The IRT Powerhouse, also known as the Interborough Rapid Transit Company Powerhouse, is a former power station of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), which operated the New York City Subway's first line. The building fills a block bounded by 58th Street, 59th Street, Eleventh Avenue, and Twelfth Avenue in the Hell's Kitchen and Riverside South neighborhoods of Manhattan.

The IRT Powerhouse was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Stanford White, an architect working with the firm McKim, Mead & White, and was intended to serve as an aboveground focal point for the IRT. The facade is made of granite, brick, and terracotta, incorporating extensive ornamentation. The interiors were designed by engineers John van Vleck, Lewis B. Stillwell, and S. L. F. Deyo. At its peak, the powerhouse could generate more than .

The land was acquired in late 1901, and the structure was constructed from 1902 to 1905. Several changes were made to the facility throughout the early and mid-20th century, and an annex to the west was completed in 1950. The New York City Board of Transportation took over operation of the powerhouse when it acquired the IRT in 1940. The building continued to supply power to the subway system until 1959, when Consolidated Edison repurposed the building as part of the New York City steam system. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the powerhouse as a city landmark in 2017, after several decades of attempts to grant landmark status to the building.

Site
The IRT Powerhouse is on the border of the Hell's Kitchen and Riverside South neighborhoods on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It carries the addresses 855–869 Eleventh Avenue, 601–669 West 58th Street, and 600–648 West 59th Street. The building fills the entire block bounded by 59th Street to the north, 58th Street to the south, Eleventh Avenue to the east, and Twelfth Avenue and the Hudson River to the west. The block measures about  and is just south of Waterline Square. When it opened, the IRT Powerhouse had a frontage of  along Eleventh Avenue and extended  westward, with a temporary brick wall at the western end.

Architecture
The IRT Powerhouse is an elaborately detailed Renaissance Revival building, designed by Stanford White, one of the principal architects of the firm McKim, Mead & White. The interiors were designed by the IRT's managing engineers John van Vleck, Lewis B. Stillwell, and S. L. F. Deyo. The machinery and internal layout were designed by IRT engineer John B. McDonald. The structural design is largely attributed to William C. Phelps, who had also been involved in constructing the Manhattan Railway Company's 74th Street Power Station between 1899 and 1901.

The IRT's directors were personally involved in designing the IRT Powerhouse's facade. According to an IRT history, the directors decided on "an ornate style of treatment" similar to that of other civic projects of the time, while also rendering the building "architecturally attractive". The building's magnificence and ornate details reflect the ideas of the City Beautiful movement. The powerhouse provided power for the original subway line of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). It and served as an aboveground focal point for the system, akin to Grand Central Terminal or St Pancras railway station.

Form
As constructed, the IRT Powerhouse was separated transversely into two sections, both running along the west–east length of the building. The boiler room was on the south, facing 58th Street, while the operating plant with the engines and generators were on the north, facing 59th Street. The section allocated to the boiler room was  wide, while that allocated to the operating plant was  wide. The westernmost section of the block is occupied by an annex completed in 1951.

The roof above the IRT Powerhouse is  above its basement. The roof consists of several smaller pitched gables set back from the street. The roof was initially clad with terracotta and contained a large glass clerestory. The building opened with five brick smokestacks, designed to echo the smokestacks on the great steamships at the nearby Hudson River piers. These chimneys weighed  apiece and rose  above the roofs, or  above the grates in the boiler rooms. The smokestacks were spaced  apart and were lined with thick layers of brick. The chimneys measured  across at the roofline and  across at their tops. A sixth smokestack, similar to the others was added shortly after the powerhouse was completed. All of these original smokestacks have been demolished. A seventh smokestack, built in 1967, remains on the building's roof.

Facade

The facade of the powerhouse is self-supporting and independent of the interior. The base of the powerhouse is clad with Milford granite along its northern, southern, and eastern elevations. The upper stories are clad with brick and terracotta and are divided vertically into bays.  On the second and third stories of each bay (except for the outermost bays on each side), there are double-height round-arched window openings topped by decorative archivolts and scrolled keystones. These arched window openings largely contain latticed window frames. In the outermost bays, there are two rectangular windows on either of the second and third stories. There are ornamented horizontal friezes running above the first and third stories and a course above the fourth story. The facade was capped by a cornice, which was later removed. The overall design of the facade is based on the Boston Public Library, but with over-scaled design elements.

The most elaborately designed section of the building's facade is the eastern elevation facing Eleventh Avenue, which consists of eight bays. The six center bays project slightly and are flanked by brick and terracotta pilasters. Within these six bays, the tops of the arched openings contain transom panels made of glass. There are palmettes placed at regular intervals along the pilasters. The pilasters correspond exactly to the original chimneys. The northernmost bay, the furthest right along the Eleventh Avenue facade, contains the original main entrance, a rectangular doorway with a classically designed frame. The fourth-story attic contains pairs of rectangular windows in each bay, surrounded by ornamented window frames. A parapet, containing a tablet with the words , runs above the center of the attic. Between the facade and the sidewalk is a planting bed surrounded by an iron railing; the space originally contained a sunken basement court.

The southern elevation on 58th Street and the northern elevation on 59th Street are both nineteen bays wide and differ only slightly from each other in design. The 58th Street facade has basement openings, and the tops of the arched openings contain transom panels made of buff brick. On the 59th Street facade, there are no basement openings, and the arched openings are topped by transom panels with glazed glass. On both facades, each bay is separated by pairs of rusticated brick pilasters, which contain simple bands placed at regular intervals. The fourth-story attic contains triplets of rectangular windows in each bay, surrounded by ornamented window frames, except in the outermost bays, where the windows are paired. There are portals on the easternmost bay of both facades, which were originally used by New York Central Railroad freight trains running along Eleventh Avenue; the rail line was later relocated into the West Side Line. Several openings at the base contain roll-down metal gates.

Structural features
The building is supported by a skeletal steel superstructure that weighs about . The floors and coal bunkers generally consist of I-beams, as well as plate girders similar to those used on plate girder bridges. The strength of the steelwork necessitated that the building use girders that would normally be used on bridges. The American Bridge Company manufactured the steel used in the superstructure. The floor girders are  below the floor surface, and connecting beams are placed  beneath the girders. The floor beams rest on "seats" that are riveted to the webs of the girders. The column girders vary in dimension based on the expected load for each column. The columns that support the cranes used in the operating house are supported by cantilevers.

The floors themselves were made of concrete arches, reinforced with expanded metals, with the floor slabs being a minimum of  thick. The floor construction was to withstand test loads of  on all flat portions of the roof,  in the engine house, and  in the boiler house. In the engine house, a secondary floor surface of slate slabs on brick partitions is placed atop the concrete arches. The engine room's main operating floor is on a mezzanine  above the boiler house's floor. The roof over the operating house is supported by the crane-supporting columns, while the roof over the boiler room is supported by its own set of columns. The original chimneys were supported by platforms of  I-beams and a system of plate girders  deep.

The foundation was constructed using various methods because of the uneven depth of the underlying bedrock, which ranged from about . Cast-iron bases were used to distribute the weight carried by the superstructure columns. Where the bedrock was near the bottoms of the cast-iron bases, a pad of concrete  thick was poured under the bases. Some of the cast-iron bases rest on concrete foundation piers topped by granite. Massive granite bases were also poured into the foundation underneath where each of the twelve engines would be placed. The foundation also supports the 397 columns in the superstructure.

Equipment and operations

The IRT Powerhouse was similar in layout to larger power plants. The boiler room and the engine and generating room were separated by a brick partition wall. Galleries along the north wall of the generating room supported electrical switches and control board, and galleries along the south wall supported the auxiliary steam piping. The main northern gallery also housed equipment for a repair and machine shop. The walls of the boiler room were wainscoted on the lower portion and exposed brick on the upper portion. In case of a steam pipe failure in the boiler room, the brick wall would stop the steam from spreading to the generating room. Several traveling cranes were also installed throughout the powerhouse. When built, the IRT Powerhouse was intended to be the largest generating station on earth.

Boilers
John van Vleck designed the boiler plant of the power house according to a unit plan that divided the plant into six independent functional sections, allowing for high operational flexibility. Each unit contained two rows of six boilers, feeding two steam engines in the generating room. For each unit there were also two condensers, two boiler-feed pumps, two smoke-flue systems with economizers, and two complements of auxiliary apparatus. The twelve boilers were symmetrically arranged around one of the six chimneys. Five of the boiler/engine units were identical; the sixth had a steam turbine plant, installed to power the generator for lighting the subway tunnels. City mains provided the boiler feedwater. The arrangement of the boilers on a single level, and placement of the economizers above the boilers, saved space. The layout permitted a higher, well-lit boiler room, which helped reduce temperature extremes and the risks caused by escaping steam. The boiler room ceiling was  high, providing space for ventilation.

The powerhouse used  of coal each day, generating . Coal was received from a  pier on Twelfth Avenue and brought via conveyor belt to the southwest corner of the basement. Coal was stored in one of seven coal bunkers above the boilers, with each bunker being separated by a chimney. A set of vertical conveyors, each operating faster than the next, would lift the coal to the bunkers, distributing the coal evenly among each bunker. From the bunkers, the coal could be delivered via a conveyor system to any of the boilers. This allowed multiple grades of coal to be used at different times of the day; for instance, high-grade coal could be distributed to all boilers during peak hours and low-grade coal could be used at other times. After the coal was used in the boilers, the ashes dropped into hoppers beneath the boilers. Locomotives pulled the ash hoppers back beneath Twelfth Avenue to conveyors, which sorted the ashes either to the pier for unloading into barges, or to bunkers where the ashes could be stored before being unloaded later.

Engines

The steam from each group of six boilers fed a steam main. From there, steam could go to the basement to feed the high-pressure cylinders of the engine, or it could enter a manifold, a system of 12-inch pipes connecting the steam mains of all the boiler groups. When the valves to the manifold were shut, each boiler/engine group could be operated independently, and when the valves were open, the 12-inch pipes distributed steam from all the boilers evenly to the engines in the generating room.

The engines themselves were  reciprocating engines, each pair of which consisted of a high pressure and a low pressure cylinder. Inside the generating room, two barometric jet condensers served each steam engine. The condensing water was taken from the Hudson River and filtered, then used to condense the steam from the boilers. The condensing water was discharged into the river after use because the design of jet condensers prevented the steam from being recycled as boiler feedwater. Each of the twelve condensers could handle  per day.

Generators
The generators were directly fed by the steam engines. As built, there were nine alternating current generators of the flywheel type, each of which had a capacity of , making 75 rotations per minute. Stillwell and the electrical engineers chose the 5,000 kW generator because it was large but could still be directly connected to the engine shaft using only two bearings. Larger units required more bearings and were more vulnerable to breakdown, while smaller units could not adjust to sudden load changes necessitated by changes in service during peak hours. The generators produced 3-phase, 25-cycle, 11,000 volt alternating current. Current traveled from the generators through the switchboards for distribution to any of eight substations throughout Manhattan and the Bronx. The high tension switches were on the main gallery along the northern wall of the operating plant, and due to their size, were operated in oil so that the circuit could be more easily broken. The substations converted the alternating current to 600 volts of direct current, thereby feeding the third rail system that powered the trains.

Four  turbo generators were installed in between the row of alternating current generators; three were in service when the plant was completed. Each turbo generator was fed by a  alternator. These produced the light for the subway stations, and alongside the AC generators, could produce . In addition, there were five exciter units, each of which were  direct current generators providing 250-volt exciting current for the revolving fields. Three were driven by direct-connection to induction motors, the others by 400-horsepower marine-type steam engines.

History
Planning for the city's first subway line dates to the Rapid Transit Act, authorized by the New York State Legislature in 1894. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. A plan was formally adopted in 1897. The Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company (RTSCC), organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.

Planning and construction

The RTSCC, pursuant to its contract with the city, was required to construct and operate a power house for the subway. The power house was to be powered by steam. It needed easy access to transportation lines for coal delivery, as well as a nearby supply of water for boilers and steam condensing, which made a riverside location optimal. Additionally, the power plant was supposed to be near the center of its distribution area. However, few suitable large sites were available. Three such sites along the East River at 38th, 74th, and 96th Streets were already occupied by power plants. Parsons wanted a site near Midtown Manhattan, nearer the subway's distribution center, and rejected McDonald's suggestions for sites in Lower Manhattan and Long Island City, as well as another suggestion to build smaller powerhouses underground. In mid-September 1901, the RTSCC signed $1.5 million worth of contracts with Allis-Chalmers, for the engines, and Babcock & Wilcox, for the boilers. Two weeks later, McDonald decided to purchase a site between 58th Street, Eleventh Avenue, 59th Street, and Twelfth Avenue for $900,000.

After buying the land for the powerhouse, Belmont, Deyo, McDonald, and van Vleck went to Europe for one month to research and observe railways and power infrastructure there. Subsequently, Stanford White was employed as the powerhouse's architect. White had drawn up plans for the plant's elevations by February 1902. An early plan, likely by an RTSCC engineer, called for an imposing Romanesque design; the only things it had in common with White's plan were the roof and clerestory. The powerhouse was originally supposed to be made entirely of concrete, but the IRT decided to use brick in March 1902 after bricklayers threatened to strike. The plant was also initially intended to be  long, but the IRT's signing of Contract 2 that year necessitated that the powerhouse be lengthened to 694 feet. Plans were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in May 1902, with Deyo as the architect of record.

Work proceeded quickly despite several strikes during the course of construction. By the end of 1903, the subway was nearly completed, but the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners said that the labor strikes were holding up the system's opening. Because of the delays, the IRT initially contemplated drawing power from the Metropolitan Street Railway's 96th Street powerhouse. When the subcontractors installing the 59th Street plant's electrical and mechanical equipment hired nonunion workers, the labor unions threatened another strike in January 1904, which was averted through negotiations. The Real Estate Record and Guide reported in April 1904 that, despite a bricklayers' strike, over four hundred workers were employed in constructing the powerhouse, and most of the building had been completed except for the western end. The same journal two months later described the project as "the largest [...] in the city actually under construction".

Subway powerhouse
The IRT's 59th Street powerhouse opened on October 27, 1904, along with the first subway line. The completed powerhouse was one of White's last designs, as he was murdered in 1906. The westernmost of the six boiler/engine combinations was not operational at the time of opening, but was activated by late 1904 or 1905. The remainder of the block, west of the powerhouse, was underused and contained a storehouse that operated separately. Soon after the powerhouse opened, the IRT set up a laboratory for coal analysis at the unloading dock. Coal was sampled as it left the barge and evaluated according to company specifications. The IRT granted suppliers a bonus for coal of especially good quality, or penalized them for coal of particularly poor quality. The coal laboratory ensured that the plant furnaces received coal most suited to plant conditions, increasing plant efficiency.

The IRT was growing quickly during the first decades of the 20th century and, by 1907, the plant's capacity needed to be increased. Accordingly, additional stokers were installed to increase each boiler's capacity by fifty percent, and eighteen boilers received additional equipment. Further work was done in preparation for a wide-ranging expansion of the IRT system under the Dual Contracts, which were signed in 1913. Between 1909 and 1910, the IRT installed five  vertical turbo-generators made by General Electric, as well as surface condensers for each turbine; this added  of generating capacity without having to heat the steam further. The IRT gradually replaced stokers at the powerhouse between 1913 and 1917, making the boilers even more efficient. In 1917, the company installed three  horizontal General Electric turbo-generators, and added superheaters to 30 boilers. Additionally, a central control service was activated in 1915 at the 59th Street plant; it managed operations at the 59th and 74th Street power stations, as well as several substations on the IRT network. Following a power failure on the IRT subway in 1917 caused by a lack of coal at the 59th Street plant, the New York Public Service Commission required that the IRT maintain a reserve of coal at the 59th and 74th Street plants. After the IRT added four boilers with underfeed stokers to the 59th Street plant in 1924, no major upgrades were carried out for the following sixteen years.

The New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) acquired the IRT in 1940, combining it with the city's two other major subway systems, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation and the Independent Subway System. The IRT's 59th Street power station came under the purview of the BOT. By then, the obsolete boilers at the 59th Street plant were causing trains to run at slower speeds due to decreased output. The board decided to enlarge the plant westward to Twelfth Avenue in October 1946. A $655,000 construction contract was granted to the Harris Structural Steel Company in January 1948. The annex, completed in 1950, expanded the capacity of the plant by , with a single, more efficient boiler that required one-third the amount of coal as the old boilers. In addition, existing switchgear at the plant was replaced. When one of the new circuits was tested at the powerhouse in 1951, it temporarily cut off service to the subway system. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) took over operation of the 59th Street plant from the BOT in 1951.

Sale
Despite the expansion, by the mid-1950s, the old equipment was regularly creating large amounts of pollution. Some of the equipment had never been replaced since the building opened, with a 1954 report describing the plant as "an engineering museum piece". The NYCTA estimated that upgrades to its three transit powerhouses, including the 59th Street plant, would cost $200 million. There were calls for the NYCTA to sell off the plants. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. proposed in November 1956 that Consolidated Edison, also known as Con Ed, make an offer to buy the three plants, although the offer met resistance from the Transport Workers Union of America. The NYCTA urged Wagner to reject the $90 million offer in February 1957, citing that, among other things, the low sale price might force the NYCTA to raise the transit system's fare.

Another recommendation was made to Wagner in April 1958, in which Con Ed would buy the plants for $123 million, and the NYCTA dropped its opposition upon receiving assurances that the fare would be preserved. Con Ed made another offer in February 1959 in which it would pay about $126 million for the plants; the deal was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate the next month. An unnamed group of investors also expressed interest in buying the plants. In May 1959, Con Ed bought the three plants at auction, being the only bidder at that auction. This enabled the NYCTA to purchase additional subway cars with the $9.26 million that would have been used to maintain the plants.

Later years

Soon after buying the transit power plants, Con Ed launched a modernization program for them. The 59th Street plant was soon completely overhauled, becoming a plant for the New York City steam system. Barges delivered oil to the nearby Pier 98 by barge; the oil was used to power the former IRT Powerhouse. In 1960, Con Ed shut down the old low-pressure boilers and installed modern high-pressure boilers. Interconnections were established between the IRT Powerhouse and other transit and Con Ed plants. The labor force was reduced from 1,200 to less than 700, and topping turbines were installed. In 1962, more high-pressure units were activated to replace the low-pressure boilers. This was followed in 1966 by the installation of two boilers and a turbo-generator, as well as the replacement of the western four chimneys with a single  tall smokestack. By 1968, the 59th Street plant was exclusively using oil and gas for fuel consumption.

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) first considered making the IRT Powerhouse a city landmark in 1979. Historian John Tauranac was one of two people to speak in favor of designation, but Con Ed opposed designation of the building, except for the facade's Eleventh Avenue elevation. Walker O. Cain, an architect speaking on behalf of Con Ed, testified that it was unclear whether Stanford White's firm was involved with the construction of the other facades. The LPC held another landmark hearing in 1990, in which several preservation groups and Manhattan Community Board 4 supported designation. Con Ed again objected, stating that the building had been heavily modified, and the LPC declined to designate the building.

The issue of preservation reemerged in mid-2007 when urban planners Jimmy Finn and Paul Kelterborn founded the Hudson River Powerhouse Group to advocate for landmark status for the IRT Powerhouse. This led the LPC to again reconsider the IRT Powerhouse as a city landmark in 2009. The LPC received hundreds of comments or written designations in support of the landmark designation, but declined to grant the structure landmark status yet again, because of opposition from Con Ed. The powerhouse's last original powerhouse was removed that year, prompting concern from preservationists. The issue was revived in late 2015, the LPC prioritized the powerhouse for designation as a city landmark. This was part of a review of landmark listings that had been calendared by the LPC for several decades, but never approved as city landmarks. During public hearings, Con Ed representatives were again the only opponents to landmark designation. Accordingly, the LPC tabled the designation while it worked with Con Ed to determine how the building could be preserved while remaining in operation. The IRT Powerhouse was designated a city landmark on December 5, 2017. The next month, the LPC approved a restoration plan for the old powerhouse.

Although the IRT Powerhouse no longer produced power, it was part of a network that served 1,500 buildings in Manhattan; the 59th Street steam plant provided about 12 percent of the network's steam capacity . Oil deliveries to Pier 58 had declined over the years, and the 59th Street steam plant relied increasingly on a natural-gas pipeline. By 2022, the steam network received 3 percent of its power from oil and 97 percent from natural gas.

Reception
Upon the subway's opening, one engineer said that the design was reminiscent of a public library or  art museum. Critical praise continued through later years. In the 1990s, one writer for The New York Times characterized the IRT Powerhouse as a "thoroughly classical colossus of a building". Clifton Hood, author of a 2004 book about the history of the New York City Subway, described it as "a classical temple that paid homage to modern industry". Several artists, historians, and architects also praised the building in letters to the LPC. These included architect Robert A. M. Stern, art history professor Barry Bergdoll, historic preservation professor Andrew Dolkart, and artist Chuck Close.

See also
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

59th Street (Manhattan)
Consolidated Edison
Energy infrastructure completed in 1904
Former coal-fired power stations in the United States
Former power stations in New York City
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
McKim, Mead & White buildings
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City Subway infrastructure
Renaissance Revival architecture in New York City
Transport infrastructure completed in 1904
Upper West Side
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan


Murphy Lakes are two lakes in King County, Washington, United States. Murphy Lakes lie at an elevation of 4741 feet (1445 m).

References

Lakes of Washington (state)
Lakes of King County, Washington


Klinkhammer Lakes (also, Murphy Lake) is a lake in Douglas County, Washington, south of Murphy Lake.  Klinkhammer Lakes lie at an elevation of 2100 feet (640 m).  The largest lake measures 640 m by 320 m (0.4 miles by 0.2 miles).

References

Lakes of Washington (state)
Lakes of Douglas County, Washington


Lake Murphy is a lake in King County, Washington. Klinkhammer Lakes lie at an elevation of 4,751 feet (1,448 m).

References

Murphy
Murphy
Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest


Haynach Lakes (also, Murphy Lakes) is a lake in Grand County, Colorado.  Haynach Lakes lie at an elevation of .

References

Lakes of Rocky Mountain National Park
Lakes of Grand County, Colorado


Snowdrift Lake (also, Murphy Lakes) is a lake in Grand County, Colorado, United States. It is part of Rocky Mountain National Park. Snowdrift Lake lies at an elevation of 11069 feet (3374 m), below Snowdrift Peak.

References

Lakes of Rocky Mountain National Park
Lakes of Grand County, Colorado


Lake Murphy may refer to:

 Lake Murphy (Florida)
 Lake Murphy (Oregon)
 Lake Murphy (Washington)
 Lake Murphy (Colquitt_County, Georgia)

See also
Murphy Lake (disambiguation)


Lake Murphy  is a freshwater lake in Lake County, Florida, United States. Lake Murphy lies at an elevation of 62 feet (19 m).

References

Lake County Wateratlas: Murphy, Lake

Murphy
Murphy


Michael T. Voorhees (born April 16, 1967 in Fort Carson, Colorado) is an American entrepreneur, engineer, designer, geographer, and aeronaut focusing on the need for sustainability in technology, business, and societal choices. He is the founding CEO of Skylite Aeronautics and Chief Designer of the Skylite 500 GeoShip, a modern rigid airship being developed for passenger, cargo, and humanitarian transportation purposes.

Notable achievements
On March 2, 2009, Voorhees was named as a finalist in the 2009 Buckminster Fuller Challenge. The Buckminster Fuller Institute's annual prize program calls for design strategies which “present a bold, visionary, tangible initiative that is focused on a well-defined need of critical importance. They should be regionally specific yet globally applicable, and backed up by a solid plan and the capability to move the solution forward.”

In 2009, Voorhees was named as a delegate to the inaugural Global Forum on Sustainable Enterprise, which was convened in New York City by the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise at the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University.

Sustainability endeavors
Voorhees has worked in numerous areas of sustainability, including environmental impact analysis, authoring a study on “The True Costs of the Automobile to Society”
for the Boulder, Colorado Department of Alternative Transportation. In 1994, he received a patent for a gray water processing system designed for residential water conservation. At BioServe Space Technologies, a NASA Center at the University of Colorado, Boulder, his research focused on bioregenerative life support systems (also known as Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems) where he served as principal investigator on seven Space Shuttle experiments which were flown onboard missions STS-50, STS-54, STS-57, STS-60, and STS-62.

He has given presentations of his work on sustainable lighter-than-air transportation to such organizations as the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the World Bank, the Bioneers, the University of Michigan Ross School of Business, Cornell University Johnson School of Management, and the Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum. On February 22, 2011, Mr. Voorhees was issued a patent for a propulsion and maneuvering system for buoyant aircraft that eliminates the need for tail fins and allows for low speed maneuver without the requirement for ground crew. Another patent was issued to Mr. Voorhees on January 10, 2012, for an Aerostatic Buoyancy Control System that enables airships and other craft to pneumatically control their altitude without conventional ballast or the venting of lifting-gas.

Ballooning
Voorhees is also a hot air balloon pilot with a commercial pilot certificate and flight instructor privileges, who has participated in numerous balloon rallies throughout the southwestern United States. He led the development of a computerized balloon flight simulator that debuted at the 2000 Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, portions of which are now featured on the Balloon Federation of America's web site.

Education
Voorhees earned a B.A. degree in Geography and an M.E. degree in Aerospace Engineering Sciences, both from the University of Colorado at Boulder. He also graduated in 1985 from Punahou School, a private college preparatory school in Honolulu, Hawaii, during which his attendance partly overlapped that of fellow student Barack Obama.

Awards
Mike Voorhees was presented the FBI Director's Award for "Exceptional Service in the Public Interest" for his work protecting and improving the security posture of critical infrastructure in New Mexico as President of InfraGard New Mexico. He is the recipient of an Outstanding Student Award in 1993 from the American Society of Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB) for his presentation “Microgravitationally and thermally induced metabolic acceleration in the miniature wasp Spalangia endius.” In 1985, Voorhees attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and is a Life Member of the National Eagle Scout Association.

References

External links
 Skylite Aeronautics web site
 Cryptonaut ballooning web site

1967 births
21st-century American businesspeople
Living people
Punahou School alumni
Commercial aviators


Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor.

Early life and education
Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge.

Move to Canada
Marsh moved to Canada in 1930, after being hired as a Director of Social Research at McGill University. McGill was taking part in two American-funded research projects at the time, the Canadian Frontiers of Settlement Project and the Social Science Research Project. Marsh was hired through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and named project director for the SSRP. While Director, Marsh published several books on employment in Canada, including Health and Unemployment in 1938. The pivotal text to emerge from Marsh's role as project director was Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market in 1940.

Subsequent career
Leonard Marsh joined the League for Social Reconstruction in 1932 and served as president for two terms, 1937–1938 and 1938–1939. With Harry Cassidy, he edited the League's key publication, Social Planning for Canada, which was published in 1935.

Canadians In and Out of Work was one of the first significant works to analyse class in Canada and remained the most comprehensive study of the subject until John Porter's release of The Vertical Mosaic. The work was not well received by the business community. Marsh and the Social Science Research Project proved to be an irritant to the university and funders and funding was not renewed when the grant ran out in 1940.

Leonard Marsh went on to be named research director for the Federal Government's Advisory Committee on Reconstruction under chair Frank Cyril James in 1941. In early December 1942, the British Government released the Beveridge Report which called for the creation of a postwar welfare state. It was popular in Canada which led Mackenzie King, the Liberal prime minister, to ask James and Marsh to prepare a similar report for Canada in mid-December. Marsh took on the task immediately and with the help of several staff members he was able to complete a draft report in just three months. The Report on Social Security for Canada was submitted to Parliament on March 15, 1943. It called for the establishment of a broad range of social assistance, social insurance and public welfare programs. It subsequently became known colloquially known as "The Marsh Report". Despite the favourable publicity it received in 1943, the report was largely ignored in the short term. Some have even postulated that it was a source of embarrassment for the King government.

In the longer-term many of the Marsh Report's recommendations would come into being in the postwar years. For this reason it is often referred to a blueprint for the development of the Canadian welfare state.

He left the Advisory Committee to become welfare adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1944-46.

Marsh was hired by the University of British Columbia's School of Social Work in 1947. In 1959, he was named Director of Research. Marsh joined the Faculty of Education in 1964 as a professor of Educational Sociology. He retired in 1972 and was named Professor Emeritus the same year.

Notable works
Health and Unemployment: Some Studies of Their Relationships. Published for McGill University by Oxford University Press, 1938.
Canadians In and Out of Work; A Survey of Economic Classes and Their Relation to the Labour Market. Published for McGill University by the Oxford University Press, 1940.
Report on Social Security for Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975.
Rebuilding A Neighbourhood; Report on a Demonstration Slum-Clearance and Urban Rehabilitation Project in a Key Central Area in Vancouver. Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1950.
Communities in Canada: Selected Sources. Toronto: McClelland, 1970.

With the League for Social Reconstruction
League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Social Planning for Canada. Toronto: T. Nelson, 1935.
League for Social Reconstruction, Research Committee. Democracy Needs Socialism.  Toronto: T. Nelson, 1938.

Notes

References
Horn, Michiel.  League for Social Reconstruction: Intellectual Origins of the Democratic Left in Canada 1930-1942. Toronto: University of Toronto., 1980.
Maioni, Antonia. "New Century, New Risks: The Marsh Report and the Post-War Welfare State in Canada." Policy Options. August, 2004.

External links
Leonard Marsh at The Canadian Encyclopedia
UBC Archives on Leonard Marsh

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
Canadian social scientists
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Alumni of the London School of Economics
1906 births
1983 deaths
British emigrants to Canada


Do You Dreams Come True? is Dreams Come True's fifteenth studio album. It was released on March 21, 2009, which coincides with the release of their debut single in 1989. It was released in three formats: Regular edition (CD only), limited edition A (2CDs) and limited edition B (CD+DVD). The album reached the top spot on the weekly albums chart despite having been on sale for only four days, giving them their twelfth number-one album and setting the record for most number-one albums by a female vocal group; putting them ahead of the late Zard and Every Little Thing. On its third week the album rose back to number one, their first album in fourteen years to do so.

The album was certified Triple Platinum for shipment of 750,000 copies. It is also the first DCT album to be released under Nayutawave Records, a sub-label of Universal Music Japan.

Track list

Charts

Oricon Sales Chart

Physical Sales & Rank

References

2009 albums
Dreams Come True (band) albums
Japanese-language albums


Murphy Lakes is a reservoir in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States. Murphy Lakes lie at an elevation of 748 feet (228 m).

References

Reservoirs in Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas of Catoosa County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Catoosa County, Georgia


Ben T. Zinn (born April 21, 1937) is an American academic in engineering and former international soccer player. He is currently the David S. Lewis, Jr.,  and Regents' Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Biography
Ben T. Zinn was born as Ben Tzion Cynowicz in Tel Aviv in 1937; his parents had moved there from Poland in 1936. Zinn's grandparents and twelve uncles and aunts all died in Nazi concentration camps.

Personal life
Zinn has two children from a previous marriage to the daughter of Erno Schwarcz - daughter Leslie Zinn and son Edward Zinn, both of whom attended Georgia Tech.

Name
Zinn's Polish surname was "Cynowicz", which in Hebrew was spelled as "Tzinovitz". To conform with Israeli government policy, it was shortened to "Tzinn", which was the name he used to travel with the Israeli All Star team. When he came to America he used both "Cinovitz" and "Cinowitz", with the latter being the name he used in his national team career. He later reverted to his official Hebrew surname of "Tzinn", which was then shortened to "Zinn".

Career

Soccer career
Playing with league champions Hapoel Tel Aviv and an Israeli "All Star" side which toured Europe and the US, Zinn began his soccer career in Israel. Zinn played soccer for New York University where he averaged 3.2 goals per game, and where he eventually became club captain. He also played part-time for New York Hakoah in the American Soccer League. Zinn made one official appearance on May 28, 1959, for the United States men's national soccer team, in an 8–1 defeat to England. Zinn was also a member of the national team squad for unofficial games on a number of other occasions. When Zinn became a professor at Georgia Tech in 1965, he turned down an invitation to join the Israeli national side,  professional soccer contract in the NASL from the Atlanta Chiefs, and an invitation to try out as a field kicker for the Atlanta Falcons.

Academic career
After missing an entrance exam for the Israeli Institute of Technology, Zinn moved to New York City to attend the New York University. After spending four years at NYU, Zinn attended Stanford University and earned his M.S. degree. He then pursued graduate studies at Princeton University, where he received his Ph.D. in mechanical and aerospace engineering in 1966 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "A theoretical study of nonlinear transverse combustion instability in liquid propellant rocket motors." He began his forty-year association with Georgia Tech in 1965. Zinn is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Zinn was awarded the George Westinghouse Gold Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2006. Zinn also holds thirteen patents. Georgia Tech's combustion laboratory is named after Zinn.

References

1937 births
Living people
Israeli men's footballers
American men's soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
International Soccer League players
New York Hakoah players
New York University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Israeli mechanical engineers
Men's association football forwards


Rollway Lake (also, Murphey Lake, Murphy Lake, and Stony Lake) is a lake located in Beaver Township and Denver Township in Newaygo County, Michigan.

See also
List of lakes in Michigan

References

Lakes of Michigan
Lakes of Newaygo County, Michigan


Your Choice Live Series 025 is an album by The (International) Noise Conspiracy. It was recorded live at "Schlachthof" in Bremen the 16th of March 2002 and is the first full-length live album by The (International) Noise Conspiracy, produced by Tobby Holzinger. It has been released as a limited edition of 1000 LPs and 3000 CDs through Your Choice Records and was distributed through Cargo Records Germany.

Track listing

Dennis Lyxzén - The (International) Noise Conspiracy

External links
 The band's official on-line gateway.
 Live Pictures of TINC from 07.12.2008 in Switzerland from Poorboys on The Road
 Live Pictures Of T(I)NC
 Interview and live-videos at wenn's rockt! WebTV
 Your Choice Records
 Burning Heart Records
 Dennis and Inges' record label Ny Våg
 Lars and Ludwig talk about their favorite songs
 The (International) Noise Conspiracy's New Track "Arm Yourself"

The (International) Noise Conspiracy albums
Refused
2002 live albums

de:The (International) Noise Conspiracy
fr:The (International) Noise Conspiracy


Murphey Lake may refer to:
Murphy Lake (Newaygo County, Michigan)
Rollway Lake

See also
Murphy Lake (disambiguation)


"Podunk" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Keith Anderson.  It was released in September 2006 as the fifth and final single from his debut album Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll.  The song reached number 34 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Anderson wrote this song with Jeffrey Steele and Tom Hambridge.

Chart performance

References

2006 singles
2005 songs
Keith Anderson songs
Songs written by Keith Anderson
Songs written by Tom Hambridge
Songs written by Jeffrey Steele
Arista Nashville singles


Tin Can Mike Lake (also, Mike Lake and Murphy Lake) is a lake in Lake County, Minnesota.  Tin Can Mike Lake lies at an elevation of 1306 feet (398 m).

References

Minnesota DNR: Lake information report

Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Lake County, Minnesota


The postal history of San Marino can be traced to October 7, 1607, with the introduction of public postal services. The republic's postal needs were handled by a post office in nearby Rimini, Italy; the first San Marino post office opened in 1833.

History
When postage stamps were introduced in the mid-19th century, San Marino signed a postal treaty with Italy to use Italian stamps for its mail. On March 2, 1877, a new agreement was signed between the two countries that enabled San Marino to issue its own stamps.

The first San Marino postage stamps were a definitive stamps consisting of two designs covering seven denominations. The stamps, which depicted the coat of arms of the republic with the Three Towers of San Marino at Monte Titano (except the 2-centesimi stamp), were created by the design firm Fratelli Pellas in Genoa and printed on Italian watermarked paper by the Officina Carta e Valori in Turin. The first Commemorative stamps were introduced in 1894.

Over the years, the attractive designs and unusual shapes – many are triangularly shaped – of San Marino's stamps have been extremely popular with philatelists around the world. It is estimated that 10% of the republic's revenue is generated by the sale of its postage stamps to international collectors. The government of San Marino has the world's only philatelic minister of state, Simone Celli, who carries the title (in Italian) La Segreteria di Stato per le finanze, il bilancio e la programmazione, l'informazione, i rapporti con l'azienda autonoma di stato filatelica e numismatica (State Secretariat for Finance, Budget and Planning, Information, Relations with the Autonomous Philatelic and Numismatic Company).

List of people on stamps of San Marino

Luciano Pavarotti, Italian operatic tenor (2010)
Andrea Palladio, Venetian architect (2008)
Concetto Marchesi, Italian politician (2008)

Further reading
 Balsimelli, Francesco. Posta, francobollo, filatelia con particolare riguardo alla Repubblica di San Marino. Milan: Pubblicazioni rotariane, 1970 19p.
 Colla, Giorgio and Luigi Sirotti. Storia Postale: Repubblica di San Marino: dall'epoca napoleonica al 1892. Rome: Sassone; Dogana: Filatelia Sammarinese, 2001 171p.
 Filanci, Franco and Alessandro Glaray. Il servizio postale della Repubblica di San Marino. s.l.: Sirotti, 1977 279p.
 Glaray, Alessandro and Franco Filanci. Repubblica di San Marino: storia postale dalle origini alla fine dell'800. Turin: Notiziario ASIF, 1972 142p.
 Morganti, Giuseppe. La Filatelia. San Marino: AIEP; Rimini: Guaraldi, 1993 31p.
 Repubblica di San Marino: catalogo dei francobolli 1877 - 1988. San Marino: Azienda Autonoma di Stato Filatelica e Numismatica, 1989 127p.

See also

Poste San Marino, the current Post Office.

References

External links
 Catalogue of meter stamps of San Marino on Wikibooks
 Philatelic Database ex Stamp News Australasia
 UFN, Ufficio Filatelico Numismatico

Communications in San Marino
Philately of San Marino


Carl Herman Halvorsen (15 October 1837 – 1918) was a Norwegian jurist and politician.

In 1872 Halvorsen bought the farm Blommenholm east of Sandvika. From 1876 he partitioned and sold parcels, mostly to town dwellers. He worked as a solicitor at that time, and in 1873 he was elected to serve in Bærum municipal council. He served until 1898, and was mayor from 1882 to 1886 and 1982 to 1898. From 1889 to 1891 he was a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament.

In 1898, Halvorsen sold the entire Blommenholm farm in 1898, except for the area Sjøholmen, where he moved into a newly erected Swiss-style villa. He moved to Kristiania in 1907.

He was the treasurer of the banks Kristiania Haandværkeres Sparekasse from 1874 to 1890 and Kristiania Sparebank from 1890 to 1914. He was a member of the board of the fire insurance organization Akershus Brandassuranceforening from 1878 to 1890 and 1892 to 1914, and chaired the board of Bærums Sparebank from 1891 to 1895.

Halvorsen was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. A road at Blommenholm, Halvorsens vei, has been named after him.

References

1837 births
1918 deaths
Norwegian jurists
Bærum politicians
Mayors of places in Akershus
Deputy members of the Storting


Creekside Middle School may refer to:
 Creekside Middle School (Carmel, Indiana)
 Creekside Middle School (Castro Valley, California)
 Creekside Middle School (Rohnert Park, California)
 Creekside Middle School (Woodstock, Illinois)
 Creekside Middle School in Port Orange, Florida, part of Volusia_County_Schools


Central diabetes insipidus, also called neurogenic diabetes insipidus, is a type of diabetes insipidus due to a lack of vasopressin (ADH) production in the brain.  Vasopressin acts to increase the volume of blood (intravascularly), and decrease the volume of urine produced. Therefore, a lack of it causes increased urine production and volume depletion.

It is also known as neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus, referring to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), which is supplied by the hypothalamus in the brain. This condition has only polyuria in common with diabetes. Although not mutually exclusive, with most typical cases, the name diabetes insipidus is a misleading misnomer. A better name might be "hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal ADH deficiency".

Signs and symptoms

Increased thirst, polyuria and dehydration with metabolic encephalopathy.

Causes

Unknown
In at least 25% of cases (the most commonly occurring classification), neurogenic diabetes insipidus is of unknown cause, meaning that the lack of vasopressin production arose from an unknown cause.

Acquired
The lack of vasopressin production usually results from some sort of damage to the pituitary gland. It may be due to damage to the brain caused by:
 Benign suprasellar tumors (20% of cases)
 Infections (encephalitis, tuberculosis, etc.)
 Trauma (17% of cases) or neurosurgery (9% of cases)
 Non-infectious granuloma (sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis etc.)
 Leukaemia
 Autoimmune - associated with thyroiditis
 Other rare causes which include hemochromatosis and histiocytosis.

Vasopressin is released by the posterior pituitary, but unlike most other pituitary hormones, vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus can be a failure of production at the hypothalamus, or a failure of release at the pituitary.

Genetic
The most rare form of central DI is familial neurogenic diabetes insipidus.  This form of DI is due to an inherited mutation of the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II (AVP-NPII) gene, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.  At one point, only 45 families worldwide were known to possess this genetic trait.  It is now more widely recognized, although the precise number of people affected with this form of DI is unknown at the present time.

There is also an X-linked familial form. Wolfram syndrome (also called DIDMOAD) is characterised by diabetes mellitus, sensorineural deafness, and optic atrophy.

Diagnosis
In many respects, the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus begins as a diagnosis of exclusion. Specifically, other more common causes of polyuria and polydipsia are ruled out. Common rule outs include: diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and psychogenic polydipsia. Once these conditions have been ruled out a water deprivation test is employed to confirm the diagnosis of CDI.

Treatment
The disorder is treated with vasopressin analogs such as desmopressin. Nonetheless, many times desmopressin alone is not enough to bring under control all the symptoms, and another intervention must be implemented.

See also
 Fluid deprivation test

References

External links

Hypothalamus disorders
Pituitary disorders


Fish Lake (also, Murphy Lake) is a teardrop-shaped lake in Marion County, Oregon, United States.  Fish Lake lies at an elevation of 4265 feet (1300 m).  It is in the northern section of the Olallie Scenic Area.  Squirrel Creek flows out of the northern part of this lake.

References

Oregon Fish Finder: Waterbody information

Lakes of Oregon
Lakes of Marion County, Oregon
Mount Hood National Forest
Protected areas of Marion County, Oregon


The Iraq Awakening and Independents National Alliance (List 239) is an Iraqi political coalition formed to contest the 2009 Al Anbar governorate election. It obtained 8 out of 29 seats - the highest of any party list.

The party was formed out of the Awakening movements - Sunni tribal militias armed and financed by the United States Army to fight al-Qaeda in Iraq. The Alliance was led by Sheikh Ahmed Abu Risha, Sheikh Amir Ali al-Sulaiman and Sheikh Hameed al-Hayyes. Abu Risha is the brother of Abdul Sattar Abu Risha who headed the Anbar Salvation Council, the first Awakening Movement to receive American backing.

External links
 Official Website

References

Political parties in Iraq


Diospyros sandwicensis is a species of flowering tree in the ebony family, Ebenaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It belongs to the same genus as both persimmons and ebony.  Its common name, lama, also means enlightenment in Hawaiian.  Lama is a small to medium-sized tree, with a height of  and a trunk diameter of .  It can be found in dry, coastal mesic, mixed mesic, and wet forests at elevations of  on all major islands.  Lama and olopua (Nestegis sandwicensis) are dominant species in lowland dry forests on the islands of Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, and Lānai.

Uses
The sapwood of lama is very white and forms a wide band inside the trunk.  The heartwood is reddish-brown, fine-textured, straight-grained, and extremely hard.  Native Hawaiians made aukā (upright supports) out of lama wood, which were used in hīnai (basket fish trap) construction. The white sapwood represented enlightenment, and thus had many religious uses.  The pou (posts), aho (thatching sticks) and oa (rafters) of a special building called a hale lau lama were made of the sapwood. A pā lama is a fenced enclosure made from lama sapwood. A block of the sapwood, covered in a yellow kapa and scented with ōlena (Curcuma longa), was placed on the kuahu (altar) inside of a hālau hula (building in which hula was performed). This block represented Laka, goddess of hula.  The pioi (berries) are edible.

Gallery

References

External links

sandwicensis
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Biota of Lanai
Biota of Maui
Biota of Molokai
Trees of Hawaii
Plants described in 1844
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Jeffrey Scott Savage (born January 31, 1963) is an American author of fantasy, horror, mystery, and suspense. As of 2020, he has published 19 novels, including the FarWorld fantasy series, the Case File 13 series, the Mysteries of Cove series, and the Shandra Covington series, as well as several stand-alone titles. Savage was born and raised in northern California and studied computer science at Sierra College and West Valley College in California and Utah Valley University in Utah. He worked in the software industry before deciding to write full-time. He writes middle grade and young adult fiction under the pen name J. Scott Savage and works intended for adult readers as Jeffrey S. Savage. He won the 2013 Whitney Award for Best Speculative Novel for Dark Memories.

Early life
Jeffrey Scott Savage was born in Oakland, California, on January 31, 1963. He grew up in northern California, and enjoyed readings books such as A Wrinkle in Time, The Outsiders, and The Lord of the Rings. Savage has said that he was "the kid who would cut school and go to the library." Savage would make up stories to tell to his cousins during his childhood years. One of his first storytelling memories took place while fishing in the Sierra Nevada mountains, when he made up a tale about "a superhero hot dog known as Capt. Weenie and his arch villain, a little purple man" that his relatives loved. In high school, Savage wrote a story for his final project in psychology class instead of completing the suggested assignment, but earned an A.

Savage attended Sierra College, West Valley College, and Utah Valley University, studying computer science. During the Great Recession, he lost his job in a software company. Though he was offered another job in the software industry, Savage decided to write full-time and be an author.

Career
At the most base level, I write because it makes me happy. It's like a spigot I can open up to release all the creativity that has been building up inside my brain. But I also write because there's a specific story I need to tell. —J. Scott Savage

Middle grade fiction
Savage originally decided to write middle grade fantasy after an idea kept him awake one night. After writing for five hours, he felt convinced that he could write for children. He has said that he enjoys writing for middle grade readers because "between the ages of 8-13, everything around you is magic." He wrote the middle-grade fantasy series FarWorld, comprising Water Keep (2008), Land Keep (2009), Air Keep (2013), and Fire Keep (2015). The series follows the fantastical adventures of Marcus, a boy in a wheelchair who dreams of a magical world that is actually a reality, and Kyja, a girl who can't perform magic like everyone else around her. Savage visited over 300 schools to promote Water Keep after its release. Sharon Haddock at Deseret News mentioned that Air Keep "requires suspension of reality" but was "fine for its audience."

On December 26, 2012, Savage's first book in the Case File 13 series, entitled Zombie Kid, was released. The series follows a group of kids who love Halloween and all things spooky who encounter zombies, mad scientists, and curses. Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was "the perfect balance between rib-tickling humor and bone-chilling adventure". Kirkus later called Zombie Kid's sequel, Making the Team (2013), "another thoroughly satisfying thrill ride." The Case File 13 series expanded to include Evil Twins (2014) and Curse of the Mummy's Uncle (2015).

His idea for Fires of Invention originated from the mechanical dragon that appears in the musical Wicked. The novel follows two thirteen-year-old characters as they undertake a secret project to build a mechanical dragon in a town where creativity is against the law. It was a 2015 AML Award finalist in the middle grade novel category. Savage expanded Fires of Invention into his Mysteries of Cove series with Gears of Revolution (2016) and Embers of Destruction (2017). John Carlisle for the Deseret News called Gears of Revolution "an inspiring piece of literature for the middle-grade reader." Both Fires of Invention and Fire Keep (part of the Farworld series) were Whitney Award finalists in 2015. In 2020, Savage released The Lost Wonderland Diaries, a book about two kids who discover Lewis Carroll's long-forgotten diaries documenting his trip to Wonderland.

Savage has visited multiple elementary schools, speaking to kids about the main themes of his books and story writing techniques. Of his school visits, Savage said that he usually leaves teachers with a creative writing exercise to use in the classroom. Savage has also participated in the Writing and Illustrating for Young Readers Workshop.

Adult fiction
Savage has also authored additional works under the name Jeffrey S. Savage, the majority of which are mystery or suspense novels for adults. They include Cutting Edge (2001), Into the Fire (2002), House of Secrets (2005), Dead on Arrival (2006), A Time to Die (2010), The Fourth Nephite (2010), and Dark Memories (2013). The "techno-thriller" Cutting Edge, Savage's debut novel, follows a Latter-day Saint (LDS) programmer from Utah whose new job in Silicon Valley turns out to be more dangerous than expected. House of Secrets, Dead on Arrival, and Time to Die are the three books that compose his Shandra Covington mystery series. In a review for Meridian Magazine, Jennie Hansen applauded Savage's ability to write from the perspective of a female main character in his Shandra Covington series. Savage's The Fourth Nephite is a Mormon fiction novel about a boy who finds himself in Palmyra, New York in 1827 and encounters Joseph Smith as he tries to protect the golden plates from robbers. In an article about The Fourth Nephite, the Deseret News reported that "Savage said combining fantasy elements and the LDS Church into a novel is a tricky process, but he is satisfied with the result of his efforts."

Savage first began drafting Dark Memories while he was working as a CEO during his many hours travelling. Dark Memories was the first novel in the horror genre to be published by an LDS publishing house. Kirk Shaw, an editor at Covenant Communications, encouraged Savage to send in his manuscript for Dark Memories, even though the company had never published a horror novel before. Covenant agreed to publish Dark Memories. Savage fought to preserve the novel's more horrific elements as it went through the editing process, though he learned how to "let the scary stuff happen in the reader's head," imitating the style of filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock. He described Dark Memories as "a kind of high-tech thriller." A KSL.com report on the book called it "a fast-paced, well-written novel" with characters that "have real depth and are instantly likeable." Dark Memories won the 2013 Whitney Award for Best Speculative Novel.

Personal life
Savage and his wife, Jennifer, have four children and nine grandchildren. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As of 2013, he lived in Spanish Fork, Utah. Savage has held numerous job in his life, including CEO of an internet company, plumber, French chef, mall Santa and radio talk show host. On his website, he cites "reading, watching movies, camping, traveling, and spending time with his family" as his favorite activities.

Works

As J. Scott Savage
Farworld series
Water Keep (2008),
Land Keep (2009),
Air Keep (2013),
Fire Keep (2014),

Case File 13 series
Zombie Kid (2012),
Making the Team (2013),
Evil Twins (2014),
Curse of the Mummy's Uncle (2015) [forthcoming],

Mysteries of Cove series
Fires of Invention (2015)
Gears of Revolution (2016)
Embers of Destruction (2017)

Stand-alone works
The Lost Wonderland Diaries (2020)

As Jeffrey S. Savage
Shandra Covington series
 House of Secrets (2005),
 Dead on Arrival (2006),
 A Time To Die (2010),

Stand-alone works
Cutting Edge (2001),
Into the Fire (2002),
The Fourth Nephite (2010),
Dark Memories (2013),

Awards and nominations

 Nominated for the 2008 Cybils Award for middle grade Fantasy and Science Fiction – Water Keep
 Nominated for the 2009 Cybils Award for elementary/middle Fantasy and Science Fiction – Land Keep
 2013 Whitney Award for Best Speculative Novel – Dark Memories
Finalist for the 2015 AML Award for Middle Grade Novel – Fires of Invention
Nominated for the 2015–2016 Louisiana Young Readers' Choice Award – Zombie Kid
Nominated for the 2018–2018 Young Hoosier Book Award for Middle Grades – Fires of Invention
2020 Foreword Reviews INDIE Bronze Winner for Juvenile Fiction – The Lost Wonderland Diaries

References

Further reading

External links
J. Scott Savage at wifyr.com (Writing and Illustrating for Young Readers)
Thank You - J. Scott Savage, UtahValleyWriters.org (Utah Valley Writers)

Living people
1963 births
American male novelists
Writers from Oakland, California
American fantasy writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
Harold B. Lee Library-related 21st century articles


Lake Murphy is a lake in Lane County, Oregon.  Lake Murphy lies on the north slope of Fairview Peak,  southwest of Oakridge, at an elevation of .

References

Murphy
Murphy
Protected areas of Lane County, Oregon
Umpqua National Forest


The Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross (Orden des Gold- und Rosenkreutz, also the Fraternity of the Golden and Rosy Cross), was a German Rosicrucian organization founded in the 1750s by Freemason and alchemist Hermann Fictuld. Candidates were expected to be Master Masons in good standing. Alchemy was to be a central study for members. Much of the hierarchical structure for this order was used in Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (SRIA) and from there, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

History

The fraternity was founded in the 1750s, but it is not certain when it came into existence. Many documents and books mention it from the eighteenth century.  For instance, Frater U∴D∴ believes that in 1710, the idea for the order was born with the publication of Sigmund Richter's (using the name Sincerus Renatus) The perfect and true preparation of the Philosophers Stone according to the secret of the Brotherhoods of the Golden and Rosy Cross.
By the 1770s, the order had centers in Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt am Main, Regensburg, Munich, Vienna, Prague, Poland, Hungary, and Russia.

The order slowly began to decline after the death of King William II.

Structure and governance

The order is subdivided into:
Grade I    -  Juniorus
Grade II   -  Theoricus
Grade III  -  Practicus
Grade IV   -  Philosophus
Grade V    -  Adeptus Minor
Grade VI   -  Adeptus Major
Grade VII  -  Adeptus Exemptus
Grade VIII -  Magister
Grade IX   -  Magus

Known members
King Friedrich Wilhelm
Georg Forster
Johann Christoph von Wöllner
Nikolay Novikov
J.C.A. Theden
Ivan Lopukhin
Ivan Dmitrevsky

See also
Magical organization

References

Bibliography
 Raffaella Faggionato: "Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-Century Russia, A: The Masonic Circle of N.I. Novikov".
 Antoine Faivre: "Access to Western esotericism", State University of New York Press, 1994, ,
 Christopher McIntosh: "The Rosicrucians: the history, mythology, and rituals of an esoteric order", Weiser Books 1988,
 McIntosh, Christopher (1992) The Rose Cross and the Age of Reason: Eighteenth-century Rosicrucianism in Central Europe and its relationship to the Enlightenment, E.J. Brill, New York,
 Claude-Antoine Thory: Acta Latomorum, ou chronoligie de l'histoire de la franche-maçonnerie Française et étrangère avec un supplément, Durfart, Paris, 2 bind, 1815
 Renko D. Geffarth (2007) "Religion Und Arkane Hierarchie: Der Orden Der Gold- Und Rosenkreuzer Als Geheime Kirche Im 18. Jahrhundert",
 Harald Lamprecht: Neue Rosenkreuzer. Ein Handbuch. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
 Karl R.H. Frick: "Die Erleuchteten: Gnostisch-theosophische und alchemistisch-rosenkreuzerische Geheimgesellschaften bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte der Neuzeit", Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1973, , ; andre utgave Marix Verlag, 31. januar 2005, ,

1750s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Organizations established in the 1750s
Fraternal orders
Rosicrucian organizations
Frederick William II of Prussia


Danielle Casanova (born Vincentella Perini; 9 January 1909 – 9 May 1943) was a French communist activist and member of the French Resistance during World War II. A dentist by occupation, she was a high-ranking figure within the Communist Youth and founded its women's organisation  (UJFF, Union of Young French Women) in 1936. Casanova was arrested on 15 February 1942 as she brought coal to Georges Politzer and his wife; she had been involved in organising actions against the German occupiers. First incarcerated at La Santé Prison in Paris, she was transferred to the Fort de Romainville for causing unrest with the help of fellow prisoners. Casanova was deported to Auschwitz on 24 January 1943, where she began working as a dentist at the camp infirmary. She died of typhus shortly thereafter. She was posthumously awarded the Legion of Honour.

Biography
Vincentella Périni was born on 9 January 1909 in Ajaccio, Corsica, to the schoolteacher parents Olivier and Marie Hyacinthe (née Versini). Nicknamed "Lella" as a child, she had three sisters and one brother. After finishing secondary school she moved to Paris in November 1927 to study dentistry.

In Paris, she became interested in politics and joined the  (Federal Union of Students), where she met her future husband, Laurent Casanova, another Corsican. In 1928 she joined the Young Communist League of France. She began to call herself "Danielle" and quickly became Group Secretary to the Faculty of Medicine.  Still studying, she joined the Central Committee of the movement at the Seventh Congress of June 1932 as its only female member, and took up its direction in February 1934.  Faced with the rapid expansion of the Communist Youth, the Eighth Congress in Marseilles of 1936 charged her with creating the UJFF. This organisation, though similar to the Communist Youth, was aimed at creating a pacifist, anti-fascist movement.  She was elected Secretary-General of the UJFF. At its First Congress in December 1936, she organised a collection of milk for young malnourished Spanish victims of the Civil War and helped collect and ship relief supplies to Spanish republican forces.

In October 1938, Danielle served as leader of the French delegation to the United States at the World Congress of Youth for Peace at Vassar College. When the French Communist Youth was banned in September 1939, Danielle Casanova went into hiding.  She founded the newspaper  (Hyphen). In October 1940, after the fall of France, she helped establish women's committees in the Paris region, while still writing for the underground press, especially  (Free Thought).  She also founded  (Women's Voice).  She organised demonstrations against the occupying forces, including the events of 8 November and 11 November 1940 caused by Professor Paul Langevin's arrest, and also the demonstration of 14 July 1941 that she organised. On 2 August 1941 Casanova met Albert Ouzoulias in Montparnasse and placed him in charge of the  (Youth Battalions), fighting groups that were being created by the  (Communist Youth).

On 11 February 1942, Danielle was arrested by French Police while entering the hiding place of a Jewish couple, Georges Politzer and his wife Maï, at 170 bis, rue de Grenelle in the 7th arrondissement. French Police of the Special Anticommunist Brigade (BS) had been following Danielle since 23 January after spotting her carrying a large suitcase to that same building (it contained coal for the Politzers). They were all taken to the Special Brigade headquarters where they were interrogated until 23 March. Danielle managed to get a letter to her mother.

At the end of March, she was moved to the German section of la Sante jail. On 24 August 1942 she was moved to the transit camp Fort de Romainville and handed over to the German authorities.

Transported to Auschwitz on 24 January 1943, she arrived on 27 January. She was assigned to the camp infirmary Revier to work as a dentist on the Kapos. She helped other women from the Convoi des 31000. passing Maïe Politzer as a doctor and other women, including Madeleine Passot, as nurses. Even in jail and in concentration camp, Danielle did not stop campaigning and organising clandestine publications and events. She died of typhus on 9 May 1943.

Legacy
According to the biography that Simone Tery wrote about her in 1949 (), when news of her death reached her home in Corsica, “the church bells rang out in every village". Her ashes were later placed in the family grave in Vistale, a hamlet near Piana where there is a memorial to her.
A heroine of French Resistance, she has lent her name to streets, schools, and colleges throughout France; notably Rue Danielle Casanova in Paris. A large SCNM ferry between Marseilles and Corsica is called MS Danielle Casanova. She has been featured on a commemorative French postage stamp in 1983.

See also
Women in the French Resistance
Rue Danielle Casanova, Paris
Convoi des 31000

Notes

References

Sources

1909 births
1943 deaths
Corsican Resistance members
French communists
French people of Corsican descent
Communist members of the French Resistance
French socialist feminists
French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Deaths from typhus


"Sunday Morning in America" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Keith Anderson.  It was released in May 2007 as the lead single from his album C'mon!. Anderson wrote this song with Jeffrey Steele and Rivers Rutherford.

Content
The song is an uptempo, in which the narrator describes an average Sunday morning in America. He imagines what the morning is like for everybody from a mother who takes the Lord’s name in vain while looking for a church parking space, to a homeless man being ignored by the joggers that run by him.

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B+ grade, saying that it has two different outlooks based on two different songs, "That's What I Love About Sunday" by Craig Morgan and "Sunday Morning Coming Down" by Johnny Cash. He goes on to say it's "patriotic without being pandering, and captures a wide swath of the American experience." Michael Sudhalter of Country Standard Time in his review of the album, said that the song "represents a cross section of American life on its day of rest."

Chart performance
"Sunday Morning in America" debuted at number 55 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for the week of May 26, 2007.

References

2007 singles
2007 songs
Keith Anderson songs
Songs written by Jeffrey Steele
Songs written by Keith Anderson
Songs written by Rivers Rutherford
Columbia Records singles


Edmund Hauler (17 November 1859, in Buda – 1 April 1941, in Vienna) was an Austrian classical philologist born in Ofen to a Danube Swabian German family. His father, Johann Hauler (1829–1888) was also a classical philologist.

Life and works
In 1882 he earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna, and was awarded the sub auspiciis Imperatoris (under the auspices of the Emperor). In 1885 he continued his education at the University of Bonn with Hermann Usener (1834–1905) and Franz Bücheler (1837–1908), and from 1885 to 1887 undertook study trips to France, England, Switzerland and Italy. From 1890 to 1893 he was a high school teacher in Vienna, and afterwards lectured at the University of Vienna, where in 1899 he became a full professor.

In his studies, Hauler discovered a number of valuable literary fragments by classical authors. In 1886, he published Neue Bruchstücke zu Sallusts Historien as a result of his discovery of fragments containing the histories of Sallust. He also uncovered new fragments by the dramatist Menander and the poet Sotades.

In 1900 he deciphered and published the Verona Palimpsest, which includes fragmentary Latin versions of the Didascalia Apostolorum, Apostolic Church-Ordinance and Apostolic Tradition.

Beginning in 1897, he spent many years studying the Marcus Cornelius Fronto palimpsest, on which he authored over fifty articles. In 1899 he became editor of the magazines "Wiener Studien" and "Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien". From 1925 until his death in 1941, Hauler was chairman of the Vienna "Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum" (CSEL).

Selected works
 Terentiana, quaestiones cum specimine lexici, 1882.
 Neue bruchstücke zu Sallusts historien, 1886 - New fragments by the historian Sallust.
 Die Orléaner palimpsestfragmente zu Sallusts historien - The Orléans palimpsest fragments of Sallust.
 Zur Geschichte des griechischen Mimus, 1893 - The history of Greek mimes.
 Eine lateinische Palimpsestübersetzung der Didascalia apostolorum, 1896 - Latin palimpsest translation of Didascalia Apostolorum.
 Terence's "Phormio" (edition by Edmund Hauler), 1898.
 Didascaliae apostolorum fragmenta ueronensia Latina : accedunt canonum qui dicuntur apostolorum et Aegyptiorum reliquies, 1900.
 M. Cornelii Frontonis Epistulae : schedis tam editis quam ineditis Edmundi Hauleri (part of the series Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).

Notes and references

 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, listed as  an entry from the Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 and a biography @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie.

1859 births
1941 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian people
19th-century philologists
20th-century philologists
Austrian philologists
Classical philologists
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Danube-Swabian people
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
People from Buda
Writers from Vienna
Philologists from Austria-Hungary


Slocum Lake may refer to:

A lake in Lake County, Illinois
An alternative name for Murphy Lake (Newaygo County, Michigan)


Philautus kempiae (Tura bubble-nest frog, Kemp's bush frog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae (not to be confused with Philautus kempii). Being only known from its type locality near Tura in the Garo Hills in Meghalaya, northeastern India, it is an Indian endemic. The specific name kempiae honours Agnes Kemp, wife of Stanley Wells Kemp, an English zoologist and anthropologist. It is known only from the type specimen, so very little is known about biology of this species. It is presumed to be a dweller of the undergrowth of moist evergreen forests.

References

kempiae
Endemic fauna of India
Frogs of India
Amphibians described in 1919
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


All 14 universities in the Big Ten Conference operate business schools. Since 1992 they have organized an annual case study competition. On July 1, 2014, Rutgers University and the University of Maryland joined the Big Ten.

References

Big Ten
Business schools, Big Ten
Big Ten


Winfred Jarrett Dukes (born September 20, 1958) is an American politician from Georgia. Dukes is a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives.

Biography
Dukes was born and raised in Mitchell County, Georgia, the son of Mrs. Willie Beatrice Dukes and Sylvester Dukes. A product of the public school system, he is a 1974 graduate of Mitchell County High School where he received the General Excellency Award.

He earned a bachelor arts degree in history with a minor in accounting from Mercer University in Macon, Georgia. He also earned a master's degree in Management from Georgia College and State University in Milledgeville, Georgia.

Winfred Dukes serves as chief executive officer of Dukes, Edwards and Dukes, Inc., a family owned construction/real estate firm based in Albany, Georgia. He has received numerous awards and honors for outstanding contributions in business and community service including the Georgia Summit of African-American Business Organizations' Wolf Award and Certificate of Appreciation from the Albany State University Entrepreneurship Project. He received the Omega Psi Phi Citizen of the year Award in 1993, 1997, and 1999. He also received the Georgia State Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Citizen Award for 2000 and the Georgia Rural Health Association Legislator of the Year Award in 2000. Representative Dukes was recognized by the Georgia Municipal Association as a Champion for Georgia's Cities in 2004.

As State Representative of House District 150, which includes Baker and Dougherty Counties, his committee assignments are Economic Development and Tourism, Industrial Relations, and State Planning and Community Affairs. During his first term (1996–1997) he served as whip for the Georgia legislative Black Caucus. Winfred Dukes was elected to serve as second vice chairman of Georgia Democratic Party during the 1998 state Democratic Convention.

Dukes is a member of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, the South Georgia Minority Contractors’ Association, Albany Area Chamber of Commerce, Home Builders Association of Albany, and Southwest Georgia, Albany-Dougherty Chapter of the NAACP, and a Silver Life Member of the NAACP.

He is an active member of the Mt. Zion Missionary Baptist Church in Mitchell County, where he serves as financial secretary and a member of the Trustee Board.

On March 1, 2022, Dukes announced his candidacy for Agriculture Commissioner of Georgia.

See also
Democratic Party of Georgia

References

External links
Winfred Dukes
Project Vote Smart: Representative Winfred J. Dukes's Biography
Georgia State House of Representatives
Georgia General Assembly
House Higher Education Committee Chairman
House Industry Committee Member
House Retirement Committee Member
Famous Mercer University Alumni
GA State Legislation

|-

|-

|-

1958 births
Democratic Party members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Living people
21st-century African-American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American businesspeople
African-American state legislators in Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Mitchell County, Georgia
Mercer University alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people


The Kabul Airlift was an air evacuation of British and a number of European diplomatic staff and their families conducted by the Royal Air Force from Kabul between 23 December 1928 and 25 February 1929, the first large-scale air evacuation, with a total of 586 people of eleven different nationalities being rescued and taken to India. The evacuation was conducted after forces of a bandit, Habibullah Kalakani, attacked Kabul in opposition to the Afghan king, Amanullah, leading to British fears that its legation would be isolated and cut off.

Directed by Sir Geoffrey Salmond, by 15 February 1929, aircraft types available for the airlift of passengers and baggage, included seven Vickers Victoria aircraft, one Handley Page Hinaidi, 24 Airco DH.9As and two Westland Wapitis. The airlift was challenging as it required aircraft to fly over and in-between the Hindu Kush mountains that peaked 10,000 feet, and it also occurred during the bitterly cold winter, but the operation was ultimately successful.

Background and the Afghan civil war

In 1928, the British Legation in Afghanistan was situated outside Kabul. Kabul is 6,000 feet above sea level. Aircraft would be required to fly over and in-between mountains that peaked 10,000 feet. In addition, it was winter and temperatures could reach as low as -17°C.

At that time, the King of Afghanistan, Amanullah introduced a series of political changes intended to bring about a more European way of life in his country. Having created a parliament, Amanullah made several speeches to his legislature in September and October 1928 which were directly opposed in the chamber by conservative factions. In the country there were protests from the mullahs and Amanullah was denounced as a kafir or unbeliever.

With increasing rumours of civil war, the British Minister at Kabul and former RAF pilot, Sir Francis Humphrys, became concerned about the safety and lines of communication to the Legation. On 3 December Humphrys sent a message to the Air Officer Commanding RAF India, Geoffrey Salmond, asking him to maintain the air mail service to Kabul and prepare extra aircraft in case of an emergency. Salmond agreed with Humphrys assessment but he lacked suitable aircraft for transporting large numbers  within his command, although he did have 24 two-seater World War I vintage Airco DH.9As and two Westland Wapitis. Salmond's only appropriate aircraft, a Handley Page Hinaidi, was in Baghdad as it had temporarily been assigned to transporting Sir Denys Bray, the Indian Foreign Secretary. Salmond did request that a single Vickers Victoria be detached from the RAF in Iraq and flown to India.

The first open rebellion against Amanullah's rule came from the Shinwari tribe who were angered by the imposition of various laws, including the requirement to wear European dress, the rule that required them to send a quota of their daughters to Kabul for education and the impositions of taxes (they had never previously paid tax). The Shinwaris attacked Jalalabad, cutting off Peshawar road. Amanullah responded by using his fledgling Air Force, including Russian refugee pilots, to bomb the Shinwaris. The use of foreign "infidels" to subjugate Muslims roused other tribes to revolt and the country descended into civil war.

Effects on British Legation
In the situation of turmoil, an opportunist leader called Habibullah Kalakani and his 3,000 disaffected tribesmen entered the conflict. They attacked Kabul on 14 December 1928, capturing the forts to the north-west of the city. Habibullah then advanced on the Asmai Heights, to the west of the Legation, and although checked by Amanullah's forces, Habibullah was not prevented from turning towards Kabul on a route which took him past the British Legation. Sir Francis met Habibullah at the gates of the Legation. With the Legation situated between the rebel army and Government-controlled city, the British were effectively isolated. The Legation lost wireless communications with British India, having sent their last message on 16 December which requested the evacuation of women and children.

Air actions
The requested Victoria departed Iraq, arriving in Karachi on 17 December. The following day it travelled to Quetta and after a local check flight had been carried out, it arrived in Risalpur on 19 December. The previous day an unarmed DH.9A of No. 27 Squadron piloted by Flying Officer C. W. L. Trusk and accompanied by Leading Aircraftman G. Donaldson flew a reconnaissance mission from Kohat to the Legation with the intention of dropping a Popham panel which would enable ground-to-air signalling. However, before they could carry out their mission, small arms fire damaged their aircraft and they were forced to land at the nearby Afghan Air Force landing ground at Sherpur. Trusk and Donaldson decided to attempt to get to the Legation on foot and they ran between the opposing armies (who were exchanging fire) carrying a generator with them. Both airmen eventually made it to the Legation where they used the generator to power its wireless and re-establish intermittent communications with Peshawar and Miranshah.

From 19 to 22 December, several DH.9As flew over the Legation. Although no landing was attempted, a fully working wireless set and other items were dropped by parachute. Evacuation began on 23 December, when a Vickers Victoria and a few smaller planes landed on Sherpur. By New Year's Day 1929, over 300 women and children were airlifted to safety.

Situation deteriorated on January 14 when Habibullah entered Kabul city, and a decision was made to evacuate the remaining British personnel, along with expatriates from other nations as well as members of the Afghan royal family. The last planes left Sherpur airfield on 25 February, taking Sir Francis Humphrys to Peshawar.

The whole evacuation was done in 84 sorties.

Aviators
The operation was commanded by Sir Geoffrey Salmond. It was superintended by Group captain R. P. Mills. Air Vice-Marshal Robert Brooke-Popham, air officer commanding Iraq, had arranged for the Victoria aircraft.

Squadron leader Reginald Maxwell, flight lieutenants D. F. Anderson and R. Ivolaw-Chapman, and flying officers L. H. Anness and C. W. L. Trusk, received the Air Force Cross. Leading aircraftsman G. Donaldson received the Air Force Medal.

Published accounts
Sir Geoffrey Salmond's account was published in 1929. In it he confirmed that by 15 February 1929, aircraft types available for the airlift of passengers and baggage, included seven Vickers Victoria aircraft, one Handley Page Hinaidi, 24 Airco DH.9As and two Westland Wapitis. The operation was accomplished in four stages. Between 18 and 22 December 1928, communications were established, as part of the first phase. The second phase focussed on evacuating women and children of the British and foreign legations. Between 2 January and 19 January 1929, the Royal family were evacuated, in the third phase. Between 20 January and 25 February 1929, the fourth phase concentrated on evacuating other foreign nationals and withdrawal of British, German, French and Italian legations.

In 1975, Sir Geoffrey Salmond's daughter, Anne Baker, published the story of the airlift in Wings over Kabul – The First Airlift.

Historical significance
The Kabul Airlift is notable as the first large-scale air evacuation in history, with a total of 586 people of eleven different nationalities being rescued. Considering the limitations of aircraft at the time, operating amidst a civil war, bitter cold, and mountainous terrain, the Kabul Airlift was a remarkable feat of endurance for both the airmen and the civilians involved.

See also
1928 in Afghanistan
1929 in Afghanistan
Operation Allies Refuge - An American military operation to evacuate American and selected Afghan nationals from Afghanistan in 2021
Operation Pitting - A British military operation to evacuate British nationals and eligible Afghans from Afghanistan in 2021

References

Further reading

Bowyer, Chaz (1988). "Chapter Nine: Over the 'Grim'". RAF Operations 1918–1938. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0671-6

External links

1928 in Afghanistan
1929 in Afghanistan
1928 in aviation
1929 in aviation
Airlifts
20th century in Kabul
20th-century history of the Royal Air Force
Non-combat military operations involving the United Kingdom
Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)


The Siemens-Schuckert E.I was a German fighter aircraft, manufactured by Siemens-Schuckert.

The E type (Eindecker) monoplane first flew in late 1915. it was a monoplane with wire braced wings. powered by the Siemens-Halske Sh.I rotary engine it was armed with a single LMG 08/15 machine gun. After a successful evaluation, 20 production models were built.

Variants
 E.II  1 prototype built. Powered by 89 kW (120 hp) Argus As.II inline engine. Destroyed in an accident.
 E.III  6 built. Powered by 75 kW (100 hp) Oberursel U.I 9-cylinder rotary engine, a licence built Gnome Delta.
 E.IV  Powered by a Siemens-Halske Sh.I. Fuselage circular in cross-section project only.

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte

Specifications (E.I)

References

 Peter Gray and Owen Thetford German Aircraft of the First World War London: Putnam, 1962

External links

1000aircraft.com. Aircraft photo. Accessed March 23, 2009.

E.I
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Rotary-engined aircraft


Louis Fitzgerald may refer to:

 Louis Fitzgerald (general) (1838–1908)
 Louis Fitzgerald (Irish businessman), owner of the Louis Fitzgerald Group of public houses.


Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion (or Cushing disease) is a form of hyperpituitarism characterized by an abnormally high level of ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary. It is one of the causes of Cushing's syndrome. (However, Cushing's syndrome can be caused by many other causes, including exogenous administration.)

References

External links

Pituitary disorders


Maciu Navakasuasua is a Fijian public figure and former political organizer. An explosives expert, Navakasuasua said that on behalf of the Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party, an extremist party which advocated the "repatriation" to India of Indo-Fijians, two prominent businessmen had tried to hire him to assassinate Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry in 1999 while he was passing through Nadi International Airport. Navakasuasua served a three-year prison sentence on Nukulau Island for coup-related offences.

In an interview with the Fiji Sun in September 2005, Navakasuasua claimed that George Speight was just a frontman for the coup. He had been co-opted by the organizers one day before the execution of the coup, on 19 May 2000, and had proceeded to usurp the leadership, Navakasuasua claimed.

Navakasuasua, who told the Sun that a religious conversion experience had led him to confess what he knew, alleged that some police officers were not taking the investigation of coup-suspects seriously enough, noting that his own 13-page submission had been largely ignored. Among other allegations, Navakasuasua implicated then Cabinet Minister Konisi Yabaki in the coup plot, allegations angrily denied by Yabaki.

The Sun reported on 13 March 2006 that Navakasuasua had recently met Military Commander Commodore Frank Bainimarama and had revealed all that he knew about the individuals involved in the planning and execution of the coup. Bainimarama confirmed the meeting, which he described as "fruitful."  Navakasuasua endorsed claims that he had been threatened with death if he ever returned to Fiji. The claims, made by coup accomplice Josaia Waqabaca, had been reported to the police and the army, and by Commodore Bainimarama, who said he was not surprised as Navakasuasua had implicated some powerful people.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Ra Province
Fijian prisoners and detainees
I-Taukei Fijian people
Fijian nationalists


The Panonian League (Croatian and Serbian: Panonska Liga, Панонска Лига) was one of the multinational ice hockey leagues in Europe. The league was established in 2002 and originally comprised teams from Hungary, Romania and Croatia. HK Vojvodina became the first Serbian team to join the league in 2003-04. The league was temporarily abandoned after 2003-04 when Hungarian and Romanian teams went on to establish their own joint league, called the MOL Liga. The Panonian League was revived in 2007 with Croatian and Serbian teams, lasting until 2009. In total there were four seasons, from 2002 to 2004, and from 2007 to 2009.

Teams

Former Teams

 Croatia
  KHL Medveščak II (2003–2004)
  KHL Mladost (2002–2004), (2007–2009)
  KHL Zagreb (2002–2004), (2007–2009)

 Hungary
  Ferencvárosi TC (2002–2004)

 Romania
  SC Miercurea Ciuc (2002–2004)
  Progym Hargita Gyöngye (2002–2003)

 Serbia
  HK Beostar (2007–2009)
  KHK Crvena Zvezda (2007–2009)
  HK Novi Sad (2007–2009)
  HK Partizan (2007–2009)
 / HK Vojvodina (2003–2004), (2007–2009)

Seasons and League Champions
 2002–2003 Season:  Ferencvárosi TC
 2003–2004 Season:  SC Miercurea Ciuc
 2007–2008 Season:  KHL Mladost
 2008–2009 Season:  HK Vojvodina

Season results overview

 [np] There were no playoffs that year. The team that finished in first place at the end of the regular season won the overall league title.

See also
Erste Liga

External links
 Season 2002/03 at www.hockeyarchives.info
 Season 2003/04 at www.hockeyarchives.info
 Season 2007/08 at www.hockeyarchives.info
 Season 2008/09 at www.hockeyarchives.info
 Panonska liga - ima li budućnosti? at hrhokej.net

Defunct multi-national ice hockey leagues in Europe
Sports leagues established in 2002
Ice hockey leagues in Croatia
Ice hockey leagues in Hungary
Ice hockey leagues in Romania
Ice hockey leagues in Serbia


William Alfred (August 16, 1922 – May 20, 1999) was an American playwright, poet, and professor of English literature at Harvard University.

Biography
Alfred was born into an Irish family in Brooklyn, New York. His father was a bricklayer and his mother was a telephone operator. He graduated from St. Francis Preparatory School in 1940.

Alfred was drafted in 1943, two years into his undergraduate studies at Brooklyn College. He served in the Army tank corps and quartermaster's corps in World War II for four years. While in the army, he was taught Bulgarian at a language school and then stationed in the South Pacific, where he wrote poems for American Poet. Alfred completed his B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1948 with the help of the G.I. Bill.

Alfred is a double graduate of Harvard University, where he specialized in the literature of Medieval England, receiving his A.M. and Ph.D. in English in 1949 and 1954 respectively. While at Harvard, Alfred took a creative writing course under Archibald MacLeish, where he wrote his play, Agamemnon.

He began teaching at Harvard the same year he received his doctorate and was appointed full professor in 1963. In 1980, he was named Abbott Lawrence Lowell Professor of the Humanities.

He retired in 1991.

Personal life
Alfred was a lifelong Catholic and attended mass at nearby Saint Paul's Church.

His great grandmother, Anna Maria Egan, immigrated to the United States.

Alfred's play Hogan's Goat helped launch Faye Dunaway's career in the 60's. They maintained a close relationship and remained lifelong friends.

Alfred was close friends with fellow poets Elizabeth Bishop and Robert Lowell.

Plays
Agamemnon (published 1954)
 Hogan's Goat (published 1966)
 Cry for Us All (musical adaptation of Hogan's Goat)
The Curse of an Aching Heart

Other works
The Annunciation Rosary (poetry)
Author of a translation of Beowulf

Awards and recognition

 1993 Harvard Medal
 1988 Signet Society Medal for Lifetime Achievement
 1957 Phi Beta Kappa Poet of Harvard University
 1954 Amy Lowell Traveling Poetry Scholar

References

External links
The William Alfred Collection at Brooklyn College Special Collections
Guide to William Alfred papers concerning adaptations of Agamemnon and The Scarlet Letter at Houghton Library, Harvard University
{https://sites.google.com/view/the-friends-of-william-alfred/home  The New Friends of William Alfred, A collection of photos, videos, memoirs, and external links devoted to the life and works of William Alfred.

1922 births
American academics of English literature
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard University faculty
1999 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Brooklyn College alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
American Roman Catholics