Ryan Meili (born April 11, 1975) is a Canadian physician and former politician from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He previously served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Saskatoon Meewasin from 2017 to 2022 and as leader of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party from 2018 to 2022. He has founded a number of health care-related initiatives such as the Student Wellness Initiative Toward Community Health (SWITCH), the University of Saskatchewan's Making the Links program, and the Upstream think tank.

Early life and career
Meili was born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan and grew up on a family farm near Courval. He attended Vanier Collegiate in Moose Jaw before going on to the University of Saskatchewan (U of S) where he studied Human Anatomy and Languages. After finishing his first degree, Meili made an unsuccessful application to the U of S medical school. He then traveled to South America for five months, co-organizing a project called "Limbs and Light for Latin America." The project raised money to purchase a school bus, which was then filled with prosthetic limbs for landmine victims and driven to Nicaragua. In 2001, he traveled to Quebec City as part of a peaceful protest at the Summit of the Americas. He was arrested during the protest, but received an absolute discharge and had the conviction erased after one year.

Meili entered the College of Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan in September 2000 after his third application, and graduated in 2004. He completed his residency at the Westwinds Primary Health Centre in Saskatoon in June 2007. In addition to working as a physician at the West Side Community Clinic in Saskatoon, Meili began working for the U of S and as an advocate for doctors and health care. He became head of the College of Medicine's Division of Social Accountability and ran the College's Making the Links program, which coordinated practices for medical students in communities in inner-city Saskatoon, Northern Saskatchewan, and Mozambique. He acted as a coordinator for the Student Wellness Initiative Toward Community Health (SWITCH), which provided further opportunities for Saskatoon students to gain community-based experience. Meili also served as vice-chair for Canadian Doctors for Medicare, a national advocacy organization.

In 2012 Meili published A Healthy Society: How a Focus on Health can Revive Canadian Democracy, a book that explored the concept of the social determinants of health and argued for their role in the political process. Meili published an updated and expanded edition of the book in 2018. After publishing the first edition Meili founded and led a non-profit think tank called Upstream: Institute for a Healthy Society, which has since joined the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.

Political career

Early NDP leadership bids
Meili first became a member of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party in 2001. Party leader Lorne Calvert's retirement in 2008 triggered a leadership election, and in February 2009 Meili decided to enter the race to replace the former premier. Meili was the fourth and final declared candidate in the race, joining former Deputy Premier Dwain Lingenfelter, Moose Jaw MLA Deb Higgins, and former party president Yens Pedersen. With no formal political experience, Meili was considered an outsider in the race. However, Meili ran a campaign that relied on grassroots volunteering and fundraising and focused on party renewal, and he placed a surprising second behind Lingenfelter, earning 45% of votes on the second and final ballot.

Following the convention, Meili announced that he intended to run for the NDP in the 2011 provincial election. In 2010, he sought the nomination for the riding of Saskatoon Sutherland. However, although Meili was perceived as the front runner for the nomination, he ultimately dropped out of the race, citing family reasons, and Naveed Anwar secured the nomination.

The 2011 election reduced the NDP to just 9 seats in the legislature, tied for their worst election result in history, and Lingenfelter lost his own seat and resigned as leader. This triggered a new leadership election, and in September 2012, Meili announced that he would again be seeking the leadership. In the race Meili was joined by Saskatoon MLA Cam Broten, Regina MLA Trent Wotherspoon, and Regina economist Erin Weir. Meili had greater notoriety in the race compared to 2009, and he based his campaign around the ideas presented in his book, A Healthy Society. When Weir dropped out ahead of the election and endorsed Meili, he was considered the front runner. At the election, he led on the first ballot by more than 400 votes. However, he ultimately finished second, losing to Broten by a slim margin of just 44 votes on the second ballot. Meili was lauded for expanding party membership during the race, and in particular for attracting young people to the party.

In 2014 Meili considered but ultimately declined to seek the federal NDP nomination for the riding of Saskatoon West ahead of the 2015 federal election.

MLA and NDP leader
The NDP gained just one seat in the 2016 election, and like Lingenfelter before him, Broten lost his own seat and resigned as party leader shortly after the election, triggering yet another leadership race. While Meili had by then run twice from outside the legislature, he announced in December 2016 that he would be seeking the nomination for a by-election to be held in the riding of Saskatoon Meewasin in 2017 after the death of MLA Roger Parent. Meili was successful in securing the nomination and he won the by-election in March 2017.

In May 2017, Meili announced that he would be joining the NDP leadership race to replace Broten. He was joined in the race by Wotherspoon, who had finished third behind Meili in 2013 and who acted as interim leader for a time after Broten's resignation. Meili ran on a platform including a $15 minimum wage, universal pharmacare, and the banning of corporate and union donations. Although Wotherspoon earned the endorsement of six NDP caucus members compared to just one for Meili, Meili was elected party leader with 55% of the vote in March 2018, joking afterwards that "third time's the charm." Meili became the 7th leader in the party's history and the first medical doctor to hold the position. His victory was considered a win for the progressive wing of the party.

As leader, Meili sought to strengthen the party ahead of the 2020 election. He attacked the governing Saskatchewan Party for the austerity they pursued after being re-elected in 2016, which included shutting down the Saskatchewan Transportation Company (STC) crown corporation. He sought to rebuild rural support for the party and to draw a contrast with the governing party by taking a stronger stance on climate change and renewable energy, announcing the Renew Saskatchewan program in the fall of 2018.

2020 Provincial Election
In March 2020, it was rumoured that the governing Saskatchewan Party would call a snap election ahead of the scheduled election in the fall. Meili objected to the possibility in light of the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan. He advocated for the creation of a multi-party committee, including both medical and economic experts, to guide the province's pandemic response after its first presumptive case that month, but the idea was rebuffed by Premier Scott Moe.

The 2020 general election ultimately proceeded according to the province's fixed-election law, taking place in October. The NDP, which entered the election holding 13 seats after gaining three in by-elections since the 2016 election, announced a variety of policies under the slogan of "Putting People First" including Renew Saskatchewan, a Saskatchewan-first procurement policy, and a $15 minimum wage by 2022. Meili also focused on reducing classroom sizes and wait times for medical procedures. The NDP also promised to revive the STC if elected.

In the election, the Saskatchewan Party was re-elected to a fourth consecutive majority government, while the NDP managed to win 13 seats, more than in the previous two elections but the same number of seats it entered the election with. The roster of NDP MLAs elected included six rookie candidates. Meili trailed in his own seat at the end of election day, but he ultimately won his seat in an election that saw a record number of mail-in ballots in the context of the pandemic. This bucked the trend of rookie NDP leaders losing their seats after Lingenfelter in 2011 and Broten in 2016.

After the election Meili vowed to stay on as MLA and leader despite disappointment with the result. Meili stated that his priority post-election would be continuing to deal with the pandemic, along with re-building the NDP's image. At the party convention in October 2021 Meili received 72% support in a leadership review, enough to avoid triggering a leadership contest, although it was noted to be well below the levels of support achieved by the Alberta and Manitoba NDP leaders in similar reviews; Rachel Notley, who backed Meili at the convention, received 98% support while Wab Kinew received 90%.

Resignation as NDP Leader and MLA
On February 18, 2022, Meili announced his intention to resign as NDP leader and trigger a leadership race, serving as leader until a new leader, Carla Beck, was chosen to succeed him at the 2022 Saskatchewan New Democratic Party leadership election. The announcement came two days after a by-election in the northern Athabasca riding saw the NDP lose the seat it had held since 1998. Meili stated that he felt that, with his medical background, he was needed as an opposition leader during the COVID-19 pandemic, but, as someone who had consistently advocated for robust public health measures it was time for a new voice in the party with the end of such measures in sight. Perceiving a fracture in support for the government, he argued that the NDP needed a leader who could both unify the caucus and the party ahead of the next election. On May 19, Meili announced that he would also be resigning as MLA for Saskatoon Meewasin effective July 1, leaving the party with just eleven seats in the Legislative Assembly.

Post-provincial politics
In 2023 it was announced that Meili was releasing a new book, published by UBC Press, about the COVID-19 pandemic response in Saskatchewan. The book, titled A Healthy Future: Lessons from the Frontlines of a Crisis, details the impacts of the pandemic on the province and outlines possible lessons for future health crises.

Personal life
Meili married pediatrician Mahli Brindamour in 2009, and the couple have two sons, Abraham and Augustin. Meili plays the guitar and is an avid skateboarder.

In April 2020, when the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was affecting Saskatchewan, Meili renewed his medical license and began working shifts at a testing and assessment centre in Saskatoon.

Awards and honours
Meili has won numerous awards. He won the 2006 Saskatchewan Health Care Excellence Award and in 2007 was named Saskatoon’s Global Citizen of the Year by the Saskatchewan Council for International Cooperation. In 2014 he won the Award of Excellence from the College of Family Physicians of Canada. In 2015, he was awarded the University of Saskatchewan Alumni Achievement Award and the Distinguished Service Award from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan.

Published works
 Meili, Ryan. A Healthy Society: How a Focus on Health can Revive Canadian Democracy (Saskatoon: Purich Publishing Limited, 2012)
Andrew Bresnahan, Mahli Brindamour, Christopher Charles, and Ryan Meili, eds. Upstream Medicine: Doctors for a Healthy Society (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2017)
Meili, Ryan. A Healthy Society: How a Focus on Health can Revive Canadian Democracy, 2nd edition (Vancouver: Purich Books, 2018)
Meili, Ryan. A Healthy Future: Lessons from the Frontlines of a Crisis (Vancouver: Purich Books, 2023)

Electoral record

|-

References

External links

1975 births
Physicians from Saskatchewan
Family physicians
Living people
People from Moose Jaw
Politicians from Saskatoon
Saskatchewan Leaders of the Opposition
Saskatchewan New Democratic Party MLAs
Canadian general practitioners
Leaders of the Saskatchewan CCF/NDP
University of Saskatchewan alumni


A total lunar eclipse will take place on 7-8 September 2025. The Moon will barely miss the center of the Earth's shadow. It will be the second of two total lunar eclipses. Occurring roughly 3 days before perigee, the Moon will appear larger than usual.

This eclipse is the second of an almost tetrad, with others being 14 Mar 2025 (T), 03 Mar 2026 (T) and 28 Aug 2026 (P).

Visibility
It will be completely visible over much of Asia, Australia and eastern Africa, will be seen rising over the rest of Africa and Europe, and setting over eastern Asia and New Zealand.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2025
 A total lunar eclipse on March 14.
 A partial solar eclipse on March 29.
 A total lunar eclipse on September 7.
 A partial solar eclipse on September 21.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Lunar Saros 128 contains 15 total lunar eclipses between 1845 and 2097 (in years 1845, 1863, 1881, 1899, 1917, 1935, 1953, 1971, 1989, 2007, 2025, 2043, 2061, 2079 and 2097). Solar Saros 135 interleaves with this lunar saros with an event occurring every 9 years 5 days alternating between each saros series.

Metonic cycle (19 years)
This eclipse is the second of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, September 7, each separated by 19 years:

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 135.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links
Saros cycle 128

2025-09
2025-09
2025 in science


A partial lunar eclipse will take place on Friday 28 August 2026. The moon will be almost be inside the umbra, but not quite be contained within the umbral shadow at greatest eclipse.

This lunar eclipse follows the total solar eclipse of 12 August 2026.

This eclipse is the fourth and last of an almost tetrad, with others being 14 Mar 2025 (T), 07 Sep 2025 (T) and 03 Mar 2026 (T). In this almost tetrad, it's the only partial lunar eclipse. An almost tetrad occurs when has four consecutive lunar eclipses that has an umbral eclipse magnitude of 0.9 or greater without lunar eclipses that has an umbral eclipse magnitude of 0.89999 or smaller.

Visibility
It will be completely visible over South and eastern North America, will be seen rising over the rest of North America, and setting over Africa and Europe.

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 2026
 An annular solar eclipse on 17 February.
 A total lunar eclipse on 3 March.
 A total solar eclipse on 12 August.
 A partial lunar eclipse on 28 August.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Metonic series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 145.

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of 16 July 2019

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of 8 October 2033

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links
Saros cycle 138

2026-08
2026-08
2026 in science


It Came from Kuchar is a 2009 documentary film about twin underground filmmakers George Kuchar and Mike Kuchar directed by Jennifer Kroot (a former student of George Kuchar at the San Francisco Art Institute) and produced by Tigerlily Films LLC. The film includes commentary by John Waters, Christopher Coppola, Wayne Wang, B. Ruby Rich, Atom Egoyan, Guy Maddin, Bill Griffith, and Buck Henry.

Funding for the film came from the Andy Warhol Foundation, Creative Work Fund, The Fleishhacker Foundation, San Francisco Arts Commission, and Frameline.

Premier
The film premiered at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas on March 14, 2009, and was shown at Frameline in San Francisco and at CineVegas in June 2009, and at Outfest in July 2009.

Cast
As themselves:

George Kuchar
Mike Kuchar
Buck Henry
John Waters
B. Ruby Rich
Atom Egoyan
Wayne Wang
Cory McAbee
Guy Maddin
Christopher Coppola
Donna Kerness
Bill Griffith
Gerard Malanga
Jeffrey Schwarz
David Weissman
Larry Leibowitz
Lawrence Jordan
John Carlson
Bob Cowan
Dan Carbone
Floraine Connors
Mike Diana
Linda Martinez
Melinda McDowell-Milks
Andy Rodriguez
V. Vale
Marian Wallace

Reception
The film has received a majority of favorable reviews. Rotten Tomatoes currently gives the film a 94 percent positive rating, 15 positive reviews out of 16, with an average rating of 7.5/10.

References

External links

Review at Film Threat
Review at Austin Chronicle

2009 films
Documentary films about film directors and producers
American documentary films
2009 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Saint-Stanislas-de-Kostka is a municipality of Quebec, Canada, located within the Beauharnois-Salaberry Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie administrative region. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 1,852.

Geography

Communities
In addition to the namesake main population centre, the following locations reside within the municipality's boundaries:
Baie-des-Brises () – a hamlet situated on Baie des Brises to the northwest.
Hungry Bay () – a hamlet situated on Baie Hungry to the northeast.

Lakes & Rivers
The following waterways pass through or are situated within the municipality's boundaries:
Baie des Brises () – a bay located on the Saint Lawrence River.
Baie Hungry () – a bay located on the Saint Lawrence River.

History
The municipality was established in 1855 as the Parish Municipality of Saint-Stanislas-de-Kostka, taking its name from the parish of Saint-Stanislas-Kostka (formed in 1853), which in turn was named after Stanislaus Kostka.

In 1920 and in 1938, the settlement experienced two large fires that practically wiped it out.

In 2008, the parish municipality changed statutes to became a regular municipality.

Demographics

Population

Language

Local government
List of former mayors:

 Barnabé Deschamps (1877–1878)
 Henri Sauvé (1884–1890)
 Antoine Leduc (1890–1891)
 Félix Cardinal (1891–1892)
 Narcisse Perras (1892–1897)
 Dosithée D'Aoust (1897–1899)
 Adélard Raymond (1899–1900)
 Joseph Dolor Laberge (1902–1906)
 Joseph Hormisdas Lalondes (1906–1908)
 Alexis Lemieux (1908–1911)
 Joseph Ovila Legault (1911–1913)
 Amable Longtin (1913–1916)
 Joseph Girouard (1916–1919)
 Joseph Laframboise (1919–1919)
 Amable Lemieux (1919–1923)
 Joseph Daoust (1923–1927)
 Omer Vachon (1927–1929)
 Pierre Lapointe (1929–1935)
 Frédéric Debonville (1935–1937)
 Joseph Alfred Potvin dit Montpetit (1937–1941)
 Joseph Stanislas Poirier (1941–1945)
 Émile Brosseau (1945–1962, 1965–1968)
 Eugène Pilon (1962–1965)
 Joseph-Elzéar Maheu (1968–1977)
 Gilles Demers (1977–1992)
 Joseph Stanislas Léonide Legault (1992–2000)
 Maurice Vaudrin (2000–2005)
 Gilles Boulé (2005–2009)
 Jean Pierre Gaboury (2009–2013)
 Caroline Huot (2013–2021)
 Jean-François Gendron (2021–present)

See also
 Beauharnois Canal
 Saint-Louis River (Beauharnois)
 List of municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Incorporated places in Beauharnois-Salaberry Regional County Municipality
Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River
Municipalities in Quebec


Richard Dugdale (c.1670 - ??), a domestic gardener and servant from Surey, near Whalley, Lancashire, became notable as a result of the publication of a number of pamphlets describing his apparent possession by the devil, and subsequent exorcism.

Biography
Richard Dugdale, who was born about 1660, was the son of Thomas Dugdale of Surey, near Whalley, Lancashire, a gardener, and servant to Thomas Lister of Westby Hall (near Gisburn) then in Yorkshire. In 1689 (or according to another account about 1694), aged around eighteen, he went to the rushbearing festival at Whalley, and got into a drunken fight with one of the other revellers. On returning to his master's house he professed to have seen apparitions, and the following day, being unwell and lying down, he declared that he had been alarmed by the door opening and a mist entering, followed by various supernatural appearances. Becoming subject to violent fits, Dugdale left his situation and went home, when a physician was called in without benefiting him, as the fits continued and increased.

Dugdale's father now applied to Thomas Jollie, the ejected minister of Altham, who with eight or nine other nonconformist ministers met almost every day at the house and endeavoured to exorcise the devil, which Dugdale affirmed to possess him, by prayer, examination, and fasting, but without result for at least a year. Meanwhile Dugdale's fame had spread abroad, and he was visited by several thousand persons, some dozens making declarations of his strange condition before Lord Willoughby and other magistrates. It was claimed for Dugdale that he foretold future events, spoke languages of which he was ignorant, and sometimes with two voices at once, was at times wildly blasphemous, and at others preached sermons, that he was possessed of extraordinary strength, and was sometimes ‘as light as a bag of feathers, and at others as heavy as lead,’ that he vomited a large hair broom, and did a number of other miraculous things.

Baxter and Mather were so impressed that they wished to quote his case in their works on witchcraft; but Lord Chief Justice Holt is said to have discovered that the whole affair was an imposition. To late 19th century writer Fishwick, Dugdale seemed to have been "hysterical", and with the aid of his relations to have traded on the credulity of his visitors. A number of pamphlets were written, some denouncing him as a cheat, and others supporting the theory of his demoniacal possession. After the lapse of considerably more than a year the fits left him, and up to 1697, when he was last heard of, he had only had one unimportant return of them.

Notes

References

External links
Fishwick, The Lancashire Demoniacs The Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire vol.35 (1886) pp. 139–46

1670 births
Year of death unknown
Exorcised people


A penumbral lunar eclipse will take place on 20–21 February 2027.

Visibility
It will be completely visible over Africa, Europe and western Asia, will be seen rising over most of the Americas, and setting over eastern Asia and western Australia.

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 2027
 An annular solar eclipse on 6 February.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 20 February.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 18 July.
 A total solar eclipse on 2 August.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 17 August.

Lunar year series

Saros series

It is part of Saros cycle 143.

Metonic cycle (19 years)

This is the last of five Metonic lunar eclipses.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 150.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 143

2027-02
2027-02
2027 in science


A penumbral lunar eclipse will take place on Tuesday, August 17, 2027. It will cause a subtle dimming as 54.56% of the Moon will cross within Earth's penumbral shadow.

Visibility
It will be completely visible over the Americas, will be seen rising over New Zealand and eastern Australia, and setting over Portugal and western Africa.

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 2027
 An annular solar eclipse on 6 February.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 20 February.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 18 July.
 A total solar eclipse on 2 August.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 17 August.

Lunar year series

Saros series

It is part of Saros cycle 148.

Metonic cycle (19 years)

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 155.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 148

2027-08
2027-08
2027 in science


Retevisión was a former Spanish telecommunications company; of which a portion of it continues to exist as Cellnex Telecom, which was spun off from Abertis in 2015.

History
Retevisión was founded in 1989 as a public company, a division of the national public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). Its original mission was to provide transmission facilities for television and radio signals throughout Spain.

In 1996, the First Aznar government of the People's Party decided to liberalise the Spanish telecommunications market, and a license was granted to Retevisión.

In 1997, it was decided to move the company headquarters from Madrid to Barcelona. That same year Retevisión was acquired by Telecom Italia and the Spanish electricity utilities Endesa and Union Fenosa.

The company was operating without its own landline network, and users of Telefónica that were Retevision subscribers needed to prepend the prefix 050, which was later replaced by 1050, to the number in order to route calls to Retevisión.

At first, customers could only call other provinces with Retevisión. With the liberalisation of the local loop in September 1998, Retevisión customers could make local calls.

That same year, Retevisión bought two pioneering Spanish internet service providers Servicom and RedesTB, and launched their own ISP under the brand iddeo.

In June 1998 the company obtained Spain's third license for mobile telephony (after Movistar and Airtel Móviles), and began operations in 1999 under the brand name Amena through its subsidiary Retevisión Móvil.

Throughout 1999 it also launched data services over IP for enterprises (VPN networking sites), and direct voice and data by radio link, although the latter services had little success.

In Summer 2000, iddeo launched ADSL services for businesses.

In the Basque Country, Euskaltel from its launch in 1995 retained its distribution exclusivity versus Retevisión therefore fixed telephony and the transmission of radio and television signals was performed by Euskaltel.

The brand Retevisión as a telephony operator was abandoned in 2002 in favour of the new name Auna, a merger between Retevisión and the cable operator AunaCable (both companies being part of Grupo Auna). In 2005, the cable television, fixed telephony and ISP portions of Auna were absorbed by the operator ONO. In 2006, France Télécom acquired the mobile telephony operations of Amena, which led to the creation of Orange España on 1 August that same year.

Retevisión's remaining audiovisual-related portfolio was then sold by Grupo Auna to Abertis in 2003, which subsequently spun off that particular business into a new company called Cellnex Telecom in 2015.

References

External links
 Website
 Amena
 ONO
 Abertis Telecom

1989 establishments in Spain
Cable television companies of Spain
Telecommunications companies of Spain
Telecommunications companies established in 1989
2002 mergers and acquisitions
2005 mergers and acquisitions
2006 mergers and acquisitions
2014 mergers and acquisitions


St Andrew's School is an independent, co-educational, Anglican primary school, located at Walkerville an inner eastern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. The School was established in 1850 by St Andrew's Church to accommodate local children living in the 40 houses that made up Walkerville.  The original School House is still used today as part of the new Gymnasium and Performing Arts Centre.  St Andrew's School caters for approximately 400 students from the Early Learning Centre (ELC) to Year 7 with a strong Music Programme and a wide range of Co-curricular electives including Art, Drama, Tennis Coaching, Gymnastics, ICT Club, Chess and Debating.

St Andrew's School is affiliated with the Association of Independent Schools of South Australia (AISSA) and the Independent Primary School Heads of Australia (IPSHA). It is also a recognised International Baccularate (IB) school in South Australia.

Academic results
St Andrew's is consistently a top performing primary school in South Australia.

In 2018 its year 5 performance was ranked as the number 1 co-ed school based on National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) results

In 2018 its year 7 NAPLAN performance was ranked first out of the over 125 primary schools in Adelaide with a score of 606, 5 points higher than second place at 601.

In 2021 it was ranked the second best South Australian primary school by BetterEducation, MyChoiceSchools and Homestay. Furthermore, BetterEducation gave the school an overall score of 100/100 every year from 2011 to 2020 except for 2019, where it received a 99/100.

In 2019, Tim Williams, a writer for The Advertiser (Adelaide) wrote that their study of the NAPLAN results between 2014 and 2018 showed that St Andrew's was the only South Australian school to make it into the nation's top 100 schools.

Co-curricular activities
For music students the school offers string orchestra, full range orchestra, three concert bands, choirs, handbells and various other ensembles.

Sporting opportunities include the annual swimming carnival, cross country run, sports days, gymnastics, dance, weekly inter-school sport (of which the school offers 12), representation in SAPSASA district and state teams for talented athletes.

As well as this the school offers debating, drama, art and Tournament of Minds.

Jackie Becher is the Principal of the school and Kristian Downing is the Chair of the School Board.

References

Anglican primary schools in Adelaide
Educational institutions established in 1850
International Baccalaureate schools in Australia
1850 establishments in Australia


Sir John Phillimore CB (18 January 1781 – 21 March 1840) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was involved in several notable actions during his active career, taking part in both Battles of Copenhagen, sending Sir Hyde Parker's famous signal to Nelson in the first, and fighting off Danish gunboats in the second. He went on to win a hard-fought victory over a French frigate in 1814 and reaped the rewards. He was at times a controversial figure, causing a scandal when he thrashed the naval historian William James with a stick for apparently badly representing Phillimore's conduct, and on another occasion inviting rebuke from the Navy Board for his request for more paint for his ship. He nevertheless became an aide-de-camp to the young Queen Victoria, and took important steps to reform how the lower ranks and ordinary seamen were treated in the Navy.

Family and early life

Phillimore was born on 18 January 1781, the third son of the Reverend Joseph Phillimore, the rector of Orton on the Hill, Leicestershire, and his wife Mary. His naval service began when he joined Captain George Murray's 36-gun frigate  as a volunteer first class in June 1794. Phillimore was present at the Battle of Groix on 23 June 1795 as a midshipman, before both he and Murray moved aboard the 74-gun . They fought at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, and after surviving the wreck of the Colossus in St Mary's harbour, Isles of Scilly, were briefly aboard , before moving again aboard .

Phillimore and the Edgar went with Sir Hyde Parker's fleet for his expedition to the Baltic in 1801. During the Battle of Copenhagen Phillimore had been sent to Parker's flagship, the 90-gun  to take his examination. He served as the Londons acting-signal lieutenant during the battle, sending Parker's famous signal for Nelson to withdraw. Nelson, directing action aboard , was informed of the signal by the signal lieutenant, Frederick Langford, but angrily responded: 'I told you to look out on the Danish commodore and let me know when he surrendered. Keep your eyes fixed on him.' He then turned to his flag captain, Thomas Foley, and said 'You know, Foley, I have only one eye. I have a right to be blind sometimes.' He raised the telescope to his blind eye, and said 'I really do not see the signal.' Phillimore returned to the Edgar after the battle, where he learnt that the Edgars first lieutenant had been killed in the engagement. A round of general promotions of the junior officers followed, and Phillimore was promoted to lieutenant.

Command
Phillimore remained in the Baltic, serving briefly aboard the London again, before moving aboard the 80-gun  and serving with Murray off Cadiz. With the Peace of Amiens Phillimore was appointed as first lieutenant of the brig-sloop , being promoted to commander on 10 May 1804. He received his first command, that of the 20-gun , in October 1805. He commanded Cormorant in the North Sea until September 1806, when he was moved to take command of the 18-gun . He commanded her in the English Channel and the Downs, taking part in Commodore Edward Owen's attack on Bolougne. The Belette was occupied in early 1807 with conveying supplies to the besieged town of Kolberg, after which she was attached to Admiral James Gambier's fleet which returned to the Baltic to attack Copenhagen again in 1807. Phillimore distinguished himself during the battle, particularly in an engagement at the end of August, when the Belette became becalmed off the Danish coast. She was attacked by 16 Danish gunboats, of which Phillimore managed to sink three before other British ships arrived and towed him clear. Gambier rewarded his courage by giving him the honour of carrying his despatches to the Admiralty, as a result of which he received a promotion to post captain on 13 October 1807.

Belette and the Baltic
Phillimore initially remained in command of the Belette, returning to the Baltic in late 1807. He brought the British ambassador, Lord Hutchinson back to Britain in February 1808. At some point while sailing to Gothenburg he had the misfortune to encounter the only two decker in the Danish Navy, which he escaped by sailing into shallower waters. Promotion eventually left him without a ship however, though he temporarily took over command of the 74-gun  in June 1809 with the temporary absence of her captain, Graham Moore. He took part in the Walcheren Campaign until Moore's return to command in late 1809. Phillimore's next command was the nominally 64-gun , though she had been converted into a troopship some years earlier and by the time Phillimore became her captain in June 1810, she only mounted 32 guns.

"No longer your affectionate friend"
This was to lead to a celebrated exchange of letters between Phillimore and the Navy Board on the subject of paint. With the Diadem now only mounting 32 guns, the board directed that she should receive stores equivalent to a ship of this rating, despite her much larger size and complement, and despite Phillimore's protests. Consequently, he only received money for enough paint to paint half his ship. Phillimore sent a pointed letter to the board enquiring which half they wished him to paint, the starboard side or the larboard side. He then signed the letter "your affectionate friend". The board admonished him for this, pointing out that the custom of signing "your affectionate friend" was one practised by its own members and was the address used from a superior officer to an inferior one. Phillimore acknowledged his mistake, signing himself "no longer your affectionate friend". The correspondence appears to have had its effect; the allowance was duly doubled. Phillimore spent his time in command of the Diadem carrying troops to and from the Iberian peninsula, supporting Arthur Wellesley's operations there.

HMS Eurotas and the Clorinde

On 4 May 1813 Phillimore received command of the new 38-gun frigate , which had been armed with an experimental mix of guns to a design by Sir William Congreve. The Eurotas was initially attached to the fleet blockading Brest, and on 23 October Phillimore was present at the capture of the Franco-Dutch frigate Trave. In January 1814 Eurotas was despatched to Lorient, where three French frigates had been reported as preparing to put to sea. They escaped to sea under cover of night and heavy weather, and despite pursuing them for three days, Phillimore was eventually forced to return to Britain to re-provision. She returned to sea again, and on 25 February came across the French frigate Clorinde. A long and sustained battle was fought, which eventually left Eurotas totally dismasted, and with 20 of her men killed and 40 wounded, with Phillimore among the latter. Eurotass first lieutenant took over while Phillimore was carried below to be seen by the surgeon. A jury-rig was erected and the chase resumed during the night. The Clorinde had also been badly damaged during the engagement, losing 40 killed and 80 wounded, and was steadily being overtaken by the Eurotas, when two British ships came upon the scene,  and . Dryad brought Clorinde to with a single shot and the Frenchman surrendered. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "EUROTAS 25 FEBY. 1814" to all still surviving members of Eurota's crew that had participated in the action.

Later service
Phillimore was nominated a Companion of the Bath on 4 June 1815, but his wounds prevented him from returning to active service for some years. He finally returned to sea with his appointment to command the yacht  on 13 April 1820, which was then in service as the conveyance of Earl Talbot, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Talbot knighted him for his services on 12 December 1821. Phillimore next received command of the 46-gun frigate  in March 1823, and was sent to Mexico to convey a commission of political enquiry, and to the West Indies, and later on to Africa, South America and the Mediterranean. He made a large sum of money by returning with valuable cargoes to Britain in 1824, including $400,000 of specie and 300 bales of cochineal from Havana.

Assault on William James
While on leave in Britain that year his attention was drawn to a passage recently published in William James's Naval History of Great Britain, which described the battle between Eurotas and Clorinde. In it James had noted that the 24-pounders had not done as much as had 18-pounders in other actions, and that Eurotas had been in commission long enough for her crew 'to have been taught a few practical rules of gunnery'. A furious Phillimore considered this a slur on his character and took 48 hours' leave to go up to London. He and a friend went to James's house and upon meeting him, Phillimore declared that the account of the battle was false. James defended his book, and harsh words were exchanged, which led to Phillimore thrashing James with his stick. The case was examined by a magistrate and Phillimore was forced to pay James £100 in damages.

The bishop of St Michael's
Phillimore continued to serve in the navy, carrying troops of the Royal African Corps to Cape Coast Castle during the First Anglo-Ashanti War in 1824. On the return voyage he stopped to re-provision at St Michael's in August. The English residents of the settlement asked Phillimore to have the burial ground there consecrated, a task he delegated to his ship's chaplain, to be carried out the next day at noon. The chaplain pointed out that consecrations could only be carried out by a bishop. Phillimore responded by appointing the chaplain 'acting-bishop of St Michael's', and the consecration was duly carried out.

Defying the Spanish
The Thetis was in the Mediterranean the following year, transporting the English ambassador to Naples to his post. On the return voyage she put into Gibraltar, shortly after a gale had driven 17 British merchants ashore at the head of the bay. The Spanish governor of the area claimed jurisdiction and the right of salvage over them, but Phillimore took his boats out and drove off the Spanish forces that had attempted to take possession over them. This precedent helped to define the rights and jurisdictions of the British forces in Gibraltar and Phillimore received letters of thanks from the merchants at Gibraltar, and from Lloyd's of London for saving the cargoes.

Naval reform
Phillimore also embarked on a significant piece of naval reform, when after consulting with his men, he reduced their rum ration by half, with the money saved being paid into their wages. The positive effects of this were so noticeable that this reform was soon adopted throughout the Navy. Another improvement Phillmore introduced was the paying of a monthly advance in wages.

The Thetis was paid off in November 1826, and Phillmore never again served at sea. He was however appointed a naval aide-de-camp to King William IV in September 1831, a position he retained under Queen Victoria.

Family life
John Phillimore married Catherine Harriet Raigersfeld on 17 February 1830, when he was 49. The couple settled near Maidenhead and had two sons and four daughters. His youngest son, Henry Bouchier Phillimore, became an admiral. John Phillimore died on 21 March 1840 at the age of 59, and was buried at Bray. His wife died a few months later and was buried beside him.

Notes

References

1781 births
1840 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights Bachelor


McMeekin may refer to:

 Clark McMeekin, joint pseudonym of American authors Dorothy Clark and Isabel McMeekin
 Duncan McMeekin (born 1955), justice of Supreme Court of Queensland
 Isabel McMeekin (1895-1973), American author under the pseudonym Clark McMeekin
 Richard McMeekin, Ontario, Canada politician
 Sean McMeekin (born 1974), American historian
 Ted McMeekin (born 1948), Ontario, Canada politician
 Terence McMeekin (1918–1984), lieutenant general in the British Army
 Thomas McMeekin (1866–1946), British sailor and 1908 Olympic Champion

See also
Variations on the surname:
 Meehan
 Mehigan, Meighan and Meighen

Surnames of Scottish origin


Marcellin College is a Catholic, integrated, co-educational college in Royal Oak, Auckland, New Zealand for students in Year 7 to Year 13. The college was founded by the Marist Brothers in 1958 as a school for boys only. The school follows the values of Marist education, which was formed by the name of the school and patron saint, St Marcellin Champagnat. The school is located on grounds which had been part of the Pah estate. It has an extensive woodland on its southern and western boundaries.  Most of the former Pah estate contiguous with Marcellin College is now owned by the Auckland Council and is maintained as a park known as "Monte Cecilia Park." The Auckland Franciscan Friary and Retreat Centre is just across Monte Cecilia Park from the college. A Discalced Carmelite Monastery (under the patronage of the Holy Family and St Thomas, Apostle) is directly opposite the college on Mt Albert Rd.

History

Origins
The college was established in 1958, for boys, by the Marist Brothers as a normal school for the training of Brothers as teachers in intermediate classes. Until 1958 the site of the college had been occupied by the Marist Brothers scholasticate. From the scholasticate, which was established in 1943, the young teachers had to travel to the Marist school in Vermont St, Ponsonby. This was expensive and inconvenient. In 1957 the scholasticate was removed to new buildings erected on land (called Monte Cecelia) purchased from the Sisters of Mercy behind and adjacent to the college site. A new building called Marcellin Hall was built for the training of Marist Brothers. This opened in 1961. In 1979 Marcellin Hall became a Pastoral Centre for personal renewal, theological reflection and apostolic effectiveness with residential courses, seminars and retreats there conducted by a community of nuns, priests and brothers. Some parts of this building are included in the present school.

Early days
The first building of the school was a block of four classrooms and when the college commenced in 1958 it had only two year levels, years 7 and 8 - then called Forms 1 and 2. The staff of the scholasticate acted as the teachers until the College was staffed independently. The College was soon operating as a full secondary school. The need to devote resources to the new school considerably stretched the Marist Brothers and they had to reduce staff or increase class sizes at some other schools.

St Benedict's College and integration
In 1982 the proprietor of Marcellin College signed an integration agreement with the Minister of Education and the college entered the State education system as a State-integrated school. However, it entered the state system as a co-educational secondary school because in 1981 the school had incorporated a secondary school for girls, St Benedict's College, Newton, which closed in that year. St Benedict's College had its origins in 1884 when the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart, at the behest of their founder, Mary MacKillop (St Mary of the Cross), arrived in Auckland from Adelaide and opened their first school in a converted shop in Karangahape Road. They founded St Benedict's College (secondary) and St Benedict's School (primary) near St Benedict's Church, Newton in 1886, and in 1898 a large new school was built on the opposite corner from the church. From the early 1970s, population drift coinciding with, and to some extent due to, the construction of the nearby Auckland motorway system, led to a dramatic fall off in pupils. The secondary college merged with Marcellin College in 1981, and the primary school closed. Marcellin College became fully co-educational in 1993.

Ethos
In 2022, "Marcellin College has seen strong roll growth and rapidly growing popularity". The college has a diverse, multicultural roll. In 2014, the school's gender composition was Male 56% and Female 44% and its ethnic composition was Māori 7%, NZ European/Pakeha 8%, Pacifica 58%. Asian 24% and other 3%. There were four international students. Academically, the school offers for senior years the National Certificate of Educational Achievement assessment system (NCEA).

Principals
 Jan Waelan     (2015 - 2019)
 Dean Wearmouth (2019 - 2022)
 Maria Prescott (2022 - present)

Notable alumni

This is a list of notable former students of Marcellin College, Auckland and St Benedict's College, Newton, which amalgamated with Marcellin College in 1981.
 Roy Asotasi (1982-), New Zealand rugby league representative
 Alaisalatemaota Bakulich-Leavasa (born 1979) - rugby union player; Samoa’s most-capped women’s rugby player.
 Monty Betham (1978-), New Zealand rugby league representative and professional boxer
 Greg Burgess (born 1954), representative national New Zealand rugby union player, All Blacks prop (1980 and 1980)
 Mark Hotchin (1958-), businessman, director of Hanover Finance
 Leki Jackson-Bourke, (1993-) Playwright.
 Neru Leavasa, New Zealand politician.
 Chris Lewis (1957-), tennis professional, men's finalist at the 1983 Wimbledon Championships.
 Adrienne Lili'i (born 1970) - former New Zealand rugby union player.
 Dylan Mika (1972-2018), former rugby union player; New Zealand All Black and Samoa representative.
 Ronaldo Mulitalo (1999-), professional rugby league player, representative of Samoa national rugby league team and current Cronulla Sharks player
 Johnny Ngauamo (1969-), rugby union player, Auckland Blues (Super Rugby) and Tonga representative
 Joseph Parker (1992-), professional boxer, competed at the 2010 Commonwealth Games; World Boxing Organization (WBO) heavyweight champion (2016–2018)
 Freda Stark (1910 - 1999) - dancer (St Benedict's)
 Fetuʻu Vainikolo (1985-), professional rugby union player, representative of Tonga

Notes

Sources

 Pat Gallager, The Marist Brothers in New Zealand Fiji & Samoa 1876-1976, New Zealand Marist Brothers' Trust Board, Tuakau, 1976.
 St. Benedict’s College : corner East St. & St. Benedicts St., Newton, Auckland, New Zealand or Souvenir magazine St. Benedict’s College, 1980, The College, Auckland, 1980.
 Nicholas Reid, James Michael Liston: A Life, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 2006.
 Diane Strevens, MacKillop Women: The Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart Aotearoa New Zealand 1883-2006, David Ling, Auckland, 2008.

Educational institutions established in 1958
Marist Brothers schools
Catholic secondary schools in Auckland
1958 establishments in New Zealand
People educated at Marcellin College, Auckland


Hideo Tanaka may refer to:

Hideo Tanaka (runner) (born 1909), Japanese Olympic athlete
Hideo Tanaka (director) (1933–2011), Japanese film director
Hideo Tanaka (footballer) (born 1983), Japanese football player


James MacDonnell (23 April 1841 — 26 November 1891) was an Irish cricketer who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Ireland and died in Brighton.

References

Irish cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
1841 births
1891 deaths


Claude Mackay (29 October 1894 — 7 June 1915) was an Indian-born English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Satara and died in Boulogne.

Mackay made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1914 season, against Kent. Mackay scored 13 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 15 runs in the second. He conceded 24 runs with the ball from six overs of bowling.

Mackay died at the age of just 20 during World War I, less than a year after his sole cricketing appearance.

References

External links
Claude Mackay at Cricket Archive

1894 births
1915 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
British military personnel killed in World War I
People from Satara (city)
British people in colonial India


Joseph Lawson (13 November 1893 - ), was an English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire and died in Wellington, New Zealand.

Lawson made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1914 season, against Northamptonshire. From the lower-middle order, he scored three runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a single run in the second, as Gloucestershire lost the match by an innings margin.

External links
Joseph Lawson at Cricket Archive

1893 births
1969 deaths
Cricketers from Stroud
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers


Burnet James (26 October 1886 – 26 September 1915) was an English cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and left-arm slow bowler who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Stoke Bishop, Bristol and died in Langemark.

James made three first-class appearances for the team during the 1914 season, scoring an innings-best 10 runs on his debut against Warwickshire.

All three of James' first-class appearances finished in defeat for Gloucestershire.

James was with the Royal Field Artillery and Royal Flying Corps during World War I and died in Belgium at the age of 28.

References

External links
Burnet James at Cricket Archive

1886 births
1915 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Cricketers from Bristol
British military personnel killed in World War I


Dorothea Holt Redmond (May 18, 1910 – February 27, 2009) was an illustrator and production designer noted for her work on Alfred Hitchcock films. Known as the first woman production designer, Redmond entered the industry in 1938. She worked on more than 30 films, including Gone with the Wind and The Ten Commandments, as well as seven Hitchcock productions, among them Rebecca, Rear Window and To Catch a Thief.

She was born in Los Angeles on May 18, 1910, to Mary and Harry Holt, who was a co-owner Western Lithograph Co. She attended the University of Southern California, where she studied architecture and was awarded a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1933. She attended what is now the Art Center College of Design, and was awarded a degree in illustration in 1936, and later taught at the school.

Motion pictures
She was hired by Selznick International Pictures in 1938, making her what the Los Angeles Times reported that year as  the first woman to work in the "heretofore exclusively male field" of motion-picture production design. Out of resentment, male co-workers demanded that she work in a walled-off area separated from theirs.

Tania Modleski, a professor of English at the University of Southern California, emphasized how Redmond was responsible for influencing the German Expressionist aesthetic that Hitchcock was credited with, and that Redmond was widely considered one of the most talented illustrators in the film industry.

Redmond's illustrations would be used by Hitchcock and his art directors to define the tone of a scene for cameramen and other crew members. The 2007 book Casting a Shadow described how her renderings of a sequence in Hitchcock's 1943 film Shadow of a Doubt were influential in adding suspense by adding an element of threat to a quiet town.

Redmond's daughter recounted how "She just loved his personality and his taste" and that Hitchcock was  "one of her very favorite people to work with". In 2008, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented an exhibit titled Casting a Shadow: Creating the Alfred Hitchcock Film, that showed how Hitchcock worked with the other professionals on the set in his movie, with details of how he collaborated with Redmond on seven of his films such as the 1940 movie Rebecca, 1954's Rear Window and the 1955 film To Catch a Thief.

On January 31, 2016, Dorothea Holt Redmond will be inducted into the Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame in a ceremony to take place at the 20th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards at the Beverly Hilton Hotel.

Architecture
Redmond worked with the architectural firm of William Pereira and Charles Luckman. There, she did designs for interiors of Los Angeles International Airport and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. She also helped to design the Seattle Space Needle.

Work with Walt Disney
She was hired by what is now Walt Disney Imagineering in 1966. There she helped design portions of Disneyland and the Walt Disney World Resort, including a residence in New Orleans Square intended for Walt Disney himself. The area was used as a gallery after Disney's death in 1966, but the space above the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction was converted into an apartment called the Disneyland Dream Suite based on her original design that has been used by randomly selected guests at the resort since January 2008. She also designed many other aspects of the stores and eateries in New Orleans Square.

She designed Fantasyland at Disney World in Florida, as well as portions of Main Street and mosaic murals in the archway of Cinderella Castle that were implemented there and in Tokyo Disneyland.

In fall 2008 she was honored by the firm's Disney Legends program, honoring her achievements on behalf of The Walt Disney Company. Marty Sklar described how "Her watercolor sketches were extraordinary place-making". An exhibit of her work opened at the company's Information Research Center in Glendale, California.

Personal
Holt met her future husband, Harry Redmond, Jr., at Selznick International Pictures studio during the late 1930s. She was designing the pre-production interior sets for Gone With The Wind and Rebecca, while Redmond was working for David O. Selznick on the set of The Prisoner of Zenda at the time of their meeting. The couple married in 1940. Together, they designed and constructed a home in the Hollywood Hills based on a design that she completed with her husband after the original architect had died.

Holt Redmond died at age 98 on February 27, 2009, due to congestive heart failure at her home in the Hollywood Hills. She was survived by her husband, a son and daughter, three granddaughters and three great-grandsons. Her husband, Harry Redmond, died on May 23, 2011, at the age of 101.

References

1910 births
2009 deaths
American production designers
American women illustrators
American illustrators
Art Center College of Design alumni
Art Center College of Design faculty
Artists from Los Angeles
USC School of Architecture alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Women production designers
Disney imagineers
Women of Walt Disney Imagineering


Vernon Lee Scarborough (born 1950) is an American academic anthropologist and archaeologist, known for his research and publications on settlement, land use and water management practices of archaic and Pre-industrial society.

 Scarborough is a Distinguished Research Professor and Charles P. Taft Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati in Ohio, USA. Scarborough's research and fieldwork on hydrology and water management systems has been conducted primarily among pre-Columbian Maya civilization sites in the Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, where since 1992 he has co-directed and instructed on a number of seasonal archaeology programmes under the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project (PfBAP). In addition to his research conducted at Maya sites in Mesoamerica, Scarborough has worked in his field specialty with institutions and at site locations in Sudan, Pakistan, Indonesia, Greece and the American Southwest, among others. He is a member of the Scientific Steering Committee with IHOPE (Integrated History for the Future of the People of Earth) an effort of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the Stockholm Resilience Center, for both the global (Berlin meeting) and the regional Asia (Akita, Japan) and Americas (Santa Fe) initiatives.

As an undergraduate Scarborough attended the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon,  completing his B.S. in anthropology in 1973. His doctorate studies were undertaken at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, where he was awarded his PhD in 1980.

Notes

External links
 Faculty profile, University of Cincinnati
 Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Belize, Central America, Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, UT Austin
 Interview with Phyllis Messenger as part of series The Archaeologist's Life

American archaeologists
American anthropologists
Mesoamerican archaeologists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
21st-century Mesoamericanists
Mayanists
University of Oregon alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
University of Cincinnati faculty
University of Texas at El Paso faculty
1950 births
Living people


The Birim River or Ok Birim in the western province of New Guinea is a tributary of the Ok Tedi River, which is in turn a tributary of the north Fly River. The Birim river joins the Ok Tedi river from the west between Ningerum and Bige. The Birim river area is inhabited by the Yonggom tribe. They practise tropical forest Swidden agriculture. About 3,000 people, they speak the Ninggerum language of the Ok group.

There has been ongoing controversy about impacts on migratory fish stocks and on the environment in general from dredging and other  mining operations by the Ok Tedi Mining Limited at what remains of Mount Fubilan. Since 1984, the people of the area have blamed the mine for general declines in crops and fish yields.

References

Rivers of Papua New Guinea
Western Province (Papua New Guinea)
Fly River


The Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution () formerly Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan (Foundation of the Oppressed and Disabled or "MFJ") is a charitable bonyad, or foundation, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the second-largest commercial enterprise in Iran behind the state-owned National Iranian Oil Company and biggest holding company in the Middle East.
The foundation used to be directly run by Khomeini.

It was founded in 1979 as a successor to the Pahlavi Foundation. As an economic, cultural, and social welfare institution, the foundation controls manufacturing and industrial companies, whose profits are used—according to the foundation—to promote "the living standards of the disabled and poor individuals " of Iran and to "develop general public awareness with regards to history, books, museums, and cinema."

The Mostazafan Foundation is associated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps where some of its head officials have come from.

History

Pahlavi Foundation
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi established the Pahlavi Foundation as a tax-exempt charity in 1958. This foundation held the assets of Mohammad Reza Shah, his predecessor, and many of his family, who later served on the corporate board and received commissions. The Pahlavi Foundation's wealth was estimated at $3 billion at its height. The Pahlavi Foundation was dogged by accusations of corruption.

The Pahlavi Foundation was said to have owned in Iran four leading hotels: the Hilton, the Vanak, the Evin and the Darband. The foundation gained international attention for purchasing the DePinna building on Fifth Avenue, New York, valued in 1975 at $14.5 million. Such investment in a foreign market by the Pahlavi Foundation gained media attention because in order to do such foreign investment the foundation had to register as an American charitable foundation with the declared aim of using the rental to pay for Iranian students studying in the United States.

The advantage of such charitable status was that the US authorities could not investigate the books of the Pahlavi Foundation in Iran.

Mostazafan Foundation
Following the Islamic Revolution, the Pahlavi Foundation was renamed the Bonyad-e Mostazafan (Foundation of the Oppressed), and its economic assets increased by more than double after the property of fifty millionaires was confiscated and added to the endowment.

A decade after the Revolution, the foundation's assets totaled more than $20 billion, and included "some 140 factories, 470 agrobusinesses, 100 construction firms, 64 mines, and 250 commercial companies." By 1994, the foundation conducted six trillion rials' worth of business transactions, compared with 5.5 trillion rials collected by the government in taxes. By 1996 the foundation began taking government funds to cover welfare disbursements.

Because of the Iran–Iraq War, the foundation was given the responsibility to supervise and aid veterans wounded in the war and the name Janbazan (disabled) added to it. Sometime before December 2005 the foundation changed its name back to Bonyad Mostazafan as the "Martyrs and War Veterans Foundation" took over war veterans affairs.

Important Revolutionary Guards who have headed the foundation include Mohsen Rafighdoost, who served as Minister of the Revolutionary Guards from 1982 to 1989 before heading the foundation until 1999; and Mohammad Forouzandeh, the chief of staff of the Revolutionary Guard in the late 1980s and later Defense Minister, who was head of the foundation from 1999 to 2014.

The United States imposed sanctions and blacklisted the Bonyad Mostazafan, an organization controlled by Khamenei. The sanctions froze U.S. assets and bared Americans from doing business with them. The foundation controls hundreds of properties confiscated since the 1979 revolution.

Status
Legally, the Mostazafan Foundation, is neither a public entity, nor a private one. It is classified as a nonprofit organization, in which the government cannot interfere in its affairs. The foundation only answers to the Supreme Leader.

Economic activity

The foundation is involved in numerous sectors of the economy, including shipping, metal, petrochemicals, construction materials, dams, towers, farming, horticulture, tourism, transportation, hotels, and commercial services. It controls 40% of Iran's production of soft drinks, including Zamzam Cola which it owns and produces; the newspapers Ettelaat and Kayhan. It "controls 20% of the country's production of textiles ... two-thirds of all glass products and a dominant share also in tiles, chemicals, tires, foodstuffs." Its total value was estimated by one source at "as much as $12 billion," by another as "in all probability exceed[ing] $10 billion."

Mostazafan's largest subsidiary is the Agricultural and Food Industries Organization (AFIO), which owns more than 115 additional companies. Some of the foundation's contract work also includes large engineering projects, such as the construction of Terminal One of the Imam Khomeini International Airport.

Mostazafan also has a history of soliciting contract work abroad. It currently maintains economic connections with countries in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and South Asia, as well as in Russia and other former states of the Soviet Union.

According to one of the foundation's former directors, Mohsen Rafighdoost, Mostazafan allocates 50 percent of its profits to providing aid to the needy in the form of low-interest loans or monthly pensions, while it invests the remaining 50 percent in its various subsidiaries. With over 200,000 employees, it owns and operates approximately 350 subsidiary and affiliate companies in numerous industries including agriculture, industry, transportation, and tourism. Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan represented approximately 10 percent of the Iranian government's annual budget in 2003. the MJF has an estimated value of more than $3 billion.

Controversies
As employers of approximately five million Iranians and providers of social welfare services to "perhaps several million more", bonyads such as Mostazafan "have a large constituency and are able to build support for the government among the working and lower classes." Nonetheless, the foundation has been subject to a number of controversies common to other bonyads in the years since its inception. The foundation and other bonyads are "exempt from official oversight as key religious leaders and former or current government officials control them. They enjoy virtual tax exemption and customs privileges, preferential access to credit and foreign exchange, and regulatory protection from private sector competition".

In 2003, there was talk of the foundation "spinning off its social responsibilities" and becoming "a purely commercial conglomerate," leaving open the question of who would own it and why it should exist as a foundation.

See also
 Bonyad
 Economy of Iran
 Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Works and Values

References

External links
 Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan (official website)

1958 establishments in Iran
Organizations established in 1958
Charities based in Iran
Front organizations
Foundations based in Iran
Organisations under the direct control of the Supreme Leader of Iran
Revolutionary institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran


Praseodymium(III) oxide, praseodymium oxide or praseodymia is the chemical compound composed of praseodymium and oxygen with the formula Pr2O3. It forms light green hexagonal crystals. Praseodymium(III) oxide crystallizes in the manganese(III) oxide or bixbyite structure.

Uses
Praseodymium(III) oxide can be used as a dielectric in combination with silicon. Praseodymium-doped glass, called didymium glass, turns yellow and is used in welding goggles because it blocks infrared radiation. Praseodymium(III) oxide is also used to color glass and ceramics yellow.
For coloring ceramics, also the very dark brown mixed-valence compound praseodymium(III,IV) oxide, Pr6O11, is used.

References

Praseodymium compounds
Sesquioxides


Robert Joseph Charles Butow (March 19, 1924 – October 17, 2017) was a professor emeritus of Japanese history at the University of Washington in Seattle.  An author of several books, he was a leading authority on Japan during World War II.

Robert Butow was born in San Mateo, California. As a boy, he moved with his family to Menlo Park, California.  He subsequently attended college at Stanford University, where he was a member of the Army Reserve, and a student of the Japanese language.  When his Army Reserve unit was activated, he was selected to attend the Army Japanese Language School.

Butow served in the United States Army during the early months of the occupation of Japan in 1945 and 1946, and became interested in Japanese history and culture. Upon his discharge as a second lieutenant, he returned to Stanford.

Publications
His doctoral thesis on the Japanese surrender (titled Japan's Decision to Surrender) was subsequently published as his first book.

His next book, Tojo and the Coming of the War,  was in part a biography of Hideki Tōjō, the prime minister of Japan during most of World War II, in part an account of the political events in Japan that led to Japan's attack on the U.S., Britain, and Netherlands, and in part an account of the consequences of the War for Japan.

His third book (The John Doe Associates: Backdoor Diplomacy for Peace, 1941) was about a small group of Americans who, without diplomatic authority, tried to promote peace with Japan before 1941, but only ended up worsening relations between the two nations.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
American biographers
American male biographers
American historians
People from Menlo Park, California
University of Washington faculty


The Holmes Regional Medical Center is a not-for-profit hospital operated by Health First. It is located in Melbourne, Florida. It is a 514-bed facility, including the only level II trauma center in Brevard County. It also operates Brevard's only neonatal Level II trauma center.

In 2010, the hospital had  38.8 percent of the patient admissions in the county, 23,250, twice the number of its nearest competitor in the county admitted.

History
In 1928 Dr. Isaac Hay opened what is now considered the first local hospital from which the current hospital traces its origin. In 1933, Mr. and Mrs. John Rhodes donated land for a hospital, in addition, a loan of $30,000 for a hospital's construction was obtained under the National Industrial Recovery Act. the Hospital was opened in 1937 on U.S 1.

In 1953, James E. Holmes was elected to the Hospital's Board of Governors, serving as its president for the next 25 years, until 1978. In 1956, the city granted the hospital 10 acres (4.0 ha) on what is now the current site on Hickory street, leading to the hospital expanding in 1962 to 101 beds in a four-story building. by 1966, the hospital cared for 10,421 patients, 1420 new babies and 37,165 outpatients. In 1969, the hospital was expanded with the addition of a north wing, increasing the hospital's capacity to 331 beds. in 1978, as Holmes retired from the board, the hospital was named after him, and in 1983, the hospital's capacity was expanded by 206 beds, at the cost of $43 million.

In 1986, the hospital constructed what was then the region's only complete cardiovascular program, and in 2004, the hospital was listed in Money magazine as "one of America's top hospitals" for Intervention Cardiology and Stroke Care. In 2011, it had 55.1% of its admissions through the emergency room, less than any other hospital in Brevard and below the state average of 61.6%. Some of this difference can be explained by procedural differences in how hospitals admit patients.

Procedures
In the year ending June 2010, there were 899 hospitalizations for angioplasty, the most selected surgery.

References

1928 establishments in Florida
Hospitals established in 1928
Hospital buildings completed in 1937
Hospital buildings completed in 1969
Hospitals in Florida
Buildings and structures in Melbourne, Florida


Schwarzer See (literally "Black Lake") may refer to:

in Brandenburg, Germany
Schwarzer See (Rheinsberg)
in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Schwarzer See (Granitz)
Schwarzer See (Mildenitz)
Schwarzer See (Schlemmin)
Schwarzer See (Schwarz)
Schwarzer See (Zickhusen)

See also
Schwarzsee (disambiguation)
Black Lake (disambiguation)


Conocotocko  (, "Standing Turkey"), also known by the folk-etymologized name Cunne Shote, was First Beloved Man of the Cherokee from 1760. He succeeded his uncle Conocotocko I (or "Old Hop") upon the latter's death. Pro-French like his uncle, he steered the Cherokee into war with the British colonies of South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia in the aftermath of the execution of several Cherokee leaders who were being held hostage at Fort Prince George. He held his title until the end of the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1761, when he was deposed in favor of Attakullakulla.

Standing Turkey was one of three Cherokee leaders to go with Henry Timberlake to London in 1762-1763, the others being Ostenaco and Pouting Pigeon.

In 1782, he was one of a party of Cherokee which joined the Delaware, Shawnee, and Chickasaw in a diplomatic visit to the Spanish at Fort St. Louis in seeking a new avenue of obtaining arms and other assistance in the prosecution of their ongoing conflict with the Americans in the Ohio Valley. The group of Cherokee led by Standing Turkey sought and received permission to settle in Spanish Louisiana, in the region of the White River.

Notes

References

Bibliography

See also
Anglo-Cherokee War

18th-century Cherokee people
Native American leaders
People of pre-statehood Tennessee
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


The Independent Girls' Schools Sports Association of South Australia (IGSSA) is a group of independent schools in South Australia involved in a variety of sporting and cultural activities.

Current member schools

Sports
 Athletics
 Badminton
 Basketball
 Hockey
 Netball
 Soccer
 Softball
 Swimming
 Tennis
 Volleyball

See also
 List of schools in South Australia
 Independent Schools Sports Association (South Australia)

External links
 IGSSA website

Australian school sports associations
School sport associations
Sports governing bodies in South Australia


Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague is a parish municipality in the Beauharnois-Salaberry Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the 2021 Canadian census was 1,950.

The town centre is located along the banks of the Saint-Louis River.

History
One of the first settler in the area was Charles Larocque (1784-1849), who was deputy for Vaudreuil in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1833 to 1838. He managed the first general store in the village, that was originally named after him: Rocqueville, or sometimes spelled Rocque-ville or Larocqueville. Other original settlers came mostly from Saint-Timothée, Les Cèdres, and Île Perrot in the middle of the 19th century.

In 1845, the parish was formed, named after the Italian Jesuit Luigi Gonzaga. In 1855, the Parish Municipality of Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague was founded.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Local government

List of former mayors:

 Jean François Gégoux (1856–1857)
 Charles Archambault (1857–1857)
 Jean Baptiste Bougie (1857–1868)
 Moïse Viau (1868–1872)
 Louis Pierre Coutlée (1872–1874)
 Joseph Bougie (1874–1875)
 Jean Baptiste Mire (1875–1886)
 Louis Bougie (1886–1888)
 Joseph Gagnier (1888–1891)
 Joseph Boyer (1891–1900)
 Hermène Payant (1900–1904)
 Louis Julien Pilon (1904–1906)
 Louis Billet (1906–1907)
 François Alfred Pilon (1907–1909)
 Abraham Jonathas Boyer (1909–1911)
 Charles Onésiphore Myre (1911–1912)
 Émérie Vinet (1912–1914)
 Louis Leduc (1914–1916)
 Louis Archambault (1916–1923)
 Joseph Jérôme Monpetit (1923–1931)
 Joseph Maheu (1931)
 Joachim Jean Baptiste Primeau (1931–1937)
 Joseph Dominat Daoust (1937–1951)
 Joseph Zénon Donat Meloche (1951–1961)
 Joseph Armand Ovila Houle (1961–1968)
 Joseph Arthur René Daoust (1968–1969)
 Joseph Zénon Oscar Billette (1969–1974)
 Joseph Gerard Marc-Hubert Pagé (1974–1978)
 Joseph Léo Victor Brault (1978–1983)
 Joseph-Augustin-Dominique Julien (1983–1989)
 Yves Daoust (1989–present)

See also
 Beauharnois Canal
 List of parish municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Beauharnois-Salaberry Regional County Municipality
Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River


Saleh Khana is a large village in the Nowshera District of the  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province located just below the Cherat mountains, The people of this village are Pashtuns of the Khattak tribe.

Like other parts of Pakistan, many people live overseas for work, the people of this village are spread throughout the world, with 60% living abroad. Among the countries where one can find residents of this village are, to name a few, the UK, USA, UAE,  Canada, Australia, and Malaysia. The majority can be found in the UK, mainly in Birmingham, Manchester, and Aylesbury. This has earned the village the name of "little England" due to most of its residents having dual citizenship in the UK. Originally, the residents moved aboard during the early 1960s to earn and send income back home. However, as time passed, many decided to stay abroad settling with dual citizenship and regularly travelling back and forth occasionally.

The village is surrounded by the Cherat mountains range. Within the mountains range, just above the village, is a former British Hill station or cantonment that was used in 1861 and is currently being occupied by the Pakistani army. It mainly consists of a training ground for the Pakistani SSG. It is off limits to the public and hosts the world's largest zipline in South Asia  which covers ranges of 1.6 km located at the Khattak mountain ranges.

It is the only village in Pakistan with multiple banks.

The name Saleh Khana derives from Arabic and means "Good Home" & it's well known for its famous slogan, "The Few, the Proud".

People & History

The people of this village are primarily Pashtuns, a ethnic group located in both Northern Pakistan & Afghanistan. They people of Saleh Khana, are of the Khattak Pashtun Tribe. Theres also a population of Hindkowan People who live alongside them.

In 1984, there was a tribal dispute between the people of Saleh Khana and the neighbouring village of Kotli Kalan which eventually was solved, when both the villages were split up, and divided into two.

Pashtuns of this village originally migrated from their homeland in the Tirah valley in present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, to their current village during the mid 17th century.

After brutal tribal wars in the 17th century the Oriya Khel tribe migrated east and settled in Jalozai in Khattak tribe territories. Great hostility from surrounding clans lead to a major blood feud between the Oriya Khel and Khattak clans.

The feud was so big that a Loy Jirga (Pashtun grand council) took place in order to end the bloodshed; as a result of this jirga to end the tribal feuds, the Oriya Khel were given the current lands that they now reside in today, hence they moved up into and inhabited the mountainous region of Cherat.

Today 60% of the inhabitants of Saleh Khana have migrated to developed countries around the world, primarily to Europe, United States of America, Canada and the United Kingdom in the Birmingham and Ayelsbury regions; during the 19th and 20th century in order to seek work and send money back home to the village.

However, as time has gone by a lot of families have decided to stay and reside in the UK, US, and European countries and now view themselves with a dual identity. However, Pashto and Pashtunwali always takes precedence over all other identities.

Language

The language predominantly spoken here is the Khattak dialect of Pashto, which is the Central dialect of Pashto. The similar dialect is understood and spoken by all Central Pashtun tribes such as the Afridi, Wazir, Meshud. Orakzai, Bannusi Dawar, Bangash, Turi as well as Central Pashtun tribes across the border in Afghanistan including Zadran, Zazai, and Mangal.

Central Pashto has a different vocabulary and sound than Northern Pashto dialect, which is spoken in Peshawar, Mardan, and Swat, mainly by the Yusufzai tribe. For example, in the Central Pashto dialect it is "Moza or Mizha" for "we" whereas in Northern Pashto, it is "Monga" for "we".

Slight differences occur however since Saleh Khana is relatively close to Peshawar, a lot of the inhabitants can understand the Northern Dialects which is considered standard Pashto used in books, letters, also called "Kitaabi Pashto." Therefore, the Pashto spoken in Saleh Khana  is unique on its own terms.

Tribes and Clans
Saleh Khana is inhabited by the Khattak tribe of the Pashtuns. The tribe is then divided into clans (khels). These are:

Qurban Khel
Durran Khel
Gurnh khel
Mund Khel
Mes Khel
Amirjan Khel
Amin Khel

Each clan has its own Mashar (Leader) which is their clan's representative in a Pashtun council called the jirga, to settle village disputes and promote progress. The Durran Khel clan is made up of the Chiefs of Saleh Khana and thus all village decisions are made through them. Durran Khel was selected to make all the decisions as they are the cleverest and bravest place among all the Khels.

Every clan has its own Mohallah and every Mohalla has its own Masjid and own representatives for a tribal/clan meeting which is called a Jirga in Pashto.

References

Populated places in Nowshera District


George Reynolds Hedges (February 26, 1952 – March 10, 2009) was a lawyer with a list of celebrity clients including Mel Gibson and David Lynch who gained attention in the field of archaeology for what at the time was thought to be the discovery of the ancient city of Ubar.

Early life and education
Hedges was born in Philadelphia on February 26, 1952, and attended the University of Pennsylvania there, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in the classics. After graduating in 1975, he went to Greece to attend the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, where he did a fellowship.

Law career
Returning to the United States, he attended the University of Southern California Law School where he earned a degree in law in 1978. He clerked for a judge on the United States District Court for the Central District of California following graduation. Thereafter, he joined the firm of Kaplan, Livingston, Goodwin, Berkowitz & Selwin before going off on his own, establishing the firm of Hedges & Caldwell in 1988. He was hired to join the Quinn Emanuel (now Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan) law firm, as part of its effort to increase its Hollywood presence.

An active Hollywood lawyer, Hedges listed one of his favorite cases as one that allowed super-agent Ed Limato, a partner and co-president at International Creative Management, to leave the firm and take clients including Richard Gere, Mel Gibson, Steve Martin and Denzel Washington, despite a non-compete clause that would have prevented him from staying in the business.

He obtained a $6.5-million judgment for director David Lynch against CiBy 2000 for an unreleased film.

Hedges worked for 20 years on a pro bono basis on behalf of Adam Miranda, who had been given the death sentence after being convicted of two murders. Arguing that a confession to one of the murders had been withheld by the prosecution, the California Supreme Court decided in May 2008 to overturn the death sentence and change it to life in prison. An editorial in the Los Angeles Times credited Hedges for his persistence in finding the evidence that another man had confessed to the murder that had been used to justify the death penalty for Miranda, lamenting the fact that "Most of the 669 people on San Quentin's death row aren't nearly as lucky".

Los Angeles named him a "California Super Lawyer" and The Hollywood Reporter selected him for its list of the Top 100 Power Lawyers.

Search for Ubar
After a conversation with filmmaker Nicholas Clapp, Hedges learned about the lost city of Ubar, a major hub in the ancient trade of frankincense over 3,000 years ago. Clapp's training in the classics and knowledge of archaeology led him to become involved in the quest to find a place that many had unsuccessfully searched for before and that many thought didn't exist.

The two worked together with Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists Ronald Blom and Charles Elachi, who were able to locate NASA photographs that showed traces of trade routes used by caravans in southern Oman. The locations where these routes intersected were identified as locations to be investigated as sites of Ubar.

Together with archaeologist Juris Zarins of Southwest Missouri State University, they traveled to Oman and found a site near a present-day settlement of Shisr in the Rub' al Khali in early 1991. Excavating beneath an ancient fort, they found a limestone cavern into which the fort collapsed after an earthquake. Later in 1996 Hedges, along with Juris Zarins and Ronald Blom, founded The Archeology Fund which contains a large quantity of information about the Dhofar region, Trade Routes, and many other related subjects to their work at the Shisr Site. The website comes complete with reference materials from the members and a wealth of photos taken of the Dhofar Region.

Zarins later concluded that Shisr did not represent a city called Ubar. In a 1996 interview on the subject of Ubar, he said:

In a more recent paper he suggested that modern Habarut may be the site of Ubar.

By 2007, following further research and excavation, their findings could be summarised as follows:

 A long period of widespread trade through the area of Shisr was indicated by artefacts from Persia, Rome, and Greece being found on the site. More recent work in Oman and Yemen indicated that this fortress was the easternmost remains of a series of desert caravanserais that supported incense trade.
 As far as the legend of Ubar was concerned, there was no evidence that the city had perished in a sandstorm. Much of the fortress had collapsed into a sinkhole that hosted the well, perhaps undermined by ground water being taken to irrigate the surrounding oasis.
 Rather than being a city, interpretation of the evidence suggested that “Ubar” was more likely to have been a region—the “Land of the Iobaritae” identified by Ptolemy. The decline of the region was probably due to a reduction in the frankincense trade caused by the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity, which did not require incense in the same quantities for its rituals. Also, it became difficult to find local labour to collect the resin. Climatic changes led to desiccation of the area, and sea transport became a more reliable way of transporting goods.
 The archaeological importance of the site was highlighted by satellite imagery that revealed a network of trails, some of which passed underneath sand dunes 100 m tall, which converged on Shisr. Image analysis showed no further evidence of major undocumented sites in this desert region, which might be considered as alternate locations for the Ubar of legend.

Personal life
Hedges died at age 57 on March 10, 2009 due to melanoma, at his home in South Pasadena, California. He was survived by his wife, Christy Shonnard Hedges, and his two sons George Shonnard Hedges and Duncan Fox Hedges.

References

1952 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from melanoma
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Lawyers from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
USC Gould School of Law alumni
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century American lawyers
Historians from California
Iram of the Pillars


Grupo Auna was a telecommunications company that emerged from the former Retevisión, which was one of the two companies that were created in Spain in 1996 after the liberalization of telecommunications.

The group was divided into two parts in 2005; the mobile telephony group Amena, which was purchased by France Télécom and the rest was bought by ONO to a value of 2,200 million euros.

The group was formed by Amena (mobile), Auna (telephony and ADSL services) and AunaCable (Cable Services: Internet, television and telephone).

The cable service Tenaria was acquired in 2004.

1996 establishments in Spain
Telecommunications companies established in 1996
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in Spain
Companies disestablished in 2005
2004 mergers and acquisitions
2005 mergers and acquisitions


The Sword Thief is the third book in The 39 Clues series. It was written by Peter Lerangis and was published by Scholastic on March 3, 2009. The Sword Thief follows the first two books in the series, The Maze of Bones by Rick Riordan and One False Note by Gordon Korman. The following book continues the plot in Beyond the Grave.

Plot
In Venice, Amy and Dan are separated from Nellie when Ian and Natalie steal their tickets and board the plane with the au pair already on board. The siblings run into Alistair, who offers them a ride to Tokyo on his private jet. Once there, they learn about the life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the son of Thomas Cahill. They discover a collection of strange symbols, but are taken captive by the Holts who steal their lead.

The Holts bring their three captives to an underground train station, but a train scares the Holts off. Amy, Dan, and Alistair barely escape the train, and find themselves in an unused storage room. There, they find strange artifacts, but are chased back to the surface by the Yakuza. They're rescued by Ian, Natalie, and Nellie, who have stuck a deal and are working together. Amy and Dan are hesitant, but Ian gives Amy a small coin, stolen from Vikram Kabra, that should help them find the next clue. The six go back for the artifacts, discovering a message telling them to head to Seoul.

In Seoul, the six go to Alistair's house. They discover his hidden library, and after earning entrance, Amy and Dan discover a book informing them more about the 39 Clues. Alistair notes how much Ian and Natalie seem to already know, and how they're playing dumb to appeal to Amy and Dan. They then discover to head to Bukhansan, where Ian and Amy's flirting leads them to a secret entrance. The coin is the key, and after gaining entrance, Amy returns the coin to Ian. Nellie stays behind. In the cave, the five discover Hideyoshi's treasure, and the third clue--gold. Dan and Natalie discover mirror writing, and Dan solves the anagram, telling everyone Lake Tash is the next destination. Ian and Natalie take the information, betraying the others and sealing them in the cave. Angry, Dan reveals that he lied, and that Al Sakhet and Alkahest are the words. The siblings manage to escape the cave, but Alistair is killed in the collapse.

As the siblings are meeting up with Nellie, they see Bae Oh speaking with the Man in Black. They figure out the that clue is pointing them to Egypt. Meanwhile, Bae Oh is sitting in his office. He pages his secretary, but his resentful nephew Alistair answers, threatening him. When Bae looks into the receiving room, no one is there.

Characters

 Amy Cahill
 Dan Cahill
 Nellie Gomez
 Ian Kabra
 Natalie Kabra
 Alistair Oh
 Eisenhower Holt
 Mary-Todd Holt
 Hamilton Holt
 Reagan Holt
 Madison Holt
 Bae Oh
 Man in Black

Clue
Clue Found: Gold

Next Location: Egypt

References

External links
 Scholastic 39 Clues books page

The 39 Clues novels
2009 American novels
Sequel novels
2009 children's books
Children's books set in Japan
Children's books set in Korea
Novels set in Seoul


Physical therapy for canines adapts human physical therapy techniques to increase function and mobility of joints and muscles in animals.  Animal rehabilitation can reduce pain and enhance recovery from injury, surgery, degenerative diseases, age-related diseases, and obesity.

The goal of physical therapy for animals is to improve quality of life and decrease pain.  Although most veterinary practices offering physical therapy are geared toward canines, techniques used in this discipline can also be applied to horses, cats, birds, rabbits, rodents and other small animals.

Education
Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation is an AVMA boarded specialty through the American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. Diplomates (Specialists)of this college advance the art and science of veterinary medicine by promoting expertise in the structural, physiological, medical and surgical needs of athletic animals and the restoration of normal form and function after injury or illness. These specialists have special training and educational requirements above and beyond a veterinary degree and are identified as Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation ( DACVSMR).

Canine rehabilitation is also practiced by general veterinarians and physical therapists with specialized training. If your pet is being treated by a physical therapist, in some states, the pet must have a diagnosis, veterinary medical clearance (VMC), and, sometimes, referral by a veterinarian to start a physical therapy regimen.  The certified canine rehabilitation practitioner (CCRP) is one designation for veterinarians, veterinary technicians, physical therapists, or physical therapist assistants who perform physical rehabilitation and is offered through Northeast Seminars with affiliation with the University of Tennessee outreach program. A certified canine rehabilitation therapist (CCRT) certification is available through the Canine Rehabilitation Institute in Florida and Colorado—affiliated with Colorado State University.  Other more extensive and individualized training and online offerings are available as well.

Techniques
In an animal physical therapy practice, a CCRT or CCRP usually confers with the diagnosing veterinarian on the cause and severity of an animal's condition to develop a specialized therapy plan on a client by client basis.  Each technique used in animal physical therapy has different benefits and not all techniques are useful for each condition.  Physical therapy for orthopedic conditions can include any combination of the following techniques: thermotherapy, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, muscle building exercises electrical stimulation and coordination exercises.  Neurological conditions generally benefit the most from balance and coordination building exercises, muscle building exercises, electrical stimulation and hydrotherapy.  Surgical repairs and traumatic injuries are generally treated with heat therapy, cryotherapy, massage, electrical stimulation, and hydrotherapy.

Massage

Massage is used in animal physical therapy to relieve tension in muscles and stimulate muscle development.  Massage helps speed up recovery from injuries and surgery by increasing blood flow to the area and relieving muscle spasms.  Massage is used widely in canine physical therapy and can be helpful in improving the comfort of animals affected by nearly all medical conditions.
Massage is one of the main technics to treat myofascial pain

Thermo and cryotherapy
Thermotherapy is generally used in animal physical therapy before strength building exercises and hydrotherapy.  Heat packs are applied to the affected area to increase range of motion, decrease stiffness in joints and increase blood flow.  This helps to make the animal more comfortable in the application of other physical therapy techniques.  Deep heating of the muscle by laser therapy is often used to stimulate healing of surface wounds and relieve pain and discomfort of constricted and sore muscles.  Cryotherapy is often used after an intensive physical therapy session to decrease discomfort caused by inflammation of the muscle.

Passive range of motion
Passive range of motion (PROM) is accomplished through flexion and extension of the joint to its limits.  It is important for the physical therapist not to stretch the joint past its normal limits.  PROM is used to encourage animals to use the full range of motion of the joints.  This therapy technique can significantly increase an animal's range of motion and decrease joint pain, improving its quality of life.

Balance Exercises
Balance exercises make use of equipment designed to strengthen weak muscles and build up limbs affected by atrophy.  These exercises include balancing on physio-balls, wobble boards and balance boards.  Balance exercises can be useful in animals recovering from surgery.  The animal is forced to place weight on the surgical repair, building muscle in the affected area.  These exercises can also be helpful for animals with neurological conditions.  For example, an animal recovering from a stroke has decreased coordination and balance which can be improved through a physical therapy regime that includes balance exercises.

Coordination exercises
Coordination exercises help improve an animal's awareness of its surroundings.  Such exercises include cavalettis, weaves, and figure eights.  Cavaletti is an exercise that gives an animal obstacles to walk over.  This exercise makes the animal focus on where each foot is being placed and builds coordination.  Weaves and figure eights help to build coordination and strength by forcing the animal to shift its weight quickly from one side to the other as it turns.

Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy techniques use water as a tool to improve muscle and joint function in animals.  These techniques include but are not limited to swimming and underwater treadmill.  Swimming allows an animal to work several muscles at once while stretching further than walking on land would allow.  This helps to build muscle and endurance and is a technique that minimizes stress on the joints.  Underwater treadmill is used commonly in animal physical therapy.  It provides the benefits of land exercises while decreasing the weight placed on the animal’s limbs.  Underwater treadmill and swimming can be very useful in dogs recovering from surgery, such as anterior cruciate ligament and cranial cruciate ligament repairs and break repairs.

Electrical Stimulation
Electrical stimulation techniques uses electrical currents to either stimulate muscles or to combat pain. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is often used to help improve muscle strength, and/or motor recruitment. Trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can be used to help relieve the pain that the animal may be experiencing. These techniques are used along with the other techniques listed above.

History
The benefits of physical therapy for animals have been widely accepted in the veterinary community for many years.  However, clinical practice of physical therapy for animals is a relatively new field in the U.S.  In Europe, equine and canine physical therapy have been widely recommended and used for at least the last fifteen years.  In the last three to five years, the veterinary community in the U.S. has seen a large growth in physical therapy practices for animals, making it a more available resource for practicing veterinarians.  This growth in the availability of canine physical therapy is forcing a change in focus in many veterinary practices from curative and palliative care to preventive care. An example of this is the push for the use of animal physical therapy for weight reduction in obese animals.  Weight reduction can reduce the risk of developing many degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis and DJD.

See also

 David F. Levine- canine rehabilitation practitioner

Myofascial Pain in Dogs

References

Physical therapy