SS Governor Cobb was an American coastal passenger steamboat built in 1906. The ship has the double distinction of being not only the first American-built ship to be powered by steam turbines, but also, late in her career, of becoming the world's first helicopter carrier.

Development and design

Governor Cobb was ordered by the Eastern Steamship Company of Charles W. Morse from the marine engine specialists W. & A. Fletcher Co. of Hoboken, New Jersey. W. & A. Fletcher had recently licensed the revolutionary steam turbine technology from the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company of Great Britain, and a Parsons design was utilized for Governor Cobb's powerplant.

The powerplant consisted of one large high-pressure central turbine for providing the motive power to a central propeller, and a pair of low-pressure turbines driving two outboard screws which were used for manoeuvre, and which were shut down when the vessel was under way. Steam was provided by six single-ended, forced draft Scotch boilers delivering a pressure of 150 pounds. W. & A. Fletcher subcontracted the hull to the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works of Chester, Pennsylvania.

Construction of the engines aroused considerable interest, and when the vessel had been completed, the Department of Naval Architecture received permission from the President of the Eastern Steamship Company, Calvin Austin, to conduct a number of tests. The tests were conducted by the Bureau of Steam Engineering, which was obliged to borrow one of only two instruments in the United States capable of determining the horsepower of a steam turbine. The turbines were found to deliver a total of 5,000 horsepower, which gave the vessel a speed of 17½ knots.

When completed, Governor Cobb was 300 feet long, with a 51-foot beam and draft of 14 feet. The ship had a double steel bottom and four decks—a main deck, saloon, gallery and dome deck. The ship had 175 staterooms, and could carry a large number of passengers. It also carried freight in the hold and on the main deck.

Pre–World War II service

Governor Cobb entered service in 1906 and was employed by the Eastern Steamship Company on the Boston to New Brunswick route. During the winter she was leased to the Oriental and Occidental Steamship Co. (later Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co.) to operate between Key West and Havana. During World War I, the ship was requisitioned as a training ship by the United States Shipping Board. Following the war, she resumed sailing to Cuba for the Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., a subsidiary of the Florida East Coast Railway for service on the Key West to Havana route.

In 1937, the ship was sold to the Romance Line but failed an inspection by the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection and was subsequently laid up. On 5 June 1942, Governor Cobb was requisitioned at Philadelphia by the War Shipping Administration, after which she was stationed at New York City.

Coast Guard service

Following Governor Cobb's acquisition by the War Shipping Administration, the ship was acquired by the United States Coast Guard which was in the process of testing the effectiveness of the newly developed Sikorsky helicopter for anti-submarine warfare. The Coast Guard renamed the ship USCGC Cobb (WPG-181) and carried out extensive modifications, including removal of much of the superstructure and the installation of a large 38 × 63 foot flight deck for the purpose of testing helicopter take-offs and landings at sea. USCGC Cobb thus became the world's first helicopter carrier.

On 29 June 1944, the first successful take-off from a ship underway was performed from the flight deck of USCGC Cobb. Cobb also later took part in some of the first helicopter search-and-rescue trials. Due to high maintenance costs, USCGC Cobb was decommissioned and sold shortly after the war. She was scrapped in 1947.

Footnotes

References
The Technology Review, Association of Alumni and Alumnae of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1907.
Cobb, 1944 WPG-181 (ex-Governor Cobb), United States Coast Guard website.

Passenger ships of the United States
Ships built in Philadelphia
Ships built by the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works
1906 ships


WVRI (90.9 MHz) is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Clifton Forge, Virginia, and serving Alleghany County, Virginia.  It is owned by Liberty University and it simulcasts a Christian Contemporary radio format, known as "The Journey," from parent station WRVL Lynchburg.

WVRI is a Class B station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,000 watts.  The transmitter is off Airport Road in Hot Springs.

History

This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on May 23, 2008.  Before it went on the air, it was given the call sign KCFF by the FCC on February 6, 2009.  This assignment, likely by accident, made KCFF the only call sign beginning with a "K" in the Commonwealth of Virginia and one of only a handful east of the Mississippi River.  On October 15, 2009, KCFF became WVRI, under new ownership.

The station's construction permit was originally owned by Ron Elmore Ministries, Inc., but never made it to the airwaves.  The construction permit and station license were sold to Liberty University in October 2009.  It became a satellite broadcasting outlet for flagship station WRVL, when it signed on the air in .

References

External links
 The Journey Online

2011 establishments in Virginia
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2011
Alleghany County, Virginia
Liberty University
VRI


USCGC Cobb (WPG-181) was a United States Coast Guard cutter commissioned during World War II. A conversion of the 1906 coastal steamboat , USCGC Cobb in the hands of the Coast Guard became the first US helicopter carrier.

Background

The U.S. government became interested in the potential of the helicopter during the 1930s. In 1938, the government allocated two million dollars toward development of the machine, and an inter-agency board—which included a representative from the U.S. Coast Guard, Commander William J. Kossler—was established to oversee the program. Kossler had difficulty persuading the U.S. Navy of the utility of the helicopter and eventually enlisted the aid of Executive Officer Lieutenant Commander Frank Erickson of Coast Guard Air Station Brooklyn.

Erickson, who had helplessly watched sailors burn to death in oil slicks with no hope of rescue during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, immediately saw the utility of the helicopter in a search-and-rescue role. However, as the Navy showed little interest at this time in development of improved search-and-rescue methods, Erickson promoted the helicopter's usefulness as an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon instead. This proposal met with the approval of the Navy, and on 19 February 1943, the Coast Guard was formally assigned the task of developing the helicopter for the ASW role.

Acquisition and refit

As part of its ASW program, the Coast Guard began experimenting with ship-based helicopter operations. Initially, a series of flights was conducted from the deck of a ship at anchor, Bunker Hill. When these trials proved successful, the Coast Guard moved to open sea trials.

For the sea trials, the Coast Guard acquired an ageing passenger steamer, , from the War Shipping Administration. The Coast Guard carried out major modifications to the ship, including removal of much of the ship's superstructure for the installation of a 38 × 63 foot flight deck for the use of helicopters, plus the addition of armor and weaponry. Following these modifications, the ship was commissioned on 20 July 1943 as USCGC Cobb (WPG-181)—the first US helicopter carrier.

Service history

In January 1944, the ship was ordered to Groton, Connecticut for sound and radar training. In April, the ship was assigned to New York City to train for helicopter landings on board its flight deck. The first such landing occurred on 15 June. On 29 July 1944, the first take-off took place in Long Island Sound  from Cobb flight deck.

With the threat from submarines greatly diminished by early 1945, the Coast Guard turned its attention to development of the helicopter in the search-and-rescue role. USCGC Cobb also played a role in this program when helicopters from its flight deck performed some of the earliest air-sea rescues.

In spite of her historic achievements, USCGC Cobb proved an unsatisfactory acquisition. Originally America's first turbine-powered steamship, the aging 37-year-old vessel proved a liability to the Coast Guard with her excessive maintenance costs. During the first 115 days of the ship's service, Cobb was absent from the repair yard for a total of only nine days. Thereafter she managed operational duties an average of only one week out of four.

USCGC Cobb was decommissioned by the Coast Guard on 31 January 1946. She was sold on 6 March 1947, and scrapped a short time later.

Footnotes

References
 Conwell, First Lieutenant Andrew, USAF (2008): "History of Coast Guard Rotary-Wing Aviation: From Inception to the Modern Day", United States Coast Guard website.
 Cobb, 1944 WPG-181 (ex-Governor Cobb), United States Coast Guard website.

Ships built by the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
1906 ships


Matthew Jonathan Wicks (born 8 September 1978) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

Wicks was viewed as "one of the most promising players of his generation" but never lived up to the label.

Club career
Born in Reading, Wicks began his career with youth contracts at both Arsenal and Manchester United, but failed to make a league appearance for either team. After being released by Arsenal in 1998, Wicks signed for Crewe Alexandra, where he made six league appearances. Wicks later signed for Peterborough United, making a total of 31 league appearances. While at Peterborough, Wicks spent a loan spell with Brighton & Hove Albion, and later signed for Brighton on a permanent deal. In his two spells at Brighton, he made 26 league appearances. After leaving Brighton, Wicks signed for Hull City, where he made 14 league appearances. After leaving Hull in July 2002, Wicks moved to Australia to play with the Newcastle United Jets, under the management of former Norwich City player Ian Crook, but never appeared for the club. He was released from his contract in August 2003 on compassionate grounds because of the illness of a relative, and retired from football soon afterwards.

International career
Wicks was captain of the England national under-17 football team.

Honours
Peterborough United
Football League Third Division playoffs: 2000

Personal life
Wicks is the son of fellow footballer Steve Wicks and grandson of former Chelsea F.C. chairman Brian Mears.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Reading, Berkshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Newcastle Jets FC players
English Football League players
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia


Zeitoun () is a district of Gaza, located in the southern part of the city.

History
It was built in the 1930s and 1940s as Gaza developed outside its center. Much of the funding for the initial construction is attributed to foreign institutions, such as missionary hospitals. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, with the influx of Palestinian refugees, Zeitoun's population swelled. Ahmed Yassin's family settled the district in the 1950s.

During the 2008–2009 Israel-Gaza conflict, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched a ground incursion in the area, occupying the district. During this period, 48 Palestinians, mostly from three families, were killed. In addition, 27 homes, a number of farms, and a mosque were destroyed.

References

Bibliography

Populated places established in the 1930s
Neighborhoods of Gaza City


Cranoglanis bouderius is a species of armorhead catfish found in Kwangsi Province, China and Vietnam.  It grows to a length of 43.0 cm (16.9 inches) SL and to . It is considered to be a fine food fish in the Zhujiang River Valley in China.  It lives in clear water rivers and its diet consists of shrimps and small fishes.

References

Cranoglanididae
Catfish of Asia
Freshwater fish of China
Fish of Vietnam
Fish described in 1846


Cranoglanis henrici is a species of armorhead catfish from China and Vietnam where it is only known from the Red River drainage.  This species reaches a length of about  SL.

References

Cranoglanididae
Catfish of Asia
Freshwater fish of China
Fish of Vietnam
Fish described in 1993


Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi () and Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi (), popularly known as Soolamangalam Sisters () were Carnatic music sister-pair vocalists and musicians known for their devotional songs in Tamil. They were early singers in the trend of duo singing in Carnatic music, which started in the 1950s, with performers like Radha Jayalakshmi, and later continued by Bombay Sisters, Ranjani-Gayatri, Mambalam Sisters, Bangalore Sisters and Priya Sisters. The Soolamangalam Sisters are best known for singing the Kanda Shasti Kavasam, a hymn on the Hindu god Muruga.

Early life and background
Born in Soolamangalam, a village with musical heritage in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, of Karnam Ramaswmai Ayyar and Janaki Ammal, the sisters had their training in music from K. G. Murthi of Soolamangalam, Pathamadai S. Krishnan, and Mayavaram Venugopalayyar.

The duo-sisters were very popular for their matchless rendition of national and devotional songs. They had a hectic practice for about three decades and were much sought after for providing background music in films. Their Kanda Shasti Kavasam album is very popular with the Lord Muruga devotees.

Notable songs

Awards
 Muruga Ganamrtha
 Kuyil Isai Thilakam
 Isaiarasi
 Nadhakanal
 Kalaimamani in 1992 by Tamil Nadu Eyal Isai Nataka Mandram.

Filmography
Among the two of them, Jayalakshmi had rendered only a few songs in films and most of it would be duets with Rajalakshmi, whereas Rajalakshmi had more chance as a playback singer in films. Her voice suits all the categories of youthful, soft mellifluousness, evocative feelings, perfection of pronunciation and the best in devotional songs.

Music composers Rajalakshmi sang for
Many of Rajalakshmi's songs are under K. V. Mahadevan's music direction all the while. Many of her songs were under T. G. Lingappa. She also sang under her own music compositions.  She sang more often in the 1950s while during the 1960s, she was only sought in songs that needed more than one female voice.

Playback singers Rajalakshmi sang with
Rajalakshmi sang immemorable duets mostly with T. M. Soundararajan. Other include Seerkazhi Govindarajan, P. B. Sreenivas, S. C. Krishnan, M. Balamurali Krishna, A. L. Raghavan, T. S. Kumaresh, Saibaba, K. Veeramani, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, Kovai Soundarajan, Kumar and K. J. Yesudas.

She also sang duets with female singers with most notably with her sister Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi, P. Leela and P. Susheela. Others are L. R. Eswari, Radha Jayalakshmi, M. L. Vasanthakumari, T. V. Rathnam, K. Jamuna Rani, S. Janaki, Jikki, T. S. Bagavathi, B. Vasantha, A. G. Rathnamala, K. Jamuna Rani, K. Rani, Swarnalatha, A. P. Komala, M. R. Vijaya, Renuka, Kamala, Sarala and L. R. Anjali.

The singing actors she sang with were M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, V. Nagayya, T. R. Mahalingam, J. P. Chandrababu and K. R. Ramasamy.

Music director
Rajalakshmi assisted S. M. Subbaiah Naidu in Konjum Salangai. Both Jayalakshmi and Rajalakshmi ae as music directors by the name Soolamangalam Sisters. They also sang under their own compositions.

Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi

Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi

Deaths
Rajalakshmi died on 1 March 1992, aged only 51, because of cardiac arrest and gastritis which lasted for about 12 years. Jayalakshmi was strongly affected by her sister's death. She outlived her for 25 years and died at her home in Chennai on 29 June 2017, aged 80.

References

External links
Article on Soolamangalam Sisters in Kalyana Malai

1937 births
2017 deaths
Tamil singers
Women Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Sibling musical duos
Indian musical duos
Indian women classical singers
Singers from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian singers
People from Thanjavur district
20th-century Indian women singers
Women musicians from Tamil Nadu


Cerro Coso Community College is a public community college in the Eastern Sierra region of Southern California. It was established in 1973 as a separate college within the Kern Community College District. The college offers traditional and online courses and two-year degrees. The college serves an area of approximately 18,000-square-miles. Cerro Coso has five instructional sites: Eastern Sierra Center Bishop and Mammoth Lakes, Indian Wells Valley, Kern River Valley, and South Kern. The college also has an Incarcerated Student Education Program in two locations, the California City Correctional Facility and Tehachapi California Correctional Institution.

Campuses

Indian Wells Valley Campus

The  Indian Wells Valley Campus (IWV) is in the upper Mojave Desert near Ridgecrest, California,  northeast of Los Angeles. It is the largest of the Cerro Coso campuses and enrolls about 28,000 students. It serves the communities of Ridgecrest, China Lake, Inyokern, and Trona. This center provides educational services to military and civilian personnel on the base.

Kern River Valley Campus

The  Kern River Valley Campus is located in the Kern River Valley, within the town of Lake Isabella, California.

The Kern River Valley Campus serves the communities of Lake Isabella, Kernville, Wofford Heights, and Weldon. It serves a population of about 5,000.

East Kern Campus
The  East Kern Campus is located at Edwards Air Force Base and enrolls about 1,000 students. It serves the communities of Edwards Air Force Base, Mojave, Boron, and California City as well as locations in San Bernardino and Kern counties.

Eastern Sierra Campus
The Eastern Sierra Campus serves Bishop, Mammoth Lakes, Big Pine, Lone Pine, Independence, Death Valley.

Mammoth Campus
The Mammoth Campus offers on-campus housing at South Gateway Student Apartments, owned and operated by Mammoth Lakes Foundation.

References

External links
Official website

California Community Colleges
Universities and colleges in Kern County, California
Education in Inyo County, California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1973
1973 establishments in California


Cranoglanis multiradiatus is a species of armorhead catfish found in China with questionable records from Vietnam.

This species reaches a length of  SL.

References

Cranoglanididae
Catfish of Asia
Freshwater fish of China
Fish described in 1926


The Hui'an dialect (), is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in Hui'an in South Fujian Province, China. It belongs to the Hokkien subgroup of Southern Min.

Phonology
The Hui'an dialect has 14 phonemic initials and over 80 finals.

Consonants

Finals

Grammar
The demonstrative system has five pairs of pronouns with a two-way distinction:

Comparison with other varieties of Hokkien

Compared with the Quanzhou dialect (spoken in the central urban area of Quanzhou city), the greatest differences are present in the rimes:

Notes

References

Sources

Hokkien-language dialects
Quanzhou


Matthew or Matt Barrass may refer to:

Matt Barrass (footballer, born 1899) (1899–1953), English footballer
Matt Barrass (footballer, born 1980), English footballer


The Five Knights' case (1627) 3 How St Tr 1 (also Darnel's or Darnell's case) (K.B. 1627), is a case in English law, and now United Kingdom constitutional law, fought by five knights (among them Thomas Darnell) in 1627 against forced loans placed on them by King Charles I in a common law court.

Background
In 1626, Charles I had recalled Parliament to approve taxes for the Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630). While supportive of the conflict, Parliament first demanded an investigation into the conduct of the army commander, the Duke of Buckingham, notorious for inefficiency and extravagance. Charles refused to allow this and instead adopted a policy of "forced loans"; those who refused to pay would be imprisoned without trial, and if they continued to resist, sent before the Privy Council.

The Chief Justice Sir Randolph Crewe ruled this policy was illegal and the judiciary complied only after he was dismissed. There were over 76 men who refused to pay the tax as they claimed that it was unauthorized by Parliament. Among them were Sir Thomas Darnell, Sir John Corbet, Sir Walter Erle, Sir John Heveningham and Sir Edmund Hampden, who submitted a joint petition for habeas corpus. Approved on 3 November 1627, the court ordered the five be brought before them in order to clarify what law they had broken; it became known as Darnell's Case, although Darnell himself withdrew.

Judgment
The case was heard by Sir Nicholas Hyde, the new Lord Chief Justice, with the prosecution led by Attorney General Sir Robert Heath. The problem before the court was the defendants had been arrested but the warrants did not specify why; this was unsurprising, since Coke had previously ruled the loans themselves were illegal.

Heath claimed the Royal Prerogative allowed Charles to take whatever action he considered necessary "in time of crisis" and thus he had no need to justify the detentions. The defence was led by John Selden, counsel for Edmund Hampden, a distinguished legal scholar who argued that 'without which we have nothing', or else jeopardize the ancient liberties of freeborn Englishmen: 'no man can be justly imprisoned by either of them [the king or the privy council], without a cause of the commitment expressed in the return' and doing otherwise jeopardised the "ancient liberties of freeborn Englishmen".

Since the judges were unable to determine what law had been broken, they avoided the issue by denying bail, on the grounds that as there were no charges, "the [prisoners] could not be freed, as the offence was probably too dangerous for public discussion". At the end, the judges refused to rule on the Five Knights' Case based on that decision. Even if the judgment was undetermined, it is obvious that Charles' action to break the law and abuse his authority.

Significance

Although the judges had refused to release the prisoners, Charles decided not to pursue charges; since his opponents included the previous Chief Justice, and other senior legal officers, the ruling meant the loans would almost certainly be deemed illegal. So many now refused payment, the reduction in projected income forced him to recall Parliament in 1628, while the controversy returned "a preponderance of MPs opposed to the King".

Selden claimed afterwards there was an effort made by Charles and Robert Heath to tamper with the rulings of the case, pointing to the fact that both Heath and Hyde were subsequently knighted. While historians have generally agreed with Selden's assertions, Mark Kishlansky has disputed them. The Petition of Right 1628 reversed the effect of the decision by preventing the power of arbitrary committal by the King. The Habeas Corpus Act 1640 restored the right to petition the courts for release against the wishes of the King and his Council.

References

Sources

External links

Court of King's Bench (England) cases
1627 in law
1627 in England
Royal prerogative
Charles I of England
United Kingdom constitutional case law


Salvia villosa is a herbaceous perennial that is native to the Mexican states of San Luis Potosi and Coahuila, growing at approximately  elevation in dry areas that have little or no frost.

Salvia villosa is a low mounding plant with a dainty appearance that eventually reaches  tall and wide. Blue-green leaves grow up to  long, growing upright on the stems and covering the plant. The leaves and their margins are covered with short hairs, giving the plant its specific epithet, villosa, or "hairy". The inflorescences are  long, thin and wiry, with verticils that have two to six bright violet-blue flowers. The flowers are very small, less than  long, with a white beeline on the lower lip that leads into the throat. It never blooms profusely, but consistently puts out a few flowers from spring to autumn.

Notes

Plants described in 1900
villosa
Flora of Mexico


Olivaichthys is a genus of velvet catfishes endemic to Argentina.

Recently several authors have synonymized this genus with Diplomystes. A molecular analysis has proposed that trans-Andean Diplomystes and the cis-Andean Olivaichthys are so closely related (in addition to the close morphological similarity), that Olivaichthys should not be recognized. However, this is strange as recent divergence is unlikely with the species on either side of the Andes.

Species
 Olivaichthys cuyanus (Ringuelet, 1965)
 Olivaichthys mesembrinus (Ringuelet, 1982)
 Olivaichthys viedmensis (MacDonagh, 1931) (Otuno)

References

Endemic fauna of Argentina
Catfish genera
Freshwater fish genera


is a Japanese manga author best known for the high school series Special A.

Career
Minami was born in Saitama Prefecture in Japan.

In 2001, her short story  received an Honourable Mention for Hakusensha's 25th Athena awards.  She debuted in Hana to Yume'''s October 2001 issue with a short story titled .

Maki Minami's longest running series, Special A, began publication in 2003 and ended in 2009.  Her subsequent series, Seiyū ka-! began serialization in Hana to Yume in 2009, after the completion of Special A.  Her recent works also include the oneshot , which appeared in the April 2009 edition of The Hana to Yume.

On October 28, 2022, Minami will launch a new series titled Hisureba, Hana in Hakusensha's Melody'' magazine as part of the magazine's 25th anniversary.

Works

Manga

References

External links
  Interview featuring Maki Minami

Year of birth missing (living people)
Manga artists from Saitama Prefecture
Living people
Women manga artists
Japanese female comics artists
Female comics writers
21st-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese writers


KZYQ (101.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to Eudora, Arkansas, United States. The office and studios are located at 830 Main Street in Greenville, Mississippi.  The station is owned by Larry Fuss, through licensee Contemporary Communications LLC, and operated by Delta Radio Network LLC

References

External links

ZYQ
Radio stations established in 2001
2001 establishments in Arkansas


Razliv railway station () is a railway station in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built by the JSC Prinorskaya Saint Peterburg–Sestroretsk railway and opened on November 26, 1894, when the Primorskaya line was extended from Razdelnaya (now Lisy Nos) to Sestroretsk.

References

Railway stations in the Russian Empire opened in 1894
Railway stations in Saint Petersburg


Olivaichthys cuyanus is a species of velvet catfish endemic to Argentina where it is found in the Colorado River and tributaries as well as the Desaguadero-Salado basin.  It grows to a length of  SL.

References

Olivaichthys
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Argentina
Endemic fauna of Argentina
Fish described in 1965


Clarkia rostrata is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name beaked clarkia.

Distribution
The wildflower is endemic to California, where it is known from the California oak woodlands of the Sierra Nevada foothills around the Merced River in Mariposa County.

Description
Clarkia rostrata is an annual herb that grows erect to about  in maximum height. The lance-shaped leaves are up to about  long.

The inflorescence bears opening flowers below closed, hanging flower buds. The reddish or purplish sepals stay fused together as the flower opens from one side. The fan-shaped petals are lavender-pink, lightening to nearly white at the bases, where it turns reddish purple. There are 8 stamens, some tipped with large lavender anthers and some with smaller, paler anthers.

References

External links
Calflora Database: Clarkia rostrata (Beaked clarkia)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Clarkia rostrata
UC CalPhotos gallery

rostrata
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of Mariposa County, California
~
Plants described in 1970


Olivaichthys mesembrinus is a species of velvet catfish endemic to Argentina where it is found in the Chubut and Senguer River basins.  It grows to a length of  SL.

References

Olivaichthys
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Argentina
Endemic fauna of Argentina
Fish described in 1982


Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis is a species of velvet catfish endemic to Chile where it occurs in the Bío-Bío River basin and in the Loncomilla River. It grows to a length of  TL and is a component of local commercial fisheries as well as being a gamefish.

References

 World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996.  Diplomystes nahuelbutensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 4 August 2007.

nahuelbutaensis
Catfish of South America
Freshwater fish of Chile
Endemic fauna of Chile
Fish described in 1987


Olivaichthys viedmensis, the Otuno, is a species of velvet catfish endemic to Argentina where it is found in the Rio Negro and tributaries.  It reaches a length of  SL.

References

Olivaichthys
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Argentina
Endemic fauna of Argentina
Fish described in 1931


Vesuvius, also known as Vesuvius Bay, is an unincorporated settlement and ferry terminal on the northwest coast of Saltspring Island in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada.  It is the eastern terminus of a ferry which connects Saltspring Island to Vancouver Island across Sansum Narrows to Crofton, which is just north of the city of Duncan.

Throughout the 1800s, Vesuvius was predominantly composed of African-American settlers and their descendants. Racial tensions arose between August 1867 and December 1868, when three Black men were murdered in the community of Vesuvius Bay. The murderers were largely blamed on the local coastal Indigenous community. This resulted in racial tensions in the area, which led to a dwindling number of Black residents on Salt Spring Island. Much of the youth moved away to Victoria, Vancouver, and on occasion to the United States.

It is named for HMS Vesuvius (1839), a ship of the Royal Navy assigned to the Pacific Station at Esquimalt in the 19th Century, and indirectly after Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

References

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
BC Ferries
Salt Spring Island
Ferry terminals in British Columbia


Cataphractus may refer to:
 Cataphractus Gronow, 1763 – synonym of Pegasus
 Cataphractus Catesby, 1771 – not available
 Cataphractus Edwards, 1771 – synonym of Acanthodoras
 Cataphractus Klein, 1777 – synonym of Agonus
 Cataphractus Storr, 1780 – synonym of Dasypus
 Cataphractus Walbaum, 1792 – synonym of Agonus
 Cataphractus Bloch, 1794 – synonym of Callichthys
 Cataphractus Fleming, 1828 – synonym of Agonus

See also

 Cataphract, a type of armoured cavalry

References

 W. N. Eschmeyer: Catalog of Fishes electronic version (15 Oct 2013). California Academy of Sciences.


Frank Robert Welsh (12 April 1871 – 28 December 1959) was an Australian politician who represented the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Pilbara from 1933 until 1939, and one of the three Legislative Council seats for North Province from 1940 until 1954. He was a member of the Nationalist Party until 1945, when the party merged into the Liberal Party.

Biography
Welsh was born in Loganholme, south of Brisbane, Queensland, to William Charles Welsh, a sugar manufacture and auctioneer, and Jane (née Porter). In 1891, he moved to Western Australia, and he married Amy Hancock on 4 November 1903 at Warralong Station near Marble Bar, in which he had acquired an interest and later became a managing partner. They had two sons and a daughter.

At the 1933 state election, he contested the Labor-held seat of Pilbara, whose member Alfred Lamond had retired after three terms. He won the seat on a 12% swing—despite his party being reduced to a minor party on the floor of Parliament at the same election. He won on a slightly increased margin in 1936, before being defeated in 1939 by Bill Hegney of the Labor Party.

He then stood for and won a North Province seat at the 1940 periodic elections for the Legislative Council, which he held for 14 years.

He died on 28 December 1959 in Kalamunda, and was buried in Karrakatta Cemetery.

References

1871 births
1959 deaths
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Politicians from Queensland
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia


Acanthodoras depressus is a species of thorny catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Amazon and Rio Negro basins.  This species grows to  in SL

References

Doradidae
Catfish of South America
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Fish described in 1881
Taxa named by Franz Steindachner


Don Bosco Technical Institute Makati, or simply "Don Bosco Makati." is a private Catholic educational institution owned and operated by the Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB). Its campus is located at Chino Roces Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. In January 1954, the cornerstone of Don Bosco Makati was laid down, during the term of then, Servant of God Fr. Carlo Braga, SDB, as Provincial. At the same year, construction of the first building was completed which housed the chapel, the convent, a youth center, and the auditorium.

Salesian priests namely Fr. Quaranta, Fr. Jua, Fr. Righetti, Fr. Patrick Ryan, and Brother Nicolino Tambascia started to work at the Youth Center. In January 1955, Religious clubs, youth groups and catechism classes were formed. In June of the same year the Grade School edifice was built. Enrollees for Grades V, VI and for first year in the secondary level were accepted. In 1956 the first thirty six (36) Grade VI pupils were the first graduates from Don Bosco Makati.

Programs

Elementary Department

The Elementary Department advocates information literacy as its approach to the basic curriculum required by the Department of Education. The Elementary Department emerged to have the best educational management information system in the Division of Pasay Schools. Computer aided design was integrated in drafting the technical curriculum through the assistance of the Advance Technology Solutions Technologies of Singapore. Equipment and facilities for the Electronic Data Processing were installed for the networking of all records in the Accounting, Registrar, Testing and Personnel Offices.

Levels of Studies:

Grades 1–6
Kindergarten

Principal
Mr. Dondon B. Buensuceso

Assistant Principals

Mrs. Theresa V. Anog -  Assistant Principal for Student Affairs
Mrs. Ma. Dolores F. Bayocboc - Assistant Principal for Academic Affairs
Fr. Cyril Vincent Noel, SDB - Assistant Principal for Pastoral Affairs

Others
Ms. Marilou Sibayan - Student Activity coordinator
Mrs. Cecile Sumanqui - Research Associate

Junior High School Department

The Don Bosco Technical Institute-Junior High School is a Catholic lower secondary school for boys. The department features up-to-date facilities in the fields of academic, technical, spiritual and athletics.

Curriculum

The curriculum is as prescribed by the Department of Education — Mathematics, Science, English, Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, Christian Living, and MAPEH (Music, Arts, Physical Education, Health). With this, the student is offered a dual curriculum, with academic plus technical.

Grades 7 and 8 - General technology (electronics-electrical technology, automotive-mechanical technology, computer technology and industrial drafting technology)
Grades 9 and 10 - One specialization based on the results of an exam, quarterly grade, and student's choice (the 7 specializations are listed below)

During the first two years in high school, a Bosconian is exposed to a general technical education covering measurements, hand tools and light power tools applied to light metal work and simple electrical circuits together with a more advanced information technology (computer subject) curriculum. For the last two years, there is a choice of one of these technical specializations:

Automotive Design Technology
Mechanical Design Technology
Electrical Systems Design Technology
Electronics Design Technology
Creative Design Technology
Information & Communications Technology
Graphics Design and Animation
Alongside these specializations, all Grade 9 and 10 Bosconians also take classes in CAD (computer-aided design) using Autodesk AutoCAD.

Principal
Mr. Darwin B. Buensuceso

Assistant Principals
Miss Ma. Luisa Z. Brutas - Academic affairs
Mr. Reuben Calabio - Student affairs
Miss Marjorie C. Panganiban - Technical affairs
Fr. Juvelan Paul Samia, SDB - Spiritual Moderator

Senior High School

Principal
Mr. Alfredo A. Lozanta, Jr.

Assistant Principals
Mr. Marlowe Ingles - Academic affairs
Mr. Ernesto "Jay" Tauyan, Jr.- Student affairs
Fr. Juvelan Paul Samia, SDB- Spiritual Moderator
Curriculum
 Grade 11
 Grade 12

TVET (Technical-Vocational Education and Training) Center

It is a Home and School for the poor and out-of-school youth where they learn various technical skills of their choice as a means to gain decent employment. The center is managed and run by the Partners of the Salesians of Don Bosco.

The course can be learned in one year. The first ten months of training are spent in the center to build the trainees' theoretical foundation (30%) and their hands-on training experience (70%).

On the eleventh month, all trainees are assigned for a 5-month On-the-job training in selected companies to advance their technical skills and firm up their attitude as a means of preparing them for the exciting world of work. This orientation scheme initiates the graduates to an industrial setting that demands hard work, quality performance and proper work values.

Courses Offered
Automobile mechanic
General electrician
Fitter machinist
Refrigeration and air-conditioning mechanic
Industrial electronics

Library and Learning Resource Center

In 1999 Fr. Caesar Dizon, SDB, former rector of Don Bosco Technical Institute-Makati, spearheaded a special project and organized a working team to conceptualize the development of a new learning center called the "Mulitiple Intelligence Center. It is patterned from the theory of Dr. Howard Gardner who believed that every man has his own kind of intelligence and potential as a person.

The MIC was conceived to make students, teachers and personnel to be in touch with technological change. This change reflects a major challenge present in today's society—that is, the use of modern technology in all aspects of humanity. The MIC became a learning center equipped with state-of-the-art technology and incorporating modern theories and principles.

On August 15, 2000, after its blessing by the Rector, the new MIC became functional with the appointment of Ms. Ofelia Dantes as its first head.

Notable alumni

 Ali Atienza, politician
 Jun Aristorenas, actor, director, dancer, producer, writer
 Kim Atienza, TV host and politician

 LA Tenorio, athlete, Philippine Basketball Association
Niño Muhlach, actor

 Ronnie Ricketts, actor
 Mark Meily, film director
 Herminio Coloma Jr., former Secretary of the Presidential Communications Operations Office
 Raymond Bagatsing, actor
 Robert P. Galang, President & CEO of Cignal TV & TV5 Network, Inc.
 Perfecto De Castro, guitarist, original member of Rivermaya
Miguel and Paolo Guico, Guitarist and Vocalist of the band Ben&Ben

Clubs

• Boscorale, the school's representative choral group, is one of the known all-male High School choirs in the Philippines. The Boscorale was said to be the school's pride when it comes to chorale singing due to its various achievements from winning in various prestige chorale competitions in the metro. To date, the young male choir have already achieved 16 notable prizes: 6 championships, 9 runners-up and a minor award. The Boscorale is currently holding the "back-to-back" championship titles in the Annual Ayala Interschool Christmas Caroling Competition and the Musica FEUropa - High School Category Competition.

Enlightened and moved by the spirit of St. John Bosco, the Boscorale aims to be in melody and harmony with the Lord Almighty, for they believe that "a school without music is like a body without a soul." -St. John Bosco

• Teatro Busko, the school's official Theatre club was established in the '90s but was re-established in 2015. The club produced plays and performances every school year to showcase the talent of its members. The club also joined competitions outside the school. The club won the Best Picture award and a handful of awards during the Makati Theater Festival last 2018. The club also joined SIGABO, a National Speech Choir competition organized by CMLI. The club first joined in 2016. The club joined again in 2018 and was one of the Top 10 Finalist. In 2019, the club was declared SIGABO 2019 CHAMPION, bringing great pride to Don Bosco Technical Institute-Makati.

• DBXTreme, the school's dance group. Joined Skechers Street Dance Battle 8.

References

External links
 School Homepage
 History in Timeline
 Salesians of Don Bosco website
 sa Don Bosco Foundation website

Salesian schools
Salesian secondary schools
Catholic elementary schools in Metro Manila
Catholic secondary schools in Metro Manila
Makati
Boys' schools in the Philippines
Educational institutions established in 1954
1954 establishments in the Philippines
Schools in Makati


The Power of One is a contemporary worship studio album recorded and performed by Israel Houghton. The album is released by Israel as a solo project, outside of Israel & New Breed. The disc features performances from tobyMac, Mary Mary, Martin Smith of Delirious?, and Chevelle Franklyn.

Critical reception

AllMusic's Jared Johnson said that "The man who reinvented contemporary gospel has reinvented himself as a solo artist on this breakthrough debut, and the result is so unbelievable that even his biggest fans may not recognize the magnitude of his talents until experiencing it for themselves." In addition, Johnson wrote that "The theme of social consciousness is not new to gospel music, and yet Houghton is able to make it sound so fresh and so infectious that it practically stops you in your tracks, forcing you to sit down and examine new ways to make a difference in the world. Not very many artists have the ability to make such calls to action. And it's that self-examination that Houghton uses to power each masterful track."

Alpha Omega News' Ken Wiegman said that "The Power of One, is no less remarkable and moving.  The varieties of musical styles are commanding and the message is as powerful.  The music ranges anywhere from gospel choir to reggae, funk and rock.  The message is a call to action and a call to worship."

Christianity Todays Andree Farias said that "The Power of One is so unlike anything Houghton has done before. For the first time ever, he appears to be veering from his calling to serve the church with new songs to sing. Instead, Israel appears to be going for a ministry platform looking at how social justice and worship intersect." Furthermore, Farias wrote that "The Power of One is more message-driven than it is corporate", and "The Power of One serves as a nice reprieve for him to try his hand at something else." Farias finished with saying that with the album "...most eclectic listeners won't mind. When music and musicianship are this worshipful, virtuoso, and varied, it's easy to get caught up, kick back, and join the praise. Israel has done it again."

Cross Rhythms' Paul Kerslake said called the album an "ambitious set [that] is an inventive fusion of rock, funk, gospel, reggae and pretty much everything in between. Israel rips through the 14 tracks here and sounds like he's having a blast. it's hard to listen to this album without a smile. The lyrical theme flowing through the record (and also illustrated in the accompanying booklet) is that we all have the power to make a difference." Also, Kerslake noted the album for being a "spectacular progression". Kerslake wrote that he has "had it on constant rotation since I got it. This is the sound of an artist at the peak of his talent, this is a great album, a must have and deserves to be recognised as a classic though it will be intriguing to see what the church goers expecting neo-gospel live worship will make of this boldly inventive project."

Jesus Freak Hideout Roger Gelwicks said that "Worship albums can be curious things: they can either be amazing and groundbreaking, or they can be unoriginal and irritatingly dull. Israel Houghton''''s The Power of One, however, doesn't seem to want to fit into either category, leaving listeners with a mixed result." In concluding, Gelwicks wrote that "Israel Houghton had a good thing going, but the entire album could have been improved if he majored on the uniqueness factor and made it a constant theme. For what he has produced, though, it's slightly better than some worship records today, and some will come to find much to like here, but The Power of One turns out to be a merely average effort that doesn't warrant too much extra attention."

Louder Than the Music's Jono Davies noted that "The lyrics of many of the songs deal with issues of injustice, poverty and suffering." Davies ended with a question, which "Is this the gospel album of the year? Yes."

New Release Tuesday's Kevin McNeese told that "The Power Of One'' is his career defining album, containing incredibly anointed choruses of praise, and I haven't been able to put it down all year."

The Phantom Tollbooth's Trish Cooper said that "This is one great CD!" In addition, Cooper wrote that the album "Featured are songs of hope, revelation, redemption, and social justice.  This one is a great mix for fans of all music! There is something for everyone!"

Track listing

Personnel

Band
Israel Houghton - Lead Vocals, Fender Rhodes, Acoustic Guitar, Piano, Background Vocals
Aaron Lindsey - Hammond B3, Keyboards, Hammond Organ, Piano, Programming, Sampling, String Samples, Background Vocals
Jonathan Dubose, Jr. - Guitars
Tommy Sims - Bass, Programming, Background Vocals
Javier Solis - Percussion, Tambourine
Akil Thompson - Drums, Guitars
Mark Townsend - Keyboards, Programming
Calvin Rogers - Drums
Jerry McPherson - Guitar
Joel Camey - Bass
Lamar Carter - Drums
Michael Hodge - Electric Guitar
Tracy Silverman - Strings
Dan Needham - Drums, Percussion
Doug Moffett, Vinnie Ciesielski, Barry Green - Horns

Background Vocals
Bethany Chamberlin
Christabelle Clack
Steve Crawford
Chevelle Franklyn
Da'dra Crawford-Greathouse
Missi Hale
Krystle Harper
Daniel Johnson
Terrence Jones
Michael Mellet
LeAnne Palmore
Martin Smith
Liz Vaughn
Jerard Woods
Jovaun Woods

Awards

In 2010, the album was awarded a Grammy for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards. The title song also won a Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.

Charts

References

2009 albums
Israel Houghton albums
Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album


Salvia viscosa is a herbaceous perennial native to a small area of mountains in Lebanon and Israel. It was first described in 1781 by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin but only began being sold in nurseries in the 1990s.

Salvia viscosa grows a small cluster of leaves from which  inflorescences arise in midsummer. The misty green leaves are oblate-oblong, growing up to  long and  wide, with both surfaces covered by soft hairs, and whitish-green veining on the underside. The burgundy-red flowers are about  long, growing in whorls that are widely spaced along the thin stem, and are held in a tiny wine-colored calyx that is covered with hairs. The plant seeds profusely.

Notes

viscosa
Flora of Israel
Flora of Lebanon
Flora of Palestine (region)
Plants described in 1781


The Cleghorn Lakes Wilderness is a  wilderness area in the southern Mojave Desert. It is located  northeast of Twentynine Palms, California, and  north of Joshua Tree National Park. It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management.

Named for the dry lakes found at the center of the wilderness area, this area has a variety of natural resources. The east portion is mountainous while the west portion is a vast alluvial fan and bajada. Elevations range from  at the desert floor to the rugged Bullion Mountains, which rise more than  across a  stretch.

Natural history
Wildlife includes Desert bighorn sheep on the slopes, and desert tortoise in the valley floor and bajada habitats.

Native plants include: Barrel cactus, and Smoke trees (Psorothamnus spinosus)" in some bajadas. The Cleghorn Lakes offer occasional spring wildflower displays. The  Crucifixion Thorn (Castela emoryi) shrub has been found near the eastern edge of the wilderness boundary. It is native to California, Arizona, and Sonora state in Mexico. It listed by the California Native Plant Society as rare in California, but is more common elsewhere in the lower Sonoran Deserts.

See also

References

External links
Bureau of Land Management−BLM: official Cleghorn Lakes Wilderness website
U.S. Geological Survey Map at the U.S. Geological Survey Map Website. Retrieved March 30, 2023.

Wilderness areas of California
Protected areas of the Mojave Desert
Protected areas of San Bernardino County, California
Bureau of Land Management areas in California


Mary Maples Dunn (April 6, 1931 – March 19, 2017) was an American historian. She served as the eighth president of Smith College for ten years beginning in 1985.  Dunn was also the director of the Schlesinger Library from 1995 to 2000. She was acting president of Radcliffe College when it merged with Harvard University, and she became the acting dean of the newly created Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study after the merger.

Dunn later became a Radcliffe Institute Fellow and served as co-executive officer of the American Philosophical Society from 2002 to 2007.

Early life and education
Mary Maples was born on April 6, 1931, in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, to Eva Moore Maples and Frederic Maples, who owned a clothing store. She was the second of four children and the only daughter.  While in Wisconsin, she attended a two-room school house.  Her father joined the Army during World War II where he remained as an officer after the war, retiring as a Colonel As a result, the family was stationed in multiple bases around the United States and China.

Career
Dunn's scholarship was focused primarily on William Penn, Pennsylvania, and the history of English-speaking colonies in the Mid-Atlantic region of what, following the American Revolutionary War, became the United States. She was a history professor at Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, where she taught an innovative interdisciplinary course in Latin American Studies in the mid-1970s.

The Mary Maples Dunn Prize, established in 2008 honors "the best article in early American women’s history by an untenured scholar published in William and Mary Quarterly that uses gender as a primary analytical category".

Personal life
In 1960, she married Richard Slator Dunn, a scholar of American colonial history at the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia. They had two daughters and three grandchildren from their 56 years together. Dunn remained a great traveler for the rest of her life. She and her husband were in Cairo during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 in Tahrir Square  “It was surreal,” describes Dunn “We could see it all. There we were on this elegant terrace, comfortably viewing it all… That’s the only word for it—surreal.” “We had wandered into a war,” she says. “It was very clear that this was historic. We had CNN on all the time, and had access to Al Jazeera." "And so we witnessed history in the making. It was an unusual experience, and an amazing opportunity. We are glad to be at home, but are feeling the greatest sympathy for the Egyptians, and maybe a little optimistic about their chances for a better regime and a reduction in the misery so many of them experience every day."

Selected works

Books
William Penn: Classical Republican (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1957)
William Penn: Politics and Conscience (Princeton University Press, 1967)
Women of America: A Teacher’s Guide (Continental Press, 1976)
The World of William Penn (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986), co-edited with Richard S. Dunn
The Papers of William Penn, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981–87) 5 volumes; co-edited with Richard S. Dunn  |  |  |
The Personality of William Penn(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1983)
Recipes from the Inauguration of Mary Maples Dunn As the Eighth President of Smith College, September 1985, Northampton, Massachusetts. Northampton, (Mass: Marilyn Nelson and the Committee for the Inauguration, 1985) Co-authored with Julia Child.

Articles
"Flawed Biographies," The Virginia Quarterly Review 51.3 (1975): 483–486
“Saints and Sisters: Congregational and Quaker Women in the Early Colonial Period,” American Quarterly Vol. 30, No. 5, Special Issue: Women and Religion (Winter, 1978): 582–601
"Who Is This William Penn Person, Anyway?" Today, the Inquirer Magazine (n.d.): 22–24. Co-authored with Katz, Barbara J, Richard S. Dunn
"Dialogue: Paradigm Shift Books: A Midwife's Tale by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich," Journal of Women's History 14.3 (2002): 133–139

Book reviews
"Book Review: Edward Randolph and the American Colonies, 1676–1703," The Journal of Southern History 27.2 (1961): 242–244
"Book Review: Religion in American Life," The William and Mary Quarterly 19.1 (1962): 123–127. Co-authored with Richard S. Dunn
"Book Review: the King & the Quaker: a Study of William Penn and James Ii," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 87.1 (1963): 89–90
"Book Review: William Penn the Politician: His Relations with the English Government," Quaker History 55.1 (1966): 56–57
"Book Review: Liberty and Authority: Early American Political Ideology, 1689–1763," The Journal of American History 56.4 (1970)
"Book Review: Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly," The American Historical Review 78.1 (1973): 156–157
"Book Review: William Penn and Early Quakerism." The William and Mary Quarterly. 32.2 (1975): 344.
"Book Review: Weathering the Storm: Women of the American Revolution." The Journal of Southern History. 42.3 (1976): 421–422

Notable students and protegees
Drew Gilpin Faust, president emeritus, Harvard University.
Mary Beth Norton, the Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History and Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow at Cornell University.

Honors
 Dunn was the recipient of the Radcliffe Medal in 2001
The Mary Maples Dunn Prize for early American women’s scholarship at the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
The Mary Maples and Richard S. Dunn Fund at the American Philosophical Society

Fellowships
Source:

Fulbright scholar
American Council of Learned Societies
National Endowment for the Humanities
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey

Honorary degrees
Source:

Smith College
Amherst College
Brown University
Lafayette College
Marietta College
Haverford College
College of William and Mary
Transylvania University
University of Pennsylvania

References

External links
Office of the President Mary Maples Dunn files at the Smith College Archives, Smith College Special Collections

1931 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women historians
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Historians from Wisconsin
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People from Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
Presidents of Smith College
Radcliffe fellows
Women heads of universities and colleges


Noceda de Rengos is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Cuitada
 La Casería
 Noceda
 Reitornu
 Tresmonte d'Abaxu
 Tresmonte d'Arriba

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Eyal Sivan () is an Israeli documentary filmmaker, theoretician and scholar based in Paris, France.

Early life

Eyal Sivan is a Filmmaker, Writer and theoretician born in 1964 in Haifa, Israel; raised in Jerusalem; and based in Europe since 1985.

As a teenager, Sivan abandoned formal education to dedicate himself to his hobbies, which were photography and political activism.

Career

After working as a professional commercial photographer in Tel Aviv, he left Israel in 1985 and settled in Paris. He now splits his time between Europe and Israel.
Known for his controversial films, Sivan has produced and directed more than a dozen political documentaries. Common State (2012), Jaffa (2009) and Route 181 (2003) won awards at various festivals.

Sivan's films are regularly exhibited in art exhibitions including Documenta, Manifesta and ICP New York. His work touches on such themes as the representation of political crime; the political use of memory; the ethics of documentary filmmaking; and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

He is the founder and artistic director of the Paris-based documentary film company Momento ! and of the film distribution agency Scalpel. He created South Cinema Notebooks, a journal of cinema criticism published by the Sapir Academic College in Ashkelon.

In response to a question by Aljazeera as to why so many "progressive and anti-Zionist academics, activists, and artists" are fleeing Israel, Sivan responded: "The veil of democracy is being ripped from Israeli faces."

Academic postings

Professor, Amsterdam University of the Arts, Nederlands Film Academy, Nederlands
Associate Professor, Media Production, University of East London, School of Arts and Digital Industries, United Kingdom
Honorary Fellow, European Centre for Palestinian Studies, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
Visiting Professor, Netherlands Film Academy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Visiting Professor, Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti, Milan, Italy
Visiting Professor, Sapir Academic College, School of Sound and Visual Arts, Ashkelon, Israel

Filmography
 2012 Common State, Potential Conversation
 2009 Jaffa, the Orange's Clockwork
 2007 Citizens K, the Twin Brothers
 2005 Faces of the Fallen
 2004 I Love You All / Aus Liebe Zum Volk (co-directed with Audrey Maurion)
 2003 Route 181, Fragments of a Journey in Palestine-Israel (co-directed with Michel Khleifi)
 2001 On the Top of the Descent
 1999 The Specialist, Portrait of a Modern Criminal
 1997 Burundi, under Terror
 1996 Itsembatsemba, Rwanda One Genocide Later
 1995 Aqabat-Jaber, Peace with no Return?
 1994 Jerusalem(s), Borderline Syndrome
 1993 Itgaber, He Will Overcome - Conversations with Yeshayahou Lebowitz
 1991 Israland
 1990 Izkor, Slaves of Memory
 1987 Aqabat-Jaber, Passing Through

Other visual works
 2012 Towards a common archive, testimonies of Zionist veterans of 1948. Multi screens video show.
 2012  Montage Interdit. Berlin Documentary Forum 2 New practices across disciplines. Haus der Kulturen der Welt [www.hkw.de]
 2010  Documentary moments 1 : Renaissance. Berlin Documentary Forum 1 New practices across disciplines. Haus der Kulturen der Welt
 2009  Fragmented memory of spectatorship. Top 10 documentary programme IDFA Amsterdam
 2008 Happy birthdays, towards a common archive - fragment 1. Multi screens video Installation
 2001 Scalpel / Skalpel. (concept & artistic director) TV magazine for ARTE
 1994 Jerusalem, Jerusalems. Conception and direction of a Theme evening for ARTE
 1988 Progressive list for Peace. TV spots

References

External links

 Eyal Sivan on culture base www.culturbase.net
The Barber Trial: Sivan vs. Finkielkraut Cabinet Magazine Thomas Keenan and Eyal Weizman www.cabinetmagazine.org

1964 births
Living people
Israeli documentary film directors
Mass media people from Haifa


"Go All the Way" is a single by American rock group Raspberries, released in July 1972 and written by frontman Eric Carmen. The song reached the Top 5 on three principal US charts: number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 4 on Cashbox and number 3 on Record World. The single sold more than 1.3 million copies, earning the band their only certified Gold Record. It was their second single release, their all-time biggest US hit, and appeared on their debut LP, Raspberries.

Because of its sexually suggestive lyrics, considered risqué for the day, "Go All the Way" was banned by the BBC.

Background
Carmen has stated that the inspiration for the song was the Rolling Stones' hit, "Let's Spend the Night Together."  He said that "I wanted to write an explicitly sexual lyric that the kids would instantly get but the powers that be couldn't pin me down for." He also said that to try to avoid being censored he "turned it around so that the girl is encouraging the guy to go all the way, rather than the stereotypical thing of the guy trying to make the girl have sex with him. I figured that made me seem a little more innocent."  Carmen got the title from Dan Wakefield's novel Going All the Way.  Carmen said that when he saw the book "I realized it would make a sensational song title."

According to Carmen he wrote the song alone at the piano, but guitarist Wally Bryson believed that he should have received a songwriting credit for coming up with the famous guitar riff for the song's intro.

Sound engineer Shelly Yakus used a prototype of a limiter when recording the song in order to increase the power of the music.

Allmusic critic Mark Deming called it "among the finest records ever made about one of the key subjects in rock & roll — convincing your girlfriend to have sex with you," saying that it "merges smooth harmony parts and an easygoing melody with hook-laden breaks and a guitar figure that Pete Townsend would have been happy to have dreamed up." Rolling Stone critic Dave Marsh called it a "[ringer] for Paul McCartney."

Music journalist Ken Sharp noted that the song's "subversive lyrics were cleverly masked in a G-rated package" and that the lyrics are unusual in that "the girl in the song's chorus is pleading with her boyfriend to do her."  Carmen said that his approach was "let's start it out like The Who, but when we get to the questionable part we will do it like choir boys and maybe they won't notice.

Ultimate Classic Rock critic Dave Swanson described how the song reflects various influences and merges them into a new type of song: "The opening Who-like blast leads into a very Beatles-esque verse, before landing in some forgotten Beach Boys chorus."

Reception
Cash Box said that "mighty guitar riffs explode on impact" and the song has "a touch of the Badfinger sound. Record World said that "its effective combination of hard rock and top 40 stylings make this a natural for playlists of virtually every format." Wichita Beacon critic Paul Baker said that the guitar playing sounded similar to Free's "All Right Now."

Swanson rated it as the Raspberries all-time greatest song, saying that "In many ways, this is the definitive power pop song of all time." Classic Rock History critic Brian Kachejian also rated it as the Raspberries best song, praising the melody and arrangement and calling it "an iconic pop gem." Kachejian also noted that "The way the verse transcends into the song's chorus riding on the wings of Eric Carmen's legendary lead vocal is one for the ages."

Sharp rated it the Raspberries 3rd best song, calling it a "'Power Pop How To' manual all wrapped up in three explosive minutes and unquestionably one of the most seminal pop singles ever."

Steve Sullivan wrote in the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings that the opening guitar riff played by Wally Bryson is one of the all-time great rock 'n' roll riffs, saying that its power "still has the capacity to startle and thrill more than four decades later."

The tune ranked at number 33 on Billboards Top 100 Singles of 1972 year-end list (number 39 on Cashboxs year-end best-sellers countdown). In 1989, Spin magazine named "Go All the Way" in its list of the "100 Greatest Singles of All Time", ranking it at number 91. "Go All the Way" appeared in Blender magazine's July 2006 issue as one of its "Greatest Songs Ever".

Live performances
The song was performed on Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, Live in 1974.
It was also performed on The Mike Douglas Show, and featured in the set at their 50th anniversary concert in 2007.

Use in media
"Go All the Way" has been featured in three movies. Director Cameron Crowe, a Raspberries fan, used it in his 2000 film Almost Famous. The Killers covered the song for the end credits of the 2012 film Dark Shadows, an adaptation of the 1966–1971 TV series of the same name. The song briefly appears in the 2014 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy, and is one of the songs on its soundtrack.

In interviews, hard rock/metal personality Eddie Trunk, states that this song sparked his interest in music due mainly to the distorted guitar riffs.

"Go All the Way" was included on the Raspberries Pop Art Live CD set from their reunion concert recording, November 26, 2004, at the House of Blues in Cleveland, Ohio, released August 18, 2017.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Later versions
Matthew Sweet and Bangles member Susanna Hoffs included a faithful rendition of the song in their 2009 collaboration Under the Covers, Vol. 2.

Band members

 Eric Carmen - bass guitar, lead and backing vocals, piano
 Wally Bryson - lead guitar, backing and lead vocals
 Dave Smalley - rhythm guitar, backing and lead vocals
 John Hart - drums, backing vocals

References

External links
 Lyrics of this song
 "Go All the Way" at Songfacts.com

1972 songs
1972 singles
Raspberries (band) songs
Songs written by Eric Carmen
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Ienner
Rock ballads
The Killers songs
Capitol Records singles
Songs about casual sex
Songs banned by the BBC
Obscenity controversies in music


Amblydoras affinis is a species of thorny catfish found in Bolivia, Brazil and Guyana.  It is found in the basins of the Guaporé, Branco and Essequibo Rivers.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Doradidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Bolivia
Fish of Brazil
Fish described in 1855
Taxa named by Rudolf Kner


Nanlang (), alternatively romanized as Namlong, is a  town situated at the eastern periphery of the city of Zhongshan in Guangdong Province, China. The town has a population 38,000 permanent residents and a total area of . Nanlang has administrative jurisdiction over the village of Cuiheng, the birthplace of Sun Yat-sen.

Administration
Nanlang is directly administered by the prefectural city of Zhongshan.

Transportation
The town has a station on the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Intercity Mass Rapid Transit.

See also
Nanlang dialect

External links

Nanlang Township Government Website

Zhongshan
Towns in Guangdong


Amblydoras bolivarensis is a species of thorny catfish endemic to Venezuela where it is found in the Orinoco River basin.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Doradidae
Fish of South America
Taxa named by Augustín Fernández-Yépez
Fish described in 1968


Amblydoras gonzalezi is a species of thorny catfish found in Colombia and Venezuela.  It occurs in the Orinoco River basin and in the Casiquiare canal.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

The fish is named in honor of civil engineer Marcelo González Molina (1923-2000), who through his connections, provided the collectors access to the type locality.

References

Doradidae
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Fish of Venezuela
Taxa named by Augustín Fernández-Yépez
Fish described in 1968


Amblydoras monitor is a species of thorny catfish that occurs in the upper Amazon Basin where it can be found in the countries of Brazil, Colombia and Peru.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Doradidae
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Freshwater fish of Peru
Fish of the Amazon basin
Fish described in 1872
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope


George "Comanche Boy" Tahdooahnippah (born December 3, 1978) is an American professional boxer. He has held the WBC Continental Americas middleweight and Native American Boxing Council super middleweight titles. He also works as an environment and Diabetes specialist.

Early life
Tahdooahnippah is a member of the Comanche Nation and is also Choctaw. He won the honor as a Cadet Greco-Roman All-American, placing 7th in the United States. He also represented Oklahoma as an "Oklahoma All Star" and toured Japan before receiving a full wrestling scholarship to Delaware State University.

Kickboxer
At the age of 23, he became an amateur kickboxer, winning the North Texas light heavyweight title. He was also the runner-up at the 2002 "Sansho-Kickboxing World Championships". He participated in the Original Toughman competition, where he won the light heavyweight championship.

Professional boxing career
He did not have his first professional boxing match until age 25. He eventually teamed with manager Bobby Dobbs. He has worked with world class trainers such as Shadeed Suluki and David Vaughn. He currently trains at the Mad Man Boxing Gym in Elgin, OK.

NABC Super Middleweight Championship
On September 12, 2008, Tahdooahnippah defeated Jonathan Corn with a seventh round TKO to win the vacant Native American Boxing Council Super Middleweight Championship.

Professional boxing record

|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
|align="center" colspan=8|28 Wins (21 knockouts), 0 Losses, 1 Draw
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res.
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd., Time
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
|align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;"
| Win || 28-0-1 ||align=left| Jimmy Holmes
|KO || 1st (2:28) of 10  || July 16, 2011 || align=left|Comanche Nation Casino, Lawton, Oklahoma||vacant WBC Continental Americas title
|align=left|
|-align=center
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;"
| Win || 27-0-1 ||align=left| Thomas Longacre
|UD || 6 of 6  || February 25, 2011 || align=left|Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, Tulsa, Oklahoma
|align=left|
|-align=center
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;"
| Win || 26-0-1 ||align=left| Eloy Suarez
|UD || 6 of 6  || January 13, 2011 || align=left|Remington Park, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
|align=left|
|-align=center
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;"
|Win || 25-0-1 || align=left| Steve Walker
|TKO || 2 (0:37) of 6|| November 12, 2010 || align=left|Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, Tulsa, Oklahoma
|align=left|
|-align=center
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;"
|Win || 24-0-1 || align=left| Dezi Ford
|TKO || 1 (2:59) of 6|| July 8, 2010 || align=left|Remington Park, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
|align=left|
|-align=center
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;"
|Win || 23-0-1 || align=left| Dave Saunders
|UD || 6 of 6 || April 22, 2010 || align=left|Crowne Plaza Hotel, Tulsa, Oklahoma
|align=left|
|-align=center

References

External links
 archived from the original.

1978 births
Boxers from Oklahoma
Native American boxers
Super-middleweight boxers
Comanche people
Living people
Sportspeople from Lawton, Oklahoma
Delaware State University alumni
American male boxers


Oubachu is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Oubachu
 Tablizas
 La Veiga'l Tachu

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Amblydoras nauticus, the marbled talking catfish or marbled raphael catfish, is a species of thorny catfish endemic to Peru where it is found in the upper Amazon basin. This species grows to a length of  SL.

It is often found in the aquarium trade where commonly mislabelled as "'Amblydoras hancockii" (a synonym of another species, Platydoras hancockii).

References

Doradidae
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Peru
Fish described in 1874
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope


The Nanlang dialect is a variety of Eastern Min Chinese mostly spoken in Nanlang in Zhongshan in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong, China. Despite its close proximity, Nanlang is not very closely related to the surrounding dialects in the region, which belong to the Yue group. As such, Nanlang forms a "dialect island" of Min speakers. It is one of three enclaves of Min in Zhongshan, the others being Longdu and Sanxiang.

References

Guangdong
Southern Min


Anadoras grypus is a species of thorny catfish found in the upper Amazon basin of Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia. This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Doradidae
Catfish of South America
Fish of the Amazon basin
Fish of Bolivia
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Freshwater fish of Ecuador
Freshwater fish of Peru
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Fish described in 1872


Rufus Henry Underwood (31 December 1863 – 8 October 1945) was an Australian politician who represented the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Pilbara from 1906 until 1924. Initially active in the Labor Party and a minister without portfolio in the Scaddan Ministry, he left the party during the conscription crisis in 1917 and thereafter represented the National Labor Party for the rest of his political career.

Biography
Underwood was born in Mount Egerton, a mining district not far from Ballarat, Victoria, to William Underwood, a splitter and farmer, and Jane (née Carter). He had very little education and worked in the country. In 1880, he was apprenticed to the bootmaking trade in Victoria, before moving to South Australia where by the mid-1880s he had become president of the Bootmaker's Union. On 27 September 1886 at St Patrick's Church in Adelaide, he married Bridget Fitzpatrick, with whom he was to have two sons.

In 1895, he relocated to Western Australia and engaged in gold mining with a share in a mine at Nullagine in the East Pilbara region, before moving to Tammin and engaging in farming. He joined the Labor Party and won the Legislative Assembly seat of Pilbara at a by-election on 23 July 1906 following the resignation of Independent member James Isdell.

As Parliament was considering an act to establish the University of Western Australia in 1911 Underwood asserted that universities bred snobs and drones and that it was easier for a porcupine to walk backwards down a canvas hose than for a university man to achieve anything worthwhile.

In the 1911 state election, Labor won majority government for the first time under John Scaddan. Underwood served as a Minister without Portfolio in the Scaddan Ministry from 23 November 1914 until the Ministry was defeated by a vote of no confidence on 27 July 1916.

In March 1917, some Labor members of parliament, including Underwood and former premier Scaddan, to support the Nationalist Senate team for the 1917 federal election over the conscription issue. These members either left or were expelled from the Australian Labor Party and formed a new party, the National Labor Party, whose members formed part of the Nationalist coalition assembled in June 1917 with Henry Lefroy as premier. Following the election, on 23 November 1917, Underwood was made a Minister without Portfolio in the Lefroy Ministry. He resigned on 26 March 1919 after he, Premier Lefroy and James Gardiner were stranded in Melbourne for several weeks due to quarantine regulations relating to the influenza epidemic.

He continued to serve as a backbencher, but was defeated by a Labor candidate at the 1924 state election. Little is known about his life after politics, although he resided in outer suburban Perth where he maintained a small farm. He died on 8 October 1945 at Sunset Home in Nedlands, and was buried in Karrakatta Cemetery.

References

1863 births
1945 deaths
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
People from Victoria (state)
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
National Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia


Anadoras regani is a species of thorny catfish found in the Oyapock and Amazon basins of Brazil, French Guiana, and Colombia. This species grows to a length of  SL. The IUCN Red List considers it a junior synonym of Anadoras weddellii.

Although the patronym was not identified it is probably in honor of ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan (1878–1943), of the Natural History Museum in London.

References

Doradidae
Catfish of South America
Fish of the Amazon basin
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Fish of French Guiana
Taxa named by Franz Steindachner
Fish described in 1908


Anadoras weddellii is a species of thorny catfish that is found in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. This species grows to a length of  SL. The IUCN Red List considers Anadoras regani a junior synonym of Anadoras weddellii, but FishBase and the Catalog of Fishes regard it as valid.

The fish is named in honor of British physician-botanist Hugh Algernon Weddell (1819–1877), who presented the type specimen in the form of a dried skin and a drawing of the fish.

References

Doradidae
Catfish of South America
Taxa named by François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau
Fish described in 1855


Reig's opossum (Monodelphis reigi) is a South American opossum species of the family Didelphidae, discovered in 2004. It is named after Argentine biologist Osvaldo Reig (1929–1992). It was initially found in montane forest in Canaima National Park, Venezuela at an elevation of 1300 m in the Sierra de Lema. It is typically found between 1100 m and 2050 m on Mount Ayanganna.

References

Opossums
Endemic fauna of Venezuela
Marsupials of South America
Mammals of Venezuela
Guayana Highlands
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of South America
Mammals described in 2004


Onón is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Ounón
 La Veiguieḷḷa

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Centrodoras brachiatus is a species of thorny catfish found in the Amazon basin of Brazil, Colombia and Peru.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

Doradidae
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Freshwater fish of Peru
Fish of the Amazon basin
Fish described in 1872
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope


Centrodoras hasemani is a species of thorny catfish endemic to Brazil where it occurs in the Rio Negro basin.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

It is named for zoologist and explorer John Diederich Haseman.

References

Doradidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Taxa named by Franz Steindachner
Fish described in 1915


In general, quality of life (QoL or QOL) is the perceived quality of an individual's daily life, that is, an assessment of their well-being or lack thereof. This includes all emotional, social and physical aspects of the individual's life. In health care, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an assessment of how the individual's well-being may be affected over time by a disease, disability or disorder.

Measurement
Early versions of healthcare-related quality of life measures referred to simple assessments of physical abilities by an external rater (for example, the patient is able to get up, eat and drink, and take care of personal hygiene without any help from others) or even to a single measurement (for example, the angle to which a limb could be flexed).

The current concept of health-related quality of life acknowledges that subjects put their actual situation in relation to their personal expectation. The latter can vary over time, and react to external influences such as length and severity of illness, family support, etc. As with any situation involving multiple perspectives, patients' and physicians' rating of the same objective situation have been found to differ significantly. Consequently, health-related quality of life is now usually assessed using patient questionnaires. These are often multidimensional and cover physical, social, emotional, cognitive, work- or role-related, and possibly spiritual aspects as well as a wide variety of disease related symptoms, therapy induced side effects, and even the financial impact of medical conditions. Although often used interchangeably with the measurement of health status, both health-related quality of life and health status measure different concepts.

Activities of daily living

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are activities that are oriented toward taking care of one's own body and are completed daily. These include bathing/showering, toileting and toilet hygiene, dressing, eating, functional mobility, personal hygiene and grooming, and sexual activity. Many studies demonstrate the connection between ADLs and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Mostly, findings show that difficulties in performing ADLs are directly or indirectly associated with decreased HRQOL. Furthermore, some studies found a graded relationship between ADL difficulties/disabilities and HRQOL- the less independent people are at ADLs- the lower their HRQOL is. While ADLs are an excellent tool to objectively measure quality of life, it is important to remember that Quality of life goes beyond these activities. For more information about the complex concept of quality of life, see information regarding the disability paradox.

In addition to ADLs, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) can be used as a relatively objective measure of health-related quality of life. IADLs, as defined by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), are “Activities to support daily life within the home and community that often require more complex interactions than those used in ADLs”.  IADLs include tasks such as: care for others, communication management, community mobility, financial management, health management, and home management. Activities of IADLS includes: grocery shopping, preparing food, housekeeping, using the phone, laundry, managing transportation/finances. Research has found that an individual's ability to engage in IADLs can directly impact their quality of life.

Pharmacology for older adults
Elderly patients taking more than five medications increases risk of cognitive impairment, and is one consideration when assessing what factors impact QoL, ADLs, and IADLs of older adults. Due to multiple chronic conditions, managing medications in this group of people is particular challenging and complex. Recent studies showed that polypharmacy is associated with ADL disability due to malnutrition, and is a risk factor for hospital admission due to falls, which can have severe consequences on a person's quality of life moving forward. Thus, when assessing an elderly person's quality of life, it is important to consider the medications an older patient is taking, and whether they are adhering to their current prescription taking schedule.

Occupational Therapy's Role

Occupational therapists (OTs) are global healthcare professionals who treat individuals to achieve their highest level of quality of life and independence through participation in everyday activities. OTs are trained to complete a person-centered evaluation of an individual's interests and needs, and tailor their treatment to specifically address ADLs and IADLs that their patient values. In the AOTAs most recent vision statement (2025) they explicitly state that OT as an inclusive profession works to maximize quality of life through the effective solution of participation in everyday living. To learn more about occupational therapy, see the Wikipedia page dedicated to the profession.

Special Considerations in Palliative Care
HRQoL in patients with serious, progressive, life-threatening illness should be given special considerations in both the measurement and analysis of HRQoL. Oftentimes, as level of functioning deteriorates, more emphasis is put on caregiver and proxy questionnaires or abbreviated questionnaires. Additionally, as diseases progress, patients and families often shift their priorities throughout the disease course. This can affect the measurement of HRQoL as, oftentimes, patients change the way they respond to questionnaires which results in HRQoL staying the same of even improving as their physical condition worsens. To address this issue, researchers have developed new instruments for measuring end-of-life HRQoL that incorporate factors such as sense of completion, relations with the healthcare system, preparation, symptom severity, and affective social support. Additionally, research is being conducted on the impact of existential QoL on palliative care patients as terminal illness awareness and symptom burden may be associated with lower existential QoL.

Examples

Similar to other psychometric assessment tools, health-related quality of life questionnaires should meet certain quality criteria, most importantly with regard to their reliability and validity. Hundreds of validated health-related quality of life questionnaires have been developed, some of which are specific to various illnesses. The questionnaires can be generalized into two categories:

Generic instruments
CDC HRQOL–14 "Healthy Days Measure": A questionnaire with four base questions and ten optional questions used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm).
Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36, SF-12, SF-8): One example of a widely used questionnaire assessing physical and mental health-related quality of life. Used in clinical trials and population health assessments. Suitable for pharmacoeconomic analysis, benefiting healthcare rationing.
EQ-5D a simple quality of life questionnaire (https://euroqol.org).
AQoL-8D a comprehensive questionnaire  that assesses HR-QoL over 8 domains - independent living, happiness, mental health, coping, relationships, self-worth, pain, senses (https://www.aqol.com.au).
Disease, disorder or condition specific instruments
King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ)
International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) in urinary incontinence, the LC -13 Lung Cancer module from the EORTC Quality of Life questionnaire library, or the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ).
Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life: 16-item questionnaire for use in psychiatric populations.
ECOG, most commonly used to evaluate the impact of cancer on people.
NYHA scale, most commonly used to evaluate the impact of heart disease on individuals.
EORTC measurement system for use in clinical trials in oncology. These tools are robustly tested and validated and translated. A large amount of reference data is now available. The field of HRQOL has grown significantly in the last decade, with hundreds of new studies and better reporting of clinical trials. HRQOL appears to be prognostic for survival in some diseases and patients.
 WHO-Quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF): A general Quality of life survey validated for several countries.
 The Stroke Specific Quality Of Life scale SS-QOL: It is a patient-centered outcome measure intended to provide an assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) specific to patients with stroke only. It measures energy, family roles, language, mobility, mood, personality, self care, social roles, thinking, upper extremity function, vision and work productivity.
 In rheumatology, condition specific instruments have been developed such as RAQoL for rheumatoid arthritis, OAQoL for osteoarthritis, ASQoL for ankylosing spondylitis, SScQoL for systemic sclerosis and PsAQoL for people with psoriatic arthritis.
 MOS-HIV(Medical Outcome Survey-HIV) was developed specifically for people living with HIV/AIDS.

Utility
A variety of validated surveys exist for healthcare providers to use for measuring a patient's health-related quality of life. The results are then used to help determine treatment options for the patient based on past results from other patients, and to measure intra-individual improvements in QoL pre- and post-treatment.

When it is used as a longitudinal study device that surveys patients before, during, and after treatment, it can help health care providers determine which treatment plan is the best option, thereby improving healthcare through an evolutionary process.

Importance
There is a growing field of research concerned with developing, evaluating, and applying quality of life measures within health related research (e.g. within randomized controlled studies), especially in relation to Health Services Research. Well-executed health-related quality of life research informs those tasked with health rationing or anyone involved in the decision-making process of agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency or National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Additionally, health-related quality of life research may be used as the final step in clinical trials of experimental therapies.

The understanding of Quality of Life is recognized as an increasingly important healthcare topic because the relationship between cost and value raises complex problems, often with high emotional attachment because of the potential impact on human life. For instance, healthcare providers must refer to cost-benefit analysis to make economic decisions about access to expensive drugs that may prolong life by a short amount of time and/or provide a minimal increase to quality of life. Additionally, these treatment drugs must be weighed against the cost of alternative treatments or preventative medicine. In the case of chronic and/or terminal illness where no effective cure is available, an emphasis is placed on improving health-related quality of life through interventions such as symptom management, adaptive technology, and palliative care. Another example of why understanding quality of life is important is during a randomized study of 151 patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who were split into obtaining early palliative and standardized care group. The earlier palliative group not only had better quality of life based on the Functional assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, but the palliative care group also had less depressive symptoms (16% vs. 38%, P=0.01) despite having received less aggressive end-of-life care (33% vs. 54%, P=0.05) and longer median overall survival than the standard group (11.6 months vs. 8.9 months, P=0.02).  By having a quality of life measure, we are able to evaluate early palliative care and see its value in terms of improving quality of care, reduced aggressive treatment and consequently costs, and also greater quality/quantity of life.

In the realm of elder care, research indicates that improvements in quality of life ratings may also improve resident outcomes, which can lead to substantial cost savings over time. Research has shown that evaluating an elderly person's functional status, in addition to other aspects of their health, helps improve geriatric quality of life and decrease caregiver burden. Research has also shown that quality of life ratings can be successfully used as a key-performance metric when designing and implementing organizational change initiatives in nursing homes.

Research
Research revolving around Health Related Quality of Life is extremely important because of the implications that it can have on current and future treatments and health protocols. Thereby, validated health-related quality of life questionnaires can become an integral part of clinical trials in determining the trial drugs' value in a cost-benefit analysis. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is using their health-related quality of life survey, Healthy Day Measure, as part of research to identify health disparities, track population trends, and build broad coalitions around a measure of population health. This information can then be used by multiple levels of government or other officials to "increase quality and years of life" and to "eliminate health disparities" for equal opportunity.

Ethics
The quality of life ethic refers to an ethical principle that uses assessments of the quality of life that a person could potentially experience as a foundation for making decisions about the continuation or termination of life. It is often used in contrast to or in opposition to the sanctity of life ethic.

While measuring tools can be a way to scientifically quantify quality of life in an objective manner on a broad range of topics and circumstances, there are limitations and potential negative consequences with its utilization. Firstly, it makes the assumption that an assessment can be able to quantify domains such as physical, emotional, social, well-being, etc. with a single quantitative score. Furthermore, how are these domains weighted? Will they be measured the same or equally for each person? Or will it take into account how important these specific domains are for each person when creating the final score? Each person has their own specific set of experiences and values and a point of argument is that this needs to be taken into account. However, this would be a difficult task for the person to rank these quality of life domains. Another point to keep in mind is that people's values and experiences change over time and their quality of life domain rankings may differ. This caveat must be added or the dynamics of this could be taken into account when interpreting and understanding the results from a quality of life measuring tool. Quality of life measuring tools can also promote a negative and pessimistic view for clinicians, patients, and families, especially when used at baseline during the time of diagnosis. Quality of life measuring tools can fail to account for effective therapeutic strategies that can alleviate health burdens, and thus can promote a self-fulfilling prophecy for patients. On a societal level, the concept of low quality of life can also perpetuate negative prejudices experienced by people with disabilities or chronic illnesses.

Analysis

Statistical biases
It is not considered uncommon for there to be some statistical anomalies during data analysis. Some of the more frequently seen in health-related quality of life analysis are the ceiling effect, the floor effect, and response shift bias.

The ceiling effect refers to how patients who start with a higher quality of life than the average patient do not have much room for improvement when treated. The opposite of this is the floor effect, where patients with a lower quality of life average have much more room for improvement. Consequentially, if the spectrum of quality of life before treatment is too unbalanced, there is a greater potential for skewing the end results, creating the possibility for incorrectly portraying a treatment's effectiveness or lack thereof.

Response shift bias
Response shift bias is an increasing problem within longitudinal studies that rely on patient reported outcomes. It refers to the potential of a subject's views, values, or expectations changing over the course of a study, thereby adding another factor of change on the end results. Clinicians and healthcare providers must recalibrate surveys over the course of a study to account for Response Shift Bias. The degree of recalibration varies due to factors based on the individual area of investigation and length of study.

Statistical variation

In a study by Norman et al. about health-related quality of life surveys, it was found that most survey results were within a half standard deviation. Norman et al. theorized that this is due to the limited human discrimination ability as identified by George A. Miller in 1956. Utilizing the Magic Number of 7 ± 2, Miller theorized that when the scale on a survey extends beyond 7 ± 2, humans fail to be consistent and lose ability to differentiate individual steps on the scale because of channel capacity.

Norman et al. proposed health-related quality of life surveys use a half standard deviation as the statistically significant benefit of a treatment instead of calculating survey-specific "minimally important differences", which are the supposed real-life improvements reported by the subjects. In other words, Norman et al. proposed all health-related quality of life survey scales be set to a half standard deviation instead of calculating a scale for each survey validation study where the steps are referred to as "minimally important differences".

See also
 Medical law
 Patient-reported outcome
 Pharmacoeconomics
 Medical ethics

References

External links
ProQolid (Patient-Reported Outcome & Quality of Life Instruments Database)
Mapi Research Trust ("Non-profit organization involved in Patient-Centered Outcomes")
PROLabels(Database on Patient-Reported Outcome claims in marketing authorizations)
Quality-of-Life-Recorder (Project to bring QoL measurement to routine practice. Platform & library of electronic questionnaires, Shareware/Freeware)
The International Society for Quality of Life
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
The Healthcare Center. Better Health for Everyone

Health care
Medical terminology
Healthcare


is a Japan-exclusive platform game released in 1994 for the Game Gear. The game stars , a mascot character who appeared in Coca-Cola's Japanese commercials of the 1990s. It was also included with a special red Game Gear bundle.

Gameplay
The game uses timed platform game sequences. Power-ups include the famous Coca-Cola soft drink that helps restore health and the coins that helps the player buy items between stages.

Each stage has a 9:59 time limit. Attacks in the games include kicks and flying kicks. Obstacles, like the telephone booths in the downtown level, can also be torn down.

Notes

References

1994 video games
Advergames
Works based on advertisements
Coca-Cola
Game Gear games
Game Gear-only games
Japan-exclusive video games
Side-scrolling platform games
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games
Aspect Co. games