 Brest-related sorties. The city was in shambles. Its port facilities, for which the operation originally had been undertaken, were so badly damaged (by German demolitions along with Allied bombing and artillery shelling) that the Americans never used it as a major supply port. Obviously, air power had affected the outcome of the battle but not in the way that had been hoped for.

XIX Tactical Air Command was also involved in counterair operations, although, because of the Luftwaffe's relative weakness, to a lesser extent than it might have been. Only in critical situations or when they had a numerical advantage did Jagdkorps II's Messerschmitt Me-109s and Focke Wulf FW-190s venture out and pose a threat. During the early August Mortain counteroffensive, German fighters and some bombers did support the attack, but they were overwhelmed by the Allies' superior numbers, better aircraft, and experienced pilots. While IX Tactical Air Command led the counterair response, the Royal Air Force and the command's 354th Fighter Group of P-51s also lent a hand. At Falaise, the German Air Force again was active, and the command's fighters performed a variety of defensive and offensive counterair tasks––intercepts, sweeps, combat air patrols, and escorts, including bomber escorts––along with other support missions. Near Paris, U.S. pilots also encountered opposition; but at times several of Weyland's groups reported seeing no enemy aircraft for days at a time. Although the Allies remained aware that the situation might change, Allied aircraft now reigned supreme.

XIX Tactical Air Command further undertook reconnaissance duties. Most of the sorties were confined to visual reconnaissance, but they included day and night photo missions as well, especially from 10th Photo Group, whose P-51s were stationed in the area. Overall, during the two months, aircraft under Weyland's command flew 2011 reconnaissance sorties, or slightly more than 9 percent of the 22,233 total sorties flown.

One final mission was that command pilots performed several special air operations in the form of leaflet-dropping sorties.  During August and September, it was involved in seven different missions––close air support, battlefield and deep interdiction, dive bombing, counterair, aerial reconnaissance, and special operations.

Lineage
 Constituted as the XIX Air Support Command on 29 November 1943
 Activated on 4 January 1944
 Redesignated XIX Tactical Air Command in April 1944.
 Inactivated on 31 March 1946
 Disbanded on 8 October 1948

Assignments
 Ninth Air Force, 4 January 1944 – 31 March 1946

Components
 Wings
 100th Fighter Wing: 15 April 1944 – 28 June 1945 (under operational control of IX Fighter Command until 31 July 1944)
 303d Fighter Wing: 1 November 1944 – 15 December 1944

 Groups

 10th Reconnaissance Group: 1 February 1944 – 25 June 1947
 48th Fighter Group: 28 April – August 1945
 358th Fighter Group: 16 January–July 1945
 362d Fighter Group: Attached, 1 August 1944-August 1945
 366th Fighter Group: 28 June – 4 July 1945 (attached to XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional) until 21 June 1945)
 368th Fighter Group: 16 January-16 November 1945
 371st Fighter Group: Attached, 1 August-29 September 1944; Assigned: 29 September-1 November 1944;  16 February 1945 – October 1945
 373d Fighter Group: Attached, 4 April 1944 – 4 August 1945
 405th Fighter Group, 5 August 1944 – 8 February 1945 (attached to IX Tactical Air Command until c. September 1944)
 406th Fighter Group: Attached, 1 August-1 October 1944; 1 October 1944-8 February 1945

 Squadrons

 2nd Composite Squadron: 25 October – 7 November 1945
 3rd Composite Squadron: 25 October – 7 November 1945
 4th Air Support Control Squadron (later 4th Tactical Air Communications Squadron): 4 March 1944 – 4 July 1945
 11th Air Support Control Squadron (later 11th Tactical Air Communications Squadron): 4 March 1944 – 4 July 1945
 11th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (later 11th Reconnaissance Squadron): 7 November 1945 – 27 February 1946 (attached to 69th Reconnaissance Group)
 13th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (later 29th Reconnaissance Squadron): 7 November 1945 – 18 February 1946 (attached to 69th Reconnaissance Group)
 14th Liaison Squadron: 25 April 1944 – 4 July 1945 (attached to Twelfth Army Group after 15 November 1944)
 31st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron: 10 January – 3 February 1946
 39th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron: flight attached 6 January – 28 February 1945
 72d Liaison Squadron: 11 January – 21 March 1946
 101st Bombardment Photographic Squadron: 7 November 1945 – 25 December 1945 (attached to 69th Reconnaissance Group)
 161st Liaison Squadron: 25 October 1945 – 21 March 1946
 162nd Liaison Squadron: 25 October 1945 – 21 March 1946
 162d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron: 21–25 April 1945 (attached to 9th Reconnaissance Group (Provisional) until 22 April 1945; 10th Photographic Group)
 167th Liaison Squadron: 21 January – 21 March 1946
 398th Fighter Squadron: 25 October – 7 November 1945
 425th Night Fighter Squadron: 7 October 1944 – 7 July 1945

Stations

 RAF Middle Wallop (AAF-449), England, 4 January 1944
 Aldermaston Court (AAF-476), England, February 1944
 France, July 1944
 Luxembourg, January 1945

 Germany, April–July 1945
 Drew Field, Florida, 21 August 1945
 Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 17 October 1945
 Biggs Field, Texas, 11 December 1945 – 31 March 1946

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Fly, Seek, Destroy: The Story of the XIX TAC

Military units and formations established in 1944
19


Grabowa () is a river in the Pomerania region of northern Poland,  long. Its source is Lake Wockmin near Sławno (Schlawe), from where it flows to Darłowo (Rügenwalde) before it flows into the Wieprza (Wipper) river just a few kilometers before the Wieprza reaches the Baltic Sea. Near Jeźyce (Altenhagen), Grabowa forks with one arm flowing into Lake Buckow (Jezioro Bukowo, Buckowsee).

Rivers of Poland
Rivers of West Pomeranian Voivodeship


The Scaddan Ministry was the 11th Ministry of the Government of Western Australia and was led by Labor Premier John Scaddan. It succeeded the First Wilson Ministry led by Ministerialist Frank Wilson on 7 October 1911 after the decisive result of the state election held four days earlier, which had produced the State's first majority Labor government.

The 1914 election produced a one-seat majority for the Labor government, but the disappearance of Joseph Gardiner and his replacement by a Liberal candidate in a by-election, as well as a Labor member becoming an Independent and refusing to support the Government, enabled Wilson to call for a vote of no confidence in the government. On 27 July 1916, the Scaddan Ministry resigned and the Second Wilson Ministry was sworn in.

First Ministry

On 7 October 1911, the Governor, Rt Hon Baron Gerald Strickland, designated 6 principal executive offices of the Government under section 43(2) of the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899. The following ministers were then appointed to the positions, and served until the Ministry was reconstituted on 23 November 1914 following the 1914 election.

Second Ministry

On 23 November 1914, the Governor, Major-General Sir Harry Barron, designated 6 principal executive offices of the Government under section 43(2) of the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899. The following ministers were then appointed to the positions, and served until the end of the Ministry on 27 July 1916.

References

  (no ISBN)

Western Australian ministries
Australian Labor Party ministries in Western Australia
Ministries of George V


The  was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type introduced in 1957 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and formerly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West). The last remaining trains were withdrawn in November 2003.

History
The prototype 101 series set was delivered in June 1957, as a 10-car (4+6-car) set classified as 90 series with all cars motored. Cab cars were numbered MoHa 90500 to 90503, and the intermediate cars were numbered MoHa 90000 to 90005. Production sets were delivered from March 1958, differing visually from the prototype in having exposed rain gutters along the top of each car. The 90 series was reclassified as 101 series from 1959, with the prototype set cars numbered in the 900 subseries. The prototype set was modified in 1962 to bring it up to production set standards.

Lines used
101 series trains operated on the following lines.

Tokyo Area
 Chūō Line (Rapid) (1957-1985)
 Itsukaichi Line (1978-1985)
 Keihin-Tohoku Line (1970-1978)
 Musashino Line (1973-1986)
 Nambu Line (1969-1991 for commuter rail services; 1980 - November 2003 for Branch line services)
 Chūō-Sōbu Line (1963-1988)
 Tsurumi Line (1980-1992)
 Yamanote Line (1961-1968)
 Akabane Line (Now Saikyō Line) (1967-1978)

Osaka Area
 Kansai Main Line
 Katamachi Line (1976-1992)
 Osaka Loop Line (1964-1991)
 Sakurajima Line (1961-1991)

Private operators
A number of former 101 series trains were sold to the private railway operator Chichibu Railway in Saitama Prefecture in 1986, where they operated as 3-car 1000 series sets until March 2014.

Preserved examples
 KuMoHa 101-902 is preserved at The Railway Museum in Saitama, previously preserved at JR East's Tokyo General Rolling Stock Center.
 A 101 series mock-up car is exhibited at the Kyoto Railway Museum.

References

External links

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
West Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1957
1958 in rail transport
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan


The 2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix was the eleventh round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 14–16 August 2009 at the Masaryk Circuit located in Brno. The MotoGP race was won by Valentino Rossi.

MotoGP classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round eleven has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix
Czech Republic
Motorcycle Grand Prix


Philip Smith (1885 – 29 September 1918) was an English footballer who played at centre-forward for Burslem Port Vale, Crewe Alexandra, Chelsea, Burnley, and Stalybridge Celtic. He was killed in action during World War I.

Career
Smith played for Knutton, before joining Burslem Port Vale in August 1905. After making his debut in a 3–1 defeat to Lincoln City at Sincil Bank on 2 September, he became a regular in the first team. He got his first League goal seven days later, in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield at the Athletic Ground. He claimed eight goals in 25 Second Division appearances in the 1905–06 season. However, he was later released, most likely in the summer of 1906. He later played for Crewe Alexandra, before joining Chelsea for a £250 fee in April 1910. He played one First Division match for the club, a 1–0 defeat at Bristol City on 16 April 1910. He left Chelsea in OCtober 1910 and went on to play for Burnley and Stalybridge Celtic.

Personal life
Smith was the older brother of footballer Joe Smith. He served as a gunner in the Royal Field Artillery during World War I and was killed in action whilst fighting in the Western Front on 29 September 1918.

Career statistics
Sourced by

References

1885 births
1918 deaths
Footballers from Newcastle-under-Lyme
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
English Football League players
Royal Field Artillery soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I


The Lloyd's Open Form, formally "Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement", and commonly referred to as the LOF, is a standard form contract for a proposed marine salvage operation. Originating in the late 19th century, the form is published by Lloyd's of London and is the most commonly used form for international salvage. Innovations in the LOF 1980 have engendered a major change in environmental salvage.

The salvage reward
After a stricken ship accepts an offer of salvage from a salvor, a binding contract is created. It is then normal to agree upon the LOF in the interests of certainty of terms. The LOF is called "open" because it specifies no particular sum for the salvage job. Indeed it may not specify a sum, as salvage is not a "contract for services", but an agreement to provide a service in the hope of a "reward" to be determined later by an arbitration hearing in London, where several KCs practising at the Admiralty Bar specialise as maritime arbitrators.

When determining the salvage award, an arbitrator follows the English law of civil salvage, which is itself subject to the Salvage Convention 1989, a successor to the original 1910 Convention. The value of the ship, its cargo and freight at risk are taken into account when the arbitrator decides what the award should be, together with the extent of the dangers and the difficulty in effecting the salvage.

"No cure – no pay"
Traditionally, the salvage reward has been subject to the salvor successfully saving the ship or cargo, and if neither is saved, the salvor gets nothing, however much time and money has been spent on the project. This harsh principle is called "No cure – no pay"; and at the top of page one of the LOF, beneath the title "Salvage Agreement" is a statement of this fundamental premise.

In the 1960s and 1970s, there were a number of ageing single-skinned tankers coming to grief and letting huge slicks of crude oil escape. While passing ships were obliged to offer reasonable assistance to save life, they were reluctant to offer salvage services on a seeming reckless adventure to save a low value hulk where third party liability risks might be enormous. Instead, salvors preferred to work where there were richer pickings and fewer dangers. This situation alarmed coastal states (whose beaches were liable to pollution from oil slicks) and P&I Clubs (who might be responsible to "pick up the tab" and indemnify those third-party risks).

Modern environmental salvage
To remedy the position, the Lloyd's Open Form (LOF) 1980 made provision for a stricken tanker to engage salvage services and guarantee a reward provided that the salvor had exercised due diligence in attempting to save the marine environment from pollution. This innovation proved very successful, and the international community was so delighted and impressed that only a few years later the 1989 Salvage Convention came into force, adopting this new LOF idea. Specifically, articles 13 and 14 of the Convention lay down the modern basis for making the award.

Although the 1989 Convention has been a success, the House of Lords decision in The Nagasaki Spirit showed that it had been poorly drafted in places, and did not always provide adequate reimbursement to salvors. The international maritime industry joined with P&I Clubs in 2000 to develop the new SCOPIC form, a codicil which could be annexed to the LOF to redress the shortcomings of the 1989 Convention.

References

External links
 Lloyd's of London LOF page

Admiralty law
Admiralty law in the United Kingdom
Marine salvage


The 2009 Indianapolis Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of August 28–30, 2009 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The MotoGP race was won by Jorge Lorenzo.

MotoGP classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round twelve has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix
Indianapolis
Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix
Indy Indiana


The 2009 San Marino and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 4–6 September 2009 at the Misano World Circuit. The MotoGP race was won by Valentino Rossi who extended his lead in the championship to 30 points.

MotoGP classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round thirteen has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

San Marino and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix
San Marino
San Marino and Rimini


"The Damage a Man Can Do" is the eighth episode of the third season of the American television drama series Dexter, which first aired on November 16, 2008 on Showtime in the United States. The episode was written by Scott Buck and directed by Marcos Siega. In the episode, assistant district attorney Miguel Prado (Jimmy Smits) asks Dexter Morgan (Michael C. Hall) for his assistance in killing a murderous gambler. Meanwhile, Dexter's sister Ofr. Debra Morgan (Jennifer Carpenter) finds her boyfriend and informant Anton Briggs (David Ramsey) to be missing after she tells him that he is no longer legally obligated to work for her.

The episode marked the first time that another character had joined Dexter with a victim in one of his murder scenes. While filming this scene during October 2008, Smits accidentally stabbed stunt man Jeff Chase with a real knife rather than the scene's prop knife. The knife struck a small piece of plastic on Chase's chest and he was unharmed. "The Damage a Man Can Do" received generally positive reviews from critics.

Plot
Miguel introduces Dexter to former football player Billy Fleeter (Jeff Chase), a debt enforcer who kills other gamblers to pay off his own debts. Dexter is initially hesitant when Miguel suggests that Dexter teach him how to murder Fleeter, but the two go to a casino where Dexter tries to explain Harry's "code" to Miguel. They later break into Fleeter's house and, although they find the murder weapon, Dexter says that they need evidence proving that Fleeter has the incentive to kill again. Dexter finds a ledger recording each of Fleeter's bets and returns with Miguel to the casino, where they prepare an unused storeroom for Fleeter's murder.

Before they move to kill Fleeter, somebody recognizes Miguel in the casino and Dexter calls off the plan. Dexter is angered when Miguel criticizes Harry's code, but he agrees to go ahead with the murder after Miguel mentions that he severely beat his own abusive father and found it to be one of the most satisfying moments of his life. They drug Fleeter and take him to the storeroom, when Miguel stabs and kills him. While cleaning up the crime scene, Dexter has a vision in which his father tells him that sharing the code was a mistake and that Dexter is now responsible for Miguel's actions.

Debra finds a hidden bag of marijuana in Anton's apartment and asks Quinn about his previous charges for drug possession. She discovers that Anton had been working for Quinn unofficially and that he is not legally obligated to disclose any information to the police. After telling Anton that he no longer has to work as an informant due to a "clerical error", he disappears. Debra and Quinn continue to work the Skinner case, believing may be a tree-trimmer. One of the contractors they interview, George King (Jesse Borrego), tells Debra about one of his suspicious workers, Mario (Jerry Zatarain). When Mario tries to flee, Debra and Quinn arrest him. Mario pleads to be sent back to Nicaragua at the mention of King's name. Debra later visits Anton's apartment and realizes that he has been taken by The Skinner, who recently trimmed the trees.

Rita is unusually temperamental due to her pregnancy. She complains to Miguel's wife Syl (Valerie Cruz) that Dexter refuses to help with the organization of their upcoming wedding. Despite having told Dexter that she did not want an engagement ring, Debra and Dexter choose one for Rita, and she apologizes for her behavior. Meanwhile, defense attorney Ellen Wolf (Anne Ramsay) tells LaGuerta that she thinks that Miguel is going out of his way to make her job harder. After killing Fleeter, Miguel makes an unannounced visit to Ellen's house.

Production

"The Damage a Man Can Do" was filmed in early October 2008. On playing Harry as a figment of Dexter's imagination, James Remar told Vanity Fair that "it's challenging to play a specter in somebody’s current existence." He said: "In my own life, I find myself doing some task [...] and having a conversation with my mother or father, who are both deceased. [...] I suspect lots of people do it. And when I hold that conversation, different images of my parents appear to me. And so it's my job to do my best to be that image in Dexter's mind." When asked about playing the only character to join Dexter in his "kill room," Jimmy Smits said: "The crew has a great respect for what they are doing in those scenes. They are energized because those moments are the staple of the show, but at the same time they are very somber. Michael doesn't really like to interface with a lot of people on those days, because it's such a serious subject matter."

Filming one take of the scene in which Miguel kills Fleeter, Smits accidentally picked up a real knife instead of a prop knife and stabbed Jeff Chase in the chest. Though he was not wearing "a metal breastplate like a lot of actors do in a scene like that," Chase had a piece of plastic "the size of a Post-it note" over his heart which was struck by the knife. He was unable to stop Smits when he picked up the knife as he was bound in Saran wrap and had his mouth taped shut with duct tape for the scene. Chase said that in rehearsals Smits had missed the plastic with the prop knife "eight out of ten times."

Reception
Overall, the episode was received well by critics. Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger thought that "The Damage a Man Can Do" had "some major foundational problems", but he said that both Michael C. Hall and Jimmy Smits' performances were "wonderful". Paste magazine's Jeffrey Bloomer likened the episode simply to pulp and felt that Dexter's voice overs lacked their usual "dry, dark humor and gonzo wisdom". IGN critic Matt Fowler believed that Dexter and Miguel's conversations contained "traces of overly awkward dialogue all over" and that the pairings of Debra and Quinn, and LaGuerta and Ellen were "forced" while Miguel's desire to kill seemed "unnatural". Writing for TV Guide, Paula Paige said that her favorite part of the episode was Dexter's spinning Fleeter on the table like a roulette wheel and also she enjoyed Rita's storyline, calling her a "hormonal hoot". TV Squad's Debra McDuffee thought that Angel and Barbara's romance was "painfully awkward" to watch and Rita's storyline was "lame and stereotypical". The A.V. Club's Scott Tobias believed the episode to be "awesome" and said that he was "more anxious than usual to see what Dexter was up to, and equally anxious to get away from the peripheral dramas". BuddyTV critic John Kubicek named "The Damage a Man Can Do" the sixty-fourth best television episode of 2008.

References

External links

2008 American television episodes
Dexter (TV series) episodes
Television episodes directed by Marcos Siega
Television episodes written by Scott Buck


This is a list of CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) bids by school. The tournament is oriented toward mid-major schools who did not get selected to go to the NCAA Tournament or NIT. The first CIT was played in 2009.

School names listed here reflect those currently used by their athletic programs, which may not reflect names used when a team made a CIT appearance.

See also
NCAA Men's Division I Tournament bids by school
NCAA Men's Division I Tournament bids by school and conference
NCAA Women's Division I Tournament bids by school
NIT bids by school and conference
NCIT bids by school
CBI bids by school

References

College men's basketball records and statistics in the United States
CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament


The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standards Body of India under Department of Consumer affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Government of India. It is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016 which came into effect on 12 October 2017. The Minister in charge of the Ministry or Department having administrative control of the BIS is the ex-officio President of the BIS. BIS has 500 plus scientific officers working as Certification Officers, Member secretaries of technical committees and lab OIC's.

The organisation was formerly the Indian Standards Institution (ISI), set up under the Resolution of the Department of Industries and Supplies No. 1 Std.(4)/45, dated 3 September 1946. The ISI was registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

A new Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 which was notified on 22 March 2016, has been brought into force with effect from 12 October 2017. The Act establishes the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India.

As a National Standards Body, it has 25 members drawn from Central or State Governments, industry, scientific and research institutions, and consumer organisations. Its headquarters are in New Delhi, with regional offices in Eastern Region at Kolkata, southern Region at Chennai, Western Region at Mumbai, Northern Region at Chandigarh and Central Region at Delhi and 20 branch offices. It also works as WTO-TBT enquiry point for India.

Regulatory framework

National Building Code of India, 2005
It is a comprehensive building code for regulating the building construction activities across the country which was first published in 1970. Preliminary Draft Amendment No. 1 to NBC 2005 Part 11 "Approach to Sustainability" was put into circulation a preliminary draft amendment and BIS accepted the feedback from people till 15 March 2013.

Indian Standards Bill, 2015
The Bill was passed on 8 March 2016 by the Rajya Sabha. The new Bill will repeal the existing Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986. The main objectives of the legislation are:
 To establish the Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India.
 The Bureau to perform its functions through a governing council, which will consist of President and other members.
 To include goods, services and systems, besides articles and processes under the standardization regime.
 To enable the government to bring under the mandatory certification regime for such articles, processes or service which it considers necessary from the point of view of health, safety, environment, prevention of deceptive practices, consumer security etc. This will help consumers receive ISI certified products and will also help in prevention of import of sub-standard products.
 To allow multiple types of simplified conformity assessment schemes including self-declaration of conformity (SDOC) against any standard which will give multiple simplified options to manufacturers to adhere to standards and get a certificate of conformity, thus improving the 'ease of doing business'.
 To enable the Government to implement mandatory hallmarking of precious metals articles.
 To strengthen penal provisions for better effective compliance and enable compounding of offences for violations.
 To provide recall, including product liability of products bearing the Standard Mark, but not conforming to relevant Indian Standards.
 Repeal of the BIS Act of 1986.
 The Bureau of Indian Standards Act 2016 received the assent of the President on 21 March 2016.

Organisation

National Institute of Training for Standardization (NITS)
It is a training institute of BIS which is set up in 1995. It is functioning from Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The primary activities of NITS are:
 In-House and Open Training Programme for Industry
 International Training Programme for Developing Countries (Commonwealth countries)
 Training Programme to its employees.

Cells

Laboratories
To support the activities of product certification, BIS has a chain of 8 laboratories. These laboratories have established testing facilities for products of chemical, food, electrical and mechanical disciplines. Approximately, 25000 samples are being tested in the BIS laboratories every year. In certain cases where it is economically not feasible to develop test facilities in BIS laboratories and also for other reasons like overloading of samples, equipment being out of order, the services of outside approved laboratories are also being availed. Except for the two labs, all the other labs are NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) accredited. It operates a laboratory recognition scheme also.

Small Scale Industry Facilitation Cell
SSI Facilitation Cell became operational since 26 May 1997. The aim of the Cell is to assist the small scale entrepreneurs who are backbone of the Indian industry. It has an incentive scheme to promote such units to get certified with ISI Mark.

Grievance Cell
If any customer reports about the degraded quality of any certified product at Grievance Cell, BIS HQs, BIS gives redressal to the customer.

Collaboration with international standards bodies
BIS is a founder member of International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It represents India in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the World Standards Service Network (WSSN).

Activities

Standard formulation and promotion
One of the major functions of the Bureau is the formulation, recognition and promotion of the Indian Standards. As on 1 January 2019, over 20,000 Standards have been formulated by BIS, are in force. These cover important segments of economy, which help the industry in upgrading the quality of their products and services.

BIS has identified 15 sectors which are important to Indian Industry. For formulation of Indian Standard, it has separate Division Council to oversee and supervise the work. The Standards are regularly reviewed and formulated in line with the technological development to maintain harmony with the International Standards.

Product Certification
Product certification is a process through which a third-party organization or certification body assesses and verifies that a product meets specific standards, specifications, or regulatory requirements. The primary purpose of product certification is to ensure that a product is safe, reliable, and compliant with the relevant quality and safety standards. It provides consumers with confidence that the product they are purchasing meets established criteria and has been independently tested and evaluated.

For Indian manufacturers
Product Certifications are to be obtained voluntarily. For, some of the products like Milk powder, Drinking Water, LPG Cylinders, etc., certification is mandatory. Because these products are concerned with health and safety.

For foreign manufacturers

Foreign manufacturers of products who intend to export to India also may obtain a BIS product certification license. For some products various Indian government ministries/departments/agencies makes its compulsory to have BIS certification. Towards this, BIS launched its Product Certification Scheme for overseas manufacturers in the year 2000, which is called Foreign Manufacturers Certification Scheme. Under the provisions of this scheme, foreign manufacturers can seek certification from BIS for marking their product(s) with BIS Standard Mark. The foreign manufacturer needs to appoint an Authorized Indian Representative who will be an Indian Resident to act as an agent between BIS and the manufacturer.
Depending on the product, the manufacturer has to imprint one of two possible marks on the product label. The Standard Mark or the ISI Mark.
The Standard Mark is compulsory for certain types of electronics and IT goods, whereas the ISI mark is mandatory for product categories such as cement, household electrical products, food products, steel materials, etc. The ISI mark is also used for several voluntary BIS certification product categories.

For Indian importers
Indian importers who intend to get Certification Mark may apply for the license. However, the assessment visit is paid to the original product manufacturer.

Management System Certification
 Quality Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 9001
 Environmental Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 14001
 Occupational Health and Safety Management System Certification Scheme IS 18001
 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Scheme IS 15000
 Food Safety Management System Certification IS/ISO 22000
 Service Quality Management System Certification Scheme IS 15700
 Energy Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 50001
 Medical Devices Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 13485
 Social Accountability Management System Certification Scheme IS 16001
 Integrated Management System Certification Scheme
 Road Traffic Safety Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 39001
 Ready Mixed Concrete Certification Scheme
 Integrated Milk Certification Scheme
 Adventure Tourism Safety Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 21101
 Food Safety Auditing as per Food Safety and Standards (Food Safety Audit) Regulations, 2018

See also

 Certification marks in India
 ISI mark
 BIS hallmark
 Agmark
 FPO mark
 Quality Council of India
 Indian Patent Office

References

External links

 Indian Standard Codes for Civil Engineering
 IS codes for brickwork
 IS codes for concrete work
 IS codes for soil and Foundation engineering
 IS codes for Measurements
 mirror and remixing of the safety standards done by Public.Resource.Org

Indian Standards, Bureau of
Government agencies of India
1986 establishments in India
Government agencies established in 1986
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution


Leptodirus is a cave beetle in the family Leiodidae. The genus contains only the single species Leptodirus hochenwartii. It is a true troglobite, endemic to Slovenian, Croatian and, partly, Italian caves.

Biology and ecology
Leptodirus hochenwartii is a true troglobite, adapted to the subterranean life and unable to survive in the outside environment. As a result, it possesses typical troglobiotic features, such as elongated legs and antennae, the absence of wings, the absence of pigment in the integument, as well as the anophthalmia (absence of eyes). However, the most striking features are the slender thorax, hence the specific name (leptos=slender, deiros=neck), and the domed elytrae which cover the abdomen completely and give the animal its peculiar round appearance. This adaptation (so-called "false physogastry") allows the animal to store wet air under elytrae and use it for breathing in drier areas. Another typical feature is a specific receptor (the Hamann organ) on antennae which helps the animal to perceive air humidity level.

It lives predominantly in large and cold caves where the temperature does not exceed . Its ecology is largely unknown, but the specimens were seen feeding on organic material, both animal and vegetable origin, which come from outside environment via percolating water or bats’ and birds’ guano, and carcasses of different cave animals. Even less is known about its life history. The only study done on L. hochenwartii so far showed that, as is the case in most specialised cave Leptodirini, females lay a small number of relatively large eggs which take a long time to develop. The number of larval instars is reduced to only one, and the larvae do not feed before moulting. The maximum period of activity of adults is still unknown. As usual in troglobites, environmental stability and the absence of sunlight have brought about the loss of circadian rhythm, whereas seasonal rhythm is affected by rainfall patterns.

Research history

The animal was first found in 1831 by Luka Čeč, an assistant to the lamplighter in the Postojna Cave system in southwestern Slovenia, when exploring new inner cave portions discovered some year before. He gave the specimen to count Earl Franz von Ho(c)henwart who was unable to determine the species, and gave it in turn to Ferdinand Jožef Schmidt, a naturalist and entomologist from Ljubljana. Schmidt recognized the beetle as a new species and described it in the article under the name "Beitrag zu Krain's Fauna" (Contribution to the fauna of Carniola) which appeared in the Carniolan paper Illyrisches Blatt in 1832. He named it Leptodirus (which means "slender-necked (beetle)") hochenwartii after the donor, and also gave it the common Slovene name drobnovratnik and German Enghalskäfer, both related to its typical slender thorax. The article represents the first formal description of a cave animal, since the olm (Proteus anguinus), described in 1768 by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti, was not recognized as a cave animal at the time. In 1856 the Russian entomologist Viktor Motchoulski described a new Leptodirus species, named L. schmidti, currently recognized as a subspecies of L. hochenwartii.

Subsequent research by Schmidt and other naturalists revealed further previously unknown cave inhabitants, which aroused considerable interest among cave researchers. For this reason, the discovery of L. hochenwartii (along with the olm) is considered the starting point of biospeleology as a scientific discipline.

Taxonomy and range

Leptodirus hochenwartii is the only species in the genus Leptodirus. It is endemic to western Dinaric Alps, from Inner Carniola (Slovenia) north to Velebit (Croatia) south. Six subspecies are currently recognized in this range:
 Leptodirus hochenwartii hochenwartii Schmidt, 1832
 Leptodirus hochenwartii schmidti (Motschoulsky, 1856)
 Leptodirus hochenwartii reticulatus J. Müller, 1906
 Leptodirus hochenwartii pretneri Müller, 1926
 Leptodirus hochenwartii croaticus Pretner, 1955
 Leptodirus hochenwartii velebiticus Pretner, 1970

Of those, two subspecies (hochenwartii and schmidti) are only found in Slovenia, and three (pretneri, croaticus and velebiticus) are only found in Croatia. The subspecies L. h. reticulatus are found in Slovenia, Croatia and in the Trieste Karst (in Italy), where was originally found in Grotta Noè.

Conservation
Although IUCN has not evaluated its conservation status, due to its limited range and slow reproduction, L. hochenwartii is considered rare and vulnerable, despite the fact that individual density in some caves can be high. The main threats are illegal and massive collecting and pollution of the caves. As a consequence, the species is included in the Slovenian Red list of threatened species (category R). Additionally, it is included in the Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). On this basis, 15 areas of conservation (pSCI) are established in Slovenia which include the majority of known localities.

Notes

References

Leiodidae
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1832
Cave beetles
Postojna Cave
Monotypic beetle genera


The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) in the Kansai Region of Japan since 1991.

This train bears no relation to the 207 series built by JNR and operated by JR East until 2009.

Background and history
The 207 series was developed for use on the Katafuku Line (now known as the JR Tozai Line), and also to be the standard commuter train type for JR-West. The type was introduced into service on 30 April 1991, replacing ageing 101 series and 103 series EMUs operating on the Fukuchiyama Line and the Katamachi Line.

The trains were built jointly by Hitachi, JR-West (Goto Factory), Kinki Sharyo, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries.

Livery revision

With the introduction of the 321 series fleet from 2005, the livery used with the 207 series was modified from its original two-tone blue scheme to a navy-and-orange color scheme, matching the scheme used with the 321 series.

Refurbishment
On 22 September 2014, JR-West announced that the 207 series fleet would undergo a program of refurbishment, aiming to improve the fleet's safety, efficiency, and accessibility. 0-subseries set Z22, the first set to be refurbished, returned to service on 17 November 2014.

During the refurbishment program, the interior was fitted with wheelchair spaces, enlarged seat partitions, newly introduced intermediate seat partitions to make way for vertical grab bars, and LED lighting. External changes include the use of HID headlights, gangway door-mounted wipers, and lead car-mounted fall-prevention devices. In addition, the fleet was equipped with abnormality detection technology, and much of the existing electrical equipment was overhauled.

Variants
 207-0 series (manufactured 1991–1994)
 207-500/1500 series (converted from former 207-0 and 207-1000 series trains in 1996)
 207-1000 series (manufactured 1994–1997)
 207-2000 series (manufactured 2002–2003)

Operations
 Tōkaidō Main Line and Sanyō Main Line Local Service (Biwako Line, JR Kyoto Line, JR Kobe Line):   –
 Fukuchiyama Line (JR Takarazuka Line):  –
 Kosei Line:  –  –
 JR Tōzai Line and Katamachi Line (Gakkentoshi Line):  –  –
 Wadamisaki Line:  –

Former operations
 Osaka Higashi Line and Kansai Main Line (Yamatoji Line)(until 17 March 2023)

Formations

207-0 series

7-car set (Pre-series set)
The pre-series set is formed as follows.

4-car sets

207-1000, 207-2000 series

4-car sets

3-car sets

Interior

See also
 Amagasaki derailment – 2005 fatal derailment which involved a 207 series train

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
West Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1991
Hitachi multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan


James Smith (born 1873; date of death unknown) was a footballer who played for Kilmarnock and Burslem Port Vale in the 1890s.

Career
Smith played for Kilmarnock, before joining English club Burslem Port Vale in September 1894. He bagged a goal on his debut – a 4–4 draw with Newcastle United at the Athletic Ground on 6 October. He was a regular for the 1894–95 season, claiming five goals in 20 Second Division games, but was released in March 1895.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1873 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Stirling
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
English Football League players


"Erk Gah" (later known as "Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine") is a song written by Tim Hodgkinson for the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. "Erk Gah" was performed live by the band between 1976 and 1978, but was never recorded in the studio. Three live performances of "Erk Gah" were later released in volumes 6, 8 and 10 of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set in January 2009; Volume 6 (Stockholm & Göteborg) was released in advance of the box set in September 2008. In 1993, 15 years after Henry Cow split up, Hodgkinson recorded the composition under the title "Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine" and released it on his second solo album, Each in Our Own Thoughts (1994).

"Erk Gah" was the second of two "epic" compositions Hodgkinson wrote for Henry Cow, the first being "Living in the Heart of the Beast" (1974).

Development
Hodgkinson wrote the words and music for "Erk Gah" in mid-1976. It is a 17-minute, "12-tone, atonal" extended song that he described as "dry, astringent, angular, with no compromise to rock music". Known for his "complicated" compositions for Henry Cow ("Amygdala" from Legend, "Living in the Heart of the Beast" from In Praise of Learning), "Erk Gah" was initially a challenge for the group to learn, but by the end of 1976 they had performed it live several times with their singer Dagmar Krause negotiating the lyrics.

In December 1976 Hodgkinson requested that "Erk Gah" be withdrawn from the band's repertoire until he had rewritten the lyrics. The group, however, felt it should remain on their set list until it was changed, and they continued to perform it. In July 1977 the group, already having made anti-capitalist statements in their music, wanted to make an anti-fascist statement to "critique the rightist elements" in the burgeoning punk movement. It was suggested that "Erk Gah" new lyrics should reflect this stance. In January 1978, as Henry Cow prepared to depart for Switzerland to make their next album, with "Erk Gah" on the list of pieces to record, Hodgkinson presented his revised lyrics of the song to the group. They rejected them, and asked Chris Cutler, the band's drummer and part-time lyricist to write new texts for the piece. Cutler was unable to do so in the short period of time left before the recording sessions were due to begin, and the band decided to shelve "Erk Gah" until new lyrics were written.

Henry Cow continued to perform "Erk Gah" live several times in 1978, but this time reworked as an instrumental because Krause had left the band due to ill health. They went to the studio for the last time in August 1978 to record their last album, Western Culture (1979), but did not include "Erk Gah". The band split up after making the album. In 1993, "Erk Gah" was recorded for the first time in the studio, with the unrevised lyrics, by Hodgkinson under the title "Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine" for his second solo album Each in Our Own Thoughts (1994). The recording session was a Henry Cow reunion of sorts in that ex-band members Krause, Cutler and Lindsay Cooper recorded the piece with Hodgkinson. In 2008 Hodgkinson said that "In retrospect I far prefer the Cow version to the later studio version. The live one sounds more dynamic."

Title
Hodgkinson wrote "Erk Gah" to include scores for each of the instruments featured in Henry Cow, including the drums. When guitarist Fred Frith looked at his part at the first rehearsal of the piece in 1976, he cried out "Erk Gah" in the same way that Don Martin's cartoon characters express shook and dismay. Frith's utterance became the composition's provisional title, and then the working title, which remained until Henry Cow broke up in 1978. It was only when Hodgkinson recorded the piece in the studio for his second solo album Each in Our Own Thoughts in 1993 that he assigned it the formal title of "Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine".

Composition and structure
"Erk Gah" is a fully notated, eighteen-minute work comprising five large movements linked to five sections of text. In his 2019 book Henry Cow: The World Is a Problem, Benjamin Piekut wrote that Hodgkinson built the piece around the vocal melody, unlike his earlier "Living in the Heart of the Beast" where the lyrics where added later when Krause joined the band. Hodgkinson described his composition as "a wild, shifting, fluid chaos of transient forms", and Piekut concurred, adding that "tonal, textural, and rhythmic elements mutate often throughout the work".

The first movement of the piece summarizes musical styles and motifs that appear in the subsequent movements, which each have their own musical identity. Piekut noted that here the composer presents "an oscillating figure that marks the entire piece; often appearing in the voice, this figure has Krause rocking back and forth between two pitches". Also present is "a rhythmic figure in which successive beats are divided into an increasing or decreasing number of attacks", that is "acceleration or deceleration takes place inside a steady tempo". The second movement begins with the trial of the song's protagonist and narrator. Here the timbre and texture of the work changes, which now features "contrapuntal relations among the various instruments". Piekut said no percussion is used here and cello, flute, saxophone, organ and guitar are heard in "a twelve-tone pitch space that refuses any tonal center".

In the third movement the narrator reflects on the optimism of the past, and the music "re-centers around E, a tritone up from the B-flat tonal center" that the piece began with. Krause sings "long melodies in a pitch sequence from the first movement" that soon begins oscillating between C and B-flat. Piekut stated that Hodgkinson "modulates the meter and tempo such that Krause's voice remains un-disturbed while the rhythms shift erratically underneath". In the next movement the narrator experiences "loss and nothingness", and this is the only movement that does not start with singing. Piekut described this section as having a "chamber music feel, with many instruments offering atomistic and brittle gestures that cohere at times into unison lines". In this movement Hodgkinson "introduces a new rhythmic motive shared by all but heard frequently in the bass with an oscillating tritone". The final movement, where the narrator expresses "fury", brings the work to a close with "long tones in the bass that support counterpoint between organ and voice". Also included here are several new melodic phrases.

Piekut concluded that "Erk Gah" "holds little converse with rock convention. It sounds more like modernist chamber music scored mainly for amplified instruments". He added that "[t]here is very little repetition and no single drumbeat to speak of", although there are some "eruptive squeals" that are suggestive of free jazz.

Reception
In a review of Stockholm & Göteborg in Clouds and Clocks, Beppe Colli complained that "Erk Gah" sounds a little too similar to Hodgkinson's "Living in the Heart of the Beast", and found Krause's singing "quite heavy" and "bordering on kitsch in its emphasis". But Colli liked the instrumental section in the song's last movement, which he described as "very beautiful", and said the mixing "has worked wonders in presenting at their best all the compositional elements according to their role in the whole."

Writing in AllMusic, François Couture called Henry Cow's performance of "Erk Gah" on Stockholm & Göteborg "a tour de force of complex avant-garde rock".

Live performances
Henry Cow never recorded "Erk Gah" in the studio but did perform it live a number of times between 1976 and 1978, including:
25 August 1976 in Vevey, Switzerland for the Swiss TV program, Kaleidospop
Released on DVD in Volume 10: Vevey of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set, the only known video recording of Henry Cow
September and November 1976 in Italy and France
9 May 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden for the Sveriges Radio program, Tonkraft, broadcast on 8 June and 11 June 1977
Released in Volume 6: Stockholm & Göteborg of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set; also released on a separate CD in September 2008 in advance of the box set release, making it the first officially released version of Henry Cow performing the song
May and June 1977 in Sweden and Southend-on-Sea, England
November and December 1977 in France and the Netherlands
January 1978 in Switzerland
22 March 1978 in Bremen, Germany for Radio Bremen – extracts from a live broadcast
Released in Volume 8: Bremen of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set – an instrumental version of the composition necessitated by the band being without a vocalist at the time

Personnel

"Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine" (1994)
Dagmar Krause – voice
Chris Cutler – drums
Bill Gilonis – guitar
Lindsay Cooper – bassoon
Richard Bolton – cello
Guy Segers – bass guitar
Dominic Weeks – xylophone
Nancy Ruffer – flute
Clarissa Melville – flute
Jonathan Impett – trumpet
Tim Hodgkinson – keyboards, alto saxophone, clarinet

References

Works cited

External links
The original "Erk Gah" lyrics. The Canterbury Website.

1976 songs
Henry Cow songs
Songs about prison