Steven Jeffrey Taylor (born 18 October 1955) is an English former footballer. A forward, he scored 157 goals in 441 league games in a 15-year career in the Football League.

He began his career at Bolton Wanderers, turning professional in October 1973. He was loaned out to Port Vale in October 1975, before signing with Oldham Athletic in October 1977 for £38,000. He transferred to Luton Town in January 1979 for a £75,000 fee, before moving on to Mansfield Town for the same fee a few months later. He signed with Burnley in 1980, and helped the "Clarets" to the Third Division title in 1981–82. He switched to Wigan Athletic in 1983, before spending a brief spell with Stockport County the following year. He was signed by Rochdale in November 1984, and had a prolific two-year spell at the club, before he was bought by Preston North End for £20,000. He quickly returned to Burnley, and featured in the 1988 Football League Trophy final. He returned to Rochdale for the 1988–89 campaign, before he retired from professional football. He later had an unsuccessful time as manager of Northern Premier League club Mossley in 1993.

Playing career
Taylor was an apprentice with Bolton Wanderers, and turned professional in October 1973, with the "Trotters" lying in the Second Division under the stewardship of Jimmy Armfield. He joined Roy Sproson's Port Vale on loan in October 1975. It took until 1 November for him to earn his Third Division debut for the "Valiants"; a 1–0 win over Rotherham United at Vale Park. Seven days later he scored a brace past Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–0 victory at Hillsborough Stadium. Upon his return to Burnden Park, he helped new boss Ian Greaves to take Wanderers to a fourth-place finish in 1975–76 – they were just one point off Bristol City and West Bromwich Albion, who were both promoted. Bolton again finished fourth in 1976–77, lying just one point behind promoted Nottingham Forest.

In October 1977, Taylor signed for his hometown club Oldham Athletic for a fee of £38,000. He finished as the club's top scorer in 1977–78 with 21 goals; the "Latics" enjoyed a good season under Jimmy Frizzell, and finished eighth in the Second Division. Taylor then left Boundary Park and moved to Luton Town in January 1979 for a £75,000 fee. The "Hatters" finished two places and two points above the Second Division relegation zone in 1978–79, and Taylor only hit one goal in 20 league games at Kenilworth Road. David Pleat sold Taylor on to Mansfield Town, again for £75,000. He could not prevent Mick Jones's "Stags" from occupying the one of the Third Division relegation places in 1979–80, and did not stay on for long at Field Mill.

Taylor then was signed by Brian Miller's Burnley. He scored a hat-trick past Millwall in a 5–0 win at Turf Moor on 27 September 1980, and finished as the club's top scorer in 1980–81 with 17 goals in 47 games. He then hit 14 goals in 31 appearances in 1981–82, as the club finished as champions of the Third Division. He scored a hat-trick past Sheffield Wednesday in a 4–1 win on 1 January 1983, and another hat-trick past Charlton Athletic in a 7–1 home win on 26 February. He hit a total of 15 goals in 41 appearances in 1982–83, though this was not enough to save the club from relegation.

He joined Third Division rivals Wigan Athletic for the 1983–84 season, and finished as the club's top scorer with 10 goals. Harry McNally did not keep Taylor on at Springfield Park, and he instead started the 1984–85 campaign in the Fourth Division with Eric Webster's Stockport County. His stay at Edgeley Park was brief, and Taylor joined up with Vic Halom at Rochdale in November 1984, and scored 14 goals in 33 games in 1984–85. He then finished as the Fourth Division's joint-top scorer (with Southend United's Richard Cadette) in 1985–86 with 25 league goals. Seven goals in 13 games at the start of the 1986–87 season saw him snapped up by John McGrath at Preston North End for £20,000. The "Lilywhites" went on to win promotion out of the Fourth Division, but Taylor only featured in five league games at Deepdale. He remained in the Fourth Division and returned to Burnley after former boss Brian Miller was re-appointed as manager. He hit six goals in 54 games in 1987–88, and featured in the 1988 Football League Trophy final at Wembley, which ended in a 2–0 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers. He made four appearances in 1988–89, before returning to Spotland. He hit four goals in 17 league appearances in his second spell for "Dale", and left the Football League in summer 1989.

Managerial career
After over four years out of the game, Taylor was appointed manager of Northern Premier League
Division One side Mossley in August 1993. He left after just one win in 13 games. While manager of Mossley he played four times, scoring once. The club went on to finish the 1993–94 season in 17th place.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Burnley
Football League Third Division: 1981–82
Football League Trophy runner-up: 1988

Preston North End
Football League Fourth Division second-place promotion: 1986–87

References

1955 births
Living people
People from Royton
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
English men's footballers
Footballers from Oldham
Men's association football forwards
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Mossley A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
English football managers
Mossley A.F.C. managers
Northern Premier League managers


William Goodell (October 17, 1829 – October 27, 1894) was an eminent American gynecologist from Philadelphia, best remembered for first describing what is now referred to as Goodell's sign.

Biography
William Goodell was born in Malta, the son of missionary William Goodell, and studied at William's College, Massachusetts and Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, graduating in 1854. He worked in Constantinople until 1861. He then worked in general practice in West Chester until he was appointed Lecturer on Obstetric Diseases of Women at the University of Pennsylvania in 1870, and then Clinical Professor in Diseases of Women and Children in 1874.

He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1877.

In 1882, he removed a 112 lbs ovarian tumor from a 31 year old patient, who weighted 75 lbs after the operation.

Selected works
 A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Louyse Bourgeois, Midwife to Marie de' Medici, the Queen of Henry IV of France, The Annual Address of the Retiring President before the Philadelphia County Medical Society. (1876)
 Lessons in Gynecology, a textbook (1879)
 A Years Work in Oöphorectomy, University Medical Magazine, University of Pennsylvania (1888)
 Laceration of the Perineum and of the Cervix, a clinical lecture delivered at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University Medical Magazine, University of Pennsylvania (1888)
 Chronic Peritonitis with Pseudo-Membranous Exudation, Ascites and Matting Together of the Intestines, Simulation a Tumor. Laparotomy., a clinical lectured delivered at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University Medical Magazine, University of Pennsylvania (1888)
 The Abuse of Uterine Treatment Through Mistaken Diagnosis, Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, (1889)
 The Effect of Castration on Woman, and Other Problems in Gynecology The Medical News; a Weekly Medical Journal (1893)
 Introductory, Clinical Gynaecology, Medical and Surgical; for Students and Practitioners (1895)
 Clinical Notes on the Extirpation of the Ovaries for Insanity."...deemed a measure of sound policy ....to stamp out insanity by castrating all the insane men and spaying all the insane women," page 295. Year 1882. The American Journal of Insanity, Volume 38

References

1829 births
1894 deaths
Williams College alumni
Thomas Jefferson University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American gynecologists
19th-century American physicians


Occupational licensing, also called licensure, is a form of government regulation requiring a license to pursue a particular profession or vocation for compensation. It is related to occupational closure.

There is strongest public support for the licensing of professions whose activities could be a health or safety threat to the public, such as practicing medicine, and doctors require occupational licenses in most developed countries. However, some jurisdictions also require licenses for a much wider range of professions, such as florists and hairdressers.

Licensing creates a regulatory barrier to entry into licensed occupations. Licensing advocates argue that it protects the public interest by keeping incompetent and unscrupulous individuals from working with the public. However, there is little evidence that it affects the overall quality of services provided to customers by members of the regulated occupation. It can also harm consumers by raising prices and reducing innovation by new market entrants, and may slow overall economic growth.  Competition law can conflict with licensing practices if the licensing body favors its own licensees in ways that do not clearly protect the public.

Alternatives to individual licensing include only requiring that at least one person on a premises be licensed to oversee unlicensed practitioners, permitting of the business overall, random health and safety inspections, general consumer protection laws, and deregulation in favor of voluntary professional certification schemes or free market mechanisms such as customer review sites.

History
Traditionally, occupations in the crafts professions and in the liberal professions organize their respective industries in guilds and chambers in European countries like Germany and Austria. One of the most important changes in licensing has been the 2004 reform in Germany, where workers in 53 of 94 crafts professions were not required to be licensed anymore in order to start a business. In 2020, 12 of these deregulated professions reinstated the licensing requirement.

Types
In the United States and Canada, licensing  (the term registration is sometimes used) is usually required by law to work in a particular profession or to obtain a privilege such as to drive a car or truck. Many other privileges and professions require a license, generally from the state or provincial government, in order to ensure that the public will not be harmed by the incompetence of the practitioners, and to limit supply to incumbent practitioners and thus increase wages.

Examples of professions that require licensure in some jurisdictions include: actuary, architect, certified public accountant, electrician, engineering, general contractors, financial analyst, geologists, hedge fund manager, insurance agent, interior design, investment banker, licensed professional counselor, nurse, physical therapist, plumber, private investigator, psychologist, landscape architect, lawyer, nutritionist, physician, real estate broker, speech-language pathologist, school counselor, social worker, stockbroker, surveyor, and teacher.

Licensure is similar to professional certification, and sometimes synonymous (such as in the case with teacher licensure/certification); however, certification is an employment qualification and not a legal requirement for practicing a profession. In many cases, an individual must complete certain steps, such as training, acquiring an academic degree in a particular area of study, and/or passing an exam, before becoming eligible to receive their license. There are various resources available to assist professionals with the completion of these steps. Professional associations are often a tremendous resource to individuals looking to obtain a special level of certification or licensure. Upon the successful attainment of a license, individuals append an acronym to their name, such as CPA (Certified Public Accountant) or LPD and PI (Private Detective and Investigator) PE (Professional Engineer).

License renewal
In places, licensure may still be a lifelong privilege, but increasingly nowadays, it requires periodic review by peers and renewal. It is very common for license renewal to depend, at least in part, on academia. In the United Kingdom such regular upgrading of skills is often termed continuous professional development, or CPD. In many professions this is fast becoming a standard, mandatory and annual requirement. For example, in the US, educators are subject to state re-certification requirements in order to continue teaching. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, enacted to improve performance in US schools, has led to an intensification of license requirements for both beginning and experienced educators. In the case of UK medical practitioners, the government has recently proposed that they should all be legally required to produce formal proof, every five years, that they are upgrading their standard of practise. This tightening of the UK medical licensing system has largely been a response to public and government unease about a series of recent and well-publicised cases of alleged medical incompetence, including the Harold Shipman case, the Alder Hey organs scandal and those involving David Southall, Rodney Ledward and Richard Neale.
Such cases of medical malpractice in the 1990s are widely considered to have inspired the government to tighten professional control of medical practitioners and monitor the quality of their practice for their entire working life. One qualification for life is no longer deemed sufficient. Consequently, medical licenses can now be withdrawn when evidence of serious malpractice emerges. Currently, though such reviews of CPD are entirely voluntary, some form of professional development is already strongly encouraged within the medical profession.

Economic theory
One simple theory of occupational licensing envisions a costless supply of unbiased, capable gatekeepers, and enforcers. The gatekeepers screen entrants to the occupation, barring those whose skills or character suggest a tendency toward low-quality output. The enforcers monitor incumbents and discipline those whose performance is below standard with punishments that may include revocation of the license needed to practise. Assuming that entry and performance are controlled in these ways, the quality of service in the profession will almost automatically be maintained at or above standards that are set by the gatekeeper to the profession. Within this approach, only those who have the funds to invest in training and the ability to do the work are able to enter the occupation.

Introducing economics to this otherwise mechanical model by noting that a key discipline on incumbents—the threat of revoking one's license—may not mean much if incumbents can easily re-enter the profession, such as by moving to a new firm, or by shifting to an alternative occupation with little loss of income. Since grandfathering (i.e., allowing current workers to bypass the new requirements) is the norm when occupations seek to become licensed, incumbent workers are usually supportive of the regulation process. In the absence of grandfathering, lower-skilled workers in the occupation may have to seek alternative employment. For example, if sales skills are the key to both providing licensed sales of heart monitors and the non-licensed selling of shoes or cars, then individuals may shift between these lines of work with little loss of income.

Under these circumstances, meaningful discipline for license holders may require deliberate steps to ensure that loss of license entails significant financial loss. Such additional steps could include the imposition of fines, improved screening to prevent expelled practitioners from re-entering the occupation, or requiring all incumbents to put up capital that would be forfeited upon loss of the license. To offset the possibility that incumbents could shift to other occupations with little loss of income, entry requirements could be tightened to limit supply and create monopoly rents within the licensed occupation (rent-seeking). The threat of losing these monopoly rents could, in principle, give incentives to incumbents to maintain quality standards. This may also result in some increases in human capital investments in order to attain additional requirements. The rents could also motivate potential entrants to invest in high levels of training in order to gain admittance. This suggests that licensing can raise quality within an industry by restricting supply, raising labor wages, and raising output prices. Increasing prices may signal either enhanced quality due to perceived or actual skill enhancements or restrictions on the supply of regulated workers.

State-regulated occupations can use political institutions to restrict supply and raise the wages of licensed practitioners. There is assumed to be a once-and-for-all income gain that accrues to current members of the occupation who are "grandfathered" in, and do not have to meet the newly established standard. Generally, workers who are "grandfathered" are not required to ever meet the standards of the new entrants. Individuals who attempt to enter the occupation in the future will need to balance the economic rents of the field's increased monopoly power against the greater difficulty of meeting the entrance requirements.

Once an occupation is regulated, members of that occupation in a geographic or political jurisdiction can implement tougher statutes or examination pass rates and may gain relative to those who have easier requirements by further restricting the supply of labor and obtaining economic rents for incumbents (credentialism and educational inflation). Restrictions would include raising the pass rate on licensing exams, imposing higher general and specific requirements, and implementing tougher residency requirements that limit new arrivals in the area from qualifying for a license. Moreover, individuals who have finished schooling in the occupation may decide not to go to a particular political jurisdiction where the pass rate is low because both the economic and shame costs may be high.

Conversely, efforts can be made at interstate reciprocity, so that a license or a certification earned in one federated state or province qualifies the holder to practice in any of the other states or provinces of the federation, which can lower the overall cost and burden of adequately staffing the profession in all regions. For example, high demand and low supply for nurses or for teachers, in any particular region, can be alleviated if the red tape is reduced, as long as that reduction does not truly harm competence and preparedness.

The effect of not reducing that administrative burden has been measured by a 2017 analysis that found that occupational licensing in different American states reduced between-state migration of individuals in professions with divergent licensing by 36 percent relative to members of other occupations, while workers in nationally licensed occupations showed no evidence of reduced interstate migration. A 2020 follow up study by the same authors found that "the magnitude of the effect can only account for a small part of the overall decline in [interstate migration] seen in recent decades."

Criticism

Historically, in the professionalization process by which trades have transformed themselves
into true professions, licensing fast became the method of choice in obtaining the occupational closure required by barring competition from entry to the rites and privileges of a professional group. This was initially the preferred route of regulation whether for physicians, lawyers, the clergy, accountants, bankers, scientists or architects. However, licensing has given way to membership of professional bodies, as a means of excluding competition.

Licensure restricts entry into professional careers in medicine, nursing, law, business, pharmacy, psychology, social work, teaching, engineering, surveying, and architecture. Advocates claim that licensure protects the consumer through the application of professional, educational and/or ethical standards of practice. Economist Milton Friedman opposed this practice, believing that licensure effectively raises professional salary by placing limits on the supply of specific occupations. "It is hard to regard altruistic concern for their customers as the primary motive behind their determined efforts to get legal power to decide who may be a plumber."

Restricting entry by licensing is arguably a convenient and effective method of maintaining the high standards, high status and elite privileges of a profession as well as acting to eliminate competition from those who provide a cheaper but (allegedly) sub-standard service. Organizations such as the American Medical Association were explicitly set up to restrict the number of practitioners. However, libertarians like Milton Friedman have argued that this process is counterproductive as it seriously restricts the number of active professionals working in society and thus unnecessarily inhibits the working of a free enterprise economy. A 2011 U.S. study estimated that occupational licenses result in 2.8 million fewer jobs, and cost the economy $203 billion per year.  The number of jobs requiring a professional licensed represents an increasing fraction of the workforce, from 5% in 1950 to 22% in 2010s. Critics say that low-income consumers, who pay higher prices than required for the level of quality they might require, and low-income job seekers, are disproportionately affected.

In the United States, critics have pointed out that (as of 2018) only 60 professions are licensed by all 50 states, but about 1100 by at least one state, including tour guides, bartenders, and interior designers. If many professions are functioning satisfactorily unlicensed in the majority of states, this implies to critics that the licensing is unnecessary for consumer protection.  The administrations of both President Obama and President Trump have tried to pressure state and local authorities to reduce overly burdensome licensing requirements. Excessive requirements include requiring hair braiders to have a full cosmetology license and learn about many unrelated tasks, and requiring casket salespersons to be full licensed funeral directors.

Evidence on the effects
It is well understood that occupational licensing can serve as a barrier to occupational entry resulting in reduced employment, monopoly rents for workers in the occupation, and higher prices for consumers (Friedman, 1962).

Impact on wages
Kleiner and Krueger (2010 and 2013) show that after controlling for education, labor market experience, occupation, and other controls, licensing is associated with a 15 to 18 percent wage premium in the labor market.  This estimate may partially reflect a premium for higher unmeasured human capital, but it is also consistent and likely in large part due to rents.

A 2016 paper studying occupational licensing in the European Union estimated a wage premium of 4%, with significant variation across professions.

A study from the Mercatus Center showed that occupational licensing can lead to greater income inequality, with each step needed to open a business leading to an additional 1.4% of national income going to the top 10% of earners.

A 2019 NBER paper found that occupational licensing contributed to an average welfare loss of 12 percent.

Impact on employment
The empirical work on the effects of licensing on employment levels or growth rates, but the existing estimates suggest that they could be large. Kleiner (2006) examined employment growth rates in states and occupations with stronger versus weaker occupational licensing requirements.  Specifically, he compares employment growth between 1990 and 2000 of occupations that are licensed in some states to the same occupations that are not licensed in other states. In order to account for differential growth rates between states, he also compared the growth rate of occupations that are either fully licensed or fully unlicensed in both sets of states. Using a "difference-in-difference" regression analysis, Kleiner found that partially licensed occupations had a 20 percent lower growth rate in states with licensing relative to states without licensing and relative to the difference in growth rates between these sets of states of fully licensed and fully unlicensed occupations.  This estimate implies that a licensed occupation that grew at a 10 percent rate between 1990 and 2000 would have grown at a 12 percent rate if it were unregulated.

For Germany, a study exploits the deregulation of occupational licenses called Meister for 53 occupations in 2004 as a natural experiment. It finds that this policy change increased the propensity to work as self-employed substantially.

Impact on prices
Because it restricts employment, licensing can also lead to higher prices for services faced by consumers.  This has been documented in a number of studies including Shepard (1978), Bond, et al. (1980) Cox and Foster (1990), and Kleiner and Todd (2009).

While it is not possible to precisely estimate the effects of substantially reducing occupational licensing at the present time, both theory and the available evidence suggest that such a reduction could translate into significantly higher employment, better job matches, and improved customer satisfaction.  Low-income consumers, in particular, would benefit because reduced barriers to entry would reduce the prices of services provided (Shapiro, 1986 and Cox and Foster, 1990).

Impact on quality of service provision
Without doing a detailed analysis at the occupation-by-occupation and state level, economists cannot say which occupations can be justified based on quality-consideration, though studies have been conducted they have found at least in a number of cases at different stages of licensing reduces employment, but does not result in better services (Kleiner, 2013). For example, Kleiner and Kudrle (2000) find that occupational licensing of dentists does not lead to improved measured dental outcomes of patients, but is associated with higher prices of certain services, likely because there are fewer dentists.

In the case of midwifery, the introduction of occupation licensing led to substantial reductions in maternal mortality.

Public safety
Many professions involving risk to the public do not require professional licenses. For example, chefs are generally unlicensed, though opening a restaurant may require permits, inspection, and employee training or instructional signage.  Becoming a brain surgeon typically only requires a medical license; the substantial additional training and experience required to perform this operation competently is managed by the hospitals who employ the surgeons.

Restrictions to employment without licensure can prevent people with criminal records or severe mental health issues from working in occupations that require public trust. Occupations of or affected by the gambling industry, may be restricted by licensure, such as a racing secretary in horseracing, or people in the boxing, mixed martial arts, and professional wrestling industry. People whose occupations put them in physical contact with the public might also be restricted by licensure, including a barber, cosmetologist, or massage therapist. Occupations that bring a person into the home might also be screened through licensure, including a chauffeur, landscape architect, or arborist.

Labour mobility
Individuals practicing a profession in one jurisdiction where no license is required, or where licensing requirements are more lax, face problems with employment when moving to a jurisdiction with more stringent licensing. This can be particularly burdensome on families where one spouse has no choice with regard to location of work (such as military servicemembers), when the second spouse is in a licensed profession. These problems can be avoided by harmonizing laws across jurisdictions, or with reciprocity agreements where licenses from one jurisdiction are recognized in others.

With occupational licensing varying by state, another channel through which licensing can affect employment is through reduced mobility.  The patchwork of regulations raises the cost of cross-state mobility for workers in these occupations.  This will result in slower adjustment costs to regional economic shocks which can result in higher unemployment.

Impacts on minorities
A 1983 study found that some occupational licensing schemes tended to exclude minorities and disadvantaged populations from entering such trades. However, a more recent study from 2009 found the opposite.

Alternatives

Government regulation
To distinguish various forms of regulation, there are three forms of government regulation of occupations:

 Licensing: Licensing refers to situations in which it is unlawful to carry out a specified range of activities for pay without first having obtained a license.  This confirms that the license holder meets prescribed standards of competence. Workers who require such licenses to practice include doctors, lawyers, nurses, civil engineers, and surveyors.
 State Certification: is generally necessary in order to obtain a license to practice an occupation. The certification requirements include passing of a standardized, state-administered test and proof of minimum experience working under the supervision of a licensed practitioner. New entrants to the occupation can start working as trainees such as "apprentice electrician". Some workers in an occupation may never get certified and licensed but can continue working under the supervision of a licensed person indefinitely.
 Registration: Registration refers to situations in which one can register one's name and address and qualifications with the appropriate regulatory body. Registration provides a standard for being on the list, but complaints from consumers or improper listing of credentials can result in removal from the list.

Professional certification
In contrast to government regulation, voluntary professional certification can be used to demonstrate competence without the harmful economic effects of legalized occupational barriers. Examples of professional associations and trade associations that provide voluntary professional certification in various fields include:
 National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
 CompTIA
 (ISC)²
 Project Management Institute
 American Meteorological Society

By country

European Union
In 2016, research funded by the European Commission estimated that around 22% of workers in the European Union were affected by occupational licensing. This varied significantly between member states, with Germany having the highest proportion (33%) affected, and Denmark the lowest (14%). The same paper also found the 'Health and Social Work' sector generally had the most licensing, but in general there was "considerably large variation" in which professions were licensed in different member states.

United States
In the United States, licensing has been among the fastest-growing labor market institutions. The figure shows the growth of occupational licensing relative to the decline of union membership since the 1950s.
 By 2008 occupational licensing in the U.S. had grown to 29 percent of the workforce, up from below five percent in the 1950s. In contrast, unions represented as much as 33 percent of the U.S. workforce in the 1950s, but declined to less than 12 percent of the U.S. workforce by 2008.

In April 2019, Arizona became the first US state to recognize out-of-state occupational licenses.

See also
 Employment protection legislation
 Labor economics
 Labour market flexibility
 Law and economics
 Loss aversion
 Professional certification
 Regulatory capture
 Regulatory state
 Rent-seeking

References

Further reading

External links

Labour economics
Libertarian theory
Licensing
Anti-competitive practices


Televideo is the teletext service broadcast on all RAI television channels in Italy, and also available in its entirety on the Internet.

Launched in 1984 with 300 pages, today it counts around 900 pages, with 21 separate regional editions for Rai Tre. During the years, the term Televideo become part of Italian language vocabulary, as synonym of Teletext, with Rai 1, Rai 2, Rai 3.

External links
 Official Website

Rai (broadcaster)
Teletext
1984 establishments in Italy


Onésime Pelletier (April 5, 1833 – April 2, 1881) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Bellechasse in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1875 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Lavaltrie, Canada East, the son of Ambroise Pelletier and Louise-Sophie Giguère, and was educated at the Collège de l'Assomption and the Université Laval. He qualified to practice as a doctor in 1858 and set up practice in Saint-Charles. In 1859, he married Anselmie Blais. Pelletier was president of the Bellechasse Colonization Society. He was defeated by Pierre Fradet when he ran for reelection in 1875. Pelletier died in Saint-Charles at the age of 47.

References

1833 births
1881 deaths
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Université Laval alumni


The Standard Project Hurricane, or SPH, was the initial model used to determine how strong the hurricane protection system should be in order to protect the New Orleans, Louisiana area from flooding due to hurricanes.

History

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began developing the model with the Weather Bureau in 1959.

The standard was developed before the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale came into use, and the features of the Standard Project fit poorly with the scale. The wind speed for the project hurricane was just 100 miles per hour, which falls into Category 2; other features more closely resemble a much more severe Category 4. The United States Army Corps of Engineers generally calls it the equivalent of a fast-moving Category 3.

The standard project hurricane became "enshrined within the corps," according to an investigation of the levee failures in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, who noted that "the corps saw little need to go back and reanalyze "the true risks of catastrophic flooding" in New Orleans.  Even when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the successor agency to the Weather Bureau, recommended increasing the strength of the model, the corps did not change its construction plans."

Shortcomings

Dr. David Daniel, the chairman of a panel reviewing the corps' investigation, said in an interview, "It was not a terribly sophisticated or detailed analysis by today's standards."

The creators of the standard project hurricane, in an attempt to find a representative storm, actually excluded the fiercest storms from the database.

"Storms like Hurricane Camille in 1969 were taken out of the data set as lying too far out of the norm; the Berkeley researchers noted that 'excluding outlier data is not appropriate in the context of dealing with extreme hazards.' Also, the calculations of the cost-benefit ratio did not take into account the costs of failure, both economic and social, far greater in an urban area like New Orleans than a rural one."

See also
Flood Control Act of 1965
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)
2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
When the Levees Broke (film)
London Avenue Canal
17th Street Canal
Industrial Canal
Reconstruction of New Orleans
Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina
Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina
Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
 Levees.org - Non profit in New Orleans holding the Army Corps accountable for their flood protection nationwide

References

Hurricanes in Louisiana


Barack Obama Academy is a small alternative middle school in Oakland, California. It is part of the Oakland Unified School District. It became notable as the first middle school in the United States to be officially named or renamed after US President Barack Obama in March 2009. The middle school, which opened in 2007, was formerly known as the Alternative Learning Community.  The name change was prompted by the school's students.

As of 2011 it had 24 students, most of whom were low income African Americans.

References

Public middle schools in California
Oakland Unified School District
Schools in Alameda County, California
2007 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 2007


Polygamy is legal in Kuwait. Between 8% and 12.5% of all marriages are polygamous. It has been reported that polygamy is on the decline among the younger generation.

References

Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwaiti culture


Bernt Sverdrup Maschmann (17 October 1805 – 13 May 1869) was a Norwegian priest, politician and pharmacist.

Bernt Maschmann was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was a son of pharmacist Hans Henrich Maschmann. He earned his Cand.theol. in 1829. He was the pastor of Vega in Nordland from 1830 and then the vicar at Hobøl in Østfold from 1837 to 1869.  In addition, from 1849 he was provost for the Øvre Borgesyssel deanery in the Diocese of Borg.

Maschmann was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1845, representing the constituency of Smaalenenes Amt which corresponds to the current Østfold. In 1856, he acquired the family pharmaceutical business, Elefantapoteket i Christiania, which he operated until 1860.

He was married to Antoinette Augusta Aars with whom he had five children. They were the maternal great-parents of jurist and magistrate Harald Gram. He was the father-in-law of the book collector Thorvald Boeck.

References

1805 births
1869 deaths
Clergy from Oslo
Norwegian priest-politicians
Members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
Norwegian pharmacists
Health professionals from Oslo


Map the Soul (魂) is Epik High's book album which was released on March 27, 2009.

The first single from the album is "Map the Soul (ft. MYK)". The album is Epik High's first venture under their own independent label, Map the Soul Inc.

Many tracks on the album were consciously recorded with the international fans in mind, with collaborations from Asian American artists (also labelmates) Kero One & MYK, as well as lyrics in both English and Korean.

The complimentary book (ordered directly from the official site) contains information detailing the album creation process.

Track listing
From iTunes.

References

External links
 MapTheSoul.com Official Site

Epik High albums


Meridian Street is the name of a street in several cities and towns, including:

 Meridian Street (Indianapolis), Indiana
 Washington State Route 539, Meridian Street in Bellingham, Washington


Benjamin John Bowen (birth registered second ¼ 1915 – 26 February 2009) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Llanelli, and representative rugby league for Wales, and at club level for Wigan (Heritage No. 417), and Leigh (where he scored seven tries), (Heritage No. 576), and represented the Welsh league team.

Background
Bowen was born Llanelli, Wales, he was the first ever landlord of The Wellfield Hotel public house in the middle of the then new Beech Hill housing estate in Wigan, and he died aged 93 in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.

Rugby career
Bowen first played first-class rugby for Llanelli, and was on the brink of winning his first cap for the Welsh union team when he switched to league. Bowen was a trialist in 1938 and managed to play in front of the selectors on the side of the 'Probables', but on leaving the field he was approached by officials from Wigan. The club offered him a ten-year contract, and when Bowen accepted he severed his links from the union code by becoming professional. Bowen changed rugby football codes from rugby union to rugby league when he transferred to Wigan, but with the outbreak of World War II he joined the British Armed Forces becoming a member of the Welsh Guards. Jackie Bowen played  in Wigan's 10–7 victory over Salford in the 1938–39 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1938–39 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 22 October 1938. After the war he returned to Wigan, and in 1945 he won his first international cap in a game against England.

Jackie Bowen played  in Wigan's 13–9 victory over Dewsbury in the Championship Final first-leg during the 1943–44 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 13 May 1944, and played  in the 12–5 victory over Dewsbury in the Championship Final second-leg during the 1943–44 season at Crown Flatt, Dewsbury on Saturday 20 May 1944.

Although capped for Wales, he did not receive his actual cap until 2005 when he was awarded it during a half-time presentation on the pitch of the JJB Stadium in a match between Wigan and St. Helens.

Genealogical information
Bowen settled in Wigan, becoming a publican in the city, and marrying local girl Phyllis Brown, they had children; Benjamin J. Keith Bowenduring fourth quarter  in Ince district), and Margaret A. Bowen during third quarter  in Ince district).

References

External links
Rugby League Wartime Matches: Odsal Stadium, Bradford (1940s) Film No: 679
Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com

1915 births
2009 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Footballers who switched code
Leigh Leopards players
Llanelli RFC players
Publicans
Rugby league players from Llanelli
Rugby union players from Llanelli
Wales national rugby league team players
Welsh Guards soldiers
Welsh rugby league players
Welsh rugby union players
Wigan Warriors players


Jason Nett is a Canadian composer, producer, and guitarist born in New Westminster, British Columbia.  He was the resident composer for the Vancouver Island Symphony.  He also works as a producer and performs internationally.

Jason Nett's commissioned works are frequently performed in Vancouver's "classical" community by orchestras, chamber ensembles, choirs etc.(listed below).  Nett fuses the classical styles of composers like Bach and Beethoven with influences from Rock and Jazz.  Nett's music integrates an emphasis on vibrant rhythm in many of his works. About his Vancouver Island commissioned work, Sonic Blue, Jason Nett says, "The piece is very up-tempo, very rhythmic, something you would find in blues-rock guitar today..."

One of his largest works is the Opera, "Legends", which was written for the Vancouver Island Symphony's Youth and Education concert series.  The show "tell[s] the story of the last 150 years on central Vancouver Island, including the contributions of First Nations, Chinese immigrants and Scottish and English coal miners." The production was awarded a Vancouver Celebration Grant for its contribution to the community.

Nett's latest work is a ballet titled "The Same River Twice". This piece was performed, in Newfoundland, in Gros Morne's Summer Music 2010 program in a show called "Splash!" organized by David Maggs. The show took place "in a dory floating between the two banks of the Glynmill Inn pond near where the stream empties into it," featuring keyboard, cello, percussion and voice. Beyond the music was "a series of dancers moving to choreography arranged by Amy Andrews", "a theatrical element played out by local actor Jim Parsons" and supported by an "audio technician Louis McDonald and lighting guru Harry Tibbo."

Selected works

Ballet
The Same River Twice - keyboard, cello, percussion, voice, Gros Morne Summer Music

Orchestral
Sol – full orchestra, Vancouver Symphony
Symphonia Brevis – full orchestra, Vancouver Symphony
Sonic Blue – full orchestra, Vancouver Island Symphony
Tungstein – amplified orchestra w/electric guitar soloist, Plastic Acid Orchestra

Opera
Legends – full orchestra with singers, Vancouver Island Symphony

Choral
Native Spirit Song – SATB, British Columbia Boy's Choir

Chamber
Who We Really Are – brass ensemble, Vertical Orchestra
In the Mouth of Madness – chamber orchestra, Aventa Ensemble
Trio #1 and 2 – guitar, violin, flute, Jason Nett Ensemble

Guitar Quartets
The Journey I,II,III – Vancouver Guitar Quartet
Road Rage - Jason Nett Guitar Quartet
Excerpts From A Diary #1 I,II,III - Jason Nett Guitar Quartet
Revolution  - Jason Nett Guitar Quartet
When I Think Of You - Jason Nett Guitar Quartet
Searching For The Devine - Jason Nett Guitar Quartet
O’Canada - Jason Nett Guitar Quartet

Notes

External links
Melanie Dekker article with reference to Jason Nett

Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
People from New Westminster
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Live from Madison Square Garden is a double CD and DVD live album by Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood, which was released on 19 May 2009 by Duck / Reprise Records. The album is made up of recordings from Clapton and Winwood's performances at Madison Square Garden in February 2008. It is Clapton's ninth live album and Winwood's first live album as a solo artist.

The duo performed songs from their time in the band Blind Faith as well as selections from Traffic, Derek and the Dominos, Clapton's and Winwood's solo careers and some rock and blues covers. Their band consisted of Willie Weeks on bass, Ian Thomas on drums and Chris Stainton on keyboards.

Background
Winwood and Clapton first crossed musical paths as members of the one-off group Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse in March 1966. They recorded songs issued on the Elektra Records compilation album What's Shakin'.  Later they teamed up again in 1969 with the formation of Blind Faith, shortly after Clapton had left Cream. Blind Faith pioneered the fusion of rock and blues into tremendous studio and stage success. Despite critical and popular acclaim, the band was short-lived with only one album and a brief 1969 tour that debuted 12 July at Madison Square Garden and ended 24 August in Hawaii. Since then, Winwood and Clapton have remained friends but had only performed together a few times over the years; an occasional song at a charity event.  In 1998, they both appeared in the movie Blues Brothers 2000 as members of the fictional blues group, the Louisiana Gator Boys (Willie Weeks was also a member). During Clapton's 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival, Clapton and Winwood played six songs together including a few Blind Faith songs.  After that successful experience, the two decided to collaborate again. The 2008 Madison Square Garden shows were the first full Winwood-Clapton concerts in almost 40 years.

The night before Buddy Miles died, a friend called him on his cell phone so he could hear Winwood and Clapton perform his best known song "Them Changes". When they found out the next day that Miles had died, they dedicated the performance of the song to him.

Tour
On 11 February 2009, the pair announced a 14-city US tour that kicked off on 10 June 2009 in East Rutherford, New Jersey. They were joined on stage by Chris Stainton (keyboards), Willie Weeks (bass), Abe Laboriel Jr. (drums), as well as backing vocalists Sharon White and Michelle John.

Recording, production and artwork
Live from Madison Square Garden was recorded from 25 to 28 February. The shows were recorded and mixed by James Towler, while the production was handled by James Pluta, John McDermott, and Scooter Weintraub with executive production by John Beug, Michael Eaton, Peter Jackson, and Tom Whalley. Most of the production staff were also involved in the recordings for Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festivals.

The art direction for the album and DVD was Ellen Wakayama with the design handled by Donny Phillips of the Tehachapi hardcore bands The Warriors and Machines, and photography by Danny Clinch. Phillips is one of the lead graphic designers at Warner Bros. Records, which the other two people mentioned also work for. The artwork was based on the taijitu, although the colours on the packaging were red and blue instead of black and white.

Some issues  have an incorrect track listing for CD 1, in the booklet, as "Low Down," which is not listed, should be Track 2.  The track listing for CD 2 is correct, as are the track listings for both CDs as they appear on the back of the CD case.  Also, the booklet does not include the recording dates (25–28 February 2008) or the timings for each track.  The track listings and the timings, for both CDs in the set, shown below are correct.

Track listing (CD)

Track listing (DVD)

Disc One
 "Had to Cry Today"
 "Them Changes"
 "Forever Man"
 "Sleeping in the Ground"
 "Presence of the Lord"
 "Glad"
 "Well All Right"
 "Double Trouble"
 "Pearly Queen"
 "Tell the Truth"
 "No Face, No Name, No Number"
 "After Midnight"
 "Split Decision"
 "Rambling on My Mind"
Clapton solo performance
 "Georgia on My Mind"
Winwood solo performance
 "Little Wing"
 "Voodoo Chile"
 "Can't Find My Way Home"
 "Dear Mr. Fantasy"
 "Cocaine"

Disc Two
Documentary: The Road to Madison Square Garden
Documentary: Rambling on My Mind (includes Clapton at soundcheck performing "Rambling on My Mind")
Bonus Performances: "Low Down", "Kind Hearted Woman", "Crossroads"

Track listing (Blu-ray)
The Blu-ray release carries the same material as the DVD release on a single disc. Video format is 1080p; audio is provided in LPCM 2.0 and DTS 5.1 formats.

Personnel

 Eric Clapton – guitar, vocals
 Steve Winwood – guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Chris Stainton – keyboards
 Willie Weeks – bass
 Ian Thomas – drums

Chart positions

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

!scope="col" colspan="3"|Video release
|-

|-

References

Eric Clapton live albums
Steve Winwood albums
2009 live albums
2009 video albums
Live video albums
Warner Records live albums
Warner Records video albums
Albums recorded at Madison Square Garden
Eric Clapton video albums


Krzysztof Gustaw Sikora (born 4 February 1954 in Koronowo, Poland) is a Polish politician who was a current Member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly and Assembly Chairperson from 2006 to 2010.

He is Chancellor of University of Economy in Bydgoszcz (Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki).

In 2004 European Parliament election he was a candidate of Civic Platform from Kuyavian-Pomeranian constituency. He polled 4,515 votes and was not elected.

In 2006 local election he joined the Regional Assembly III term representing the 1st district. He scored 12,928 votes, running on the Civic Platform list. Assembly III Term elected him as Assembly Chairperson (Przewodniczący Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego).

See also
 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly

References

External links
 (pl) Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly webside
 (pl) Assembly Chairperson webside

1954 births
Living people
People from Bydgoszcz County
Civic Platform politicians
Members of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly


Waging War may refer to:

Waging War (album), a 2002 album by the band Swift
"Waging War" (song), a 2008 song by CeCe Winans
 "Waging War", a song by Hellyeah from their eponymous album
Waging War: The Clash Between Presidents and Congress, 1776 to ISIS, a 2016 book by David Jeremiah Barron


The Wildlife Protection Society of India  (WPSI) was founded in 1994 by Belinda Wright, its Executive Director, who was an award-winning wildlife photographer and filmmaker till she took up the cause of conservation. From its inception, WPSI's main aim has been to bring a new focus to the daunting task of tackling India's growing wildlife crisis. It does this by providing support and information to government authorities to combat poaching and the  escalating illegal wildlife trade - particularly in wild tigers. It has now broadened its focus to deal with human-animal conflicts and provide support for research projects.

With a team of committed environmentalists, WPSI is one of the most respected and effective wildlife conservation organisations in India. It is a registered non-profit organisation, funded by a wide range of Indian and international donors. The society's board members include leading conservationists and business people.

Programs
The WPSI works with government law enforcement agencies throughout India to apprehend tiger poachers and traders in tiger parts. WPSI also makes every effort to investigate and verify any seizure of tiger parts and unnatural tiger deaths that are brought to their notice.
Investigation
WPSI maintains a network of undercover agents and informants who gather intelligence on the illegal trade in endangered species. WPSI's informers and agents are especially active in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and the Sundarbans area.

In November, 2008, in one notable case, the notorious tiger poacher, "Dariya", was arrested by the Katni Forest Department, with information and assistance provided by Wildlife Protection Society of India.  Senior field investigators also maintain contact with personnel in lower courts, which is where most wildlife offences are tried. They liaise continuously with informers, forest officials and the police. They are involved with elephant poaching and ivory trade investigations.
Crime data
The WPSI Wildlife Crime Database has records of over 15,300 wildlife crimes involving more than 400 species that are targeted by wildlife traders and poachers. Data on wildlife crimes is received and processed daily with specially developed computer software. Important leads are verified and passed on to enforcement authorities for further action. In 2008 WPSI significantly expanded its database on tiger poaching and trade and related wildlife crimes. This data assists enforcement agencies in detecting wildlife crime and aids the apprehension and prosecution of criminals.
Training
WPSI conducts Wildlife Law Enforcement Workshops for enforcement agencies. Since 2000, it has undertaken over 25 workshops in 12 states across India. WPSI has given specialist presentations to the SVP National Police Academy, the National Institute of Criminology, the Central Bureau of Investigation, the Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Indian Revenue Service, the Wildlife Institute of India, tiger reserve authorities, and enforcement training centres.
Conservation
WPSI supports conservation projects for species as varied as the tiger, otter and sea turtle. Among these projects are: Support to Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Trade & Wildlife Crimes Grassroots NGO Support Network, Support to Corbett Tiger Reserve & Adjoining Forests, Support to Sundarbans Tiger Reserve, WPSI Tiger Protection Awards, Award for Information that Leads to Seizure of Tiger Parts, ‘Operation Kachhapa’, Conservation of the Olive Ridley Turtle, ‘Corridor to Survival’ - Landscape Conservation Plan for Elephant Management, Human-Elephant Conflict & Elephant Mortality in North Bengal, a film campaign on Otter Conservation, Indian Cranes and Wetlands Working Group and Animal- Human Conflict Management. They provide support to the prosecution of wildlife court cases, public interest litigations, wildlife law publications and the Millennium Digest (1950–2003) on Wildlife & Ancillary Laws. They were instrumental in the resettlement of Van Gujjars outside Rajaji National Park. They have conducted research on Interactions between the Ladakh urial & livestock, interactions between snow leopard prey species & livestock, development of pugmark-based population monitoring, human-leopard conflict in Pune District, Maharashtra and effects of forest resource extraction on biodiversity.
Education
WPSI is actively involved in all of India's major wildlife conservation issues and has been at the forefront of media campaigns to highlight the importance of wildlife protection. WPSI prints and distributes educational posters about tiger and wildlife conservation and laws. The posters target the general population, highlight the need for conservation and encourage the protection of wildlife, and spell out penalties for poaching and trading. More than 40,000 posters have been distributed by state forest departments and local NGOs in seven languages - Hindi, English, Kannada, Oriya, Assamese, Bengali and Malayalam.
Publications
Some of the WPSI publications include Shatoosh - The Illegal Trade, Skinning the Cat: Crime and Politics of the Big Cat Skin Trade, WPSI-Ranthambhore Tiger Census, May 2005, India's Tiger Poaching Crisis, Tiger Poaching Statistics of India, A God in Distress: Threats of Poaching and the Ivory Trade to the Asian Elephant, Fashioned for Extinction: An Exposé of the Shahtoosh Trade, Handbook of Environment, Forest and Wildlife Protection Laws in India, Wildlife Crime: An Enforcement Guide (English & Hindi), Signed and Sealed: The Fate of the Asian Elephant, The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 - A Hand Guide With Case Law and Commentaries, A Brief Guide to The Wild Life (Protection) Act (English & Hindi), The Wild Life Protection Act - 1972 - as Amended with effect from 1 April 2003, Warden Alert (Newsletter on wildlife protection issues, English & Hindi editions) and Kachhapa (Newsletter on sea turtle conservation issues, in English).

They have produced documentary films including: Bones of Contention (a short film documenting the crises faced by wild tigers in India as a result of poaching and the illegal trade in tiger parts.), Birds of the Indian Monsoon (a 45-minute film on the lives of Kepladeo Sanctuary's birds), The Killing Fields: Orissa's Appalling Turtle Crisis (a documentary on the mass slaughter of olive ridley sea turtles along the coast of Orissa) and "…And Then There Were None" (a short documentary film which investigates the rampant poaching of otters in India).

References

Animal charities based in India
Wildlife conservation in India
Environmental organisations based in India
1994 establishments in Delhi


Kent Kresa (born March 24, 1938) is an American businessman.  Formerly, he was Chairman and CEO of Northrop Grumman, as well as Chairman of General Motors and has worked with the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), the Lincoln Laboratory at M.I.T, Avery Dennison, the Fluor Corporation, and the MannKind Corporation.  Before being appointed as interim chairman of General Motors as a result the decisions made by President Barack Obama, Kresa served on the board.

Education
Kresa was born in New York City, NY; his father was the songwriter Helmy Kresa.  He has B.S., M.S., and E.A.A. degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in aeronautics and astronautics and received an honorary doctorate of laws degree from Pepperdine University in 2003.

Career
Kent Kresa's career began when he was employed by the top-secret Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, where he was responsible for broad, applied research and development programs in the tactical and strategic defense arena.  Then from 1961–68, Kresa was associated with the Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), where he worked on ballistic missile defense research and reentry technology. Kresa then joined the Northrop Grumman in 1975 and then was Chairman in 1987 and became CEO in 1990.

In 1997, he was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions in aeronautical technology.

When Kresa took over Northrop Grumman, he transformed the company which like GM was on the brink of extinction.
In a 2002 Los Angeles Times interview, when the company was on the verge of closing, Kresa was quoted saying, "We could just go out of business and give money back to our shareholders or we could reinvent ourselves...It became clear to us we could take the latter path."

Under Kresa's control, Northrop Grumman was transformed resulting in the acquisition of 16 companies including TRW and the Space Park in Redondo Beach, California.  Overall, Northrop went from an annual revenue of $5 billion to $28 billion during the time of the Gulf War.  Kresa retired from head of Northrop in 2003.

On November 3, 2003, the Carlyle Group hired Kresa as a Senior Advisor to its aerospace and defense group.
Kresa commented on his hiring by stating, “I’ve known the Carlyle executives for many years and have an abiding respect for their approach and judgment. For years, Carlyle has played a significant role in the aerospace and defense market. Carlyle has a straightforward approach to its business and delivers on its promises. I’m delighted to be associated with them.”

He was named the Chairman of GM on March 30, 2009, after Rick Wagoner, the Chairman and CEO of GM was ordered to resign by U.S. President Barack Obama.  In an interview in 2008, he was asked if he thought that bailout money should come with a requirement that Wagoner be ousted.  He replied "...And we're going to have to look at whatever the demands are from the individual who's bringing the money. But I don't think it's reasonable." Kresa was replaced as Chairman by former AT&T CEO Ed Whitacre on July 10, 2009.

References

1938 births
Living people
General Motors former executives
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American chief executives
MIT School of Engineering alumni


Jens Aars (1 October 1779 – 27 March 1834) was a Norwegian priest and Member of Parliament.

Jens Aars was born in Christiania  (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of district stipendiary magistrate Jacob Aars, who had migrated to Norway from Aars, Denmark, in 1757. He was a student at Christiania Latin School and earning his theological degree with honors in 1801. In 1804 he became assistant pastorat Rødøy Church, in 1806 substitute priest in Enebakk in Akershus and in 1817 vicar to Hadsel in Nordland. He was transferred to Lier in Buskerud in August 1821.

Aars was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1821, representing the constituency of Nordlands Amt.   He was a member of the Parliamentary deputation to Stockholm in 1823. In 1832 he became a member of the Swedish Order of Vasa cleric (Vasaordenen).

In 1803, he was married to Nicoline Elisabeth Mielsen. Their children included priest and politician Nils Fredrik Julius Aars. They were also  the grandparents of writer Sophus Christian Munk Aars as well as banker and politician Jens Ludvig Andersen Aars. Also, through his brother, Jens Aars was an uncle of educator Jacob Jonathan Aars and granduncle of philosopher Kristian Birch-Reichenwald Aars and architect Harald Aars. He was also a maternal great-grandfather of Harald Gram.

References

1780 births
1834 deaths
Norwegian priest-politicians
Members of the Storting
Nordland politicians
Norwegian people of Danish descent
18th-century Norwegian clergy
19th-century Norwegian clergy
Order of Vasa
19th-century Norwegian politicians


Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 was a Boeing 747-2B5F, registered HL7451 bound for Milan Malpensa Airport, that crashed due to instrument malfunction and pilot error on 22 December 1999 shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport where the final leg of its route from South Korea to Italy had begun. The aircraft crashed into Hatfield Forest near the village of Great Hallingbury, close to, but clear of, some houses. All four crew on board died.

The aircraft
The aircraft involved was a 19-year-old Boeing 747-200F freighter registered HL7451. First flown on 4 April 1980, the aircraft had completed 15,451 flights with a total flight time of 83,011 hours before its fatal flight.

INU failure and failed repair
Following the plane's departure from Tashkent on the previous flight segment, one of its inertial navigation units (INUs) had partially failed, providing erroneous roll data to the captain's attitude director indicator (ADI or artificial horizon).  The first officer's ADI and a backup ADI were correct, a comparator alarm called attention to the discrepancy, and in daylight, the erroneous indication was easily identified.  The ADI's input selector was switched to the other INU and the correct indications returned.

At Stansted, the engineers who attempted to repair the ADI did not have the correct Fault Isolation Manual available and did not repair or replace the faulty number 1 INU.  One of them identified and repaired a damaged connecting plug on the ADI.  When the ADI responded correctly to its "Test" button, they believed the fault had been corrected, although this button only tested the ADI and not the INU. The ADI's input selector was left in the normal position.

Flight crew
The flight crew consisted of 57-year-old Captain Park Duk-kyu (Hangul: 박득규, Hanja: 朴得圭, RR: Bak Deuk-gyu, M-R: Pak Tŭkkyu), 33-year-old First Officer Yoon Ki-sik (Hangul: 윤기식, Hanja: 尹基植, RR: Yun Gi-sik, M-R: Yun Kishik), 38-year-old Flight Engineer Park Hoon-kyu (Hangul: 박훈규, Hanja: 朴薰圭, RR: Bak Hun-gyu, M-R: Pak Hun'gyu), and 45-year-old maintenance mechanic Kim Il-suk (Hangul: 김일석, Hanja: 金日奭, RR: Gim Il-seok, M-R: Kim Ilsŏk). The captain was a former colonel and pilot in the Republic of Korea Air Force and a highly experienced airman, with a total of 13,490 flying hours – 8,495 of which were accumulated flying Boeing 747s. The first officer, in contrast, was relatively inexperienced with just 195 hours of flying experience on the 747 and a total of 1,406 flight hours. The flight engineer, like the captain, had a lot of experience flying 747s – 4,511 out of his 8,301 total flight hours were accrued in them. The maintenance mechanic had been involved with the failed INU repair.

Flight

It was dark when the plane took off from London Stansted Airport, with the captain flying. The aircraft entered the clouds 400 feet above the terrain. When the captain banked the plane to the left, the faulty INU sent erroneous data to his ADI, preventing the instrument from showing the aircraft was in a bank. The comparator alarm sounded repeatedly, which was an indication that the aircraft's two ADI displays were in disagreement.  The first officer, whose own ADI displayed the correct angle of bank, according to information from the aircraft's flight data recorder, failed to participate in full crew resource management techniques, saying nothing to challenge his captain's actions nor making any attempt to take over the flight with his own controls. The older and more experienced flight engineer did call out "Bank is not working" (translated into English from Korean in the AAIB report) 20.8 seconds before impact, "Bank Bank" (in English) 16.9 seconds before impact, "Standby indicator [in English] also not working [in Korean]" 10.2 seconds before impact, and "OY Bank" (in Korean) 1.5 seconds before impact. The captain continued to ignore the chiming alarm and made no verbal response to the flight engineer. Data from the flight recorder indicate that during this time the control wheel was commanding the aircraft into a steeper left bank. At 18:38, 55 seconds after take-off, Flight 8509's left-wing dragged along the ground, then the aircraft plunged into the ground at a speed of between , in a 40° pitch down and 90° left bank attitude. The aircraft exploded on impact.

Aftermath
After the investigation, the United Kingdom's Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) issued recommendations to Korean Air to revise its training program and company culture, to promote a more free atmosphere between the captain and the first officer. The first recommendation of the AAIB's final accident report was that: Korean Air continue to update their training and Flight Quality Assurance programmes, to accommodate Crew Resource Management evolution and industry developments, to address issues specific to their operational environment and ensure adaptation of imported training material to accommodate the Korean culture.

The AAIB also recommended the airline review its maintenance procedures. The second and third recommendations are that:
Korean Air continues to review its policy and procedures for maintenance support at international destinations with a view to deploying sufficient of its own full-time engineers at the outstation or delegating the entire task to another operator or third-party maintenance organisation locally-based at the destination (Full Technical Handling). If neither of these approaches is practicable then the support arrangements must be detailed and of such clarity, as to preclude confusion.

Korean Air reviews its policy and procedures to ensure that a copy of the relevant pages of the Technical Log and any other transit certification documents are left on the ground at the point of departure.

In popular culture
A March 2012 episode of Mayday also called Air Crash Investigation in the U.K. and the rest of the world (Season 11 Episode 7) titled "Bad Attitude" or "Stansted Crash" investigates this accident.

See also
 Impact of culture on aviation safety
 Air India Flight 855 Another Boeing 747 which crashed under almost identical circumstances 24 years prior.

References

External links
 "The AAIB interim report" – BBC – Friday 24 December 1999 (Archive)
 "AAIB Bulletin S2/2000 SPECIAL." Air Accidents Investigation Branch (Archive)
 Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary
Boeing Expresses Condolences After Korean Air Crash – Boeing (Archive)
Boeing to Assist in Korean Air Investigation – Boeing (Archive)
 "KE-8509 Crash May Be Due to Instrument Failure." – The Chosun Ilbo
 "KAL Team Joins Flight KE-8509 Investigation." – The Chosun Ilbo (Archive)

Accidents and incidents involving cargo aircraft
London Stansted Airport
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1999
Aviation accidents and incidents in England
1999 in England
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747
8509
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by instrument failure
Aviation in Essex
December 1999 events in the United Kingdom
Airliner accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom
1999 disasters in the United Kingdom
Disasters in Essex


Staro Selo  is a Slavic toponym meaning "old village" and may refer to the following villages:

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Staro Selo (Glamoč)
Staro Selo (Donji Vakuf)
Staro Selo (Kalesija)

Bulgaria
 Staro Selo, Lovech Province, in Troyan Municipality
 Staro Selo, Silistra Province, in Tutrakan Municipality
 Staro Selo, Pernik Province, in Radomir Municipality
 Staro Selo, Vratsa Province, in Mezdra Municipality

Croatia
 Staro Selo, Sisak-Moslavina County, a village near Sisak
 Staro Selo, Lika-Senj County
 Staro Selo, Topusko, a village near Topusko

Macedonia
 Staro Selo, Jegunovce
 Staro Selo, Nikšić

Slovenia
Staro Selo, Kobarid

Serbia
Staro Selo (Jagodina)
Staro Selo (Prokuplje)
Staro Selo (Velika Plana)

See also
 Novo Selo (disambiguation)
 Stara Sela, Kamnik Municipality, Slovenia


Polygamy is legal in Uganda, where a man is allowed to marry multiple wives at a time. Due to this, most families tend to contain an abundance of children.

According to the 2014 Census of Uganda, 8.3% of all women aged 18 years or more, were currently married or cohabiting in a polygamous relationship, and 7.1% of men.

Dynamics
Uganda is one of the few predominantly Christian nations to legally recognize polygamous unions, with others being the Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and Central African Republic. The legal status of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is disputed. There have been numerous attempts to outlaw polygamy in the country, the first of which was in 1987, though none of the active proposals have passed. Polygamy is being challenged in the constitutional court in a petition brought by MIFUMI  in January 2010. The case has yet to be heard.

History of the Domestic Relations Bill
1987: The Domestic Relations Bill is officially drafted.
2003: An updated version of the Domestic Relations Bill, which would effectively outlaw polygamy, is drafted.
November 2003: The Cabinet approves the Domestic Relations Bill.
December 9, 2003: The Domestic Relations Bill goes before the Parliament.
December 2003: The parliament rejects the Domestic Relations bill.
2005: The Domestic Relations Bill is reintroduced.
March 29, 2005: A large protest against the bill is held.
July 2005: The Domestic Relations Bill fails to pass.
2006: President Yoweri Museveni issues a statement regarding the bill, stating "[the bill] ... was not urgently needed'"
March 2008: President Museveni calls for the Domestic Relations Bill's "speedy passage"
June 2008: The Parliament rejects the Domestic Relations Bill once more.

Protest against bill that would limit polygamy
On March 29, 2005, over 1,000 Ugandan Muslims rallied against a proposed bill that would require a husband to seek permission from his first wife before marrying any more women. Uganda is one of the few countries allowing polygamous unions that do not have such restrictions. The bill later died, and similar proposals have yet to be made.

References

Polygamy in Africa
Uganda
Society of Uganda


is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

He was selected Japan national baseball team at the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

During a brief stint in the 2010–11 Australian Baseball League season he played for the Melbourne Aces and although he did not qualify for any statistical leaders, he has the highest single season slugging (.859) and OPS (1.359) for any player with more than 50 at-bats (64).

On November 16, 2018, he was selected Yomiuri Giants roster at the 2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series exhibition game against MLB All-Stars.

References

External links

1982 births
Chuo University alumni
Living people
Melbourne Aces players
Nippon Professional Baseball coaches
Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Baseball people from Nara Prefecture
Yomiuri Giants players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Honolulu Sharks players
Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States
Japanese expatriate baseball players in Australia


David Richard Freese (born April 28, 1983) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He began his Major League Baseball (MLB) career with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2009, where, two seasons later, he was a key player during the 2011 postseason, batting .545 with 12 hits in the 2011 National League Championship Series (NLCS).  At the time, he also set an MLB postseason record of 21 runs batted in (RBIs), which earned him the NLCS MVP Award and World Series MVP Award.  In addition, Freese won the Babe Ruth Award, naming him the MVP of the 2011 MLB postseason. He also played for the Los Angeles Angels, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Los Angeles Dodgers.

A star high school player, Freese declined a college baseball scholarship from the University of Missouri.  Needing a break from baseball, he sat out his freshman year of college before feeling a renewed urge to play the game.  He transferred to St. Louis Community College–Meramec, a junior college, where he played for one season before transferring to the University of South Alabama. The San Diego Padres selected Freese in the ninth round of the 2006 MLB draft.

The Cardinals acquired Freese before the 2008 season. He made his MLB debut on Opening Day 2009 due to an injury to starting third baseman Troy Glaus.  Despite suffering his own injuries in the minor leagues and in his first two MLB seasons, Freese batted .297 with 10 home runs and 55 RBIs during 2011, a season capped off by the Cardinals' 2011 World Series championship over the Texas Rangers.  The next season, he batted .293 with 20 home runs and was selected to his first MLB All-Star Game.  Freese authored a 20-game hitting streak in 2013, but back injuries limited his effectiveness, and the Cardinals traded him to the Angels following the season. He played for the Angels for two seasons before signing with the Pirates in March 2016. The Pirates traded Freese to the Dodgers in 2018, and he retired after the 2019 season.

Early life
Born on April 28, 1983, in Corpus Christi, Texas, Freese was raised in the Greater St. Louis area, in Wildwood, Missouri. He grew up a fan of the St. Louis Cardinals. He attended Lafayette High School in Wildwood, and played for the school's baseball team as a shortstop. Freese recorded a Lafayette-record .533 batting average and 23 home runs during his senior season. He was considered to be the best shortstop in the state. Freese graduated from Lafayette in 2001.

As a senior in high school, Freese was offered a scholarship to play college baseball for the University of Missouri's baseball team. Feeling burned out, Freese decided to quit the sport. He enrolled at Missouri and studied computer science, while joining the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.

During the summer after his freshman year, Freese worked for the Rockwood School District maintenance department. When he visited Lafayette High School towards the end of the summer, he realized how much he missed baseball. Freese asked Tony Dattoli, the coach at St. Louis Community College–Meramec, for a roster spot. In one season at St. Louis Community College, Freese hit .396 with 41 runs batted in (RBIs) and 10 home runs and was named to the National Junior College Athletic Association All-America second team.

Dattoli recommended Freese to Steve Kittrell, the head coach of the Jaguars baseball team at the University of South Alabama. At South Alabama, opposing teams respected his hitting ability; scouts told their pitchers: "Don't let Freese beat us." As a junior in 2005, Freese hit .373, with a .443 on-base percentage (OBP), .525 slugging percentage (SLG), and 52 runs scored in 56 games. He was seventh in the Sun Belt Conference (SBC) in average and led the school one year after Adam Lind had done so. Freese was even better in 2006, hitting .414 with a .503 OBP and .661 SLG with 73 runs and 73 RBIs in 60 games. He won the SBC batting title and led the conference in RBIs. He tied for ninth in Division I in RBIs, was 12th in average and just missed the top 10 in runs scored. He made the All-Conference team at third base and was named SBC Player of the Year. He was named an American Baseball Coaches Association All-American as the top third baseman in NCAA Division I, ahead of Evan Longoria and Pedro Alvarez, among others. Kittrell considers Freese to be the best player he coached at South Alabama, where he also coached Lind, Luis Gonzalez, and Juan Pierre.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
Prior to the 2006 Major League Baseball draft, the Boston Red Sox attempted to sign Freese as a free agent for a $90,000 signing bonus. However, South Alabama made the College World Series regional playoffs, which extended their season past the pre-draft signing deadline.

The San Diego Padres selected Freese in the ninth round (273rd overall) of the draft.  Freese signed with the Padres and played for the Eugene Emeralds of the Class-A Short Season Northwest League, Fort Wayne Wizards of the Class-A Midwest League, and Lake Elsinore Storm of the Class-A Advanced California League in the San Diego farm system in 2006 and 2007. He batted .379 with a .465 OBP, .776 SLG, 19 runs and 26 RBIs in 18 games for the Emeralds and .299 with a .374 OBP, .510 SLG and 44 RBIs in 53 games for the Wizards in 2006. Freese batted .302 with a .400 OBP and .489 SLG for Lake Elsinore in 128 games during the 2007 season. He scored 104 runs and drove in 96. He ranked seventh in the California League in OBP, seventh in RBIs and tied with Tony Granadillo for third in runs. He made the California League All-Star team. However, the Padres had third basemen Chase Headley and Kevin Kouzmanoff as well, potentially blocking Freese's path to the majors. As a result, Freese began to practice as a catcher.

Before the 2008 season, Freese was traded by the Padres to the Cardinals for Jim Edmonds.  He spent the season with the Memphis Redbirds of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League (PCL), where he batted .306 with a .361 OBP and .550 SLG, hit 26 home runs and recorded 91 RBIs. He led PCL third basemen in fielding percentage (.967) and double plays (26).

St. Louis Cardinals (2009–2013)

Early MLB career: 2009–2010
Freese emerged as a potential starter when an injury seemed likely to put Cardinals starting third baseman Troy Glaus on the disabled list at the beginning of the 2009 season. Freese made his MLB debut on Opening Day of the 2009 season, coming off the bench and hitting a go-ahead sacrifice fly in the Cardinals' home opener against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Freese was expected to be the team's starting third baseman, but was quickly passed over by Brian Barden and Joe Thurston. He was optioned to Triple-A Memphis on April 20, 2009, to make room for newly acquired reliever Blaine Boyer. He later had surgery to repair a left ankle injury that hampered him during spring training. He missed two months of the season. He was activated and assigned to the Springfield Cardinals of the Double-A Texas League in late July, before he was assigned to Memphis. He led the Memphis Redbirds to a PCL division championship. He was recalled in the September call-up on September 23, 2009. Freese played only 17 games for the Cardinals in 2009, in addition to 56 games for Triple-A Memphis.

Freese began the 2010 season as the Cardinals' starting third baseman. For the week of April 26 – May 2, Freese batted .462 with three home runs and 11 RBIs and was named the National League's Player of the Week. However, he suffered a right ankle injury in June. This injury required him to have two ankle surgeries and ended his season after 70 games.

2011: Breakout season

Freese was projected to start the 2011 season, and he was named the starter on Opening Day, despite suffering minor ailments during spring training.  He started off the year batting over .320, but he missed 51 games after being hit by a pitch that fractured his left hand. After returning to the starting lineup, he finished the season with a .297 batting average, 10 home runs, and 55 RBIs. He recorded hits in eight of the final nine regular-season games. Freese credited his improvement in power hitting to hitting coach Mark McGwire, who helped him refine his stroke.

2011 postseason
In the 2011 National League Division Series, Freese drove in four runs against Philadelphia in Game 4 to force a fifth game. In the National League Championship Series (NLCS) against Milwaukee, Freese had a .545 batting average, hit 3 home runs, drove in 9 runs, and scored 7 runs. He was named the NLCS Most Valuable Player. Through Game 3 of the World Series against Texas, Freese had a 13-game postseason hitting streak, a Cardinals record and just two short of matching the all-time National League record. The hitting streak was snapped in Game 4.

In Game 6 of the 2011 World Series, with the Texas Rangers leading the game 7–5, and leading the series by 3 games to 2, Freese came to bat in the bottom of the ninth with two out and two men on base. With a count of one ball and two strikes, Freese hit a two-run triple off Neftalí Feliz just out of the reach of Nelson Cruz to tie the game and send it to extra innings. In the 11th inning, again with two strikes, Freese hit a game-winning, walk-off solo home run to deep center field (420 feet), to send the World Series to its first Game 7 since 2002. Freese joined Jim Edmonds, the man for whom he was traded, as the only players in Cardinals history to hit an extra-inning walk-off home run in the postseason. He joined Aaron Boone (2003), and Hall of Famers David Ortiz (2004), Carlton Fisk (1975) and Kirby Puckett (1991) as the only players to hit an extra-inning walk-off home run when their team was facing postseason elimination. Freese gave the fan an autographed bat and a baseball signed by the Cardinals, for returning the walk-off home run ball.

In Game 7 of the World Series, Freese hit a two-run double in the bottom of the first inning, bringing his 2011 postseason RBI total to 21, setting an MLB record that would stand for the next twelve years. The Cardinals went on to win the game and the series, making Freese a World Series champion for the first time. For his efforts, Freese was named the World Series MVP. He became the sixth player to win the LCS and World Series MVP awards in the same year. Freese also won the Babe Ruth Award as the postseason MVP.

2012 season
Freese won the All-Star Final Vote in 2012, joining the All-Star roster with teammates Lance Lynn, Carlos Beltrán, Rafael Furcal, and Yadier Molina for the National League in the 2012 MLB All-Star Game.  Freese had a .294 batting average, along with 13 home runs and 50 RBIs in the first half of the season. After being injury-plagued in previous years, Freese played in a career-high 144 games in 2012, finishing the season with 79 RBIs, 20 home runs and a .293 batting average.  In the 2012 NLCS against the San Francisco Giants, Freese hit a two-run home run off Madison Bumgarner in Game 1.  Through this point in his postseason career, Freese had played 25 games, batting .386 with 11 doubles, six home runs, 25 RBIs and a .739 slugging percentage in 100 plate appearances.  Only Carlos Beltrán (.824) and Babe Ruth (.744) had higher slugging percentages among players with 100 or more plate appearances in the postseason.  However, he slumped after that game, batting just .192 for the series as the Giants won in seven games and advanced to the 2012 World Series.

Freese made history on June 1, 2012, by striking out to end Johan Santana’s no-hitter, the first in the history of the New York Mets.

2013 season
On February 8, 2013, Freese and the Cardinals reached agreement on a one-year contract, avoiding arbitration.  This was the first season he was arbitration-eligible and when filing he had requested a 2013 salary of $3.75 million.  The Cardinals counter-offered $2.4 million.  After suffering a back injury in spring training and starting the 2013 season on the disabled list, Freese struggled at the plate for much of the first six weeks of the season, having only four RBIs by mid-May.  However, on 17 May, Freese began a twenty-game hitting streak, the longest of any MLB player to that point in the 2013 season.  The streak ended on June 12.

On August 16, the Cardinals promoted Kolten Wong to play second base, intending for Matt Carpenter to play third base, reducing Freese's playing time. In the postseason, he collected just 10 hits in 56 at-bats as the Cardinals fell to the Boston Red Sox in the 2013 World Series.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2014–2015)

After the 2013 season, the Cardinals traded Freese and Fernando Salas to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for Peter Bourjos and Randal Grichuk. Again eligible for salary arbitration for the 2014 season, Freese filed for a $6 million salary while the Angels countered with $4.1 million; they settled on a $5.05 million salary. Freese had a slow start, ending May with a .203 batting average, and improved from June through August, batting .292 in those months.  He hit a home run against the Kansas City Royals in the first game of the 2014 American League Division Series for his 24th postseason extra-base hit and 30th RBI.

In his last year of arbitration before becoming eligible for free agency, Freese requested a $7.6 million salary for the 2015 season, while the Angels proposed $5.25 million. The two sides avoided arbitration by agreeing on a $6.425 million salary. Freese entered the 2015 season as the Angels everyday third baseman, and hit .240 with 11 home runs and 43 RBIs in 90 games. He broke his right index finger when it was hit by a pitch on July 22, and went on the disabled list.

Pittsburgh Pirates (2016–2018)
Freese entered free agency after the 2015 season. Rather than re-sign Freese, the Angels chose to trade for Yunel Escobar. Unsigned at the beginning of spring training in 2016, Freese signed a one-year contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates worth $3 million on March 11. Neal Huntington, the Pirates' general manager, indicated that Freese would play third base while Jung-ho Kang rehabilitated from an injury, and would join John Jaso in a platoon at first base after Kang's return. Due to his leadership skills, the Pirates signed Freese to a two-year contract extension worth $11 million, with a club option for the 2019 season, on August 22, 2016. He finished the 2016 season with a .270 batting average.

On April 29, 2017, Freese was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a right hamstring strain.

Los Angeles Dodgers (2018–2019)
On August 31, 2018, the Pirates traded Freese to the Los Angeles Dodgers for minor league infielder Jesus Manuel Valdez.
In the final month of the season and into the postseason, Freese saw most of his action in a righty-lefty platoon at first base with Max Muncy.  He thrived in that role, hitting .385 with two home runs and nine RBIs. Freese hit a leadoff home run in Game Six of the 2018 National League Championship Series. He started at first base in Game One of the 2018 World Series. Freese hit another leadoff home run in Game Five, which turned out to be the only run of the game as the Dodgers lost the game and the series. Freese batted .417 in the 2018 World Series and had a .773 slugging percentage in the 2018 postseason.

On November 1, 2018, the Dodgers declined to exercise their $6 million option for 2019, paying him a $500,000 buyout on the option, and signed him to a new one-year contract worth $4.5 million. He played in 79 games for the Dodgers in 2019, hitting .315 with 11 home runs and 29 RBIs while playing primarily against left handed pitching. On October 12, Freese announced his retirement from MLB at the age of 36.

Personal life
Freese's father, Guy, is a retired civil engineer. His mother, Lynn, is a retired teacher. Freese also has a sister, Pam. According to his mother, Freese—a professed lifelong Cardinals fan—had an original Ozzie Smith glove, and while pitching in his younger years always used number 45 in honor of another Cardinals legend, pitcher Bob Gibson. Freese is a Christian. He is of German descent, the Freese family originally hailing from Westerkappeln, Westphalia.

Freese has suffered from depression for his entire life. It was a factor in his giving up baseball after high school and in his development of alcoholism. In November 2002, Freese was arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol near Wildwood, and received probation under a plea bargain. He was charged with public intoxication and obstructing a police officer in Lake Elsinore, California, in 2007. In December 2009, Freese was arrested for DUI in Maryland Heights, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. Breath tests indicated a 0.232% blood alcohol content; the state's legal limit is 0.08%. The 2009 arrest was a violation of Freese's probation, due to a September 2007 arrest for resisting arrest (among other charges) in Lake Elsinore, California. Freese crashed his Range Rover SUV into a tree in Wildwood, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, on November 22, 2012. Local investigators stated that the crash was a result of Freese's swerving to avoid hitting a wild deer. Alcohol was not a factor in the crash.

In June 2013, Freese signed a three-year deal to endorse and serve as spokesman for Imo's Pizza, a Midwestern pizza chain headquartered in the St. Louis area. No financial terms of the deal were announced other than as part of the contract Imo's would also donate $10,000 to a St. Louis area charity in Freese's name.

Freese resides in Austin, Texas, and has begun learning to play guitar. He married Mairin (née O’Leary) in September 2016. Together, they have two sons. Freese credits the relationship with Mairin and seeing a social worker with helping him get through his depression and alcoholism.

In 2023, Freese was the top vote-getter for induction into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum, but on June 17, he declined the invite because he did not feel "deserving". Cardinals president Bill DeWitt III said in a statement, "Although we are disappointed that David has declined to be inducted into our Hall of Fame, we respect his decision and look forward to celebrating his great Cardinals career in other ways going forward. He is always welcome at Busch Stadium."

See also

St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders

References

External links

Freese player profile page at Scout.com

1983 births
Living people
Baseball players from Corpus Christi, Texas
National League Championship Series MVPs
Major League Baseball third basemen
St. Louis Cardinals players
Los Angeles Angels players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Eugene Emeralds players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Memphis Redbirds players
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Gulf Coast Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Salt Lake Bees players
South Alabama Jaguars baseball players
Baseball players from St. Louis County, Missouri
STLCC Archers baseball players
University of Missouri alumni
National League All-Stars
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members


The Luff Award  is awarded by the American Philatelic Society (commonly known as the APS) for meritorious contributions to philately by living philatelists.

Established
The award was established in 1940 in memory of John N. Luff, distinguished philatelist and president of the APS from 1907 to 1909.

Basis of the award
The recipient of the award must be a living philatelist. Three Luff Awards are usually presented each year – one each for:
 distinguished philatelic research
 exceptional contributions to philately
 outstanding service to the American Philatelic Society

Honorees
Luff Awards were presented by the society, starting in 1940 and continuing to this day. During some years, awards were not presented for various reasons.

External links
 Luff Award
 Luff Award Winners

Philatelic awards
Awards established in 1940


is a Japanese former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yokohama BayStars, Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, and Tokyo Yakult Swallows from 2001 to 2022.

Career

Yokohama BayStars
Yokohama BayStars selected Uchikawa with the first selection in the .

On March 30, 2001, Uchikawa made his NPB debut.

He rose to prominence in 2008 with a league-leading .378 batting average.

Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
During the 2010 offseason, he exercised his free agent option and after weeks of negotiations between the Yokohama BayStars, Hiroshima Toyo Carp, and Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, he decided to sign a four-year deal with SoftBank worth up to 1.36 billion yen.

On December 2, 2020, he became a free agent.

Tokyo Yakult Swallows
On December 11, 2020, Uchikawa signed with Tokyo Yakult Swallows of NPB and held press conference.

On September 27, 2022, Uchikawa announced his retirement from professional baseball.

International career
He was selected for the Japanese national baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2013 World Baseball Classic and 2017 World Baseball Classic.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Japanese baseball players
National baseball team players
Nippon Professional Baseball infielders
Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Sportspeople from Ōita (city)
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Yokohama BayStars players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players


Yoshiyuki Ishihara (石原 慶幸, born September 7, 1979, in Gifu, Japan) is a Japanese former professional baseball player. He has played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

Career
Hiroshima Toyo Carp selected Ishihara with the forth selection in the .

On October 5, 2002, Ishihara made his NPB debut.

On October 12, 2020, Ishihara announced his retirement after the season.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Baseball people from Gifu Prefecture
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Japanese baseball players
National baseball team players
Nippon Professional Baseball catchers
2009 World Baseball Classic players
People from Ōgaki
Japanese baseball coaches
Nippon Professional Baseball coaches


David Henry Goodsall (4 January 1843, in Gravesend – 14 September 1906, in London) was an English surgeon who is remembered for describing Goodsall's rule.

He was born in Gravesend, and educated at St. Ann's School. His father had decided to study medicine, but died while he was a student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, as a result of a wound sustained while performing a post mortem examination. As a result, David Goodsall's fees at St. Bartholomews were waived, as his father's wound was inflicted by a member of staff, and he studied medicine there from 1865. He became house surgeon at St Mark's Hospital in 1870, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1872, and full surgeon in 1888. He developed an interest in rectal surgery, writing a chapter in Diseases of the Anus and Rectum in which Goodsall's rule is described. He is thought to have died of a myocardial infarction in 1906.

References

English surgeons
1843 births
1906 deaths
People from Gravesend, Kent


John Clark House may refer to:

Capt. John Clark House, Canterbury, Connecticut, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
John Clark House (Lexington, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Fayette County, Kentucky
John Clark House (Rockville, Minnesota), part of an NRHP listing
John Clark House (Clarksdale, Mississippi), NRHP-listed
John Hector Clark House, Clarkton, NC, listed on the NRHP in Bladen County, North Carolina
Jonathan Clark House, Mequon, Wisconsin, listed on the NRHP in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin