Crocidophora is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Julius Lederer in 1863.

Species
Crocidophora acutangulalis (Swinhoe, 1894)
Crocidophora amoenalis Snellen, 1890
Crocidophora argentealis Hampson, 1893
Crocidophora bicoloralis Swinhoe, 1906
Crocidophora caffralis Hampson, 1910
Crocidophora coloratalis Tams in Caradja, 1927
Crocidophora craspedalis Hampson, 1913
Crocidophora cuprotinctalis Caradja, 1932
Crocidophora discolorata Swinhoe, 1894
Crocidophora distinctalis Swinhoe, 1894
Crocidophora elongalis Viette, 1978
Crocidophora exstigmalis Hampson, 1903
Crocidophora fasciata (Moore, 1888)
Crocidophora flavicilialis Snellen, 1890
Crocidophora flavofasciata (Moore, 1888)
Crocidophora habisalis (Walker, 1859)
Crocidophora lutusalis Snellen, 1890
Crocidophora nectariphila Strand, 1918
Crocidophora obscuralis South in Leech & South, 1901
Crocidophora pustuliferalis Lederer, 1863
Crocidophora rufalis Hampson, 1893
Crocidophora sepialis Caradja, 1927
Crocidophora serratissimalis Zeller, 1872
Crocidophora tienmushana Caradja & Meyrick, 1935
Crocidophora tuberculalis Lederer, 1863
Crocidophora zonalis Caradja, 1925

Former species
Crocidophora carapina Strand, 1918
Crocidophora kosemponialis Strand, 1918
Crocidophora sinisalis (Walker, 1859)
Crocidophora velialis Gaede, 1917

References

Crambidae genera
Pyraustinae
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Crypsiptya is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
 Crypsiptya africalis Maes, 2002
 Crypsiptya coclesalis Walker, 1859
 Crypsiptya megaptyona Hampson, 1918
 Crypsiptya mutuuri (Rose & Pajni, 1979)
 Crypsiptya nereidalis Lederer, 1863
 Crypsiptya ruficostalis Hampson, 1918
 Crypsiptya viettalis Marion, 1956

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Cryptobotys is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1956. It is monotypic, with its only species, Cryptobotys zoilusalis, described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Central America (Honduras, Costa Rica, Mexico) and the southern United States, where it has been recorded from Florida.

Description
Adults are cinereous (ash gray) with whitish interior and exterior lines, slightly bordered with brownish. The marginal line is brownish. Adults have been recorded on wing from February to August and from November to December in Florida.

Behaviour and ecology
The larvae feed on Xanthium strumarium.

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Lucia M. Gonzalez is a children's author and librarian. In 2020 she was elected as president of the Association for Library Service to Children of the American Library Association. She was president of REFORMA in 2010-2011.

Personal life
She was born in Caimito del Guayabal, Cuba. She moved with her parents and sister to the United States in 1970, at the age of 12. Since then she has lived in Florida, California, Spain and Venezuela.

Education
She attended North Miami Senior High (1976)
She received her Bachelor of Arts in History from University of California, Santa Barbara in July 1983,
And her Master of Arts, Library and Information Science, from University of South Florida Tampa Bay, Florida, in April 1991.

Career
An accomplished storyteller, puppeteer, and children's librarian, Gonzalez started her career in library services to children in 1987 after receiving the Bachelor of Arts Degree in History from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and while pursuing her Masters in Library Science at the University of South Florida. She is the author of the bilingual books The Bossy Gallito winner of the Pura Belpré Award for Children's Literature Honor Medal and named one of New York Public Library's 100 Picture Books Everyone Should Know; and Señor Cat's Romance and Other Favorite Stories from Latin America, an Americas Award Commended Title. Gonzalez was named the 1998 Jean Key Gates Distinguished Alumna by the University of South Florida School of Library and Information Science. Her book, The Storyteller's Candle is a bilingual picture book illustrated by Lulu Delacre, winner of the 2008 Pura Belpré Children's Literature Honor Medal.

Professional library experience
Library Director, North Miami Public Library (2011–2022)
Associate Director for Programming, Youth Services and Family Literacy, Broward County Library (2004-2009)
Assistant Section Manager. Broward County Library, Youth Services, Main Library (2003)
Programs Coordinator for the Miami-Dade Public Library System (2000–2003)
Children’s Department Manager, West Kendall Regional Library (1994–1999)
Children’s Librarian / Assistant Branch Manager, Hispanic Branch Library (1994–99)
Children’s Outreach Librarian, Imagination Factory (1990–1992)

Professional affiliations
American Library Association (ALA)
Association of Library Service to Children (ALSC)
Ethnic Materials and Information Exchange Round Table (ALA / EMIERT)
Florida Library Association (FLA)
National Storytelling Association (NSA)
REFORMA (The National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking)

Presentations highlights
2021 University of South Florida School of Information Alice G. Smith Lecture "Changing the Face of Librarianship: REFORMA and Library Services to Latino Communities," with Alicia K. Long.
ALA Annual Conferences (1995, 1997, 1998; 2006, 2008) – Presentations included participation in panels discussing Latino children’s literature, bilingual books, bilingual programs and multicultural services in libraries, as well as storytelling performances and multiple author events.
REFORMA National Conference III (2008) – Panel presenter, The Bilingual Mind. Noche de Cuentos @ the Border, program coordinator and performer.
University of South Carolina’s Latino Children’s Literature Conference (2008 and 2009).
Texas Library Association (1995 and 2009) – Author presentation: Latina Heroines Among Us: Writing the Community-Based Biography.
Miami Book Fair International (1996, 2001, 2003, and 2008)-  Author presentations to schools
Novello Festival of Reading (October 1998 and 2008).
International American School of Warsaw (Poland, 1999).
ContArte Festival of the Word (Cuba, 2003) – Storytelling.
National Council of Teachers of English 87th Convention (1997).
Shenandoah University (1997).
Texas Woman’s University Children’s Literature Conferences (1997).

Awards and honors
 2023 Elizabeth Martinez Lifetime Achievement Award.
 2021-2022 President of the Association of Library Service to Children.
 2008 Pura Belpré Children’s Literature Honor Medal for The Storyteller's Candle/La velita de los cuentos.
 1996 ALA/ALSC Pura Belpré Children’s Literature Honor Medal for The Bossy Gallito.
Selected by the USF/SLIS Alumni Society as the School’s 1998 "Outstanding Graduate."

Publications
The Storyteller's Candle / La velita de los cuentos.
Picture Books in Spanish: A Best of the Best Backlist. Criticas Magazine. May/June, 2002.
"Cultural Integration at the Library". Library Services to Youth of Hispanic Heritage: Proceedings from the Trejo Foster Foundation Fourth National Institute. McFarland & Company Inc., 1999.
Señor Cat’s Romance and other Favorite Stories from Latin America.
The Bossy Gallito.
Juan Bobo and the Buñuelos. From Sea to Shining Sea: An Anthology of American Folklore.

References

External links

cynthialeitichsmith.blogspot.com
prweb.com prweb.com
The Storyteller's Candle / Las velita de los cuentos
scholastic.com
libraryjournal.com

1957 births
Living people
American women writers
University of South Florida alumni
21st-century American women
Hispanic and Latino American writers


Cirsium andersonii is a North American species of thistle known by the common names Anderson's thistle and rose thistle. It is native to California, Oregon, and Nevada, where it grows in the woodlands and forest openings of the local high mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada and the southern Cascade Range. It has also been reported from Idaho.

This native thistle is a perennial herb growing erect to a maximum height approaching . It produces one to multiple stems, simple or branching, which may be hairless to quite woolly. The deeply lobed and sharply cut leaves are borne on spiny-winged petioles, the longest toward the base of the plant reaching over  long. The inflorescence bears one or more flower heads, each up to 5 centimeters long by 4 wide at the largest. The head is lined with spiny, purple-tipped phyllaries which curve outward. The head contains many red, purplish, or rose pink flowers, each up to 4.5 centimeters long. The fruit is an achene with a brown body 6 or 7 millimeters long topped with a pappus which may be 4 centimeters in length. The flower heads attract hummingbirds.

It was originally named Cnicus andersonii after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray; its name was later changed to Cirsium andersonii by Petrak.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

andersonii
Plants described in 1874
Flora of the Western United States
Taxa named by Asa Gray
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Hannans was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1901 to 1956.

The district was located on the Eastern Goldfields and was based in the mining districts surrounding Kalgoorlie. It was one of several districts created for the 1901 election at the 1899 redistribution. Upon its creation, it took in the outskirts of Kalgoorlie and Boulder as well as the towns of Feysville and Boorara. While the mostly immigrant population had been in the area for some time, they only got the right to vote at the election due to changes in the electoral law which modified residency requirements.

The seat was at all times held by the Labor Party. It was abolished before the 1956 election in a redistribution, and its area was split between the Kalgoorlie and Boulder electorates.

Members

Election results

References

Hannans
City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder


Cryptocosma is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Cryptocosma perlalis, which is found in Brazil, Suriname and Panama.

References

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Barclosh Castle is a ruined 16th-century tower house situated near Dalbeattie, Dumfries and Galloway.  There remains a section of wall 4 feet thick and 27 feet high.

References
 Coventry, Martin (2001) The Castles of Scotland, 3rd Ed. Scotland: Goblinshead
Maxwell-Irving, A. M. T. (2000) The Border Towers of Scotland, Creedon Publications

External links
 Photo of the castle at scran.ac.uk

Castles in Dumfries and Galloway
Tower houses in Scotland


Cryptographis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
 Cryptographis abruptalis
 Cryptographis aclista
 Cryptographis advenalis
 Cryptographis albianalis
 Cryptographis albicincta
 Cryptographis albifascialis
 Cryptographis albifuscalis
 Cryptographis andringitralis
 Cryptographis angustimarga
 Cryptographis antillia
 Cryptographis argealis
 Cryptographis arguta
 Cryptographis aroalis
 Cryptographis attigua
 Cryptographis auricollis
 Cryptographis auricostalis
 Cryptographis aurogrisealis
 Cryptographis beckeri
 Cryptographis brevilinealis
 Cryptographis brunneacollis
 Cryptographis buscki
 Cryptographis capensis
 Cryptographis celestinalis
 Cryptographis clavata
 Cryptographis columbiana
 Cryptographis contactalis
 Cryptographis costaricalis
 Cryptographis cucurbitalis
 Cryptographis culminalis
 Cryptographis cumalis
 Cryptographis curcubitalis
 Cryptographis damalis
 Cryptographis decapitalis
 Cryptographis deosalis
 Cryptographis dohrni
 Cryptographis eburnealis
 Cryptographis elealis
 Cryptographis elegans
 Cryptographis equicincta
 Cryptographis eumeusalis
 Cryptographis eurytornalis
 Cryptographis euryzonalis
 Cryptographis exclusalis
 Cryptographis fimalis
 Cryptographis fuligalis
 Cryptographis fumosalis
 Cryptographis fuscicaudalis
 Cryptographis fuscicollis
 Cryptographis gazorialis
 Cryptographis gigantalis
 Cryptographis gilvidorsis
 Cryptographis glauculalis
 Cryptographis grisealis
 Cryptographis guatemalalis
 Cryptographis guenealis
 Cryptographis hemicitralis
 Cryptographis holophaealis
 Cryptographis holophoenica
 Cryptographis horocrates
 Cryptographis hyalinalis
 Cryptographis hyalinata
 Cryptographis immaculalis
 Cryptographis indica
 Cryptographis infernalis
 Cryptographis infimalis
 Cryptographis intermedialis
 Cryptographis interpositalis
 Cryptographis jacobsalis
 Cryptographis lacustralis
 Cryptographis latilimbalis
 Cryptographis limitalis
 Cryptographis lucernalis
 Cryptographis lucidalis
 Cryptographis lustralis
 Cryptographis magdalenae
 Cryptographis marginalis
 Cryptographis marginepuncta
 Cryptographis marianalis
 Cryptographis mirabilis
 Cryptographis modialis
 Cryptographis monothyralis
 Cryptographis morosalis
 Cryptographis nigricilialis
 Cryptographis nitidalis
 Cryptographis niveocilia
 Cryptographis novicialis
 Cryptographis ochrivitralis
 Cryptographis oeditornalis
 Cryptographis olealis
 Cryptographis oleosalis
 Cryptographis orthozonalis
 Cryptographis peridromella
 Cryptographis perspectalis
 Cryptographis plumbidorsalis
 Cryptographis polypaetalis
 Cryptographis praxialis
 Cryptographis punctilinealis
 Cryptographis purpurea
 Cryptographis sahlkei
 Cryptographis salmenalis
 Cryptographis satanalis
 Cryptographis schroederi
 Cryptographis semaphoralis
 Cryptographis semibrunnea
 Cryptographis stenocraspis
 Cryptographis subauralis
 Cryptographis subtilalis
 Cryptographis superalis
 Cryptographis taenialis
 Cryptographis terminalis
 Cryptographis translucidalis
 Cryptographis venatalis
 Cryptographis vitralis
 Cryptographis zygaenalis

 Names brought to synonymy
 Cryptographis semirufalis, a synonym for Desmia semirufalis
 Cryptographis rogenhoferi, a synonym for Palpita elealis

References

External links

 Cryptographis at the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Cryptosara is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Cryptosara auralis (Snellen, 1872)
Cryptosara caritalis (Walker, 1859)
Cryptosara vadonalis Marion, 1956

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera


The Thameside Series are two canoe and kayak races organised by Reading Canoe Club, that coincide with the Waterside Series races, organised by Newbury Canoe Club. The two races are Thameside 1 (a 12-mile race from Aldermaston, Berkshire to Reading), and Thameside 2 (a 19-mile race starting at Reading and ending in Marlow, Buckinghamshire).

Thameside 1
Starting from Aldermaston Bridge, Thameside 1 is a 12-mile, 13 portage time trial down the Kennet & Avon Canal, through Reading town centre and out onto the River Thames. A left turn where the mouth of the Kennet meets the Thames takes competitors upstream and over Caversham Lock, finishing upstream of Caversham Bridge at Reading Canoe Club on the right hand bank.

Thameside 2
This is a 19-mile, 8 portage downstream race with mass class starts, starting in Reading and finishing at Marlow. The finish was historically at the Longridge Activity Centre, Quarry Wood Road, Marlow, until 2022. A new finish location has yet to be announced. This race encompasses the Henley Straight - a 2-mile stretch over river running through Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, which is notorious for its strong head and side winds.

Classes
There are 12 classes: Junior K1; Junior K2; Senior K1,; Senior K2; Senior C1; Senior C2; Veteran K1; Veteran K2; Ladies K1; Ladies K2; Mixed K2; Junior/Veteran K2. The Senior and Junior classes are the mostly highly contested, with records often being set each year. Thameside 1 is undertaken as a staggered start, whereby racers are set off in groups at set times. However, Thameside 2 is split into four staggered starts - slower K2 boats, slower K1 boats, faster K2 boats and finally faster K1 boats. Anytime paddler(s) ranked Division 3 or above in the Hasler Series of races must start in the faster starts by race rules. The mass starts are often areas of controversy, as the more competitive boats are often accused of 'pushing the line', and large waves being formed by the start, often capsizing boats further back. On average, about 200 boats compete in each race.

Similar races
The Thameside Series is held at a similar time to the Waterside Series, a series of four races held by Newbury Canoe Club. The six races in total are also deemed to be good warm-up races for the Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Race (DW). However, the two series on their own are often considered to be good challenges in themselves, and are competed particularly strongly in the Junior K2 section by schools. Recently, Cokethorpe School, Cranleigh School, Kimbolton School, Lord Wandsworth College and Churcher's College have become regular teams in both series, as well as the DW itself

Footnotes

External links
 British Canoe Union (BCU)
 Canoe England
 BCU Marathon canoeing
 Devizes to Westminster Race official website
 DW Race - The Paddler's Perspective
 The Waterside Series website
 Reading Canoe Club, organisers of the Thameside Series

Canoeing and kayaking competitions in the United Kingdom
Sport in Buckinghamshire


Mary Pruitt (February 3, 1934 – September 19, 2020) was an American politician and Tennessee State Representative from Nashville, representing the 58th district from 1985 to 2013.

Biography
Pruitt was born in Brentwood, Tennessee in 1934. A member of the Tennessee House of Representatives since 1985, Pruitt was originally elected in a special election upon the death of her husband, Charles Pruitt, who had previously held the position.

Pruitt is a National Honorary member of Sigma Gamma Rho, member of the Order of Eastern Star, 100 Black Women of Middle TN, a State Fair Board Commissioner, and a member of the Meharry Medical College Board of Trustees. She has a B.S. and M.ED. from Tennessee State University and matriculated, but did not graduate from, the University of Northern Colorado.

"She really was an advocate for education," U.S. representative for Nashville Harold Love Jr. said of Pruitt. Pruitt, a retired teacher with both an undergraduate and graduate degree from Tennessee State University, "realized the importance of that [education]." "She knew that if kids were given the opportunity to have a good learning environment, then of course the world was theirs."

She died after a fall on September 19, 2020, at the age of 86.

Investigations
Pruitt was the subject of several investigations focusing on inappropriate or illegal use of funds. In 2006, it was discovered that she was renting a campaign office from herself, but the building was not used, and for some time, did not have utilities. Rep. Pruitt denied the charges, charging entrapment, but was fined $10,000 for failing to appear before the Registry of Election Finance (later reversed). Pruitt's attorney argued that utilities were routinely disconnected to discourage vandalism.

Investigations of public records also found several potential conflicts of interest. A scholarship fund which Pruitt directed awarded a scholarship to her relative. A legislative earmark Pruitt requested awarded $55,000 to a corporation she founded. Pruitt requested and received a per diem allowance for travel and lodging, despite living two miles from her office.

References

External links
Mary Pruitt's profile at the Tennessee General Assembly website

1934 births
2020 deaths
African-American state legislators in Tennessee
African-American women in politics
Democratic Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
People from Brentwood, Tennessee
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Women state legislators in Tennessee
Tennessee State University alumni
University of Northern Colorado alumni
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American politicians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians


The 2007–08 Baylor Bears men's basketball team represented the Baylor University in the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team's head coach was Scott Drew, who served in his fifth year. The team played its home games at the Ferrell Center in Waco, Texas.

Pre-season

Recruiting

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=8 style=| Regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style=| Big 12 tournament

|-
!colspan=12 style=""| NCAA tournament

References

Baylor
Baylor Bears men's basketball seasons
Baylor
Baylor Bears basketball
Baylor Bears basketball


Events in the year 1744 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VI

Events
 31 December - The town of Holmestrand was founded.

Arts and literature

Births
15 September - Erik Must Angell, jurist and politician (died 1814)
19 November - Jakob Edvard Colbjørnsen, chief justice (died 1802)

Full date unknown
Catharina Lysholm,  businesswoman and ship-owner (died 1815)
Jacob Juel, timber trader and civil servant (died 1800)

Deaths

See also


Willem van Veldhuizen  (born January 13, 1954 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch painter, known for his photorealism and hyperrealism paintings of his museum interiors.

Life and work
Willem van Veldhuizen was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and took his studies at the Willem de Kooning Academy from 1972 to 1977 together with artists like Frank Dam, Jos Looise, and . His work is influenced by classical masters like the 17th century Dutch painter of church interiors Pieter Jansz Saenredam, with whom he shares a preference for sacred rooms, tranquility and colors in harmonizing tones, and by classic-modern masters like Mark Rothko.

The composition of his paintings are composed according to an established pattern: "The upper, narrow part of the canvas shows the back wall or a glass wall through which a garden is visible. A large floor area holds a prominent place. The reality of the building or the world outside is reflected in the floors" The floor area is builds up the according to a special technique: "After the undercoat has been applied and the shadows have been put in, he 'splats' the paint against the canvas: color over color, layer on top of layer - making subtle distinctions in light and dark against the back wall".

In the paintings of his museum interiors, Van Veldhuizen quotes his favorites in art, among others Michelangelo, Picasso, Man Ray, Barnett Newman, Gerrit Rietveld and Le Corbusier.

Publications
 Willem van Veldhuizen (1991). Willem van Veldhuizen: tekeningen & schilderijen.
 Willem van Veldhuizen & Loek Brons (2001). Willem van Veldhuizen, 1991-2001: tien jaar bij drs. Loek Brons., Van Spijk Art Projects, 2001.
 Willem van Veldhuizen (2002). Les filles d'atelier. W. Pijbes (inl.) Kunsthal, 2002.

References

External links
 Homepage
 Exhibition in the Kunsthal in 2002

1954 births
Living people
Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Rotterdam
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni


Culladia is a grass moth genus (family Crambidae) of subfamily Crambinae, tribe Crambini. Some authors have assigned the synonymous taxon Nirmaladia to the snout moth family (Pyralidae), where all grass moths were once also included, but this seems to be in error.

Description
Palpi porrect (extending forward), thickly scaled and extending about twice the length of head. Maxillary palpi triangularly scaled. Frons rounded. Antennae of male somewhat thickened and flattened. Spurs long and equal. Forewings long and narrow. Vein 3 from angle of cell and vein 6 from below upper angle. Vein 7 absent, and veins 8 and 9 stalked. Vein 10 and 11 free. Hindwings with vein 3 from near angle of cell. veins 6 and 7 from upper angle and vein 7 anastomosing (fusing) with vein 8.

Species
Culladia achroellum (Mabille, 1900)
Culladia admigratella (Walker, 1863)
Culladia assamella Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia cuneiferellus (Walker, 1863)
Culladia dentilinealis Hampson, 1919
Culladia elgonella Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia evae Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia hanna Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia hastiferalis (Walker, 1866)
Culladia inconspicuellus (Snellen, 1872)
Culladia miria Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia paralyticus (Meyrick, 1932)
Culladia serranella Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia strophaea (Meyrick, 1905)
Culladia suffusella Hampson, 1896
Culladia tonkinella Błeszyński, 1970
Culladia troglodytellus (Snellen, 1872)
Culladia yomii Schouten, 1993
Culladia zhengi Li & Li, 2011

References
Bleszynski, 1970. A revision of the genus Culladia Moore (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Part 50) Tijdschrift voor entomologie 113: 44-59
Li, W.C. & Li, H.H., 2011. The genus Culladia Moore (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Crambinae) from China, with descriptions of one new species and one newly recorded species. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 36 (3): 586-589.

Crambini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Frederic Moore


Culladiella is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Culladiella acacia Schouten, 1993
Culladiella anjai Schouten, 1993
Culladiella generosus (Meyrick, 1936)
Culladiella sinuimargo (Hampson, 1919)
Culladiella subsinuimargo Bleszynski, 1970

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Stanisław Błeszyński


Cuneifrons is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1961. Its only species, Cuneifrons coloradensis, described by the same author in the same year, is found in the US state of Colorado.

References

Odontiinae
Monotypic moth genera
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Cymbalomia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Cybalomia albilinealis (Hampson, 1896)
Cybalomia arenosalis Rebel, 1912
Cybalomia azzalana Rothschild, 1921
Cybalomia cervinalis Hampson, 1908
Cybalomia fractilinealis (Erschoff, 1874)
Cybalomia gratiosalis Christoph in Romanoff, 1887
Cybalomia gyoti Rebel, 1909
Cybalomia lactealis (Rothschild, 1915)
Cybalomia ledereri Rothschild, 1921
Cybalomia lutosalis Mann, 1862
Cybalomia pentadalis (Lederer, 1855)
Cybalomia simplex Warren & Rothschild, 1905

Former species
Cybalomia simplicealis (Rothschild, 1915)

References
 "Cybalomia Lederer, 1863". Afromoths.

Cybalomiinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


The Kensington Society (1865–1868) was a British women's discussion society in Kensington, London, which became a group where rising suffragists met to discuss women's rights and organised the first campaigns for female suffrage, higher education and property holding.

History
The society, formed in March 1865, met at the Kensington home of its president, Charlotte Manning, and enjoyed a close relationship with English institutions of higher education amenable to women. Most members were young, unmarried, educated, middle class women. Nine of the original 11 members were not married, suggesting a broader commitment to female empowerment. The society included: Barbara Bodichon, Emily Davies, Frances Buss, Dorothea Beale, Jessie Boucherett, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Helen Taylor, Charlotte Manning, Anna Swanwick, Anne Clough, and Rosamond Davenport Hill. Another early member, Emilia Russell Gurney, was the wife of Russell Gurney who introduced legislation in parliament on women's rights to property and to practise medicine. Membership expanded to 33 members by the official founding, a total of 58 members in the following year and 67 by its end in 1868.

In the interest of maximum efficiency and discussion quality, each member submitted a discussion question before meetings. Charlotte Manning, Isa Craig, and Emily Davies selected the three questions of "greatest interest" to the group and presented them. The members exchanged response papers and discussed them at the following meeting. By giving all of its members the opportunity to participate in constructive debate and discussion, the society allowed competent and educated women to articulate their thoughts for further expansion of the suffrage and more egalitarian political movements. The society charged the substantial sum of two shillings and sixpence annually and the same sum for each meeting. Manning's house was used because it could accommodate the number of women who attended. Some of the women were confident, where as others used the society as a place where they could discuss a wide range of subjects privately. The opinions expressed at the meetings were not recorded but the subjects chosen included the obedience of daughters, whether boys and girls should be taught the same subjects and whether women could aspire to be members of parliament or magistrates should they ever be given the vote.

On 28 April 1866, society members Barbara Bodichon, Emily Davies and Jessie Boucherett drafted a petition for the enfranchisement of, "all householders, without distinction of sex, who possess such property or rental qualifications as your Honorable House may determine." This petition was the first of its kind, but cleverly and specifically excluded married women, whose enfranchised husbands held their property and held the power to stifle the document. The Kensington Society relied on social networks to obtain 1,499 signatures. The Society petitioned Henry Fawcett and John Stuart Mill, Parliament members who favored universal suffrage. Mill added an amendment giving women equal political rights to the Reform Bill in 1866 and, with Fawcett, presented it to Parliament. The legislature defeated the amendment with a 196 to 73 vote, but the Kensington Society persisted.

Following this defeat, the society decided to try new tactics. On 5 July 1867, it was renamed the London National Society for Women's Suffrage and formed a loose federation with a similar group based in Manchester and Edinburgh called the National Society for Women's Suffrage (NSWS). Eventually, 17 similar organisations allied and became the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) and were key to the ultimate success of the women's suffrage movement.

The Kensington Society facilitated discussion between progressive and driven women of 19th century London. Their discussion and political actions served as the foundation for women's suffrage movements and catalysed political action. Several of its members continued advocating change to and beyond the point where English women exercised the right to vote. Though only officially active from 1865 to 1868, the Kensington Society served a crucial role in the establishment of women's suffrage in the United Kingdom.

References

Further reading
 Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. Women's Suffrage: A Short History of a Great Movement. New York: Source Books Press, 1970.
 Rosen, Andrew. Rise Up, Women! London: Routlegde & Kegan Paul, 1974.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Kensington Society (act. 1865–1868)" (Ann Dingsdale)
Rosen, Andrew: "Emily Davies and the Women's Movement, 1862-1867" - The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1979)
Metcalfe, Ethel E. Memoir of Rosamond Davenport-Hill Longmans, Green, and Co., London 1904

External links
Spartacus Educational: Kensington Society
"The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies" on Victorian Web

Women's rights organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1865
1868 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Women's rights in the United Kingdom
Suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom
Salon-holders


Cyclarcha is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Charles Swinhoe in 1894.

Species
Cyclarcha atristrigalis C. Swinhoe, 1894
Cyclarcha flavinervis C. Swinhoe, 1894

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Charles Swinhoe


The College Boyz was an American hip hop group and voice actors composed of R.O.M., Squeak, B. Selector and DJ Cue.

The group was signed to Virgin Records. Originally calling itself RMG, the group changed its name to College Boyz upon moving to Los Angeles.

They released their debut, Radio Fusion Radio, on April 7, 1992, through Virgin Records. The album was not a huge success, but it managed to make it to three different charts, peaking at #118 on the Billboard 200, #25 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #2 on the Top Heatseekers. Radio Fusion Radio also featured the hit single "Victim of the Ghetto", which peaked at #68 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot Rap Singles.

On October 4, 1994, the group released their second and final album Nuttin' Less Nuttin' Mo'. It made it to #80 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and producing a single "Rollin" that reached #49 on the Hot Rap Singles. The College Boyz disbanded in 1994 with Romany "R.O.M." Malco eventually becoming a successful actor.

Discography

References

Hip hop groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
American musical quartets
American male voice actors
Virgin Records artists
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups disestablished in 1994
1991 establishments in California


Oslo Hospital is a light rail tram stop on the Ekeberg Line of the Oslo Tramway. It is located near Oslo Hospital in Ekeberg, in the borough of Gamlebyen, in Oslo, Norway.

The station opened on 2 December 1878 as the terminus of the second segment of the Gamleby Line built by Kristiania Sporveisselskab. It was renamed following the change of name of the city from Kristiania to Oslo in 1925. On 11 June 1917 it also became the first station on the Ekeberg Line, after Ekebergbanen had built the suburban tramway to Sæter. The station is served by lines 13 and 19, using both SL79 and SL95 trams. Now, it is currently the terminus of the Bjørvika Line.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1875
1875 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s


Cyclocausta is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Cyclocausta trilineata, which is found in Brazil, where it has been recorded from the Amazons.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are white with a dark brown costal streak. The hind margin and two parallel lines are brown. The hindwings are white.

References

Schoenobiinae
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)
Crambidae genera


The United States Commission's  fair information practice principles (FIPPs) are guidelines that represent widely accepted concepts concerning fair information practice in an electronic marketplace.

Introduction

FTC Fair Information Practice Principles are the result of the commission's inquiry into the way in which online entities collect and use personal information and safeguards to assure that practice is fair and provides adequate information privacy protection. The FTC has been studying online privacy issues since 1995, and in its 1998 report, the Commission described the widely accepted Fair Information Practice Principles of Notice, Choice, Access, and Security. The commission also identified Enforcement, the use of a reliable mechanism to provide sanctions for noncompliance as a critical component of any governmental or self-regulatory program to protect online privacy.

History and development

Fair Information Practice was initially proposed and named by the US Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems in a 1973 report, Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens, issued in response to the growing use of automated data systems containing information about individuals. The central contribution of the Advisory Committee was the development of a code of fair information practice for automated personal data systems.
The Privacy Protection Study Commission also may have contributed to the development of FIPs principles in its 1977 report, Personal Privacy in an Information Society.

As privacy laws spread to other countries in Europe, international institutions took up privacy with a focus on the international implications of privacy regulation. In 1980, the Council of Europe adopted a Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data. At the same time, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposed similar privacy guidelines in the OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data.  The OECD Guidelines, Council of Europe Convention, and European Union Data Protection Directive relied on FIPs as core principles. All three organizations revised and extended the original U.S. statement of FIPs, with the OECD Privacy Guidelines being the version most often cited in subsequent years.

Principles
The core principles of privacy addressed by these principles are:

1. Notice/Awareness
Consumers should be given notice of an entity's information practices before any personal information is collected from them. This requires that companies explicitly notify some or all of the following:
identification of the entity collecting the data;
identification of the uses to which the data will be put;
identification of any potential recipients of the data;
the nature of the data collected and the means by which it is collected;
whether the provision of the requested data is voluntary or required;
the steps taken by the data collector to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and quality of the data.

2. Choice/Consent
Choice and consent in an on-line information-gathering sense means giving consumers options to control how their data is used. Specifically, choice relates to secondary uses of information beyond the immediate needs of the information collector to complete the consumer's transaction. The two typical types of choice models are 'opt-in' or 'opt-out.' The 'opt-in' method requires that consumers affirmatively give permission for their information to be used for other purposes. Without the consumer taking these affirmative steps in an 'opt-in' system, the information gatherer assumes that it cannot use the information for any other purpose.  The 'opt-out' method requires consumers to affirmatively decline permission for other uses. Without the consumer taking these affirmative steps in an 'opt-out' system, the information gatherer assumes that it can use the consumer's information for other purposes. Each of these systems can be designed to allow an individual consumer to tailor the information gatherer's use of the information to fit their preferences by checking boxes to grant or deny permission for specific purposes rather than using a simple "all or nothing" method.

3. Access/Participation
Access as defined in the Fair Information Practice Principles includes not only a consumer's ability to view the data collected, but also to verify and contest its accuracy. This access must be inexpensive and timely in order to be useful to the consumer.

4. Integrity/Security
Information collectors should ensure that the data they collect is accurate and secure. They can improve the integrity of data by cross-referencing it with only reputable databases and by providing access for the consumer to verify it. Information collectors can keep their data secure by protecting against both internal and external security threats. They can limit access within their company to only necessary employees to protect against internal threats, and they can use encryption and other computer-based security systems to stop outside threats.

5. Enforcement/Redress
In order to ensure that companies follow the Fair Information Practice Principles, there must be enforcement measures. The FTC identified three types of enforcement measures: self-regulation by the information collectors or an appointed regulatory body; private remedies that give civil causes of action for individuals whose information has been misused to sue violators; and government enforcement that can include civil and criminal penalties levied by the government.

Enforcing the principles

Currently the FTC version of the Fair Information Principles are only recommendations for maintaining privacy-friendly,  consumer-oriented data collection practices, and are not enforceable by law.  The enforcement of and adherence to these principles is principally performed through self-regulation. The FTC has, however, undertaken efforts to evaluate industry self-regulation practices, provides guidance for industry in developing information practices, and uses its authority under the FTC Act to enforce promises made by corporations in their privacy policies.

Since self-regulatory initiatives fall short of ideal implementation of the principles (the 2000 FTC Report noted, for example, that self-regulatory initiatives lacked meaningful monitoring and enforcement policies and practices),  the Commission  recommends that the United States Congress enact legislation that, in conjunction with continuing self-regulatory programs, will ensure adequate protection of consumer privacy online.  "The legislation recommended by the Commission would set forth a basic level of privacy protection for consumer-oriented commercial Web sites" and "would establish basic standards of practice for the collection of information online...consumer-oriented commercial Web sites that collect personal identifying information from or about consumers online... would be required to comply with the four widely-accepted fair information practices."

The principles, however, form the basis of many individual laws at both the federal and state levels—called the "sectoral approach." Examples are the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA), and the Cable Television Protection and Competition Act.  Additionally, the principles continue to serve as a model for privacy protections in newly developing areas, such as in designing Smart Grid programs.

Other proposals regarding 'fair information'

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union, among others, have adopted more comprehensive approaches to fair information practices. The OECD principles provide added protections via the Individual Participation principle where specific requirements are made for access and modification of personally collected information by the individual and the Accountability principle (a data controller should be accountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above).

The European Union Data Protection Directive is another model for comprehensive privacy protections.

Criticism of the FTC principles

The FIPPs are criticized by some scholars for being less comprehensive in scope than privacy regimes in other countries, in particular in the European Union and other OECD countries. Additionally, the FTC's formulation of the principles has been criticized in comparison to those issued by other agencies.  The FTC's 2000 version of FIPs  is shorter and less complete than the privacy protection principles issued by the Privacy Office of the Department of Homeland Security in 2008, which include eight principles closely aligned with the OECD principles.

Some in the privacy community criticize the FIPPs for being too weak, allowing too many exemptions, failing to require a privacy agency, failing to account for the weaknesses of self-regulation, and not keeping pace with information technology. Many privacy experts have called for omnibus privacy protection legislation in the US in lieu of the current blend of self-regulation and selective codification in certain sectors.

Critics from a business perspective often prefer to limit FIPs to reduced elements of notice, consent, and accountability. They complain that other elements are unworkable, expensive, or inconsistent with openness or free speech principles.

Some commentators argue that consumers do not have a fair say in the consent process. For example, customers provide their health information such as their social insurance number or health card number while making on-line an appointment for a dental check-up. Customers are commonly asked to sign an agreement stating that a ‘third-party may have an access to the information you provide under certain conditions.’ The certain conditions are rarely specified in any part of the agreement. Later on, the third-party may share the information with their subsidiary institutions. Thus, access to customers’ personal information is beyond their control.

See also
 Federal Trade Commission
 Information protection policy
 Information security
 Data Protection Directive

References

External links
 FTC 2000 Privacy Report
 FTC Privacy Online: A Report to Congress
 OECD Fair Information Practices
 OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data
 The Privacy Act of 1974, .

Privacy in the United States
Internet privacy
Federal Trade Commission


Cydalima is a genus of moths of the Crambidae: Spilomelinae subfamily.

Species
Cydalima capriniodes (Hampson, 1912)
Cydalima decipiens (Hampson, 1912)
Cydalima diaphanalis (Walker, 1866)
Cydalima joiceyi (Janse, 1924)
Cydalima laticostalis (Guenée, 1854)
Cydalima mysteris Meyrick, 1886
Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) – box tree moth
Cydalima pfeifferae (Lederer, 1863)
Cydalima violalis E. Hering, 1901

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Cylindrifrons is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Cylindrifrons succandidalis, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta, Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah.

References

Evergestinae


Cymbopteryx is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Cymbopteryx diffusa Munroe, 1974
Cymbopteryx extralinea (Dyar in Dyar, 1914)
Cymbopteryx fuscimarginalis Munroe, 1961
Cymbopteryx pseudobelialis Munroe, 1974
Cymbopteryx unilinealis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

References

Odontiini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Étienne Loulié, pronounced [e.tjɛn lu.lje], (1654 – 16 July 1702) was a musician, pedagogue and musical theorist.

Life
Born into a family of Parisian sword-finishers, Loulié learned both musical practice
and musical theory as a choir boy at the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris, under the learned maître de musique René Ouvrard. In 1673 Loulié left the Chapel and entered the service of Marie de Lorraine, duchesse de Guise, as an instrumentalist (harpsichord, and organ, viol, recorder and perhaps transverse flute as well), performing chiefly in her household ensemble. From 1673 to late 1687, he therefore performed many of the compositions of Marc-Antoine Charpentier, the Guises' household composer. During the late 1680s, Loulié became involved in musical pedagogy and wrote a series of coordinated method books for music teachers. He is credited with introducing the six-fold system of meter classification still taught today. During these same years, he formed a lifelong friendship with Sébastien de Brossard, who became a famed collector of musical scores and preserved Louliè's papers by including them in his donation to the Royal Library (today, the Bibliothèque nationale de France).

The Duchesse de Guise died in 1688. From that date until 1691, Loulié collaborated with mathematician Joseph Sauveur to prepare a course of study for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, at the time known as the "Duke of Chartres."

One of the few musicians of the day who knew thoroughly both the practice and the theory of music, Loulié worked with Sauveur (circa 1693-1699) under the aegis of the French Academy of Sciences, studying acoustics and working out a "new system" of tuning and musical notation. The collaborative venture ended when Loulié and the musicians working with him became exasperated with the minute units upon which Sauveur based his system and which, the musicians insisted, could neither be heard nor replicated by even the sharpest human ear and the best-trained voice.

An admirer of Jean-Baptiste Lully, Loulié allied with Henri Foucault, a music seller, to copy Lully's works and disseminate them in manuscript (circa 1691-1702). The son and brother of craftsmen, Loulié invented several devices during the 1690s: a device for tracing music staves on paper, a metronome-like chronomètre based on the Galilean seconds pendulum and a sonomètre for tuning harpsichords that used the monochord as a point of departure. The first of these devices clearly was prompted by his copying business; the latter two inventions appear to have been inspired by his work with Chartres and Sauveur. All three devices received the approbation of the French Académie des Sciences, and in 1699 Loulié personally presented his sonomètre before that august body.

Loulié's contacts with René Ouvrard and with collector François Roger de Gaignières of the Hôtel de Guise, and his collaboration with Joseph Sauveur, stirred Loulié's curiosity about "ancient" music (la musique ancienne). He eventually broke with Sauveur over the utility of theory for practicing musicians, and he spent his final years as a historian of musical practice.

Loulié strove to reconcile theory with the musical practices of the 1690s, and to do so as succinctly as possible. His manuscripts reveal a researcher who was very familiar with the writings of Marin Mersenne and of musical theorists who flourished prior to 1600. In his personal quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, Loulié took the position of a "Modern."

Writings
 Éléments ou Principes de musique mis dans un nouvel ordre (Paris, 1696), a handbook on  musical notation
 Abrégé des principes de musique, avec leçons sur chaque difficulté de ces mesmes principes (Paris 1696), a simplified handbook on musical notation
 Nouveau sistème de musique ou nouvelle division du monocorde [...] avec la description et l'usage du sonomètre (Paris, 1698), a facet of Loulié's work with Joseph Sauveur and the "new system" of music that he was working out.
 A variety of manuscript pedagogical treatises and methods on elementary composition, solfège, and how to play the viol and the recorder, plus a history of music (Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. n.a. fr. 6355)
 An incomplete "discourse" on the history of "ancient" music (Bibliothèque royale, Brussels)

Bibliography
 Patricia M. Ranum, "Le Musicien tailleur: Étienne Loulié et la musique des Anciens," in D'un Siècle à l'autre: Anciens et Modernes, acts of 16th colloquium of the C.M.R. 17, Jan. 1986), Marseilles, pp. 239–258
 Patricia M. Ranum, "A sweet servitude, A musician's life at the court of Mlle de Guise," Early Music, 15 (1987), pp. 347–360
 Patricia M. Ranum, "Etienne Loulié (1654-1702), musicien de Mademoiselle de Guise, pédagogue et théoricien," Recherches sur la Musique française classique, 23 (1987), pp. 27–76, and 24 (1988–1990), pp. 5–49
 Patricia M. Ranum, " 'Mr de Lully en trio': Etienne Loulié, the Foucaults, and the Transcription of the Works of Jean-Baptiste Lully (1673-1702), in Jean-Baptiste Lully, ed. J. de La Gorce and H. Schneider (Laaber: Laber, 1990), pp. 309-330
 Patricia M. Ranum, "Etienne Loulié: Recorder Player, Teacher, Musicologist," American Recorder, 32 (1991), pp. 6–11
 Patricia M. Ranum, "Le Musicien Tailleur: Étienne Loulié et la musique des Anciens," in Louise Godard de Donville, ed., D'un Siècle à l'autre: Anciens et Modernes (Marseille, 1987), pp. 239–59 (on Loulié's collaboration and dispute with Joseph Sauveur)
 Patricia M. Ranum, Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier (Baltimore, 2004), pp. 189–201
 For the Guise musicians, see http://www.ranumspanat.com/guise_music.html
 Albert Cohen, Music in the French Royal Academy of Sciences (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), and especially pp. 20, 49, 68, 120 for Loulié
 Albert Cohen, "Etienne Loulie as a Music Theorist," Journal of the American Musicological Society, 18 (1965), pp. 70–72
 Richard Semmens, "Étienne Loulié and the New Harmonic Counterpoint," Journal of Music Theory, 28 (1984), pp. 73–88
 Richard Semmens, "Étienne Loulié as Music Theorist: An Analysis of Ms. Paris, fonds fr. n.a. 6355," Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford Univ., 1980
 For the original article approving Loulié's sonomètre (albeit with an incomplete scan of the device itself), see pp. 187 and 189 of Google Books scan of Machines approuvées par l'Académie royale des Sciences
/18th_century_precursors_of_the_metronome

Musicians from Paris
1654 births
1702 deaths
French classical flautists
French Baroque viol players
17th-century French inventors
French educators
French music theorists
French harpsichordists
French classical organists
French male organists
French male non-fiction writers
Male classical organists


Cynaeda is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species

Cynaeda affinis (Rothschild, 1915)
Cynaeda albidalis (Hampson, 1913)
Cynaeda allardalis (Oberthür, 1876)
Cynaeda alticolalis (Christoph, 1877)
Cynaeda annuliferalis (Hampson, 1913)
Cynaeda dentalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Cynaeda dichroalis (Hampson, 1903)
Cynaeda escherichi (O. Hofmann, 1897)
Cynaeda forsteri Lattin, 1951
Cynaeda furiosa Hampson, 1900
Cynaeda fuscinervis (Hampson, 1896)
Cynaeda gigantea Wocke, 1871
Cynaeda globuliferalis (Hampson in Poulton, 1916)
Cynaeda hilgerti (Rothschild, 1915)
Cynaeda leucopsumis (Hampson, 1919)
Cynaeda mardinalis (Staudinger, 1892)
Cynaeda nepticulalis (O. Hofmann, 1897)
Cynaeda obscura (Warren, 1892)
Cynaeda plebejalis (Christoph, 1882)
Cynaeda puralis (Gaede, 1917)
Cynaeda rebeli (Amsel, 1935)
Cynaeda seriziati (Staudinger, 1892)
Cynaeda similella (Rothschild, 1915)
Cynaeda superba (Freyer, 1844)
Cynaeda togoalis (Karsch, 1900)
Cynaeda yaminalis (Oberthür, 1888)

References

External links

Odontiini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Cypholomia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Cypholomia amphiaula Meyrick, 1934
Cypholomia crypsibela Meyrick, 1934
Cypholomia drosocapna (Meyrick, 1933)
Cypholomia leptodeta Meyrick, 1933

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Greenheys is an inner-city area of south Manchester, England, lying between Hulme to the north and west, Chorlton-on-Medlock to the east and Moss Side to the south.

Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton, published in 1848, opens with a description of Greenheys, then still a rural area on the outskirts of the city. The writer Thomas De Quincey and pioneer socialist Robert Owen both lived at Greenheys House, overlooking the now culverted Cornbrook river.

Manchester Science Park is here, on Pencroft Way, Lloyd Street North.

Old Abbey Taphouse incident
On 30 September 1953, in a blatant act of racial segregation, black boxer Len Johnson and his friends were refused service at the Old Abbey Taphouse pub in Greenheys on account of the colour of Johnson's skin. Manchester police were called to the pub and Johnson and his friends were thrown out. Johnson was angered by this and enlisted the help of the then-Lord Mayor of Manchester, and the Bishop of Manchester to combat the stance. Over the following three days, more than 200 people, black and white, gathered to take part in a demonstration outside of the pub. Eventually the ban was overturned and Johnson, who was teetotal, was invited inside the pub to share a drink with the publican. Their protest fuelled the momentum to end the colour bar policies of the era in the United Kingdom. The Race Relations Act 1965 eventually made racial discrimination in public places unlawful in a direct response to the colour bar. A mural exists outside of the pub dedicated to the event and Johnson's memory.

See also
Burlington Street drill hall, Manchester

References

Areas of Manchester


In Finance the Treynor–Black model is a mathematical model for security selection published by Fischer Black and Jack Treynor in 1973. The model assumes an investor who considers that most securities are priced efficiently, but who believes they have information that can be used to predict the abnormal performance (Alpha) of a few of them; the model finds the optimum portfolio to hold under such conditions.

In essence the optimal portfolio consists of two parts: a passively invested index fund containing all securities in proportion to their market value and an 'active portfolio' containing the securities for which the investor has made a prediction about alpha. In the active portfolio the weight of each stock is proportional to the alpha value divided by the variance of the residual risk.

The Model

Assume that the risk free rate is RF and the expected market return is RM with standard deviation . There are N securities that have been analyzed and are thought to be mispriced, with expected returns given by:

where the random terms  are normally distributed with mean 0, standard deviation , and are mutually uncorrelated. (This is the so-called Diagonal Model of Stock Returns, or Single-index model due to William F. Sharpe).

Then it was shown by Treynor and Black that the active portfolio A is constructed using the weights

(Note that if an alpha is negative the corresponding portfolio weight will also be negative, i.e. the active portfolio is in general a long-short portfolio).

The alpha, beta and residual risk of the constructed active portfolio are found using the previously computed weights wi:

The overall risky portfolio for the investor consists of a fraction wA invested in the active portfolio and the remainder invested in the market portfolio. This active fraction is found as follows:

And corrected for the beta exposure of the active portfolio:

The model is not bounded 0 ≤ wA ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ wM ≤ 1 i.e short positions in the market portfolio or active portfolio could be initiated to leverage a position in the other portfolio. This is often regarded as the major flaw of the model, as it often yields an unrealistic weight in the active portfolio. Imposing lower and upper bounds for wA is a measure to counter this.

References

 Treynor, J. L. and F. Black, 1973, How to Use Security Analysis to Improve Portfolio Selection, Journal of Business, January, pages 66–88.
 Kane, Kim and White: Active Portfolio Management - The power of the Treynor–Black model, December 2003,

Financial models
Portfolio theories


Mamiko is a Polish publisher located in Nowa Ruda, a charming medieval town with a strong literary tradition (renowned literary festival “Góry Literatury” is held there annually). It was founded in 2000. Since then it has published well over 300 books. Its founder and owner is Apolonia Maliszewska. The name MaMiKo is a combination of the first two letters of the names Magda, Milena, and Kornel – the founder's children. Mamiko specializes in poetry and fiction.

Poets and writers who made their debut thanks to Mamiko are, among others: Wojciech Giedrys, Tomasz Pułka, Elżbieta Lipińska, Grzegorz Mucha, Szymon Bira, Dagmara Babiarz (lives in the United States), Hubert Klimko-Dobrzaniecki (lives in Austria), Piotr Florczyk (lives in the United States), Samantha Kitsch (lives in the United States), Grzegorz Kwiatkowski, Michał Sobol, Marta Fox, Jakub Tabaczek.

Mamiko published also non-fiction books, among them: “Poza kadrem” by Feliks Netz, “Otwórz oczy” by Dagmara Babiarz, “Znad Niemna przez Odrę nad Sekwanę” by Marian Dziwniel, and translation of “Jogging” by Ukrainian writer Andrij Bondar (translated by Bohdan Zadura and Adam Wiedemann).

Literary Awards

Mamiko's authors who won literary awards or were nominated for such awards:

 Wojciech Giedrys was the first-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2005 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2004	for his volume of poetry “Ścielenie i grzebanie”.
 Dawid Majer was the first-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2010 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2009	for his volume of poetry “Księga grawitacji”.
 Dawid Majer was nominated for the Silesius Literary Award 2010 in the category “The debut of the year” for his volume of poetry “Księga grawitacji”.
 Maciej Bieszczad was the third-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2011 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2010 for his volume of poetry “Elipsa”.
 Tomasz Pietrzak was nominated  for the Nike Literary Award 2013 for his volume of poetry “Rekordy”.
 Piotr Tomczak got an honourable mention of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2014 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2013 for his volume of poetry “Miłość, miłość, zapałki, książkii ikra”.
 Zyta Bętkowska was the first-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2017 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2016  for her volume of poetry “Dwa chutory”.
 Jakub Domoradzki was nominated for the “Orfeusz” K.I. Gałczyński Literary Award 2017 for his volume of poetry “Wiersze, których nie lubii mój tata”.
 Jakub Tabaczek was nominated for the Witold Gombrowicz Literary Award 2019 for his short story collection “Czytajcie, co jest wam pisane”.
 Robert Jóźwik was the third-prize winner of the XV Artur Fryz National Literary Contest 2019 for The Best Debut in 2018 for his volume of poetry “Obiecuję ci niewidzialność”.

External links
 Mamiko - Publisher's official site

Publishing companies of Poland
Mass media in Nowa Ruda
Book publishing companies of Poland


The Vespa LX is a scooter that was made by Piaggio from 2006 until 2014.

The LX 150 uses the same frame as the LX 50 but features a 150 cc engine capable of a listed maximum speed of . The LX 150, like all modern Vespa scooters features a 4-stroke single overhead camshaft and steel frame construction. Vespa claims  fuel efficiency.

The LX models feature an automatic torque slave transmission and front disc and rear drum brakes.

Released in 2005, the LX is the Roman Numeral for 60, marking the sixtieth anniversary of the first Vespa scooter in 1946. The LXV, the V denoting a vintage style, was released the same year and is mechanically identical.

Introduction

Presented in February 2005 as far as the exterior is concerned, the frame is more squared than the ET2/ET4 series it intended to replace.

In 2009 it was restyled where the crest on the front fender and some chrome on the edges of the knobs and on the horn grille were added. On the occasion of this restyling, the engines became injection.

The LX, like all other Vespa scooters, has a steel supporting body that also contains a 9.8-liter tank inside; it is combined with the typical single-arm suspension on the front wheel. At the rear it has a suspension with double-acting hydraulic single shock absorber. The wheels are in five-spoke light alloy and have a diameter of 11 "front and 10" rear. The front wheel has a disc brake installed, while the rear one keeps the classic drum. To improve braking performance, the front disc brake was made of stainless steel with a diameter of approximately 200 mm and was equipped with a caliper with two opposed pistons with hydraulic control. The gearbox, like all Vespa scooters from 1996 to today (except the PX model), is of the CVT type.

In June 2009, production also started in Vietnam at the Binh Xuyen Indus plant of the local subsidiary Piaggio Vietnam Ltd. These models are sold on Asian markets.

In January 2012, production of the Vespa LX also started in India for the local market; the Indian LX features 125 single-cylinder three-valve engine and numerous set-up changes to suit local customers. Production takes place in the Baramati plant of the Piaggio Vehicles Private branch.

Vespa LX
The LX was made available in multiple displacements, 50, 125 and 150 cm³. All thrusters are forced air cooled.
The smaller displacement version is produced with both a two-stroke engine and a four-stroke engine with the latter being later enhanced with the addition of two more valves in the cylinder. The starting is electric or by means of a crank arm. The engines follow the Euro 2 directive. The maximum speed is limited to 45 km/h as per the rules governing mopeds; two-seater homologation as standard. To comply with the anti-emissions regulations, the catalyst system has been modified through the SAS secondary air recovery system. The 4-stroke Vespa 50 LX weighs 102 kg while the 2-stroke weighs just under the 4-stroke model (96 kg).

The 125 engine belongs to the Piaggio Leader family and is a four-stroke with electronic injection and has a power of 7.9 Kw (10.7 HP). With this engine, the LX reaches 91 km/h.

The highest displacement is represented by the Leader engine, also four-stroke and 151 cm³ electronic injection. This engine produces a power of 8.9 kW (12.1 hp) and the LX thus equipped reaches a top speed of 95 km/h.

In June 2012, the LX 125 and 150 models made their debut with three-valve timing and electronic injection.

The production of the LX ends in Italy in 2013 replaced by the new generation called Vespa Primavera.

Vespa S
The Vespa S was introduced on the market in 2007, after the official presentation held at the Milan Motor Show the previous year. It derives from the LX model, from which it stands out for numerous aesthetic details, such as the rectangular headlight, the minimalist mudguard with the chromed crest, the front bow tie, the squared rear-view mirrors, the red suspension spring and the back shield with the pouch instead of the classic glove box. Some of these details, such as the rectangular headlight and the squared mirrors, recall the aesthetics of the old "Vespa 50 Special" produced in the early seventies.

At the time of its launch in 2007, the Vespa S was only available in the 50 4-stroke and 125 versions which cost, respectively, 2,500 euros and 3,200 euros in Italy. The range of colors consisted of the Rosso Dragon, Nero Lucido, Montebianco and Orange Taormina shades, the latter subsequently replaced by the Azzurro Mediterraneo color.

The range was extended in 2008 to the 50 2-stroke and 150 versions. In 2009, however, the square-shaped chromed horn cover grille was introduced, while the range was updated with the 50 4V 4-stroke, 125ie and 150ie engines. In 2010 the special Vespa S College model made its debut, available in the 50 2-stroke version with the single-seater Sport saddle, as well as in the 125ie and 150ie versions with the two-seater Touring saddle. The special College version is recognizable by the presence of the transparent windshield and by the red or blue color of the footboard, leg shield, internal part of the handlebar, side graphics and saddle in eco-leather with white stitching, in contrast with the Montebianco color of the body.

The Vespa S Sport was presented at the 2010 Milan Motor Show, available in the 50 2T, 50 4V, 125ie and 150ie versions and recognizable by the Titanium Gray bodywork, combined with the light gray side graphics and alloy wheels of matt black color. This special version was introduced on the market the following year and was confirmed also for 2012, with the range of colors extended to the Nero Abisso color combined with the saddle equipped with heat-sealed and white piping.

In 2012, the new 125ie and 150ie 3-valve engines made their debut, while the aesthetics were mainly renewed with the black finish for the horn cover and the fender crest, instead of the previous chrome. The graphics of the instrumentation and the shape of the front tie have also been updated. Finally, the standard equipment has been extended to include black 5-spoke alloy wheels and the central footboard with the Vespa logo has been introduced.

Production of the Vespa S ended at the end of 2013, replaced the following year by the Vespa Sprint.

References

External links
 Official USA product information

Piaggio Vespa
Motor scooters
Motorcycles introduced in 2005
Single-cylinder_motorcycles


The Vigilance Committee of Montmartre (Comité de Vigilance de Montmartre) was a political association and provisional administrative organization established on the Rue de Clignancourt shortly before the Siege of Paris (1870–1871). Closely affiliated with the International Workingman's Association, its members had strong connections with the various anarchist and socialist tendencies of the time, particularly those represented by Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin, and Auguste Blanqui.

The declaration of the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September 1870 signaled the almost immediate flowering of political clubs. Acting as poles of coordination, discussion, and preparation, these clubs and committees would come to play a significant role in the establishment, development, and defense of the future Paris Commune. On 15 September, twenty of these committees organized themselves around a common program. Beyond simple agitation, they also contributed to the administration of the various arrondissements during the chaotic siege of Paris. The most notoriously radical of these committees was the Comité de Vigilance de XVIIIe Arrondissement, or better known as the Comité de Vigilance de Montmartre.

Composed of militants drawn from almost every segment of the radical spectrum, the Committee of Vigilance included such notable figures as Louise Michel, who would become known as a feminist, writer, and anarchist; Théophile Ferré, an elected member of the Paris Commune who later issued a call for the burning of the Finance ministry and ordered the execution of six hostages, including the archbishop of Paris, in retaliation for the summary execution of countless communards by the Versailles government; Paule Minck, a feminist organizer responsible for the founding of a free school at the Church of Saint Pierre de Montmartre; Anne Jaclard, a member of the Russian section of the International Workingman’s Association, and a co-founder of the radical newspaper La Social; and Jules-Henri-Marius Bergeret, a leading spirit of the Committee and the revolutionary movement as a whole.

Montmartre, which was officially incorporated into Paris as an arrondissement only in 1860, had long been free of both the Parisian tax system as well as stringent police authority, transforming it into a haven for nonconformists, criminals, and dissenters.  Consequently, it provided fertile ground for the emergence of the most radical worker’s clubs and political action committees. The defeat of the French Army and the humiliating armistice negotiated by that Republic in January 1871 produced an atmosphere of anger and resent that hovered over all of Paris. Having sacrificed so much for the defense of the capital, Parisian workers vehemently criticized the new Third Republic and the conservatives and monarchists that composed it. This largely spontaneous surge of popular political activity further galvanized the committees growing around the city. An insurrection was imminent.

The Vigilance Committee of Montmartre, well prepared for the much expected popular revolution, played a crucial role in the successful defense of the cannon stored on the Butte Montmartre, the event that ignited the civil war and the subsequent establishment of the Commune. But these committees were far from standard militias: even before 18 March, respective committees began to supervise the various arrondissements, secularizing and expanding education, assisting in the management of governmental affairs, contributing to the organization of the city’s defense, providing social services and relief, spreading propaganda, and facilitating communication. In many ways, the committees exemplified the Communard principle of federal association. Too difficult to manage the entire city alone, the Commune’s very existence necessitated the coordination of decentralized committees.

But despite their important role in the history of the Commune, the committees often found themselves lagging behind the surging tide of popular revolution. On 18 March, after having given orders to fire on the crowd gathered at the Butte, General Claude Lecomte, the officer sent to retrieve the cannons and restore order, was himself arrested by his own men and quickly escorted to the nearby prison. Notified of the potentially explosive situation, the Vigilance Committee of Montmartre immediately sent an order to the commander of the National Guard responsible for the General, warning the commander to maintain control and to guard the prisoner until he could be put on trial. But the matter was already out of their hands. The enraged crowd demanded the General’s death and his own soldiers threw him against a wall and shot him down. The Commune, then, was the product of both organization and spontaneity.

The Committee continued to operate right up to the very end of the Commune, many of its members fighting and dying on the barricades. The survivors were either executed, like Théophile Ferré, or, like Louise Michel, forced into exile.

Notes

External links
 History of the Insurrection
 Biography of Louise Michel
History of the Paris Commune of 1871 by Lissagaray

Further reading

 Eichner, Carolyn J. Surmounting the Barricades, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
 Johnson, Martin Phillip. The Paradise of Association, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
 Lissagaray, Prosper Olivier. History of the Commune of 1871, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967.
 Marx, Karl. The Civil War in France, Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1998.
 Michel, Louise. Red Virgin: Memories of Louise Michel, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003.

19th century in Paris
Montmartre
Paris Commune


Eugen Täubler (October 10, 1879 – August 13, 1953) was a German historian born in Gostyń.

He studied history in Berlin under Otto Hirschfeld (1843–1922), receiving his doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation titled Die Parthernachrichten bei Josephus. From 1910 to 1914 he worked as a lecturer at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (Higher Institute for Jewish Studies) in Berlin.

In 1927, he married the historian Selma Stern, who was a research fellow at the Akademie für die Wissenschaft des Judentums at the time.

From 1922 to 1925 he taught classes at the University of Zurich, and in the years 1925 to 1933 was a professor of ancient history at the University of Heidelberg. In 1933 he was removed from his position at Heidelberg by the Nazis, and returned to teach at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums. After the institute's forced closure in 1941, Täubler and his wife emigrated to the United States with the help of Julian Morgenstern, president of Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. There, he became a professor at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati until his death in 1953. Täubler's wife, Selma Stern-Täubler, served as the first archivist at the American Jewish Archives which were established there in 1947.

Selected publications
 Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Decemvirats und der Zwölftafeln (Studies on the history of Decemvirate and the Twelve Tables), 1921.
 Die Vorgeschichte des zweiten punischen Krieges (The prehistory of the Second Punic War), 1921.
 Die Archaeologie des Thukydides (The Archaeology of Thucydides), 1927.
 Tyche (Tyche).
 Der römische Staat (The Roman State).

References

 "This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia".

20th-century German historians
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1879 births
1953 deaths
German male non-fiction writers


Theodore Edwin Steinway (October 6, 1883 – April 8, 1957), of the Steinway piano family, was a member of the Collectors Club of New York and board of trustees of the Philatelic Foundation. He was awarded the first Lichtenstein Medal in 1952 for his efforts in the field of philately as well as his contributions to the growth and prestige of the Collectors Club.

Early life
Steinway was born on October 6, 1883, in New York City. He was the grandson of Henry E. Steinway, the founder of Steinway & Sons. His parents had several children, including:
William R. Steinway
Theodore Edwin Steinway
Maude Paige Steinway
Steinway attended the St. Paul's School in Garden City, New York.

Philanthropy
Steinway supported the Collectors Club with funds for various projects, such as purchasing the philatelic library of Austrian Justice Viktor Suppantschitsch for the club. The development of this library resulted in the club having one of the most extensive philatelic libraries in the world.

Steinway, along with other prominent American philatelists, helped found the Philatelic Foundation, which originally was located on the fourth floor of the Collectors Club of New York.  He was named chairman of the Expert Committee (1950–1952)..

He was also the founder of the Association for Stamp Exhibitions and was responsible for organizing the first five philatelic international exhibits in the United States which were held in 1913, 1926, 1936, 1947 and 1956.

Stamp collections
Steinway had various collections of stamps. The most significant ones were:
 specialized study of the "Sydney Views" of New South Wales
 Hamburg and old German States
 stamps with "socked-on-the-nose" cancellations
 stamps and covers relating to his family piano business

Because of his interest in collecting stamps related to his business, and because he applied no rigid rules as to collecting stamps, Steinway is often regarded as one of the founders of thematic collecting, which today is a common method of collecting. Such collectors today collect stamps showing butterflies, elephants, Disney characters, famous art, and so on.

Personal life
He married Ruth Gardner Davis, with whom he had:
Theodore D. Steinway (1914–1982)
Henry Ziegler Steinway (1915–2008)
Frederick Steinway (1921-2004)
John H. Steinway (1917–1989)
Elizabeth Steinway (1925–1993), who married Schuyler Chapin (1923–2009)
Henry Burden Chapin
Theodore Steinway Chapin
Samuel Garrison Chapin, who married Caroline Shippen Davis in 1982
Miles Chapin (b. 1954)
Lydia Goodwin Steinway (1927–2016), who married Eric W. Cochrane (1928–1985)
Because of his extensive interests and leadership within the field of philately, Theodore E. Steinway was awarded the first Lichtenstein Medal by the Collectors Club of New York in 1952.  His son John carried on his work in the field of philately, and served on the Board of Trustees of The Philatelic Foundation after his death in 1957.

References

External links
Theodore E. Steinway (The Philatelic Foundation)
Theodore E. Steinway (The American Philatelic Society)
Theodore E. Steinway (American Business Leaders – Harvard Business School)
The Steinway & Sons Collection in La Guardia and Wagner Archives
Steinway & Sons – European and international headquarters
Steinway & Sons – American headquarters
Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau, Vol. 48, 1928–28, p. 105 Theodor E. Steinway, der neue Präsident des Hauses Steinway & Sons
Theodore E. Steinway Collection of Steinway & Sons Ephemera, circa 1860-1986 (MS 3181), at the New-York Historical Society.

American philatelists
1883 births
1957 deaths
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
People from New York City
Piano makers
Theodore E.
American musical instrument makers
American Philatelic Society


Kenneth Henry Davies (born 8 July 1948) is an Australian politician who represented the seats of Townsville and Mundingburra in the Queensland Legislative Assembly for the Labor Party. First elected in 1989, he was the head of the Parliamentary Criminal Justice Commission, and then was promoted to cabinet, in a junior ministerial role in Emergency Services and Consumer Affairs. A close race in the 1995 state election resulted in him winning by just 16 votes. The result was overturned by the Court of Disputed Returns on 8 December 1995, and Davies, running as an Independent after being disendorsed by the ALP, lost in the subsequent by-election.

From 1998 to 2005 he served as general manager of the Kyogle Council in northern New South Wales. but was dismissed from the role after being criticised for living in Brisbane and commuting to Kyogle.

References

1948 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland
People from Longreach, Queensland


Ishag Mammadrza oglu Jafarzadeh (; August 14, 1895 in Ganja – January 5, 1982 in Baku) was one of the pioneers of Azerbaijan archaeology and ethnography. He excavated over seventy artifacts on Azerbaijan's territory and studied the Gobustan rock paintings. In 1948, during the Gobustan expedition, he discovered the Latin rock inscription near mountain Boyukdash, 70 km from Baku, which is the easternmost Roman evidence to be known.

Notes

Works
"Azərbaycanın qədim tarixi" ("Ancient History of Azerbaijan"), Azərb. SSR EA Tarix və Fəlsəfə İnstitutunun əsərləri, c. 1, B., 1961
Историко-археологический очерк очерк старой Ганджи (Родина Низами) (Historico-Archaeological Sketch on Old Ganja), Б., 1949
Гобустан. Наскальные изображения (Gobustan. The Rock Paintings), Б., 1973

1895 births
1982 deaths
20th-century archaeologists
People from Ganja, Azerbaijan
Baku State University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Azerbaijani archaeologists

Azerbaijani ethnographers
Soviet archaeologists
Soviet ethnographers


Government proposal may refer to:

 A proposal submitted by the government of a country to its parliament, in other words a legislative or other proposal by a government, which can for example concern a proposed bill, a treaty, or the state budget
 A government contract proposal, a response to a request for proposals

See also
 Proposal (disambiguation)


Jack Armstrong (May 16, 1904 – September 6, 1978) was a performer on the Northumbrian smallpipes.

Born in Wideopen, North Tyneside, five miles north of Newcastle upon Tyne, in 1904. He and his father, both coal miners, worked at Dinnington colliery, but Jack managed to get a job as a chauffeur shortly after World War I. In 1926 Jack married, and he was living at Skipton in North Yorkshire when he taught himself to play the pipes. His style, influenced by his father's playing, was steady and controlled; he favoured slow airs, which he played on a set of pipes with a rich, resonant tone. This style was in strong contrast to the faster, more virtuosic playing of Tom Clough and his followers, exemplified by Jack's friend and contemporary, Billy Pigg. His repertoire consisted largely of simple dance tunes and slow airs, from Northumberland and elsewhere, the latter often being given local titles. He also composed some tunes in traditional style, some of which are still played.

In an interview recorded in the 1970s, he recalled regular dances at Powburn, led by The Northumbrian Minstrels, Billy Atkinson on melodeon, Jack Thompson also on fiddle, and Bob Clark on drums. Jack was not a regular member of this band, but guested regularly with them.
These and others were involved in a concert in Alnwick, which was broadcast live to troops in 1942 - a press cutting relating to this is at.  Jack founded  a band of his own, The Barnstormers in about 1949.
In 1948 Jack was made official piper to the Duke of Northumberland. He held this post for many years, retiring in 1971. He was succeeded by Tom Matthews; a recording featuring both is at. During the 1950s Jack made many recordings, together with The Barnstormers and solo, as well as many broadcasts for the BBC. He  recorded a piping album with Patricia Jennings, side one consisting of his solo tracks and side two of pipe duets. Between about 1950 and the folk revival in the 1960s, he was perhaps the most widely known player of the Northumbrian smallpipes, and did much to raise awareness of the instrument.

Recordings
Northumbrian Minstrelsy (Concert Hall SVSC 2339), 1969.
Northumbrian Pipe Music (Beltona SEP 43 [ep]), 1969.
Jack Armstrong, Celebrated Minstrel, Northumbria Vol.1 (Saydisc Traditional Series, Saydisc SCL 252), 1974.
Northumbrian Pipe Tunes (Folktracks TFSA30.122), nd.
The Northumbrian Smallpipes (Clock Tower MTN 3073), 1969 (with Patricia Jennings).

Published compositions
Bracken Rigg
Rothbury Hills
Rowantree Hill
The College Valley Hunt
Coquet Light
Kyloe Woods
Northumbria Rejoices
Powburn Lads
Crawley Dene

References

1904 births
1978 deaths
Players of Northumbrian smallpipes
20th-century English musicians
People from Northumberland (before 1974)


Cirsium andrewsii is an uncommon species of thistle known by the common name Franciscan thistle. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the coastline of the San Francisco Bay Area from Marin to San Mateo Counties. There are also reports of isolated populations in the Klamath Mountains and in the Sierra Nevada.

Cirsium andrewsii grows in coastal habitats such as sea bluffs and canyons, and is sometimes found on serpentine soils. The species is biennial to perennial, producing an erect, leafy stem which can reach two meters in height. It is highly branched, dense to clumpy, fleshy, and cobwebby with fibers, especially when new. The leaves are woolly or cobwebby, spiny along the edges, and sometimes lack lobes or deep cuts. They are borne on petioles with winged, spiny margins, some spines exceeding a centimeter in length. The inflorescence produces one or more flower heads, each up to 3 centimeters long by 5 wide, wispy with cobwebby fibers, and lined with very spiny phyllaries. The flower head is packed with dark purplish-pink flowers up to about 2.5 centimeters in length. The fruit is an achene with a dark brown body about half a centimeter long and a pappus about 1.5 centimeters long.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
The Nature Conservancy
Calphoto Photo gallery, University of California

andrewsii
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Plants described in 1874
Critically endangered flora of California


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The Martin Pipe Conditional Jockeys' Handicap Hurdle is a National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain for conditional jockeys which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and 4½ furlongs (2 miles 4 furlongs and 56 yards, or 4,075 metres), and during its running there are nine hurdles to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.

The event was established in 2009 and is named in honour of Martin Pipe, a highly successful National Hunt trainer who retired in 2006. During his career Pipe was Champion Trainer fifteen times, and his record at the Cheltenham Festival included thirty-four victories.

Records
Most successful horse:
 no horse has won this race more than once
Leading jockey :
 no jockey has won this race more than once
Leading trainer (4 wins):
 Willie Mullins – Sir Des Champs (2011), Don Poli (2014), Killultagh Vic (2015), Galopin Des Champs (2021)

Winners
 Weights given in stones and pounds.

See also
 Horse racing in Great Britain
 List of British National Hunt races

References

 Racing Post:
 , , , , , , , , ,
, , ,

National Hunt races in Great Britain
Cheltenham Racecourse
National Hunt hurdle races
Recurring sporting events established in 2009
2009 establishments in England


The Repentance Tower is a very rare example of a mid-16th century watch tower standing on Trailtrow Hill, six miles north-west of Annan, Dumfries and Galloway. Built in 1565 by John Maxwell, the tower takes its name from an inscription Repentance carved on the stonework above the entrance door.

History
The watch tower remained with the Maxwells until in around 1627 the sixth Lord Herries sold Hoddam Castle and the tower to Sir Richard Murray of Cockpool (Comlongan) Castle. The barony and castle were purchased in 1690 by John Sharpe and remained with that family until 1878.

Walter Scott made a note of traditions connected with the tower in Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.

Thomas Carlyle lived at the nearby farm with his family from May 1825 to May 1826. He knew the tower and the views from Trailtrow Hill very well, leaving vivid descriptions in his letters and Reminiscences.

Construction
As stated it was built by John Maxwell, 4th Lord Herries, who had built Hoddom Castle on lower ground nearby and unwisely used stone from the Trailtrow Chapel that once stood on this site in the construction of his castle, with the result that Alexander Gordon, Archbishop of Glasgow may have required that a watch tower be built as recompense. It is surrounded by gravestones associated with the former chapel.

Its dimensions are similar to that of the average fortalice or tower and it is nearly square in section. Three storeys high it is surmounted by a later chimney-like stone beacon for a watch-fire where the bell would originally have been. A parapet and walk are at the top and the Hip roof was covered with stone slabs without any gables. Gun loops, shot holes and small windows are present with the entrance at the first floor level, now provided with a set of stone steps although originally a retractable wooden ladder would have been used. Several cannon-like water spouts are present for drainage.

A bird and a scroll flank the word 'REPENTANCE' carved in Gothic script above the double entrance door. The stone does not extend the width of the door suggesting that it has been re-used from the old chapel. The basement and top storeys are vaulted and a wooden ladder originally gave access to the other floors, the basement being entered from the first floor. A small fireplace existed on the upper storey. Some repairs and alterations have been made over the years, especially to the parapet in the 18th century.

The tower was besieged and damaged by the English in 1570 and repaired by 1579. In 1579 Lord Herries wrote to James VI saying "..the wache toure upoun Trailtrow callit Repentance mon be mendit of the litill diffacing the Englische army maid of it."

Trailtrow Hill is conical and is some 350 feet high giving views of the Solway and the hills of Cumberland.

The tower and chapel on Trailtrow Hill were accessed via a lane that ran from near Hoddom Mains and continued through to Trailtrow Farm.

Purpose

The tower had only one small fireplace and was not designed as a habitation, its purpose being to provide an elevated place of safety from which sentinels or guards could keep watch on the surrounding land, the West March of the Border, and the Solway Firth for English invaders or raiding parties. A bell and a beacon fire acted as signals to the Scots of invasion.

Bishop Pococke wrote that "..It was built by a Maxwel who had committed great ravages against Queen Mary, but afterwards became a papist and built this for a beacon, and put up in Saxon characters over the door - Repentance."

In the 18th century the upper storey of the watch tower was converted into a doocot or dovecote.

During the second world war the Repentance Tower was put back in use. A platoon of the Annan Home Guard occupied the tower with instructions to keep watch on the Solway for enemy invasion forces. In the event of sighting they had standing orders to light the signal beacon on the roof and keep it burning. Two of the team were detailed to cycle to Hoddom Castle to raise the alarm with the regulars stationed there while another two cycled to raise the alarm at the Chapelcross airfield. The cyclists were then detailed to return to the Repentance Tower and then hold the road past the tower to Hoddom bridge until help arrived. They were well armed with six Enfield rifles between them and an assortment of home made carbide and molotov devices. It was generally assumed that the colleagues from Hoddom would have been drawn back to somewhere more defensible.

Function
The beacon in the fire pan was always kept burning as a signal so long as the English troops remained in Scotland. The bell was to be rung when the English were spotted coming over the River Annan, etc. The bell and beacon also warned the Scots to take cover or else be seen as traitors. The beacon was located on the ground beside the tower and the bell was hung on the summit of the roof according to one source.

Origins of the name
Several suggestions regarding the origin of the name 'Repentance Tower' have been made in addition to the recompense for robbing the stone from Trailtrow Chapel. As already stated, Bishop Pococke wrote that "..It was built by a Maxwell who had committed great ravages against Queen Mary, but afterwards became a papist and built this for a beacon, and put up in Saxon characters over the door - Repentance," which suggests a religious reason. Dumfriesshire had at one point been invaded and held for a time by the English and John Maxwell had pledged not to fight these southrons on pain of the death of 14 Scots who were held at Carlisle Castle. He subsequently broke his pledge and the hostages were executed. It is suggested that he built the tower as an act of repentance and as a monument to those who had perished. Given the fact that the stone bearing the script is shorter than the width of the entrance it may have been re-used from the demolished chapel.

References

Bibliography & further reading
 Carroll, David (2015). Dumfries and Galloway Curiosities. Stroud:The History Press.
 Coventry, Martin (2001). The Castles of Scotland. 3rd Ed. Musselburgh:Goblinshead.
 Coventry, Martin (2008). The Castles of the Clans. 2nd Ed. Musselburgh:Goblinshead.
 Maxwell-Irving, A. M. T. (2000). The Border Towers of Scotland. Creedon Publications.
 MacGibbon, David and Ross, Thomas (1990 Reprint). The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland. Volume II. Edinburgh:James Thin.
 Salter, Mike (2006). The Castles of South-West Scotland. Malvern:Folly Publications.
 Stell, Geoffrey (1986). Exploring Scotland's Heritage. Dumfries and Galloway. Edinburgh:RCAHMS.
 Tranter, Nigel (1977). The Fortified House in Scotland. V.3. South-West Scotland. Edinburgh:The Mercat Press.

External links

 Images of the tower at sw-scotland-screen.com

Castles in Dumfries and Galloway
Listed castles in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Dumfries and Galloway
Tower houses in Scotland
Ruins in Dumfries and Galloway