Harashima (stylised in all capital letters) (born July 6, 1974) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is best known for his work in DDT Pro-Wrestling (formally Dramatic Dream Team), where he is a ten-time KO-D Openweight Champion and a current eleven-time KO-D Tag Team Champion.

Professional wrestling career

Dramatic Dream Team / DDT Pro-Wrestling (2001–present)

Hero! (2001–2005)
After training in the Dramatic Dream Team dojo, Harashima made his professional wrestling debut in early 2001 as Konica Man and later became Hero! (stylised in all capital letters). Hero! challenged Asian Cougar for the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship on several occasions in late 2001 but was unable to defeat him. Continuing in 2002, Hero! mainly worked on the under-card, often teaming with fellow masked wrestler Konica Man #2. On April 25, Konica Man #2, in storyline poisoned by Poison Sawada Julie, turned on Hero!, unmasked and renamed himself Toguro Habukage. The two men feuded, with Hero! attempting to remind his former partner who he truly was, culminating in a main event singles match on August 1 which Hero! won. On August 10, Hero! took on the man who poisoned his friend, Poison Sawada Julie, but lost. The storyline concluded in January 2003, when Hero!, supposedly on a business trip to Hong Kong, found Habukage disoriented and unable to remember anything from his past. On January 4, Hero! and the returning Habukage, now working under the name Kudo, defeated Takashi Sasaki and Tanomusaku Toba. On June 15, 2003, Hero! won the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship from O.K. Revolution and lost it to Shouichi Ichimiya during a tag match on July 24.

On December 29, the Hero! and Kudo ended the year by defeating Seiya Morohashi and Tomohiko Hashimoto, and Mikami and Onryo in a three-way Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship. They went on to lose the KO-D Tag Team Championship to Gentaro and Takashi Sasaki on February 11, 2004. In May, Hero! entered the 2004 King of DDT tournament, beating one of the promotions' top stars Sanshiro Takagi to make it to the finals, before losing to Poison Sawada Julie. Hero! quickly bounced back in Big Japan Pro Wrestling, winning a One Night Six Man Tag Tournament with Jaki Numazawa and Super-X on June 13. Back in DDT, Hero! and Kudo took part in the 2004 KO-D Tag League, eventually defeating Danshoku Dino and Glenn "Q" Spectre on September 30 to not only win the tournament, but to also regain the KO-D Tag Team Championship. However, Kudo's and Hero's second reign lasted just a month, before they were defeated by Seiya Morohashi and Tanomusaku Toba on November 2. On November 8, Kudo debuted for New Japan Pro-Wrestling, teaming with Kudo to defeat Kota Ibushi and Seiya Morohashi.

In 2005, Hero! turned heel, becoming Darkside Hero!, and aligned himself with Toru Owashi and Shogo Takagi. On August 7, Darkside Hero! and Owashi defeated Seiya Morohashi and Tanamusaku Toba to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship, and lost the title's to Daichi Kakimoto and Kota Ibushi on November 23.

Disaster-Box (2006–2011)
In January 2006, he unmasked and started wrestling under the name Harashima. Together with Owashi and Jet Shogo (formally Shogo Takagi), they formed the heel stable Disaster-Box. In October, Harashima left the stable after being dissatisfied with the achievements of stable leader Owashi. On December 29, Harashima beat Owashi for the KO-D Openweight Championship. In 2007, he defended his championship against Daichi Kakimoto on January 28, Danshoku Dino on February 25 and Sanshiro Takagi on April 1, before losing it to Koo on June 3. Harashima regained the KO-D Openweight Championship on October 21 and made one successful defence against Yasu Urano on March 9, 2008. He lost the championship to Dick Togo in a 5-way match on May 6.

On June 1, Harashima defeated Poison Sawada Julie. At the following DDT show, Harashima, poisoned by Sawada, debuted as Jarashima, adopting a look and personality similar to Sawada. Calling themselves Jakai Tensho, they unsuccessfully challenged the Suicide Boyz for the KO-D Tag Team Championships on July 6. After the match, Jarashima drank an antidote to Sawada's poison, returning him to Harashima.

Harashima would reform Disaster-Box with Toru Owashi and on October 26, they won the KO-D Tag Team Championships by defeating Mikami and Tanomusaku Toba. On November 30, Harashima and Owashi successfully defended their titles against Shuji Ishikawa and Sanshiro Takagi. On December 28, Harashima unsuccessfully challenged Takagi for the KO-D Openweight Championship. On January 24, 2009, Harashima and Owashi lost the KO-D Tag Team Championships to Kota Ibushi and Kenny Omega. At Judgement 2009, Harashima won a battle royal making him the number one contender for the KO-D Openweight Championship. On May 4, Harashima defeated Takagi to win his third KO-D Openweight Championship. At Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2009, DDT's first event at Sumo Hall, Harashima lost the KO-D Openweight Championship to Kota Ibushi when Ibushi debuted his new Phoenix-Plex finishing manoeuvre. The following year, on May 30, Harashima won the 2010 King of DDT which he used to challenge Daisuke Sekimoto for the KO-D Openweight Championship. At Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2010, Harashima won his fourth KO-D Openweight Championship. Harashima made two successful defence against Daisuke Sasaki on August 29 and Danshoku Dino on October 24, before losing the title to Hikaru Sato on November 14. In late 2010, Owashi announced his retirement from professional wrestling and that he would be leaving DDT at the end of the year. On December 26, Harashima, Owashi and Yukihiro Abe won the UWA World Trios Championship from Hikaru Sato, Michael Nakazawa and Tomomitsu Matsunaga. The trio would vacate the titles due to Owashi's retirement.

On February 27, 2011, Harashima unsuccessfully challenged Dick Togo for the KO-D Openweight Championship. On April 6, during a four way match against Antonio Honda, DJ Nira and Michael Nakazawa, Harashima was attacked by the three other wrestlers before being saved by his alter ego Hero!. On May 4, Harashima and Hero! unsuccessfully challenged KO-D Tag Team Champions Gentaro and Yasu Urano. On May 21, Harashima reached the finals of the 2011 King of DDT tournament but lost to his long time rival Kudo. On June 24, Harashima and Hero! won the KO-D Tag Team Championships from Kenny Omega and Michael Nakazawa. The duo would lose the titles to Daisuke Sekimoto and Masa Takanashi at Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2011. In August, Harashima's other alter ego, Darkside Hero!, debuted and turned on Harashima alongside Hero!. Harashima defeated both men in singles matches; Hero! on September 18 and Darkside Hero! on October 5. On November 27, Harashima unsuccessfully challenged Kudo for the KO-D Openweight Championship.

Smile Squash (2012–2018)
At Budokan Peter Pan: DDT 15th Anniversary, Harashima and NJPW's Togi Makabe defeated Shuji Ishikawa and BJW's Ryuji Ito. Afterwards, Harashima formed a new veteran stable with generational rivals Kudo and Yasu Urano to go after the villainous Team Drift (later Team Dream Futures) stable of Keisuke Ishii, Shigehiro Irie and Soma Takao. On September 30, the veterans, now known collectively as "Urashimakudo", defeated Team Drift in the first six-man tag team match between the two stables. In October, both Kudo and Urano were sidelined with injuries bringing the future of the stable into doubt, however, the stable was kept alive when Hiro Tsumaki joined the veteran stable on October 21 as a replacement for the injured members. On November 25, Jarashima returned for one night only as part of Poison Sawada Julie's retirement match. Urano returned in December and on January 6, 2013, Harashima and Urano defeated Mikami and Tatsumi Fujinami to win the KO-D Tag Team Championships. On January 27, Kudo announced that he was returning to the ring in February. This led Fuma (formally Hiro Tsumaki) announcing that the stable was now called Urashimafuma and he was a full-time member. However, Yasu Urano ended up turning on Fuma, kicking him out of the stable and welcoming Kudo back. After four successful title defences, Harashima and Urano lost the KO-D Tag Team Championships to Hikaru Sato and Yukio Sakaguchi. Harashima quickly bounced back from the title loss, winning the Hard Hit Grappling Tournament on May 19 and entered the 2013 King of DDT On July 7, Harashima defeated Kenny Omega in the finals of the tournament and earned the right to challenge the KO-D Openweight Champ, Team Dream Futures' Shigehiro Irie. On August 17, during the first day of DDT's 16th anniversary weekend at Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Urashimakudo lost to Team Dream Futures in a trios match. The following day, at Ryogoku Peter Pan 2013, Harashima won his fifth KO-D Openweight Championship. On October 20, Harashima won the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship for the first time since 2002 whilst successfully defending his KO-D Openweight Championship against Danshoku Dino. On November 4, Harashima continued his dominance, defeating Antonio Honda for the DDT Extreme Championship., becoming a triple crown champion in the process. Harashima lost the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship to Yukio Sakaguchi on December 12 but regained in on December 23 during a KO-D Openweight Championship defence. On December 31, Harashima finished his extremely successful year by winning Tenka Toitsu! 3 Organization Strongest Determination Tournament, a one night knock out style tournament put on by DDT, BJW and Kaientai Dojo. After losing the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship to Masa Takanashi on January 13, 2014, Harashima successfully defended his KO-D Openweight Title against Takanashi on February 23. After the match, Kudo quit the Urashimakudo stable and challenged Harashima to a match for the KO-D Openweight Championship. On March 1, Harashima lost the DDT Extreme Championship to Danshoku Dino. Harashima's misery continued as at Judgement 2014, Kudo defeated Harashima to win the KO-D Openweight Championship.

In order to combat Kudo's new stable with Masa Takanashi and Yukio Sakaguchi, known as Shuten-dōji, Harashima and Urano formed Smile Squash with Akito. On May 25, Harashima won back the KO-D Openweight Championship from Kudo. At Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2014, Harashima made his third successful title defence in a three way against Kenny Omega and Isami Kodaka. Continuing into 2015, Harashima had made seven successful title defences before he lost the KO-D Openweight Championship to Kota Ibushi on February 15. He regained the title from Ibushi on April 29 for his seventh championship reign, surpassing Sanshiro Takagi's record of six, only to lose the title to Kudo on May 31. At Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2016, Harashima faced NJPW's top star Hiroshi Tanahashi in a losing effort. On September 8, Smile Squash unsuccessfully challenged Team Dream Futures for the KO-D Six Man Tag Team Championship. On October 25, Harashima unsuccessfully challenged Yukio Sakaguchi for the KO-D Openweight Championship. On November 17, Harashima was able to gain a measure of revenge over Tanahashi by defeating him in a tag team match, pinning Yohei Komatsu. On December 31, Harashima teamed with Yuko Miyamoto to take part in the 3 Organization Shuffle Tag Tournament and reached the finals before losing to Daisuke Sekimoto and Konosuke Takeshita. On February 28, 2016, Harashima became the number one contender for the KO-D Openweight Championship when he defeated Shigehiro Irie. At Judgement 2016: DDT 19th Anniversary, Harashima defeated Isami Kodaka for his eighth KO-D Openweight Championship reign. After making his first successful defence against Kazusada Higuchi, Harashima lost his KO-D Openweight Championship when Daisuke Sasaki cashed in his "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere" contract. In the summer, Yuko Miyamoto joined Smile Squash, teaming with Harashima as Smile Yankees. At Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2016, Smile Yankees defeated Kai and Ken Ohka to win the KO-D Tag Team Championships. On September 25, Smile Yankees defeated Damnation's Daisuke Sasaki and Tetsuya Endo to make their first successful title defense of the KO-D Tag Team Championships. On October 9, Miyamoto and Harashima lost the KO-D Tag Team Championship in the second title defense to Sasaki and Endo in a rematch. After defeating Endo on October 23, Harashima would defeat Damnation's Shuji Ishikawa for his ninth KO-D Openweight Championship. On January 29, 2017, Harashima successfully defended his title against the Damnation leader, Daisuke Sasaki. On February 12, Soma Takao joined Smile Squash whilst Akito would leave on March 25. At Judgement 2017: DDT 20th Anniversary, Harashima lost the title to Konosuke Takeshita.

In June, Harashima once again reached the finals of King of DDT Tournament but fell to Tetsuya Endo. At Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2017, Harashima teamed with Pro Wrestling Noah's Naomichi Marufuji to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship from Shigehiro Irie and Kazusada Higuchi. Going into 2018, HarashiMarufuji successfully defended their titles on four separate occasions. Harashima made the finals of the first D-Oh Grand Prix but lost to Shuji Ishikawa on January 28, 2018. At Judgement 2018: DDT 21st Anniversary, HarashiMarufuji lost their KO-D Tag Team Championship to Daisuke Sekimoto and Kazusada Higuchi. On April 29, Harashima faced his Smile Squash stablemate, Yuko Miyamoto, in a match for the DDT Extreme Championship. Harashima beat Miyamoto for the title but caused a massive rift in the stable, leading to both Miyamoto and Harashima's longtime ally, Yasu Urano, to leave the stable. On May 8, following a disqualification victory against Tetsuya Endo, Harashima's last ally Soma Takao turned on him and joined Damnation, dissolving Smile Squash once and for all.

Disaster-Box return (2018–present)
Harashima won the DDT Extreme Championship for the third time, when he defeated Shinya Aoki, but on April 28, 2019, he lost his title to Antonio Honda in a bra match. A few months later, Harashima became Extreme Champion once again, by defeating Jiro Kuroshio, and challenged Konosuke Takeshita for both the Openweight and Extreme Championships at Ultimate Party 2019 on November 3. At the event, Harashima became a double champion, by defeating Takeshita for the Openweight Championship. With the win, he also became the first wrestler to become a ten-time KO-D champion. On January 26, 2020, he was defeated by Masato Tanaka for the Openweight Championship, and on March 11, he was defeated by Aoki for the Extreme Championship.

Championships and accomplishments

Big Japan Pro Wrestling
One Night Six Man Tag Tournament (2004) – with Jaki Numazawa and Super-X
Dramatic Dream Team/DDT Pro-Wrestling
DDT Extreme Championship (4 times)
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (4 times)
Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Sanshiro Takagi and Etsuko Mita (1) and Muscle Sakai and Yusuke Inokuma (1)
KO-D Openweight Championship (10 times)
KO-D Tag Team Championship (11 times) – with Kudo (2), Toru Owashi (2), Hero! (1), Yasu Urano (1), Yuko Miyamoto (1), Naomichi Marufuji (1), Yuji Okabayashi (1) and Naomi Yoshimura (2)
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Toru Owashi and Yukihiro Abe
Dramatic Sousenkyo (2016)
Hard Hit Grappling Tournament (2013)
KO-D Openweight Championship Contendership Tournament/King of DDT Tournament (2010, 2013)
KO-D Tag League (2004) – with Kudo
Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere Contract (2013)
Ultimate Tag League (2022) – with Naomi Yoshimura
Japan Indie Awards
MVP Award (2014)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 141 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019
Toshikoshi Puroresu
Tenka Toitsu! 3 Organization Strongest Determination Tournament (2013)
Toshiwasure! Shuffle Tag Tournament (2020) – with Yuji Okabayashi

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Tokyo
21st-century professional wrestlers
UWA World Trios Champions
DDT Extreme Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions
Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Champions
KO-D Tag Team Champions
KO-D Openweight Champions


Kelabit is one of the most remote languages of Borneo, on the Sarawak–North Kalimantan border. It is spoken by one of the smallest ethnicities in Borneo, the Kelabit people.

Phonology
Kelabit vowels are . All consonants but the aspirated voiced stops are lengthened after stressed . Stress generally occurs on the penultimate syllable.

Kelabit is notable for having "a typologically rare series of true voiced aspirates" (that is, not breathy voice/murmured consonants; for some speakers they are prevoiced) along with modally voiced and tenuis consonants but without an accompanying series of voiceless aspirates. It is the only language known to have voiced aspirates or murmured consonants without also having voiceless aspirated consonants, a situation that has been reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European.

At the end of a word,  is pronounced . For some speakers,  is affricated; in neighboring Lun Dayeh, the reflex of this consonant is an unaspirated affricate .  is rare, and is not attested from all dialects.

The flap is alveolar. It's not clear if  and the other coronal sonorants are alveolar like  or dental like .

The aspirated voiced series only occurs intervocalically, and may have arisen from geminate consonants. They are at least impressionistically twice as long as other stops. They vary with  under suffixation, with  occurring where other consonants would be allophonically geminated:
 'to fell' >  'fell it!'
 'back (n)' >  'to be left behind'

There are several arguments for analyzing the aspirated voiced consonants as segments rather than as consonant clusters:
There are no (other) clusters allowed in the language. Some languages allow only geminate consonants as clusters, but there are no (other) phonemic geminates in Kelabit. In some related languages, such as Ida'an, the reflexes of these sounds clearly do behave as clusters.
The syllable break occurs before the consonants (that is, , and not in the middle (), which is the behaviour of consonant clusters (including geminates) in related languages that allow them.  lower to  before any non-glottal coda consonant. They do not lower before the aspirated voiced consonants, again suggesting they are not consonant clusters.

The aspirated voiced series does not appear in all dialects of Kelabit or Lun Dayeh:

References

Bibliography
 Asmah Haji Omar (1983). The Malay Peoples of Malaysia and Their Languages. Kuala Lumpur: Art Printing Works.
 Blust, Robert (1974). The Proto-North Sarawak vowel deletion hypothesis. PhD Dissertation, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa.
 Blust, Robert (1993). ‘Kelabit-English vocabulary’. Sarawak Museum Journal 44 (65): 141‑226.
 Blust, Robert (2006). ‘The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited’. Oceanic Linguistics 45 (2): 311-338.
 Blust, Robert (2016). Kelabit-Lun Dayeh Phonology, with Special Reference to the Voiced Aspirates. Oceanic Linguistics 55 (1): 246-277.
 Bolang, Alexander & Tom Harrisson (1949). ‘Murut and related vocabularies with  special reference to North Borneo terminology’. Sarawak Museum Journal 5: 116-124
Douglas, R. S. (1911). ‘A comparative vocabulary of the Kayan, Kenyan and Kelabit dialects’. Sarawak Museum Journal 1 (1): 75-119.
Galih, Balang (1965). Kapah Ayo’ Tana’ Inih Pangah Penudut Guma Nepeled. How the World was Made by Guma Nepeled: A Kelabit-Murut Story. The Sarawak Gazette, May 31, 152.
 Hemmings, Charlotte (2015). Kelabit Voice: Philippine-Type, Indonesian-Type or Something a Bit Different? Transactions of the Philological Society 113(3): 383-405.
 Hemmings, Charlotte (2016). The Kelabit Language, Austronesian Voice and Syntactic Typology. PhD Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, SOAS, University of London.
 Martin, Peter W (1996). A Comparative Ethnolinguistic Survey of the Murut (Lun Bawang) with Special Reference to Brunei. In Peter W. Martin, Conrad Oz̊óg & Gloria Poedjosoedarmo (eds.), Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam, 268-279. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Martin, Peter W. & Eileen Yen (1994). Language use among the Kelabit living in urban centres. In Peter W. Martin (ed.), Shifting Patterns of Language Use in Borneo, 147 163. Williamsburg VA: Borneo Research Council.

External links
 ELAR archive of Kelabit language documentation materials
 Kaipuleohone archive of Robert Blust's materials include notes on Kelabit.

Apo Duat languages
Languages of Indonesia
Languages of Malaysia


My Fake Fiancé is a 2009 American television film starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence. It premiered on the ABC Family channel on April 19, 2009.

Plot
Jennifer Verti has spent all of her savings buying her first house and all of her belongings have recently been stolen while trying to move into her new house. Vince is a ladies' man and a gambler, and owes money to a debt collector known as "The Monkey" (real name is Eugene). They meet at a wedding, initially Jennifer dislikes Vince and begins to predict what kind of person he is, and as a result, he dislikes her. However they talk about weddings and are amazed by the cash and gifts a couple get, and consider how easy it would be to get that kind of income. When Jennifer loses all her belongings along with the stolen moving van, she arranges to meet Vince for lunch and to suggest a fake romance and engagement, which he is very interested in going along with.

When her brother-in-law decides to sleep over at the hospital, Jennifer agrees to take their two children for the night. As the day progresses, Jennifer finds herself noticing how well Vince does with the kids. At nighttime, when the young boy asks Vince when he and his sister will get to go home, Vince, trying to make a joke, replies "never." The young boy starts to scream and Jennifer comes to calm him down and has the boy tell her a bedtime story. After the kids have fallen asleep, Vince goes to sleep in Jennifer's room on an air mattress which then springs a leak. She invites him to sleep on top of the covers on her bed, but the two just can't keep their hands off each other. The young boy then reveals to Vince that he won't be going to college because all of his and his sister's college money is being used to pay for the wedding. Vince realizes that this has gone too far and goes to see his estranged father. His father had recently hit it big at the race track and owed Vince some money. Vince's father tries to make amends on the past by paying him six-thousand dollars and Vince invites the latter to the wedding, as thanks. Instead of paying off his loan to "The Monkey", he uses the money to finance the wedding. He then tells the kids, "Looks like you're gonna have to go to college after all."

With Jennifer's feelings beginning to become confused, she begins to feel the weight of how important her marriage actually is to her family. At the wedding rehearsal, Jennifer's sister gives a heart felt speech, which drives Jennifer to leave the room. She confesses to Vince that she can't go through with this and can't marry a man who doesn't love her. Vince then reminds her of all that's at stake and she reluctantly agrees to go through with the wedding. At the wedding, Jennifer's sister gives Vince the wedding vows that Jennifer has written for him. Vince then writes his wedding vows and gives them to the sister.

As Vince and the groomsmen wait for Jennifer, she tries to tell her father that it's all a hoax and she can't go through with it. Her father keeps interrupting her and tells her how much he loves who she is and how he knows Vince will be a great husband. She reluctantly walks down the aisle and the preacher begins the sermon. As the preacher speaks, he talks about why two people get married, and when he mentions, "Some just want all the gifts," the two look at each other and laugh nervously while the rest of the congregation is laughing. When the preacher gives them a chance to read the vows, Vince begins to read the vows she wrote for him, but tears them up and speaks from the heart instead. This culminates in him telling her he really does love her.

Cast
 Melissa Joan Hart as Jennifer
 Joey Lawrence as Vince
 Nicole Tubiola as Courtney
 Burgess Jenkins as Steve
 Diane Neal as Bonnie
 Jason MacDonald as David
 Steve Schirripa as Monkey
 Rhoda Griffis as Val
 Patricia French as Catherine
 Elizabeth Keener as Carmen
 Robert Pralgo as Ben
Autumn Gruber as Samantha
Andy Callaway as Jonathan
 Heather Holliday Richmond as Sales Clerk

Home media

My Fake Fiancé was released on Region 1 DVD, April 20, 2010.

Ratings

My Fake Fiancé premiered with big numbers for ABC Family. The movie premiered with over 3.6 million tuning in and another 2.8 tuning in for the encore. The premiere event became the No. 1 TV movie of the 2008/09 season in Women 18-34 (1.0 million) and the No. 1 cable movie in Women 18-49 (1.6 million). Competitively, the week's No. 1 movie across all TV, My Fake Fiancé stood as Sunday's No. 1 cable telecast in Adults 18-34 (1.2 million), Women 18-34 (1.0 million) and Women 18-49 (1.6 million).

My Fake Fiancé was top ranked in its time-period in key demographics including Adults 18-34 (1.2 million), Women 18-34 (1.0 million), Adults 18-49 (2.0 million), Women 18-49 (1.6 million), Viewers 12-34 (1.7 million) and Females 12-34 (1.4 million). My Fake Fiancé placed No. 2 among all TV in Women 18-34 and Females 12-34 (1.4 million) over the two hours.

The success of the film and the on-screen chemistry between Hart and Lawrence led ABC Family to commission a sitcom series starring the duo. Melissa & Joey premiered in August 2010.

References

External links

2009 television films
2009 films
2009 romance films
ABC Family original films
American romance films
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films directed by Gil Junger
2000s English-language films
Films about weddings
Romance television films
2000s American films
Films scored by Danny Lux


Scaphispatha gracilis is a species in the family Araceae. This species is native to Brazil and Bolivia, and has peltate leaves that resembles those in the genus Caladium. The species was described by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott in 1860 after he received an inflorescence of the plant. He had not however seen the plant itself and it was not rediscovered until 1976 when Josef Bogner collected tubers from the plant and successfully flowered them at the Munich Botanic Garden. Upon seeing the inflorescence it was realized that this was the plant Schott had originally described.

References

Aroideae
Plants described in 1860
Flora of Southern America
Taxa named by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart
Taxa named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott


Ridgecrest Regional Hospital is a hospital located in Ridgecrest, California which is just east of the Southern Sierra Mountains in the Indian Wells Valley. It has two specialty units, including pediatric and intensive care. The hospital was established in the mid-1940s out of a need for medical care for the workforce of the growing China Lake Naval Weapons Station.It is the only regional healthcare system in the area and provides a variety of services to the region. Jim Suver serves as the CEO of the hospital.

Services
Ridgecrest Regional Hospital provides family medicine services through the Southern Sierra Medical Clinic and Rural Health Clinic.  The hospital offers the following services:

 Cardiology/Cardiac Rehab
 Cardiopulmonary/Respiratory Care
 Case Management/Social Services
 Critical Care Unit
 Education
 Emergency Services
 Home Health
 Maternal/Child/Family Unit
 Pastoral Care
 Patient Care Conferences
 Radiology
 Rehabilitation Services
 Surgery and Outpatient Services
 Telemedicine

History

The hospital was established by Dr. Thomas Drummond in 1945 as Ridgecrest Community Hospital. The hospital has seen several expansions over the years: a new wing was added in 1968; an intensive-care unit in 1976; and a four-phased major expansion was begun in 1987.

References

External links
 Official Ridgecrest Regional Hospital website
 City of Ridgecrest:  Health and Safety

Hospitals in Kern County, California
Ridgecrest, California


Hessa bint Sultan Al Jaber () is a Qatari engineer, academic and politician. She was the first Minister of Information and Communications Technology in Qatar following the formation of a new cabinet by the Emir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani in 2013. In 2017 she was one of four women appointed to the Consultative Assembly, becoming one of the country's first female parliamentarians.

Education

Dr. Hessa holds a Bachelor of Science in Engineering from Kuwait University (1981), and a master's degree and Ph.D in Computer Science from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. (1990).

Career
Prior to becoming a minister, Al Jaber held the position of Secretary General of The Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology (ictQATAR) since its inception in 2005.

In June 2016, she was appointed to the supervisory board of the Volkswagen Group. At the United Nations, she is a member of a commission for digital development. She is a member of the board of directors of the American School of Doha and of the Meeza.

Currently, she is United Nations ITU Broadband Commissioner for Digital Development, Commissioner for the WHO/ITU Commission on Information and Accountability for Women and Children's Health, and a member of several boards of directors, including; Qatar University’s Board of Trustees, the Board of Governors of the American School of Doha, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, Qatar Foundation National Research Forum, the Qatar Financial Markets Authority, and the Network of Global Agenda Councils of the WEF. She is also the Board Chairperson of Qatar Satellite Company (Es’hailSat), the Chairperson of Mada’s Board of Directors, the Malomatia IT Services Authority, and chair of the Board of Trustees of the Community College of Qatar (CCQ).

Hessa al Jaber is chairman of Trio Investment, a technology investment company that invests in health technology.

Al Jaber was appointed to the Consultative Council in November 2017 by Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.

With wide knowledge of ICT development, Al Jaber is a contributor to several working papers, studies, and researches at relevant Arab and global conferences and symposiums.

Awards and recognition
In recognition of her public service, Al Jaber was honored by the ministry of interior as the "National Figure of the Year" on 24 December 2008 to honor key Qatari figures which made significant contributions during that year. In 2012, she was also named the 30th most powerful Arab woman by Arabian Business.

In 2013, she was listed among the 500 most powerful Arabs in the world on Arabian Business magazine, then ranked 20th on the 2013 Arabian Business’ list of 100 most powerful Arab women and, most recently, the Internet Society inducted her as one of eight international Internet leaders to the 2013 Internet Hall of Fame Advisory Board. Moreover, Mashable, which covers global social media news, named her among the eight most impressive women working in technology throughout the world during the 2000s.

References

Living people
Kuwait University alumni
George Washington University alumni
Academic staff of Qatar University
21st-century women politicians
Government ministers of Qatar
Year of birth missing (living people)
Qatar Foundation people
Women government ministers of Qatar
Members of the Consultative Assembly of Qatar
Information ministers of Qatar


Spathantheum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. The genus contains two species, Spathantheum fallax and Spathantheum orbignyanum. Spathantheum is believed to be closely related to Spathicarpa. The genus is endemic to the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina and is found growing in grasslands in rocky soil.

Species
 Spathantheum fallax  Hett., Ibisch & E.G.Gonç. - Bolivia
 Spathantheum orbignyanum  Schott - Peru, northwestern Argentina, Bolivia

formerly included
Spathantheum intermedium Bogner = Gorgonidium intermedium (Bogner) E.G.Gonç

References

Aroideae
Araceae genera
Flora of Southern America


Charles McRay Blow (born August 11, 1970) is an American journalist, commentator and op-ed columnist for The New York Times and political analyst for MSNBC.

Early life
Blow was born and raised in Gibsland, Louisiana. He was educated at Gibsland–Coleman High School in his hometown, where he founded the school newspaper, and graduated as valedictorian in 1988.

Blow graduated magna cum laude from Grambling State University, with a bachelor's degree in mass communication.

Career
As a student, Blow interned at the Shreveport Times, News Journal, and The New York Times, edited the student newspaper, the Gramblinite, and founded the now-defunct student magazine, Razz. He also served as president of Grambling State's chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.

After graduation, he joined The Detroit News as a graphics artist.

Blow joined The New York Times in 1994 as a graphics editor. Eventually, he became the head of the newspaper's graphics department. In 2006, he left to become the art director of National Geographic.

In April 2008, he began writing a column in The New York Times. His column had originally appeared biweekly on Saturdays. In May 2009, it became a weekly feature and appeared twice, weekly, in December 2012. As of May 2021, it appears every Monday and Thursday.

Blow would appear frequently on CNN and MSNBC during this period.

On February 22, 2012, Blow referred to Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's "magic underwear", an apparent reference to the Temple Garment, in response to a comment by Romney about two-parent households. The comment was criticized as insensitive to Mormons. In response, Romney joked that "I guess we’re finding out for the first time that the media is somewhat biased." Blow later apologized.

In 2014, Blow published the book-length memoir entitled Fire Shut Up In My Bones.

In August 2016, while appearing on CNN with Bruce Levell, a delegate for Donald Trump's presidential campaign, Blow called Trump a "bigot" and said that anyone who supported Trump is "a part of the bigotry itself."

In response to the 2020 Central Park birdwatching incident, Blow wrote an op-ed in which he said, "Specifically, I am enraged by White women weaponizing racial anxiety, using their White femininity to activate systems of White terror against Black men. This has long been a power White women realized they had and that they exerted."

In 2021, Blow published The Devil You Know: A Black Manifesto in which he advocates people of color taking direct action by moving to states where they can build a political majority.

In April 2021, Blow began hosting Prime with Charles M. Blow, a primetime show on the Black News Channel. It ran until March 2022 when the channel shut down all produced programming. On March 29, 2022, he joined MSNBC as a political analyst.

In June, 2019, Opera Theatre of Saint Louis presented the first performance of an opera adaptation of Blow's memoir Fire Shut Up in My Bones, with music by Grammy Award-winning jazz musician and composer Terence Blanchard. In September 2021, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City opened its 2021–2022 season with that work. This was the Met's first performance of an opera by a Black composer.

Personal life
Blow's primary residence is in Atlanta and his secondary residence is in the New York City borough of Brooklyn where he raised his children. His eldest son, Tahj, graduated from Yale University and his twins, Ian and Iman, graduated from Middlebury College and Columbia University respectively.

In 2014, Blow came out publicly as bisexual. He is divorced.

In his autobiography, Fire Shut Up In My Bones, Blow revealed that he was sexually abused as a child by an older cousin.

References

External links

Blow's columns, The New York Times

1970 births
21st-century American non-fiction writers
African-American journalists
American art directors
American bloggers
American columnists
American male bloggers
Bisexual male writers
Bisexual journalists
CNN people
Grambling State University alumni
Lambda Literary Award winners
African-American LGBT people
American bisexual writers
American LGBT journalists
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT people from Louisiana
Living people
MSNBC people
Newspaper designers
Journalists from Brooklyn
People from Gibsland, Louisiana
The Detroit News people
The New York Times columnists


is a Japanese professional wrestler, better known by his ring name . He is best known for his work in DDT Pro-Wrestling, where he is a former KO-D Openweight Champion and two time KO-D Tag Team Champion.

Professional wrestling career
Initially aspiring to become a sumo wrestler like his father, Ito joined the Wakamatsu stable and adopted the shikona of Asa Ito, which he later changed to Asawashi, meaning "Morning Eagle" in Japanese. However, he ended up leaving the sport due to a recurrent knee injury in January 1999. He worked as a chef until joining the Ultimo Dragon Gym in order to become a professional wrestler.

Toryumon (2000–2004)
He made his debut under his real name on September 2, 2000 in Mexico. He soon adopted the name of Toru Owashi and the character of a strong, villainous loner. After being moved along with his entire class to Toryumon 2000 Project, he went to gain victories over Shuji Kondo, Jun Ogawauchi and the Syachihoko Machines. He was made the enforcer of Hagure Gundan, also known as Aagan Iisou, a stable commanded by Kondo.

He also wrestled for Dragondoor and El Dorado Wrestling. In El Dorado he was the leader of the faction Animal Planets. Owashi won the UWA World Trios Championship with Takuya Sugawara and  Nobutaka Araya on February 27, 2008 defeating Brahman Shu & Brahman Kei and Go of the HELL DEMONS faction.

Dramatic Dream Team / DDT Pro Wrestling (2007–2010, 2012–present)

In 2007 he joined Dramatic Dream Team, where he won the KO-D Openweight Championship by beating Danshoku Dino. He defended the championship vs Poison Sawada Julie on June 25, 2006 and a second time vs Kudo on August 27, 2006, but Owashi lost the KO-D Openweight Championship to Harashima on December 29, 2006. Owashi would originally retire from professional wrestling in 2010, but came out of retirement in 2012 and returned to the promotion.

Championships and accomplishments
Dramatic Dream Team/DDT Pro-Wrestling
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (27 times)
Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Durian Sawada Julie and Mango Fukuda
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Akebono and Sanshiro Takagi (1), Kazuki Hirata and Sanshiro Takagi (3), and Naruki Doi and Kazuki Hirata (1)
KO-D 8-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Antonio Honda, Kazuki Hirata and Yoshihiko
KO-D Openweight Championship (1 time)
KO-D Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Harashima and Darkside Hero
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Harashima and Yukihiro Abe
O-40 Championship (1 time)
El Dorado Wrestling
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Nobutaka Araya and Takuya Sugawara
Pro-Wrestling Basara
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Shuji Kondo and Takuya Sugawara
Toryumon
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Condotti Shuji and "brother" Yasshi

References

External links
Official

1975 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
UWA World Trios Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions
Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Champions
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champions
KO-D 8-Man/10-Man Tag Team Champions
KO-D Tag Team Champions
KO-D Openweight Champions


Spathicarpa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, all of which are endemic to South America. Spathicarpa species are notable for the fact that the entirety of their spadix is fused to the spathe. The genus is believed to be closely related to Spathantheum. The tribe Spathicarpeae is named after the genus Spathicarpa.

Species
 Spathicarpa gardneri Schott - Brazil
 Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook. - Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northeastern Argentina
 Spathicarpa lanceolata Engl. - Paraguay, southern Brazil

References

Araceae genera
Flora of Southern America


Richard Katz (born August 16, 1950) is an American former politician. A member of the Democratic Party, Katz served in the California State Assembly for the 39th district from 1980 until 1996. Katz was Minority Leader of the Assembly between 1995 and 1996 being the most recent Democrat to hold the office, as Democrats have held a majority since 1996. As democratic leader he lead the effort to take back the house in California. Now continuing to help raise money. He still has an extremely active role in political consulting throughout California.

1998 Election
Katz attempted a legislative comeback in 1998, narrowly losing the primary for the 20th Senate district to LA City Councilman Richard Alarcon.

Post Assembly career
Katz was a major proponent of the San Fernando Valley secession movement—cochairing the failed Measure F, an initiative effort that appeared on the 2002 ballot.

An ally of Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, he was Villaraigosa's public appointee to the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority board and Metrolink board chair. Although he supported City Controller Wendy Greuel's candidacy for mayor in 2013, Katz was appointed to the city planning commission by the successful candidate, Mayor Eric Garcetti.

Personal life

Katz is married to Wendy Mitchell, who has served in various capacities in the California State Legislature, and was appointed to the California Coastal Commission in 2010.

References

Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
Living people
Jewish American state legislators in California
Politicians from Los Angeles
1950 births
21st-century American Jews


John Rogers was the last elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation West elected in December 1838 by the faction of Old Settlers who rejected the Cherokee Nation constitution of 1839.

Family and early life
Rogers was the son of John Rogers and Elizabeth Due (née Emory) and a relative of previous Cherokee Nation West principal chiefs John Jolly. He was born in Burke County, Georgia, in 1779. He commanded a Cherokee unit during the Creek War under General Andrew Jackson, reaching the rank of captain. He married Elizabeth Coody. William Charles Rogers was his grandson.

Traveling and settling west
Rogers left with the Old Settlers and first settled in Dardanelle, Arkansas, and later Mulberry, Arkansas. He was a member of the December 1827 delegation to Washington, D.C., and signed the Treaty of Washington of 6 May 1828.
In December 1838 he was elected chief by the faction of Old Settlers who rejected the Cherokee Nation constitution of 1839. Rogers opposed John Ross's efforts to liquidate the Cherokee Nation West, but Ross succeeded in creating a constitution to unite the Cherokee Nation West and Cherokee Nation East. Rogers, in order to avoid signing the new agreement of union between the two groups, traveled to Mexico City during its signing in 1840. Rogers had operated a salt works near Salina, Oklahoma, since 1830, but in October 1843, all salt works were nationalized in the Cherokee Nation. In 1846, he traveled to Washington, D.C., to advocate for Old Settler rights, where he died on June 12, 1846.

Notes

References

Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
1779 births
Cherokee Nation military personnel (1794–1907)
1846 deaths
People from Burke County, Georgia


The Life Before Us (1975; French: La vie devant soi) is a novel by French author Romain Gary who wrote it under the pseudonym of "Emile Ajar". It was originally published in English as Momo translated by Ralph Manheim, then re-published in 1986 as The Life Before Us. It won the Prix Goncourt in 1975.

Synopsis
Momo, a Muslim orphan boy who is about 10 years old, lives under the care of an old Jewish woman named Madame Rosa, who was a prisoner at Auschwitz and later became a prostitute in Paris. Momo's mother abandoned him with Madame Rosa, who is essentially a babysitter for the children of prostitutes. They live on the seventh floor of an apartment building in Belleville, a district of Paris. In their apartment building, Madame Rosa made a small hideout in a cellar, where she keeps artifacts of her Jewish heritage. The young boy tells the story of his life in the orphanage and of his relationship with Madame Rosa as she becomes increasingly sick, culminating with her death, after she had expressed her desire to not die in hospital on life support, saying that she does not want to be a vegetable being forced to live.

Characters
Momo, a young Muslim orphan
Madame Rosa, a babysitter for the children of prostitutes
Madame Lola, a transgender prostitute and former boxing champion in Senegal
Monsieur Hamil, an old carpet salesman
Monsieur N'da Amédée, a procurer
Doctor Katz, the local doctor

Themes
The book deals with several themes, including euthanasia, prostitution, the effects of the Holocaust, immigration and aging.

Adaptations
The novel was adapted for cinema by Israeli director Moshé Mizrahi as Madame Rosa in 1977. The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and Simone Signoret won the César Award for Best Actress for her performance as Madame Rosa. The novel was adapted for television in 2010 by Myriam Boyer, who also plays Madame Rosa. In 1987, American director Harold Prince staged a short-lived musical version on Broadway under the title Roza with a libretto and lyrics by Julian More and music by Gilbert Becaud.

On November 13, 2020, Netflix released The Life Ahead directed by Edoardo Ponti and starring Sophia Loren.

Ban in Iran
The novel was first published in Iran in 1975 before the 1979 Islamic Revolution.  It was banned for around 10 years after the revolution. Then the ban was removed and it was published several times afterwards. However, "The Life Before Us" was banned again during the tenure of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The book finally hit the shelves in Iran again after a 13-year ban in September 2018. “With the publication of this book, I feel like a loved one has been released from prison and now I have come to visit him,” said Lili Golestan, the translator of the book into Persian, after the ban was lifted.

Trivia
The book has a major part in the South Korean crime television series Nobody Knows from 2020. As the TV series progresses, parts of the book are cited, and additionally, one of the victims of the crime series left a clue in the book to the protagonist.

References

External links
La Vie Devant Soi on Amazon
http://rosannadelpiano.perso.sfr.fr/Gary.htm
http://www.babelio.com/livres/Gary-La-Vie-devant-soi/2978/critiques

1975 French novels
Novels by Romain Gary
French novels adapted into television shows
Novels about orphans
French novels adapted into films
Works published under a pseudonym
Prix Goncourt winning works
Censored books


Baresa () is a small town in the Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea. It lies between Asmara and Massawa, near Ghinda.

Transport
Baresa is served by a station on the national Eritrean Railway network.

See also
Railway stations in Eritrea

References
Baresa

Populated places in Eritrea


Steudnera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to southern China, the Himalayas, and Indochina. The genus was first described by Karl Koch in 1862. The genus is also believed to be closely related to Remusatia.

Species
Steudnera assamica Hook.f. - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
Steudnera capitellata Hook.f. - Myanmar
Steudnera colocasiifolia K.Koch - Yunnan, Guangxi, Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina
Steudnera discolor W.Bull - Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand
Steudnera gagei K.Krause - Assam
Steudnera griffithii (Schott) Hook.f. - Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan
Steudnera henryana Engl. - Yunnan, Laos, Vietnam
Steudnera kerrii Gagnep.  - Guangxi, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand

References

Aroideae
Araceae genera


Operation Cat Drop is the name given to the delivery of some 14,000 cats by the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force to remote regions of the then-British colony of Sarawak (today part of Malaysia), on the island of Borneo in 1960. The cats were flown out of Singapore and delivered in crates dropped by parachutes as part of a broader program of supplying cats to combat a plague of rats. The operation was reported as a "success" at the time. Some newspaper reports published soon after the Operation reference only 23 cats being used. However, later reports state as many as 14,000 cats were used. An additional source references a "recruitment" drive for 30 cats a few days prior to Operation Cat Drop.

Background
The native domestic cat population had been reduced as an unintended consequence of the World Health Organization (WHO) spraying the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for malaria and housefly control. This event is often referenced as an example of the problems and solutions that may arise from human interventions in the environment, or of how unintended consequences lead to other events more generally, and particularly how frameworks such as systems thinking or "whole systems thinking" can more effectively forecast and avoid negative consequences.

Operation Cat Drop was initiated to stop a plague of rats, which was the result of tens of thousands of cats dying from eating lizards that contained high concentrations of DDT. The lizards became feeble due to the DDT in their systems, which rendered them easy prey. The domino effect started by the application of DDT is stated in a National Institutes of Health article: One source questions whether the cats died only from DDT or from additional insecticides in the food chain, such as dieldrin. Dieldrin was used in Sarawak only during 1955 and, due to its higher level of toxicity, was discontinued. DDT was sprayed from 1953 until 1955. Additionally, there are multiple reports of cat deaths in other DDT spray locations such as Bolivia, Mexico, and Thailand as a result of cats ingesting lethal levels of this neurotoxin. In several of these cases, the cat fatalities were the result of cats licking their fur after brushing up against a wall or other surface sprayed with DDT.

Similar projects
There have been various other projects involving delivering animals by parachute. Video footage purporting to show an aerial beaver drop, intended to improve water quality, appeared in October 2015. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources restocks its "high-elevation lakes and streams with tiny trout" dropped directly (no parachute) from an aircraft flying 100–150 feet above the water.

See also
Beaver drop

References

External links
 Catdrop.com: a site prepared by Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy, an associate professor at the University of Iowa
 Systems Thinking: Operation Cat Drop and Chaotic Kindness

 flycatfly.com
 http://theindependent.sg/singapores-operation-cat-drop-which-saved-sarawakians-from-possible-disaster/
 M.J. Colbourne, W.H. Huehne, F. de S. LaChance, "The Sarawak Anti-Malaria Project", Sarawak Museum Journal 9 (1960): 215–248.

1960 in Malaya
Biological pest control
Cats
History of Sarawak
Parachuting


Dogali () is a town in eastern Eritrea. Situated near Massawa, it became famous for the Battle of Dogali, on January 24, 1887, between Italy and the Ethiopian Empire, specifically the lord Ras Alula.

Transport
The town is served by a station on the national railway network, built by the Italians.

See also
 Railway stations in Eritrea

References

External links

Populated places in Eritrea


Week-end at Zuydcoote (; published as Weekend at Dunkirk in the United States) is a 1949 novel by French author Robert Merle, published in the Collection Blanche by Éditions Gallimard. It won the 1949 Prix Goncourt, France's most prestigious literary prize. It was first published in English in 1950.

In 1964 the novel was adapted to a film called Weekend at Dunkirk (French: Week-end à Zuydcoote), directed by Henri Verneuil, starring Jean-Paul Belmondo. The music for the film was composed by Maurice Jarre.

References

1949 French novels
Novels set in Dunkirk
French novels adapted into films
Prix Goncourt winning works
Éditions Gallimard books


A biological network is a method of representing systems as complex sets of binary interactions or relations between various biological entities. In general, networks or graphs are used to capture relationships between entities or objects. A typical graphing representation consists of a set of nodes connected by edges.

History of networks

As early as 1736 Leonhard Euler analyzed a real-world issue known as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, which established the foundation of graph theory. From the 1930's-1950's the study of random graphs were developed. During the mid 1990's, it was discovered that many different types of "real" networks have structural properties quite different from random networks. In the late 2000's, scale-free and small-world networks began shaping the emergence of systems biology, network biology, and network medicine. In 2014, graph theoretical methods were used by Frank Emmert-Streib to analyze biological networks.

In the 1980s, researchers started viewing DNA or genomes as the dynamic storage of a language system with precise computable finite states represented as a finite state machine. Recent complex systems research has also suggested some far-reaching commonality in the organization of information in problems from biology, computer science, and physics.

Networks in biology

Protein–protein interaction networks

Protein-protein interaction networks (PINs) represent the physical relationship among proteins present in a cell, where proteins are nodes, and their interactions are undirected edges. Due to their undirected nature, it is difficult to identify all the proteins involved in an interaction. Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are essential to the cellular processes and also the most intensely analyzed networks in biology. PPIs could be discovered by various experimental techniques, among which the yeast two-hybrid system is a commonly used technique for the study of binary interactions. Recently, high-throughput studies using mass spectrometry have identified large sets of protein interactions.

Many international efforts have resulted in databases that catalog experimentally determined protein-protein interactions. Some of them are the Human Protein Reference Database, Database of Interacting Proteins, the Molecular Interaction Database (MINT), IntAct, and BioGRID.  At the same time, multiple computational approaches have been proposed to predict interactions. FunCoup and STRING are examples of such databases, where protein-protein interactions inferred from multiple evidences are gathered and made available for public usage.

Recent studies have indicated the conservation of molecular networks through deep evolutionary time. Moreover, it has been discovered that proteins with high degrees of connectedness are more likely to be essential for survival than proteins with lesser degrees. This observation suggests that the overall composition of the network (not simply interactions between protein pairs) is vital for an organism's overall functioning.

Gene regulatory networks (DNA–protein interaction networks)

The genome encodes thousands of genes whose products (mRNAs, proteins) are crucial to the various processes of life, such as cell differentiation, cell survival, and metabolism. Genes produce such products through a process called transcription, which is regulated by a class of proteins called transcription factors. For instance, the human genome encodes almost 1,500 DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate the expression of more than 20,000 human genes. The complete set of gene products and the interactions among them constitutes gene regulatory networks (GRN). GRNs regulate the levels of gene products within the cell and in-turn the cellular processes.

GRNs are represented with genes and transcriptional factors as nodes and the relationship between them as edges. These edges are directional, representing the regulatory relationship between the two ends of the edge. For example., the directed edge from gene A to gene B indicates that A regulates the expression of B. Thus, these directional edges can not only represent the promotion of gene regulation but also its inhibition.

GRNs are usually constructed by utilizing the gene regulation knowledge available from databases such as., Reactome and KEGG. High-throughput measurement technologies, such as microarray, RNA-Seq, ChIP-chip, and ChIP-seq, enabled the accumulation of large-scale transcriptomics data, which could help in understanding the complex gene regulation patterns.

Gene co-expression networks (transcript–transcript association networks)

Gene co-expression networks can be perceived as association networks between variables that measure transcript abundances. These networks have been used to provide a system biologic analysis of DNA microarray data, RNA-seq data, miRNA data, etc. weighted gene co-expression network analysis is extensively used to identify co-expression modules and intramodular hub genes. Co-expression modules may correspond to cell types or pathways, while highly connected intramodular hubs can be interpreted as representatives of their respective modules.

Metabolic networks

Cells break down the food and nutrients into small molecules necessary for cellular processing through a series of biochemical reactions. These biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. The complete set of all these biochemical reactions in all the pathways represents the metabolic network. Within the metabolic network, the small molecules take the roles of nodes, and they could be either carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids. The reactions which convert these small molecules from one form to another are represented as edges. It is possible to use network analyses to infer how selection acts on metabolic pathways.

Signaling networks

Signals are transduced within cells or in between cells and thus form complex signaling networks which plays a key role in the tissue structure. For instance, the MAPK/ERK pathway is transduced from the cell surface to the cell nucleus by a series of protein-protein interactions, phosphorylation reactions, and other events. Signaling networks typically integrate protein–protein interaction networks, gene regulatory networks, and metabolic networks. Single cell sequencing technologies allows the extraction of inter-cellular signaling, an example is NicheNet, which allows to modeling intercellular communication by linking ligands to target genes.

Neuronal networks

The complex interactions in the brain make it a perfect candidate to apply network theory. Neurons in the brain are deeply connected with one another, and this results in complex networks being present in the structural and functional aspects of the brain. For instance, small-world network properties have been demonstrated in connections between cortical regions of the primate brain or during swallowing in humans. This suggests that cortical areas of the brain are not directly interacting with each other, but most areas can be reached from all others through only a few interactions.

Food webs

All organisms are connected through feeding interactions. If a species eats or is eaten by another species, they are connected in an intricate food web of predator and prey interactions. The stability of these interactions has been a long-standing question in ecology. That is to say if certain individuals are removed, what happens to the network (i.e., does it collapse or adapt)? Network analysis can be used to explore food web stability and determine if certain network properties result in more stable networks. Moreover, network analysis can be used to determine how selective removals of species will influence the food web as a whole. This is especially important considering the potential species loss due to global climate change.

Between-species interaction networks
In biology, pairwise interactions have historically been the focus of intense study. With the recent advances in network science, it has become possible to scale up pairwise interactions to include individuals of many species involved in many sets of interactions to understand the structure and function of larger ecological networks. The use of network analysis can allow for both the discovery and understanding of how these complex interactions link together within the system's network, a property that has previously been overlooked. This powerful tool allows for the study of various types of interactions (from competitive to cooperative) using the same general framework. For example, plant-pollinator interactions are mutually beneficial and often involve many different species of pollinators as well as many different species of plants. These interactions are critical to plant reproduction and thus the accumulation of resources at the base of the food chain for primary consumers, yet these interaction networks are threatened by anthropogenic change. The use of network analysis can illuminate how pollination networks work and may, in turn, inform conservation efforts. Within pollination networks, nestedness (i.e., specialists interact with a subset of species that generalists interact with), redundancy (i.e., most plants are pollinated by many pollinators), and modularity play a large role in network stability. These network properties may actually work to slow the spread of disturbance effects through the system and potentially buffer the pollination network from anthropogenic changes somewhat. More generally, the structure of species interactions within an ecological network can tell us something about the diversity, richness, and robustness of the network. Researchers can even compare current constructions of species interactions networks with historical reconstructions of ancient networks to determine how networks have changed over time. Much research into these complex species interactions networks is highly concerned with understanding what factors (e.g., species richness, connectance, nature of the physical environment) lead to network stability.

Within-species interaction networks
Network analysis provides the ability to quantify associations between individuals, which makes it possible to infer details about the network as a whole at the species and/or population level. One of the most attractive features of the network paradigm would be that it provides a single conceptual framework in which the social organization of animals at all levels (individual, dyad, group, population) and for all types of interaction (aggressive, cooperative, sexual, etc.) can be studied.

Researchers interested in ethology across many taxa, from insects to primates, are starting to incorporate network analysis into their research. Researchers interested in social insects (e.g., ants and bees) have used network analyses better to understand the division of labor, task allocation, and foraging optimization within colonies. Other researchers are interested in how specific network properties at the group and/or population level can explain individual-level behaviors. Studies have demonstrated how animal social network structure can be influenced by factors ranging from characteristics of the environment to characteristics of the individual, such as developmental experience and personality. At the level of the individual, the patterning of social connections can be an important determinant of fitness, predicting both survival and reproductive success. At the population level, network structure can influence the patterning of ecological and evolutionary processes, such as frequency-dependent selection and disease and information transmission. For instance, a study on wire-tailed manakins (a small passerine bird) found that a male's degree in the network largely predicted the ability of the male to rise in the social hierarchy (i.e., eventually obtain a territory and matings). In bottlenose dolphin groups, an individual's degree and betweenness centrality values may predict whether or not that individual will exhibit certain behaviors, like the use of side flopping and upside-down lobtailing to lead group traveling efforts; individuals with high betweenness values are more connected and can obtain more information, and thus are better suited to lead group travel and therefore tend to exhibit these signaling behaviors more than other group members.

Social network analysis can also be used to describe the social organization within a species more generally, which frequently reveals important proximate mechanisms promoting the use of certain behavioral strategies. These descriptions are frequently linked to ecological properties (e.g., resource distribution). For example, network analyses revealed subtle differences in the group dynamics of two related equid fission-fusion species, Grevy's zebra and onagers, living in variable environments; Grevy's zebras show distinct preferences in their association choices when they fission into smaller groups, whereas onagers do not. Similarly, researchers interested in primates have also utilized network analyses to compare social organizations across the diverse primate order, suggesting that using network measures (such as centrality, assortativity, modularity, and betweenness) may be useful in terms of explaining the types of social behaviors we see within certain groups and not others.

Finally, social network analysis can also reveal important fluctuations in animal behaviors across changing environments. For example, network analyses in female chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) revealed important dynamic changes across seasons that were previously unknown; instead of creating stable, long-lasting social bonds with friends, baboons were found to exhibit more variable relationships which were dependent on short-term contingencies related to group-level dynamics as well as environmental variability. Changes in an individual's social network environment can also influence characteristics such as 'personality': for example, social spiders that huddle with bolder neighbors tend to increase also in boldness. This is a very small set of broad examples of how researchers can use network analysis to study animal behavior. Research in this area is currently expanding very rapidly, especially since the broader development of animal-borne tags and computer vision can be used to automate the collection of social associations. Social network analysis is a valuable tool for studying animal behavior across all animal species and has the potential to uncover new information about animal behavior and social ecology that was previously poorly understood.

DNA-DNA chromatin networks

Within a nucleus, DNA is constantly in motion. Perpetual actions such as genome folding and Cohesin extrusion morph the shape of a genome in real time. The spatial location of strands of chromatin relative to each other plays an important role in the activation or suppression of certain genes. DNA-DNA Chromatin Networks help biologists to understand these interactions by analyzing commonalities amongst different loci. The size of a network can vary significantly, from a few genes to several thousand and thus network analysis can provide vital support in understanding relationships among different areas of the genome. As an example, analysis of spatially similar loci within the organization in a nucleus with Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM) can be used to construct a network of loci with edges representing highly linked genomic regions.

The first graphic showcases the Hist1 region of the mm9 mouse genome with each node representing genomic loci. Two nodes are connected by an edge if their linkage disequilibrium is greater than the average across all 81 genomic windows. The locations of the nodes within the graphic are randomly selected and the methodology of choosing edges yields a, simple to show, but rudimentary graphical representation of the relationships in the dataset. The second visual exemplifies the same information as the previous; However, the network starts with every loci placed sequentially in a ring configuration. It then pulls nodes together using linear interpolation by their linkage as a percentage. The figure illustrates strong connections between the center genomic windows as well as the edge loci at the beginning and end of the Hist1 region.

Modelling biological networks

Introduction
To draw useful information from a biological network, an understanding of the statistical and mathematical techniques of identifying relationships within a network is vital. Procedures to identify association, communities, and centrality within nodes in a biological network can provide insight into the relationships of whatever the nodes represent whether they are genes, species, etc. Formulation of these methods transcends disciplines and relies heavily on graph theory, computer science, and bioinformatics.

Association

There are many different ways to measure the relationships of nodes when analyzing a network. In many cases, the measure used to find nodes that share similarity within a network is specific to the application it is being used. One of the types of measures that biologists utilize is correlation which specifically centers around the linear relationship between two variables. As an example, weighted gene co-expression network analysis uses Pearson correlation to analyze linked gene expression and understand genetics at a systems level. Another measure of correlation is linkage disequilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium describes the non-random association of genetic sequences among loci in a given chromosome. An example of its use is in detecting relationships in GAM data across genomic intervals based upon detection frequencies of certain loci.

Centrality
The concept of centrality can be extremely useful when analyzing biological network structures. There are many different methods to measure centrality such as betweenness, degree, Eigenvector, and Katz centrality. Every type of centrality technique can provide different insights on nodes in a particular network; However, they all share the commonality that they are to measure the prominence of a node in a network.
In 2005, Researchers at Harvard Medical School utilized centrality measures with the yeast protein interaction network. They found that proteins that exhibited high Betweenness centrality were more essential and translated closely to a given protein's evolutionary age.

Communities

Studying the community structure of a network by subdividing groups of nodes into like-regions can be an integral tool for bioinformatics when exploring data as a network. A food web of The Secaucus High School Marsh exemplifies the benefits of grouping as the relationships between nodes are far easier to analyze with well-made communities. While the first graphic is hard to visualize, the second provides a better view of the pockets of highly connected feeding relationships that would be expected in a food web. The problem of community detection is still an active problem. Scientists and graph theorists continuously discover new ways of sub sectioning networks and thus a plethora of different algorithms exist for creating these relationships. Like many other tools that biologists utilize to understand data with network models, every algorithm can provide its own unique insight and may vary widely on aspects such as accuracy or time complexity of calculation.
In 2002, a food web of marine mammals in the Chesapeake Bay was divided into communities by biologists using a community detection algorithm based on neighbors of nodes with high degree centrality. The resulting communities displayed a sizable split in pelagic and benthic organisms. Two very common community detection algorithms for biological networks are the Louvain Method and Leiden Algorithm.

The Louvain method is a greedy algorithm that attempts to maximize modularity, which favors heavy edges within communities and sparse edges between, within a set of nodes. The algorithm starts by each node being in its own community and iteratively being added to the particular node's community that favors a higher modularity. Once no modularity increase can occur by joining nodes to a community, a new weighted network is constructed of communities as nodes with edges representing between-community edges and loops representing edges within a community. The process continues until no increase in modularity occurs. While the Louvain Method provides good community detection, there are a few ways that it is limited. By mainly focusing on maximizing a given measure of modularity, it may be led to craft badly connected communities by degrading a model for the sake of maximizing a modularity metric; However, the Louvain Method performs fairly and is can be easy to understand comparatively to many other community detection algorithms.

The Leiden Algorithm expands on the Louvain Method by providing a number of improvements. When joining nodes to a community, only neighborhoods that have been recently changed are considered. This greatly improves the speed of merging nodes. Another optimization is in the refinement phase in-which the algorithm randomly chooses for a node from a set of communities to merge with. This allows for greater depth in choosing communities as Louvain solely focuses on maximizing the modularity that was chosen. The Leiden algorithm, while more complex than Louvain, performs faster with better community detection and can be a valuable tool for identifying groups.

See also
 List of omics topics in biology
 Biological network inference
 Biostatistics
 Computational biology
 Systems biology
 Weighted correlation network analysis
 Interactome
 Network medicine
 Ecological network

References

Books
E. Estrada,  "The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications", Oxford University Press, 2011,
J. Krause, R. James, D. Franks, D. Croft, "Animal Social Networks", Oxford University Press, 2015,

External links
 Networkbio.org, The site of the series of Integrative Network Biology (INB) meetings. For the 2012 event also see www.networkbio.org
 Network Tools and Applications in Biology (NETTAB) workshops.
 Networkbiology.org, NetworkBiology wiki site.
 Linding Lab, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) studies Network Biology and Cellular Information Processing, and is also organizing the Denmark branch of the annual "Integrative Network Biology and Cancer" symposium series.
 NRNB.org, The National Resource for Network Biology. A US National Institute of Health (NIH) Biomedical Technology Research Center dedicated to the study of biological networks.
Network Repository The first interactive data and network data repository with real-time visual analytics.
Animal Social Network Repository (ASNR) The first multi-taxonomic repository that collates 790 social networks from more than 45 species, including those of mammals, reptiles, fish, birds, and insects

Biological techniques and tools
Bioinformatics
Systems biology
Networks


Murs Rules the World is the third solo album by American hip hop artist Murs. Most of the tracks are produced by Mum's The Word. It was released on October 10, 2000.

Track listing

2000 albums
Murs (rapper) albums


Carobel () is a small town in the northern Anseba Region of Eritrea. It was served by a station on the Eritrean Railway. However, the line closed in the 1970s.

See also
Railway stations in Eritrea

Notes

References
Carobel, Eritrea

Populated places in Eritrea


Cinema of Obsession: Erotic Fixation and Love Gone Wrong in the Movies by Dominique Mainon and James Ursini is a non-fiction book documenting the history of obsessive love, amour fou and erotic fixation in cinema.

It begins with an overview of "mad love" in literature and myth, then moves quickly into an in-depth overview of the theme in modern cinema. From its origins in the myths of Ovid such as Pygmalion-Galatea, Psyche and Cupid, and Narcissus to medieval tales of tragic love triangles like that of Arthur-Guenivere-Lancelot and Mark-Isolde-Tristan and on to the Romantic tales of the Brontes and twentieth-century works of writers of erotica like Lawrence and Anaïs Nin, this theme has become emblematic in cinema today.

The book features seminal works in obsession themes like Buñuel's Un Chien Andalou, Dietrich's The Blue Angel, Peter Ibbetson, The Phantom of the Opera, Renoir's La Bête Humaine, and Of Human Bondage, which set the groundwork for films to follow. It also defines and examples of the explosive nature of obsessive love with adaptations of legendary films such as Romeo and Juliet, Duel in the Sun, Wuthering Heights, Carmen, Last Tango in Paris, Betty Blue, Sid and Nancy, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, and the more recent films of Wong Kar Wai and Almodovar.

Theme
The book's theme encompasses issues of attempted male control over the object of his obsession, which is  highlighted in films like Franju's Eyes Without a Face, Hitchcock's Vertigo and Marnie, Basic Instinct, Visconti's Death in Venice, Fellini's The Temptation of Doctor Anthony. Male masochism, a key element in many of the films, especially film noirs like Criss Cross, The Killers, Gilda, The Postman Always Rings Twice, and more modern explorations like Lolita and Cronenberg's M. Butterfly, earns its own chapter.

The fugitive couple, love on the run, another noir theme, is also studied centering on films like Gun Crazy, Truffaut's Mississippi Mermaid and its recent remake with Angelina Jolie Original Sin, Moulin Rouge!, and Lynch's Wild at Heart. The book shifts gears in its finale and concentrates on the female gaze, films of female obsession: e.g., Jane Eyre, Lady Chatterley's Lover, The Piano, The Story of Adele H., The Lover, Fatal Attraction, Vanilla Sky, to name but a few.
From the same authors of The Modern Amazons: Warrior Women On-Screen, this book also contains a filmography of over one hundred films including hundreds of illustrations and a complete bibliography.

References

External links

 Official Book Homepage
Seattle Times: Books, Dec. 2007
Publishers Weekly Fall 2007
Author's Home Site
LeonardMaltin's Picks

2007 non-fiction books
Books by Dominique Mainon
Books about film
History of film
Books by James Ursini


The Law () is a 1957 novel by French author Roger Vailland. It won the 1957 Prix Goncourt, France's most prestigious literary prize. The novel concerns the social structure of a small village in south Italy in the 1950s. It was reprinted in 2008 by Eland.

References

1957 French novels
Prix Goncourt winning works
Eland Books books


Hsu Li Yang (born 1972) is a Singapore chess International Master. He won the national Singaporean Chess Championship in 1992 and 1993.  Represented Singapore three times in Chess Olympiads (1992, 1994, 2000). His current FIDE rating is 2427.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Singaporean sportspeople of Chinese descent
Singaporean chess players
Chess International Masters
Chess Olympiad competitors
20th-century Singaporean people


Synandrospadix is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. The single species making up the genus is Synandrospadix vermitoxicus. It is found in Peru, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. The inflorescence has an unpleasant smell with a spathe whose inner surface is purple with brownish-green warts and a smooth green outer surface. The spadix is egg shaped, red, and has spiked male flowers protruding from it.

Uses
The Indigenous Enxet people of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco traditionally consume the roots of Synandrospadix (yátapomxet in Enxet), which are gathered in the wild.

References

 Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .

Aroideae
Monotypic Araceae genera
Flora of Southern America
Taxa named by Adolf Engler


The Kawasaki Super Sherpa (KL250G USA, KL250H in Japan, Canada, Australia, Greece and the United Kingdom) is a dual-sport motorcycle produced by Kawasaki. It has a 249 cc DOHC four-valve air/oil cooled four-stroke single-cylinder engine.

It was first offered in Japan in 1997 to present, and was sold in the United States from 1999 to 2003. Production and sales continued in Japan and other markets and Kawasaki recently decided to sell the Super Sherpa again in the United States once more for 2009.  The new model remains mostly unchanged from the previous model.

References

Super Sherpa
Dual-sport motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 1997


Chan Peng Kong (born 15 May 1956) is a chess player from Singapore. He was awarded by FIDE the title International Master (IM) in 2002. He won the national Singaporean Chess Championship in 1999 on tie-break score. Chan represented Singapore eight times in the Chess Olympiad (1982, 1984, 1986, 1990, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010). He won the Seniors 50+ section of the ASEAN+ Age Group Chess Championships in 2007, 2012 and 2013.

References

External links

Chan Peng Kong chess games at 365Chess.com

1956 births
Living people
Chess International Masters
Singaporean chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Singaporean sportspeople of Chinese descent


Taccarum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is endemic to South America. The genus tends to grow in rocky areas.

Species
Taccarum caudatum Rusby - Bolivia, Peru, Acre State in western Brazil
Taccarum crassispathum E.G.Gonç. - central Brazil
Taccarum peregrinum (Schott) Engl.  - Paraguay, southern Brazil, Misiones Province of Argentina
Taccarum ulei Engl. & K.Krause - eastern Brazil
Taccarum warmingii Engl. - southern Brazil
Taccarum weddellianum Brongn. ex Schott - Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, central and western Brazil

References

Aroideae
Araceae genera
Flora of Southern America
Taxa named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
Taxa named by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart


George Steel may refer to:

George Steel (Manitoba politician) (1858–1940), provincial legislator in Manitoba, Canada
George Steel (musician), music director and conductor in New York City, U.S
George A. Steel (Oregon politician) (1846–1918), politician in Oregon, U.S.
George A. Steel (Michigan politician) (1862–1935), State Treasurer of Michigan
George B. Steel (1835–1916), American politician in the Virginia House of Delegates

See also
George Steele (disambiguation)


Newcastle Inner City Bypass is a freeway in Newcastle and Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia. Originally cobbled together from a collection of arterial roads, it has been slowly upgraded and lengthened in sections over the years to a motorway-standard bypass through the inner western suburbs of Newcastle.

Route
The road is divided into five sections. The first, and southernmost, section is the West Charlestown Bypass, a  freeway standard road, which commences at the intersection with Pacific Highway at Bennetts Green and heads in a northerly direction. The second section leads up the ridge and consists of parts of Charlestown Road and Lookout Road as a divided dual-carriageway arterial road. The third section, currently under construction, will be a freeway diverging from Lookout Road near the intersection of McCaffrey Drive, skirting around the west of John Hunter Hospital to join the next section at Newcastle Road. The fourth section is a freeway-standard bypass of Jesmond from Newcastle Road continuing north, and the fifth section is a freeway extension from the northern end of the Jesmond Bypass to terminate at the intersection with Pacific Highway at Sandgate.

With the third section of the route not yet completed, a more circuitous route through suburban roads remains in use for the gap between the second and fourth sections. From the end of the Charlestown Bypass, it is necessary to follow Lookout Road, which becomes Croudace Street, before turning left onto Newcastle Road. Approximately  after turning left, the Inner City Bypass is rejoined by turning right at the Jesmond roundabout.

History
The Newcastle Inner City Bypass route was first planned in the 1950s to connect the Bennetts Green area to Pacific Highway at Sandgate; it was approved in 1957 and subsequently incorporated in the Northumberland County Planning Scheme. The concept of the Newcastle Inner City Bypass emerged from the decision to route the Sydney to Newcastle Freeway west of Lake Macquarie in the mid-1970s: up to that point the freeway was proposed east of Lake Macquarie and involved corridor reservations for high-standard bypasses of Swansea, Belmont and Charlestown. The corridors for Swansea and Belmont have been abandoned, however the corridor from Bennetts Green to Sandgate was maintained by the Department of Main Roads to ultimately provide a bypass of inner Newcastle.

The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Department of Main Roads. State Highway 23 was declared along this road on 31 July 1946, from the intersection with Pacific Highway at Charlestown, along Charlestown Road via Kotara to Jesmond, and then via Birmingham Gardens along Sandgate Road to the intersection of Pacific Highway at Sandgate. The highway was redeclared along each section of the bypass as they opened.

The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through the Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, the declaration of Highway 23 runs from the intersection with Pacific Highway at Windale via West Charlestown Bypass, Charlestown and Lookout and Croudace Roads to Newcastle Road at Lambton, then from Newcastle Road at Jesmond to Pacific Highway at Sandgate. Despite its classification as a Highway, it still has no officially gazetted name, and is known only locally as Newcastle Inner City Bypass.

Newcastle Inner City Bypass was signed State Route 123 along its entire length in 1974, moving to new sections of the bypass as they opened. With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, this was replaced with route A37.

Construction
The Newcastle Inner City Bypass was not built in a contiguous fashion, with separate sections opened slowly at different times over the following 50 years.

The second section, a 2.4km-long section between Kotara and Rankin Park, was the subject of community debate regarding the location and standard of road to be constructed. In the late 1960s, the Department of Main Roads proposed to construct a major elevated roadway as part of this section, which would have required a strip acquisition of Blackbutt Reserve between Carnley Avenue and McCaffrey Drive. Community concerns against the proposal's effect on the environmentally-sensitive Blackbutt Reserve led to the abandonment of the route through Blackbutt Reserve and the existing Lookout Road section was widened and constructed as a four-lane dual-carriageway arterial road in lieu of freeway conditions, with at-grade intersections at Carnley Avenue, Hurn Street, Cardiff Road and Grandview Road, completed in 1983.

The fourth section of the bypass, a 3.2km-long section between Newcastle Road at Jesmond and Sandgate Road at Shortland and previously known as the "Jesmond to Shortland Relief Route", was the first portion of freeway-standard road to be approved in January 1981. Construction started in May 1984, and the road was opened to traffic in June 1993.

The first section, the 6.5km West Charlestown Bypass, commenced earthworks construction in July 2000, and was opened to traffic in early 2003.

Pre-construction works for the fifth (northernmost) section, the 2.3km-long section between Sandgate Road at Shortland and Pacific Highway at Sandgate, began in June 2010. The work to be completed as part of that contract was for digging a cutting where the Sandgate Road bridge has been built over the bypass and filling two other areas, including constructing retaining walls and relocating water mains. The contract for construction of that section was awarded to Reed Constructions in February 2011, with work starting in April 2011. On 28 May 2012 Roads & Maritime Services terminated its contract with Reed Constructions which had been placed in liquidation, and remaining works were completed by Thiess, the prime contractor for the Hunter Expressway. The Shortland – Sandgate section of the bypass was unofficially opened on 16 January 2014 and opened to traffic on 23 January 2014.

In June 2014, the NSW Government announced it would provide $280 million to complete the third section (i.e. Rankin Park to Jesmond section) of the bypass, including $150 million from Restart NSW. It includes building a new and improved entrance to the John Hunter Hospital. In February 2019, it was approved by the state government. Major construction began in late 2021, targeting completion in mid 2025.

Interchanges

See also

 Highways in Australia
 List of freeways in Australia
 List of highways in New South Wales

References

External links
 Newcastle inner city bypass Sandgate to Shortland - Review of environmental factors
 ozroads page on NSW State Highway 23

Highways in New South Wales
Transport in Newcastle, New South Wales
Roads in the Hunter Region
City of Lake Macquarie
Proposed roads in Australia
Bypasses in Australia


Mallik may refer to:

 Mallik Island in Canada
 Mallik gas hydrate site in Canada
 Mallik, Northwest Territories, see Ice Road Truckers#Season 2
Mallik Rehan Tomb, Sira, a mausoleum in India
Mallik (surname)


Harry the Husky is a body-suit mascot for the University of Washington, one of two mascots the University's athletic program currently uses. Hendrix the Husky is Harry's brother that lives at UW Tacoma.

History
The University's first mascot was Sunny Boy, a , gold-painted statuette representing an illustration frequently appearing in Columns, which - at the time - was a student-published campus humor magazine (presently Columns is the title of the University of Washington Alumni Magazine). The mascot was introduced in 1921 and retired three years later when it got lost in Bush Auditorium, and the University adopted the nickname "Huskies."

In 1922, the University began using live sled dogs as its mascots, first a non-hereditary line of Siberian Huskies and, beginning in 1961, a hereditary line of Alaskan Malamutes, which are a different breed of dog from the husky. Due to the size of the animals, difficulties of travel, logistics, and handler schedules, the mascots generally only appear at home football games.

In 1995, officials in the University's athletic department commissioned a costume and held tryouts for the new live mascot. Three student performers were chosen (Lee Harris, Evelyn Ho and Chris MacDonald) and rotated duties to appear as a secondary mascot for use at events at which the live mascot was unable to attend. A contest and public vote two years later named the new mascot "Harry the Husky."
Coincidentally, the mascot had already been referred to by that name during a scene in The 6th Man, a film starring Marlon Wayans about the University of Washington basketball team, that had been released prior to the vote.

In 2010, the University unveiled a new Harry the Husky costume and retired the old one. The new husky made his debut on October 9, 2010.

Additionally, the University has also hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots. The dogs were originally cared for by the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity; this arrangement was followed by a 49-year tradition (1959–2008) of care by the Cross family (a UW professor, followed by his son). The 13 dogs thus far are as follows:
 Frosty I (1922–30)
 Frosty II (1930–36)
 Wasky (1946–47)
 Wasky II (1947–53)
 Ski (1954–57)
 Denali (1958)
 King Chinook (1959–68)
 Regent Denali (1969–80)
 Sundodger Denali (1981–92)
 King Redoubt (1992–97)
 Prince Redoubt (1998)
 Spirit (1999–2008)
 Dubs (2009–2018)
 Dubs II (2018– )

References

Washington Huskies
Pac-12 Conference mascots


The 1977 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1977. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes four selectors as "official" for the 1977 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) selected by the nation's football writers; and (4) the United Press International (UPI) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers.  Other selectors included Football News (FN), the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), The Sporting News (TSN), and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).

Eight players were unanimously selected by all four official selectors and all four unofficial selectors. They were Ken MacAfee of Notre Dame, offensive tackle Chris Ward of Ohio State, offensive guard Mark Donahue of Michigan, running backs Earl Campbell of Texas and Terry Miller of Oklahoma State, defensive ends Art Still of Kentucky and Ross Browner of Notre Dame, defensive tackle Brad Shearer of Texas.

Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1977 and displays which first-team designations they received.

Offense

Defense

Offense

Receivers

 Ozzie Newsome, Alabama (AFCA [split end], AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, FN [end], NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 John Jefferson, Arizona State (AFCA [flanker], AP-1, FWAA, NEA-2)
 Wes Chandler, Florida (AP-2, UPI-1, FN [running back], NEA-1, TSN)
 James Lofton, Stanford (AP-2, NEA-2)
 Gordon Jones, Pittsburgh (AP-3)
 Mike Renfro, TCU (AP-3)

Tight ends

 Ken MacAfee, Notre Dame (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN [end], NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Mickey Shuler, Penn State (AP-2, NEA-2)
 Clennie Brundidge, Army (UPI-2)
 Mike Moore, Grambling (AP-3)

Tackles

 Chris Ward, Ohio State (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Dan Irons, Texas Tech (AFCA, UPI-1, FN, WC)
 Keith Dorney Penn State (AP-3, FWAA)
 Gordon King, Stanford (UPI-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 Dennis Baker, Wyoming (AP-1)
 William Fifer, West Texas State (AP-2)
 Mike Kenn, Michigan (AP-2)
 James Taylor, Missouri (AP-3, UPI-2)
 Frank Meyers, Texas A&M (NEA-2)
 Jeff Morrow, Minnesota (NEA-2)

Guards

 Mark Donahue, Michigan (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Leotis Harris, Arkansas (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, NEA-1, WC)
 Joe Bostic, Clemson (AP-3, FWAA, NEA-2)
 Greg Roberts, Oklahoma (AP-3, FN)
 George Collins, Georgia (TSN)
 Jim Hough, Utah State (AP-2)
 Ernie Hughes, Notre Dame (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Leon White, Colorado (UPI-2)
 Bob Cryder, Alabama (NEA-2)

Centers

 Tom Brzoza, Pittsburgh (AP-1, UPI-1, WC)
 Walt Downing, Michigan (AFCA, AP-3, FN, NEA-2, TSN)
 Tom Davis, Nebraska (FWAA, UPI-2)
 Blair Bush, Washington (AP-2, NEA-1)

Quarterbacks

 Guy Benjamin, Stanford (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1)
 Doug Williams, Grambling State (AP-1, UPI-2, NEA-2, TSN, WC)
 Matt Cavanaugh, Pittsburgh (AFCA)
 Derrick Ramsey, Kentucky (AP-3)

Running backs

 Earl Campbell, Texas (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Terry Miller, Oklahoma State (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Charles Alexander, LSU (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, NEA-2, WC)
 John Pagliaro, Yale (AP-3, WC)
 Jerome Persell, Western Michigan (AP-2)
 I. M. Hipp, Nebraska (UPI-2, NEA-2)
 Johnny Davis, Alabama (UPI-2)
 Ben Cowins, Arkansas (UPI-2)
 Bo Robinson, West Texas State (AP-3)

Defense

Defensive ends

 Art Still, Kentucky  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Ross Browner, Notre Dame (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 John Anderson, Michigan (UPI-2)
 Kelton Dansler, Ohio State (AP-2)
 Willie Fry, Notre Dame (UPI-2)
 Hugh Green, Pittsburgh (AP-2)
 Al Harris, Arizona State (NEA-2)
 Jerry DeLoach, California (AP-3)
 Chuck Schott, Army (AP-3)

Defensive tackles
 Brad Shearer, Texas (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Randy Holloway, Pittsburgh (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Dee Hardison, North Carolina (AP-1, FWAA, FN, NEA-2)
 Mike Bell, Colorado State (AP-2)
 Aaron Brown, Ohio State (UPI-2)
 Manu Tuiasosopo, UCLA (UPI-2)
 Mikeli Ieremia, Brigham Young (NEA-2)
 Larry Bethea, Michigan State (AP-3, NEA-2 [DE])
 Jimmy Walker, Arkansas (AP-3)

Middle guards
 Aaron Brown, Ohio St. (AFCA, WC)
 Reggie Kinlaw, Oklahoma (AP-3, UPI-1)
 Randy Sidler, Penn State (AP-1)
 Dee Hardison, North Carolina (UPI-2)
 Don Latimer, Pittsburgh (AP-2)

Linebackers

 Jerry Robinson, UCLA (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, WC)
 Tom Cousineau, Ohio State  (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, NEA-2, WC)
 Gary Spani, Kansas St. (AFCA, AP-3, UPI-1, FN, NEA-2)
 Mike Woods, Cincinnati (AP-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Lucius Sanford, Georgia Tech (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-2, TSN)
 Clay Matthews, Jr., USC (NEA-1, TSN)
 Daryl Hunt, Oklahoma (AP-3, UPI-2, FN, WC)
 John Anderson, Michigan (FWAA)
 George Cumby, Oklahoma (AP-1)
 Bob Golic, Notre Dame (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Harold Randolph, East Carolina (NEA-2)
 Michael Jackson, Washington (AP-3)

Defensive backs

 Zac Henderson, Oklahoma (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-1, WC)
 Dennis Thurman, USC (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, NEA-2, WC)
 Luther Bradley, Notre Dame  (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-1, FN, NEA-2, TSN, WC)
 Bob Jury, Pittsburgh (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, NEA-2, TSN, WC)
 Keith Simpson, Memphis State (NEA-1, TSN)
 Ray Griffin, Ohio State (UPI-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 Ken Greene, Washington State (NEA-1)
 Dwight Hicks, Michigan (AP-2)
 Bill Krug, Georgia (UPI-2)
 Charles Williams, Jackson State (AP-2)
 Eric Felton, Texas Tech (NEA-2)
 Larry Anderson, Louisiana Tech (AP-3)
 Ron Johnson, Eastern Michigan (AP-3)
 John Sturges, Navy (AP-3)

Special teams

Kickers

 Steve Little, Arkansas (FWAA, UPI-1, NEA-1, TSN)
 Tony Franklin, Texas A&M (NEA-2)

Punters

 Russell Erxleben, Texas (FWAA, UPI-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 John Evans, NC State (NEA-2)

Key

Official selectors

Other selectors

See also
 1977 All-Big Eight Conference football team
 1977 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1977 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team
 1977 All-SEC football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Giam Choo Kwee (7 May 1942 – 13 August 2018) was a Singaporean chess player. He received the FIDE titles of International Master (IM) in 1976 and International Arbiter in 1983. He won the national Singaporean Chess Championship in 1972 and 1973 and represented Singapore four times in Chess Olympiads (1968, 1970, 1972, 1986). At the time of his death, his official FIDE rating was 1820.

References

External links

1942 births
2018 deaths
Singaporean chess players
Chess International Masters
Chess arbiters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Singaporean sportspeople of Chinese descent
20th-century Singaporean people