The Short Titles Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 10) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It authorised the citation of earlier Acts by short titles and collective titles. It is replaced by the Short Titles Act 1896.

The Act conferred short titles on 851 Acts which were passed between 1351 and 1881. The earliest of these Acts was the Treason Act 1351 and the most recent was the Post Office (Newspaper) Act 1881.

The Bill for this Act was described as "a very useful measure". Courtney Ilbert said that the Act proved useful both by facilitating reference to statutes and by reducing the length and cost of legal documents that involved references to statutes. Herbert Percival said that the short titles authorised by this Act were convenient.

As to the effect of this Act on the Betting Act 1853, see Powell v Kempton Park Racecourse. As to the short title of the Legacy Duty Act 1796, see Scott v Scott. As to the use of the expression "income tax" by this Act, see London County Council v Attorney General.

See also
Short Titles Act

References

Bibliography
The Public General Acts passed in the fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. HMSO. London. 1892. Pages 12 to 118.
HL Deb vol 1, cols 413, 1463 and 1464 and 1760, vol 2, cols 265, 456 and 608, vol 4, col 339 and 485, HC Deb vol 2, col 1303, vol 3, cols 138, 1275 to 1277, 1718 to 1720 and 1865.
John Mounteney Lely. "Short Titles Act, 1892". The Statutes of Practical Utility. (Chitty's Statutes). Fifth Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. Stevens and Sons. London. 1894. Volume 1. Title "Act of Parliament". Pages 21 to 31.
John Mounteney Lely. "Short Titles Act, 1892". Statutes of Practical Utility Passed in the Session of 1892 ending in June. (Continuation of Chitty's Statutes). Sweet and Maxwell. Stevens and Sons. London. August 1892. Pages 295 to 383. See also page iii.
James Sutherland Cotton (ed). "Short Titles Act, 1892". The Practical Statutes of the Session 1892. (Paterson's Practical Statutes). Horace Cox. Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, London. 1892. Pages 15 to 101.
"Obiter Dicta" (1892) 27 The Law Journal 229 at 230 and 375. See also pages 164, 224, 300, 320, 346, 351, 415, and 689; and 28 The Law Journal 291
"A Reading of the New Statutes" (1892) 36 Solicitors Journal 786
"Current Topics" (1892) 36 Solicitors Journal 302
(1914) 58 Solicitors Journal 550 (23 May 1914); (1932) 76 Solicitors Journal 534 (30 July 1932)
James Roberts, "Statute Law Revision" (1892) 94 The Law Times 18; (1892) 27 The Law Journal 705
"Short Titles Act, 1892" (1892) 11 The Law Notes 296
Thwaites, "Students' Statutes" (1892) 14 The Law Students' Journal 209 at 210 (1 September)
165 The Law Times 167 (25 February 1928)

External links

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1892


Maurice White is the debut album by American singer and musician Maurice White released in September 1985 on Columbia Records. The album rose to number 12 upon the Billboard Top R&B Albums chart and No. 35 on the Dutch Album Top 100.

Overview
The self titled album was produced by Maurice White. Artists such as Gerald Albright, Jeff Lorber, Ricky Lawson of Yellowjackets, Paul Jackson Jr., Martin Page, Wayne Vaughn and Wanda Vaughn of The Emotions appeared on the record. The album was also reissued in 2001 with four bonus tracks entitled "Life" (Freedom mix), "Life", "Adventures of the Heart" and "Sam the Jam".

Singles
A cover of Ben E. King's
"Stand by Me" got to No. 6 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart, No. 11 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs chart and No. 5 on the RPM Canadian Adult Contemporary Songs chart.

Another single called "I Need You" rose to No. 20 upon the Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs chart and No. 30 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart.

Critical reception

Robin Denselow of The Guardian called the album a "lush collection of self produced dance tracks, and the occasional ballad, with synths and drum programming immaculately in place, and the vocals as classy as ever". With a four out of five star review Andrew Hamilton of Allmusic wrote "Maurice White gives an excellent account on his solo debut". David Okamoto of the Tampa Tribune proclaimed "White offers an impressive collection of solid-state R&B that doesn't let the intricate arrangements get in the way of his warm vocals". J.D. Considine of Musician said the "Given his status as Earth, Wind & Fire's Shining Star, it comes as no surprise that White's first solo project sounds a lot like classic EW&F: tight, focused and punchy. But while White remembers to sink a hook into every verse and chorus, the emphasis here is on subtlety and sophistication as he works his way from R&B basics..with a sense of craft that makes slickness irrelevant".  Simon Warner of Popmatters described the LP as "something of a lost treasure" which "distils the fervent energy of his group but offers an appealing showcase for White's confident vocal manner." David Barton of the Sacramento Bee extolled "a fine return to form for Earth, Wind & Fire's mastermind. White's solo debut features upbeat, melodic dance cuts".

Track listing

Original release

2001 reissue

Personnel

Musicians
 Gerald Albright - saxophone
 Gerald Brown - drums
 Bill Bottrell - finger snapping
 Vinnie Colaiuta - drums
 Michel Colombier - keyboards
 Paulinho da Costa - percussion
 Bill Reichenbach Jr. - trombone
 Sheldon Reynolds - guitar
 Greg Phillinganes - synthesizer, soloist
 Michael Boddicker - synthesizer programming
 Robbie Buchanan - synthesizer, arrangements, keyboards, drum programming, assistant producer
 Brian Fairweather - background vocals, chants, associate producer, vocal arrangement, drum programming, vocoder, rhythm arrangements
 Dean Gant - synthesizer, arrangements, drum programming
 Rupert Greenall - synthesizer
 Donald Griffin - guitar
 Jerry Hey - trumpet
 Marva Holcolm - background vocals
 Paul Jackson, Jr. - guitar, rhythm arrangements
 Abraham Laboriel - bass guitar
 Michael Landau - guitar
 Ricky Lawson - drums
 Paul Leim - Simmons drum programming
 Jeff Lorber - synthesizer
 Marlon McClain - guitar
 Martin Page - bass guitar, arrangements, background vocals, chants, associate producer, vocal arrangement, rhythm arrangements
 John "J.R." Robinson - drums
 Julia Tillman - background vocals
 Wanda Vaughn - background vocals
 Wayne Vaughn - synthesizer, arrangements
 Maurice White - percussion, lead vocals, background vocals, kalimba, producer, chants, mixing, original recording producer, vocoder
 David Williams - guitar
 Peter Wolf - keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, chants

Miscellaneous Credits
 Mixing: Paul Klingberg
Mixing:  Bill Bottrell
Mixing:  Eric ET Thorngren
 Art Direction: Donald Lane, Howard Fritzson
 Photography: Harry Langdon
 Make-Up: Tara Posey
 Liner Notes: Ramsey Lewis
 Tape Research: Matthew Kelly
 Packaging Manager: Mike Cimicata
 Assistant: Cameron Marcarelli
 Reissue: Leo Sacks- Liner Notes, Reissue Producer, Mixing

Charts

References

1985 debut albums
Albums produced by Maurice White
Columbia Records albums


The discography of Barbadian R&B and pop singer Shontelle contains two studio albums, five singles and ten music videos.

Shontelle's debut album, Shontelligence, was released on November 18, 2008. The album reached number 115 on the Billboard 200, selling 6,200 records in its first week, and reached number twenty-four on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It was re-released on March 10, 2009, and has since sold 30,000 records in the US. "T-Shirt", was the first and debut single released by Shontelle, it was released in July 2008 and reached number thirty-six on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a moderate hit. However, it reached the top ten in the United Kingdom, peaking at number six there. The second single from the album, "Stuck with Each Other", featuring Akon, was released in February 2009 in the US and May 2009 in the UK. The single failed to chart in the US, but reached number twenty-three in the United Kingdom.

Shontelle's second album, No Gravity, was released in the US on September 21, 2010. In the first week of release, No Gravity placed at number 81 on the Billboard 200, selling 7,000 copies. The lead single from the album, "Impossible", was released in February 2010 for digital download, but failed to garner success until May 2010, when it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. It has since become her most successful single to date, reaching number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single from the album, "Perfect Nightmare", was released in August 2010. "Say Hello to Goodbye" was released to pop radio on March 15 as the third single. On March 14, 2020, Shontelle released "Remember Me" for digital download.

Albums

Studio albums

Singles

As lead artist

Promotional singles

As featured artist

Music videos

References

External links
Official Shontelle Website
Official Shontelle Fansite

Rhythm and blues discographies
Discographies of Barbadian artists


Bernard Schottlander (1924–1999) was a British, German-born designer and sculptor. His archive is located at the University of Brighton Design Archives.

Life

Bernard Schottlander was born in Mainz, Germany in 1924 and came as a Jewish refugee to Leeds in 1939. During the war he worked in a factory as a welder, before taking a course in Sculpture at Leeds College of Art and subsequently – with the help of a bursary – at the Anglo-French art centre in St John’s Wood. He studied sculpture for a year in London, and his training as a welder influenced his work heavily. Bernard Schottlander described himself as a designer for interiors and a sculptor for exteriors.

He opened a studio in North London with his assistant George Nash, who had himself learned his craft in the Royal Air Force’s workshops. Their work at this stage was essentially artistic in nature, seeking to explore new forms and each piece was handmade in strictly limited editions.

In 1963 he decided to concentrate solely on sculpture and from 1965 he taught metalwork at St Martins School. In the same year he was part of the group show Six Artists at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London and in the following year (1966) had his first solo show at the Hamilton Galleries, London.

The Mantis
An admirer of Alexander Calder, in 1951 Schottlander created the "Mantis" series of lamp.

"As both an industrial designer and sculptor, the two professions were for Schottlander interconnected. As Victoria Worsley has demonstrated, Schottlander was concerned with similar formal problems in his sculptures and designs. His designs for lamps created sleek sculptural forms and customizable functionality"

Publication
 Indoors and Out (No. 56): The Sculpture and Design of Bernard Schottlander. The Henry Moore Foundation, Leeds 2007

Works (selection)
 Toronto : November Pyramid (1967) in High Park
 London : South of the River (1976) at Becket House, Lambeth Palace Road
 Warwick : 3B Series I (1968) outside the Rootes Building, University of Warwick
 Milton Keynes : 3B Series No.2, 3B Series No.6 and 2MS Series No.4 (1968–70), Public Gardens
 Tübingen : Pyramid (BS-76) (1976), Konrad-Adenauerstraße
 Manchester : Untitled and Terminal (1964) outside the Whitworth, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road

References

1924 births
1999 deaths
Alumni of Leeds Arts University
20th-century British sculptors
British male sculptors
British industrial designers
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
20th-century British male artists


Words and Music is a musical revue with sketches, music, lyrics and direction by Noël Coward.  The revue introduced the song "Mad About the Boy", which, according to The Noël Coward Society's website, is Coward's most popular song.  The critics praised the show's sharp satire and verbal cleverness.

History and reception
Words and Music opened in London at the Adelphi Theatre on 16 September 1932, after a Manchester Opera House tryout in August 1932. It consisted of a series of sketches, some with songs, and starred Ivy St. Helier, Joyce Barbour, John Mills, Romney Brent, Doris Hare, Moya Nugent and Effie Atherton and, in a small part, Graham Payn. It ran for 164 performances, short of the two years Coward had expected, closing on 4 February 1933.

The Manchester Guardian wrote of the show,
"Mr. Coward has never sharpened his quill to better purpose than here. In many of the numbers his neatly polished libretto has more than mere verbal ingenuity, and his musical score, though by this time its conventions are familiar, shows a wide and diverting range both in parody and in construction... an acid Anglo-Indian scene with a chorus of sahibs declaiming that 'no matter how much we sozzle and souse, the sun never sets upon Government House', leads to a swinging mock-heroic number with the refrain 'But mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the midday sun' that has a true Gilbertian flavour."

The Times wrote, "Mr. Coward has the gift of attack... he had the audience cheering before the opening chorus was spent....  Mr. Coward has, above all else, the gift of satire, and this revue, being primarily satirical, is his best work in the musical kind... the active fierceness which is the distinction between genuine satire and empty sneering." The paper thought "Something to do with Spring" the only failure in the show, praised "Mad About the Boy", "Midnight Matinée" and the parodies of Casanova and Journey's End, and  was undecided about "Let's Say Goodbye."  It praised the performances of St Helier, Brent, Hare, Barbour, Steffi Duna and Nora Howard. The Daily Mirror commented, Words and Music "bears the stamp of genius....  'Mad Dogs and Englishmen' is another song that goes with such snap and sparkle that it is bound to be heard wherever there are gramophones and pianos....  Words and Music has nothing in common with the average revue. Mr Coward, indeed, lifts it far above the ordinary".

Coward later said of the show, "Words and Music was almost a very good revue, but it wasn't quite. I've never quite made up my mind why. It could possibly have been my fault. But it wasn't entirely. It had no great big star in it, though there was a wonderful cast."

The show was revised and opened on Broadway in 1939 with the title Set to Music.

In 2013 Lost Musicals presented the show in concert at the intimate Lilian Baylis Studio of Sadler's Wells Theatre in London.  Ian Marshall Fisher directed the production, which was Lost Musicals' first and only British show, as Fisher found that he was unable to reconstruct the American version, Set to Music. The cast included Issy van Randwyck.

Sketches
One sketch was titled "Journey's End", and was a parody of the R. C. Sherriff play of the same name. It "camps up carnage...balloons being flung onto the stage...and the orchestra playing Deutschland über Alles. Another sketch, singled out for praise by both The Manchester Guardian and The Daily Mirror, was "Children's Hour" in which Coward satirised the pretensions of adults by putting their high-flown remarks into the mouths of children. The sketch ended with the song "Let’s Live Dangerously", "a merry little skit on present day habits"

Songs
(In the order printed in The Lyrics of Noël Coward, pp. 114–18):

Maggie (opening chorus)
Débutantes
Let's Live Dangerously
Children of the Ritz
Mad Dogs and Englishmen
Planters' Wives
Let's Say Good-bye
The Hall of Fame
Mad About the Boy

Journey's End
Housemaids' Knees
Three White Feathers
Description of Ballets
Something to Do With Spring
The Wife of an Acrobat
The Younger Generation
Midnight Matinée
The Party's Over Now

The Noël Coward Society's website, drawing on performing statistics from the publishers and the Performing Rights Society, names "Mad About the Boy" as Coward's most popular song.  "Mad Dogs and Englishmen" is also among the top ten most performed Coward songs.  "The Party's Over Now" ranks in the top thirty of Coward songs.

Notes

References
Coward, Noël. The Lyrics of Noël Coward, Heinemann, London, 1965.
Castle, Charles. Noël, Sphere Books, London, 1974.

1932 musicals
Revues
Musicals by Noël Coward


Radzin may refer to:

 Radzyń Podlaski, town in eastern Poland
 Izhbitza-Radzin, Hasidic dynasty


Eduardo Simone (born Buenos Aires, 16 October 1974) is an Argentine rugby union footballer. He plays as a centre.

He started at a very young age playing for his beloved "Liceo Naval", in Buenos Aires, where he eventually got back to finish his career. He played for Bristol Shoguns, in England, from 1999 to 2001.

Simone had 35 caps for Argentina, from 1996 to 2002, scoring 9 tries, 45 points on aggregate. He was selected for the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals, playing five matches.

External links
Eduardo Simone International Statistics

1974 births
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Rugby union centres
Argentina international rugby union players
Argentina international rugby sevens players
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
1999 Rugby World Cup players


Kim Jung-yoo (Korean: 김정유, born February 8, 1979), better known as MC Sniper (Korean: MC 스나이퍼), is a South Korean rapper. He is known for writing controversial lyrics that challenge social injustice and mainstream society. He was a contestant on Show Me the Money and a producer on both seasons of Tribe of Hip Hop. He released his first album, So Sniper..., on May 17, 2002.

Discography

Studio albums

Special albums

Extended plays

Charted singles

Awards and nominations

Mnet Asian Music Awards

|-
| 2002
| "BK Love"
| Best Hip Hop Performance
|

References

1979 births
Living people
South Korean male rappers
South Korean Buddhists


There are about a hundred Anglican churches in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto is in the Anglican Diocese of Toronto, which includes the city of Toronto and much of south central Ontario. The eastern part of Toronto is part of the York-Scarborough episcopal area while the western half of the city is in the York-Credit Valley, which also includes Mississaga and Peel. The city is further divided into nine deaneries.

See also

List of Anglican churches
List of Anglican cathedrals in Canada
List of Orthodox churches in Toronto
List of Presbyterian churches in Toronto
List of Catholic churches in Toronto
List of Synagogues in Toronto
List of United Church of Canada churches in Toronto

References
Anglican Churches in Toronto

Churches, Anglican
Toronto, Anglican


68K/OS was a computer operating system developed by GST Computer Systems for the Sinclair QL microcomputer.

It was commissioned by Sinclair Research in February 1983. However, after the official launch of the QL in January 1984, 68K/OS was rejected, and production QLs shipped with Sinclair's own Qdos operating system.

GST later released 68K/OS as an alternative to Qdos, in the form of an EPROM expansion card, and also planned to use it on single-board computers based on the QL's hardware.

The operating system was developed by Chris Scheybeler, Tim Ward, Howard Chalkley and others.

The few ROM cards that were made mean that surviving examples now fetch a high price: On Feb 04, 2010 one sold for £310 on eBay.

References

External links
 GST Assembler, Adder Assembler - Sinclair User, April 1985
 QL Pictures Gallery
 68k/OS manuals and documentation

Proprietary operating systems
Sinclair Research
Discontinued operating systems
68k architecture


Fados  is a 2007 Portuguese film directed by  Carlos Saura. The film, a fusion of cinema, song, dance and instrumental numbers, explores Portugal's most emblematic musical genre, fado, and its spirit of saudade (melancholy).

Under the musical supervision of Carlos do Carmo, Fados completed Saura's musical trilogy form with Flamenco (1995) and Tango (1998). Saura deploys mirrors, back projections, lighting effects, and lush colors to frame each song.

Fados contains homages to  Maria Severa, Alfredo Marceneiro, and Amália Rodrigues, as well as turns by modern stars like Mariza and Camané. Saura expands the songs (which traditionally involve just a singer and a guitarist) with dance and encompasses other nationalities of Portugal's former colonies and idioms (such as hip hop, flamenco and reggae).

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film includes several songs that were included in the film:
"Fado da Saudade" - Carlos do Carmo
"Kola San Jon" - Kola San Jon
"Variações em Lá" - Jaime Santos, Ricardo Rocha
"Transparente" - Mariza
"Menina Você que Tem" - Toni Garrido
"Quadras" - Camané
"Fado da Severa" - Catarina Moura
"Rua do Capelão" - Cuca Roseta
"Marceneiro" - SP & Wilson
"Um Homem na Cidade" - Carlos do Carmo
"Foi na Travessa da Palha" - Lila Downs
"Vida Vivida" - Argentina Santos
"Fado Batido" - Brigada Victor Jara
"Flor Di Nha Esperança" - Lura
"Sopra Demais o Vento" - Camané
"Estranha Forma de Vida" - Caetano Veloso
"Fado Tropical" ("Tropical Fado") - Chico Buarque e Carlos do Carmo
"Meu Fado Meu" - Mariza and Miguel Poveda
"Casa de Fados" - Maria da Nazaré/ Vicente da Câmara
"Ó Gente da Minha Terra" - Mariza

References

External links

2000s Portuguese-language films
Films directed by Carlos Saura
2000s musical films
Portuguese musical films


Carol Ann Tomlinson is an American educator, author and speaker. She is known for her work with differentiated instruction, a means of meeting students' individual needs in education. Tomlinson is a reviewer for eight journals and has authored over 300 articles and books including The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners, which has been described as a seminal work in the field of differentiated instruction.

Tomlinson also participates in several web-related professional development services, including webinars with EdWeek.org and an online Differentiated Instruction course with Knowledge Delivery Systems.

Tomlinson has a background in German, English, education, technological studies in youth education and drama, reading, speech pathology, gifted education, and curriculum and instruction for creative and critical thinking.

References

Living people
American educators
Year of birth missing (living people)


Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School is a Catholic school in Dwaraka, Wayanad, Kerala, India.

This school was started in 1983 by the Norbertine religious order. Today there are about 1500 students and 75 staff.

References

Catholic secondary schools in India
Premonstratensian Order
Christian schools in Kerala
High schools and secondary schools in Kerala
Schools in Wayanad district
Mananthavady Area
Educational institutions established in 1983
1983 establishments in Kerala


Eugene Russell Smith (November 11, 1895 - June 13, 1948) was a professional football player during the early years of the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Staleys/Bears, Canton Bulldogs, Milwaukee Badgers, Cleveland Bulldogs, Detroit Panthers and Hammond Pros. Smith won NFL championships with the Staleys in 1921, the Canton Bulldogs in 1923 and the Cleveland Bulldogs in 1924. He played a total of 50 games in the NFL.

Notes

1895 births
1948 deaths
People from Carbondale, Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
Canton Bulldogs players
Chicago Bears players
Chicago Staleys players
Cleveland Bulldogs players
Detroit Panthers players
Hammond Pros players
Milwaukee Badgers players
1958 deaths
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Navy Midshipmen football players
Southern Illinois Salukis football players
Military personnel from Illinois


Dennis Jones is the name of:
Dennis Jones (Australian footballer) (1936–1999), Australian rules footballer
Dennis Jones (Australian politician) (1874–1936), Australian politician
Dennis Jones (footballer, born 1894) (1894–1961), English footballer
Dennis Jones (musician) (born 1958), American blues rock musician
Dennis Feltham Jones (1917–1981), British writer
Dennis L. Jones (born 1941), American politician
Dennis M. Jones (1938–2016), American businessman

See also
Denis Jones (1906–1987), Irish politician


Paul Bennett (born 30 January 1961) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Port Vale.

Career
Bennett was an Everton youth team player before joining Port Vale in September 1978. He made his debut as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Peterborough United at London Road on 1 November 1980, and three weeks later he scored his first goal in a 4–2 win over Bradford City. He went on to play 26 Fourth Division games in the 1980–81 season, and scored his first goal in the Football League from the penalty spot in a 2–0 win over York City at Vale Park on 7 March. However, he then fell out of favour under manager John McGrath and played just four league games the following season and was given a free transfer in May 1982. He then moved on to Alliance Premier League club Northwich Victoria (in two spells), Telford United, Buxton (Northern Premier League) and Stalybridge Celtic.

Bennett joined Stalybridge Celtic in July 1989 and made 12 appearances in the 1990–91 season as Celtic finished runners-up in the Northern Premier League Premier Division. He made 53 appearances in the 1991–92 campaign, scoring four goals, as the club secured promotion as champions of the Northern Premier League; he also played in the President's Cup with a 2–1 defeat to Morecambe. He played 45 games in the 1992–93 season as Celtic finished mid-table in the Conference. He played 39 games in the 1993–94 season, scoring one goal. He retired after featuring 15 times in the 1994–95 campaign.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Stalybridge Celtic'
Northern Premier League Premier Division: 1991–92
Northern Premier League President's Cup runners-up: 1992

References

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Everton F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Buxton F.C. players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players


In 2010, Katherine Hudson cofounded "Wear it Purple Day" specifically to support and raise awareness for LGBTQIA+ youth.This event encourage individuals to wear purple on the last Friday of August every year as a sign of support, ensuring LGBTQIA+ youth know they are not alone. central to the day is the idea of making support visible and emphasising unity and belonging.
Purple Day is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. Further intentions of this movement are to reduce the social stigmas commonly endured by many individuals afflicted with the condition, to provide assurance and advocacy to those living with epilepsy, and to encourage individuals living with the condition to take action in their communities to achieve these aims. The day occurs annually on March 26.

Formation and history
The concept of Purple Day was initiated by a nine-year-old Canadian named Cassidy Megan, and was motivated by her own struggle with epilepsy. The first Purple Day event was held on March 26, 2008, and is now known as the Purple Day for Epilepsy campaign. The Epilepsy Association of Nova Scotia joined Cassidy and helped to spread awareness of Cassidy's initiative.

In 2009, the New York-based Anita Kaufmann Foundation and Epilepsy Association of Nova Scotia joined to launch Purple Day internationally and increase the involvement of organizations, schools, businesses, politicians and celebrities. On March 26, 2009, over 100,000 students, 95 workplaces and 116 politicians participated in Purple Day. In March 2009, the official USA Purple Day Party launch was organized by the Anita Kaufmann Foundation. Canadian Paul Shaffer of the Late Show with David Letterman attended the official launch at Dylan's Candy Bar in New York City.

In March 2012, Purple Day received the Royal Assent and became a legal day for epilepsy awareness in Canada.

In December 2015, electronics retailer Dick Smith had arranged a major corporate partnership with Epilepsy Action Australia to support Purple Day in Australia with a $50,000 cash sponsorship, prizes and exclusive distribution of Purple Day merchandise. A week prior to Purple Day celebrations in 2016, Dick Smith was placed in receivership. Later, the Retail Food Group provided a $50,000 donation to match Dick Smith's previously promised sponsorship.

The Anita Kaufmann Foundation owns the US trademark "Purple Day", Reg No. 4,055,0330, dated November 15, 2011.
The Epilepsy Association of the Maritimes own the Canadian trademark "Purple Day"
Cassidy Megan, founder of Purple Day is sole copywrite owner.

Description

Purple Day is held annually on March 26. Supporters are encouraged to wear a purple-coloured item of clothing. Lavender is the international color for epilepsy and is also a color that symbolizes solitude.

The goal of Purple Day is to increase general public awareness, to reduce the social stigma endured by many individuals with the condition, and to empower individuals living with epilepsy to take action in their communities.

Purple Day is celebrated in Australia to fund various epilepsy support organisations including Epilepsy Australia, Epilepsy Queensland, and Epilepsy Foundation.

During the 2018 edition of Purple Day, the Epilepsy Care Alliance called on the technology sector to push further innovations for the treatment for epilepsy.

Purple Day was celebrated at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, for the third year in a row on March 1, 2020. About 1,000 people attended. It included a morning with Minnie and Mickey and had expo and information sessions in the afternoon. Some topics were: Seizure Freedom and the Family, Still Having Seizures Despite Medication, CBD products: FDA approved vs. non FDA approved, Seizure clusters, rescue meds, and therapy options, The Early Years, Navigating Change, and Becoming Adults. The day ended with a visit to Epcot where Spaceship Earth turned purple in support of epilepsy awareness.  There was also a $250 prize.

Guinness World Record
In 2017, a Guinness World Record was reached during Purple Day by the Anita Kaufmann Foundation for the achievement of the largest ever epilepsy training session.

References

Cited works and further reading

External links
 Purple Day Home Page
Epilepsy organizations
Health awareness days
March observances
Observances in Canada
Neurodiversity


Zeta Psi () was founded June 1, 1847, as a social college fraternity. The organization now comprises 53 active chapters and 34 inactive chapters, encompassing roughly 50,000 brothers, across the United States and Canada. Fraternity members have distinguished themselves in a wide range of professional fields, including government service, the military, literature, and the entertainment industry. Following is a select list of notable members of Zeta Psi by field.

Academics and researchers

Business

Entertainment

Law

Military

Philanthropy

Politics

Governors

Federal Senators

Federal Representatives

Federal cabinet

Mayors of major cities

Sports

Baseball

American football

Golf

Olympic medalists

Tennis

Writers and journalists

Notes
† Duly initiated honorary member

Phi Alphas
The Phi Alpha is the leader of the international chapter of the Zeta Psi Fraternity.

* Deceased chapter (Do not confuse chapters)

References

Zeta Psi
brothers


No Boundaries International is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, faith-based organization headquartered in Edmond, Oklahoma that provides speakers, training, medical assistance and evangelism. They operate in the countries of Sierra Leone, West Africa, Haiti, Israel, Mexico, and inner city Oklahoma City.

History
No Boundaries International was incorporated in 2006 by Lori Basey and Sandy Orchard. Basey graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a Bachelor of Science in Occupational Therapy and from the unaccredited Christian Life School of Theology with a Doctorate in Ministry, and began practice as a licensed therapist in Oklahoma in 1991, with specialties in acute psychiatric care, including trauma counseling. Orchard graduated from Point Loma College with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Basey and Orchard met in 2002.

Mission
The group's main goals are to free people from dependence on outside help and encourage self-sufficiency. Core principles include the conviction that every person deserves life's basic necessities. The group also emphasizes inner healing, training, medical help, and evangelism.

Programs

NBI has programs both abroad and in the US. Their international locations include Sierra Leone, Haiti, Israel, and Mexico. Local projects take place in Oklahoma.

In Sierra Leone, "Project Youth in Crisis" provides food, clothing, homes, education, medical care, therapeutic services and Christian evangelism. In 2008, Oklahoma Christian School raised $75,000 towards the Project Youth in Crisis for their H.E.R.O.E.S.(Hands Extended Reflecting Our Exalted Savior) week. .
"The Forgotten" is a program focused on the at-risk children and youth of the world, and provides basic necessities, education, medical care, and activities.
"Project Hope" focusses on the homeless, the oppressed, prostitutes and the disadvantaged elderly in the Oklahoma City inner city, providing Bible studies, life skills training, targeted outreaches, after school/summer children and youth programs, and prevention and wellness training.
In Acuna, Mexico, NBI partners with The World Outreach Center based in Del Rio, Texas to provide villages of cardboard dwellings with holiday shoeboxes full of daily needs, as well as offering evangelism and prayer.

References

External links

Non-profit organizations based in Oklahoma
Edmond, Oklahoma


Zumbox was a proposed hybrid mail service for receiving postal mail via the web.  The service was intended to work in parallel to traditional postal services, whereby a digital mailbox—a Zumbox— would be created for every street address in the U.S.

People were able to claim their Zumbox via a paper mail confirmation code.

Zumbox provided security in compliance with PCI DSS, BITS and HIPAA security rules and regulations.

Zumbox was founded in 2007 in Los Angeles, and obtained more than $30 million in venture capital. After seven years of development, Zumbox announced in 2014 that it lacked sufficient investor interest to launch as a national brand.

References

External links
Zumbox
U.S. News & World Report

2007 establishments in California
2014 disestablishments in California
Email
Postal system of the United States


Borowna is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Borowna


Bonfim may refer to:

People:
Éder José de Oliveira Bonfim (born 1981), Brazilian football player
Bruno Bonfim (born 1979), middle-distance freestyle swimmer from Brazil
Dante Bonfim Costa (born 1983), usually known simply as Dante, is a Brazilian football player
Erick Flores Bonfim or simply Erick Flores (born 1989), Brazilian Attacking Midfielder
Giovânio Bonfim, or simply Wando, (born 1963), former Brazilian football player
José Travassos Valdez (1787–1862), Portuguese soldier and statesman
Leandro do Bonfim (born 1984), Brazilian attacking midfielder

Locations:
Bonfim, Roraima, municipality located in the mideast of the state of Roraima in Brazil
Bonfim (Porto), Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Porto
Bonfim Paulista (São Paulo Bonfim), a district of the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Roman Catholic Diocese of Bonfim, diocese in the city of Salvador, Bahia
Bonfim, Minas Gerais, municipality in Brazil

Buildings:
Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim (Salvador), the most famous Catholic church in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Estádio do Bonfim, multi-use stadium in Setúbal, Portugal


Horace Jones may refer to:
Horace Jones (architect) (1819–1887), English architect
Horace Jones (American football) (born 1949), American football defensive end
Horace A. Jones (1906–2001), horse trainer
Horace Jones (footballer), English football wing half
Horace Jones, a character in the film Angels in Disguise


Czaple is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


The Vatican Necropolis lies under the Vatican City, at depths varying between 5–12 metres below Saint Peter's Basilica.  The Vatican sponsored archaeological excavations (also known by their Italian name scavi) under Saint Peter's in the years 1940–1949 which revealed parts of a necropolis dating to Imperial times.  The work was undertaken at the request of Pope Pius XI who wished to be buried as close as possible to Peter the Apostle. It is also home to the Tomb of the Julii, which has been dated to the third or fourth century.  The necropolis was not originally one of the Catacombs of Rome, but an open-air cemetery with tombs and mausolea.

The Vatican Necropolis is not to be confused with the Vatican grottoes, the latter of which resulted from the construction of St. Peter's Church and is located on the ground level of the old Constantinian basilica.

Origins of the necropolis
The Vatican necropolis was originally a burial ground built on the southern slope of the Vatican Hill, adjacent to the Circus of Caligula.  In accordance with the Roman law, it was forbidden to bury the dead within the city walls. For this reason, burial grounds sprang up along the roads outside of the city cemeteries.  One of these streets, the Via Cornelia, ran north along the Vatican hill.

Caligula's Circus
At the top of the circus that Caligula built, an Egyptian obelisk had been placed. The obelisk had been there since ancient times; in 1586 it was moved from its original place by Domenico Fontana on the orders of Pope Sixtus V when St. Peter's Square was added.

The original location was just in front of the present-day Excavation Office (Ufficio Scavi) of the Fabbrica di San Pietro and is marked by a plaque in the ground.

Construction of Old St. Peter's

According to tradition, the Apostle Peter was martyred in the year 64 or 67 during the reign of Emperor Nero. Peter is said to be buried in the necropolis because of its proximity to the Circus of Nero where he was martyred.  After the Edict of Milan the Emperor Constantine began construction of the first St. Peter's Church, also known as Old St. Peter's Basilica.  At this time, the Roman necropolis was still in use. This is known because a coin was found inside an urn dating from 318 AD. During this time, the necropolis was protected by law and was untouchable.  However, Emperor Constantine I decided to build a basilica, which would be located just above the supposed grave of the Apostle Peter. To obtain the necessary amount of flat area for the planned construction, Emperor Constantine I excavated part of the necropolis of the Vatican hill, which can be seen in the figure.  This caused the necropolis to be filled with soil and building debris, with the exception of St. Peter's tomb, which was preserved.

Excavations

20th century
The first excavations of the Necropolis occurred from 1940–1949 during the pontificate of Pius XII.  The purpose of these excavations was to locate the grave of St. Peter, which for centuries had been assumed to be beneath St. Peter's Basilica. A series of mausoleums were unearthed. The mausoleums were initially labeled with the Greek alphabet letters Φ (phi), Χ (chi) and Ψ (Psi). Later, Latin letters were used. The Mausoleum M had already been described in 1574, and Mausoleum O was discovered when it was unearthed during the construction of the foundation for the statue of Pope Pius VI.  Mausoleums R and S were discovered when the southern part of the foundation for the canopy of Gian Lorenzo Bernini was created.

First, the A mausoleum was built.  In later years, in rapid succession, the mausoleums B, C, D and E were built next to each other.  The Mausoleum G is very likely from the same time as Mausoleum B, while Mausoleum F was probably created during the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161 AD).  These seven mausoleums were placed in a row, built as standalone buildings with different heights and forming an approximately 32-meter-long road. In later times, the gap was filled by mausoleums G and O and with other buildings.  In the reign of (Emperor) Hadrian, Mausoleum O was built.  Only Mausoleum H, from the second half of the 2nd Century, deviates from the straight row because of a pre-built Atrium. By this time the Circus was no longer in use; thus, it was no longer an obstacle to the spread of the necropolis to the south.  The Circus at the time was already overbuilt with various tombs.  A grave from the same time as the construction of Mausoleum H was found near the foundation of the obelisk.  When the Circus was eventually razed, to the already existing series of mausoleums was built another group, namely the Mausoleums Z, Φ (phi), Χ (chi) and Ψ (Psi). In the period from the end of the 2nd Century to the middle of the 3rd Century, mausoleums were built along with various freestanding buildings. All buildings except Mausoleum R1 had their entrance to the south, in the direction of the circus and the Via Cornelia.

The mausoleums had been used by many generations and shared by several families.  Archaeologists found around 120 burials in Mausoleum F and at least 170 in Mausoleum H.  An approximate calculation of the number of body and urn burials in the 22 excavated tombs yielded a number of more than 1,000 funerals.  This large number is due to the high infant mortality and low life expectancy in the 2nd Century CE.

The former owners of six mausoleums (A, C, H, L, N, and O) have been identified from inscriptions above the entrance door.  Mausoleum N is an example of a mausoleum that was used by different families at the same time.  The inscription reports that it is the mausoleum of Marcus Aebutius Charito, but that one half belongs to Lucius Volusius Successus and Volusia Megiste, who jointly purchased some of it.

21st century
More of the necropolis was unearthed in 2003 during construction of a car park. The site is now open to visitors.

Some tombs have undergone restorations, such as the ten-month project involving the Valerii Mausoleum.

St. Peter's Grave (Field P)

The field named P (Peter Campus) is the small area in which the suspected grave of the Apostle Peter is located. Peter was, according to tradition, after his martyrdom in the Circus Nero, buried here. Some 100 years after the death of Peter, a shrine was erected over his grave. This shrine is adjacent to the so-called Red Wall. Immediately adjacent to the suspected Peter grave, some other tombs were found. The arrangement of the graves suggests that the place of Peter's tomb was the site of some early veneration. The shrine, also called the "Trophy of Gaius", is named for the theologian Gaius of Rome who lived in Rome during the time of Pope Zephyrinus (198–217 CE). Consider this quote from Eusebius of Caesarea:

The Greek term used by Gaius——usually means a monument or a trophy of victory. Eusebius interpreted the quote 100 years later as an indication of honorific graves. On the right side of the "Trophy of Gaius" is attached at right angles, the so-called Graffiti Wall, named after the large number of Latin graffiti to be found there. During the excavations in the grave the mortal remains of the Apostle Peter were not found.  There were, however, in a marble-lined hole of the graffiti wall, some human bones.  The archaeologist Margherita Guarducci suggested that during the time of construction of the Constantinian basilica, the remains of the Apostle Peter were removed from his original grave and placed in the opening. The archaeologist pointed to inscriptions in the wall behind the pillar monument including the letters PETR… EN I, as the designation of Peter relics. Other archaeological sites in Rome also have similar graffiti, suggesting that therein is a commemoration (by Christians) to Peter and Paul as martyrs.
On 26 June 1968, Pope Paul VI announced that following scientific study, the relics of Saint Peter had been identified convincingly.

Guided tours
Tours of the excavations can be arranged with the Excavations Office in advance; for conservation, the number of visitors is limited. The tour lasts about an hour.

See also
 Index of Vatican City-related articles

References

External links

 Virtual tour through the Vatican Necropolis

 Margherita Guarducci's book on the Necropolis excavations

1940s archaeological discoveries
St. Peter's Basilica
Tourist attractions in Rome
Cemeteries in Vatican City
Necropoleis


Jawor is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


Marysin is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Marysin


Hetman is the name of a fast train system in Poland.

Route
Hetman uses two trains to cross almost the whole length of southern and western Poland.  It runs on the Zamość - Gorzów Wielkopolski route, via Stalowa Wola, Tarnobrzeg, Rzeszów, Kraków, Katowice, Gliwice, Wrocław, Poznań, and Krzyż Wielkopolski. It takes 17 hours to cross that distance.

According to the 2009 PKP schedule, Hetman consists of two trains, which meet at the Dębica junction. One runs from Zamość, via Stalowa Wola and Tarnobrzeg.  The other runs from Rzeszów.  The combined rail distance between Zamość and Gorzów Wielkopolski is 895 kilometers.

References

Named passenger trains of Poland


Petropolis may refer to:

Places
 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; a town about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro.
 Petrópolis Municipal Nature Park
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Petrópolis
 Cathedral of Petrópolis
 Catholic University of Petrópolis
 Petrópolis Medical School
 Petrópolis Environmental Protection Area, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Petropolis Railway, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, see List of rack railways
 Petrópolis, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; a neighbourhood in the city of Porto Alegre
 Petropolis, the Greek and Latin name for the previous capital of Russia, Saint Petersburg.

Fictional places
 Petropolis, the fictional setting of the Nickelodeon cartoon, T.U.F.F. Puppy.

Entertainment
 Petrópolis (film), 2022 Russian film
 Petropolis: Aerial Perspectives on the Alberta Tar Sands, a film made by Peter Mettler and Greenpeace about Alberta's tar sands
 "Petropolis", a 1983 song by Steve Hackett off the album Bay of Kings
 Petropolis, a 2007 novel by Anya Ulinich

Other uses
 Grupo Petrópolis, a Brazilian brewery
 Treaty of Petrópolis (1903), ending the war between Brazil and Bolivia
 Petrópolis, a futsal club in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; see List of futsal clubs in Brazil
 Petrópolis line of the House of Orléans-Braganza, in the Brazilian imperial family
 SS Petropolis (1856), sister ship of the screw steamer

See also

 2022 Petrópolis floods, a natural disaster that occurred in Petrópolis, Brazil
 Nova Petrópolis, a municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil


Młynary is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


ABCs is the first official single by rapper K'naan on his album Troubadour. It also features rapper Chubb Rock and is produced by A&M/Octone Records. The song was also featured on the soundtrack for the video game Madden 09 and in both the film and the trailer for The Trotsky. The song can be heard in the films Step Up 3D (2010) and The Roommate (2011). It samples Chubb Rock's "Treat 'Em Right" and Mulatu Astatke's "Kasalefkut hulu."

Music video
The video was directed by Marcus Raboy and was filmed at the Brooklyn Bridge and Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York. It begins with K'naan walking across the bridge and he buys a vinyl record at the Pass Out Records store. While K'naan is walking along a street, Chubb Rock drives up in a 1965 Pontiac Catalina with two large speakers in the back, picks up K'naan, they go to a party. K'naan then walks along a street, under an elevated Subway. America's Best Dance Crew Season 2 Champions Super Cr3w make an appearance.

Chart positions
"ABCs" debuted at number 75 on the Canadian Hot 100 on the issue of March 3, 2009, based on downloads.

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
K'naan songs
A&M Octone Records singles
Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy
Songs written by Gerald Eaton
Songs written by K'naan
Songs written by Brian West (musician)
Canadian hip hop songs


Podmieście is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


CIPA is one of the oldest International Scientific Committees of the International Council on Monuments and Sites. It was founded in 1968 jointly with the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing to facilitate the transfer of technology from the measurement sciences into the heritage documentation and recording disciplines. CIPA originally stood for the Comité International de Photogrammétrie Architecturale (). However this name no longer describes the full scope of its activities, so CIPA Heritage Documentation was established.

CIPA Heritage Documentation is now an organization that endeavours to transfer technology from the measurement and visualisation sciences to the disciplines of cultural heritage recording, conservation and documentation. It acts as a bridge between the producers of heritage documentation, and the users of this information. Its mission is to encourage the development of principles and practices for the recording, documentation and information management for all aspects of cultural heritage; and to support and encourage the development of specialized tools and techniques in support of these activities.

Specialisations of CIPA

The activities of the Working Groups and Task Groups are only part of the CIPA contribution to ICOMOS and ISPRS. Many of the National Delegates are active researchers with specialisations covering:

 field surveying
 laser scanning
 building surveying
 site documentation
 monument conservation
 landscape modelling
 archaeological exploration
 data base systems
 underwater recording
 information systems
 3d modelling
 close-range photogrammetry
 analysis of old photographs
 multimedia and virtual reality displays
 petroglyph and pictograph documentation

Activities

It holds an International Symposium every 2 years, either in conjunction with a major conference of the two parent organisations or as a special CIPA event. Often, accompanying these Symposia are specialist workshops dealing with specific topics. The proceedings of the Symposia are also published, either as a journal or on CD-ROM, and some papers are available from the web site. It also maintains a discussion list, where the experts provide advice and information on problems and solutions.

Membership and Participation

Membership is open to everybody who has an interest in the documentation and preservation of cultural heritage. It also needs active participants who can contribute to the activities of the Working and Task Groups, or who can represent others in their countries as National Delegates. National Delegates need to be nominated by the local chapter of either ICOMOS or ISPRS and can attend special sessions at CIPA Symposia.

External links
Official website

International scientific organizations
Organizations established in 1968


Sądowel is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


Miguel Angel Ruiz (born 10 January 1975 in Mendoza) is an Argentine rugby union footballer. He plays as a loose forward or lock. He works at an office.

Ruiz played at Teque Rugby Club when he was selected for the Argentina squad that entered the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals. He played in three matches back then.

Ruiz had 25 caps for the "Pumas", from 1997 to 2002, scoring 2 tries, 10 points in aggregate.

External links
Miguel Ruiz Statistics

1975 births
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Rugby union locks
Argentina international rugby union players
Sportspeople from Mendoza, Argentina
1999 Rugby World Cup players


Stefanów is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


Unisławice is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

Between 1975 and 1998, the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Góra County


Zubrza is a settlement in Gmina Wąsosz, Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Leszno Voivodeship.

References

Zubrza


Friedrich "Fritz" Schubert (; 21 February 1897, Dortmund – 22 October 1947, Heptapyrgion) was a Greek-speaking German NCO Oberfeldwebel (Sergeant) of the Nazi Wehrmacht. As head of the Jagdkommando Schubert, a semi-independent paramilitary force he terrorized the civilian population during the Nazi occupation of Greece in World War II and he committed numerous atrocities in Crete and Macedonia.

Tried by a special court for war criminals in Athens, he was found guilty over the killing of over 250 civilians, sentenced 27 times to death and executed.

Earlier life
Few details of Schubert's pre-WWII life have been verified. Some Cretans believed that Schubert was born as Petros Konstantinidis () (the name he used when he was arrested by the Greek Police), son to a rich tobacco merchant in Smyrna and a Turkish mother and emigrated to Germany at a young age. There, he joined the National Socialist Party and became a dedicated Nazi.

However, it is verified that Schubert was German, born in Dortmund in 1897.  During WW I He served in the Imperial German Army, and possibly fought in Turkey. He claimed that he was decorated with the Iron Crescent medal and he was proudly displaying it. In 1918 he possibly returned to Dortmund and became machine fitter (machinen monteur).  He returned to Turkey in 1920s, where he worked for the Turkish authorities. Schubert in 1925 married an Italian woman in Smyrna and emigrated in Alexandria, Egypt where he stayed for about fifteen years. He became a member of NSDAP in January 1934 and after the outbreak of WW II, Schubert returned to Dortmund, Germany. In April 1941 when Germany invaded Greece he joined the Ersatzheer, he was trained as a military interpreter (he already spoke Greek, Turkish, Italian and Arabic) during April and May 1941 and was promoted to Unteroffizier (corporal) in June 1941.

As a Wehrmacht non commissioned officer

Schubert made his first appearance on Crete in summer 1941 as military interpreter to the Local German Command (Ortskommandatur) in Chania under general Alexander Andrae commander of occupied Crete. Possibly during August 1941 he was transferred to the Regional German Command (Kreiskommandatur) in Rethymno. In autumn 1941 Schubert was transferred again to Heraklion to the Abwehr (counter-espionage) detachment under the command of Greek speaking major Hartmann (first name unknown). As he could speak Turkish and had a strong Turkish accent when speaking Greek, Cretans nicknamed him "the Turk".

Major Hartmann organized the first armed group of pro-Nazi Cretans mainly from the Tzoulias family in the village of Krousonas. Despite the fact that Schubert took part in war crimes, there is no evidence that he was involved in the Krousonas pro-Nazi group until June 1942 when he took command. Schubert recruited several convicted Greek criminals and others pro-Nazi Cretans from Krousonas.

In April 1943 Schubert was transferred to Feldgendarmerie Local German Command 981 (Ortskommandatur) in Chania subordinate to  Oberleutnant (first  lieutenant) Herbert Glebin. The relations between Schubert and Hartmann became more and more strained and Hartmann ordered the imprisonment of Schubert to the Agia prison outside Chania. Schubert was released by orders of generalleutnant (lieutenant general) Bruno Braeuer commander of occupied Crete who was convicted and executed as a war criminal after the war. Bruno Braeuer gave Schubert (now an oberfeldwebel (sergeant)) complete freedom of action to suppress the resistance answering to no one. In September 1943 the Schubert group was officially established as Jagdkommando Schubert also 'National Detachment for Chasing Criminals/Communists'   in eastern Crete.

The Jagdkommando Schubert was an anti-communist militia group intended to capture local resistance fighters and those who helped them. The soldiers were dressed in Italian and the officers in Wehrmacht uniforms and became known among Cretans as the Schuberai, Schubertiani or  Schuberites (). They were notorious for their sadistic practices during attacks against civilians that involved beating, torture, shootings and the destruction of numerous villages in Crete and Makedonia (e.g., Oropedio Lasithiou, Rodakino, Kali Sykia, Kallikratis, etc.). Even today, calling someone a Schuberitis is considered in Crete to be a serious insult synonymous to treachery and cruelty.

These events had enraged the local resistance fighters and the British agents and made them want to eliminate the Schuberai at all costs. Soon, Schubert's unit lost its effectiveness as it could not operate away from his base without the escort of a large Wehrmacht protective force. It is also possible that German officers in Crete were enraged because Schubert's practices were too cruel even for the standards of Nazi Germany.
Hence, in January 1944 Schubert was ordered by Bruno Brauer to leave Crete. The men of his group were given the choice to stay in Crete or follow him to Macedonia. About half of his men were transferred to Macedonia to reinforce the collaborationist battalion of Georgios Poulos (a.k.a. Poulos Verband). While in Macedonia, Schubert's group continued their hideous activities, being responsible for the massacres of Chortiatis and Giannitsa, among others.

When the German Army retreated from Macedonia in October 1944 Schubert and 70 of his men also retreated to Yugoslavia and stayed there for a few months. Schubert arrived in Vienna in February 1945 and before the Red Army captured the city he went to Schwaz in west Austria. When the US army arrived to Schwaz, Schubert and his mistress impersonated Greek displaced persons and were placed in a camp in Innsbruck awaiting transfer to Greece.

After World War II
Schubert attempted to return to Greece because he wanted to be with his mistress or because he had no choice. On 5 September 1945 he arrived in Eleusina military airport on board a plane repatriating ex-concentration camp prisoners back to Greece from Munich, under the false name Kostantinos Konstantinidis (Κωνσταντίνος Κωνσταντινίδης). When he was interrogated by Greek Police officers, the answers he gave were unsatisfactory and vague and was kept in custody for further examination. When he was in custody he was recognized as Friedrich Schubert by various witnesses and prosecuted for war crimes.
On August 5, 1947 he was found guilty of 271 murders and several other crimes including arson, burned numerous villages, rapes, murder of women and  children in cold blood, spoils of war, and thefts. For these, Schubert was convicted 27 times to death and several thousand years of imprisonment. He was executed by firing squad in Eptapyrgio, Thessaloniki on October 22, 1947.

See also
Security Battalions

Notes

External links
Chortiatis massacre from German Wikipedia
«Jagdkommando Schubert» Η αιμοσταγής δράση του «Σώματος Κυνηγών» του Σούμπερτ στην Κρήτη

1897 births
1947 deaths
Crete in World War II
Executed German mass murderers
Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia
German occupation of Thessaloniki
Military personnel from Dortmund
Nazis executed in Greece


The International Journal of Psychoanalysis is an academic journal in the field of psychoanalysis. The idea of the journal was proposed by Ernest Jones in a letter to Sigmund Freud dated 7 December 1918. The journal itself was established in 1920, with Jones serving as editor until 1939, the year of Freud's death.

The International Journal of Psychoanalysis incorporates the International Review of Psycho-Analysis, founded in 1974 by Joseph Sandler. It is run by the Institute of Psychoanalysis. For the last 95 years, the IJP has enjoyed its role as the main international vehicle for communication about psychoanalysis, enjoying a wide international readership from Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia-Pacific, North America, and Latin America. Past Editors of the International Journal have included Ernest Jones, James Strachey, Joseph Sandler, David Tuckett, and Dana Birksted-Breen. In 2015 the IJP had around 9000 subscribers.

Francis Grier is the current Editor in Chief of The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. There are six Associate Editors from four different geographic regions: Lesley Steyn (UK), Bernard Reith (Europe), Bruce Reis (North America), Beatriz de León de Bernardi (Latin America), Georg Bruns and Sara Boffito; an Executive Editor, Catherine Humble (London); and Editors of specific sections, such as Education, The Analyst at Work, Psychoanalytic Controversies, Book Reviews, Psychoanalysis in the Community and Film Essays.

In 2013 the journal established the online open peer review, multi-language site IJP-Open (IJP Open on Pep-Web). In 2023 IJP Open was expanded to also include information about the recommendations papers receive, as well as replies from authors and revised versions of papers. With the IJP Annuals (www.annualsofpsychoanalysis.com), each year papers from the journal are selected and translated into eight different languages: French, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Greek, and Turkish.

See also
 International Psychoanalytical Association
 List of psychotherapy journals
 Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, a German-language journal established in 1913.

References

External links

Psychotherapy journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1920


Steven James Harper (born 3 February 1969) is an English former footballer who scored 54 goals in 504 league games in a 15-year career in the Football League. He was a speedy winger, adept at dribbling the ball.

He began his professional career at Port Vale in June 1987, before he was sold to Preston North End for £35,000 in March 1989. He joined Burnley on a free transfer in July 1991, and helped the "Clarets" to win the Fourth Division title in 1991–92. He moved on to Doncaster Rovers in August 1993, before he was sold on to Mansfield Town for a £20,000 fee in September 1995. He took a free transfer to Hull City in July 1999, before joining Darlington in February 2001. He left the Football League in 2002, and moved into non-League football with Kidsgrove Athletic. He later became a coach.

Playing career
Harper graduated through Port Vale juniors to sign professional forms under manager John Rudge in June 1987. He played regular football for the start of the 1987–88 season, and scored his first goal on 5 September, in a 2–1 victory over York City at Vale Park. However he lost his first team place in January, and finished the campaign with two goals in 25 games. He made eight appearances for the "Valiants" in the 1988–89 season, but fell out of favour and was sold to Third Division rivals Preston North End for £35,000 and 50% of any future transfer deal in March 1989. Preston were managed by former Port Vale boss John McGrath. Ironically the "Lambs" lost to Vale in the play-offs at the end of the 1988–89 campaign. They then dropped to 19th in 1989–90 and 17th in 1990–91 under Les Chapman's stewardship.

Harper left Deepdale to join Fourth Division club Burnley on a free transfer in July 1991. He scored six goals in 48 games in 1991–92, as Frank Casper and Jimmy Mullen led the "Clarets" to promotion as champions. Harper scored five goals in 42 appearances in 1992–93, but departed Turf Moor after he was replaced by David Eyres and was given a free transfer to Doncaster Rovers in August 1993. Ian Atkins took "Donny" to 15th in the Third Division (previously called the Fourth Division) in 1993–94. He was then joined at Belle Vue by his former Burnley partner Ian Measham. Sammy Chung then led Rovers to ninth place in 1994–95.

Harper was sold to Andy King's Mansfield Town for a £20,000 fee in September 1995. The "Stags" finished in the lower half of the Third Division table in 1995–96. Steve Parkin then replaced King in the hot-seat at Field Mill, and instigated a minor revival. Harper scored two goals in 38 appearances in 1996–97, as Mansfield finished five points behind Cardiff City, who occupied the final play-off position. He scored five goals in 52 games in 1997–98, as the club again finished five points short of the play-off places. His goal tally included a 17-minute hat-trick• on 21 February, in a 4–0 home win over Darlington. He then claimed six goals in 51 appearances in the 1998–99 campaign, as Mansfield came to within one place and four points of a play-off place.

He took a free transfer to Hull City in July 1999, and scored four goals in 38 games in the 1999–2000 campaign, as Warren Joyce's "Tigers" posted a 14th-place finish. New manager Brian Little allowed Harper to leave Boothferry Park on a free transfer to league rivals Darlington in February 2001. The "Quakers" finished four points above the bottom of the Football League in 2000–01 under the stewardship of Gary Bennett. Harper played 25 games in the 2001–02 campaign, scoring once against Leyton Orient, before he was allowed to leave Feethams by new manager Tommy Taylor. He then ended his career after a short spell with Northern Premier League side Kidsgrove Athletic.

Coaching career
Harper spent six years as a coach at the academy at Stoke City, before he was appointed as a first team coach at Chasetown in May 2017.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Burnley
Football League Fourth Division: 1991–92

References

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Newcastle-under-Lyme
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Kidsgrove Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
Association football coaches
Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff


Consent management is a system, process or set of policies for allowing consumers and patients to determine what health information they are willing to permit their various care providers to access. It enables patients and consumers to affirm their participation in e-health initiatives and to establish consent directives to determine who will have access to their protected health information (PHI), for what purpose and under what circumstances. Consent management supports the dynamic creation, management and enforcement of consumer, organizational and jurisdictional privacy policies.

Industry References
Gartner Research “Hype Cycle for Healthcare Provider Technologies and Standards

Personal Information Management for Consent Management Solutions

The need to accommodate and automate consumer privacy preferences in health information exchange is recognized by the healthcare industry through various standards activities and consent discussions:

 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), e-Consent: * The Design and Implementation of Consumer Consent Mechanisms in an Electronic Environment by Enrico Coiera, MBBS, PhD and Roger Clarke, MComm, PhD
 Canada Health Infoway, iEHR Tech II Project, Standards Collaborative Partnership
 Health Information Security and Privacy Collaboration (HISPC)
 Health Information Technology Standards Panel (HITSP), “TP 30 - HITSP Manage Consent Directives Transaction Package.”
 Health Level 7, “Community-based Collaborative Care Project.”
 Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), “Basic Patient Privacy Consents (BPPC).”
 Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), “Advanced Patient Privacy Consents (APPC).”
 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), “Cross-Enterprise Security and Privacy Authorization (XSPA) Profile of XACML v2.0 for Healthcare Version 1.0.”
 IAB Europe: List of Consent Management Provider, “”

Health policy in the United States


The 1999 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship was the tenth edition of the Asian Championship, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Volleyball Association of Hong Kong, China (VBAHK). The tournament was held in Hong Kong, China from 21 to 26 September 1999.

Pools composition
The teams are seeded based on their final ranking at the 1997 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship.

Preliminary round

Pool A

Pool B

Final round
 The results and the points of the matches between the same teams that were already played during the preliminary round shall be taken into account for the final round.

Classification 5th–8th

Championship

Final standing

References
JVA
Results

International volleyball competitions hosted by Hong Kong
A
Asian Women's Volleyball Championship
Voll


is a 2009 action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. Set a century after The Wind Waker and its sequel Phantom Hourglass, the storyline follows the current incarnations of Link and Princess Zelda as they explore the land of New Hyrule to prevent the awakening of the Demon King Malladus. Players navigate New Hyrule, completing quests that advance the story and solving environmental and dungeon-based puzzles, many requiring use of the DS's touchscreen and other hardware features. Navigation between towns and dungeons is done using a train, which features its own set of mechanics and puzzles.

Production began in 2007 following the release of Phantom Hourglass, with half the team including director Daiki Iwamoto and producer Eiji Aonuma returning. Aonuma got the concept from a children's book and incorporated some of its elements into the game. Originally planned as a quickly-produced sequel similar to Majora's Mask, production lasted two years due to the new features. The character of Zelda was given more agency and a key role in both the narrative and several puzzles, breaking away from her earlier passive characterisations. The game was lauded by critics from both dedicated video game outlets and general journalistic sites. Praise was directed towards its narrative and gameplay concepts.

Gameplay

Spirit Tracks continues its style of gameplay from Phantom Hourglass, in which players use the stylus to control Link and use weapons and items. The game is divided into an overworld, which Link traverses using the Spirit Tracks, and towns and dungeons which he travels by foot. The player alternates between exploring the overworld and exploring towns and dungeons in order to complete the game's main story, but may opt to complete sidequests for further rewards. In the overworld and dungeons, the player is able to make notes on their current map as an aid in puzzle solving and continuing the story.

In the overworld, Link is able to direct his train across land, with the ability to control speed and forward or reverse direction, to turn at track intersections, and to blow the train's whistle to scare animals off the tracks. The player is able to automatically set a route for the train by drawing on the map, though not all locations are immediately available. Later, Link is given a cannon that he can use to defend the train from attacks. Link also eventually gains a cargo car, which he can use to move goods between towns. Some missions require Link to transport a passenger along the rails and require the player to keep the passenger happy.

As the game progresses, the player opens more of the map. In towns and dungeons, the player controls Link using the stylus, directing the character where to go. The stylus is also used to perform attacks and dodges and to select items such as bombs and a boomerang, used for combat and puzzle solving. Certain items, in particular Zelda's pan flute, require the player to blow into the DS's microphone. In the case of the pan flute, completing songs can unlock new magical songs, reveal hidden secrets, heal Link, or restore more of the Spirit Tracks. In certain dungeons, the ethereal Zelda can inhabit Phantom Guardians. The player can direct the possessed Phantom along a stylus-drawn path to attack enemies or simply follow Link. Several puzzles of the game require the player to manipulate Link and the Zelda-possessed Phantom to complete a goal. In towns, the player can have Link speak to its residents, buy goods at local stores, and learn helpful tips.

Unlike Phantom Hourglass, Spirit Tracks does not feature Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection multiplayer. Instead, up to four players can play via DS Download Play, using only one game card, and only one game system per player. This multiplayer mode is non-canonical, as all four players play as different Links, each with different-colored tunics (a style that was used in The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures). Each player attempts to collect as many Force Gems (of varying sizes, value and number) as possible within a set time limit. Opposition includes the other players, a varying number of non-partisan Phantoms, who will attack any player on sight; and the play stages themselves, with environmental hazards. Results of the most recent game played will show up on a bulletin in most in-game towns and cities. "Tag Mode", an item trading system, is also available between local players.

Similarly to Phantom Hourglass, Spirit Tracks features a central dungeon, which uses a spiral staircase to access upper floors instead of having the player traverse the same floors multiple times as in the previous game. Also, although safe zones are still present, being used to hide from Phantoms, the dungeon does not feature a curse that Link needs to protect himself from for a limited amount of time.

Synopsis

Spirit Tracks takes place at the end of the "Adult Timeline" within the Zelda continuity: it takes place a century following the events of The Wind Waker and its direct sequel Phantom Hourglass. In the past, the Demon King Malladus engaged in an endless war with the Spirits, who eventually sealed him away using the Spirit Tracks, train lines stretching across the land, and the Tower of Spirits. A century prior to the game, new settlers arrived from the flooded land of Hyrule and made their home there, calling it "New Hyrule".

The story opens with Link going through his final exam and graduation ceremony as a (locomotive) Engineer, who both drives trains across the land and serves the royal family currently headed by Princess Zelda. The ceremony is disparaged by Zelda's chancellor Cole, who claims trains are futile as the Spirit Tracks are vanishing from the land. Zelda secretly summons Link after the ceremony and he helps her escape the castle to investigate the disappearing Spirit Tracks. When the tracks to the tower vanish mid-journey, Cole, revealing himself as a demon in service to Malladus, steals Zelda's body for Malladus to use as his host with help from his accomplice Byrne. Cole fragments the Tower of Spirits in an attempt to loosen Malladus' chains, and the different levels of the tower are suspended in midair.

Link and the disembodied Zelda find their way to the now-fragmented Tower of Spirits, where they meet Anjean, a Lokomo who serves the Spirits of Good. She asks Link and Zelda to restore the Spirit Tracks and the Tower of Spirits to prevent Malladus' return. Link must explore the floors of the Tower to retrieve glyphs that function as maps of New Hyrule. While doing so, Link is nearly killed by a Phantom, a deadly guard of the tower, but he is rescued by Zelda, who discovers her ability to possess and control Phantoms. After retrieving the glyph, Link and Zelda use the Spirit Train, a train located within the tower, to travel across New Hyrule. With the help of the Lokomos, they restore the vanished Spirit Tracks and most of the Tower of Spirits. Byrne eventually ambushes Link in the Tower, with Anjean revealing Byrne to be a rogue Lokomo before teleporting Link and Zelda away and battling Byrne herself.

After fully restoring the Tower and the Spirit Tracks, Link and Zelda return to the Tower, but are too late to prevent Malladus possessing Zelda's body. Malladus betrays Byrne and escapes with Cole to the Dark Realm. Anjean and a now-reformed Byrne direct the two to find two artifacts they will need to find and defeat Cole and Malladus: the Compass and the Bow of Light. After retrieving both, Anjean gives Link the Lokomo Sword and joins Link and Zelda as they head for the Dark Realm where Cole and Malladus await. In the Dark Realm, Link and Zelda successfully banish Malladus from Zelda's body, and Byrne holds him off to give Zelda the time she needs to repossess her body, losing his life in the process. With no other alternatives, Malladus then possesses Cole, but Cole's body is unable to contain Malladus' spirit for long, and Malladus vows to destroy the world before vanishing. Link and the restored Zelda work together to defeat Malladus with Zelda's magic, the Bow of Light and the Lokomo Sword, destroying Malladus and Cole. With Malladus no longer a threat, Anjean, Byrne's spirit, and the other Lokomos return to the Spirits' realm. Depending on how he answered a question from Zelda concerning his future, Link either remains an engineer, becomes a royal guard, or his future remains unknown.

Development

The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks was developed by Nintendo EAD. It was developed by one part of the Legend of Zelda team, the other working on Skyward Sword. Director Daiki Iwamoto and producer Eiji Aonuma returned from Phantom Hourglass, along with half the original staff. The team were so pleased with the touchscreen design of Phantom Hourglass that they wanted to develop a sequel on the same platform. Their plan was to produce Spirit Tracks on a short schedule, similar to Ocarina of Time sequel Majora's Mask, using ideas that had been proposed and not implemented in Phantom Hourglass. Due to a number of factors, development was extended to two years, double the estimated time. Despite the increased production time, Aonuma described this as a smooth production compared to other protracted or turbulent development cycles of earlier Zelda games. The graphics were chosen, similarly to Phantom Hourglass, as a result of the decision that toon shading would be best to deliver the games on their chosen platform. Aonuma commented that with realistic graphics, it would make the characters poorly scaled to their surroundings, adding that though possible, it was not ideal. The music in the game was composed by Toru Minegishi, Manaka Tominaga, and Asuka Ota. Minegishi wrote the main overworld music and shared the work on field, character and event themes with Tominaga. Series sound composer Koji Kondo contributed the ending theme, while Ota was responsible for some of the music in the multiplayer mode.

The concept for Spirit Tracks came to Aonuma while he was reading a children's book to his son. The book, titled  concerned a group of children creating a railway line in a magical countryside region. Iwamoto felt that Spirit Tracks should not be too like other Zelda titles, citing an argument that occurred that the train was not a good fit for the series, splitting the staff between those who thought the train should be changed, and those who successfully fought to keep the train. Aonuma felt that the team had created new ways of playing, while retaining several elements from the series. Aonuma commented that because the puzzles were designed by a designer who was formerly a programmer, they felt different to him. The use of the train was fixed early on, but the concept of players building train tracks was discarded as Aonuma saw it as a "nightmare" to manage. The Tower of Spirits was originally going to function the same way as the Temple of the Ocean King from Phantom Hourglass, requiring the player to climb the tower each time they restore a new floor by going through the tower again from the bottom until they reach it. As development neared its end, Anomua made a comment about this never giving the feeling of climbing a tower, resulting in the spiral staircase included in the final design.

Using feedback from Phantom Hourglass, the team adjusted the controls so players would find performing Link's actions on the touchscreen easier. They also removed elements that had met with negative feedback from players, such as the time limit imposed on players when going through the previous game's main dungeon. The Spirit Flute was brought up early in the game's development. Because the microphone capabilities were featured so prominently in the game, the team decided to incorporate it into the flute. At an early stage, the team decided to focus on the ability to control and work cooperatively with a Phantom, originally used in Phantom Hourglass as a Wi-Fi battle mode-exclusive character. In questioning why an enemy character would aid Link, the team came up with the idea that a second character would take control of the Phantom; Zelda was ultimately chosen because she was "an interesting and appropriate character". The multiplayer was incorporated based on Miyamoto's liking for The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords, wanting something more than the earlier game's battle mode.

A survey conducted in the United States signified consumers preferred more independent female characters, including Zelda's alter egos Sheik (from Ocarina of Time) and Tetra (from The Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass). Iwamoto expressed an interest in making Zelda "a more integral part" of Spirit Tracks, in addition to being a more independent character. As a result, Zelda actively adventures alongside Link in spirit form, in sharp contrast to the damsel-in-distress role she fulfills in some earlier installments in the series. There was also a conscious effort to contradict the "princess" aspect of Zelda's character to defy the player's expectations. She was designed and written to behave like any girl her age would, despite her royal status, particularly in her friendship with Link. This is particularly displayed in several comedic scenes early in the game when she is still getting used to being a ghost, and when she becomes hysteric over her missing body.

Aonuma felt that the inclusion of Zelda as Link's partner in both storyline and gameplay was his favourite part of the game, commenting that Spirit Tracks highlights her personality and characteristics better than other titles in the series. While taking place in the same continuity as Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass, all the characters except supporting character Niko were new; Niko was used to explain the game's history and setting to players. The team were careful not to focus too much on events from Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass, allowing first-time players to enjoy the game. The Japanese names of Lokomos characters were all puns on either train parts or specific models of trains. The antagonists were written to have more personality than in previous entries, with Byrne and Cole being played as contrasting rivals while also being Link's main opponents. Despite the clear signs of peace being restored, the ending was left a little ambiguous so players could imagine what Link and Zelda were doing, and were given a little choice with the question Zelda asks before the final battle.

Release
The game was officially confirmed in March 2009. The game's subtitle differed between English and Japanese. The English version was decided early on before the Japanese subtitle Daichi no Kiteki (Train Whistle of the Wide World) was finalized. Originally using the Spirit Flute, known in Japanese as the "Whistle of the Wide World", was used in the subtitle. Feeling this title would be too long, and after toying with using the English title as inspiration, the current subtitle instead emphasised the train travel across large areas. The Japanese names of world regions paid homage to the subtitle. A limited edition tin was released in Europe for Spirit Tracks. It features a tin box that contains two models from the game - Link and a Phantom.

Reception

Pre-release
When it was revealed, the fan reaction to Spirit Tracks was stronger than the reaction to the Nintendo DSi reveal beforehand. In his impressions, IGNs Craig Harris found the storyline to be "compelling" with an "interesting premise". He felt that the gameplay was much like Phantom Hourglass, and the plot was enough to get him "jazzed" about Spirit Tracks. IGN UKs Emma Boyes, in her impressions of the multi-player mode, commented that how players can lose the majority of their Force Gems in one hit makes the mode have tension and balance. She called the single and multi-player modes a "huge amount of fun". IGNs Mark Bozon commented that it had a lot of "déjà vu" as well as several great additions to the series. He commented that the controls for Princess Zelda were simple, though her "constant chatter" and "slow movement speed" caused the game to slow down at some parts, but ultimately felt that it was overall a good addition. IGN commented that Spirit Tracks was set to be a "worthy sequel" to Phantom Hourglass. In discussing its potential appearance at E3, IGNs Craig Harris felt that if a playable demo wasn't featured for it, Nintendo would show an "absolutely epic trailer that will bring fanboys to tears in the same way the company did with Twilight Princess in 2004". They awarded it Best Action game for the Nintendo DS at E3 2009, as well as runner-up for best DS game E3 2009 and best handheld game at E3 2009.

GameSpots Sophia Tong commented that it was "well on its way to being a worthy sequel" to Phantom Hourglass, adding that the ability of the characters to "convey the mood" of the game was well-done enough without using voice acting. She also praised its improved visuals over Phantom Hourglass. Fellow GameSpot writer Tom Mc Shea commented that it looked as "charming" as its predecessors. Crave Online's Erik Norris called it "hilarious and awesome". He praised the change from sea to land, calling it a "guaranteed must-buy". GamesRadars Brett Elston questioned the inclusion of train travel, considering how much criticism sailing received, but noted that it would be a strong addition to the series, though only if they were "no more obnoxious than sailing". In his hands-on of Spirit Tracks, Eurogamers Christian Donlan described the train travel as "natural", calling the railways a "perfect fit" for the cel-shaded world of Spirit Tracks. He called it "another chunk of simple delight; another sweet-natured adventure". It was nominated for best-of-show at the 2009 Gamescom.

The Daily Telegraph included it as one of the top 20 most anticipated games of E3, calling its cel-shaded visuals "beautiful" and "innovative" touch-screen controls. Ars Technicas Ben Kuchera praised it for how it exudes a "very pleasant mood and feel". He adds that he has always anticipated it, but the Phantom and train mechanics give it a "flavor of its own". He also commented on the E3 2009 trailer, stating that fans of the series will "be in heaven". Kotakus Stephen Totilo criticized the use of the microphone for items, specifically the "Whirlwind" item, commenting that it would make it difficult to play on the subway with dignity. In his "sneak peek" at Spirit Tracks, Toronto Suns Steve Tilley called it one of his "must-have" video game for the holidays, calling it both "very Zelda-y" and "very fresh". The Independents Michael Plant called it "anticipated". Wired named it the third best portable game at E3 2009, with Gus Mastrapa praising it for its "killer dungeons" and "challenging puzzles".

Post-release

The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks received generally positive reception, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Nintendo Power called it one of the best handheld The Legend of Zelda titles, commenting that fans of the series would get it either way. Games Master called it "delightful" in spite of how similar it was to Phantom Hourglass. IGNs Mark Bozon commented that while it can "drag on from time to time", praising it as superior to Phantom Hourglass as well as praising it for its bosses, dungeons, and challenge. Computer and Video Gamess Mike Jackson commented that while it "doesn't rewrite the rules", it was "engrossing". He also called it an exception to the DS' library in 2009, which was otherwise not exciting.

Official Nintendo Magazines Fred Dutton agreed with it being familiar, calling it a "wonderful game nonetheless". 1UP.coms Jeremy Parish commented that it "doesn't simply coast along on its legacy", calling it a "fine game in its own right". Game Revolution's Blake Morse called it a "fun take on Zelda games", as well as praising how Princess Zelda accompanies Link. However, he criticized the stylus control issues and when the train rides take too long. Eurogamers Oli Welsh called it a "tighter and more rounded game" than both Phantom Hourglass and even "most modern games for grown-up consoles". He also commented that the environments are "sometimes shockingly basic", while the characters were "so detailed, so expressive, so exquisitely animated". GamesRadars Dave Meikleham called it "one of the best Zelda games yet", calling its control scheme intuitive. He adds that the best use of the DS' controls were its items, specifically citing the Spirit Pipes which make use of the DS's microphone. Fellow GamesRadar writer Brett Elston praised the overworld theme, commenting that it put him in an "adventurous mindset", as well as calling it similar to the overworld themes of Phantom Hourglass and The Wind Waker.

Nintendo World Reports Neal Ronaghan praised the addition of the train and the quality of the dungeon designs, though criticizing the lessened exploration and control issues, but he specifically praised the Phantom controls. PALGNs Jeremy Jastrzab commented that while it doesn't stray from its predecessor much, it features "genuine improvements" over it, citing specifically the flute as a major addition to the gameplay. Despite praising some aspects, he commented that it wasn't right for a portable game. GameTrailers commented that it "addressed the shortcomings" of Phantom Hourglass, calling it "one of the better outings in the series". GameSpys Brian Altano praised the game's dungeons and bosses as "some of the most imaginative" in the series. He also called it "one of the series' shining moments", but he criticized the train travel, saying that it makes backtracking tedious. GameSpots Randolph Ramsay called the dungeons "exciting and well-designed", while also praising its side-quests, boss fights, multi-player, and Phantom gameplay, which he says "adds new depth to the series". Video Gamers Wesley Yin-Poole praised the controls for Link and Zelda, as well as the visual quality of the characters, but criticized the train mechanic and its "tired features", commenting that the series needs changes to structure and gameplay rather than visuals.

Game Informers Andrew Reiner commented that he has not seen a game that "fluctuates between highs and lows as frequently" as Spirit Tracks. He called it his least favourite title in the series, praising its controls, while also praising the inclusion of Zelda's effect on the gameplay. However, he criticized Zelda's character, describing her as teenage-angsty Hannah Montana than the calm-yet-troubled princess in previous series iterations. He added that this makes the adventure "taken off course". In a second opinion, fellow Game Informer staff member Phil Kollar similarly called the game mixed, comparing its reception to the NES video game Zelda II: The Adventure of Link. He adds that while glad that Nintendo did something different, it hurt the game more than it helped. RPG Fans Kyle E. Miller commented that he went into Spirit Tracks with "low expectations", expecting a similar reaction to Phantom Hourglass, which he described as "far from amazing". On the other hand, he still found the title disappointing due to the train mechanic, which he states was a "foolish" idea by the developers to build a game around. He adds that while the dungeons and puzzles are good, it all feels "a little tired, brief, and empty", calling it "most likely the series' worst entry". Giant Bombs Jeff Gerstmann also found it disappointing in some ways, though he added that the flaws were offset by "terrific puzzle design and a great, fun story that feels noticeably different from the standard "save the princess" saga that series fans are used to seeing".

GamePros Aaron Koehn praised it for its use of the DS's capabilities, calling the game's offerings a "deep experience", but criticized it for taking too long to get going in the beginning and for doing little to differentiate itself from Phantom Hourglass. RPGamers Adriaan den Ouden praised the gameplay, commenting that it was "refined" from Phantom Hourglass; on negative side, he criticized its travel as "slow and tedious", also calling the side-quests "weak delivery subquests". Ars Technicas Ben Kuchera praised the train travel, calling it a "solid length" game and praising it for its touch screen usage. He did however criticize it for its slow beginning and lack of innovation. Stephen Totilo praised the characters and towns, commenting that the characters have "good senses of humor". He also praised the train travel, commenting that while it feels long to use the train sometimes, it can be fun if players multi-task. He called it one of the five best-looking games for the DS, but criticized some aspects of it, specifically its flute item, which he says can be unusable if players are playing on a train for instance. IGN UKs Matt Wales called it a "stunningly presented package", praising the graphics as "packed with personality". He called its soundtrack one of the "franchise's best audio offerings in ages". The Daily Telegraphs Nick Cowen called it both one of the best DS games of 2009 and the best video game for all ages of 2009, calling it "challenging and fun" and "chock-full of side-quests". The Daily Telegraph also included it as the ninth best Christmas gift for teenagers, while Cowen and fellow writer Tom Hoggins included it as their honourable mentions in their top 10 list of video games for 2009.

The Guardians Adam Boult commented that while it wasn't a "huge leap" from Phantom Hourglass, it is "brimming with innovation", strongly recommending it. While he admits that train travel seems restrictive compared to Phantom Hourglass, these restrictions are eventually "put to good use", making traveling an "engaging challenge". Fellow The Guardian writer Greg Howson found Spirit Tracks to be enjoyable, though criticizing the execution of the Spirit Flute. He listed it as his second favourite DS game.

USA Todays Jinny Gudmundsen called it an excellent game for kids who enjoy the intellectual challenge of puzzles inside a captivating fantasy story filled with interesting characters. She also commented that kids are able to control both a hero and a heroine. The Independents Rebecca Armstrong called it "endlessly inventive" with "new features galore", citing its usage of the microphone for items. She also called it "pacy, absorbing and very, very playable".

Awards and nominations
Spirit Tracks was nominated for best handheld game in the Game Developers Choice Awards. It was given the GAME Award of 2009 in the BAFTA through a reader's choice nomination. Nintendo Life named it runner-up for best Nintendo DS game of 2009, and its readers chose it as their runner-up for best game of the year. It was nominated for several DS-related awards, including best action game, visual excellence, sound excellence, best story, best multiplayer game, and game of the year. It was the readers' choice in every category except for best multiplayer game. IGN, however, named it only one of the runners-up in all of these categories.

Sales
Spirit Tracks ranked second in its debut week in Japan, selling 291,496 copies. The next week, it fell to third place, selling approximately 126,000 copies. It fell to fifth place the following week, selling approximately 49,000 copies, and falling to eighth place next week, selling approximately 22,000. For the first half of 2010, Spirit Tracks ranked as the 14th best-selling game in Japan, selling 376,054 copies with total sales at the time at 696,995.

Forbes Brian Caulfield anticipated that Spirit Tracks would strengthen DSi sales for December. IGN predicted that DSi sales would remain steady, due to Spirit Tracks in part. Nintendo listed Spirit Tracks as a title that will have appeal to a wider age group in its financial report. Former Nintendo of America Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing Cammie Dunaway used Spirit Tracks as a show of its holiday contenders in 2009. Spirit Tracks was anticipated to be the best-selling video game of December 2009 in North America by video game sales analyst Michael Pachter. GamePro predicted that Spirit Tracks would be the fourth best-selling game of December, expecting sales in excess of 725,000 copies. For its debut week, it ranked number one for Nintendo DS games. It retained its position in the following week. Spirit Tracks debuted at 12th place in the United Kingdom's video game sales chart. It was the fourth best-selling DS game in the UK. As of March 2010, Spirit Tracks has sold over 2.61 million copies.

Notes

References

2009 video games
Video games about curses
Video games about demons
Nintendo DS games
Video games about spirit possession
Steampunk video games
Spirit Tracks
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games featuring non-playable protagonists
Video games set on trains
Video games with cel-shaded animation
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games scored by Toru Minegishi
Video games scored by Koji Kondo