Opened on May 24, 1998, the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum () is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River in the historic centre of Old Montreal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Exhibits focus on Marguerite Bourgeoys, Montreal's first teacher and founder of the Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel, who lived during the 17th century.  Displays highlight her accomplishments that recall the great courage of the early colonists who built Montreal.

In addition, visitors can tour the Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel, to which the museum is connected.  This tri-centenary chapel of pilgrimage is Montreal's first and oldest chapel of pilgrimage.

Mission
Both the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum and Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel open a window onto Montreal's heritage and religious art, witness to the faith of its ancestors.

They also present the life and work of Marguerite Bourgeoys, Montreal's first teacher and founder of the chapel, in the hope of keeping the charism of this woman alive.

Finally, Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel is a place of prayer, worship and pilgrimage.

Collection
The objective of the museum is to conserve, document and showcase sacred objects, works of art and other physical witnesses to the religious, social, cultural and educational history of Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel as well as objects connected to the life and work of Marguerite Bourgeoys.

The permanent collection of Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel and the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum includes works on paper of contemporary artists, paintings, sculptures, books, relics and medals and a variety of objects connected to the school.

Moreover, the museum is the guardian of collections of the Sulpicians, the Congrégation de Notre-Dame and the ministère de la Culture et des Communications. These collections include the works of art and objects in the chapel, objects connected to the life of Marguerite Bourgeoys and to the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, to the teaching of the arts and finally archaeological objects.

Archaeological site
Located under the nave of the chapel and accessible through the crypt, the archaeological site of the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum houses surprising discoveries. During the 1996-1997 dig, the archaeologists uncovered the remains of Montreal's first stone chapel founded by Marguerite Bourgeoys in 1675. Constructed in fieldstone, the chapel's foundations are precisely outlined close to remains of First Nations sites among the oldest found in Old Montreal.

Recognition for a museum
In 2002, the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum accumulated significant honours. First, the Prix Ulysse of Tourism Montreal recognized the development and innovation of the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum in the category of Tourist Attraction – 100 000 visitors or less. In fact, the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum was singled out for the diversity and quality of its cultural activities and for the beauty of the site.

Then, the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum / Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel received the prestigious Phoenix Prize of the American Society of Travel Writers for the renovations and the archaeological research carried out between 1996 and 1998 that made this site an important centre of Montreal's history and heritage

External links
 Official site of the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum

References

Museums in Montreal
Museums established in 1998
History museums in Quebec
Religious museums in Canada
Biographical museums in Canada
Old Montreal
20th-century religious buildings and structures in Canada


The first season of Paris Hilton's My New BFF aired from September 30 to December 2, 2008, on MTV in the United States, and consists of 10 episodes and 4 specials.

Season overview
Prior to production, a website was set up for potential contestants to submit their videos on why they should be Paris' BFF, and casting sessions were also set up. Initially, the 18 people with the highest votes from other users would go on the show. However, the ten contestants with the most votes went on while the other eight were selected by the producers.

Sixteen women and three men competed in challenges in an attempt to become Hilton's new best friend. Four of the female contestants were eliminated in the first episode and hence did not feature in promotional material (photo shoots, TV spots or even the opening credits) for the season. Guest stars included Benji Madden, Kyle Richards, Richie Rich, Traver Rains, Kathy Hilton, Fergie, Simple Plan, Chris Applebaum, Perez Hilton, Dirt Nasty, Allison Melnick, Ryan Seacrest, Nicky Hilton, Keyshia Cole, Hanna Beth Merjos and Nick Swardson.

Though Hilton was forbidden from revealing the winner before the season finale aired, she had on two separate occasions accidentally referred to the winner as "she" —first on the September 25, 2008 airing of the Late Show with David Letterman, and again on the October 7, 2008 airing of The Ellen DeGeneres Show. On December 2, 2008, it was revealed in the finale that Brittany Flickinger had won the contest.

Contestants

Elimination table

 During the first elimination in episode 5, everyone was up for discussion. The contestants shaded in blue and red were up for discussion in the second elimination.
 Beginning in episode 8, every contestant would be up for elimination.
 In episode 10, during elimination Paris left the rooftop where panel was held. Brittany and Vanessa were drove to two different places. Vanessa arrived at a hotel room. There was a note that said she was eliminated.

Key
 The contestant became Paris' new BFF.
 The contestant won the episode's challenge and was safe from elimination.
 The contestant was not eliminated in that episode.
 The contestant was in the bottom, replaced with someone else, and therefore was safe.
 The contestant was up for elimination, but was safe.
 The contestant was eliminated by another contestant.
 The contestant was eliminated.
 The contestant won the episode's challenge and was up for elimination.

Episodes

References

External links
 Paris Hilton's My New BFF Official Website
 Paris Hilton's My New BFF Casting Website
 Paris Hilton Fansite with show coverage & updates
 Paris Hilton's Official Myspace Page

2008 American television seasons


Cerulli is a crater in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle on Mars with a diameter of 130 km.  It lies in the northern hemisphere south of the very large crater Lyot.
It is named after Vincenzo Cerulli, an Italian astronomer (1859–1927).

Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them; in contrast, volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. If one measures the diameter of a crater, the original depth can be estimated with various ratios. Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material; much of it is believed to be ice deposited when the climate was different. Sometimes, craters expose layers that were buried. Cerulli shows evidence of glacial activity in the past. The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies. The older the surface, the more craters present. Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice.

The area around craters may be rich in minerals.  On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.  Water from the melting ice dissolves minerals,   and then deposits them in cracks or faults that were produced with the impact. This process, called hydrothermal alteration,    is a major way in which ore deposits are produced.  The area around Martian craters may be rich in useful ores for the future colonization of Mars.

Gallery

See also

References

Impact craters on Mars
Ismenius Lacus quadrangle


Kuty is a town in Ukraine.

Kuty may also refer to:
Kúty, a village in Slovakia
Kuty, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, a village in Poland
KUTY, a radio station


The Centre for Appropriate Rural Technology (CART) is a community-driven sustainable development project located in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It functions as a life skills centre in the heart of Sicambeni Village, a rural village near Port St Johns.

Background

The Eastern Cape is South Africa’s poorest region and has for many years been a victim of massive skill loss due to the migration of workers to the larger cities in seek of work.  Invariably these migrants find themselves living in the already overcrowded Township (South Africa) compounding South Africa’s desperate slum culture.
Having accrued 15 years of experience working in several African Countries, building communities with the homeless, CART was formed as a centre to tackle poverty in a more holistic way. CART aims to give the local population the skills and technology to allow them to live self-sustainably without the need to seek work outside of their own villages, ultimately allowing the migrants to return to their homelands.

Goals

CART’s primary goal is to complete the self sustainable model, serving as the epicentre to the surrounding village of over four hundred families. Technology developed here is being taught to and implemented within the community to produce a fully sustainable village. CART ensures that any technology implemented can be replicated in other rural environments, allowing this sustainable village to become a living example to other communities around South Africa and Globally.

CART operates numerous other initiatives, including innovative farming techniques, to provide much needed nutritional enrichment and a HIV support group offering nutritional, physical and spiritual healing.

Technologies

One of the primary goals of CART is to experiment with and implement technologies that can be used sustainably in a rural environment. This includes effective water, waste, energy and building systems.

Aerated beds

The aerated, raised beds can be implemented anywhere but are ideally suited to areas that have high clay content in the soil structure. Though clay-rich soil is ideal for keeping nutrients in the soil, it can also retain too much water. The raised structure design allows better drainage, minimizes the threat of root rot, and enables rooting vegetables (carrots, beets, onions, etc.) to grow significantly larger than when planted in the ground. The structure's unique shape also makes monitoring the fertility easier and the overall planting surface is greatly improved.

The garden resembles a compost heap with green matter placed on the very bottom of the structure, which is made from lengths of thin poles (latte). Decomposed material (wood chips, leaves, etc.) is layered on top of the green matter, followed by a mix of soil and compost. Seedlings are planted and mulched on top of the bed while herbs are planted on the sides, creating a network of strong roots to help contain the soil in the garden structure.

Brick machine

A hand-operated mechanical press creates stabilised bricks. Clay based soil mixed with five percent cement is used to form the base of the bricks.

Dams

Water management problems mean that only one crop per year is grown. Sometime the community has little choice but to drink from contaminated rivers. The project aims to improve on this by using year round planting and more effective water management techniques.

Biodigester

One of the most common problems facing rural communities around the world is that of waste disposal.  The incorrect disposal of animal and human waste can lead to the poisoning of waterways, render land un-farmable and cause numerous fatal diseases such as Cholera, Typhoid and Diphtheria.  CART needed a way to not only dispose of its waste but also to find a way of actually making this waste useful.  After much research it was decided that a Biodigester could provide the solution to this problem, however no design existed that could be cheaply replicated in rural areas – so CART made one.   Conventional Biodigesters cost in the region of US$30,000, CART’s costs about US$500.

The simple design consists of a hole 7m x 1.5m x 1.5m into which a reinforced PVC cylindrical black bag is placed.  At one end is the ‘inlet’ situated at the bottom of the bag, a pipe from the toilet block brings all human waste into the bag together with a hatch for animal and kitchen waste.  Two outlet pipes are situated at the other end of the bag, one at the top for gas removal the other is 1/3 of the way up for liquid removal.  The design incorporates a black colour so as to attract solar heat to accelerate decomposition.  The placement of the outlet pipe is important as it is necessary to maintain 1/3 liquids : 2/3 gas.

Due to the sealed nature of the bag all this waste begins to decompose anaerobically releasing methane gas, water and sludge waste whilst also killing harmful pathogens such as E-Coli.  The methane gas is released and captured using the valve at the top of the outlet end of the bag, this gas can be used for cooking, lighting and heating  (although CART currently intend to use the gas solely for cooking.)  The water is released through the outlet pipe, this water is known as ‘High nutrient’ or ‘Black’ water.  Less than 10% of the products are solids and therefore only need removing from the bag every few years, these solids can be used as a high nutrient fertiliser for fruit trees or for plants where the fertiliser does not come into direct contact with the crop.  The black water is mixed with grey waters, such as shower or washing water (N.B CART only uses organic, bio-degradable washing products to ensure no toxins are introduced to the cycle.)  This water is filtered through sand and charcoal and used to irrigate the food gardens.  Excess water, together with runoff from the gardens is collected in the Dam, from which it can be used to water gardens in the dry season or filtered further making it safe for drinking (see water cycle).

Indoor gardens
The indoor garden is a conceptual design for a compact, portable garden that can be put in almost any living space. Ideally, the garden would be put under a south-facing window (in the northern hemisphere), and would provide enough food to sustain a family.

See also
Appropriate technology
Centre for Alternative Technology
Sicambeni Rural University

External links
 Centre for Appropriate Rural Technology

Appropriate technology organizations
Environmental organisations based in South Africa
Non-profit organisations based in South Africa
Sustainable development
Appropriate technology advocates
OR Tambo District Municipality


Montecristo is a Spanish-language telenovela that aired on TV Azteca. It premiered on August 14, 2006. The final original episode aired  April 27, 2007. It is based on the 2006 Argentinian telenovela of the same name, with Rita Fusaro, one of the producers of the original version, serving as the producer in this version.

Story
Montecristo is the story of Santiago Diaz Herrera (Diego Olivera), a young man who apparently seems to have it all: love, a future, family, success. Life has been kind to him, the doors of the whole world are opened to him. But the treachery of those around him will turn everything into hell.

Santiago, the son of an outstanding national judge, has just been appointed secretary of the court. He has plans to marry Laura, the woman of his dreams.

Santiago feels a great devotion for law; but he also loves fencing, a passion he shares with Marcos Lombardo (Omar Germenos), his close friend. The story begins when Santiago and Marcos travel to Morocco to take part in a fencing tournament. However, this trip will not lead him to victory but to sheer disgrace since he will be involved in a terrible act of treachery, plotted by a wicked environment.

Some days before setting off, Santiago receives some tragic news; his father, Horacio Diaz Herrera(Jose Alonso), discovers that Alberto Lombardo (Marcos' father) has committed a very serious crime during the times of the military regime in Mexico for which he will be arrested and taken to court. Santiago gets so distressed by this terrible news that he decides not to say a word to Marcos. But he doesn't take into account Luciano's envious essence, a man that had unsuccessfully tried to get Santiago's position, and who is fully convinced that the judge, his superior, has helped his son reach his post at court. Alberto Lombardo (Fernando Lujan), a man trained to do evil, asks his son Marcos to get rid of Santiago while they are in Europe, as he will do the same with Horacio in Mexico.

Almost immediately, Judge Herrera dies in a terrible accident caused by Leandro, Laura's uncle (Santiago's fiancée) and Alberto's accomplice. He also plots a setup to involve Santiago in his father's death. For this reason, Santiago is arrested in Morocco, accused of a crime he has not committed. Marcos returns from Europe alone and makes Laura believe that Santiago has killed a man. Laura(Silvia Navarro) gets desperate and tries by all means to travel to Morocco but she is told that Santiago has been killed in jail. Laura falls into a terrible depression and decides to put an end to her life. But she also finds out that she is expecting a baby from Santiago. Feeling devastated and totally at a loss, she agrees to marry Marcos, who has always loved her in silence.

In the meantime, in a far-off jail in Morocco, Santiago meets Ulises (Alfredo Sevilla), an old art dealer that has been in prison for many years. Ulises helps Santiago recover. Together, they discover Marcos' treachery. From then on, Santiago has only one thing on mind: to take revenge on those who have snatched his happiness and life.

Cast and characters

 Silvia Navarro - Laura Ledezma
 Diego Olivera - Santiago Díaz Herrera
 Omar Germenos - Marcos Lombardo Riverol
 Fernando Luján - Alberto Lombardo Gutiérrez
 Maria Reneé Prudencio - Regina Pointer Arciniegas
 José Alonso - Horacio Díaz Herrera Guzmán
 Julieta Egurrola - Sara Calleja
 Margarita Sanz - Leticia Riverol De Lombardo
 Luis Felipe Tovar - Ramón
 Álvaro Guerrero - Leandro
 Leticia Huijara - Dolores "Lola" Carreño
 Pedro Sicard - Luciano Manzur
 Carmen Delgado - Helena
 Sophie Alexander - Mariana
 Tania Arredondo - Milena Salcedo
 Francisco Balzeta - Detective
 Sebastián Ferrat - Camilo
 Michelle Garfías
 Carlos Hays - Matías Lombardo Ledezma / Matías Díaz Herrera Ledezma
 Víctor Hugo Martín - León Rocamora
 Raúl Ortíz - Doctor
 María Fernanda Quiroz - Érika
 Manuel Sevilla - Petricio Tamargo
 René Gatica - Padre Pedro
 Lisset - Diana/Lorena
 Sergio de Bustamante - Andrés
 Erika de la Rosa - Valentina Lombardo Riverol
 Lola Merino - Lysi Savoy
 Enrique Muñoz - Clementi
 Ana Karina Guevara - Ana Medina
 Julia Urbini - Rias Lombardo Riverol
 Rodolfo Almada - Jaime
 Hernán Mendoza
 Fernando Sarfatti - Juan
 Edna Necoechea
 Carmen Madrid - Mercedes Cortés

Syndication
ntv7 (August 8, 2008 to May 2009)

2006 telenovelas
2006 Mexican television series debuts
2007 Mexican television series endings
TV Azteca telenovelas
Television shows based on The Count of Monte Cristo
Mexican television series based on Argentine television series
Spanish-language telenovelas


The Sinsen Line () is part of the Oslo Tramway on the east side of the city. Most of the line is served by line 17, although the northernmost tip (Grefsen–Torshov) is served by line 18 which otherwise runs on the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line. Both services use SL95 articulated trams.

Route
The line leaves the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line on a northeastward track after crossing Akerselva. The line then runs along Trondheimsveien, passing Carl Berners plass until it reaches the Sinsen Interchange, then along Storovegen (part of Ring 3), past the tram sheds at Grefsen, until it rejoins with the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line.

At Grefsen Station, there is transfer to the Oslo Commuter Rail along the Gjøvik Line. At Carl Berners plass and Storo, there is a transfer to the Oslo T-bane lines 4 and 5.

History
The Rodeløkka Line was first opened on 27 March 1900 as a double track from Nybrua along Trondheimsveien before it branched off at Helgesens gate towards Rodeløkka. Built by Kristiania Sporveisselskap, the initial Sinsen Line was built as a single-track branch of the Rødeløkka Line that continued along Trondheimsveien to just north of Carl Berners plass and opened on 1 February 1923. It was served by the newly created Line 13 that operated through the city center to Skillebekk on the Skøyen Line. It ran every twelve minutes, but was times with Line 9 of the Rodeløkka Line so they gave a six-minute headway on the shared section to the city center.

KSS and hence the line was taken over by Oslo Sporveier on 1 May 1924. From 4 May the line was instead operated by Line 3 to Skøyen, but this was changed back for Line 13 on 29 June. This time the headway was increased to fifteen minutes. From 29 May 1927, Line 12 which connected to the Briskeby Line took over the route. From 19 January 1937, the Sinsen Line was again served by Line 3 to Skøyen. On 28 June 1938, the section from the branch with the Rodeløkka Line to Carl Berners plass was rebuilt to double track. From 28 June 1939, Line 3 followed the Vestbanen Line to Skøyen. From 19 December, the line was extended along Trondheimsveien to Sinsen; this section was built with double track. From 18 February 1940, Line 3 was again moved back to the Skøyen Line to Skøyen and the line started using the new Gullfisk trams. At the same time, Line 13 was changed to run from along the Sagene Ring via the city center to Sinsen. In 1948, the tracks at Carl Berners plass was rebuilt to run through the roundabouts at both ends of the square.

The trams along the Rodeløkka Line were terminated from 6 February 1949 and replaced by buses. At the same time, trolleybus lines were installed to cross the tram lines at Carl Berners plass and Line 13 was moved to run along the Kjelsås Line, leaving only Lines 1 and 3. On 7 July 1952, the Gullfisk were replaced with SM53 units. From 5 July 1953, Line 3 operated via Oslo East Station. From 7 September 1953, Line 17 that connected with the Ullevål Hageby Line started running along the Sinsen Line, as did the rush-hour only Line 14E which connected with the Frogner Line. From 4 July 1954, Line 1 was moved to connect to Oslo East Station, while Line 14E was terminated and Line 3 was moved to operate via Dronningens gate. From 30 August, the rush-hour only Line 15E was also run along the Sinsen Line, and otherwise followed mostly the same route as Line 1, except that it ran through Dronningens gate instead of the East Station.

A new branch line to Rodeløkka was opened on 2 January 1955, because the tram gave lower operating costs than the bus. The line ran from Carl Berners plass down Dælenengata and then used the block Dælenengata–Fagerheimgata–Marstrandgata–Københavngata–Dæenengata as a balloon loop. Line 13 was moved to serve the Rodeløkka Line. From 22 May 1956, Line 15E was terminated. During 1957, an extension from Sinsen to the Grefsen Depot was built. Here the line connected to the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line. Line 17 was extended to Grefsen, where it continued as Line 10 along the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line. The same year, the last Gullfisk were removed from service on the Sinsen Line. From 1959, the Rodeløkka Line was reduced to a rush-hour only service and was terminated on 23 April 1961. The tracks were removed from 1962 to 1964, and the southern section re-designated to the Sinsen Line. From 25 June 1961, Line 17 was terminated and the section from Sinsen via Grefsen to Storo was taken out of service, although the tracks were kept to allow access to the depot. At the same time, Line 3 was replaced with Line 7, which connected to the Ullevål Hageby Line.

In 1968, the trolleybus lines were removed from Carl Berners plass, and the following year the Sinsen Interchange was rebuilt to a two-level interchange. Because of this, the old balloon loop at Sinsen had to be demolished and replaced with a new further north at Muselunden, that was taken into use on 16 October 1969. During the end of 1977 and in early 1978, a trial articulated tram from Duewag was tested on Sinsen Line on Lines 1 and 7. In December 1978, the tram lines between Carl Berners plass and Rosenhoff were moved adjacent to the sidewalk. From 6 December 1982, Line 1 was operated without a conductor and from 2 January 1983 also on Line 7. From 2 April, the SL79 articulated tram was put into service on both lines.

The line was among those proposed for closure in 2002 when the tram company attempted to save money by transferring the traffic to buses. A city grant of  saved the line along with several others.

Future expansion
Plans for a tramway to Tonsenhagen were launched in the 1950s, and in 1954 the city council zoned the necessary area for the route. Modified versions of the plans were again passed by the city council in 1986, with subsequent zoning passed in 1993. The proposed line will continue along Trondheimsveien in its own right-of-way down the center of the road. A new station will be built at Sinsenterrassen, for both trams and buses. The line will receive a station serving Aker University Hospital, before the line runs to Bjerke in a culvert under Norwegian National Road 4 and Traverveien. The line will the run from Årvoll to Tonsenhagen, with part of the route planned as a conventional street tram in mixed traffic to eliminate the need for expropriation on the east side of Årvollveien and impact on parks.

The project is estimated to give a profit for Ruter of NOK 7 million per year and have an economic positive impact for society of NOK 20 million. The line will remove the substantial parallel running of trams along Trondheimsveien and the Sinsen Line and the current bus line 31 can be terminated. Trams are more energy efficient and give less global and local pollution than buses, increasing the positive impact. The project is presumed financed through Oslo Package 3.

References

Bibliography

Oslo Tramway lines
Railway lines opened in 1923
1923 establishments in Norway


Abdul Jab(b)ar Taqwa (born 20 February 1949, in Kabul) served as governor of Parwan Province.

He was educated in Afghanistan before attending University of Peshawar in Peshawar, Pakistan.

Taqwa was appointed as the governor of Takhar Province on March 16, 2010. He was wounded in the suicide bombing on May 28, 2011, that killed Mohammed Daud Daud.

He belongs to Tajik people.

References

External links
 http://www.defenselink.mil/News/newsarticle.aspx?id=51067

1954 births
Living people
Governors of Takhar Province
Governors of Parwan Province
Afghan Tajik people
Afghan expatriates in Pakistan
University of Peshawar alumni


New Germany Rural High School is a high school in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is administered by the South Shore Regional Centre for Education.

External links
NGRHS New Germany Rural High School

High schools in Nova Scotia
Schools in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia


Herbert Goodfellow (31 July 1916 – December 1997), also known by the nickname of "Goody", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 401) (captain), Batley (World War II guest), Castleford (World War II guest) (Heritage № 212) and Oldham (Heritage № 565), as a , i.e. number 7.

Playing career

Trinity career
Herbert Goodfellow was born in Sharlston, West Riding of Yorkshire, after his junior days in Sharlston, Herbert signed for Trinity in 1932, as a 16-year-old after representing Yorkshire schoolboys in 1930. He started as a young 'skinny' winger in the A team before developing his scrum half skills and making his first team début on 3 March 1934 when Keighley visited Belle Vue. He stamped his authority on the game with two tries in a 17-0 win. In an added bonus, he outplayed the Keighley scrum half, Kiwi veteran Ted Spillane. At the time he was the fourth youngest player to play for Trinity (after Ernest Pollard, Harry Wilkinson and Mick Exley), but he is 19th in that list now.

He gradually developed into a strong scrum half with a powerful hand off, which assisted him in scoring over a hundred tries for the club. After breaking his leg in the first match of the season, he missed the entire 1935-36 season. Representative honours followed with appearances for Yorkshire, an RL XIII rep side and England in 1937 & 1939. He headed the club's try scoring charts in 1938-39 with 22, before the war affected his Trinity progress.

As a coal miner, he was able to continue playing for Trinity through the war years, and he also played one match as a World War II guest for Batley, scoring a try against Huddersfield on Saturday 25 November 1939, and he played one match as a World War II guest at  for Castleford against Leeds at Wheldon Road, Castleford on Saturday 29 March 1941. By the war's end, Trinity had a skilful and powerful side which saw them reach the 1945 Yorkshire Cup Final, third place in the league (1945–46), a Championship semi-final but a tremendous RL Challenge Cup Final victory, 13-12 against Wigan with Herbert being the mainstay at scrum half. He also picked up his fourth and fifth Yorkshire appearances in the 1945-46 season. He continued to defy injuries and picked up a Yorkshire Cup winners medal in 1947 after Trinity defeated Leeds, 8-7, in a replay after a 7-7 draw. This was at the fourth attempt after defeats in 1936, 1940 and 1945

He was also club captain for three seasons between 1948 and 1951, but played his last game against Oldham in October 1950, before transferring to the Watersheddings, Oldham four months later. His total of 434 appearances sees him 7th on the all-time Trinity appearance list and his 114 tries see him 8th on the all-time club try scoring lists. In addition to his 1946 RL Challenge Cup winners medal and 1947 Yorkshire Cup winners medal, his third winners medal at Trinity was the 1945-46 Yorkshire League Championship

Whilst at Trinity he was "supreme around the base of the scrum, skilful in the art and craft of scrum half play. When he fed a scrum near the opponents' line the question was "never would we get the ball, but, is it going to be Goodfellow or Bratley who will score?" Quote from '100 Years of Rugby' by Lindley & Armitage.

Goodfellow appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.

Trinity club honours:

RL Challenge Cup: Winners 1945-46

Yorkshire Cup: Winners 1947-48, Runners up 1936-37, 1939-40 & 1945-46

Yorkshire League Championship: Winners 1945-46

International honours
Herbert's first international honours came in 1937 when he was selected for an RL XIII representative side that played Wales at Newcastle United's St.James' Park. He scored a try in a 12-15 defeat. Two years later he was selected for another RL XIII rep side which visited France, scoring another try in a 25-13 victory in Pau. His one and only cap for England came in 1939 against Wales, playing scrum half in a 3-16 defeat at Odsal, Bradford.

County honours
Herbert was selected for Yorkshire County XIII on five occasions. His début came in February 1938 with a 9-10 defeat by Lancashire at Rochdale. He played in both county championship games of 1938-39 with defeat by Cumberland at Workington (10-16) and a 10-10 draw with Lancashire at Leeds. With the resumption of the county championship in 1945-46 season, Herbert was one of five Trinity players to play in both games. He played alongside Dennis Baddeley (winger), Ron Rylance (stand off), Harry Wilkinson (prop) and Len Bratley (loose forward) against Cumberland (45-3 win at Leeds) and Lancashire (16-17 loss at Swinton).

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Herbert Goodfellow played  in Wakefield Trinity's 13-12 victory over Wigan in the 1945–46 Challenge Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1946, in front of a crowd of 54,730.

Herbert Goodfellow was paid £10 for his part in the 1946 Challenge Cup Final victory (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £988.90 in 2016). Unfortunately, Herbert Goodfellow was fined £5 (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £494.45 in 2016) for failing to attend his shift at his Coal Mine.

County Cup Final appearances
Herbert Goodfellow played  in Wakefield Trinity's 2-9 defeat by York in the 1936–37 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1936–37 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 17 October 1936, played  in the 9-12 defeat by Featherstone Rovers in the 1940–41 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1939–40 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 22 June 1940, played  in the 2-5 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1945–46 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Thrum Hall, Halifax on Saturday 3 November 1945, played , and scored a try in the 7-7 draw with  Leeds in the 1947 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1947–48 Northern season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 1 November 1947, and played  in the 8-7 victory over Leeds in the 1947–48 Yorkshire County Cup Final replay during the 1947–48 Northern season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Wednesday 5 November 1947.

Testimonial match
Herbert Goodfellow's benefit season/testimonial match at Wakefield Trinity took place against Hunslet F.C. on Saturday 27 April 1946.

Wakefield Trinity Hall of Fame
Herbert Goodfellow was the first inductee into the Wakefield Trinity 'Class of 2015' Hall of Fame, following on from the eight inductees from 2014, which included Ian Brooke, Mick Exley, Neil Fox, Jonathan Parkin, Harold Poynton, David Topliss, Derek Turner & Harry Wilkinson

Rugby family
There was a family rugby legacy long before Herbert tied his boot laces in Sharlston. His father, Fred J. Goodfellow, was a Sharlston rugby hero in the 1890s, and early 1900s. He was selected for Yorkshire against Northumberland and Lancashire in 1897, at rugby union, followed by further caps a year later, before turning to rugby league and signing for Holbeck, and later Hull and Dewsbury, playing for Yorkshire at rugby league level. When his professional days were over he returned to Sharlston where he played until 1921, retiring through injury, aged 41. Fred died in 1925, six years before Herbert signed for Trinity.

Source: "Rugby League Back o' t' wall" History of Sharlston Rovers ARLFC by Graham Chalkley

Outside of rugby league
Herbert Goodfellow was the landlord of the Jacob's Well Tavern public house in Wakefield during the 1950s.

Note
Herbert Goodfellow is incorrectly named Harry Goodfellow on the englandrl.co.uk and rugbyleagueproject websites, but is correctly named Herbert Goodfellow on the freebmd.org.uk, and independent.co.uk websites. Harry Goodfellow was in fact Herbert Goodfellow's brother.

References

External links
Sport: Book of the Week - Darkest recesses of Wembley laid bare
Search for "Herbert Goodfellow" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk
Goodfellow Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com

1916 births
1997 deaths
Batley Bulldogs players
Castleford Tigers players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Oldham R.L.F.C. players
People from Sharlston
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire rugby league team players


This list of Adjutants General of the United States Army lists the chief administrative officer of the Army, from 1775 to present.

List

References

Further reading

Adjutant
Adjutant
Adjutants General of the U.S. Army


The  is a kei car produced by Suzuki between 1998 and 2009. Originally only available as a three-door hatchback, a five-door version arrived in the third quarter of 1999. The car received a facelift in late 2000, when the three-door version was also dropped, and another facelift in 2001, including a newer dashboard.

From 1999 to 2006, Suzuki also produced the  as Mazda's rebadged version of the Kei.

Gallery
Suzuki Kei

Mazda Laputa

References

Kei
Cars introduced in 1998
2000s cars
Kei cars
Kei sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles


Chorizanthe corrugata is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name wrinkled spineflower. It is native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and two states of northwest Mexico, Baja California and Sonora.

Description
Chorizanthe corrugata is an erect, branching herb growing to a maximum height near half a meter. Most of the rounded or oval leaves are located about the base of the plant, each up to 2 centimeters long.

The inflorescence is made up of a cluster of flowers, each opening from a cylindrical, tubular involucre in shades of green or tan. The plant can be identified by the transversely corrugated surface of this involucral tube. Along the top edge of the tube are three narrow bracts tipped in hooked awns. The flower itself is only about 2 millimeters long, hairy, and white in color.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Chorizanthe corrugata
Chorizanthe corrugata - U.C. Photo gallery

corrugata
North American desert flora
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Baja California
Flora of Sonora
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Taxa named by Asa Gray
Taxa named by John Torrey
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Cui Weiping (崔卫平) is a Beijing Film Academy professor and social critic. She was born in Jiangsu province. She is a famous scholar, professional translator and cultural critic.

References

External links

Cui weiping Twitter account(mainly Chinese)
Cui Weiping's blog (in Chinese)

Chinese film critics
Chinese women critics
Women film critics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Yancheng
Chinese scholars
Charter 08 signatories


Minuscule 405 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1012 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.
It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 223 parchment leaves () with some lacunae (Matthew 1:1-17; John 6:55-9:13; 11:30-45; 18:20-36). The text is written in one column per page, in 22 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (Mark 233 Sections, the last in 16:8), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it has a mixture of the Byzantine text-families in Luke 1, in Luke 20 it represents Kx. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

History

Formerly the manuscript was held in the monastery of St. Cosmae et Damiani in Brusa of Prussia. Wiedmann and Braun collated portions of the manuscript for Scholz. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 10) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
10th-century biblical manuscripts


Angus Ellis Taylor (October 13, 1911 – April 6, 1999) was a mathematician and professor at various universities in the University of California system. He earned his undergraduate degree at Harvard summa cum laude in 1933 and his PhD at Caltech in 1936 under Aristotle Michal with a dissertation on analytic functions. By 1944 he had risen to full professor at UCLA, whose mathematics department he later chaired (1958–1964). Taylor was also an astute administrator and eventually rose through the UC system to become provost and then chancellor of UC Santa Cruz. He authored a number of mathematical texts, one of which, Advanced Calculus (1955 originally published by Ginn/Blaisdell), became a standard for a generation of mathematics students.

Books

 Sherwood, G. E. F.; Taylor, Angus E. (1942; 3rd ed., 1954). Calculus. Prentice-Hall

References

External links
 Personal website at University of California, Berkeley

 Obituary in the San Francisco Chronicle
 Photographs of Angus Taylor from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections

1911 births
1999 deaths
Harvard University alumni
20th-century American mathematicians
Chancellors of the University of California, Santa Cruz
20th-century American academics


CBCT may refer to:

 CBCT-DT, a television station (channel 13) licensed to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 CBCT-FM, a radio station (96.1 FM) licensed to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 Helical cone beam computed tomography
 Cone beam computed tomography


"The Marching Thunder" is the marching band of Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. The Marshall University Marching Thunder is the largest and most visible student organization on campus. As the largest student organization on campus, the marching band provides entertainment and school spirit at football games, basketball games, and other community functions.

History
The first band at Marshall University was organized in 1902 and consisted of twenty members. G.B. Able, a part-time music teacher was the director. However, it was not until 1925 that the band became a permanent ensemble. The organize was John O. Muldoon, head of the Department of Rural Education. The band came under the direction of music faculty member, Harry E. Mueller in 1928. Mueller continued as director until 1946, when Earl Workman, a 1939 graduate of Marshall, was appointed director. He was replaced by Thomas O'Connell in 1948, who held the position until 1964.

The band during World War II

The band was an all-male organization until 1948, when women were admitted to the concert band. In 1951, enrollment in band every semester became mandatory for instrumental music majors, and women were admitted to participate in the marching band. Since then the bands have been coeducational.

After 1950, the marching band has performed at football games with universities in the Mid-American Conference: Miami, Ohio, Bowling Green, Kent, and Toledo. Directors since 1964 have been Howard Bell (1964-1967) and Dr. Robert R. Clark (1967-1976).

In 1976, the marching band was scheduled to perform with the West Virginia University Marching Band "The Pride of West Virginia" at the Inauguration of Governor John D. Rockefeller, but -10º weather on the day of the inauguration forced the cancellation of the performance on the capital steps.

In 1983, the National Association of Uniform Manufacturers presented the Big Green Marching Machine with an award as "The Best Dressed Band in the South."

Big Green Marching Machine

On September 10, 1977 at the Ohio University game, a new name was given to the Marshall University Marching Band as the band opened its show with the theme from "Rocky". The P.A. announcer began...

"Ladies and gentlemen - May I have your attention please - In the southeast corner of the stadium, wearing green trunks and white cross belts, and weighing in at 18,277.5 pounds, the Marshall University 'Big Green Marching Machine!'"

Thus began a new tradition at MU.

Marching Thunder

Dr. Baruch Whitehead renamed the band in 1993 to the "Marching Hundred." Mistakenly announced as the "Marching Thunder" during the first game, the name stuck and still holds its title to this day.  "Marching Thunder" clearly references the nickname for Marshall's athletic teams, "Thundering Herd."

"Sons of Marshall" Fight Song
"Sons of Marshall" does not refer to the offspring of the long time Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall (1755-1835). Instead it refers to the students of Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. One of our own, Ralph A. Williams, attended the then Marshall College in 1907 and wrote "Sons of Marshall" in 1935 in honor of the college and his daughter Dorothy Grace Williams. The composition is now the official fight song of the "Thundering Herd."

Lyrics
We are the sons of Marshall
Sons of the great John Marshall
Year after year we go to Marshall U.
Cheering for our team and gaining knowledge, too
Proudly we wear our colors
Love and loyalty we share
Sure from far and near
You’ll always hear
The wearing of the green
For it’s the Green and White of Marshall U.

Directors
 Dr. Christopher Schletter (2020–present)
 Dr. Adam Dalton (2014–2020)
 Mr. Steve Barnett (2003-2014)

 Tommy Thompson (2002-2003)

 Dr. Baruch Judge Whitehead (1993-2002)

 Mr. Ivory Brock (1992-1993)

 Dr. Richard Lemke (1976-1992)

 Kenneth W. Large (1974-1976)

 Dr. Robert R. Clark (1967-1974)

 Howard Bell (1964-1967)

 Thomas O'Connell (1948-1964)

 Earl Workman (1946-1948)

 Harry E. Mueller (1928-1946)

 John O. Muldoon (1925-1928)

Tri-State Marching Championships
The Tri-State Marching Championships, as it is now called, started in 1970 and brings thousands of marching band students on campus as a marching competition. Students have the opportunity to perform in the Joan C. Edwards Stadium at Marshall University. Since its inception, the contest has welcomed an average of 20 bands each and every year.

Notable Performance
1997 - Bands of America Grand Nationals in the RCA Dome (Indianapolis, IN)

2018 - Rome New Year's Day Parade in Rome, Italy

2020 - London New Year's Day Parade in London, England

References

External links
 The Marching Thunder

Sun Belt Conference marching bands
Marshall University
Musical groups established in 1902
1902 establishments in West Virginia


This list of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila alumni includes those who studied as undergraduate or graduate students, as well as those who were given honorary degrees at the University of the City of Manila since its formal opening on July 17, 1967.

Alumni and students
The table presents the partial list of outstanding alumni (also known as the PLMayers) and students of PLM.

Honorary graduates
Through the years, PLM has conferred the title of Doctor "honoris causa" (honorary degree) upon exemplary men and women who have contributed to the development of Philippine society through a distinct mark of excellence and leadership in their own fields of endeavor.

Alumni in fiction
The table presents the partial list of fictional characters associated with the PLM as depicted in works of art.

Notes

External links
PLM Official University Website
The Official Alumni Website
A Community Forum Website

Pamantasan
Manila


Kerry E. Sieh is an American geologist and seismologist.

Sieh's principal research interest is earthquake geology, which uses geological layers and landforms to understand the geometries of active faults, the earthquakes they generate, and the crustal structure their movements produce. His early work on the San Andreas fault led to the discovery of how often and how regularly it produces large earthquakes in southern California.

Sieh received his undergraduate degree in geology from the University of California, Riverside in 1972 and his Ph.D. degree in geology from Stanford University in 1977. He was a professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology from 1986 to 2009. Soon after joining Caltech, Sieh was recognized by the Los Angeles Times as a "Rising Star" in Southern California in 1988. Sieh is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (since 1999).

In 2009, Sieh became the director of Nanyang Technological University's Earth Observatory. He is the first holder of the AXA-NTU Chair on Natural Hazards in Southeast Asia established in 2012.

Awards and honors

 Harry Fielding Reid Medal, 2014
 LGBTQ Scientist of the Year Award, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, 2006
 Fellow, American Geophysical Union, 2001
 National Academy of Sciences, member, 1999
 Fellow, Geological Society of America, 1996
 National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiatives in Research, 1982
 E.B. Burwell, Jr., Memorial Award of the Engineering Geology Division, Geological Society of America, 1980

Publications
 "Geology of Earthquakes" with Robert S. Yeats and Clarence R. Allen. Oxford University Press (1997)
 "The Earth in Turmoil: Earthquakes and Volcanos and Their Impact on Humankind" with Simon LeVay. W. H. Freeman & Sons (1998)
 "Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science" as part of the Committee on the Science of Earthquakes, National Research Council. National Academies Press (2003)

References

Living people
California Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Stanford University alumni
American seismologists
American LGBT scientists
Fellows of the Geological Society of America
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Year of birth missing (living people)


Food history is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history and the cultural, economic, environmental, and sociological impacts of food and human nutrition. It is considered distinct from the more traditional field of culinary history, which focuses on the origin and recreation of specific recipes.

The first journal in the field, Petits Propos Culinaires, was launched in 1979 and the first conference on the subject was the 1981 Oxford Food Symposium.

Food and diets in history

Early human nutrition was largely determined by the availability and palatability (tastiness) of foods. Humans evolved as omnivorous hunter-gatherers, though our diet has varied significantly depending on location and climate. The diet in the tropics tended to depend more heavily on plant foods, while the diet at higher latitudes tended more towards animal products. Analyses of postcranial and cranial remains of humans and animals from the Neolithic, along with detailed bone-modification studies, have shown that cannibalism also occurred among prehistoric humans.

Agriculture developed at different times in different places, starting about 11,500 years ago, providing some cultures with a more abundant supply of grains (such as wheat, rice and maize) and potatoes; this made possible dough for staples such as bread, pasta, and tortillas. The domestication of animals provided some cultures with milk and dairy products.

In 2020, archeological research discovered a frescoed thermopolium (a fast-food counter) in an exceptional state of preservation from 79 CE/AD in Pompeii, including 2,000-year-old foods available in some of the deep terra cotta jars.

Classical antiquity

During classical antiquity, diets consisted of simple fresh or preserved whole foods that were either locally grown or transported from neighboring areas during times of crisis.

5th to 15th century: Middle Ages in Western Europe

In western Europe, medieval cuisine (5th–15th century) did not change rapidly.

Cereals remained the most important staple during the early Middle Ages. Barley, oats and rye were eaten by the poor. Standard foods included  bread, porridge, and gruel. Fava beans and vegetables were important supplements to the cereal-based diet of the lower orders.  Meat was expensive and prestigious. Game was common only on the tables of landowners. The most prevalent butcher's meats were pork, chicken, and other domestic fowl; beef, which required greater investment in land, was less common. Cod and herring were mainstays among the northern populations; dried, smoked or salted, they made their way far inland, but a wide variety of other saltwater and freshwater fish was also eaten.

The meals people ate were controlled by the seasons, geography, and religious restrictions. For most people food supply was limited to what the nearby lands and seas could provide. Peasants made do with what they could, primarily cooking over an open fire, in a cauldron or on a spit. Their ovens were typically outside of the home, and made on top of clay or turf.  Poor families primarily consumed grains and vegetables in the form of stew, soup, or pottage, and anything grown on their own small plots of land. They were unable to afford spices, and it was a crime for them to hunt deer, boar, or rabbits. Their staples included rye or barley bread, stews, local dairy products, cheaper meats like beef, pork or lamb, fish if there was access to freshwater, vegetables and herbs grown at home, fruit from local trees and bushes, nuts, and honey.  The upper class and nobility had better food and diet than that the lower classes, but food was eaten in small portions. Meals were laid out with many different colors and flavors—a very different experience from those in the lower class. Smaller portion sizes developed around this time due to various cultural influences, and these large, table-long meals were essentially picked at by the nobility. Foods were highly spiced, and many of these were expensively imported, often from outside Europe. The Middle Ages diet of the upper class and nobility included manchet bread, a variety of meats like venison, pork, and lamb, fish and shellfish, spices, cheese, fruits, and a limited number of vegetables.

As food consumption was controlled by geography and availability, it was also governed by the Church. Many fasts occurred throughout the year, and the longest was that of Lent, the late winter weeks preceding Easter.  There were designated days in which people could not eat meat or fish, but this did not affect the poor very much because of their already-lacking food options. The Church also influenced people to have feasts throughout the year, including on Christmas and for lesser holidays. The noble and upper classes participated in these extravagant feasts, as they often followed a fasting period.

16th century: Importance of Spain and Portugal

The Portuguese and Spanish Empires opened up sea trade routes that linked food exchange across the world. Under Phillip II, Catholic cuisine elements inadvertently helped transform the cuisine of the Americas, Buddhists, Hindus, and Islamic cuisines of the South Eastern Asian region. In Goa, the Portuguese were encouraged by the Crown to marry local women following their conversion. This integration led to mixed cuisine between Portugal and Western India. The Portuguese brought round raised loaves, using wheat shipped from Northern India, as well as pickled pork. The pork was pickled in wine or vinegar with garlic (carne de vinha d’alhos) tied to Portuguese cuisine that later became vindaloo.

18th century: early modern Europe
Grain and livestock have long been the most important agricultural products in France and England. After 1700, innovative farmers experimented with new techniques to increase yield and looked into new products such as hops, oilseed rape, artificial grasses, vegetables, fruit, dairy foods, commercial poultry, rabbits, and freshwater fish.

Sugar began as an upper-class luxury product, but by 1700 Caribbean sugar plantations worked by African slaves had expanded production, and it was much more widely available. By 1800 sugar was a staple of working-class diets. For them, it symbolized increasing economic freedom and status.

Labourers in Western Europe in the 18th century ate bread and gruel, often in a soup with greens and lentils, a little bacon, and occasionally potato or a bit of cheese. They washed it down with beer (water usually was too contaminated), and a sip of milk. Three quarters of the food was derived from plants. Meat was much more attractive, but very expensive.

19th century
By 1870, the West European diet was at about 16 kilograms per person per year of meat, rising to 50 kilograms by 1914, and 77 kilograms in 2010. Milk and cheese were seldom in the diet; even in the early 20th century, they were still uncommon in Mediterranean diets.

In the immigrant neighbourhoods of fast-growing American industrial cities, housewives purchased ready-made food through street peddlers, hucksters, push carts, and small shops operated from private homes. This opened the way for the rapid entry of entirely new items such as pizza, spaghetti with meatballs, bagels, hoagies, pretzels, and pierogies into American eating habits, and firmly established fast food in the American culinary experience.

20th century
In the first half of the 20th century there were two world wars, which in many places resulted in rationing and hunger; sometimes the starvation of the civilian populations was used as a powerful new weapon.

World War I and after

In Germany during World War I, the rationing system in urban areas virtually collapsed, with people eating animal fodder to survive the Turnip Winter.  Conditions in Vienna worsened as the army got priority in the food supply.

In Allied countries, meat was diverted first to the soldiers, then to urgent civilian needs in Italy, Britain, France and Greece. Meat production was stretched to the limit in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Argentina, with oceanic shipping closely controlled by the British. Food shortages were severe in Russian cities, leading to protests that escalated and helped topple the Tsar in February 1917.

In the first years of peace after the war ended in 1918, most of eastern and central Europe suffered severe food shortages. The American Relief Administration (ARA) was set up under the American wartime "food czar" Herbert Hoover, and was charged with providing emergency food rations across Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions, including the inhabitants of Germany and the Soviet Union. After U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, the ARA became a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children.

The 1920s saw the introduction of new foodstuffs, especially fruit, transported from around the globe. After the World War many new food products became available to the typical household, with branded foods advertised for their convenience. Now instead of an experienced cook spending hours on difficult custards and puddings, the housewife could purchase instant foods in jars, or powders that could be quickly mixed. Wealthier households now had ice boxes or electric refrigerators, which made for better storage and the convenience of buying in larger quantities.

World War II and after

During World War II, Nazi Germany tried to feed its population by seizing food supplies from occupied countries, and deliberately cutting off food supplies to Jews, Poles, Russians and the Dutch. Rationing in the United Kingdom was associated with an improvement in public health, as everyone was guaranteed the basics.

As part of the Marshall Plan in 1948–1950, the United States provided technological expertise and financing for high-productivity large-scale agribusiness operations in postwar Europe. Poultry was a favorite choice, with the rapid expansion in production, a sharp fall in prices, and widespread acceptance of the many ways to serve chicken.

The Green Revolution in the 1950s and 1960s was a technological breakthrough in plant productivity that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world. Research began in the 1930s and dramatic improvements in output became important in the late 1960s. The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including:

Consumption history of notable food

Potato

The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia. It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries.

Some believe that the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter or more of the growth in Old World population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900. Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, as part of the Columbian exchange. The staple was subsequently transported by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. The potato was slow to be adopted by distrustful European farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the 19th century European population boom. However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. There are few mentions of potato being cultivated in India in the travel accounts of Mr. Edward Terry and Mr. Fyer during 17th century. Potato is said to be introduced in India by Portuguese in early 17th century. The Portuguese called it 'batata'. Indians later adapted a different word for potato, they called it 'alu'--this name came up under British Rule. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the Scottish Highlands, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine. Currently China is the largest potato producing country followed by India as of 2017, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Rice
Rice comes from the seasonal plant Oryza sativa, and has been cultivated since about 6000 BCE. The principal rice-producing countries are in East and South Asia.The origin place of rice has always been a hot point of debate between India and China as both countries started cultivating it around the same time period (says numerous history books and records). The average amount of rice cultivated every year ranges between 800 billion and 950 billion pounds. Muslims brought rice to Sicily in the 9th century. After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later spreading to all the continents during the age of European exploration. As a cereal grain, today it is the most widely consumed staple food worldwide. Currently India is leading rice producing country according to FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Sugar

Sugar originated from India by taking sugarcane plant through some chemical and mechanical processes. The word sugar is derived from a Sanskrit word शर्करा (sarkara). Previously people used to chew the juice out of sugarcane to enjoy the sweetness of the plants. Later, Indians found the technique to crystallize the sweet liquid. This technique then spread towards the neighbouring countries of India.  The Spanish and Portuguese empires provided sugar for Europe by the late seventeenth century from New World plantations. Brazil became the dominant sugar producer.

Sugar was expensive during Middle Ages. Due to the increase of sugar cultivation, obtaining sugar became easier and more affordable. Thus, Europeans could now enjoy Islamic-inspired confectionary goods that were previously costly to produce. The Jesuits were leading producers of chocolate, obtaining it from the Amazon jungle and Guatemala and shipping it across the world to Southeast Asia, Spain and Italy. They introduced Mesoamerican techniques to Europe for processing and preparing chocolate. Fermented cocoa beans had to ground on heated grindstones to prevent producing oily chocolate, a process that was foreign to many Europeans. As a beverage, chocolate remained largely within the Catholic world as it was not considered a food to the church and thus could be enjoyed during fasting. Brazil is currently largest producer of sugar, followed by India, which is also the largest consumer of sugar.

Historical impact of religion on cuisines
The three most widespread religions (Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam) developed their own distinct recipes, cultures, and practices around food.  All three follow two main principles around food: "the theory of the culinary cosmos and the principle of hierarchy." There is a third principle that involved sacrifice. Over the years, religious and societal views on killing living things for religious purposes have changed, and it is no longer considered a major principle.

Judaism

Jews have eaten many different types of food that were no different than the cuisine of their Gentile neighbors. However, Jewish cuisine is influenced by Jewish dietary laws, kashrut along with other religious requirements. For example, creating a fire was forbidden on Shabbat which led to inspiration for slow-cooked Sabbath stews. Sephardic Jews were expelled from Iberia in 1492 and migrated to North Africa and the Ottoman lands, blending Iberian cuisine with local cuisine.

Many foods considered Jewish in the United States, such as bagels, knishes and borscht are Eastern European Ashkenazi dishes. Gentiles also ate the above foods widely throughout Eastern Europe as well.

Jesuits
The Jesuits' influence on cuisine differed from country to country. They sold maize and cassava to plantations in Angola that would later grant provisions to slave traders. They exported sugar and cacao from the Americas to Europe, and in southern parts of the Americas, they dried leaves of the local mate plant that would compete with coffee, tea, and chocolate as the favored hot beverage in Europe. Despite mate's popularity and competition against chocolate, the Jesuits were the leading producers and promoters of chocolate. Using indigenous labor in Guatemala, they shipped it across the world to Southeast Asia, Spain, and Italy. Chocolate's popularity was also in part to the theological consensus that, because it was not considered a food, it could be eaten while fasting. It was thought to have lust-reducing effects applicable to many nuns and monks at the time. The Jesuits introduced several foods and cooking techniques to Japan: deep frying (tempura), cakes and confectionery (kasutera, confetti), as well as the bread still called by the Iberian name pan.

Significance of Islamic cuisine in Eurasia

See also

 Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society
 Food studies
 List of ancient dishes
 List of historical cuisines
 List of food and beverage museums
 Timeline of food

References

Further reading

  Collingham, Lizzie. Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (2013)

 Cumo, Christopher, ed. Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present (Facts on File, 2015) online

 Gremillion, Kristen J. Ancestral Appetites: Food in Prehistory (Cambridge UP,  2011) 188 pages; explores the processes of dietary adaptation in prehistory that contributed to the diversity of global foodways.
 Grew, Raymond. Food in Global History, Westview Press, 2000
 Heiser Charles B. Seed to civilisation. The story of food (Harvard UP, 1990)
 Johnson, Sylvia A. Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World (Atheneum Books, 1997). online
 Kiple, Kenneth F. and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas, eds. The Cambridge World History of Food, (2 vol, 2000).
 Katz, Solomon ed. The Encyclopedia of Food and Culture (Scribner, 2003)
 Lacey, Richard. Hard to swallow: a brief history of food (1994) online free

 Mintz, Sidney. Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Power, and the Past, (1997).
 Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (2nd ed 2007).

 Parasecoli, Fabio & Peter Scholliers, eds.  A Cultural History of Food, 6 volumes (Berg Publishers, 2012)
 Pilcher, Jeffrey M. ed. The Oxford Handbook of Food History (2017). Online review
 Pilcher, Jeffrey M. Food in World History (2017) advanced survey
 Ritchie, Carson I.A. Food in civilization: how history has been affected by human tastes (1981) online free

 Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. World Food: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Social Influence from Hunter Gatherers to the Age of Globalization (Routledge, 2012)
 Vernon, James. Hunger: A Modern History (Harvard UP, 2007).

Foods and meals
 Abbott,  Elizabeth. Sugar: A Bittersweet History (2015) 464pp.
 Albala, Ken. Beans: A History (2007).
 Anderson, Heather Arndt. Breakfast: A History (2014) 238pp
 Atkins, Peter. Liquid Materialities: A History of Milk, Science and the Law (Ashgate, 2010).
 Blake, Michael. Maize for the Gods: Unearthing the 9,000-Year History of Corn (2015).
 Collingham, Lizzie. Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors (2007)
 Elias, Megan. Lunch: A History (2014) 204pp
 Foster, Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell. Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World (1992)
 Kindstedt, Paul. Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization (2012)
 Kurlansky, Mark. Milk!: A 10,000-Year Food Fracas (2018). excerpt
 Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: A World History (2003)  excerpt
 Martin, Laura C. A History of Tea: The Life and Times of the World's Favorite Beverage (2018) excerpt
 Mintz, Sidney.  Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (1986)
 Morris, Jonathan. Coffee: A Global History (2019) excerpt
 Pettigrew, Jane, and Bruce Richardson. A Social History of Tea: Tea's Influence on Commerce, Culture & Community (2015).
 Piatti-Farnell, Lorna. Beef: A Global History (2013)  excerpt
 Reader, John. Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history
 Salaman, R.N. The history and social influence of the potato (1949)
 Smith, Andrew F. Sugar: A Global History (2015)   excerpt
 Valenze, Deborah,.  Milk: A Local and Global History (Yale UP, 2012)

Historiography
 Claflin, Kyri and Peter Scholliers, eds. Writing Food History, a Global Perspective (Berg, 2012)
 De La Peña, Carolyn, and Benjamin N. Lawrance. "Introduction: Traversing the local/global and food/culture divides." Food and Foodways 19.1-2 (2011): 1-10.
 Duffett, Rachel, and Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, eds. Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe (2011) excerpt
 Otter, Chris. "The British Nutrition Transition and its Histories", History Compass 10/11 (2012): pp. 812–825, [DOI]: 10.1111/hic3.12001
 Peters Kernan, Sarah. "Recent Trends in Food History Research in the United States: 2017-19." Food & History (Jan 2021), Vol. 18 Issue 1/2, pp 233–240.
 Pilcher, Jeffrey M. "The embodied imagination in recent writings on food history." American Historical Review 121#3 (2016): 861–887.
 Pilcher, Jeffrey M., ed. Food History: Critical and Primary Sources (2015) 4 vol; reprints 76 primary and secondary sources.
 Scholliers, Peter. " Twenty-five Years of Studying un Phénomène Social Total:  Food History Writing on Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," Food, Culture & Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (2007) 10#3 pp 449–471 https://doi.org/10.2752/155280107X239881
 Woolgar, Christopher M. "Food and the middle ages." Journal of Medieval History 36.1 (2010): 1-19.

Asia
 Achaya, Kongandra Thammu. A historical dictionary of Indian food (New Delhi: Oxford UP, 1998).
 Cheung, Sidney, and David Y.H. Wu. The globalisation of Chinese food (Routledge, 2014).
 Chung, Hae Kyung, et al. "Understanding Korean food culture from Korean paintings." Journal of Ethnic Foods 3#1 (2016): 42–50.
 Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna. Modern Japanese cuisine: Food, power and national identity (Reaktion Books, 2006).
 Kim, Soon Hee, et al. "Korean diet: characteristics and historical background." Journal of Ethnic Foods 3.1 (2016): 26–31.
 Kushner, Barak. Slurp! a Social and Culinary History of Ramen: Japan's Favorite Noodle Soup (2014) a scholarly cultural history over 1000 years
 Simoons, Frederick J. Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry (2014).

Europe
 Gentilcore, David. Food and Health in Early Modern Europe: Diet, Medicine and Society, 1450–1800 (Bloomsbury, 2016)
 Goldman, Wendy Z. and Donald Filtzer, eds. Food Provisioning in the Soviet Union during World War II (2015)
 Roll, Eric. The Combined Food Board. A study in wartime international planning (1956), on World War II
 Rosen, William. The Third Horseman: Climate change and the great famine of the 14th century (Penguin, 2014).
 Scarpellini, Emanuela. Food and Foodways in Italy from 1861 to the Present (2014)

Great Britain
 Addyman, Mary et al. eds. Food, Drink, and the Written Word in Britain, 1820–1945 (Taylor & Francis, 2017).
 Barnett, Margaret. British Food Policy During the First World War (Routledge, 2014).
 Beveridge, W. H. British Food Control (1928), in World War I
 Brears, P. Cooking and Dining in Medieval England (2008)
 Burnett, John. Plenty and want: a social history of diet in England from 1815 to the present day (2nd ed. 1979). A standard scholarly history.
 Collins, E.J.T. "Dietary change and cereal consumption in Britain in the nineteenth century." Agricultural History Review (1975) 23#2, 97-115.
 Gautier, Alban. "Cooking and cuisine in late Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon England 41 (2012): 373–406.
 Gazeley, I. and Newell, A. "Urban working-class food consumption and nutrition in Britain in 1904" Economic History Review. (2014). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.12065/pdf.
 Harris, Bernard, Roderick Floud, and Sok Chul Hong. "How many calories? Food availability in England and Wales in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". Research in economic history. (2015). 111-191.
 Hartley, Dorothy. Food In England: A complete guide to the food that makes us who we are (Hachette UK, 2014).
 Mennell, Stephen. All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present (2nd ed U of Illinois Press, 1996)
 Meredith, D. and Oxley, D. "Food and fodder: feeding England, 1700-1900." Past and Present (2014). (2014). 222:163-214.
 Oddy, Derek. From Plain Fare to Fusion Food: British Diet from the 1890s to the 1990s (Boydell Press, 2003).
 Oddy, D. " Food, drink and nutrition" in F.M.L. Thompson, ed., The Cambridge social history of Britain, 1750–1950. Volume 2. People and their environment (1990). pp. 2:251-78.
 Otter, Chris. "The British Nutrition Transition and its Histories", History Compass 10#11 (2012): pp. 812–825, [DOI]: 10.1111/hic3.12001
 Panayi, Panikos. Spicing Up Britain: The Multicultural History of British Food (2010)
 Spencer, Colin. British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History (2007).
 Woolgar. C.N. The Culture of Food in England, 1200–1500 (2016). 260 pp.,

United States
  Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It (2013)
 Shapiro, Laura. Something From the Oven: Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America, Viking Adult 2004,
 Smith, Andrew F. ed. The Oxford companion to American food and drink (2007)
Veit, Helen Zoe, ed. Food in the Civil War Era: The North (Michigan State University Press, 2014)
Veit, Helen Zoe. Modern Food, Moral Food: Self-Control, Science, and the Rise of Modern American Eating in the Early Twentieth Century (University of North Carolina Press, 2013)
 Wallach, Jennifer Jensen. How America Eats: A social history of U.S. food and culture (2014) 256256pp
 Williams, Elizabeth M. New Orleans: A Food Biography (AltaMira Press, 2012).

Journals

 Petits Propos Culinaires, first journal in the field

Food and Foodways. Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Nourishment
Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Food & History, multilingual scientific journal about the history and culture of food published by the (IEHCA)

Other languages
 Montanari, Massimo, Il mondo in cucina (The world in the kitchen). Laterza, 2002 ASIN: B0055J686G
 Mintalová - Zubercová, Zora: Všetko okolo stola I.(All around the table I.), Vydavateľstvo Matice slovenskej, 2009,

Food science
Historical foods
History of food and drink


Ptolemaeus is a crater on Mars, found in the Phaethontis quadrangle. It measures approximately 165 kilometers in diameter and was named after Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), the Greco-Egyptian astronomer (c. AD 90-160).

The Soviet probe Mars 3 is thought to have successfully landed in Ptolemaeus crater on 2 December 1971, but contact was lost seconds after landing due to a dust storm occurring at the time. On 11 April 2013, NASA announced that the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) may have imaged the Mars 3 lander hardware on the surface of Mars. The HiRISE camera on the MRO took images of what may be the parachute, retrorockets, heat shield and lander.

Ice-rich mantle

Much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. Under certain conditions the ice could melt and flow down the slopes to create gullies. Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus crater rim, as seen by HiRISE.

Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating. When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulating the remaining ice.

See also
 List of craters on Mars: O-Z

References

Impact craters on Mars
Phaethontis quadrangle


McCaughey is an Irish surname.  Spelling variations include: McHaughey, MacCaughey, McGaughey and O'Coffey, among others.  Modern spelling comes from the original Mac hEochaidh.

The McCaugheys are descendants of the ancient Dál Fiatach dynasty, rulers of the Ulaid. They trace their descent from Fiatach Finn mac Dáire, a King of Ulster and High King of Ireland in the 1st century AD. The McCaughey Family originated from Ireland in the 19th century as a travelling family, part of the traveling community that were spread around Ireland in County Louth, County Limerick, County Cork, and County Antrim.

People
 Billy McCaughey (1950–2006), convict
 Cecil McCaughey (born 1909), English footballer
 Davis McCaughey (1914–2005), scholar, administrator and politician
 Gerald T. McCaughey (born 1956), executive
 John McCaughey (1840–1928), Irish-born Australian pastoralist, brother of Samuel and namesake of the John McCaughey Memorial Art Prize
 Martha McCaughey (born 1966), academic
 Martin McCaughey (1967–1990), Irish Republican Army member
 McCaughey septuplets (born 1997), septuplets born in Des Moines, Iowa
 Patrick McCaughey (born 1942)
 R. H. McCaughey (1860–1906), politician
 Samuel McCaughey (1835–1919), Irish-born Australian pastoralist, politician and philanthropist, brother of John
 Scott McCaughey, singer
 Seán McCaughey (1915–1946), Irish Republican Army leader
 William McCaughey (1929–2000), American sound engineer
 Winsome McCaughey (born 1943)
 Ross McCaughey (born 2004)

See also
 John McCaughey Prize, an Australian art prize awarded to an artist or artists
 Haughey
 Dál Fiatach, a Gaelic dynastic-grouping
 McKeogh

Surnames of Irish origin
Anglicised Irish-language surnames


Andreas Polykarpos Timonis (), also referred under the italianized form Andrea Policarpo Timoni (14 March 1833, in Chios – July 25, 1904) was Roman Catholic Bishop of Chios from 30 July 1875 to 13 May 1879 and Archbishop of Izmir from then until his death in 1904.

References

External links
 http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btimoni.html

1833 births
1904 deaths
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Greece
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Ottoman Empire
Roman Catholic bishops of Chios
Ottoman İzmir/Smyrna
Clergy from Chios


Furulund is a light rail station on the Oslo Tramway.

It is located north of Vækerø in Ullern borough.

History
It was opened by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei together with the rest of the Lilleaker Line, as an extension of the Skøyen Line.

During the last part of World War Two, the station was out of commission; parts of the Furulund neighborhood (or Furulunden) were seized for use by Gestapo as headquarters.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1919
1919 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1910s


The 1947 Los Angeles Dons season was their second in the All-America Football Conference. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 7–5–2, losing seven games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season.

The team's statistical leaders included Charlie O'Rourke with 1,449 passing yards, John Kimbrough with 562 rushing yards, Dale Gentry with 352 receiving yards, and Ben Agajanian with 84 points scored (39 extra points, 15 field goals).

Season schedule

Division standings

References

Los Angeles Dons seasons
Los Angeles Dons
Los Angeles Dons


Shades of Black: The Conrad Black Story is a 2006 drama about ambition, love, betrayal and greed. The film chronicles the private and public struggles of Lord Conrad Black, one of the world's most controversial press barons.

Cast
 Albert Schultz  as Conrad Black
 Lara Flynn Boyle  as Barbara Amiel
 Jason Priestley  as Jeff Riley
 Jason Schombing  as David Radler
 Cedric Smith  as George
 Sharry Flett  as Betty
 Michael Seater  as Young Conrad Black
 Jeremy Akerman  as Bud
 Rick Roberts  as Morde
 Shawn Lawrence
 Amy Price-Francis  as Shirley Black
 Corinne Conley  as Maude
 Joan Gregson  as Doris Phillips
 Philip Craig  as Meighen
 Rhea Akler  as Rona
 Ian White  as Lord
 Mark Caven  as Lawson
 Sven Van de Ven  as Henry Kissinger
 Elizabeth Shepherd  as Margaret Thatcher
 James Kall as Steward

2007 Gemini Awards
 Rene Ohashi won Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series
  Mike Woroniuk, Christian T. Cooke, Robert Fletcher, Paul Germann, & Barry Gilmore won Best Sound in a Dramatic Program

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090305093216/http://www.screendoor.org/productions/drama/shadesofblack

2006 in Canadian television
Canadian biographical drama films
2006 biographical drama films
2006 films
Canadian drama television films
2006 drama films
English-language Canadian films
2000s Canadian films


"Yes or No" is a song by the American rock band the Go-Go's, from their 1984 album Talk Show. The song was co-written by the Go-Go's guitarist Jane Wiedlin and Ron and Russell Mael of the Los Angeles band Sparks.

Wiedlin and Sparks also recorded together in 1983, with Wiedlin providing vocals for two tracks on Sparks' album In Outer Space: album track "Lucky Me, Lucky You" and the band's highest charting U.S. single "Cool Places".

Track listing
 7" single (I.R.S. Records – BR-9933)
 "Yes Or No" (Remix) (Wiedlin, Mael, Mael) – 3:36
 "Mercenary" (Wiedlin, Valentine, Caffey) – 3:40

Chart positions

References

1984 singles
The Go-Go's songs
Songs written by Jane Wiedlin
Songs written by Ron Mael
Songs written by Russell Mael
1984 songs
I.R.S. Records singles
Alternative rock songs
Song recordings produced by Martin Rushent
Music videos directed by Mary Lambert


Tatiana Garmash-Roffe (Russian: Татьяна Гармаш-Роффе; née Татьяна Владимировна Гармаш) born  in Moscow, Russia, is an author of detective stories, who also published under the pseudonym "Tatiana Svetlova".

Life and work
Tatiana Garmash-Roffe graduated from the Department of Philology of the Moscow State University. After graduation she was teaching Russian for foreign students at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. She also had worked as a journalist and written theater reviews for the theatrical magazines.

In 1994 she married a French national Claude Roffé and moved to France with her two children from a previous marriage. Soon after that she wrote her first novel Naked Queen which was published in 1995 under the title Love without Memory by a Moscow publishing house "Izdatelstvo Rusanova." In 1998 a large Moscow publisher EKSMO published under the pseudonym Tatiana Svetlova her second novel The Mystery Of My Reflection, soon followed by other novels.

In 2006 EKSMO started publishing her new novels under her real name in a series The Detective of the Highest Standard. During the next two years EKSMO also republished in the same series her novels previously published under the pseudonym Tatiana Svetlova.

Garmash-Roffe’s novels are distinguished by an elegant literary style, meticulously detailed settings, daring imagination, and strong emphasis on deduction work by her major character, a Moscow private detective Alexei Kisanov. She does scrupulous research on her books, paying much attention to the details of the real world of crime and investigations. Her novels are known for their taut atmosphere and strong psychological suspense, along with the fast changing pace of her storytelling.

Bibliography

Major works
The Mystery of My Reflection (1998)
Versace Style Blackmail (1999)
Private Visit to Paris (Place of Death Can’t be Changed) (2000)
The Naked Queen (2000)
Pranks of the Evil Force (2001)
A Witch for the Inquisitor (2002)
The Role of a Sinner for an Encore (2003)
Everlasting Youth for Auction (2004)
Guardian Bodyguard Angel (2004)
The Royal Weed (2005)
The Dead Waters of the Moscow Sea (2006)
If I Survive (2006)
The Thirteen Ways to Hate (2007)
To Leave Impossible to Stay (2008)
The Broken World (2008)
Black lace, scarlet sunset (2009)
Berries of passion, berries of death (2010)
The second guiding star (2010)

Short stories
The Miracle for Nina (In The Best Detective Stories) (2007)
The Snowman (in The Golden Book of Detectives) (2008)

References

External links

 Garmashroffe in Russian
 Literary Portal in Russian
 EKSMO in Russian

Online texts
 Detective Library in Russian

1959 births
Living people
Russian women writers
Russian women novelists


John Martin Hull (22 April 1935 – 28 July 2015) was Emeritus Professor of Religious Education at the University of Birmingham. He was the author of a number of books and many articles in the fields of religious education, practical theology and disability. The latter interest arose from his experiences, and personal and theological reflections, on becoming blind in mid-career. He edited the British Journal of Religious Education for 25 years, and co-founded the International Seminar on Religious Education and Values, of which he was general secretary for 32 years, and president emeritus at the time of his death. After retirement he pursued a further interest as Honorary Professor of Practical Theology at the Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education, Birmingham, England.

Early life
John Hull was born in Corryong, Victoria, Australia, the son of John Eaglesfield Hull (born in Leicester, England, U.K.), a Methodist minister, and Madge Enid Hull, a teacher. He received a general arts degree from the University of Melbourne and became a school teacher, but after three years teaching at Caulfield Grammar School, Melbourne, whilst also obtaining a post-graduate BEd, he moved to England in 1959 to study theology at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, followed by Cheshunt College. He became domiciled in the UK in 1962.

Work on religious education
After Cambridge and four years as head of religious education at a London grammar school, Hull moved to Birmingham to train religious education teachers, first at Westhill College, then at the University of Birmingham, which awarded him a PhD in theology in 1969.

From 1971 to 1996 he was editor of the British Journal of Religious Education, and he remained a member of its UK editorial board until 2009. He served two terms as president of the National Christian Education Council. In 1978 he was the co-founder with John H. Peatling (US) of the International Seminar on Religious Education and Values, by its 2012 session an association of over 240 religious education scholars from 36 countries, which meets in a different country every other year. He was its general secretary from 1978 to 2010, when he was appointed president emeritus.

In 1989, Hull was appointed to a personal chair as Professor of Religious Education in the University of Birmingham, the first such in the United Kingdom. In 1990 he was also appointed dean of its Faculty of Education and Continuing Studies. In his time in Birmingham, he wrote many papers and contributed over 50 chapters to books. Books on religious education which he wrote or edited include:
Sense and Nonsense about God (1974). Study guide for older secondary and college students on the philosophy of religion.
School Worship: An Obituary (1975). Seminal discussion of the philosophy and practice of school worship; arguing that it should be replaced by an assembly devoted to spiritual and moral development of the school.
New Directions in Religious Education (1982). Seventeen outstanding articles from the British Journal of Religious Education, selected and commented on by Journal Editor John Hull.
Studies in Religion and Education (1984). A collection of Hull's academic articles published between 1969 and 1982.
What Prevents Christian Adults from Learning? (1985). "When we find that Christian adults often seem to stop learning and developing in their faith, one must ask why."
The Act Unpacked: The Meaning of the 1988 Education Reform Act for Religious Education (1989). Drew attention to the world religions approach of the legislation, whereas publicity had focussed on the Christianity aspect.
Mishmash: Religious Education in Multi-Cultural Britain, a study in metaphor (1991). The debate on the 1988 Education Reform Act had used this metaphor of disgusting food to attack a world religions approach to religious education. This booklet analyses this rhetoric, tracing it back to an elitist view.
God-Talk With Young Children: Notes for Parents & Teachers (1991). Thirty-three conversations with children, mostly about God; with interpretation and suggestions.
A Gift to the Child (1991)(with others). Teachers' Source Book.
Utopian Whispers: Moral, Religious and Spiritual Values in School (1998). BJRE editorials, originally written and now selected by John Hull; covering a period of major changes in religious education in Britain.
Glaube und Bildung (2000). Some of Hull's writings on 'Faith and Education', edited and translated into German. (Book not available in English.)

Hull lectured on religious education or the consideration of disability in many countries. For example, in the three years after he became a professor emeritus at the University of Birmingham in 2002, he spoke at meetings in Canada, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Taiwan and the United States, as well as at many events in England.

In 1992, Hull received the William Rainey Harper Award of the Religious Education Association of the United States and Canada, given for outstanding contributions to the study of religion in society, especially religious education. A festschrift was commissioned to mark his 70th birthday: Education, Religion, and Society: Essays in Honour of John M. Hull (2005). Another book has been published as a tribute to "his exceptional academic achievements in the field of religious education": Religious Education as Encounter: A Tribute to John M. Hull (2009).

In 2006 the University of Cambridge awarded Hull the higher doctorate of Litt.D. in respect of his published works on religious education. His work has also been recognised internationally by the award of the honorary doctorates of Hon.D.Theol. (Frankfort) and Dr.H.C. (Free University of Amsterdam).

Work on blindness and disability
Hull became blind in 1983, and beyond his academic work on religious education was best known as the author of the autobiographical account of blindness, Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness (1990). This was later republished with additional material as On Sight and Insight: A Journey into the World of Blindness (1997); which tends to emphasise features of the state of blindness rather than the experience of losing sight. Of this work, the neurologist and writer on disability Oliver Sacks commented in The New Yorker, "There has never been, to my knowledge, so minute and fascinating (and frightening) an account of how not only the outer eye, but the 'inner eye', gradually vanishes with blindness; of the steady loss of visual memory, visual imagery, visual orientation, visual concepts... of the steady advance or journey... into the state which he calls 'deep blindness'."

Hull's experiences led him into further consideration of blindness and disability, particularly in a Christian context on which he wrote a number of challenging articles.
He also wrote another book, In the Beginning there was Darkness: A Blind Person's Conversations with the Bible (2001) in which he interpreted the Bible as the product of a sighted culture, with a negative attitude towards blindness.

In 1988, Hull initiated Cathedrals through Touch and Hearing, a scheme which has provided 17 English cathedrals with wooden models and elevated ground plans for the benefit of blind visitors. In 2003 the Vice President of the Republic of China presented him with a Global Love of Life Award given by the Chou Ta-Kuan Cultural and Education Foundation of Taiwan to honour those who have contributed to the cause of disabled people or have overcome personal disability.

Work on practical theology
Hull read theology at Cambridge University from 1959 to 1962, and received a PhD in theology from the University of Birmingham in 1969, for a study of the background to the miracles of Jesus, in the magical world of the first century. This was the basis of his book of the same title, Hellenistic Magic and the Synoptic Tradition (1974).

Alongside his work on religious education, he was concerned with the theology of education, the theology of disability, and the theology of Christian mission, including a critique of money. Some of Hull's writings on the last subject have been edited and translated into German, and published as Gott und Geld ('God and Money') (2000). (Book not available in English.)

After becoming a professor emeritus at the University of Birmingham, his research and teaching interests turned to issues of practical theology. In 2004 he took up a post at the Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education, Birmingham, as Honorary Professor in Practical Theology.  There he was involved with the training of students for the Anglican and Methodist ministries, particularly in the area of prophetic ministry which concerns leadership on questions of social justice – questioning and criticising society in the name of the God of justice and peace.

He was the author of Mission-Shaped Church: A Theological Response (2006), a serious theological evaluation of the framework within which the Anglican policy document "Mission-Shaped Church" is presented, raising questions about the concepts of kingdom, church, gospel and mission.

Death
Hull died on 28 July 2015 in hospital after a serious fall at his home in Birmingham four days earlier. He had celebrated his 80th birthday with friends and family three months before. Heralded as a brilliant thinker, he was survived by his wife and five children.

See also
 Notes on Blindness – a documentary film on his diary of the experience
 List of Caulfield Grammar School people

References

External links
 Hull's website with information on his work and life
 International Seminar on Religious Education and Values website
 The Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education website
 British Journal of Religious Education website

1935 births
2015 deaths
People from Corryong
British educational theorists
Scholars and academics with disabilities
Australian disability rights activists
Australian writers with disabilities
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
University of Melbourne alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Australian emigrants to England
Australian people of English descent
Australian Christian theologians
British theologians
British activists with disabilities
Australian activists with disabilities