The Melanau–Kajang languages or Central Sarawak languages are a group of languages spoken in Kalimantan, Indonesia and Sarawak, Malaysia by the Kenyah, Melanau and related peoples.

Classification

Smith (2017)
Smith (2017) uses the term Central Sarawak, and puts it as an independent branch within the Greater North Borneo subgroup. He classifies the languages as follows.
Melanau (Dalat, Sarikei, Mukah, Balingian, Matu, Sibu, Kanowit)
Kajang (Kejaman, Sekapan, Lahanan)
Punan–Müller-Schwaner
Punan
Punan Bah, Punan Tubu, Sajau
Punan Lisum, Punan Aput, Beketan, Ukit, Buket
Müller-Schwaner
Hovongan
Kereho, Aoheng, Seputan

Austroasiatic influence
Kaufman (2018) notes that many Proto-Central Sarawak words (Smith 2017) are of likely Austroasiatic origin, including the following (Note: The Austroasiatic branch reconstructions are from Paul Sidwell's reconstructions; Proto-Pearic is from Headley (1985)).
 *siaw ‘chicken’ (cf. Proto-Khasic *sʔiar; Proto-Khmuic *(s)ʔiər)
 *tilaŋ ‘tiger leech’ (cf. Proto-Katuic *ɟləəŋ)
 *(ə)liŋ ‘saliva’

Proto-Kajang words of likely Austroasiatic origin:
 *diə̯k ‘chicken’ (cf. Proto-Pearic *hlɛːk)
 *(u)bəl ‘mute’ (cf. Proto-Bahnaric *kmlɔː)

Proto-Müller-Schwaner words of likely Austroasiatic origin:
 *ənap ‘fish scale’

References

Rensch, Calvin R. 2012. Melanau and the Languages of Central Sarawak. SIL Electronic Survey Report. SIL International.

Central Sarawak languages


Jody Gladding (born 1955 York, Pennsylvania) is an American translator and poet. She was selected by James Dickey for the Yale Series of Younger Poets.

Life
She graduated from Franklin & Marshall College, and Cornell University.
Gladding, who also teaches in the MFA in Writing Program at Vermont College, is the author of four books of poetry, one of which is a letterpress edition and one of which is a chapbook.  She also has been involved in two performance/installations in collaboration with fellow poet and friend Suzanne Heyd. She has received numerous prizes, fellowships and awards for both her poetry and her translations.

Her poems have recently appeared in these journals: Agni, Chicago Review, ecopoetics, Grand Street, Hunger Mountain, Northern Woodlands, Orion, Paris Review, Ploughshares, Poetry, Terra Nova, Wild Earth, Wilderness Magazine, Yale Review.

Works
  Blue Willow, On the Verge: Emerging Poets and Artists, March 1994, New Cambridge Press, Poetry 180, Library of Congress
 Two Poems, Paris Review, Number 134, Spring 1995
 The Two Houses, Yale Review, January 1997
 Blue Willow; Indian Paint;  Silver Queen;  Uncle,  AGNI 37, Boston University
 Beam; Shells,  AGNI 45, Boston University
 Aunt Peter, AGNI 56, Boston University, 2002

Books

 The Moon Rose, (Chester Creek Press, 2006), with accompanying woodcuts by Susan Walp.
  a chapbook

Translations
 François Cheng, The Way of Beauty (Inner Traditions, 2009)
 Hervé This, The Science of the Oven (Columbia University Press, 2009)
 Michel Pastoureau, Black: History of a Color (Princeton University Press, 2008)
 Pierre Michon, Small Lives (Archipelago, 2008) , winner of the 2009 French-American Foundation Translation Prize
 Hervé This, Kitchen Mysteries (Columbia University Press, 2007)
 Natalie Rigal, Winning the Food Fight (Healing Arts Press, 2006)
 Madeleine Ferrières, Sacred Cow, Mad Cow (Columbia University Press, 2006)
 Jean Giono, The Serpent of Stars (Archipelago, 2004), , finalist for the 2004 French–American Foundation Translation Prize
 François Weil, A History of New York (Columbia University Press, 2004)
 Sylviane Agacinski, Time Passing, (Columbia University Press, 2003)
 J.-R. Pitte, French Gastronomy (Columbia University Press, 2002)
 Pierre Moinot, As Night Follows Day, (Welcome Rain, 2001)
 Michel Pastoureau, The Devil’s Cloth, (Columbia University Press, 2001)
 Jean Markale, The Epics of Celtic Ireland (Inner Traditions, 2000)
 D. Alexandre-Bidon, Children in the Middle Ages (University of Notre-Dame Press, 1999)
 Jean Markale, The Great Goddess (Inner Traditions, 1999)
 Gilbert Dahan, The Christian Polemic Against the Jews in the Middle Ages (University of Notre-Dame Press, 1998)
 Pierre Mabille, Mirror of the Marvelous (Inner Traditions, 1998)
 Daniel Odier, Tantric Quest (Inner Traditions, 1997)

Ploughshares
 Anger (Ira), Ploughshares, Winter 1997-98
 Squash (Cucurbite) , Ploughshares, Winter 1997-98
 Sweet Apples (Poma Mala Dulcia), Ploughshares, Winter 1997-98

Fellowships and awards
 French-American Foundation Translation Prize, 2009, for Small Lives
 Resident Poet at The Frost Place in Franconia, NH, 2007
 Centre National du Livre de France Translation Grant, 2007
 French-American Foundation Prize Finalist, 2004, for Serpent of Stars
 Whiting Award, 1997
 Yale Series of Younger Poets Award, 1992, for Stone Crop
 Wallace Stegner Fellowship in Creative Writing; Stanford University, 1982–83
 Graduate Fellowship in Creative Writing; Cornell University, 1979–80

References

External links
 Official website
SMALL PRESS SPOTLIGHT: JODY GLADDING, Book Critics circle, 8/08/2008
Reading Schedule, Milkweed Editions
Why I Love Slate, Montpelier’s Kellogg-Hubbard Library, Montpelier, Vermont
Website of the MFA in Writing program at Vermont College of Fine Arts in Montpelier, Vermont
Profile at The Whiting Foundation

Living people
American translators
Vermont College of Fine Arts faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
French–English translators
American women poets
Chapbook writers
1955 births
American women academics
21st-century American women


Derrick Lewis Leon (1908–1944) was a British author, who was born in London in 1908, and died of tuberculosis in November 1944, aged 36, shortly after completing the first draft of his biography of John Ruskin (Ruskin: The Great Victorian), published by Routledge & Kegan Paul in 1949.

Leon made his living as an interior decorator, but by the time of his death, he had earned himself a reputation as a fine biographer, with works on Leo Tolstoy and Marcel Proust. Leon had also published three novels before his death. The first one, Livingstones; A Novel of Contemporary Life was published in 1933; Wilderness was published in 1935; and Green for a Season was published in 1938.

His biography of Ruskin cast new light on John Ruskin's personal tragedies, as well as his public life and his work. After Leon's death, his biography of Ruskin was subjected to a quotation check and grammatical corrections by George Leon, his brother, who was a quantity-surveyor by profession.

20th-century British male writers
1908 births
1944 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in England
20th-century British novelists
British male novelists
British biographers


Yoo Hyun (born August 1, 1984) is a South Korean football player who currently plays for Suwon FC.

He was a member of 2005 East Asian Games's South Korea national football team. In 2007, he joined Korea National League's side Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard. He was awarded MVP in 2008 by the Korea National League.

In 2009, he moved to the newly formed Gangwon FC as a founding member with former Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard manager Choi Soon-Ho.

He left Gangwon for Incheon United in a straight swap deal involving Song Yoo-Geol on 28 November 2011. In January 2013 he joined Police FC in the new K League for the 2013 as part of his military service.

Honours

Club
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard
Korea National League (2) : 2007, 2008
Korean President's Cup (1) : 2008

Individual
Korea National League MVP (1) : 2008

References

External links

 National League Player Record - 유현

1984 births
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
South Korean men's footballers
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard FC players
Gangwon FC players
Incheon United FC players
Asan Mugunghwa FC players
FC Seoul players
Tochigi SC players
Korea National League players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
J2 League players
Footballers from South Jeolla Province


The Great Eight:  How to Be Happy (even when you have every reason to be miserable) is a self-help book written by Olympian figure skater Scott Hamilton.

Summary
Gold Medal Olympian and Hall of Fame figure skater, Scott Hamilton has overcome multiple life-threatening challenges and disappointments in his life.  In this autobiographical book, Hamilton uses stories from his life to illustrate the principles that have shaped his life.

Hamilton lists eight principles that he states will help readers live happier lives:
  Fall, Get Up, and Land Your First Jumps
  Trust Your Almighty Coach
  Make Your Losses Your Wins
  Keep the Ice Clear
  Think Positive, Laugh, and Smile Like Kristi Yamaguchi
  Win by Going Last
  Learn a New Routine
  Stand in the Spotlight

External links
Author Interview in Washington Post
Author Interview in TV Guide

Self-help books
2009 non-fiction books


John Douglas Campbell MacLean (24 March 1929 - 9 November 1987) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a barrister by career.

After an initial unsuccessful attempt in the 1957 federal election, MacLean was elected at the Winnipeg North Centre riding in the 1958 election. After serving his only term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, MacLean was defeated in the 1962 election.

Prior to his professional career in law and politics, MacLean was a hockey player for the Brandon Wheat Kings, including in the 1949 Memorial Cup, and later a coach and referee for teams in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League.

References

External links

1929 births
1987 deaths
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Lawyers in Manitoba
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Politicians from Winnipeg
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
20th-century Canadian lawyers


State Route 158 (SR 158) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways, located entirely within the town of Sherman in Aroostook County. It is a short connector route running  between SR 11 and U.S. Route 2 (US 2). The route is also known as Main Street and Woodbridge Corner Road.

Route description
SR 158 begins at an intersection with SR 11 in Sherman, just west of Interstate 95 (I-95).  The highway interchanges with I-95 at exit 264 and continues east.  From there, the route heads through the town as Main Street until an intersection with Golden Ridge Road within the community of Sherman Mills. From this intersection, SR 158 continues Woodbridge Corner Road to its eastern terminus at US 2.

History

SR 158, as designated in 1925, was a much longer route than it is today, stretching from its current eastern (then southern) terminus in Sherman all the way to Fort Kent.  In the early 1930s, SR 11 was given its modern routing to Fort Kent, absorbing nearly all of SR 158 and leaving the short connector route in Sherman which exists today.

Major intersections

References

External links

Floodgap Roadgap's RoadsAroundME: Maine State Route 158

158
Transportation in Aroostook County, Maine


Certified Audio Engineer (CEA) is a title granted to an individual that successfully meets the experience and examination requirements of the certification.  The certification is regulated by the Society of Broadcast Engineers.

The SBE certifications were created to recognize individuals who practice in career fields which are not regulated by state licensing programs. Audio engineering is not a concern of civil or governmental regulation.

External links
 SBE Certified Audio Engineer (CEA) Requirements & Application
 SBE Official Website

See also
List of post-nominal letters

Professional certification in engineering


Maigret and the Yellow Dog (French: Le Chien jaune) is a detective novel by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon.

Overview
M. Mostaguen, the wine dealer at Concarneau, is wounded by a gunshot when returning home drunk from the local Admiral Hotel and Maigret, who is organizing the mobile squad in Rennes, is called in by the mayor to solve the crime. Maigret settles down at the hotel and discovers a set of curious characters who include Jean Servières, a retired newspaper man from Paris; Ernest Michoux, a doctor who has never practiced; Emma, the mysterious and complicated waitress at the hotel, and a strange yellow dog that seems to be haunting the neighborhood. The customs official is shot in the leg, Servières disappears and is found and brought back, and a giant vagrant is arrested before Maigret solves the case.

Publishing history
The novel was originally published in French in 1931 as Le Chien jaune and published by Fayard. The first English translation, translated by Geoffrey Sainsbury, was published by George Routledge & Sons in 1939 as A Face for a Clue. It was also reissued (by Severn House)  as Maigret and the Concarneau Murders in 1980. The current translation, Maigret and the Yellow Dog, is by Linda Asher and was first published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in 1987 and as The Yellow Dog in London in 2003 (Penguin Books).

Adaptations

The book was first filmed in 1932 in France as The Yellow Dog. It was directed by Jean Tarride whose father Abel Tarride played Maigret.

A French TV adaptation aired on 24 February 1968 as part of the series Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret. Jean Richard played the lead role. The same series adapted the book a second time on 13 March 1988, with Jean Richard repeating his part.

References

1931 Belgian novels
Maigret novels
Novels set in Brittany
Belgian novels adapted into films


Schwarzlose may refer to:

Firearms
Schwarzlose MG M.07/12, an Austro-Hungarian medium machine gun
Schwarzlose Model 1898, a German semi-automatic pistol
Schwarzlose Model 1908, a German semi-automatic pistol featuring a "blow-forward" action

People
Andreas Wilhelm Schwarzlose (1867-1936), a Prussian firearms designer


The Mugger is a 1958 American film noir-crime film about a police psychiatrist who is attempting to catch a mysterious mugger that has been attacking women in his city, stealing their purses and slashing their left cheek. The film is a police procedural in structure, focusing on psychiatrist Dr. Pete Graham's investigation into the title character's identity.

The film's screenplay, written by Henry Kane, is based on the novel of the same name by Evan Hunter (writing under the pen name Ed McBain). William Berke directed the film, the second of two adaptions of Hunter's 87th Precinct novels he released in 1958 (following Cop Hater). It was Berke's final completed film as a director; he died the same year.

It was filmed in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York. Several of the car scenes were filmed on the Belt Parkway. The Veterans Hospital located on the Fort Hamilton Army Base with no Verazzano Bridge can be seen during the first car scene. The restaurant scene was filmed on 67th Street and 4th Avenue right next to the subway exit. Other Bay Ridge locations can be seen throughout the film as well.

Plot

Cast
Kent Smith as Dr. Pete Graham
Nan Martin as Claire Townsend
James Franciscus as Eddie Baxter
Stefan Schnabel as Fats Donner
Dick O'Neill as Cassidy
Leonard Stone as Jim Kelly
Sandra Church as Jeannie Page
John Alexander as Chief of Police
Arthur Storch as Jack "Skippy" Randolph

References

External links

1958 films
Film noir
1958 crime drama films
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by William A. Berke
Films scored by Albert Glasser
Films shot in New York City
1950s police procedural films
United Artists films
Films based on novels by Evan Hunter
1950s American films


Inspector Montalbano may refer to:

Inspector Montalbano (TV series)
Salvo Montalbano, the eponymous character in the above TV series and an earlier series of novels and short stories

See also
Montalbano (disambiguation)
The Young Montalbano, a prequel to the Inspector Montalbano TV series


Public Radio of Armenia (; Djsy Armradio) is a public radio broadcaster in Armenia. It was established in 1926 and remains one of the largest broadcasters in the country, with at least three national channels. The agency also has the country's largest sound archives, four orchestras, and participates in cultural preservation programs.

Early years
On September 1, 1926, the first experimental radio programme (25 minutes duration) called “Voice of Yerevan” was transmitted in Armenia. The first test programmes were mainly folk music programmes regularly interrupted by local news, putting into operation the first radio station in Armenia. This created new wide-range perspectives for moving the amateur radio movement forward, and planned development of radio and wired broadcasting networks. The creation of radio station made it possible to use radio broadcasting as one of the most efficient mass media for informing and educating the population. That is why radio programs were expected to cover such topics, which would interest people of different specialities and meet their needs.

On June 15, 1927, Armenian Republican Radio started to broadcast its programmes on regular basis. In the early years only Yerevan and surrounding villages were included in the broadcasting radius. Due to efforts of a group of radio lovers radio service was provided in more than 25 villages in 1927, and in another 40 the following year.

On April 6, 1927, national print media published the first radio program consisting of news and concerts.

Until 1929 actors and journalists from newspaper editorials were being invited to conduct the radio programmes. And only in December 1929 the first radio hosts - Vergine Babayan and Suren Kananyan were invited to work at the Republican Radio of Armenia.

At the end of 1929 the Republican radio committee was formed. The committee had 12 employees and annually aired 2,160-hour programmes. In 1930s the audience was significantly expanded. New technical and creative capabilities were put in use.

During the post-war period the Republican radio opened a number of new editorial departments, extended the radius of radio transmissions, in 1947 started to operate the second channel (music and information), created new programmes and projects, increased broadcasting hours, as well as expanded its audience. In 1947 the radio committee was reorganised into radio informative committee attached to the Council of Ministers of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The building of new radio transmitters was put into operation in 1957. In 1962 the whole territory of Armenia was provided with radio service. In 1965 an editorial compilation fund for recordings for author performances and radio records was formed. Radio Gold Fund contains more than 20,000 (150,000 hours) sound records, music performances, art and poetry programs and radio performances.

Radio Day
Radio Day is a celebration of the development of radio. It is marked on 7 May, the day in 1895 on which Alexander Popov successfully demonstrated his invention. Radio Day was first observed in the Soviet Union in 1945. It emphasises the importance and role of radio in political, social and cultural life of the country.

Membership of the EBU
The Public Television and Radio Company of Armenia is a member of this professional association of national broadcasters, the European Broadcasting Union. It had previously been an associated member of the EBU. Thus, the Public Radio of Armenia gained the right to rebroadcast programs and participate in the projects of EBU.

In 2007, the “Arevik” junior ensemble of Public Radio of Armenia was selected to represent Armenia for the first time at Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Arevik came second for Armenia with the song Erazanq.

In 2013 Public Radio of Armenia launched a web portal, with the help of the EBU, that connects producers and audiences of radio programmes targeted at young people across Europe. The LyunSe International portal aggregates current affairs stories from youth radio programmes across Europe and encourages interaction through a set of specialised forums. The portal's development was supported by the EBU Partnership Programme and developed in Yerevan and Geneva.

International news
On August 8, 1947, the decision was made to create an editorial group, which would prepare radio programs for Armenians living abroad. The first programme of this department was transmitted on Short Wave on August 10, 1947. In 1956, Radio Erevan began to broadcast daily news program in Kurdish. From 1957, in addition to broadcasts to the Middle East and Near East, broadcasts to the Western European countries were launched.

National stations

 Առաջին ծրագիր (First program) – flagship station with a varied format
 Իմ ռադիո or Im Radio (My Radio) – Youth-orientated music station
  (Radio Arevik) – children's music and programming
 Եզդի ռադիո (Yezidi radio) – station for Yazidis in Armenia
 Ռադիո Մշակույթ or Radio Mshakuyt (Radio Culture) – culture, art and classical music

International service
International Public Radio of Armenia () is the international broadcasting service, established in 1967 under the label Radio Yerevan. International Public Radio of Armenia broadcast on shortwave before 2006, then switching to online broadcasts. It broadcasts in a number of languages, including Armenian, Kurdish, Arabic, Azerbaijani, English, Persian, French, Georgian, German, Russian, Spanish, and Turkish.

Ensembles and orchestras
The following creative teams have been created and are functioning under the Public Radio of Armenia:
 Folk Instrument Ensemble named after Aram Merangulyan (founded in 1926, artistic director – Ruben Matevosyan)
 Variety Symphony Orchestra (founded in 1972, artistic director – Yervand Yerznkyan)
 Arevik Children's and Youth Pop and Folklore Ensemble (founded in 1979, artistic director – Armen Gevorgyan)
 Armenian National Radio Chamber Choir (founded in 1929, artistic director – Tigran Hekekyan until 2002)
 G. Achemyan National Radio Violin Ensemble of Armenia (founded in 1970, in 2003 reassigned to the Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan)
 Ogan Duryan Symphony Orchestra of the National Radio of Armenia (founded in 1966)

People
Lucy Kocharyan presents two programmes on Armenian Public Radio which won her an International Women of Courage Award in 2020.

See also
 Radio Yerevan jokes
 Public Television of Armenia
 Media of Armenia

References

External links

International Public Radio of Armenia (archived)
Public Radio of Armenia - Listen Live

Radio stations in Armenia
Armenian-language radio stations
Publicly funded broadcasters
European Broadcasting Union members
State media
International broadcasters
Radio stations established in 1926


Angolans in Portugal form the country's second-largest group of African migrants, after Cape Verdeans. In 2006, official statistics showed 28,854 legal Angolan residents in Portugal. However, this number is likely an underestimate of the true size of the community, as it does not count people of Angolan origin who hold Portuguese citizenship. In 2022 INE counted 31,614 Angolans living in Portugal.

Migration history
Large-scale migratory flow from Angola to Portugal began in the 1970s, around the time of Angolan independence. However, this early flow consisted largely of retornados, white Portuguese born in Angola. The bulk of mixed-race or black African migrants came later. After the 2002 peace agreement which ended the Angolan Civil War, many Angolan migrants in Portugal returned to Angola. By 2003, statistics of the Angolan embassy in Portugal showed that between 8,000 and 10,000 had already returned, and that 400 people a week were flying from Portugal to the Angolan capital Luanda. However, statistics of the Instituto Nacional de Estatística showed that the population of Angolan legal residents did not decrease from 2001 to 2003, but instead grew by 12.6% (from 22,751 to 25,616 people).

Demographics of Migrants
The most intense period for migration was in the 1990s. Most Angolans who came to Portugal would come under a tourist visa and overstay, converting into residents and citizens. Others would seek asylum. A sizeable majority of those who did not migrate to Portugal instead migrated to South Africa. Of the migrants, many were either young adults or teenagers. 69.5% of Angolans who migrated to Portugal were male. 76.4% of migrants had some sort of occupation at the time of their asylum interviews. 68.8% of incoming migrants had completed a basic level of education. Migrants typically came from middle to low-middle socioeconomic backgrounds. Emigration to Portugal from Angola was a result of war, economic instability, academic aspirations, and new opportunities. Existing networks created linkages by which made immigration and transitioning to Portuguese-living easier. Linkages to the Angolan homeland remained strong despite physical detachment, these linkages are especially true when speaking in regards to economic obligations.

The Process for Family Migration
In 1998, Law 244/98 in Lisbon was passed allowing for families to reconnect in Portugal. The condition was that the individual that is already residing in Lisbon is supposed to have lived there for at least one year. The individual within Portugal can also petition for his or her family member that lives outside of Portugal. The process to residency for the petitioned family member begins with temporary living status, that can be renewed once it expires. After appealing for additional years, they may be authorized for residency, not depending on the status of the already resident individual who petitioned. This can all take place under the prerequisite that the migrant can provide for family if unemployed. In 2003, Portugal approved the European Council's demand for limitation of family to be nuclear. In 2002, before the demand came into effect, family migration constituted 75% of national immigration. In 2009, 805 authorizations for residency were given to Angolan citizens for their family members.

Economic Influence of Portuguese-Angolans
Many individuals invest in small businesses in various industries. Despite investment, not all succeed. This is a result of smaller than needed capital, lack of skill, or complications with the immigration system. There are many obstacles that stand in the way of the Angolan diaspora of Portugal to invest in their home country.

A vast majority of Angolans do not currently invest into their country as a result of short interests and fear of government interventions. Political insinuations are placed on Angolans investing back into Angola by the government.

However, these discouragements do not prevent investment from taking place. 83% of migrants send remittances to their networks in Angola, with a high concentration of the remittances being sent to Luanda. In turn, 90% of Angolans receive remittances from abroad. The money quantity of remittances has been on the decline as a result of changing economic factors in Portugal. Most recipients are either parents, siblings, children, or spouses. Remittances from Portugal are sent via recorded services or hand delivery. The former is the most popular because it is reliable. Remittances are not popularly received through banks for less than 6% of the population has access to a bank account. This is changing as Angola expands its micro-financing industry.

67% of remittances are used for basic necessities and utilities. They have also been used to advance educational opportunities for aspiring male academics. Remittances have had the biggest impact in providing food security. In conclusion, they are seen as an additional income to many households and are responsible for the well-being of many households despite economic hardships.

Angolan Associations
The first Angolan Association was the Casa de Angola de Lisboa, founded in 1971. Its main purpose was to supervise and control the activities of Angolans in Portugal. The association has consisted of Portuguese-Angolans, most of whom were there for military or civil service. The association had also consisted but to varying and typically smaller degrees, colonial-minded Angolans and members of the Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). The strength of the Casa de Angola could be attributed to the need to lean on a government, which at the time was a dictatorship. Post-revolution in 1974, Angolan university students took over the association. The Casa de Angola following the revolution became a voice for the MPLA. Until 1986, it was the only recognized Angolan Association in Portugal.

The second association started in 1991 under the name União de Estudantes Angolanos em Portugal (AEAP). This association was founded to serve the interests of students pursuing university educations in Portugal.

In the 1980s, Angolan Associations had elitist implications. This would also include ties to the MPLA and also the Portuguese Communist Party. In the 1990s, this changed as a result of an influx of poor Angolan refugees and immigrants. The socioeconomic condition of this demographic lived in shanty-towns and squatted where it was prohibited. The increased number of Angolans living in Portugal made way for more political associations to form in order to lobby for an immigration policy that benefits the Angolan community at large.

North-South Migration

The rapid growth of the Angolan economy and the demise of the Portuguese economy in the 2008 financial recession created a phenomenon of Portuguese migration to Angola. Of those migrating to Angola is Portuguese-Angolans. This phenomenon has brought back the history and memory of the Portuguese colonization of Angola.  Most migrate as a result of unemployment and the ability to secure a job with stable incomes. The financial security that may result in living in Angola could maintain a family in Portugal. With employment in Angola, there is the opportunity for social ascension in contrast with the possibilities of social degradation that may occur in Portugal. The overall well-being of Portuguese-Angolans after securing stable incomes could for them to send remittances back to their family in Portugal. Success in Angola as a Portuguese-Angolan (White-Angolan) is not guaranteed. When there is instability, that individual may be at the whims of the Angolan Party-State. The immigrant, now in an inferior position, may be the recipient of reverse treatment because of the historical legacy of the Portuguese to native-Angolans. The white Portuguese born in Angola is no longer seen as Angolan at this point.

Culture
Angolan migrants in Portugal do not have a particularly homogeneous culture. However, two important elements of their self-described common identity are calor humano (human warmth) and convivência (living together), part of "African hospitality" and "African solidarity" which they feel is an important difference between Angolan and Portuguese social relations.

Angolan migrants in Portugal have had a significant influence on the popularisation of the kuduro musical style. Cinematic portrayals include Leonel Vieira's 1998 blockbuster Zona J.

As a whole, contemporary art was becoming much more of a force on the African continent. Angolans in Portugal have for their cultural dichotomy, like many others in the diaspora, have become recognized for their global and postmodern image. Artists like Francisco Vidal display their work in this fashion. Vidal was born in 1978 in Lisbon and lives and works in Luanda.

Notable people

References

Notes

Sources
Åkesson, L. (2018). Postcolonial Portuguese Migration to Angola: Migrants or Masters? Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Grassi, M., Vivet, J., & Marinho, L. (2016). Famílias transnacionais entre Angola e Portugal: Organização e práticas de cuidados às crianças. Lisboa - Portugal: ICS, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.

Paola, A. T. (2010). Angola: A study of the impact of remittances from Portugal and South Africa. Geneva: IOM, International Organization for Migration.

Sardinha, J. (2009). Immigrant associations, integration and identity: Angolan, Brazilian and Eastern European communities in Portugal. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Silva, M. A. (2016). Artistas de Angola e de Moçambique na coleção Manuel de Brito: Palácio Anjos Algés. Oeiras: Município de Oeiras, Departamento de educação, cultura e promoção do conhecimento.

Further reading
. A study of Angolan migrants in Portugal, their self-perception, and their perception by Portuguese people.

African diaspora in Portugal
Portugal, Angolans in

Immigration to Portugal


Luca Zingaretti (; born 11 November 1961) is an Italian actor and film director, known for playing Salvo Montalbano in the Inspector Montalbano mystery series based on the character and novels created by Andrea Camilleri. Zingaretti is a native of Rome, and the older brother of politician Nicola Zingaretti.

Life and career
At the age of 17 he joined  Rimini Football Club, but abandoned his career as a footballer after a few months in order to attend the National Academy of Dramatic Art Silvio D' Amico.

In 2004 he separated from his first wife, the journalist and writer Margherita D'Amico, niece of Suso Cecchi D'Amico; they divorced in 2008.  In 2005 he became romantically linked with the actress Luisa Ranieri, whom he met on the set of the television mini-series Cefalonia, and with whom he has two daughters, born in 2011 and 2015 respectively.  The couple married on 23 June 2012 in a civil ceremony at the Donnafugata castle in Sicily.

Zingaretti graduated from the National Academy of Dramatic Art Silvio D' Amico in 1984 and began his acting career in the theatre, often working with director Luca Ronconi, appearing in such diverse plays as Chekhov's Three Sisters, Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, and Martin Sherman's Bent.

Zingaretti made his film debut in 1987 with a minor role in Gli occhiali d'oro ("The Gold-Rimmed Glasses") — directed by Giuliano Montaldo — and in the same year first appeared on television in Il Giudice Istruttore ("The Investigating Magistrate)", directed by Florestano Vancini and Gianluigi Calderone. He first gained critical attention with his role as the ferocious "Ottorino" in Marco Risi's 1994 film Il branco ("The Wolf Pack"). In 1996 he starred with Sabrina Ferilli in the film Vite strozzate ("Strangled Lives"), directed by Ricky Tognazzi.

However, stardom arrived with his leading role as Commissario Salvo Montalbano, in the Inspector Montalbano series of TV films, initially shown on RAI Two, and then RAI One, as well as many other European TV channels and SBS in Australia. The series, which started running from 1999 and is still ongoing, consists of 36 films through 2020.

After his success he became one of the most in-demand dramatic actors in Italy appearing in such films as:
 Prima dammi un bacio ("First Give Me a Kiss") (2003), dir. Ambrogio Lo Giudice
 I giorni dell'abbandono ("Days of Abandonment") (2005), dir. Roberto Faenza
 Tutte le donne della mia vita ("All The Women Of My Life") (2007), dir. Simona Izzo

On TV he appeared in :
 Perlasca – Un eroe Italiano ("Perlasca : An Italian Hero") (2002)
 Doppio agguato ("Double Ambush") (2003)
 Cefalonia ("Kefalonia") (2005)
 Alla luce del sole ("To The Sunlight") (2005), a film on the life of Don Pino Puglisi.

In 2008 he appeared in four new Montalbano films, and in the same period adapted and directed the play La Sirena, from a story by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa.

In 2009 he continued to appear in the theatre and also worked on the film Noi credevamo, directed by Mario Martone, and set during the reunification of Italy in which he played Francesco Crispi. He also appeared in the film Il figlio più piccolo ("The Younger Son"), directed by Pupi Avati and co-starring Christian De Sica.

In 2010 four new Montalbano episodes were produced, broadcast by RAI One on 14 March 2011 and the three following Mondays.

Between 2011 and 2012 he was in the cast of the comedies Immaturi - Il viaggio, dir. Paolo Genovese and Il comandante e la cicogna (Garibaldi's Lovers), dir. Silvio Soldini. He was among the stars of the international production Asterix & Obelix in the service of His Majesty, dir. Laurent Tirard in which he played a Roman general, and participated in a minor role in  Romanzo di una strage – (Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy), dir. Marco Tullio Giordana.  Also in 2012, he starred in two television films about two characters from twentieth century Italian history. First was  Paolo Borsellino - I 57 giorni – (Paolo Borsellino - the 57 Days), dir. Alberto Negrin, made on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the death of Giovanni Falcone, while the latter told the life of the industrialist Adriano Olivetti - La forza di un sogno – (Adriano Olivetti - the Strength of a Dream), dir. Michele Soavi. In 2014 he starred in the film in Maldamore, dir. Angelo Longoni, with his wife, Luisa Ranieri, Alessio Boni, Claudia Gerini and Ambra Angiolini, and in Perez., dir. Edoardo De Angelis, together with Marco D'Amore; moreover the same year he returned to TV with the mini-series  Il giudice meschino – (The Indolent Judge), dir. Carlo Carlei, with his wife.

In 2013 another four episodes of Montalbano were broadcast by RAI One, and two more each year from 2016 through 2020.

Filmography

Films

Television

Others

Director
(2000) Gulu - Documentary
(2007) Passa una vela... spingendo la notte più in là - Play
(2007) Conversazioni con Suso - Documentary
(2008) La Sirena - Play
(2013) La torre d'avorio - Play
(2015) The Pride - Play
(2018) The Deep Blue Sea - Play

Voiceovers
(2003) Finding Nemo, dir. Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich - voice of Marlin in Italian version
(2006) La Grande Finale, Official documentary of the 2006 FIFA World Cup - narrator
(2010) L'altra verità (Route Irish), dir. Ken Loach - voice of Fergus (Mark Womack)
(2016) Finding Dory, dir. Andrew Stanton and Angus MacLane - voice of Marlin in Italian version
(2016) Le confessioni, dir. Roberto Andò - voice of Daniel Roché (Daniel Auteuil)

Theatre
La Sirena, from the story "Lighea" by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, adapted by Luca Zingaretti
Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw, dir. Luca Ronconi
Le due commedie in commedia by Giambattista Andreini, dir. Luca Ronconi
Bent by Martin Sherman, dir. Marco Mattolini
I villeggianti and La madre by Maxim Gorky, dir. Sandro Sequi
Come gocce su pietre roventi by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, dir. Marco Mattolini
The Fairy Queen by F. Pourcell, dir. Luca Ronconi
Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov, dir. Luca Ronconi
Murder in the Cathedral by T. S. Eliot, dir. Franco Branciaroli
Titus Andronicus by William Shakespeare, dir. Peter Stein
The Last Days of Mankind by Karl Kraus, dir. Luca Ronconi
The Madwoman of Chaillot  by Jean Giraudoux, dir. Luca Ronconi
Crimes of the Heart by Beth Henley, dir. Nanni Loy
The Break of Noon by Paul Claudel, dir. Franco Però
Trompe l'oeil by Cagnoni, Camilli, Martelli, dir. Federico Cagnoni
Maratona di New York  by Edoardo Erba, dir. Edoardo Erba
The Prisoners of War by J. R. Ackerley, dir. Luca Zingaretti and  Fabio Ferrari
Line by  Al Horowitz, dir. Piero Maccarinelli
Cannibal by Richard Crowe and Richard Zajdlic, dir. Patrick Rossi Gastaldi
Separation by Tom Kempinski, dir. Patrick Rossi Gastaldi
Three Hotels, by Jon Robin Baitz, dir. Toni Bertorelli
Confortate il male antico, by Gianclaudio Mantovani, dir. Luca Zingaretti
The Ivory Tower, by Ronald Harwood, dir. Luca Zingaretti
The Pride, by Alexi Kaye Campbell, dir. Luca Zingaretti

Awards
 - In 2003 Zingaretti was made a Knight of the Order of Merit of the Republic.
 (2004) Nastro d'Argento ("Silver Ribbon") for Best Dubbing for the voice of Marlin in Finding Nemo (Italian version)
 (2005) David di Donatello for Best Actor Award for Alla luce del sole
 (2005) Karlovy Vary Best Actor Award for Alla luce del sole
 (2008) Middle East International Film Festival Black Pearl for Best Actor for Sangue pazzo
 (2010) Nastro d'Argento ("Silver Ribbon") as Best Supporting Actor for Il figlio più piccolo and La nostra vita.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Male actors from Rome
Italian male film actors
Nastro d'Argento winners
Italian male stage actors
Italian theatre directors
Italian male television actors
20th-century Italian male actors
21st-century Italian male actors
Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni


"Chuck Versus the Imported Hard Salami" is episode nine of the first season of Chuck. It aired on November 19, 2007. Chuck is ordered by General Beckman to take advantage of his new girlfriend, Lou, to get close to her smuggler ex-boyfriend, while Morgan looks for a girlfriend of his own.

Plot summary

Main Plot

At a dock in Helsinki, Finland, a crane is loading a storage container for transport. The crane operator nearly drops his container and is warned by an armed man on the ground to be careful because the contents are live. Inside the crate, a clock is counting down, with 72 hours remaining. In Burbank, Chuck announces his intentions to break up with Sarah to Morgan, who doesn't believe him. Sarah arrives and the two discuss the situation in the Home Theater room. She doesn't believe the breakup is a good idea, but Chuck insists he needs a real relationship. Sarah relents, and begins to cry and leaves the store to sell the breakup. Back at Casey's apartment, Beckman expresses her concerns about the breakup, and is alarmed that Chuck is dating a civilian whom they have no information on. Beckman demands more information on Lou (Rachel Bilson) before she can get too close, meanwhile, Chuck and Lou make out in the Herder while on a date. Lou takes him into the deli to make him a sandwich, where Chuck flashes on an invitation to a party at Club Ares, which is owned by Lou's Greek ex-boyfriend, Stavros Demetrios (Theo Alexander).

Beckman informs the team that Stavros is part of the Demetrios smuggling family, and orders Chuck to use his relationship with Lou to get close to him and investigate a package they believe that the Demetrios family is bringing into the country. Chuck objects but has no choice, so he asks Lou about meeting Stavros, to head off any possible trouble with him later. Sarah and Casey fit Chuck with a listening device and an ear bug, and watch from the van while Chuck and Lou visit Club Ares. Lou introduces Chuck to Stavros, and the three retire to his VIP booth. Sarah is anxious about leaving Chuck in the club alone, but Casey implies her feelings for Chuck are more than professional. Sarah denies this, but when Stavros makes comments she hears as threatening, Sarah leaves the van to check on him. Lou sees her, and Chuck confronts Sarah for interfering. Lou gets upset and leaves, but before he can follow, Chuck flashes as Stavros' father Yari (John Kapelos) arrives. He tries to get back to the VIP booth where the two are meeting, but the bouncer blocks him. He leaves the listening device on a tray of drinks, heading into the booth and heads off to catch Lou before she can leave, but she departs in a cab.

The next day at work, Chuck calls Lou but she does not answer. Casey and Sarah tell him that they learned the location of dock where the smuggled container is arriving, and will be raiding it that day. Sarah apologizes for ruining his date with Lou and hints to him that she likes gerber daisies. Chuck heads to the deli with a bouquet and waits, but Lou refuses to see him without a number. After all the other customers leave, she accepts his apology. At the docks, Casey and Sarah lead the team to confiscate the container, but when they open it all they find is a camera. Yari realizes they had been discovered, and demands to know who planted the bug. Stavros recognizes the bug as belonging to Chuck.

Chuck wakes up the next day after making up with Lou. Casey and Sarah let him know that they were set up and the container was empty. Surveillance photos of Club Ares show Lou talking with Stavros, so the team heads back to stakeout the club. Lou arrives and Chuck leaves the van to follow her. She meets with Stavros and he delivers a crate then leaves. Chuck confronts her and breaks it open, revealing it is filled with imported deli meats smuggled through customs. Lou angrily admits to smuggling it, and Chuck ditches his watch so the transmitter doesn't pick up her confession. Sarah follows him when Chuck doesn't return, and arrives after Lou leaves. The two are captured by Stavros and several gunmen, who throw them in the trunk of his car and drive off. Casey investigates and finds Chuck's watch. He heads to the deli and coerces Lou into giving him the location of Stavros' dock in exchange for immunity for her own smuggling activities.

Chuck and Sarah are taken to the dock, and Yari demands to know who they work for and threatens to torture Sarah if Chuck doesn't answer. Chuck takes advantage of flashes on two of Yari's men to distract them long enough for Sarah to break free of her restraints. She sees Casey arrive, and she coordinates an attack on Yari's men while Casey opens fire. Sarah and Chuck escape to find the container while Casey and a government team engage Yari and his men in a firefight. Casey runs down Yari, but before he can apprehend him, Yari is shot by a sniper, (Anthony Ruivivar) who makes a call warning someone on the other end they have a problem. Meanwhile, Sarah and Chuck locate the container. They open it, and finds a bomb-like device with a counting down timer. After Chuck fails to flash, Sarah orders Chuck to run but he refuses to leave her. Just as the timer expires she kisses him, but the countdown expires and nothing happens, leaving them in an awkward (for Sarah) moment.

Chuck and Lou break up, and Chuck returns to work the next day. He calls Sarah and leaves her a voicemail asking her out on a real date. Sarah and Casey are watching the government team working on the container, who announce that the timer was not a bomb, but measuring an air supply. The container is opened to reveal Bryce Larkin, who takes a breath.

Buy More

Lester watches Sarah leave the Buy More after their breakup and decides he's going to go after her. He follows her to the Wienerlicious to ask her out, but Sarah scares him off with over-aggressive advances. Seeing that Chuck already has a girlfriend after breaking up with Sarah, Morgan decides he needs a girlfriend too. Jeff mentions he intends to go after Anna, but she tells him off saying she'd rather hook up with Morgan. When Morgan tries to kiss her in the Home Theater room later she rebuffs him, leaving Morgan afraid she'll tell everyone. He does so himself when he misinterprets Anna, Jeff and Lester laughing about Chuck being in trouble with Lou so soon after breaking up with Sarah, and Jeff and Lester begin teasing him unmercifully. Anna feels sorry for him, so later while he's watching a movie in the Home Theater room she kisses him.

Production

"Chuck Versus the Imported Hard Salami" is part of the show's first multi-part story arc, continuing directly from "Chuck Versus the Truth."

This episode is the first appearance of a Fulcrum agent in the series, although the organization would not be identified until the following episode. Anthony Ruivivar appears as Tommy Delgado, who takes out Yari Stavros from a rooftop some distance away. Ruivivar reprises his role in "Chuck Versus the Nemesis."

Production details

Sarah removed the container's keypad when she and Chuck go to work on it. Afterwards, in the close ups of the timer, the keypad is back on while in the long shots, the keypad is off.
When Chuck throws his guitar pin listening device toward the tray of drinks, it lands in a shot glass full of red liquid. When the tray is placed on the table, the pin is now sitting on the tray beside the glass.
When Chuck and Sarah are arguing in the trunk of Stavros' car, you can see a flashlight shining on Chuck's face.

Flashes

Chuck flashes on the invitation to Club Ares hanging up in Lou's deli.
When Yari Demetrios enters Club Ares, Chuck has a flash identifying him.
Chuck flashes on two of the Demetrios' henchmen. He uses the details he learned to distract them, as one of the men cheated the other out of money paid out for a hit.

Reception

IGN scored the episode an 8.7 out of 10, particularly touting the scene between Sarah and Lester at the Wienerlicious. However they were less thrilled about the revealing of Bryce. Although the reviewer appreciated the manner in which the revelation was made and the impact Bryce's return would have on the show, promotion of the episode heavily focused on a surprising twist while showing the container opening. Matthew Bomer's name was also listed in the guest credits at the top of the episode, further spoiling the ending. Total Sci-Fi also echoes the spoiling of the ending.

TVSquad felt the Buy More plot was underdeveloped, but that Morgan was beginning to evolve and come into his own as a character. The ending of Chuck and Lou's relationship was also criticized as somewhat abrupt.

"Chuck Versus the Imported Hard Salami" drew 7.8 million viewers, for a score of 3.1.

References to popular culture

 After witnessing Chuck's perceived dumping of Sarah, Lester and Jeff reference the Pat Benatar song "Heartbreaker", altering the lyrics to "Heartbreaker, dream maker, love-taker, don't you mess around with Chuck."

References

External links

Imported Hard Salami
2007 American television episodes


The Dusunic languages are a group of languages spoken by the Bisaya and Dusun (including Kadazan and Rungus), and related peoples in the Malaysian province of Sabah on Borneo.

Languages
The Dusunic languages are classified as follows.

Bisaya–Lotud: Brunei Bisaya, Sabah Bisaya, Lotud
Dusun: Central Dusun–Coastal Kadazan, Kuijau, Papar, Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan, Kota Marudu Talantang, Kimaragang–Tebilung–Rungus, Klias River Kadazan

Dumpas may also belong here.

Not all languages spoken by the Dusun people belong to this group; the East Barito languages include several which are also named 'Dusun'.

Lobel (2016)
Lobel (2016) covers the following Dusunic languages:
Rungus
Kadazan Papar
Kadazan Kimanis
Kadazan Membakut
Kujau
Minokok
Sungai Kinabatangan
Dusun Talantang
Dusun Tambunan
Dusun Tobilung
Dusun Liwan
Dusun Bundu
Dumpas

References

King, Julie K., and John Wayne King. 1984. Languages of Sabah: A survey report. C-78. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University.
Lobel, Jason William. 2016. North Borneo Sourcebook: Vocabularies and Functors. University of Hawaii Press.


Alexander Rudolf Hohlfeld (December 29, 18651956) was a professor of German at the University of Wisconsin from 1901 until 1936.

Early and professional life
Hohlfeld was born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, in 1865 to Karl Gottlieb Hohlfeld and Helene (maiden name Libbert) Hohlfeld. He attended high school at the Annen Realschule in Dresden, Germany.  Thereafter he studied modern languages from 1884 until 1888, receiving a doctorate at the University of Leipzig in 1888.  He studied in Paris in 1889 and thereafter he was an instructor in French at Vanderbilt University from 1889-90.  In 1890 he married Helen Voss from Elgin, Illinois.   Hohlfeld was an adjunct professor of Romance languages at Vanderbilt from 1890-2, then professor of Germanic languages from 1892–1901, becoming dean of that department at Vanderbilt in 1900-1.  In 1904, Hohlfeld was appointed chairman of the University of Wisconsin German department, holding this position until his retirement in 1936. Helmut Rehder, whose doctorate was from the University of Heidelberg, Germany, was his successor as department chairman.

Accomplishments
Hohlfeld became a contributing editor to Americana Germanica in 1898.  He then became chairman of the Central division of the Modern Language Association of America  in 1904.  He was also a member of the  Modern Language Association of England, the Goethe-Gesellschaft (Goethe Society) in Weimar, the Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft (German Shakespeare Society), the Deutsche Bibliographische Gesellschaft (German Bibliography Society), the Gesellschaft für Theatergeschichte (Society for the History of Theater) of Berlin, and the Sächsicher Neuphilogen-Verband (Saxonian New Philology Union).
His life's work as a scholar of the German language was recognized by the City of Frankfurt Germany with the Goethe Plaque in 1951.

A residence house within Ogg Hall dormitory, which opened in 2007 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, carries his name.

References

1865 births
1956 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of German faculty
Professors of German in the United States
Presidents of the Modern Language Association
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States


Hugh Carroll Frazer (February 22, 1891 – July 9, 1975) was born in the Martinsburg, West Virginia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1912. He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914. Frazer was also a veteran of World War I and World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Ensign
Organization: U.S. Navy
Born:Martinsburg, W. Va.
Entered service at: West Virginia
Place/Date: Vera Cruz, Mexico, 22 April 1914
Date of issue: 12/04/1915

Citation:

For extraordinary heroism in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914. During this engagement, Ens. Frazer ran forward to rescue a wounded man, exposing himself to hostile fire and that of his own men. Having accomplished the mission, he returned at once to his position in line.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

References

External links

1891 births
1975 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Naval Academy alumni
Military personnel from Martinsburg, West Virginia
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
Battle of Veracruz (1914) recipients of the Medal of Honor


Padma Shri Ram Nath Shastri, known as the "Father of Dogri" for his pivotal role in the revival and resurgence of the Dogri language, was born on 15 April 1914.

In 2001, he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, awarded by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, the highest literary honour conferred by the Government of India.

Early life and career
Prof. Shastri's father, Vaid Gauri Shankar, was an Ayurvedic doctor and originally belonged to a small village Marhi in Reasi tehsil of Udhampur district (now Reasi district). For better prospects, he moved to Jammu. Initially, he wanted Ram Nath to adopt the same profession and instructed him to learn Sanskrit. All ancient scriptures being in Sanskrit, it would be immensely helpful as an Ayurvedic doctor. He joined Ranbir Sanskrit Pathshala at the Ranbir High School.  After which, he did post graduation in Sanskrit and Prabhakar in Hindi.  He started his career as a high school Sanskrit teacher for 5 years and later he became a college lecturer.

In 1944, on the day of Basant Panchami, along with a few friends, he established the Dogri Sanstha. Every upcoming writer in the Dogri language would first enroll himself in the Sanstha. He also edited the Dogri literary periodical Nami Chetna of the Sanstha. In 1970, on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Celebration of Dogri Sanstha, he edited the RAJAT JAYANTI GRANTH in which research oriented articles on Dogra life, art, culture, literature and history were put together.

In 1970, he retired as a professor in the J&K State Education Department. From 1970 to 1975 he has been a Senior Fellow of Dogri in the University of Jammu.

From 1977 to 1985, as Chief Editor in J&K Cultural Academy he edited the 'Dogri – Dogri Dictionary′.

He died on 8 March 2009, in Jemmu.

Books
 Dharti Da Rin
 Badnami Di Chhan (1976)
 Talkhiyan
 Kalamkaar Charan Singh
 Naman Gran- Dogri Play (with co-authors Dinu Bhai Pant and Ram Kumar Abrol)
 Bawa Jitto
 Jhakdian Kiran
 Duggar De Lok Nayak

Translations
 Six Upanishads
 Bhartrharis's NEETI SHATAK
 Shudraka's Mricchakatikam (1989)
 Four short plays of BHASA
 Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali, Balidan, Malini and Dakghar
 Mahatama Gandhi's autobiography –My experiments with Truth
 Vinoda Bhave's Gita Pravachan
 C.Rajagopalachari's Ramayana
 Dharamveer Bharati's Andha Yug
 Gorki's Lower Depths

Honors and awards
 2001—59th Sahitya Akademi Fellowship-highest literary honour conferred by the Government of India for his contribution to Dogri Language
 1990—Padma Shri Award, India's fourth highest civilian honour for Literature & Education
 1994—D.Litt. (Honoris Causa) from University of Jammu
 1977—Sahitya Akademi Award for his short story collection – Badnami Di Chaan
 1991—State Akademi Award for the collection of Dogri gazals – TALKHIYAN
 1989—Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize in 1989 for the Dogri Translation of the Sanskrit Drama, Mrichakatika   as Mitti Di Gaddi.
 1981—State Academy Award for his Dogri prose work – Duggar De Lok Nayak.

References

External links
seminar on life of Prof. Ram Nath Shastri commences, December 9, 2010
Jammu Writers & Authors
Two decades of Dogri literature --- Shivanath

1914 births
2009 deaths
Dogri language
Indian male short story writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Dogri
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Translators from Sanskrit
People from Reasi district
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian translators
20th-century Indian short story writers
Poets from Jammu and Kashmir
Indian male poets
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Dramatists and playwrights from Jammu and Kashmir
20th-century Indian male writers
Academic staff of the University of Jammu
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation


The foundation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, dates to 1721, at the site of a bâton rouge or "red stick" Muscogee boundary marker. It became the state capital of Louisiana in 1849.

Prehistory

Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to about 8000 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, and Amite rivers.
Earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC.
Proto-Muskogean divided into its daughter languages by about 1000 BC; a cultural boundary between either side of  Mobile Bay and the Black Warrior River begins to appear between about 1200 BC and 500 BC, the Middle "Gulf Formational Stage".  Eastern Muskogean  began  to  diversify  internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD.
The early Muskogean nations were the bearers of the Mississippian culture which formed around AD 800.
By the time the Spanish made their first forays inland from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico in the early 16th century, many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned, the region at the time presenting as a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups.

Colonial period

1699–1763: French period

French explorer Sieur d'Iberville led an exploration party up the Mississippi River in 1699.
The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayagoula tribal hunting grounds. The French name  le bâton rouge ("the red pole") is the translation of a native term rendered as
Istrouma,  possibly a corruption of the Choctaw iti humma "red pole";
André-Joseph Pénicaut, a carpenter traveling with d'Iberville, published the first full-length account of the expedition in 1723. According to Pénicaut,

From there [Manchacq] we went five leagues higher and found very high banks called écorts in that region, and in savage called Istrouma which means red stick [bâton rouge], as at this place there is a post painted red that the savages have sunk there to mark the land line between the two nations, namely: the land of the Bayagoulas which they were leaving and the land of another nation—thirty leagues upstream from the baton rouge—named the Oumas.

See also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scott's Bluff, on what is now the campus of Southern University. It was reportedly a thirty-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists.

1763–1779: British period

On February 10, 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed following France's defeat by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War. France ceded its territory in North America to Britain and Spain; Britain gained all French lands east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans.

During the Great Expulsion concurrent with the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War, British colonial officers expelled about 11,000 Acadians from Acadia from eastern Canada. Many were transported to France and subsequently resettled in southern Louisiana (New Spain); they settled in an area west and south of Baton Rouge that would come to be known as Acadiana. The first group of Acadian settlers arrived in 1765, with Joseph Broussard.  (At this point the Mississippi River was the dividing line between the newly-Spanish jurisdiction on the west, including Acadiana, and the newly-British West Florida, including Baton Rouge, on the east side.)

Eventually the settlers began calling themselves Cajuns, a name derived from Acadians (French: Acadiens.) They maintained a separate culture from that of later Anglo-American Protestant settlers, continuing their traditions of distinct clothing, music, food, and Catholic faith. Today their descendants are part of the rich cultural "stew" of the Baton Rouge area.

Baton Rouge, now part of the newly established British province of West Florida, suddenly had strategic significance as the southwesternmost corner of British North America.  Spain for a period had rule of New Orleans and all of the former French lands on the west side of the Mississippi River. They administered numerous historically-French colonial towns, such as St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve in present-day Missouri.

Baton Rouge slowly developed as a town under British rule. The authorities, headquartered in Pensacola, awarded land grants and were successful in attracting European-American settlers.  When the older British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America rebelled, beginning in 1775, the newer colony of West Florida — lacking a history of local government and distrustful of the potentially hostile Spanish nearby — remained loyal to the British Crown.

In 1778 during the American Revolutionary War, France declared war on Britain, and in 1779 Spain followed suit. That year, the Spanish Governor Don Bernardo de Gálvez led a militia of nearly 1,400 soldiers and a small contingent of rebellious English-speaking colonials from New Orleans toward Baton Rouge. They were victorious in the Battle of Fort Bute and the naval Battle of Lake Pontchartrain, before capturing the recently constructed Fort New Richmond in the Battle of Baton Rouge. Spanish officials renamed the site Fort San Carlos and took control of Baton Rouge.

At the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, Great Britain turned West Florida over to Spain.

1779–1810: Spanish period

A colony of Pennsylvania German farmers migrated north from Bayou Manchac, after a series of floods in the 1780s, and settled to the south of Baton Rouge. Known locally as "Dutch Highlanders" ("Dutch" being a corruption of Deutsch, in reference to their language), they settled along a line of bluffs that served as barrier to the Mississippi River floodplain.

Historic Highland Road, located in the heart of present-day Baton Rouge, was originally established as a supply road for the indigo and cotton plantations of the early settlers. The ethnic Germans named two major roads in the area, Essen and Siegen lanes, after cities in Germany. The Kleinpeter and Staring families were among the most prominent of the early German families in the area.  Their descendants have remained active in local business affairs since.

In 1800, the Tessier-Lafayette buildings were built on what is now Lafayette Street and survive today.  Development of sections followed. In 1805, the Spanish administrator, the Francophone creole Don Carlos Louis Boucher de Grand Pré, commissioned a plan for the area today known as Spanish Town. In 1806, Elias Beauregard led a planning commission for what is today known as Beauregard Town.

Statehood to Civil War

1810–1812: Republic of West Florida & Orleans Territory

As a result of the United States' 1803 Louisiana Purchase, it gained the former French territory in North America (retroceded by Spain to France). At that point, Spanish West Florida was almost entirely surrounded by the United States and its possessions. The Spanish fort at Baton Rouge became the only non-U.S. military post on the Mississippi River.

Several of the inhabitants of the Baton Rouge District began to organize conventions to plan a rebellion, among them Fulwar Skipwith, a Baton Rouge citizen. At least one meeting was held in a house on a street which has since been renamed Convention Street, in their honor. On September 23, 1810, the rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Fort San Carlos; they unfurled the flag of the new Republic of West Florida, known as the Bonnie Blue Flag. The West Florida Republic existed for almost ninety (90) days, during which St. Francisville in present-day West Feliciana Parish served as its capital.

Seizing the opportunity, President James Madison ordered W. C. C. Claiborne to move in and seize the fledgling republic to annex into the Territory of Orleans. Madison used the premise that the territory had been a part of the U.S. since 1803, citing the terms of the Louisiana Purchase, an explanation largely believed to be a deliberate error. The rebels provided no resistance to Claiborne's forces. With minor resentment, they watched the "Stars and Stripes" raised on December 10, 1810.  For the first time, nearly all of the land that would become the state of Louisiana lay within U.S. territorial borders.

1812–1860: Early statehood & incorporation as capital

In 1812, Louisiana was admitted to the Union as a state, and in 1817 Baton Rouge was incorporated. As the town was a strategic military post, between 1819 and 1822 the U.S. Army built the Pentagon Barracks, which became a major command post through the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). Lieutenant Colonel Zachary Taylor supervised construction of the Pentagon Barracks and served as its commander. In the 1830s, what is known today as the "Old Arsenal" was built. The unique structure originally served as a gunpowder magazine for the U.S. Army post.

In 1825, Baton Rouge was visited by the Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolution, as part of his triumphal tour of the United States. The town feted him as the guest of honor at a banquet and ball. To celebrate the occasion and honor him, the city changed the name of Second Street to Lafayette Street.

In 1849, the Louisiana state legislature in New Orleans, dominated in number by wealthy rural planters, decided to move the seat of government to Baton Rouge. The majority of representatives feared a concentration of power in the state's largest city and the continuing strong influence of French Creoles in politics. In 1840, New Orleans' population was slightly over 102,000, then the third-largest city in the United States. Its thriving economy was largely sustained by the by-products of the domestic slave trade in addition to shipping; the city itself was the largest slave market in the nation.  Products from the center of the country flowed through New Orleans for export, and ships arrived with a range of goods for the city and for towns and cities upriver.  The 1840 population of Baton Rouge, on the other hand, was only 2,269.

New York architect James H. Dakin was hired to design the new capitol in Baton Rouge.  Rather than mimic the federal Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., as so many other capitol designers had done, he conceived a neo-Gothic medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellations, overlooking the Mississippi. In 1859, the Capitol was featured and favorably described in DeBow's Review, the most prestigious periodical in the antebellum South. But the riverboat pilot and writer Mark Twain loathed the sight; later in his Life on the Mississippi (1874), he wrote, "It is pathetic ... that a whitewashed castle, with turrets and things ... should ever have been built in this otherwise honorable place."

Twain wrote further of the city:

Baton Rouge was clothed in flowers, like a bride—no, much more so; like a greenhouse. For we were in the absolute South now—no modifications, no compromises, no half-way measures. The magnolia trees in the Capitol grounds were lovely and fragrant, with their dense rich foliage and huge snowball blossoms. ... We were certainly in the South at last; for here the sugar region begins, and the plantations—vast green levels, with sugar-mill and negro quarters clustered together in the middle distance—were in view.

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade and transportation. By the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the population had more than doubled to nearly 5,500 people. The Civil War halted economic progress, but the city was not physically affected until it was occupied by Union forces in 1862.

1860–1865: Civil War

The first state to secede was South Carolina in December 1860; other states soon followed.

In January 1861, Louisiana elected delegates to a state convention to decide the state's course of action. The convention voted for secession 112 to 17. Baton Rouge raised a number of volunteer companies for Confederate service, including the Pelican Rifles, the Delta Rifles, the Creole Guards, and the Baton Rouge Fencibles; about one-third of the town's male population eventually volunteered.

The Confederates gave up Baton Rouge (which had a population of 5,429 in 1860) with little resistance, deciding to consolidate their forces elsewhere. In May 1862, Union troops entered the city and began the occupation of Baton Rouge. Confederate soldiers made only one attempt to retake Baton Rouge. However, even with the assistance of an elite group known as the Barbarians—which was based in Louisiana—they were outnumbered and outgunned. The town was severely damaged. However, Baton Rouge escaped the extreme devastation faced by cities that were major conflict points during the Civil War, and it still has many structures that predate it.

Reconstruction to Civil rights era

1865–1900: Reconstruction era

The migration of many freedmen into towns and cities in the South was reflected in growth in the black population of Baton Rouge. They moved out of rural areas to escape white control and to seek jobs and education more available in towns, as well as the safety of being in their own communities. In 1860, blacks (mostly slaves) made up nearly one-third of the town's population. By the 1880 U.S. census, Baton Rouge was 60 percent black. It was not until the 1920 census that the white population of Baton Rouge exceeded 50 percent of the total.

During the Reconstruction Era, state-level offices were located in New Orleans, which was a base for U.S. troops. Elections after 1868 were increasingly accompanied by violence and fraud as whites sought to regain power and suppress black voting. Following a disputed gubernatorial election in 1872, in 1874 thousands of paramilitary White League members took over state government buildings in New Orleans for several days. Blacks continued to be elected to local office. Before the end of Reconstruction, signified by the withdrawal of Federal troops in 1877, the white Democratic Party politicians regained control of the state's and the city's political institutions. They had benefited from the violence and intimidation by white paramilitary groups such as the White League to suppress black voting.

By 1880, Baton Rouge was recovering economically from the war years. The city's population that year reached 7,197, while its boundaries were unchanged. The biracial coalition of the Reconstruction years had been replaced at the state level by white Democrats who loathed the Republicans, eulogized the Confederacy, and preached white supremacy. At the end of the century, white Democrats in the state legislature effectively disenfranchised freedmen and other blacks, including educated Louisiana Creole people, through changes to voter registration laws and the state constitution. They passed laws imposing legal racial segregation and "Jim Crow," imposing second-class status on African Americans. This system held into the 1960s until after passage of Federal civil rights legislation.

In 1886, a statue of a Confederate soldier was dedicated at the corner of Third Street and North Boulevard, in honor of those who fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War. In the early 21st century, the statue was removed to enable construction, beginning in 2010, of the North Boulevard Town Square, located directly behind the Old Louisiana State Capitol. After construction is completed, the statue is to be installed at a final site on the grounds of the Old Capitol building.

In the 1890s, a more management-oriented style of conservatism developed among whites in the city that continued into the early 20th century. Increased civic-mindedness and the arrival of the Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway stimulated investments in the local economy, attracted new businesses, and led to the development of more forward-looking leadership.

1900–1953: Early to mid-20th century

The city constructed new waterworks, promoted widespread electrification of homes and businesses, and they passed several large bond issues for the construction of public buildings, new schools (which were racially segregated), paving of streets, drainage and sewer improvements, and the establishment of a municipal public health department. Due to the exclusion of blacks from politics via disfranchisement, the segregated facilities and residential areas for African Americans were under-funded. This segment of the population was under-served in general, although they received no relief from paying taxes.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Baton Rouge was being industrialized due to its strategic location for the production of petroleum, natural gas, and salt. In 1909 the Standard Oil Company (predecessor of present-day ExxonMobil) built a facility that lured other petrochemical firms. Although the waterfront was flooded in 1912, the city escaped extensive damage then and during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 — which did extensive damage in Arkansas and the Mississippi Delta.

In 1932, during the Great Depression, Governor Huey P. Long directed the construction of a new Louisiana State Capitol, a public works project that was also a symbol of modernization. He also expanded and improved facilities to provide for the welfare of the people.  The growth of the state government contributed to growth in related businesses and amenities for the city. Near the same time, both the Louisiana Institute for the Blind and the School for the Deaf and Dumb were built in Baton Rouge.

Throughout World War II, military demand for increased production at local chemical plants contributed to the growth of the city, generating many new defense jobs. In the late 1940s, Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish became a consolidated city/parish with a mayor/president leading the government. It was one of the first cities in the nation to consolidate with county government. The parish surrounds three other incorporated cities: Baker, Zachary, and Central.

1953–1968: Civil rights era

In 1953 Baton Rouge was the site of the first bus boycott by African Americans of the civil rights movement. On June 20, 1953 black citizens of Baton Rouge began an organized boycott of the segregated municipal bus system that lasted for eight days. As they made up 80% of the riders, their boycott strongly affected city revenues and they objected to having the number of seats they could use be limited and to being forced to give up seats to white riders. The boycott served as the model for the more famous Montgomery bus boycott of 1955–1956.

The boycott was led by the newly formed United Defense League (UDL), under the direction of Willis Reed, later publisher of the Baton Rouge newspaper; Reverend T. J. Jemison and Raymond Scott. A volunteer "free ride" system, coordinated through black churches, supported the efforts and helped provide transportation for African Americans. In response to the boycott, the Baton Rouge city council adopted an ordinance that changed segregated seating so that black patrons would be enabled to fill up seats from the rear forward and whites would fill seats from front to back, both on a first-come-first-served basis. They avoided problems of an earlier ordinance by stipulating that the races did not sit in the same rows. In the view of many historians, the boycott's success in getting justice for black bus riders led the way for larger organized efforts within the civil rights movement. The actions and participants were commemorated June 19–21, 2003, on the 50th anniversary of the boycott. A community forum and events were held by Southern University and Louisiana State University.

The wave of student sit-ins that started in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, reached Baton Rouge on March 28 when seven Southern University (SU) students were arrested for sitting-in at a Kress lunch counter to seek service. Public education was still segregated and SU was a historically black college. The following day, nine more students were arrested for sitting-in at the Greyhound Lines bus terminal. The next day Major Johns, an SU student and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) member, led more than 3,000 students on a march to the state capitol to protest segregation and the arrests.

Major Johns and the 16 students arrested for sitting-in were expelled from SU and barred from all public colleges and universities in the state, threatening their education and future livelihoods. SU students organized a class boycott to win reinstatement of the expelled students. Fearing for the safety of their children, many parents withdrew their sons and daughters from the college. Eventually, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the convictions of the arrested students. In 2004 they were awarded honorary degrees by Southern University and the state legislature passed a resolution in their honor.

In October 1961, SU students Ronnie Moore, Weldon Rougeau and Patricia Tate revived the Baton Rouge CORE chapter. After negotiations with downtown merchants failed to end segregation in retail stores, they called for a consumer boycott in early December, at the start of the busy holiday shopping season. Fourteen CORE pickets supporting the boycott were arrested in mid-December and held in jail for a month. More than 1,000 SU students marched to the state capitol on December 15 to protest. Police attacked them with dogs and tear-gas, and arrested more than 50 of them. Thousands rallied on the SU campus against segregation and in support of the arrested students. To prevent further disturbances, SU administrators closed the campus four days early for Christmas vacation .

In January 1962, U.S. Federal Judge Gordon West issued an injunction against CORE that banned all forms of protest of any kind at SU. The university expelled many activist students and state police troopers occupied the campus to quell further protests. Judge West's order was finally overturned by a higher court in 1964, but during the intervening years, civil rights activity was effectively suppressed.

In February 1962, Dion Diamond, a Freedom Rider and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) field secretary, was arrested for entering the SU campus to meet with students. He was charged with "criminal anarchy" — attempting to overthrow the government of the State of Louisiana. SNCC Chairman Chuck McDew and white field secretary Bob Zellner were also arrested and charged with "criminal anarchy" when they visited Diamond in jail. Zellner was put in a cell with white prisoners, who attacked him as a "race-mixer" while the guards looked on. After years of legal proceedings, the charges against Diamond were dropped, but Diamond was forced to serve 60 days for other charges. In 1964 and 1965, passage of federal civil rights legislation ended legal segregation and began to enforce African Americans' constitutional rights as citizens to vote and sit on juries.

Late 20th century to present
In the 1970s, Baton Rouge experienced a boom in the petrochemical industry that resulted in expansion of the city away from the original center, resulting in the modern suburban sprawl. In recent years, however, government and business have begun a move back to the central district. A building boom that began in the 1990s continues today.

At the turn of the 21st century, Baton Rouge maintained steady population growth and became a technological leader among cities in the South. Earning a rank of Number 1 on the list of America's most wired cities (more wired than New Orleans and most of the 25 largest cities in the United States), Baton Rouge integrated advanced traffic camera systems, an extensive municipal broadband wireless network, and an advanced cellular telecommunications network into the city infrastructure. The city's 2000 Census population surpassed 225,000, exceeding that of regionally comparable cities including Mobile and Montgomery in Alabama and Corpus Christi in Texas.

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Although the damage was relatively minor in Baton Rouge, the city had power outages and service disruptions due to the hurricane. In addition, the city provided refuge for residents from New Orleans. Baton Rouge served as a headquarters for Federal (on site) and State emergency coordination and disaster relief in Louisiana.

By the end of the 2000s decade, Baton Rouge was one of the largest mid-sized American business cities and one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas with populations under 1 million — with 633,261 residents in 2000 and an estimated 750,000 in 2008. (Baton Rouge's city population mushroomed after Hurricane Katrina as residents from the New Orleans metropolitan area moved to escape the devastation; estimates in late 2005 put the displaced population at about 200,000 in the Baton Rouge area.  Most returned to their original locations.)

Due to the hurricane refugees returning home and native Baton Rouge residents migrating to outlying parishes such as Livingston and Ascension, the U.S. Census Bureau in its 2007–08 estimate designated Baton Rouge as the second-fastest city in declining population. Baton Rouge has embarked on a process of urban growth and renewal, concentrating on downtown attractions. North Boulevard Town Square, for instance, provides both a place for city-center events and re-creates a connection to the river.

See also
 Timeline of Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 History of Louisiana

References

Further reading

 Meyers, Rose.   A History of Baton Rouge, 1699-1812 (1976)


The Miss Perú 2008 was held on May 1, 2008. That year, only 16 candidates were competing for the national crown. The chosen winner represented Peru at the Miss Universe 2008 pageant which was held in Vietnam. The Miss Earth Perú would enter in Miss Earth 2008. The first runner up would enter in Miss Continente Americano 2008. The second runner up would in Miss Tourism World 2008.

Placements

Special Awards

 Best Regional Costume - Cuzco - Claudia Carrasco
 Miss Photogenic - Arequipa - Leslie Bejarano
 Miss Elegance - Cuzco - Claudia Carrasco
 Miss Body - USA Perú - Johanna Botta
 Best Hair - Arequipa - Leslie Bejarano
 Miss Congeniality - Ica - Tania Chau
 Most Beautiful Face - La Libertad - Giosiana Huby
 Best Smile - Amazonas - Viviana Guerrero Landa
 Miss Internet - Loreto - Giuliana Zevallos

Delegates

Amazonas - Viviana Guerrero
Arequipa - Leslie Bejarano Flores
Ayacucho - Luciana Higueras
Chiclayo - María Paola Chirinos
Cuzco - Claudia Carrasco
Ica - Tania Chau
La Libertad - Giosiana Huby Ceasar
Lambayeque - Vanessa Chanta

Loreto - Giuliana Zevallos
Piura - Karla Aguilar
Region Lima - Jimena Espinosa Vecco
San Martín - Diana Rodríguez
Tacna - Angela Ascuna
Trujillo - Karol Castillo
Tumbes - Raquel García Aguirre
USA Perú - Johanna Botta

Background Music

Opening Show - Bananarama - "Love In The First Degree"
Swimsuit Competition - Beyoncé & JAY Z - "Crazy In Love"
Evening Gown Competition – Boyzone - "Love Me For A Reason"

References

External links
Miss Peru '08

Miss Peru
2008 in Peru
2008 beauty pageants


New College Berkeley is an Gospel-centered, ecumenical graduate school of Christian studies and spiritual formation.  It is located near the campus of the University of California, Berkeley and is affiliated with the nearby Graduate Theological Union.

The purpose of New College Berkeley is to provide resources to bring God's presence into the public world of work, politics, civic life and academia, as well as the private spaces of discipleship, family and friendship.    All of the approximately 200 students each year are enrolled part-time in various courses, seminars and conferences.

History
New College Berkeley was established in 1977 by a group of Christians, including pastors and scholars, with the aim of offering interdisciplinary, graduate-level Christian studies for people seeking to integrate their faith with their lives.  In this mission, New College Berkeley is similar to schools such as Regent College in Vancouver, BC and the Toronto Institute for Christian Studies.  The founding director, Dr. David W. Gill, co-founder Rev. Earl Palmer and the college's first president, Dr. W. Ward Gasque (1979-1982) brought to the school a firm commitment to the priesthood of all believers and emphasized a strong, biblically based Christian orthodoxy.

In 1983 Dr. William Dyrness became president.  He was succeeded in the presidency by Dr. David Gill (1986-1989), Dr. Richard Benner (1990-1993), Steven Pattie (1993-1994) and Dr. Susan S. Phillips (1994–2022, serving as executive director).  From 1994 to 2016, Sharon Gallagher served as associate director. Starting in 2022, Craig Wong and Tim Tseng joined as co-executive directors.

New College Berkeley was an independent, degree-granting institution for more than ten years.  It acquired WASC candidacy in 1988 and in 1993 became an affiliate of Berkeley's Graduate Theological Union.  Since 1994, all for-credit courses are under the umbrella of the GTU, through whose catalog such courses are offered every semester.

Academic programs
New College Berkeley offers programs in biblical studies, church history, ethics, spirituality and various integrative subjects, taught by both resident and visiting faculty with expertise in these disciplines.   The school cultivates spiritual community and growth through small classes and spiritual direction groups, and does so with participants from various denominational affiliations and walks of life. New College Berkeley is one of the first Christian Study Centers in the United States, is a member of the Consortium of Christian Study Centers and provides support to students of the University of California.

Notable faculty and lecturers
 Bernard Adeney, Christian ethicist and scholar of interfaith relations
 Robert N. Bellah, sociologist
 Patricia Benner, ethicist and scholar of nursing practice
 Joel B. Green, New Testament scholar, Fuller Theological Seminary
 Carl F. H. Henry, theologian and first editor of Christianity Today
 Mark Labberton, President, Fuller Theological Seminary
 Marilyn McEntyre, visiting professor of Christianity and literature
Earl Palmer, pastor and theologian
 John M. Perkins, urban missionary and scholar
 Eugene H. Peterson, pastor, scholar, author, and poet
 Luci Shaw, poet
 John Stott, prominent leader of the Evangelical movement

See also

 List of evangelical seminaries and theological colleges

References

External links
 New College Berkeley
 Consortium of Christian Study Centers

Seminaries and theological colleges in California
Educational institutions established in 1977
Education in Berkeley, California
1977 establishments in California
Graduate Theological Union


Washington Nuclear Project Nos. 1 and 4, abbreviated as WNP-1 and WNP-4 were two of the five nuclear power plants on which construction was started by the Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS) in order to meet projected electricity demand in the Pacific Northwest. WNP-1, WNP-2 and WNP-3 were part of the original 1968 plan, with WNP-4 (a twin to WNP-1 and located at the same site) and WNP-5 (a twin to WNP-3, in similar fashion) added in the early 1970s.

WNP-1 and -4 are located on , within the boundaries of the Hanford Reservation in the U.S. state of Washington, approximately  east of the Columbia Generating Station. The WNP-1 site has been selected as a  location for small modular reactors: Washington Xe-100 reactor site.

History
The Site Certification Agreement was approved in 1975, with construction commencing on both units later that year. Labor disputes at Hanford halted construction on WNP-1, -2 and -4 in 1980 and the forecast electric demand had failed to materialize, prompting WPPSS to install new management and re-evaluate the cost and schedule for all five nuclear projects. In 1982, the Bonneville Power Administration, which had encouraged and was responsible for funding the construction of the initial three projects, had to decide between shutting down construction on WNP-1 or WNP-3. Construction continued on WNP-3 since WNP-3 was partly owned by public utilities and was slightly ahead of schedule, and WNP-1 entered an extended construction delay in April 1982 when it was approximately 63% complete.

Equipment and structures at WNP-1 were preserved to enable the resumption of construction at a later date, based on regional energy forecasts showing surplus power generation would disappear by 1990, but preservation was terminated in 1995. However, the low humidity has maintained the structures in a reasonable condition. The co-owners of WNP-4 and WNP-5 planned to fund similar preservation measures for a potential construction restart, but could not agree on funding obligations, and WNP-4 was canceled in January 1982 at approximately 24% complete.

With the shutdown of the nearby N-Reactor in 1987, a Department of Energy proposal to complete and convert WNP-1 to a tritium-producing reactor for the production of nuclear weapons materials was advanced. Senator Brock Adams and Representative Sid Morrison commissioned reports detailing the issues involved. Public reaction to the conversion proposal was mostly negative. WPPSS advanced a separate proposal to convert both WNP-1 and WNP-2 to dispose of highly enriched uranium and plutonium by using it as mixed-oxide fuel.

WPPSS's successor, Energy Northwest, submitted a revised site restoration plan in 1999 proposing several different alternative levels of restoration, ranging from putting a fence around the incomplete units to full demolition of all structures. Under EFSEC Resolution No. 302, a revised 'Level 3D' restoration is acceptable, which retains major structures such as the containment, turbine pedestal and auxiliary building. The final agreed-upon restoration adopts a two-phase site restoration, which retains major structures and utility infrastructure for potential reuse in the near-term. The containment building at WNP-1 is slated to be retained, but the containment at WNP-4 will be demolished to approximately 25 feet above grade and sealed with a concrete cap in the long term.

In 2001, regional electricity shortages led to Energy Northwest's withdrawal of a request to terminate the construction permit for WNP-1. Instead, Energy Northwest commissioned a series of studies regarding the feasibility of restarting construction on WNP-1 and in 2002, the NRC extended construction permit CPPR-134 for WNP-1 to 2011, pending study results. These studies included one by Bechtel for a cost- and time-to-complete analysis, another study by R. W. Beck to independently assess Bechtel's methodology, a study by the Energy Northwest senior management team, and an industrial/political feasibility study by the lobbying group Goldschmidt-Imeson, which was founded by former Oregon governor Neil Goldschmidt. The studies concluded that restarting construction on WNP-1 was technically feasible but not cost-effective, with cost of completion estimated at . As a result, Energy Northwest requested termination of the construction license, which was received on February 8, 2007.

TVA revived its terminated construction license for two similar partially completed units at the Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station and decided to proceed with staffing and long lead item ordering for completion of Unit 1.  TVA then sold the site on November 14, 2016, to Nuclear Development LLC which planned to complete both units for about $13 billion starting in 2018 although the sale was cancelled by TVA on November 30, 2018. Nuclear Development, LLC filed a lawsuit in Federal District Court seeking to force TVA to complete the sale. The lawsuit was finally decided in favor of TVA which withdrew its construction permits in September 2021. Even so, this potential restart of a similar power plant indicated that it may be feasible to revive the construction license and complete WNP-1 if desired and needed.

However, in late 2020 the federal government awarded two $80 million initial fundings to build the TerraPower and X-energy reactors at sites 4 and 1 respectively within the next 5 to 7 years which appears to end any chance of completing WNP-1.

Design
The pressurized water reactor nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) for WNP-1 and -4 was being manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox. The B&W 205 design was ordered for WNP-1 and -4 as well as for the two units at Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station and , but only Mülheim-Kärlich was completed. Elements of the design are similar to earlier B&W NSSSes installed at Davis Besse, ANO-1, Crystal River 3, Three Mile Island, Oconee and Rancho Seco.

WNP-1/4 would have received make-up water from the adjacent Columbia River and was equipped with forced-draft low-profile cooling towers and a spray pond.

Skagit/Hanford
WNP-1/4 and WNP-2 (now Columbia Generating Station) should not be confused with the proposed Skagit/Hanford plant. Skagit/Hanford was a proposal advanced by a consortium of utilities led by Puget Sound Power & Light (40% share) and joined by Portland General Electric (30%), Pacific Light and Power (20%) and Washington Water Power (10%) to build a two-unit plant north of Seattle in the Skagit Valley. The Skagit site was directly above a major earthquake fault. After the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, Skagit County voters forced the consortium to relocate the proposed Skagit plant to the Hanford site. Skagit/Hanford had not progressed beyond the initial engineering design phases before the plant was scuttled. A 1978 Battelle Northwest report stated the Hanford site could support twenty or more nuclear reactors.

See also
List of nuclear reactors

References

External links

 - WNP-1
 - WNP-4

Buildings and structures in Benton County, Washington
Unfinished nuclear reactors
Nuclear power plants in Washington (state)
Cancelled nuclear power stations in the United States


The Xiamen International Marathon () is an annual marathon race held in January in the coastal city of Xiamen in Fujian province, People's Republic of China. It is one of the prominent marathon races of the year. More than 50,000 runners took part in the race in 2010. The 2013 edition featured 73,896 entrants.

History
The Xiamen International Marathon, which began in 2003 and is deemed by the IAAF as a Gold Label Road Race, is famous for its coastal scenic course. The entire course follows the scenic sections of the coastal city. The 2010 edition of the race had at least 30 instances of cheating, with some runners carrying multiple timing sensors or using public transport mid-course. Judges believed this was due to students attempting to gain bonus points for their National Higher Education Entrance Examinations.

Winners
Key:

Multiple wins

By country

Results

Men

Women

References

External links

 Marathoninfo - Xiamen Marathon

Marathons in China
Recurring sporting events established in 2003
Sport in Xiamen
Winter events in China