Otman Baba (c. 1378 – 8 Receb 1478) was a 15th-century dervish who traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire, acquiring a following among Muslims in Bulgaria after 1445 that has developed into his veneration as a saint.  After Otman Baba's death, a pilgrimage complex grew around his grave in the present-day Bulgarian village of Teketo, which was made a museum during communism. The hagiography of Otman Baba, written by his disciple Küçük Abdal and regarded by his followers as a canonical text, maintains that Otman Baba performed miracles that proved his superiority to other dervishes and Ottoman authorities, particularly Sultan Mehmed II. Straying from orthodox Islamic tenets, Otman Baba asserted his unity with God and his mastery of divine secrets—as the embodiment of monotheistic religious figures such as Muhammad, Jesus, and Moses.

Sources
Written five-and-a-half years after his death, the vilâyetname (hagiography) of Otman Baba provides the most thorough if biased depiction of the mystic's life. It differs from similar hagiographic accounts, as it more prominently presents historical information during Otman Baba's lifetime. Written by a direct disciple of Otman Baba named Küçük Abdal (also Köğçek/Köçek Abdal), the original vilâyetname was entitled Haza Kitab-i Risale-i Vilâyet-name-i Sultan Baba, kaddes' Allahu sırruh ül-aziz (This book is a book with description of the miracles of Sultan Baba, let Allah consecrate his tomb). Known manuscripts of the vilâyetname include a 260-page one transcribed by Şeyh Ömer (Umar) bin Dervish Ahmed in 1758 and one from the Bulgarian village of Gorna Krepost taken to Turkey with the Alevi emigrants. A modern Turkish retelling based on various sources also exists.

Other sources include the vilâyetname of Otman Baba's successor Demir Baba, which refers to Otman Baba as the "pole of poles" and "Pole of the Universe and Time", symbols of his high spiritual rank; the vilâyetname also avouches Otman Baba's ability to instantly appear and disappear. Another source is the work of Evliya Çelebi, which cites Otman Baba as a leader of ascetic dervishes and a gazi (religious warrior) who helped conquer the Ottoman Empire's European province of Rumelia.

Life
According to the vilâyetname, Otman Baba was born in 1378 or 1379. He belonged to the Amuca tribe, and spoke an Azeri-accented Oghuz language with few Persian and Arabic influences, like the Muslims in northeastern Bulgaria. Küçük Abdal characterized Otman Baba spiritually as a saint and prophet and physically as imposing, strong, and brave.

While those outside his inner circle knew him as Otman Baba, other dervishes and the aristocratic sayyids called him Şah-i Kerbelâ—a reference to the prophet Muhammad's grandson Husayn, who died in the Battle of Karbala. A vilâyetname account attributes the mystic's common name "Otman Baba" to Ottoman ruler Mehmed II. When the sultan disguised himself as a commoner and visited the Eski Saray tekke (a gathering place for Muslims) in Constantinople, only Otman Baba recognized him.  Convinced of the dervish's sainthood, Mehmed addressed him as "my beloved father, Otman"—"father" translating in Turkish as "baba".

Relationship with Ottoman authorities
Dervish leaders faced accusations of turning commoners against the Ottoman government's policies. Otman Baba's proselytizing in the Eastern Balkans and Anatolia coincides with the settlements of the nomadic Yürüks, who were hostile toward the Ottoman bureaucracy that forcibly recruited them as soldiers. Nevertheless, the vilâyetname asserts that Mehmed II recognized Otman Baba as a true saint and the true Ottoman leader, and it presents supportive interactions between Otman Baba and Mehmed II. In one account, Otman Baba appears in Mehmed's dream to predict his reign as sultan while the then-prince was in Manisa.

Their relationship, however, was not always cordial, as scholars Stavrides and Gramatikova mention that Otman Baba frightened Mehmed II with his mastery over the elements, summoning a storm that flooded Constantinople after Mehmed ordered the dervish to enter a monastery. Although Küçük Abdal credits Mehmed II's military victories to Otman Baba's sainthood, the mystic predicted the sultan's defeat in the 1456 Serbia campaign. Otman Baba's relationships with other Ottoman authorities varied.  Those opposed to Otman Baba included the orthodox vizier Mahmud Paşa, who did not recognize the mystic's sainthood, and an akıncı (military auxiliary), who apprehended Otman Baba and whose wife forced the mystic to pasture ducks for a month. A sancakbey (district governor) named Mihaloğlu Ali Bey, however, donated to Otman Baba's tomb after the mystic had supported his military victories.

Wanderings
During his life, Otman Baba wandered throughout the Ottoman Empire, mainly in Rumelia, spending the most time in Bulgarian lands and Aegean Thrace. After 30 September 1429 or 19 September 1430, Otman Baba began proselytizing in Rumelia. He performed his first miracle in the Balkans in Babaeski, extinguishing a candlestick's flame that had been lit by the mystic Sarı Saltık Baba, proving his sainthood to ordinary followers of Sufism. As Gramatikova notes, Otman Baba challenged rival Alevi and Bektashi spiritual guides and won, proving his spiritual superiority.

Gramatikova dates Otman Baba's earliest presence in Bulgarian lands from 1445 to 1451, where he propagated and interpreted Islamic mysticism. Beginning his propagandizing alone, Otman Baba recruited dervish followers—called Abdals—from the Balkan Muslim population. When Otman Baba defeated a lamia in the Ludogorie region, he achieved his first miracle in Bulgarian lands, an act that Gramatikova characterizes as "one of the greatest miracles of the Muslim saints". Otman Baba travelled through the eastern foothills of Stara Planina, following Sufi doctrine by surviving on leaves and wild fruit as he meditated on God. Gramatikova proposes that the local woodcutters who saw him and hosted him in their village were Sufi Muslims and nomads who had migrated from Turkey during the mid-15th century. In the Kazanlak area, Otman Baba garnered a following of Sufi craftsmen and built a bridge with hunters, whom Gramatikova associates with nomadic Yürüks and Turcomans. Near Plovdiv, a local saint named Hasan Baba called Otman Baba the dual embodiment of Muhammed and Ali after spotting him in the Maritsa River.

By 1451, Otman Baba had proselytized throughout Anatolia—particularly in Ottoman-ruled Western Asia Minor—working miracles and proving his sainthood. The vilâyetname offers conflicting accounts of Otman Baba's activities between 1451 and 1453. One holds that Otman Baba propagandized in Azeri lands, departing with the claim: "I shall saddle a cloud, shall turn the lightning into a whip and shall go back to Rum." Another asserts that Otman Baba stayed in Tarnovo as the guest of the local kadi (judge) and that locals bestowed the mystic with gifts after Ottoman forces had captured Constantinople.

Gramatikova dates Otman Baba's arrival in Constantinople to 1456, where he contributed to the charitable activities of every imaret and advocated the restoration of a fortress that he argued was the town of Hasan and Huseyn. After leaving Constantinople, Otman Baba spent time in Edirne with the Abdals and settled in the village of Tatar Köyü, which Gramatikova supposes is either the present-day village Radovets or Filipovo—both in the Topolovgrad municipality of Bulgaria.

Death
In Tatar Köyü, Otman Baba predicted to his followers that they would develop into two branches. Physically weakening, he relocated near Haskovo, where he urged his followers to build mills and grow vineyards and claimed to follow an incomparable mystical path: "First I was a secret and I shall again become a secret. Nobody walks before me on my road nor would anybody come after me".

On 13 January 1478, Otman Baba and his disciples arrived at the unidentified village of Konukçu köy. He settled on the nearby riverbank opposite his followers and ordered them to construct a bridge "to go back to the place where [they] were before".  After the bridge was built, Otman Baba spoke his last words: "Hey, destitute, miserable and feeble, you are afraid of Death. But I am not. In fact I am immortal, I have a horse, when I mount it I go to Heaven!" According to a manuscript annotation, Otman Baba died on 8 Receb 1478. The vilâyetname describes Otman Baba's body releasing a halo that lit the universe the day after his death and two disciples dreaming that Otman Baba rode a horse through a portal in the sea.

Beliefs

Gramatikova states that Otman Baba followed the Khurasan-region Malamatiyya, a tradition characterized by its adherents' independence of a director, a school, or conventional religious laws. Representing the doctrines of the halo of Muhammad and of the Perfect Man, Otman Baba held that the prophet Muhammad's divinity transmitted to the kutb, the highest ranking Sufi mystics. Furthermore, Otman Baba asserted that he—as a kutb—had mastered divine secrets, regarding himself above Ottoman rulers and other mystics and identifying himself as the religious and political figures Muhammad, Jesus, Moses, Huseyn, Timur, and Sultan Mehmed II. Making the heretical claims of omnipresence and omniscience, Otman Baba insisted that anyone who harmed him would be harming themselves by denying his unity with God and that he could see the poor, starving, and ill and aid them. Before his death, Otman Baba expressed his belief in immortality:  "Do not cry after me, because I am not dying, I shall live all the time on the earth and in the sky."

Although Otman Baba disapproved of mystics who worked for personal gain, he collected kurbans (livestock) for his Abdals. Illustrating the traits of an Abdal, Otman Baba said the following: "An Abdal is the man who gives up all but Allah. He has passed through all stages of spiritual self-perfection and is guided only by divine love and divine truth. He is no longer a body. Renouncing imitation and subjection to the body he aims at Ayn el-Yakın." Gramatikova interprets the term Ayn el-Yakın under Abdal and Bektashi teachings as experiencing God through God's eyes.

Otman Baba's beliefs extended beyond the spiritual, as he disapproved of Turks speaking Persian and Arabic instead of their native tongue.  Otman Baba maintained that "the Oghuz language is the father of all languages" and the "only way to stay in the alien, unknown lands".

Legacy

Categorized by Markoff as a dervish branch of the Muslim Alevi (Alians), Qizilbash, and Shi'ites, the Baba'is have preserved their traditions in Bulgaria through the cult of Otman Baba. In Nova Zagora, the Kizilbash venerate the life of Otman Baba, considering him a local Shi'ite saint and regarding his tekke as their primary holy place in Bulgaria. According to Gramatikova, the vilâyetname of Otman Baba is a canonical text in Bulgaria's  Muslim community.

Cult complex

Although Otman Baba had rejected Mehmed II's offers to build him a tekke, the mystic's followers developed a cult complex around his grave, located at the southeastern part of the Hızırilyas hill in the Haskovo-region village of Teketo.  Evliya Çelebi reported a cloister near the Maden dere riverbank and credited Sultan Bayezid II for the construction of the tekke, which included a heptagonal refectory, shaped like a dervish cap and associated with the yediler (cult of the seven). Architectural historian Stephen Lewis also proposes the yediler symbolism of the seven-sided refectory—the türbe (mausoleum)—which he classifies as an early sixteenth-century Ottoman funerary monument, observing its domed structure and ashlar masonry. Gramatikova notes, however, that in 1492 Sultan Bayezid II blamed Otman Baba's followers in Thrace for an assassination attempt on him and ordered their exile to Asia Minor. Nevertheless, the complex became a pilgrimage site for Otman Baba's followers, Muslim locals, and the Romani—who, according to Ottoman documents, have venerated the türbe since at least 1568. Bulgarian scholar Markoff attributes the continued prominence of Otman Baba's cult complex among Bulgarian miracle-seekers to its museum status during communism and protection during the Revival Process.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Sufi saints from the Ottoman Empire
Alevism
1478 deaths
1370s births
Islam in Bulgaria
Muslims from the Ottoman Empire
Turkish Sufis


Artem Yevlyanov (; born 18 June 1986) is a Ukrainian former football player.

Career
He played for Slovak club Zemplín Michalovce. In his debut for Michalovce he scored a goal in the league match against Slovan Duslo Šaľa. In the 2005–06 season he was Michalovce's top scorer.

References

External links

 Yevlyanov at Soccerdata.net

1984 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Dnipro players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
FC Hoverla Uzhhorod players
MFK Zemplín Michalovce players
2. Liga (Slovakia) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Footballers from Donetsk
FC Dnipro-2 Dnipropetrovsk players
FC Dnipro-3 Dnipropetrovsk players
FC Metalurh-2 Donetsk players
FC Urartu players
1. FC Tatran Prešov players
FC Tytan Armiansk players
FC Olimpik Donetsk players
FC Kramatorsk players
Expatriate men's footballers in Armenia


A Slightly Pregnant Man (; ) is a 1973 comedy film written and directed by Jacques Demy.

Plot
Marco is a driving instructor who is engaged to single mother Irène, a hairdresser. After eating a chicken dinner, he complains to his housekeeper that she cooks chicken too frequently. He begins to feel bloated and tired and sees a doctor. The doctor determines that he is pregnant, and an expert concludes that the hormones in chicken have made him sufficiently feminine to carry a child. With his permission, the doctors publicize this event, and he becomes a model for a maternity clothing company creating a new line of paternity clothes. The majority of the film covers Marco revealing his pregnancy to his friends and family including his ex-wife and their reactions prior to going public with it.

The movie has two different endings. In the original French version, Marco is diagnosed with having hysterical pregnancy; saddening both him and Irène. As they finally get married Irène begins to feel sick and reveals to Marco that she is pregnant. In the Italian ending, Marco realizes that he was misdiagnosed and suddenly goes into labor at his wedding, though the baby is not shown. Afterwards, men everywhere suddenly begin having pregnancy symptoms.

Cast
 Catherine Deneuve as Irène de Fontenoy
 Marcello Mastroianni as Marco Mazetti
 Micheline Presle as Dr. Delavigne
 Marisa Pavan as Maria Mazetti
 Claude Melki as Lucien Soumain
 André Falcon as Scipion Lemeu
 Maurice Biraud as Lamarie
 Alice Sapritch as Ramona Martinez
 Raymond Gérôme as Gérard Chaumont de Latour
 Michèle Moretti as Ginou
 Madeleine Barbulée as Mlle Janvier
 Micheline Dax as Mme Corfa
 Benjamin Legrand as Lucas
 Jacques Legras as Leboeuf
 Myriam Boyer as Ninon Barbeau
 Andrée Tainsy as Clarisse de Saint-Clair
 Mireille Mathieu as herself
 Tonie Marshall as Bobino host

References

External links

1973 films
1973 comedy films
1970s French films
1970s French-language films
1970s Italian films
1970s pregnancy films
Films directed by Jacques Demy
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films set in Paris
French comedy films
French pregnancy films
French-language Italian films
Italian comedy films
Italian pregnancy films


Dennie–Marfan syndrome is a syndrome in which there is association of spastic paraplegia of the lower limbs and mental retardation in children with congenital syphilis. Both sexes are affected, and the onset of the disease can be acute or insidious, with slow progression from weakness to quadriplegia. Epilepsy, cataract, and nystagmus may also be found.

The syndrome was described by Charles Clayton Dennie in 1929, and Antoine Marfan in 1936.

References

External links

Neurological disorders
Syndromes with intellectual disability
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes caused by microbes


Brewer Street is a street in the Soho area of central London, running west to east from Glasshouse Street to Wardour Street.

The street was first developed in the late 17th century by the landowner Sir William Pulteney. It first appears on a map of 1664, and was built up over the following decades from east to west. It is now known for its variety of shops and entertainment establishments typical of Soho.

The street crosses, or meets with, Wardour Street, Rupert Street, Walker's Court, Greens Court, Lexington Street, Great Pulteney Street, Bridle Lane, Sherwood Street, Lower James Street, Lower John Street and Air Street, before meeting with Glasshouse Street at its western end.

References

External links

Streets in the City of Westminster
Shopping streets in London
Streets in Soho


The Dunstall Norton  was a Norton motorcycle made by Paul Dunstall, a specialist tuner of the 1960s and early 1970s twins originally using some parts from Norton's Domiracer project when the Birmingham factory was closed in 1963. In 1966 Dunstall Motorcycles became a motorcycle manufacturer in its own right so that Dunstalls could compete in production races, and set a number of world records before sales of the Dunstall Nortons declined in the 1970s consistent with the demise of the British motor cycle industry and a corresponding rise in Japanese imports.

Paul Dunstall had already turned his attention to modifying Japanese marques before the collapse of Norton (then part of the fated NVT) in 1974. After several more successful years, he left the bike scene to concentrate his attention on property development.

Paul Dunstall sold the name in 1982. The name is now owned by Burton Bike Bits Ltd, and trades under the name Dunstall Motorcycles.

Development
Dunstall started modifying Nortons in 1957, at the age of 18, when he converted a Norton Dominator into a competitive racing motorcycle. As well as fitting a Norton Manx gearbox and wheels, Dunstall balanced the crankshaft and installed the Dominator engine into a Manx Norton frame. With places and two outright wins at Brands Hatch in his first season, after graduating to a higher level with places in his second season at other circuits, Dunstall retired from racing to work in his family's scooter shop and develop performance motorcycle parts

Initially, Dunstall conceived simple 'bolt on' modifications such as 'Goldie' pattern straight-through replacement silencers which he called 'Hi-Tune' and exhaust pipes, creating his first catalogue in 1961 and gradually growing the business.

Dunstall built engines for other racers and purchased parts leftover from Norton's Domiracer project when the factory closed in 1963, using his know-how to further develop high-performance motorcycles built to order.

From 1966, Dunstall's customers could choose from a standard catalogue offering a range of speed parts, race-styled accessories and complete ready-modified bikes from Norton, BSA, and Triumph in capacities from 500cc upwards

In 1966 Dunstall Motorcycles became a motorcycle manufacturer in its own right so that Dunstalls could compete in production races and the Auto-Cycle Union, which is the governing body for motorcycle racing in Britain, approved Dunstall Dominators as a marque for the production race in the 1967 Isle of Man TT.

The  1967 Dunstall Dominator 750 roadster was tested as the fastest motorcycle on the market at the time of its launch.<ref>{{cite web |title=MCM Dunstall advertising Paul Dunstall Powerful Dominator |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im196702MM-Dunstall2.jpg |website=Grace's guide to British Industry |access-date=1 March 2013 |language=en |date=22 April 2011}}</ref>

The early 1960s Norton factory racers were called Domiracer, and although Dunstall called his roadsters both Dominator and Domiracer at various stages and with varying engine capacities, the 750s were sometimes known as Dunstall Atlas. They were not known as 'Norton Dunstall' - this is a later corruption as all 1960s literature quote Dunstall Norton Dominator, Dunstall Dominator or Dunstall 750 Atlas.

The last bikes from the featherbed-based machines in the 1969 catalogue were stated as Dunstall Norton Sprint and Export 750 together with the newest bike in the range the isolastic-framed Dunstall Norton Commando.

After the 1968 race season successes, development of the late-1940s designed parallel-twin engine was nearing its zenith for the technology of the time with power outputs of 73 horsepower for the race-spec 745cc Atlas-based engine.

For the 1969 season, Dunstall created a new machine with a lower frontal area, the inclined engine being 'underslung' from a large-diameter steel tubing spine frame (nicknamed The Drainpipe) designed by Eddie Robinson. The mainframe component ran front to back with a second large-diameter vertical tube at the rear of the power plant carrying the engine oil, avoiding the need for the traditional separate oil tank. The filler was conventionally placed ahead of the seat nose

Although Dunstall's open-class racers (non-production-race category) were equipped with lowboy frames based on the design of the work which Dunstall had acquired during the Norton factory race-shop closure, this re-design was based on an established concept not yet applied to the Norton twin for road racing. With no front downtube(s) hence no conventional engine mountings, the spine frame needed substantial cantilever bracing from the central-point of the frame forwards under the gearbox and engine to control the torque reaction

The original 'drainpipe' configuration included aluminium dual 'pannier' fuel tanks inside the top-half fairing sides to lower the centre of gravity and improve handling but following fuel starvation problems a conventional fuel tank was fitted.

With the discontinuation of the featherbed Atlas in 1968, Dunstall first offered his Commando-based roadsters from the 1969 catalogue. In their test of a 1971 Norton Dunstall 810, Cycle World measured the top speed at , with a 0 to 60 mph time of 4.7 seconds and a standing  time of 11.9 seconds at . This was the first bike ever in Cycle Worlds tests with quarter mile time under 12 seconds.

Sales of the Dunstall Nortons declined in the 1970s and Dunstall concentrated on Japanese marques, in particular forging strong links with Suzuki. The Dunstall Suzuki CS1000 was road tested in 1979 by Motorcycle News, with  being the fastest top speed they had achieved on a road-legal production motorcycle.Dunstall CS1000 Bonhams sale archive, 29 April 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2020 Motorcycle News' 1980 table of top speeds listed the CS1000 as number one and Dunstall Suzuki GSX1100's  at two, followed by the Moto Martin CBX at three. Eventually the business name was sold in 1982.

Racing success
In 1967 Rex Butcher (Dunstall's shop manager and regular rider) - supported by Motor Cycle (a UK weekly publication) journalist David Dixon on a second machine - set a number of world records on 750 cc Dunstalls at Monza in Italy, using two machines earlier ridden by Paul Smart (2nd place) and Griff Jenkins (11th place) in the 1967 TT Production race 750cc category (both recorded as 'Norton' in official race result website).

In his 13 September 1967 Motor Cycle article, Dixon reported both bikes were the same production TT race specification with lighting and (road-legal) megaphone-style silencers but had been stripped, checked and re-built, with special preparation being limited to larger six-gallon petrol tanks, modified racing seats, improved fairings from the forthcoming 1968 range and 45 psi tyre pressures. The object was to use two over-the-counter customised bikes, basically the same as could be bought.

During the 1968 British season, Motor Cycle (11 December 1968) cites Dunstall rider Ray Pickrell as securing 17 1st places This total may include the titles 'Master of Mallory' and 'King of Brands'  as 'extra' races (having an aggregate result from two legs) due to Dunstall's 1969 catalogue stating 14 wins for 1968 season The 1968 catalogue  shows race images of Ray Pickrell aboard lowboy race frames for open category, with production classes on Featherbed framed 750 Dunstall Domiracers.

In June 1968 Pickrell won the Isle of Man Production TT race 750 cc class entered on a 'Dunstall Norton Dominator' with a new lap record (average speed) of .

In October 1969, when anticipating a future challenge at the Monza high-speed, banked-oval circuit of a record held by Moto Guzzi, to trial the machine Pickrell rode a Dunstall Norton during a regular sprint meeting to set a new national record for the 750 cc flying'' quarter-mile at  at Elvington airfield-runway in Yorkshire.

There are no records of Dunstall's organisation competing during 1970, his regular rider (of two-and-a-half seasons) Ray Pickrell riding for Norton Villiers in 1970, then BSA Triumph in 1971 and 1972 Dunstall's shop manager and former regular rider Rex Butcher entered the 1968 TT on a Triumph

References

Dunstall
Sport bikes
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines


The 13th Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba from August 2 to August 18, 1991.

Medals

Gold

Men's 4.000m Points Race (Track): Erminio Suárez

Men's Featherweight (– 65 kg): Francisco Morales

Men's Team Competition: Diego Allona, Alejandro Doherty, Fernando Ferrara, Marcelo Garraffo, Carlos Geneyro, Pablo Lombi, Adrián Mandarano, Gabriel Minadeo, Pablo Moreira, Edgardo Pailos, Rodolfo Pérez, Carlos Retegui, Emanuel Roggero, Daniel Ruiz, Alejandro Siri, and Martín Sordelli
Women's Team Competition: Valeria Almada, Verónica Artica, Marcela Budnik, Victoria Carbó, María Castelli, María Paz Ferrari, Anabel Gambero, Gabriela Liz, Marisa López, Sofía MacKenzie, Karina Masotta, Laura Mulhall, Vanina Oneto, María Gabriela Pazos, Marcela Richezza, and Jorgelina Rimoldi

Men's Team Competition: Diego Allende, Alfredo Bridge, Gabriel Cairo, Osvaldo Gonella, Pablo Cairo, Guillermo Herrmann, Jorge Luz, José Posito, and Roberto Roldán
Women's 300 metres: María Eva Richardson
Women's 1500 metres: María Eva Richardson
Women's 3000 metres: Rosana Sastre
Women's 10,000 metres: Rosana Sastre
Women's 5000 metres: Claudia Rodríguez
Women's Team Relay 5000 m: Claudia Rodríguez, Rosana Sastre, and María Eva Richardson

Silver

Men's Heavyweight (+ 95 kg): Orlando Baccino
Women's Middleweight (– 66 kg): Laura Martinel

Men's K2 1.000 metres: Mauricio Vergauven and José Luis Marello

Women's Foil: Sandra Giancola

Men's 1500 metres: Guillermo Herrero
Men's 20 kilometres: Guillermo Trinaroli
Men's Team Relay 10 km: Guillermo McCargo, Guillermo Herrero, and Guillermo Trinaroli
Women's 5000 metres: Rosana Sastre
Women's 10,000 metres: Claudia Rodríguez

Men's Single Sculls: Sergio Fernández
Men's Coxed Pairs: Marcelo Pieretti, Gustavo Pacheco, and Andrés Seperizza
Men's Lightweight Double Sculls: Federico Querin and Jorge Lammo

Men's 25 m Standard Pistol Teams: Oscar Yuston, Jorge Almiron, and Daniel Felizia

Men's Lechner A390: Carlos Espínola

Men's Freestyle (– 68 kg): Daniel Navarrete

Bronze

Men's 5,000 metres: Antonio Silio

Men's Super Heavyweight (+ 91 kg): Elio Ibarra

Men's 1.000m Time Trial (Track): Germán García
Men's 4.000m Team Pursuit (Track): Argentina

Men's Light Middleweight (– 78 kg): Dario García
Men's Light Heavyweight (– 95 kg): Jorge Aguirre
Men's Open Class: Orlando Baccino
Women's Half Lightweight (– 52 kg): Carolina Mariani

Women's All-Around: Romina Plataroti

Women's Lechner A390: María Espínola
Men's Laser: José Campero

Men's Team Competition: Argentina men's national volleyball team

Results by event

Basketball

Men's Team Competition
Preliminary Round (Group A)
Lost to Bahamas (96-104)
Lost to United States (81-87)
Defeated Cuba (77-72)
Defeated Venezuela (100-85)
Quarterfinals
Lost to Mexico (77-91)
Classification Matches
5th/8th place: Lost to Brazil (64-95)
7th/8th place: Defeated Uruguay (71-63) → Seventh place
Team Roster

Women's Team Competition
Preliminary Round Robin
Lost to Cuba (47-93)
Lost to United States (40-97)
Lost to Canada (61-81)
Lost to Brazil (56-83) → Fifth place
Team Roster

Volleyball

Men's Team Competition
Preliminary Round
Lost to Brazil (1-3)
Defeated Puerto Rico (3-0)
Lost to Cuba (0-3)
Defeated Canada (3-1)
Lost to United States (2-3)
Semifinals
Lost to Cuba (0-3)
Bronze Medal Match
Defeated United States (3-1) → Bronze Medal
Team Roster

See also
 Argentina at the 1992 Summer Olympics

References
Argentine Olympic Committee

Nations at the 1991 Pan American Games
P
1991


Transport in Hamburg comprises an extensive, rail system, subway system, airports and maritime services for the more than 1.8 million inhabitants of the city of Hamburg and 5.3 million people in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.

Since the Middle Ages, as a Hanseatic City one part of Hamburg's transport was the economic trade with other cities or regions. In 2008, the port of Hamburg was the second-largest port in Europe. Hamburg is connected to four motorways and in Hamburg proper are two airports. The Hamburg traffic group  Hamburger Verkehrsverbund was the first organisation of its kind in the world and in 2008, was in charge for the public transport management in three German states. In 2007, more than 618 million passengers used bus, rapid transit, ferries or light rail.

History

A charter in 1189 by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor granted Hamburg the status of a free imperial city and tax-free access up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea, the right to fish and to cut trees, and the freedom of military service. The charter was given orally for Hamburg's backing of Frederick's crusades, and in 1265 an in all probability forged letter was presented to or by the Rath (Council; Rat in antiquated writing style) of Hamburg. In 1241, the two contracts between Hamburg and Lübeck marked the beginning of the Hanseatic League, a trade union in Northern Europe. And in 1264 the Steinstraße was the third cobbled road in Europe, the east-west route for commerce.

In 1800 Hamburg has 1,473 street-lamps and on the Hamburg hill in St. Pauli several new streets were given Christian names e.g. Davidstraße, Erichstraße or Herbertstraße.

On 31 October 1839, the first horse-drawn bus line served a scheduled route from Hamburg to the then Danish Altona. In 1866, the Hamburg tramway network was opened.  Initially, it was operated with horsecar trams.  In 1894, Hamburg's first electric tram served Meßberg – Lombardsbrücke  – Landungsbrücken  – Zollkanal – Meßberg.

In 1906, the Hamburg Hauptbahnhof was built and the rail lines—like the Rollbahn line—were expanded into the city centre, and in 1910 a hall for the air traffic with zeppelins was built in Fuhlsbüttel. 1911, the first tunnel under a river in continental Europe was finished, and Benzindroschken (gasoline-run vehicles) were allowed on Hamburg's streets.

In 1912, the port of Hamburg provided 64 km moorings for more than 15,000 seagoing vessels, arriving in Hamburg. The Hamburger Hochbahn was founded in 1911, and the first metro trains ran on the circle line in 1912.

The Hamburger Verkehrsverbund was founded on 29 November 1965 with the four initial partners the Hamburger Hochbahn AG, the Deutsche Bundesbahn, the HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst AG  and Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg-Holstein (VHH). On 30 September 1978, after 84 years of service, the last tram served line no. 2 from Rathausmarkt to Schnelsen.

Infrastructure
In 2008, Hamburg had an area of , 92% was land  and 8% water areas. Area for the traffic infrastructure was 12% (). These were non built-up areas.

Airports

Opened in 1911, Hamburg Airport, is situated in Fuhlsbüttel in the north of the city. In 2008, the airport had an area of , and handled 152.271 take-offs and landings and 12,690,114 passengers in total.  of cargo were transported. Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport is a private airport for EADS plant, situated in Finkenwerder, on the south bank of the Elbe river.

Cycling
In 2008, Hamburg had more than  cycle paths, but—according to the ADFC (German cyclist club)—in a devastated condition, which repairs would cost the city Euro 10 million. The Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt designated 14 major cycle ways to improve the daily use of bicycles in Hamburg, and claimed to start a bicycle sharing system like in Paris. The project StadtRAD Hamburg was started in July 2009  and is today one of the most successful system of its kind in Germany.

Pedestrians

Hamburg has several pedestrian zones, streets renovated into car free zones. The first street transformed was in Essen in 1926, like many West Germany cities Hamburg renovated several streets in the city's centre in the 1970s. The street Colonnaden built by private investors in 1874 was renovated in 1978, it is one of the oldest pedestrian zones in Hamburg. Other zones only in the city's centre are Deichstraße, Gänsemarkt, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Platz, Gerhofstraße, Gertrudenkirchhof, Gertrudenstraße, Großneumarkt, Kurze Mühren, Lange Mühren, Peterstraße, Rathausmarkt, and Spitalerstraße. In 2008, the Mönckebergstraße − open to public transport buses and taxis only − had 10,620 pedestrians per hour. In total, only 20% of all pedestrians zones in Germany are located in housing areas. Hamburg started several small housing projects.

There are also trails in Hamburg, e.g. the Alsterwanderweg (Alster river trail), Elbewanderweg (Elbe river trail), and in Hamburg is a part of the European walking route E1. Because Neuwerk island is part of Hamburg, hiking trails in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park are also in the state's proper.

In 2006, the city of Hamburg installed a pedestrian guidance system in its centre.

Public transport

Public transport in Hamburg consists of buses, subways and light rail, commuter trains, car pool services, taxis, services for senior citizens and people with disabilities. The Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV) manage and coordinate the public mass transport with busses, ferries and trains for the Public Transport Authorities—the three states: Hamburg, Lower Saxony, and Schleswig-Holstein, and several districts. The 35 operating cooperations provide the transport services and some of the customer services.

Buses

Major company for the public bus services is the Hamburg Hochbahn AG (HHA) with more than 100 lines and  driven per day. Another main operator is the regional and city bus company Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg-Holstein (VHH), operating many own lines (especially in the outer districts and on outbound lines) and sharing services with the Hamburger Hochbahn on several lines. Both companies handed over small parts of their services and some lines to subcontractors and subsidiaries such as Jasper or Süderelbe-Bus.

Since 2001, the HHA uses a passenger information system at several bus stops to inform the passengers.

Long distance bus lines start at the Hamburg Central Bus Station (German: Zentraler Omnibusbahnhof Hamburg). In 2007, there were more than 450 lines departing per week with travel destinations in 27 European countries, e.g. Denmark, Poland, and Russia.

Alternative propulsion of buses
Since 2003, Hamburg has deployed nine hydrogen fuel cell buses as part of a trial to access the long-term practically of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Those modified Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses were retired between 2008 and 2010. They were replaced in 2011 by four new hydrogen fuel cell buses, again being delivered by Mercedes-Benz.

In 2014 another 30 hybrid buses were delivered, including the 10 plug-in hybrid buses mentioned above and 15 articulated buses of the type Volvo 7900. At the same time two fuel cell powered Solaris Urbino 18 entered service. In 2016 three electric Solaris New Urbino of the new generation were added to the Hochbahn fleet.

At the same time the Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg-Holstein (VHH) received 20 hybrid buses from Volvo and two fully electric buses from Italian manufacturer Rampini.

Together with the subsidiary companies 68 buses with alternative propulsion are in service in Hamburg in total. They e.g. run on the line 109 (Hamburger Hochbahn) - that was designated as a test line for alternative propulsion buses in 2014 - and on the line 48 (Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg-Holstein). The goal of the city is to only order buses with alternative propulsion from 2020 on.

Ferries
The HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst runs public transport ferries, operating 21 ferries on 6 lines with a length of .

Rapid transit and commuter rail
Rapid transit is provided by Hamburg U-Bahn and Hamburg S-Bahn and several commuter rail lines. In 2015, the system consists of a  length, with 289 stations for the region. 1,969 vehicles were owned by ten operating companies: AKN Eisenbahn, DB Regio, Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser (EVB), Erixx GmbH, Hamburg Hochbahn AG (HHA), metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft, nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft (NBE), Nord-Ostsee-Bahn (NOB) (part of Veolia Verkehr GmbH), S-Bahn Hamburg plc, and Verkehrsgesellschaft Norderstedt (VGN).

Taxis
Public transport with taxis is regulated by law. In 2008, according to the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce there were 2,168 companies with 3,675 vehicles, and more than 10,000 employees, in 80% of the companies the driver is also the owner of the company. In total 20 million transports were handled.

Railways

Hamburg is served by long distance and regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG. The city's main railway station for longer-distance services is Hamburg Hauptbahnhof. There are permanent Intercity-Express lines to Berlin, Frankfurt am Main (continuing Stuttgart and Munich) and Bremen (continuing to the Ruhr area and Cologne). To the north, ICE trains connect Hamburg with Aarhus and Copenhagen in Denmark and Kiel in Schleswig-Holstein. There are also several InterCity- and EuroCity- passenger train connections. There are numerous Regional-Express and Regionalbahn services to Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony. The major railway lines are Berlin–Hamburg Railway, Hanover – Hamburg, Lower Elbe Railway, and Wanne-Eickel – Hamburg.

In 2007, the port railway (German: Hafenbahn) had a freight transport volume of 39.7 mill t nearly, including around 1,801,600 container with at least 1,585,600 inbound and outbound coaches. In total, freight had a volume of more than  (1000 t) in 2008, it increased 6.3% compared to 2007.

Roads and streets

As of 2008, Hamburg has 8,877 officially named streets, places, and—according to the (Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt)—2,500 bridges. Some streets are well known like the Reeperbahn. Hamburg reduced the speed limit to  in several streets.

According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in Hamburg were 569,530 private cars registered (327 cars/1000 people) in 2007. There were 10,612 traffic accident in total, including 8,426 with injury to persons and 2,186 accidents with severe damage to property.

Several motorways (Autobahnen), and federal highways connect Hamburg with other regions or cities. An important motorway for the north-south connection in Europe is the A 7 — crossing the Elbe river with a tunnel — from the cities of Kiel and Flensburg in the North to Hanover in the south. The Bundesautobahn 1 connect Lübeck to Bremen, Münster, and Dortmund. The Bundesstraße 5 runs from the Danish border in the North to Frankfurt (Oder) in the East of Germany. In 2006, there were  motorways and  federal roads.

In November 2005, according to a census of the Federal Office for freight traffic (Bundesamt für Güterverkehr), in Hamburg were 926 commercial road haulage companies registered, with 19,985 vehicles (lorries, semitrailer tractors, truck trailers, semitrailers), and a cargo capacity of , and 15,623 employees.

List of roads

Waterways
The port of Hamburg is situated in a distance of 110 kilometres from the mouth of the Elbe river, off the North Sea. In 2007, the port was the second-largest in Europe and ninth-largest worldwide. 9.8 million containers were handled in Hamburg in 2007, a ten percent increase on 2006. In 2008, inland water transport had a quantity of freight of  (1000 t), and maritime shipping a quantity of  (1000 t). Both increased compared to 2007.

The importance and responsibility of the port and its trade for the city is shown through the fact, that Hamburg is described itself as a Welthafenstadt (world port city) in the preamble of the constitution of Hamburg. Dieter Läpple described the important connection between the port and the trade city to enter it into the preamble of the constitution as follows: The preamble of the constitution of Hamburg points out the close relationship between port and city with regard to their development: „As an international port the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg has a special task, allocated by its history and location, toperform for the German people. In the spirit of peace it wants to be an intermediary between all continents and peoples of the world."

Important waterways were also – not in Hamburg proper – the canals Elbe Lateral Canal and Kiel Canal.

See also

 Economy of Hamburg
 History of Hamburg
 Tourism in Hamburg
 Transport in Germany

Notes

General

External links

Hamburg website


Khadijeh Saqafi (; 1913 – 21 March 2009) was an Iranian revolutionary and the wife of Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran and figurehead of the Iranian Revolution. In Iran, she was known as "the mother of the Islamic revolution".

Early life
Saqafi was born in 1913 in Tehran, the daughter of Hajj Mirza Mohammad Thaqafi-e Tehrani, a respected cleric and merchant.

Marriage and later years
Saqafi married Ruhollah Khomeini in 1929, when she was 16 and he was 29. They had seven children together, although only five survived childhood. The family resided in Qom until Khomeini's exile in 1964. Their son Mostafa died in Iraq in 1977 while in exile, while their second son Ahmad died of cardiac arrest in 1995.

Throughout their marriage, Saqafi largely stayed out of the public eye, although she was described as being a strong supporter of her husband's opposition to Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, former President of Iran, referred to Saqafi as the "closest and most patient" supporter of her husband.

Death
Saqafi died in Tehran on 21 March 2009 at the age of 95, following a long illness. Thousands attended her funeral at the University of Tehran, including Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Saqafi was buried next to her husband and son at his mausoleum in Behesht-e Zahra. She was survived by her three daughters Zahra, Sadiqeh and Farideh.

References

External links

1913 births
2009 deaths
People of the Iranian Revolution
Ruhollah Khomeini
Burials at Behesht-e Zahra
Iranian revolutionaries
Wives of Supreme Leaders of Iran


West Yorkshire Joint Services (WYJS) provides a range of public services to the five districts of West Yorkshire, England (Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, Leeds and Wakefield). It is jointly funded by the five district councils, pro rata to their population, and is run by a committee of equal numbers of councillors from the five councils.  It "brings together a number of key services which the five district councils of West Yorkshire recognise can be more effectively delivered on a county-wide basis".

When West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council was abolished in 1986, a "Joint Committee Arrangement" was established, to continue to provide archaeology, archives and trading standards services for the five successor district councils. In 1997 the Joint Services were created, to avoid duplication of resources across these services; it is based near Morley, Leeds.

Joint Services comprises:
 West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service
 Archaeological Services WYAS, a commercial organisation
 West Yorkshire Archive Service
 West Yorkshire Ecology
 West Yorkshire Materials Testing Service
 West Yorkshire Analytical Services
 West Yorkshire Trading Standards
 West Yorkshire Calibration Services

Archive Service
The archive service operates at five locations: at the West Yorkshire Joint Service's Headquarters in Morley, Leeds; at the West Yorkshire History Centre in Wakefield (incorporating the West Riding Registry of Deeds); Bradford Central Library; Halifax Central Library in Calderdale and Huddersfield Central Library in Kirklees.

References

External links
Official site

J
County record offices in England


12P may refer to:

 12P/Pons-Brooks, a comet in the Solar System
 Noon
 Pallister-Killian syndrome or Tetrasomy 12p
 The Piaget 12P, a slim automatic watch movement.

See also
 P12 (disambiguation)

ja:12P


Maurice Biraud (3 March 1922 – 24 December 1982) was a French film actor. He appeared in 90 films between 1951 and 1982. Biraud was born on 3 March 1922 in Paris. He married actress Françoise Soulié in 1956. He died on 24 December 1982 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine.

Selected filmography

 Le roi des camelots (1951)
 Mr. Peek-a-Boo (1951) - Un collégue de Léon (uncredited)
 Une fille à croquer (1951)
 Jamais deux sans trois (1952)
 La marche (1952)
 The Red Head (1952)
 Le Plus Heureux des hommes (1952) - Le jeune avocat
 Wonderful Mentality (1953)
 The Slave (1953) - Le photographe
 His Father's Portrait (1953) - Didier
 Quay of Blondes (1954) - Laurent
 Mam'zelle Nitouche (1954) - Un réserviste (uncredited)
 Le Secret d'Hélène Marimon (1954)
 Poisson d'avril (1954) - Le vendeur du bazar
 Les deux font la paire (1954) - L'avocat
 Pas de coup dur pour Johnny (1955)
 L'Homme et l'Enfant (1956) - (uncredited)
 Trois jours à vivre (1957)
 Donnez-moi ma chance (1957) - Un employé de Gilbert
 Charmants garçons (1957) - Récitant / Commentator (voice)
 It's All Adam's Fault (1958)
 First of May (1958) - Blanchot
 Pierrot la tendresse (1960) - Maternati
 Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle (1960) - Le résident hollandais (uncredited)
 Taxi for Tobruk (1961) - François Gensac
 Le cave se rebiffe (1961) - Robert Mideau
 Le Petit Garçon de l'ascenseur (1962)
 The Seventh Juror (1962) - Veterinarian
 Le monte-charge (1962) - Adolphe Ferry
 Le Diable et les Dix Commandements (1962) - Louis (segment "Homicide point ne seras")
 The Eye of the Monocle (1962) - Martigue
 Pourquoi Paris ? (1962) - Denis, l'hôtelier
 Any Number Can Win (1963) - Louis Naudin
 La Soupe aux poulets (1963)
 Cherchez l'idole (1964) - Un invité au spectacle de Sylvie Vartan (uncredited)
 Des pissenlits par la racine (1964) - Jo Arengeot
 Une souris chez les hommes (1964) - Francis
 Les Aventures de Salavin (1964) - Louis Salavin
 La Métamorphose des cloportes (1965) - Arthur dit Le Mou
 La Grande Sauterelle (1967) - Alfred
 Fleur d'oseille (1967) - Commissaire Verdier
 Le Cri du cormoran le soir au-dessus des jonques (1971) - Le chauffeur de taxi
 La guerre des espions (1972) - Jérôme Nimo
 Five Leaf Clover (1972) - Georges-André Constant
 Elle cause plus... elle flingue (1972) - Herbert
 Le complot (1973) - Brunet
 Le Concierge (1973) - Martin Massoulier
 A Slightly Pregnant Man (1973) - Lamarie
 The Train (1973) - Maurice - le déserteur
 Le Permis de conduire (1974) - Le premier moniteur
 O.K. patron (1974) - Leroy
 La Rivale (1974) - Jean-Claude
 Salut les frangines (1975) - Monsieur Chotard
 Flic Story (1975) - Le patron de l'hôtel Saint-Appoline
 The Gypsy (1975) - Pierrot le naïf
 Jackpot (1975)
 Deux imbéciles heureux (1976) - Le docteur
 Bartleby (1976) - Dindon
 Gloria (1977) - Stéphane Perreau
 C'est dingue... mais on y va (1979) - Monsieur Castagnet
 La Bande du Rex (1980) - Le commissaire Raoul Fleury
 Pourquoi pas nous ? (1981) - M. Simon, le patron
 Beau-père (1981) - Le camionneur témoin de l'accident / Accident Witness (uncredited)
 Un dimanche de flic (1983) - Fred

References

External links

1922 births
1982 deaths
Male actors from Paris
French male film actors
20th-century French male actors


White Oaks Mall may refer to:

 White Oaks Mall (Springfield, Illinois)
 White Oaks Mall (London, Ontario)


Vince Sanders is a veteran of the broadcast industry having spent nearly 40 years on the job. He has written two books, both titles dedicated to his years behind the microphone or on the stage as an actor: Can't Get HERE from THERE and That's Not Funny! Sanders began his broadcast career as an on-air talent at WBEE-AM in Chicago in 1958. He retired in 1995 as vice president and general manager of station WWRL-AM in New York City. Simultaneously, he was Vice President of Broadcast Operations at the National Black Network (NBN). WWRL and NBN were owned by the same company. Sanders won the Gabriel Award in 1972 while an anchor/reporter for NBC (WMAQ) news, a position he held from 1971 until 1973. This followed his achievement of the same award in 1963 while working with the Chicago Centennial Authority.

Early life

Vince Sanders (aka Vinson J. Sanders) was born in 1935 on a small farm in Waldo, Florida, a sprawling railroad community about 50 miles south of Jacksonville. His mother and his father divorced when Vince was six months old, thereby relegating much of his formative years to the tutelage of his grandparents.

After being forced to adjust to several schools, Vince wound up at the historic Jones High School in Orlando in 1948. In his junior year of high school, he suffered a dislocated hip, causing him to sit out a full school term. Following his mother's second marriage, he became a permanent resident of Orlando, with a new stepfather. His mother provided as much wisdom for him as she could, for which Vince often credits her as his eventual sculptor in life. After pursuing a military career and further education, Sanders moved to Chicago, where he studied speech and drama under the renowned Ethel Minns Lucas of the Chicago Conservatory and the EML School of Speech and Drama.

Career
Sanders began his radio career at WBEE-AM in Chicago as an on-air actor in 1958. In addition, he was notably active as a theatrical performer. while simultaneously performing weekends at the (Joe) Louis Theater under the tutelage of renowned playwright Theodore Ward, who specifically sought Sanders to play the lead role of Joshua Tain in his three-act drama with music, Our Lan’. Most of his performances back then, including his radio theatre appearances, were unpaid under the auspices of Community Theatre.

As a rising Chicago personality whose baritone voice brought him growing kudos, Sanders appeared in productions of wide-ranging genre for several main-line companies including Hull House Theatre, the American Negro Opera Guild, the Richard B. Harrison Players, and the Southside Center for Performing Arts.

In 1963, Sanders served as Theatre Consultant for the American Negro Emancipation Centennial Exposition in Chicago in 1963 and narrated NBC’s award-winning documentary One More River.
It was also in the early 1960s that he began his popular call-in radio talk show, Opinion. His many guests over more than eight years included some with the highest profiles among African-American newsmakers as well as other celebrities. During this period, Sanders also hosted a call-in talk show and a quiz contest over WCIU-TV, Chicago’s Channel 26. At WCIU, he was often called to work with Don Cornelius—before his Soul Train fame—and Roy Wood as anchor on A Black’s View of the News.

Sanders was a special correspondent for KPOI radio in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1968.

In 1969 he introduced the nation's first black and white stand-up comedy team, Tim and Tom, and managed them for four years before their break-up.

In 1970, Sanders moved to Chicago’s NBC station WMAQ. As an anchor-reporter for the parent company, he worked for both the radio and TV operations. In 1972, he narrated a second award-winning documentary for NBC, The House That Jack Built.

A move from Chicago to New York City in 1973 provided a ground-floor role in the development of the National Black Network, which was the nation’s first Black-owned and operated radio news network. In the second year, Sanders was promoted from News Anchor to News Director, and shortly thereafter to Vice President of Broadcast Operations. With this addition he became Executive Producer of The Ossie Davis/Ruby Dee Story Hour for three years.

In 1974, Sanders and NBN's sports director, Frank Bannister, covered the return to the ring of Muhammad Ali when Ali knocked out George Foreman in the 8th round in “the fight of the century”, held in Kinshasa, Zaire. In 1976, Sanders was part a US delegation of journalists in South Africa for the Transkei transfer from Apartheid rule. Transkei was the first homeland to achieve internal self-government in 1963, followed by full "independence" on October 26, 1976. In that same year, Sanders was part of US delegations to Nairobi, Kenya, Israel and Jordan.

In 1983, as NBN continued growing under Sanders' management, he became vice president and general manager of its New York City radio station, WWRL-AM. He held both positions until his retirement from the company in 1995, both companies enjoying noteworthy achievement under his control.

Sanders is a founding member of the National Association of Black Journalists and was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 2005. He was an original board member of the Central Florida Theatre Alliance and the People's Theatre in Orlando.

Life after retirement
Since returning to live in Orlando in 1997, Vince Sanders has published two books: Can't Get HERE from THERE, based on his role in the development of NBN, the world’s first Black-owned and operated radio news network that was designed to cover news from an African-American perspective; and That's Not Funny!, from the vantage point of Sanders' management of the nation’s first Black and White stand-up comedy team, Tim and Tom, formed by actor/producer Tim Reid and stand-up comic Tom Dreesen, who endured the disdain of hostile audiences while trying to induce Americans to laugh at the unfortunate aspects of America's racial practices.

Sanders is working on a third book, to be called Misapplied Passions.

References
1963 One More River (NBC) Gabriel Award
1967 A Pictorial History of Radio by Irving Settel
1972 The House That Jack Built (NBC) Gabriel Award
1975 Southern Regional Press Institute Meritorious Service Award
1975 (Founding Member) National Association Of Black Journalist (NABJ)
2005 National Association OF Black Journalist Hall of Fame (Region 5)

American broadcasters
1935 births
Living people
African-American journalists
Jones High School (Orlando, Florida) alumni
American male journalists
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people


Acerra Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the town of Acerra in Campania, southern Italy, dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.

Since the 11th century it has been the seat of the Bishop of Acerra.

History and description

The present Neoclassical cathedral stands on the site of an Ancient Roman temple of Hercules. It has been rebuilt many times and the present building is of the 19th century. It has a Latin cross ground plan, with a nave and two side aisles separated by piers, and a cupola. The west front is Neo-classical, with eight large Ionic columns standing on a chessboard paving of alternating basalt and marble slabs.

The cathedral contains a number of works of art, of which the principal are:
 altarpiece of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, by Giacinto Diana (1796)
 painting of the Madonna with Rosary, by Giovan Bernardo Azzolino (17th century)
 painting of San Girolamo, by Fabrizio Santafede (17th century)
 carving in high relief, by the school of Giovanni da Nola

External links
 GCatholic.org: Acerra Cathedral
 Catholic Hierarchy: Diocese of Acerra

19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Cathedrals in Campania
Churches in the Metropolitan City of Naples
Neoclassical architecture in Campania


Alice Sapritch (29 July 1916 – 24 March 1990) was a French film actress. She appeared in 66 films between 1950 and 1989.

Partial filmography

 Le tampon du capiston (1950) - La pharmacienne
 Le crime du Bouif (1952)
 If Paris Were Told to Us (1958) - Une dame de la cour (uncredited)
 Premier mai (1958) - Une entraîneuse
 The Gambler (1958) - Marfa
 Les tripes au soleil (1959) - (uncredited)
 Testament of Orpheus (1960) - La Reine des Gitans / Gipsy Queen (uncredited)
 Les Scélérats (1960) - L'invitée qui complimente Thelma
 Shoot the Piano Player (1960) - Concierge (uncredited)
 Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle (1960) - La soeur du baron (uncredited)
 The Menace (1961) - La cliente
 La fille aux yeux d'or (1961) - Mme Alberte (uncredited)
 Le Tracassin ou Les Plaisirs de la ville (1961) - La femme au parapluie (uncredited)
 The Two Orphans (1965) - La Frochard
 Who Are You, Polly Magoo? (1966) - The Queen Mother
 Lamiel (1967) - Mme Legrand
 La fille d'en face (1968)
 Le démoniaque (1968) - Mme Fernande Brussette
 L'île aux coquelicots (1970) - La comtesse
 Perched on a Tree (1971) - Lucienne Roubier
 Delusions of Grandeur (1971) - Dona Juana
 Les joyeux lurons (1972) - Léonie, la bonne du curé
 Elle court, elle court la banlieue (1973) - L'automobiliste hargneuse
 La raison du plus fou (1973) - La directrice de la maison de repos
 Le concierge (1973) - La comtesse de Beauchamp-Laville - la locataire du deuxième
 L'affaire Crazy Capo (1973) - Mme Rose
 A Slightly Pregnant Man (1973) - Ramona Martinez
 L'histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot trousse-chemise (1973) - Dame Blanche
 Les vacanciers (1974) - Tante Aimée
 Le plumard en folie (1974) - La vieille blonde
 Le führer en folie (1974) - Eva Braun
 Gross Paris (1974) - La grande comédienne
 Les Guichets du Louvre (1974) - La vieille dame / Old Lady
 L'intrépide (1975) - Minor rôle (uncredited)
 The Twelve Tasks of Asterix (1976) - (voice)
 Le trouble-fesses (1976) - Marlène
 L'arriviste (1976) - La mère de Marc
 Drôles de zèbres (1977) - Gilda Simfrid
 L'horoscope (1978) - La voyante
 The Bronte Sisters (1979) - La tante Elizabeth Brontë
 Un bon petit diable (1983) - Léontine MacMiche
 Adam et Ève (1984) - Fanchette, dite la Maldiva
 National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985) - Dowager on the Eiffel Tower

External links

1916 births
1990 deaths
French film actresses
20th-century French actresses
French television actresses
Actresses from Istanbul
Turkish emigrants to France


Ferrel Seamount is a small seamount (underwater volcano) west of Baja California, at . Ferrel seamount has been mapped approximately 18% by the USGS, and has two summits. It is located in the Baja California seamounts region, and sits on the edge of the abyssal plain.

References

Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean


Vital statistics may refer to:

 Vital statistics (government records), a government database recording the births and deaths of individuals within that government's jurisdiction.
 Bust/waist/hip measurements, informally called vital statistics, measurements for the purpose of fitting clothes
 Vital signs, measures of various physiological statistics, often taken by health professionals, in order to assess the most basic body functions
 Vital Statistics (opera), a 1987 one-act opera about physiognomy, re-titled Facing Goya

See also
 Vitalstatistix (disambiguation)


Mick Hayes (1921–2003) was an Irish sportsman.  He played hurling with his local club Butlerstown and was a member of the Waterford senior inter-county team in the 1940s and 1950s. Hayes is regarded as one of Waterford's greatest-ever players.

References

1921 births
2003 deaths
Butlerstown hurlers
Waterford inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


Buddy's Pizza is an independent pizza restaurant chain based in Detroit, Michigan. Founded in 1946, the company has an annual revenue of US $30 million. The chain's eleven restaurants have a total of 700 employees. Buddy's has been called one of the five best pizzerias in the United States by the Food Network. They have a bocce ball league that plays every Saturday morning at their original location on Conant Street.

Cuisine
The restaurant serves Detroit-style pizza baked in blue steel pans. In addition to pizza, Buddy's serves sandwiches, soups, pastas, salads, Sanders Hot Fudge Sundaes, and chicken tenders.

History
Buddy’s Rendezvous was opened in 1936 by Gus Guerra on Conant Street in Detroit as a “Blind Pig” (A tavern that wasn’t supposed to be selling alcoholic beverages). It wasn’t until 1946 when Buddy’s Rendezvous created the Detroit Style Pizza that it was a success. Circa 1972 the Jacobs family purchased the three-store restaurant chain (Detroit, Farmington Hills, and Warren). The restaurant was purchased by private equity group Capital Spring in 2019. In 2023 there are now 22 stores in the restaurant chain.

The restaurant opened up locations across Michigan and currently has nineteen restaurants. The additional locations are Ann Arbor, Auburn Hills, Bloomfield Hills, Dearborn, Downtown Detroit, Farmington Hills, Grand Rapids, Grosse Pointe, Lansing, Livonia, Novi, Plymouth, Portage, Royal Oak, Shelby Township, Warren, Detroit Woodhaven.

In 2022, the restaurant chain will open up two more locations, Okemos, Michigan and Clarkston, Michigan.

References

External links

Restaurants in Detroit
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants established in 1946
1946 establishments in Michigan
Pizza franchises
Pizza chains of the United States


Laura M. McCullough (born 1960) is an American poet and writer living in the state of New Jersey. McCullough is the author of seven published collections and is the founding editor of Mead: the Magazine of Literature and Libations.  She was a finalist for the 2016 Miller Williams Poetry Prize.

McCullough is also the founder of Jersey Mercy, a celebration of poetic voices during the Light of Day Foundation's Winterfest in Asbury Park, NJ.  It is the first poetry event the Light of Day Foundation has hosted since its inception in 2000.

Early years

Laura M. McCullough was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She attended The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, from which she holds a Bachelor of Arts degree. Following graduation she attended Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont, earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in Writing and Literature.

Academic career

McCullough is a Professor of English at Brookdale Community College where she founded the creative writing program. She previously taught at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey and Ramapo College, and teaches in the Sierra Nevada College low-residency MFA.

Published work

McCullough's poetry, short fiction, and essays have appeared in an array of journals and literary magazines, including The American Poetry Review, The Georgia Review, Prairie Schooner, Green Mountains Review, The Good Men Project, The Writer's Chronicle, JuxtaProse Literary Magazine, Gulf Coast, and Painted Bride Quarterly.

McCullough's second collection of poetry, What Men Want, published in 2008, derives its title from a love poem in the collection, "What Men Really Want." McCullough explained her perspective in a September 2007 interview:

I grew up in a family with only brothers on a street with only boys. Up until recently, I only had sons. My life has been defined by men. The poet, Ross Gay, and I were discussing this one day, and he suggested I am a male-identified woman. I thought that was very interesting. I learned rules of boy culture before I learned the code of girlhood.

In 2013, four more of McCullough's works were published: her fifth full-length book of poetry, Rigger Death & Hoist Another; a fiction chapbook; a short fiction hybrid; and an edited collection of essays on the poet Stephen Dunn (published by Syracuse University Press).

In a 2014 interview with The California Journal of Women Writers, McCullough noted the evolution of her work from poetry towards fiction and her reassertion of a first-person perspective in her work, a perspective missing from her previous full-length poetic work, Panic (2011):

Many of the poems in Panic are emotionally true for me—living in post-911 New Jersey, raising teenage sons, having people in my life with health issues—but none of the poems were written in first person; I wasn’t complicit in any of them, and this began to seem emotionally dishonest....  In Rigger Death & Hoist Another, I tried to keep narrative rebar in the structures of my poems, but re-claim the authorial 'I' in creating the poems and the world view of the poems in relation to each other.

McCullough's 2013 short novella Ripple & Snap borrows heavily on autobiographical themes, examining through the prism of fiction public suicide as a reprise to the self-inflicted death of her boyfriend when McCullough was a teenager. McCullough is working on a non-fiction memoir about the event, attempting "to find a way to tell it true."

In March 2017, McCullough's seventh full-length book of poetry, The Wild Night Dress (University of Arkansas Press), was released.  The University of Arkansas Press, which rewarded Laura publication for being a finalist for their 2016 Miller Williams Poetry Prize, states:Laura McCullough finds passage through the darkest times as she loses, in short order, her mother and her marriage. Through her near unbearable grief, she creates poems that slip between science and nature as she grasps at coordinates in a world spun out of its orbit. From the God Particle to toroidal vortexes, from the slippery linguistics of translation to the translation of the body, McCullough brings readers to the mystery of surrender, and the paradox that what we bear can make us more beautiful, that there is a gift in grief.

Awards

McCullough was the Florida Writers' Circuit 2014/15 poet. She has been a finalist for the Brittingham Prize in Poetry and the Felix Pollak Prize in Poetry, the BOA Editions Isabella Gardner Award, and the Frost Place residency.

In 2016, McCullough became a finalist for the University of Arkansas Press' Miller Williams Poetry Prize, selected by poet laureate of the United States from 2001 to 2003, Billy Collins.   Editor Collins praised the collection, saying that, “This poet has the kind of binocular vision that can see the poetic and scientific aspects of the world simultaneously. . . . this shuffling together of lyrical/botanical and medical language is done so gracefully, it has the effect of bringing ‘the two cultures’ into a rare state of peaceful coexistence.”

On feminism

McCullough dislikes the term "feminist," and has criticized the gender exclusivity espoused by certain extreme elements in the organized women's movement:

Many of the men I know who call themselves feminists—some of whom are men I love also exhibit deep self-loathing over their own masculinity because of the shame they have acquired about maleness. How can I embrace something that turns people I love into perpetrators, tyrants, and villains? Yes. It is easy in this culture to forget that women around the world are killed every day, are sold into slavery, are ignored, demeaned, tortured because they are seen as less than human. This is utterly deplorable; its beyond imagining, and yet it is true. But to say that men are evil based on their gender is as single-minded, and wrongheaded in my view, as the worldview that doesn't allow women to be people.

Works

Full-length poetry collections
 The Dancing Bear. Open Book Press, 2006.
 What Men Want: Poems. Gambier, OH: XOXOX Press, 2008.
 Speech Acts: Poems. Aspinwall, PA: Black Lawrence Press, 2010.
 Panic. Farmington, ME: Alice James Books, 2011.
 Rigger Death & Hoist Another. Pittsburgh, PA: Black Lawrence Press, 2013.
 Jersey Mercy. Pittsburgh, PA: Black Lawrence Press, 2016.
 The Wild Night Dress. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2017.
 Women & Other Hostages. Pittsburgh, PA: Black Lawrence press, 2021.

Chapbooks and other projects
 Elephant Anger. Mudlark, 2007. —prose poems
 Women and Other Hostages. Amsterdam Press, 2010. —poetry
 Ripple & Snap. ELJ Publications, 2013. —short novella and prose poems
 The Smashing House. ELJ Publications, 2013. —fiction
 The Room and the World: Essays on the Poet Stephen Dunn. (editor) Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013.
 Shutters:Voices:Wind. ELJ Publications, 2014. —linked monologues from women around the world
 A Sense of Regard: Essays on Poetry and Race. (editor) University of George Press, 2015.

Notes and references

http://www.blacklawrence.com/jersey-mercy/

External links
 Laura McCullough website

1960 births
Writers from Jersey City, New Jersey
American women poets
21st-century American poets
Poets from New Jersey
Goddard College alumni
Living people
Stockton University alumni
Brookdale Community College faculty
21st-century American women writers
American women academics


The 1964 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1964. The six selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1964 season are (1) the Associated Press (AP), (2) the United Press International (UPI), (3) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (5) the Central Press Association (CP), and (6) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA).  Other selectors include Time magazine, Football News, and The Sporting News.

AP, UPI, NEA, and Central Press were all press organizations that polled writers and players.  FWAA was also a poll of writers, and the AFCA was a poll of college coaches.  The Sporting News and Time magazine polled football scouts and coaches.  AP, UPI, NEA, Central Press, and The Sporting News chose both first and second teams.  AP, UPI, NEA, and Central Press also listed numerous honorable mentions.

Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1964, the NCAA recognizes seven published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.

Offense

Ends and flankers
Fred Biletnikoff, Florida State (AFCA-2, AP-1, CP-1, FN [end], FWAA, NEA-1, WC)
Jack Snow, Notre Dame (AFCA, AP-2, CP-1, FN [end], FWAA, NEA-1, SN, UPI, Time, WC)
Karl Noonan, Iowa (AFCA-3, AP-2, NEA-1 [flanker], FN [end])
Bob Hadrick, Purdue (AFCA-2, CP-2)
Howard Twilley, Tulsa (AFCA-3, CP-2, NEA-3 [flanker])
David Ray, Alabama (FN [end])
Charles Casey, Florida (NEA-2)
Fred Hill, USC (NEA-2)
Len Frketich, Oregon State (NEA-3)
Jim Whalen, Boston College (NEA-3)

Offensive tackles
Larry Kramer, Nebraska (AP-1, UPI, NEA-1, CP-1, WC, AFCA-1, FWAA, FN)
Ralph Neely, Oklahoma (UPI, Time, WC, AFCA-1, SN, FN)
Jim Wilson, Georgia (AP-1, CP-2, NEA-1, FWAA)
Harry Schuh, Memphis State (AFCA-2, Time)
Jerry Rush, Michigan State (AP-2, NEA-3 [def. tackle])
 Dennis Murphy, Florida (FN)
Rich Koper, Oregon State (AP-2)
Butch Allison, Missouri (NEA-2)
Bill Zadel, Army (AFCA-2, NEA-3)
Carl Singer, Purdue (NEA-3)

Guards
Glenn Ressler, Penn State (AFCA-1, AP-2 [linebacker], CP-1, FN [center], FWAA, NEA-1 [center], SN, WC, Time [T])
Tommy Nobis, Texas  (AFCA-2, AP-1, FN, FWAA, NEA-1, UPI)
Stas Maliszewski, Princeton (FWAA)
Wayne Freeman, Alabama (AP-2, NEA-1)
Don Croftcheck, Indiana (NEA-2, SN)
Archie Sutton, Illinois (Time)
Bill Fisk, Jr., Southern California (AP-1)
Stan Hindman, Ole Miss (NEA-3, FN)
Jack Abendschan, New Mexico (AP-2)
John Niland, Iowa (NEA-2)

Centers
Dick Butkus, Illinois  (AFCA-1, AP-1 [linebacker], CP-1, FN, FWAA, NEA-2 [linebacker], SN, UPI, Time, WC)
Malcolm Walker, Rice (Time, SN)
Pat Killorin, Syracuse (AP-1)
Richard Granier, LSU (AP-2)
Joe Cerne, Northwestern (NEA-2)

Quarterbacks
John Huarte, Notre Dame  (AFCA-2, AP-1, CP-1, FN, UPI, WC)
Craig Morton, California  (AFCA-1, AP-2, FN, FWAA, NEA-1, SN, Time)
Bob Timberlake, Michigan (AP-1, FWAA, FN [halfback], NEA-2 [running back])
Jerry Rhome, Tulsa  (AFCA-3, AP-2, CP-2, FN, FWAA, NEA-3, UPI)
Bob Berry, Oregon (AFCA-1, AP-2, NEA-2)
Bob Schweickert, Virginia Tech (AP-2, FWAA)
Roger Staubach, Navy (FN [halfback])

Running backs
 Larry Elkins, Baylor (AFCA-1 [end], AP-1 [end], FN [end], FWAA, NEA-2 [flanker], SN, UPI, Time, WC)
 Gale Sayers, Kansas (AFCA-1, AP-1, CP-2, FN [halfback], FWAA, NEA-1, SN, UPI, WC, Time)
 Donny Anderson, Texas Tech (AFCA-3, AP-1, NEA-1, FWAA, Time, SN, FN [halfback])
 Floyd Little, Syracuse (FWAA, FN [halfback], NEA-3)
 Mike Garrett, USC (AFCA-3, CP-1)
 Jim Grabowski, Illinois (CP-2, UPI, FN [fullback])
 Tom Nowatzke, Indiana (AFCA-1 [fullback], AP-2 [defensive back])
 Larry Dupree, Florida (AFCA-1)
 Brian Piccolo, Wake Forest (AFCA-3, AP-2 [defensive back], FN [halfback], NEA-2)
 Jim Grisham, Oklahoma (FN [fullback])
 Cosmo Iacavazzi, Princeton (NEA-3, FN [fullback])
 Ken Willard, North Carolina (AFCA-2, CP-2)

Defense

Defensive ends
Allen Brown, Mississippi (AP-1, Time, SN)
Ray Rissmiller, Georgia (Time, SN)
Al Atkinson, Villanova (AFCA-3 [tackle], CP-2, NEA-1)
Alphonse Dotson, Grambling (NEA-1)
Harold Wells, Purdue (AP-1)
Jack Jacobson, Oklahoma State (AP-2)
Bill Cronin, Boston College (AP-2)
Vernon Biggs, Jackson State (NEA-2)
Aaron Brown, Minnesota (NEA-2)
Glenn Sasser, North Carolina St. (NEA-3)
Roy Jefferson, Utah (NEA-3, FN [end])

Defensive tackles
Bill Yearby, Michigan (AFCA-3, AP-2, CP-1, FN [tackle], NEA-1)
Jim Davidson, Ohio State (NEA-2 [off. tackle], SN, Time)
Dan Kearley, Alabama (AP-1)
John Van Sicklen, Iowa State (AP-1)
Remi Prudhomme, LSU (NEA-1, FN [end])
Ed Orazen, Ohio State (FN [tackle])
John Frick, Ohio Univ. (AP-2, NEA-3 [off. guard])
Jim Garcia, Purdue (NEA-2)
Kent Francisco, UCLA (NEA-2)
Kevin Hardy, Notre Dame (NEA-3)

Middle guards
Steve DeLong, Tennessee  (AP-1 [linebacker], NEA-1, FWAA, Time, FN [guard])
Ike Kelley, Ohio State (AFCA-2 [guard], FWAA, FN [center], NEA-2)
Malcolm Walker, Rice (NEA-3)

Linebackers
Rick Redman, Washington  (AFCA-1 [guard], CP-1, FN [guard], FWAA, NEA-3, UPI)
Ronnie Caveness, Arkansas (AFCA-3 [guard], AP-1, CP-2, NEA-1, FWAA, Time, SN, FN [guard])
Jim Carroll, Notre Dame (AFCA-3 [guard], CP-2, Time, SN, FN [guard])
Jack O'Billovich, Oregon State (NEA-1)
Carl McAdams, Oklahoma (AFCA-3 [center], AP-2, NEA-1)
Marty Schottenheimer, Pitt (AP-2, NEA-2)
Bill Curry, Georgia Tech (AFCA-2 [center], CP-2, NEA-2)
John Chapple, Stanford (NEA-3)
Mike Curtis, Duke (NEA-3)

Defensive backs
Tucker Frederickson, Auburn (AFCA-2 [fullback], AP-1, Time, NEA, CP-1, WC, FWAA, SN)
Clancy Williams, Washington State (AP-1, NEA, FWAA, Time, SN)
Arnie Chonko, Ohio State (AP-1, NEA-1)
Cosmo Iacavazzi, Princeton (AP-1, CP-1, FN)
Roy Jefferson, Utah (Time, SN, FN)
George Donnelly, Illinois (NEA-3, SN, Time)
Gerry Bussell, Georgia Tech (Time, SN)
Ken Hatfield, Arkansas (AP-2, NEA-3 [safety])
Bruce Bennett, Florida (AP-2)
Wayne Swinford, Georgia (NEA-2)
Tony Carey, Notre Dame (NEA-2)
Mickey Andrews, Alabama (NEA-2 [safety])
Rodger Bird, Kentucky (AFCA-2)
Kent McCloughan, Nebraska (NEA-3)

Key

Official selectors

Other selectors

See also
 1964 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team
 1964 All-Big Eight Conference football team
 1964 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1964 All-Pacific Coast football team
 1964 All-SEC football team
 1964 All-Southwest Conference football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Skylink Arabia was a charter airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Its main base was Dubai International Airport.

Destinations
Skylink operated the following services (as of March 2009):

 Jordan
Amman (Queen Alia International Airport)
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai (Dubai International Airport)

Fleet
The Sklylink fleet includes the following aircraft (as of November 2010) :

1 Boeing 737-300 (which is operated by East Air)
1 Fokker F28 Mk4000 (which is operated by AirQuarius Aviation)
1 Fokker 70 (which is operated by AirQuarius Aviation)
1 Saab 340B (which is operated by Norse Air)

References

External links

SkyLink Arabia Fleet

Defunct airlines of the United Arab Emirates


Omar Rodriguez Saludes is a well known Cuban dissent journalist. He was sentenced to 27 years in jail.

According to his wife, his cell conditions are very bad. There is no light in his cell and he has to suffer from mosquitoes.

His sentence was changed to exile to Spain in 2010.

References

Cuban journalists
Cuban male journalists
Cuban dissidents
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Musk xylene is a synthetic musk fragrance which mimics natural musk. It has been used as a perfume fixative in a wide variety of consumer products, and is still used in some cosmetics and fragrances.

Musk xylene was once the most widely used of the "nitro-musks", but its use has declined sharply since the mid-1980s due to safety and environmental concerns. Its explosive and carcinogenic hazards are recognized to be borderline, and musk xylene is a useful example of the lowest level of such risks which need to be taken into account. However, it is a very persistent and very bioaccumulative pollutant in the aquatic environment (vPvB substance), and is the first substance to be proposed as a "substance of very high concern" (SVHC) for these reasons alone under the European Union REACH Regulation. Since no company has applied for authorisation, it is banned in the EU.

Production and use
Musk xylene is produced from meta-xylene (1,3-dimethylbenzene), by a Friedel–Crafts alkylation with tert-butyl chloride and aluminium chloride followed by nitration with fuming nitric acid or with a 70:30 mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The crude product is recrystallized from 95% ethanol.

Musk xylene has been used in a wide variety of consumer products since the early 1900s, usually in very small quantities. World production of nitro musks in 1987 was about 2500 tonnes, but had fallen to about 1000 tonnes by the early 1990s: musk xylene made up roughly two-thirds of the production of nitro musks during this period. Production was concentrated in Western Europe, with the United Kingdom alone accounting for 28% of world production of nitro musks.

Use of musk xylene continued to decline through the 1990s, as fragrance manufacturers voluntarily switched to alternative fragrance compounds. For example, musk xylene has not been used in Japanese products (on a voluntary basis) since 1982, and the Association of the German Toiletries and Detergents Industry (IKW) recommended the replacement of musk xylene by another compound in 1993. Production of musk xylene in the European Union came to a halt and, by 2000 (the last year for which full data are available), imports to Europe were only 67 tonnes, with China as the most important source. The estimated 2008 usage of musk xylene in the European Union was 25 tonnes.

Musk xylene is still permitted for use in cosmetics products (except oral care products) in the European Union under the Cosmetics Directive. The permitted quantities are: up to 1% in fine fragrances; up to 0.4% in eau de toilette; up to 0.03% in other products. European Union suppliers must inform their customers on request if a product contains more than 0.1% by weight of musk xylene.

Safety
Musk xylene is an analogue of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT), so it is unsurprising that its safety characteristics have been studied in some detail. Indeed, the nitro musks were first discovered in an attempt to produce new high explosives. It has also been used – albeit in very small amounts – in mass-market consumer products for the last hundred years. The discovery of musk xylene residues in the environment prompted new concerns about its possible long-term toxicity, and led to the sharp decline in its use from the mid to late 1980s. The European Chemicals Agency has listed musk xylene as a "substance of very high concern" (SVHC) under the REACH Regulation, judging it to be "very persistent and very bioaccumulative" (vPvB) but not meeting the criteria for human or environmental toxicity to be of concern.

Explosive properties
Musk xylene is used as an example case in the United Nations Manual of Test Methods and Criteria as a substance which shows some explosive properties but which does not have to be transported as Class 1 dangerous goods under the Model Regulations. It is transported as small flakes in plastic bags (maximum 50 kg net mass), which are themselves within cardboard drums to avoid tearing. This does not count as "confinement" in the meaning of explosives tests: indeed, the special packing is intended to prevent over-confinement during transport.

It will explode when detonated under confinement (UN gap test) or when heated under confinement (Koenen test), but does not explode under the BAM fallhammer test (limiting impact energy 25 J) or the BAM friction test (limiting load >360 N). There is no ignition, explosion, self-heating or visible decomposition when musk xylene is heated (without confinement) to 75 °C for 48 hours.

Nevertheless, musk xylene is classified in the European Union as an explosive under the Dangerous Substances Directive and as a category 1.1 explosive under the CLP Regulation. The European Union classification reflects the fact that hazardous heating under confinement cannot be excluded in the industrial use of musk xylene, as opposed to its transport, and so it is necessary to warn potential users of the risk.

Carcinogenicity
Musk xylene also demonstrates some of the problems of classifying substances as carcinogens. It has been placed into Group 3 ("not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans") by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and is classified in the European Union as category 3 carcinogen ("cause concern for man owing to possible carcinogenic effects but in respect of which the available information is not adequate for making a satisfactory assessment") under the Dangerous Substances Directive and a category 2 carcinogen ("suspected human carcinogen") under the CLP Regulation.

These classifications are based mainly on a single study of oral exposure to musk xylene in B6C3F1-strain mice. The mice showed a highly significant increase in liver adenomas and carcinomas at median dietary intakes of 170 mg/kg body weight (males) and 192 mg/kg body weight (females), as well as significant increases in adenomas in the Harderian gland (male mice only) and in the liver at median dietary intakes of 91 mg/kg body weight (males) and 101 mg/kg body weight (females).

The European Union Risk Assessment Report makes a number of observations about this study:
it was conducted on a single species; no studies are available on, for example, rats;
B6C3F1-strain mice are known to be particularly prone to liver cancers;
the doses were high, and toxic effects (especially on the liver) were observed in the test animals;
the mechanism of tumour development is unclear.

Musk xylene is not genotoxic. It has significant effects on liver function which are similar to those shown by phenobarbital, for example, induction of CYP2B6 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes. The human carcinogenicity of phenobarbital has been the subject of debate, but it is currently classified in group 2B by the IARC and this appears to have been an important consideration in the classification of musk xylene as a category 3 carcinogen under the Dangerous Substances Directive. Nevertheless, the European Union Risk Assessment Report admits that musk xylene is a "borderline case".

A further complication is the metabolism of musk xylene. One route of metabolism is through reduction of one or more nitro groups by the intestinal microflora (gut bacteria) to produce aromatic amines such as p-NH2-musk xylene. This metabolite has a different liver toxicity: in particular, it inhibits the CYP1B enzymes by covalent binding.

Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, the most likely cause of rodent carcinogenicity, is a threshold phenomenon, with a no observed effect level (NOEL) of 10 mg/kg/day in mice and a lowest observed effect level (LOEL) of 10 mg/kg/day in rats. The lowest oral dose which caused cancer (LOAEL) in B6C3F1-mice was 70 mg/kg/day. These are 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than human exposure, which is principally dermal rather than oral.<ref>Sections 4.1.1.5 & 4.1.3.5, European Union Risk Assessment Report, pp. 57 and 109–110.</ref>

 Environmental concerns
The first concerns about musk xylene arose in the early 1980s, with the detection of musk xylene residues in fish from the Tama River near Tokyo, and subsequently in the river water itself, especially at the outlets of sewage treatment plants. This led to a voluntary moratorium on the use of musk xylene in Japan from 1982. Similar residues were subsequently found in European waters such as the Elbe, Stör and Ruhr rivers in Germany, the German Bight area of the North Sea and sewage treatment plant outlets in Sweden.Section 3.1.2.4, European Union Risk Assessment Report (2005), pp. 21–24. Typical concentrations were >0.001 µg/L in sea water, 0.001–0.01 µg/L in river water and 0.01–0.1 µg/L (sometimes higher) in the effluent from sewage treatment plants.

These findings indicate that musk xylene is not completely removed from wastewater by the sewage treatment process. Two studies in Germany found compared musk xylene concentrations in incoming wastewater and sewage treatment plant effluent, and found removal rates of 82% and 58%.Later studies have found higher rates of removal of musk xylene by sewage treatment plants, around 95%: European Chemicals Agency (2008). However, they are not concentrations which are expected to be toxic to aquatic life. The European Union Risk Assessment Report reviewed more than a dozen studies of the toxicity of musk xylene to algae and to aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, and all found no observed effect concentrations greater than 10 µg/L, the chronic aquatic toxicity threshold in the EU REACH Regulation.

The biodegradation of musk xylene in sea water and in mixed sea water/sediment systems was studied in laboratory simulations using carbon-14 labelled musk xylene, and the results discussed in an addendum to the European Union Risk Assessment Report. The half-life in marine sediment was estimated to be 60 days or less, with biodegradation occurring by anaerobic reduction of the nitro groups. The half-life in sediment-free sea water was estimated to be more than 150 days, far above the "very persistent" threshold of 60 days. The 2008 addendum also discussed the photolysis of musk xylene in water and in air, which are rapid: however, photolysis was not considered to be relevant in the persistence of musk xylene in the environment, and was not taken into account in classifying it as a "very persistent" substance.

Several different primary bioaccumulation studies were reviewed in the European Union Risk Assessment Report, with bioaccumulation factors varying between 640 L/kg and 6740 L/kg. Given that musk xylene has a very high octanol–water partition coefficient (log Kow = 4.9), the higher bioaccumulation factors were considered to be the more significant. The 2008 addendum considered a further laboratory study from the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry which was not available to the authors of the original Risk Assessment Report and which also showed bioaccumulation factors in fish (Cyprinus carpio) that were higher than the REACH threshold of 5000 L/kg for "very bioaccumulative" substances. Bioaccumulation factors of more than 5000 L/kg (wet weight basis) have also been found in carp (Carassius carassius) and eels (Anguilla anguilla) from a sewage treatment pond.

References

Further reading

"ATP (2004) to the Cosmetics Directive": Commission Directive 2004/88/EC of 7 September 2004 amending Council Directive 76/768/EEC concerning cosmetic products for the purpose of adapting Annex III thereto to technical progress. OJEC L287, 8.9.2004, pp. 5–6.
"ATP (2004) to the Dangerous Substances Directive": Commission Directive 2004/73/EC of 29 August 2004 adapting to technical progress for the 29th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. OJEC L152, 30.04.2004, pp. 1–311.

"CLP Regulation": Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEC L353, 31.12.2008, pp. 1–1355.
.
.European Union Risk Assessment Report (2005). "5-tert-butyl-2,4,6-trinitro-m-xylene (musk xylene)". 3rd Priority List, Volume 55.
.
GHS:
.

.
.
.
.
. OSPAR background document.
Position document prepared for the European Chemicals Bureau (9 December 2002). Classification and labelling of musk-xylene.
"REACH Regulation": Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency. OJEU'' L396, 30.12.2006, pp. 1–849.
. Technical report for the European Chemicals Agency.
"UN Manual of Tests and Criteria":
"UN Model Regulations":

.
.
. Monograph 121.
, 14 January 2009.
, 14 January 2009.
.

Nitrobenzenes
Perfumes
Perfume ingredients
IARC Group 3 carcinogens
Tert-butyl compounds
Alkyl-substituted benzenes


Herman Edward Iburg (October 30, 1873 – February 11, 1945) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball with the Philadelphia Phillies. He stood at 5' 11", weighed 165 lbs., and batted and threw right-handed.

Career
Iburg was born in San Francisco, California. He started his professional baseball career in 1896 with the California League's San Francisco Metropolitans. Over the next few years, he played with various teams in the California League and Pacific Coast League. Iburg was once told that he could name his salary if he joined a team in the Montana League, but he refused to leave the west coast.

In 1901, Iburg broke out while playing for the San Francisco Wasps. He went 37–27 that season and led the California League in wins and games pitched. That performance earned him a spot on the Philadelphia Phillies starting rotation in 1902. Iburg pitched 236 innings as an MLB rookie and went 11–18 with a 3.89 earned run average. He allowed the third-most earned runs in the National League.

After the season, Iburg went back west because he "simply preferred life on the Pacific Coast to life in the eastern major league cities." 1902 was his only season in the majors, and he set a modern NL record for most losses by a pitcher in his lone MLB season. He was long the all-time MLB leader in wins for pitchers who have a last name starting with the letter "I" (since 1900), but that record was surpassed in 1996 by Jason Isringhausen.

Iburg continued his heavy workload in the Pacific Coast League. He pitched over 420 innings in 1903, 1904, and 1905, and he won over 20 games each year, as well. In 1905, he went 22–26 with a career-low 2.04 ERA. That was his last season in professional baseball.

Iburg died in San Francisco at the age of 71.

References

External links

1873 births
1945 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
San Francisco Metropolitans players
San Francisco Athletics players
San Francisco Brewers players
San Francisco Wasps players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Portland Browns players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Baseball players from San Francisco


Sport Nation is a magazine sports television programme produced by BBC Sport Scotland. The first edition was broadcast on BBC Two Scotland in March 2009 as Sport Monthly, but was relaunched as Sport Nation in 2011.

The programme is designed as a showcase for all levels of Scottish sport. Previous editions have also included interviews with some high-profile Scottish sportsmen and women in addition to popular and up-and-coming young sports stars. Features from each show are available to watch again on the show's website and the whole programme is available 7 days after transmission across the UK on the BBC iPlayer.

Presenters
Current reporters include Rhona McLeod, John Beattie, David Currie and Katie Still.

See also
 BBC Scotland
 BBC Sport

External links
 Sport Nation at BBC Online

 Sport Nation on Twitter

BBC Scotland television shows
Sports television in Scotland
British sports television series
BBC Sport
2009 British television series debuts
2010s British television series


French Paper Company is an American paper mill based in Niles, Michigan. It has been family owned since it was founded in 1871. The company produces premium specialty uncoated colored paper, colored envelopes and custom paper for graphic arts, printing, specialty, gifts and more.

The company is located along the St. Joseph River and since 1922 it has sourced its electricity from its own renewable hydroelectric power plant at the Niles, Michigan dam. French Paper also makes the majority of its papers using recycled fibers making it a very environmentally conscious manufacturer.

French Paper is well known amongst the graphic design industry due largely in part to its long standing relationship with CSA Design and the promotional materials it creates.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Papermaking in the United States
Pulp and paper companies of the United States
Niles, Michigan


Kevin Greenaugh (born May 15, 1956) is an American nuclear engineer and senior manager at the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) in Washington, DC, United States.

Early life and education
Born in the United Kingdom as a U.S. military dependent, Greenaugh has been a part of the military and commercial energy industry for the duration of his career. After attending school in Berlin during the Cold War, the family moved to Augusta, Georgia and experienced segregation. Greenaugh attended college early and became the first African American to receive a doctorate in Nuclear Engineering at the University of Maryland.

Greenaugh received his bachelor's degree in chemistry from Mercer University, a master's in nuclear engineering from the University of New Mexico (Albuquerque), a master's in public policy from the University of New Mexico (Santa Fe), post-Masters studies at the University of Arizona, and his doctorate in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Maryland. He received an engineering certificate in technology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Career
Greenaugh is a member of the Senior Executive Service and the Assistant Deputy Administrator for Strategic Partnership Programs of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). He served as the senior advisor for Policy to the Administrator of NNSA.

Greenaugh has participated in Congressional hearings and provided briefings to members of the House and Senate. He testified at a hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and briefed the Senate Armed Services Committee on the science and systems of the nuclear deterrent. He manages a program involving the defense of planet earth from improbable collision of near-earth-objects and has published technical papers on the topic, quoted in the New York Times and Physics Today (February, 2017). The research has yielded two technical reports for NASA: "Studies of Short Time Response Options for Potentially Hazardous Objects: Current and Forthcoming Results"  and "Multi-Organization – Multi-Discipline Effort Developing a Mitigation Concept for Planetary Defense."

Greenaugh has over 35 years' experience working in the nuclear enterprise and energy industry. He worked at MITRE Corporation, where he was one of the primary consultants in the Energy Resources Division and worked national energy issues such as extending the life of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. In addition, Dr. Greenaugh worked for eight years as a scientist and engineer at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he published numerous technical reports on his research activities pertaining to Energy and Nuclear Non-proliferation.

Greenaugh has been an adjunct professor at Howard University for over twenty-five years, where he teaches courses of the School of Engineering. He has also taught classes at the US Air Force Academy.

He is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity's Gamma Zeta chapter.

Awards
In 2006, he was awarded the Black Engineer of the Year award for achievement in government, by Career Communications and cited at the A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland. He also received the Centennial Award for Science from the Omega Psi Phi fraternity in 2011, the National Trail Blazer Award in Science and proclamations from multiple cities.

References

External links
Engineer of The Year
Famous Mercer University Alumni
Augusta Chronicle
Sandia Lab News
NASA Launch (Test Capabilities)
Richmond County News
Jet Magazine

1956 births
Living people
African-American engineers
21st-century American engineers
21st-century African-American scientists
American scientists
American nuclear engineers
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Mercer University alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Howard University faculty
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics