Grantley Hall is a Country house located in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated near Grantley, about  to the west of Ripon, on the banks of the River Skell. It is listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England, and the Japanese garden at the hall is listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

The house was built by Thomas Norton and his son Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley in the mid-18th century, apparently based on a Palladian design by Isaac Ware.  Additions in the 1760s have been attributed to John Carr, who knew Fletcher Norton.  The house was extended during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the house as it stands today.

More recently the building was used as a convalescent home during World War II. Between 1947 and 1974, the house was under the ownership of West Riding County Council, who purchased the property to use as an adult education residential college before it passed to North Yorkshire County Council in 1974, to become a training and conference centre. In 2006 the property was sold to a private purchaser for residential use. It was sold again in 2010, and planning permission was granted for conversion of the building into a 50 bedroom hotel.

Other buildings on the Grantley Estate include The Ellis Building and the East Lodge.

The Norton Family

Thomas Norton (1683–1719) built Grantley Hall in about 1710 shortly before his marriage. His father became the owner of the Grantley Estate in the previous century and he inherited it. In 1712 he married Elizabeth Serjeantson, the daughter of William Serjeantson of Hanlith.  There is an elaborate memorial to Elizabeth in Ripon Cathedral. He died in 1719 at the age of 36 leaving his wife with four small children, three sons and a daughter. His eldest son Fletcher Norton was only 3 years old when he inherited the Grantley estate.

Lord Fletcher Norton (1716–1789) studied law and became a Member of Parliament. In 1762 he received a knighthood and in the following year became Attorney-General and later Speaker of the House. In 1741 he married Grace Chapple (1711–1803) who was the daughter of Sir William Chapple, a Judge on the Kings Bench. It seems that in about 1760 he made substantial additions to Grantley Hall. In 1782 when he retired he was titled Lord Grantley, Baron of Markenfield. Markenfield Hall is a nearby property which he also owned. He died in 1789 and his son William Norton, 2nd Baron Grantley inherited Grantley Hall.

Lord William Norton was born in 1742 and became a Member of Parliament. In 1791 he married Anna Margaretta Midgeley. They had two sons but both died in infancy. His wife also died several years after they were married. When William died in 1822 Grantley Hall was inherited by his nephew Fletcher Norton (1798–1875).

Lord Fletcher Norton, 3rd Lord Grantley was born in 1798. In 1825 he married Charlotte Earle Beechey who was the daughter of Sir William Beechey, the famous portraitist. Sir William painted a portrait of his daughter which is shown.

Lord Fletcher Norton decided on a military career and was an officer in the Grenadier Guards. He fought at the Battle of Waterloo where he was wounded. He inherited Grantley Hall at the age of 24 and managed the Estate until his death in 1875. As he had no children his nephew Thomas Brindsley Norton (1831–1877) inherited the Estate. Thomas was the son of the famous social reformer and author Caroline Norton about whom many books have been written.

Thomas died only two years after he inherited the property at the age of 47 and his son John Richard Brindsley Norton (1855–1943) became the owner in 1877.
John Richard Brindsley Norton, 5th Lord Grantley was born in 1855. In 1879 he caused a public sensation by marrying Katherine the wife of his cousin after being named as co-respondent in a divorce case. Katherine was from New York and was the daughter of Commodore McVickar of the New York Yacht Club and founding member of the Knickerbocker Club. In 1900 John sold Grantley hall to Sir Christopher Furness.

His son Richard, 6th Lord Grantley wrote a book called Silver Spoon. In it he records his memoirs and describes Grantley Hall as “a gargantuan edifice with sixty bedrooms, on the edge of sixteen thousand acres of wild moorland. This was the home of most of my own boyhood.”

He describes his father John as “as a huge man — he was well over six feet — with blue eyes, a heavy moustache, and wavy hair which kept its wave and its thickness long after, in later life, it went white.” He says his mother Katherine “was far from being the typically useless rich woman of that particularly pretentious period. She was a charitable and generous friend and employer and while up at Grantley would herself see that no tenant was ever in distress without her giving help.”

The Furness family

Sir Christopher Furness, 1st Baron Furness (1852–1912) who bought Grantley Hall in 1900 was the owner of the shipping company called the Furness Line. He came from humble beginnings his father at one time being a coal miner. However he later founded a large grocery business in Hartlepool. Christopher went into the family business but later began to buy boats and started his own shipping line which was extremely successful. He became a multimillionaire and bought numerous properties. He was also a Member of Parliament representing Hartlepool. In 1876 he married Jane Annette Suggitt (1855–1930) and the couple had one son.

In 1905 a reporter from the magazine “The Car Illustrated” visited the house and described the estate in detail in a feature article. They said.

"The mansion is stone built, and charmingly situate on the River Skell, which is widened into a series of lakes skirting the drive through the park, which with its pleasure grounds covers about forty seven acres. The entrance hall on the east front of the mansion opens to a corridor forming a picture gallery, through which a passage issues north and south, giving access to the principal reception rooms. The southern end of the mansion contains a spacious hall, with fireplace, smoking-room, study."

Lady Jane Furness was a keen gardener and created one of the earliest Japanese gardens in the country in about 1910. It is listed on the English Heritage Register The garden features two ponds linked by a stream with large, irregular stepping stones as well as a diverse variety of trees, mosses, ferns and bamboo. When Christopher died in 1912 his son Marmaduke inherited the house but Lady Jane retained a life interest in the property.

Sir Marmaduke Furness (1883–1940) continued in the family business and succeeded in expanding it. He was married three times. His first wife was Ada Daisy Hogg (1880–1921) who was the daughter of George Hogg of “The Gables” Seaton Carew. Their marriage in 1904 was widely reported in the newspapers. The Couple had a son and a daughter. Unfortunately Daisy died in 1921 at the age of 41 on board their boat shortly after she had an operation. In 1926 Marmaduke married Thelma Morgan, the famous woman who was reputed to be the mistress of Prince Edward. They were divorced in 1933 and soon after he married Enid Maud Lindeman.

In 1925 Marmaduke sold Grantley Hall to Sir William Henry Aykroyd.

The Aykroyd family

Sir William Henry Aykroyd (1865–1947) was a woollen carpet manufacturer. He entered the family business soon after leaving school and eventually became the chairman. In 1890 he married Emma Louisa Hammond (1867–1946) daughter of Ezra Waugh Hammond of Horton Hall, Bradford. The couple had three sons and one daughter.

The Aykroyd family continued to develop the garden and often opened it to the public. A newspaper of 1937 contained a detailed description of the grounds. Some of the report is as follows.

"An air of immense well-being characterises the extensive grounds which surround Grantley Hall, the home of Sir William Aykroyd. The timber is well cared for; the lawns smooth, level, unmarred by weeds; the rock garden is full of rare and beautiful plants and even the Golden Orfe in its pools have an exceptionally sleek and prosperous look."

Sir William and Lady Emma were personal friends of the Royal Family. In 1937 Queen Mary stayed at Grantley Hall accompanied by her daughter Princess Mary and her son in law Lord Harewood. The visit was widely reported in the newspapers and one of these reports is shown.

During the Second World War, Grantley Hall was used as a convalescence home for injured soldiers. A hospital supply depot was formed in the Cathedral Hall in Ripon and Lady Aykroyd was the chairman.

Sir William died in 1947 and Grantley Hall was sold to the West Riding County Council who ran the Hall as an adult training centre. The current owner bought the house in 2015.

References

External links

Country houses in North Yorkshire
Grade II* listed houses
Grade II* listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Grade II listed parks and gardens in North Yorkshire
Hotel spas
Hotels in North Yorkshire
Japanese gardens in England


Shalbatana Vallis is an ancient water-worn channel on Mars, located in the Oxia Palus quadrangle at 7.8° north latitude and 42.1° west longitude. It is the westernmost of the southern Chryse outflow channels.  Beginning in a zone of chaotic terrain, at 0° latitude and 46° W longitude, it ends in Chryse Planitia.

Shalbatana Vallis contains the first definitive evidence of a Martian shoreline. This shoreline was part of an ancient lake  in size and  deep. The study carried out with HiRISE images indicates that water formed a  long canyon that opened up into a valley, deposited sediment, and created a delta. This delta and others around the basin imply the existence of a large, long-lived lake.  Of special interest is evidence that the lake formed after the warm, wet period was thought to have ended.  So, lakes may have been around much longer than previously thought.

It is the word for "Mars" in Akkadian.

See also

 Chaos terrain
 Geology of Mars
 HiRISE
 Lakes on Mars
 List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars
 Martian chaos terrain
 Outburst flood
 Outflow channels

References

Further reading

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Oxia Palus quadrangle


Adventure Island: The Beginning, known in Japan as , is a platform game released for the Wii's WiiWare service. It was developed and published by Hudson Soft.

Gameplay
The game features gameplay similar to the Nintendo Entertainment System version of Adventure Island, but with a 3D graphics makeover. Players control Master Higgins, running and jumping through levels and dispatching enemies with axes, boomerangs and spears. They must also collect food items in order to maintain a constantly depleting vitality meter. Players can also upgrade their abilities and weapons by finding golden melons and trading them in at a shop on the overworld map.

The game also features four minigames, including skateboarding (that uses the motion sensing of the Wii Remote), axe throwing and a virtual re-creation of Hudson's 16-Shot handheld gaming device, which measures how many button presses a player can achieve in a second.

Reception
Prior to release, the game had been criticized by several reviewers who previewed the game. JC Fletcher from Joystiq criticized the 3D makeover, saying that "we do wish that Hudson had taken the Mega Man 9 route, because the 3D makeover isn't working". Ray Barnholt from 1UP.com noted that the game looked "remarkably similar" to Hudson Selection Adventure Island, the previously released GameCube and PlayStation 2 remake of the first game, and felt that the graphics in the remake were "more appealing" than their Adventure Island: The Beginning rendition. IGN called it "an enjoyable, entertaining update to a classic franchise" but lamented the lack of improvements to the presentation.

References

External links
 Official website
 Adventure Island: The Beginning at Mobygames

2009 video games
Adventure Island (franchise)
Platformers
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set on fictional islands
WiiWare games
Wii-only games
Wii games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Hudson Soft games


Lysakerfjorden () is an arm of the Oslofjord in Norway. It starts at the mouth of the Lysaker River, and is bordered by the peninsulas Snarøya to the west and Bygdøy to the east.

References

Fjords of Viken
Geography of Bærum
Oslofjord


Colonel Charles deForest Chandler (December 24, 1878 – May 18, 1939) was an American military aviator, and the first head of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, that later became the United States Air Force. He was one of earliest aviators to show that a machine gun could be fired from an airplane.

Biography
He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1878. He was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the Signal Corps during the Spanish–American War. He was discharged in 1899 but was re-commissioned in 1901.

While in the rank of captain, he served as of the Aeronautical Division of the Signal Corps from August 1, 1907, to May 13, 1908, and also from June 20, 1911, to April 1, 1913.

With the United States entering World War I in April 1917, he quickly rose from captain to temporary colonel in a period of only seven months, during which he commanded the balloon section of the American Expeditionary Forces. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his services during the war.

Chandler reverted to his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in April 1920 and retired from the army for disability in the line of duty in October of the same year. He was promoted to colonel on the retired list in June 1930.

He died on May 18, 1939, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Publications
 Balloon and airship gases (1926) with Walter Stuart Diehl

Awards
 Distinguished Service Medal
 Spanish War Service Medal
 Philippine Campaign Medal
 World War I Victory Medal

Dates of rank

References

External links
 Charles deForest Chandler at Early Aviators

1878 births
1939 deaths
American aviators
Aerial warfare pioneers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army colonels
United States Air Force officers
United States Army Air Service pilots of World War I


Michael Adas (born 4 February 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American historian and currently the Abraham E. Voorhees Professor of History at Rutgers University. He specializes in the history of technology, the history of anticolonialism and in global history.

Background
Michael Adas was born in 1943 to Harold A., and Elizabeth Rivard Adas. He attended Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, MI), where he graduated summa cum laude in 1965. He then went to the University of Wisconsin - Madison for his graduate schooling where he earned two M.A. degrees, History (1967) and Indian Studies (1968), as well as his Ph.D in 1971. In the same year that he earned his M.A. degree in Indian studies he married Jane Hampton on June 18, 1967.

In 1971, Adas joined Rutgers University as an Assistant Professor and steadily rose through the ranks, becoming a full Professor in 1978. In 1996, Michael Adas received dual honors and was promoted to Rutgers University Board of Governors' Professor and received the Abraham E. Voorhees Chair in History. In addition, Michael Adas is a member of the Association for Asian Studies and the American Association of History Professors.

Awards
At Rutgers University, Adas won the John Simon Guggenheim Fellow Award in 1984 and the Warren Susman Teaching Award in 1987. He won the NJ-NEH Book Award in 1990, and the Dexter Prize in 1991 for Machines as the Measure of Men. In 1992, he won the Teacher of the Year Award.

Career timeline
(Editor) Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993.
(Coauthor with Peter N. Stearns and Stuart B. Schwartz) Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the Twentieth Century, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1994.
(Editor) Technology and European Overseas Enterprise: Diffusion, Adaption, and Adoption, Variorum (Brookfield, VT), 1996.
State, Market, and Peasant in Colonial South and Southeast Asia, Ashgate (Brookfield, VT), 1998.
(Coeditor with Steven Adams and Kevin Reilly) World History: Selected Course Outlines and Reading Lists from American Colleges and Universities, Markus Wiener (Princeton, NJ), 1998.
(Coauthor with Peter N. Stearns and Stuart B. Schwartz) World Civilizations: The Global Experience, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1992, 3rd edition, Longman (New York, NY), 2000.
(Editor) Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 2001.
Adas, Michael, "The Paradox of Exceptionalism: Contested Visions of the American Experience and its Place in the Global History of Humankind". In Comparing Nationalism and Citizenship of the United States and Japan. Edited by Chieko Kitagawa Otsuru. Japan Center for Area Studies: National Museum of Ethnology, 2001.
Adas, Michael, "From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Pre-colonial and Colonial Southeast Asia". In Colonialism and Culture. Edited by Nicholas B. Dirks. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001: 89–126.
Adas, Michael, "Contested Hegemony: The Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the Civilizing Mission Ideology". Journal of World History, 2004: 31–64.
Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and America's Civilizing Mission, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.
Contributor of articles and reviews to Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Journal of Asian Studies, Journal of Asian History, Journal of Economic History, and Journal of Social History.
Currently teaches at Rutgers University, 2010.

Works
The Burma Delta. Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941, Madison, Wisconsin: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1974
Prophets of Rebellion: Millenarian Protest Movements against the European Colonial Order, Univ. N. Carolina Press, 1979
Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance, Ithaca [etc.]: Cornell Univ. Pr., 1989, Paperback edition: , review
"The paradox of exceptionalism: Contested visions of the American experience and its place in the global history of humankind". In: Comparing Nationalism and Citizenship of the United States and Japan; 5 (Tokyo): 2001.01.10, ed. by Chieko Kitagawa Otsuru,  Suita: Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology, 2001
"From avoidance to confrontation: Peasant protest in precolonial and colonial Southeast Asia". In: Colonialism and Culture, ed. by Nicholas B. Dirks,  Ann Arbor: The Univ. of Michigan Press, 2001, 89–126.
"Contested Hegemony: The Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the Civilizing Mission Ideology".  In: Journal of World History 15/1 (2004): 31–64.
Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and America's Civilizing Mission, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 2006
(with Peter Stearns and Stuart Schwartz) Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the 20th Century, Longman, 4th edition 2008

References

1943 births
Living people
Historians of technology
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Rutgers University faculty
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Western Michigan University alumni
Academics from Detroit
Historians from Michigan
American male non-fiction writers


Chorizanthe cuspidata is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name San Francisco spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the San Francisco Bay Area and to the immediate north and south. It grows in sandy coastal habitat.

Description
The Chorizanthe cuspidata plant grows flat along the ground, its stems extending up to about half a meter in length. The leaves are located about the base of the stem and are generally oval in shape and up to 5 centimeters long. The herbage is hairy to woolly in texture and green to reddish in color.

The inflorescence is a dense cluster of cylindrical flowers, each bordered by white or pink bracts with hooked or straight spines at the tips. The flower itself is 2 or 3 millimeters long, white or pink, and hairy. The minute tepals are lobed, with the central lobe longest and coming to a point.

Varieties
There are two varieties of this species:
Chorizanthe cuspidata var. cuspidata is quite rare due to its Bay Area habitat having been mostly consumed for development.
Chorizanthe cuspidata var. villosa can be found in the protected habitat of Point Reyes National Seashore.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Chorizanthe cuspidata
Chorizanthe cuspidata - U.C. Photo gallery

cuspidata
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Taxa named by Sereno Watson
Plants described in 1882


Verde Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle on Mars.  It is found in the Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle at 0.5° south latitude and 330.2° west longitude.  It is named after a river in Arizona, USA.

References

See also

 Geology of Mars
 Vallis (planetary geology)
 Water on Mars

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle


See Jane Date is a 2003 romantic comedy television film directed by Robert Berlinger and starring Charisma Carpenter and Holly Marie Combs. It is based on Melissa Senate's book of the same name, and premiered on ABC Family on August 16, 2003.

Synopsis
Single, ambitious, magazine assistant editor Jane Grant has just received an invitation to her younger cousin's wedding, and it is engraved with two words: "plus guest." Come wedding day, Jane had better deliver. After all, she's already told everyone, including her meddlesome and obnoxious Aunt Ina and now-famous high school nemesis Natasha Nutley, that she's in a serious relationship. Now, Jane has two months to find a guy to fit the lie, complete the guest list, and save face. If the series of miserable set-ups orchestrated by her well-meaning best friends Eloise and Amanda are any indication, Jane's in for big trouble. From first date to blind date, from double date to last date, the match game is on-and with millions of men to pick from, Jane is sure to find Mr. Right, right?

Cast
 Charisma Carpenter as Jane Grant
 Holly Marie Combs as Natasha Nutley
 Rachelle Lefevre as Eloise
 Sadie LeBlanc as Amanda
 Antonio Sabato Jr as Timothy Rommelly
 Linda Dano as Aunt Ina
 Joshua Malina as Kevin Adams
 David Lipper as Ethan Miles
 Evan Marriott as Hank Chilton
 Cameron Mathison as Gary Babcock
 Zachary Levi as Grant Asher
 Yannick Bisson as Max Garrett
 Eddie McClintock as Kurt Batner

External links

2003 television films
2003 romantic comedy films
2003 films
ABC Family original films
American romantic comedy films
American comedy television films
Canadian romantic comedy films
Canadian comedy television films
English-language Canadian films
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in Montreal
Romance television films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
English-language romantic comedy films


Robert Colin Wilson  (born 18 February 1928), known as Bob Wilson, is a former cricketer who played for Kent County Cricket Club from 1952 to 1967. Born in Bapchild in Kent in 1928, he appeared in 365 first-class cricket matches for the county as well as in five List A cricket matches towards the end of his career. He was awarded his county cap in 1954.

Wilson was a very straight batsman who was never afraid to attack. He scored 1,000 runs in a season in thirteen consecutive years, with a best of 2,038 at an average of 46.31 in 1964. His 19,458 runs for Kent in first-class cricket is the eighth in Kent's all-time list.

References

External links

1928 births
Living people
Kent cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
A. E. R. Gilligan's XI cricketers
People from the Borough of Swale
Cricketers from Kent


Mahinthrathirat (, , ; 1539–1569) was king of Ayutthaya 1564 to 1568 and again in 1569. He ruled his first reign as a vassal of Toungoo Burma before restoring his father in 1568 as the sovereign king. He became king again in 1569 after his father's death during the Third Siege of Ayutthaya by Toungoo forces. Mahinthrathirat was the last monarch of the Suphannaphum Dynasty as the kingdom fell to the Burmese in 1569. Mahinthrathirat was known for his efforts to counter Burmese and Phitsanulok power by seeking alliance with Setthathirath of Lan Xang.

A prince far from the throne

Prince Mahinthrathirat was a son of Maha Chakkraphat and Queen Suriyothai. Mahinthrathirat had an elder brother Prince Ramesuan the Uparaja - then heir to the throne. In 1548, Tabinshweti marched the Burmese armies to invade Ayutthaya. Mahinthrathirat joined his family to battle the Burmese. However, his mother Queen Sri Suriyothai was killed in battle.

Wars with Bayinnaung

Bayinnaung, brother-in-law of Tabinshweti, led the Burmese to invade Ayutthaya again in 1563. Bayinnaung laid the siege on Ayutthaya in 1564, and installed Mahin as the vassal king on 18 February 1564.

Maha Thammarachathirat, the King of Phitsanulok and Maha Chakkrapat's handful noble, had allied himself with Bayinnaung since the war of 1563. Maha Chakkrapat sought an alliance with Setthathirat of Lan Xang, through the marriage of his daughter Thepkasattri, but Maha Thammarachathirat informed Bayinnaung about the arranged marriage and alliances. Bayinnaung then kidnapped Thepkasatri on her way to Vientiane.  This forced Maha Chakkrapat to abdicate the throne to his son Mahinthrathirat, who planned a joint-attack on Phitsanulok with Setthathirat.  Following that failed attack, Mahinthrathirat urged his father to return to regal power in the ensuing crisis.

Fall of Ayutthaya

Bayinnaung then led the Burmese armies against Ayutthaya with support from Maha Thammarachathirat. The Burmese laid siege to Ayutthaya, during which, Maha Chakkrapat fell ill and died (on 15 April 1569, according to the Burmese chronicles).  Mahinthrathirat assumed the throne again. In spite of several months of efforts, Ayutthaya stood the siege. Bayinnaung then bribed Phraya Chakri, a captured Siamese general, to be a spy. Mahinthrathirat embraced the returned general with trust and appointed Phraya Chakri commander of the Siamese defenses. Phraya Chakri was able to place the less-trained and incompetent troops in the front of the Burmese attack, and thus were easily defeated. The city was taken on 2 August 1569, after nine months.

Bayinnuang installed Maha Thammarachathirat as the King of Ayutthaya on 29 September 1569, tributary to Pegu. Mahinthrathirat along with his family and the nobility were captured and taken to Pegu. Mahinthrathirat died in the same year on the way.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Bibliography

Suphannaphum dynasty
Kings of Ayutthaya
1539 births
1569 deaths
16th-century monarchs in Asia
Princes of Ayutthaya
16th-century Thai people


The Blossom Festival is a summer music festival of orchestral music located at the Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. The festival was originally created to provide a summer concert vehicle for the Cleveland Orchestra and the Blossom Music Center was specifically built to host the festival. The festival's first season was in 1968 and it consisted of six weeks of concerts given by the Cleveland Orchestra intermingled with eight individual jazz/folk music concerts. George Szell conducted the first concert on July 19, 1968.  Since then the festival has been expanded to include ten weeks of orchestral music, most of which is still performed by the Cleveland Orchestra but also includes concerts by the festival's own Blossom Festival Orchestra. The Blossom Festival Orchestra is made up of free-lance musicians from the Cleveland area, mostly pulling from musicians of the Cleveland Pops Orchestra, Opera Cleveland Orchestra, or Apollo's Fire. The orchestra performs annually for the Blossom Festival, often appearing when the Cleveland Orchestra has other summer performance engagements outside of the Cleveland area.

On July 28, 2007 the Blossom Festival made history; premiering the first live concert performance of Hoctor's Ballet which is one of the last orchestral works by Gershwin.

Until 2005, the Blossom Festival had its own music director. The last person to serve in that capacity was Jahja Ling. After he stepped down from that position, the orchestra eliminated the post, and now the orchestra's full-time music director Franz Welser-Möst is in charge of the classical music concerts both during the regular concert season in Cleveland and the summer concerts at the Blossom Festival. Leonard Slatkin was the Festival Director from 1992 through 1999.

2020 saw no festival happening.

References

Classical music festivals in the United States
Music festivals in Ohio
Music of Cleveland
Festivals in Cleveland
Music festivals established in 1968


Tvis Abbey (; ) is a former Cistercian monastery in Denmark. It was situated  on a small island between the Storå and the Tvis Å  rivers, a few kilometres south of Holstebro in Jutland.

History
The abbey was founded in 1163 by Prince Buris Henriksson (1130-1167), earl of Jutland,  who was the son of  Danish lord Henrik Skadelår and the brother of Swedish King Magnus Henriksson (c. 1130–1161).
It was a daughter house of Herrevad Abbey (Herrevad kloster) in Scania (now in Sweden) and was established with a substantial endowment of property near the village of Holstebro. The abbey was dissolved during the Reformation, probably in 1547.
The abbey church, which served as a parish church, was demolished, apparently in 1698, after which a replacement was set up in the west wing, but that too was demolished after the construction of a new parish church in 1887. Today there are no visible remains apart from the foundations. In 1935, a memorial stone was erected over the site of the altar in the middle of the cemetery.

References

Other Sources
 Andersen, Anders, 1978: Tvis Kloster, online at http://tviskirke.dk/brochure/tviskloster.pdf

External links

Holstebro tourism website

Cistercian monasteries in Denmark
1163 establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Denmark


The CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) was an American men's college basketball postseason tournament founded by Collegeinsider.com. The tournament was oriented toward schools that did not get selected for the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament or National Invitation Tournament (NIT).

The tournament was first contested in 2009. In 2012, it expanded to 32 participating teams, but contracted to 26 teams for the 2016, 2017, and 2019 editions, and 20 teams in 2018. The tournament was canceled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the tournament was re-launched and rebranded as The Basketball Classic.

Format
The tournament consisted of five rounds, single elimination-style, and claims to "use the old NIT model in which matchups in future rounds are determined by the results of the previous round". Criteria for selection include, but are not limited to, win–loss record, strength of schedule, strength of conference, and final ten games. Teams from "major conferences" (defined by CollegeInsider.com as the Power Five conferences, Atlantic 10 Conference, American Athletic Conference, Big East Conference, Conference USA and Mountain West Conference) are generally ineligible. Participating teams must finish the regular season with a .500 winning percentage or better to qualify. The only exception to this was the now-defunct Great West Conference Tournament winner, who was given an automatic bid to play in the CIT if they were not given an at-large bid to participate in the NCAA or NIT tournaments, until the dissolution of the conference in 2013–14.  In 2013, the Chicago State Cougars won the Great West Conference Tournament, thus becoming the first team to participate in the CIT with a sub-.500 record (11–21). From the 2016 Tournament to 2019, The Coach John McLendon Classic was played on the first day of the tournament. The Classic was to feature at least one historically black college/university. The winner of the John McLendon Classic advance dto the second round of the CIT.  This was the first time in NCAA Division I Basketball history that a "Classic" has been part of a postseason tournament. Previously the John McLendon Classic was played during the regular season.

Teams must pay $30,000 to host a game.

Broadcast
In 2013, CBS Sports Network partnered with the CIT, showing only the championship game, with the earlier rounds streamed live online. Free registration is required to view the games. Starting in 2014, CBSSN aired the semifinals and the championship game. In 2017 the early rounds of the tournament were shown on Facebook Live. In 2018 Monday's 4 classics were announced for CBSSN. All remaining games until the semifinals were moved to CBS' Sports Live streaming service and watchcit.com.

The following is an overview and list of the announcers and television networks to broadcast the CIT:

Champions

References

External links

 CIT record book

Recurring sporting events established in 2009
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2019
College men's basketball competitions in the United States
Postseason college basketball competitions in the United States


Raised Bill S.B. 1098, Session Year 2009, entitled "An Act Modifying Corporate Laws Relating to Certain Religious Corporations",  was a bill in the Connecticut General Assembly that would have applied solely to Roman Catholic parishes as civil corporations incorporated under the law of Connecticut. The bill, introduced in March 2009, was sponsored by Democratic state senators Mike Lawlor and Andrew J. McDonald. Its stated purpose was to "revise the corporate governance provisions applicable to the Roman Catholic Church and provide for the investigation of the misappropriation of funds by religious corporations."

On March 10, 2009, the bill was tabled.

History

Senator McDonald and Representative Lawlor stated that the bill was proposed as a response to the 2006 fraud case in which Rev. Michael Jude Fay, a priest from the Diocese of Bridgeport, was accused of stealing $1.4 million from his parish. Raised Bill 1098 explicitly referred only to the Roman Catholic Church, and would require the creation of administrative corporate boards of lay people as heads of parishes, replacing the Church's normal oversight by priests and bishops.  On March 11, 2009, a scheduled protest by 3500 marchers became a celebration following the news that the bill had been tabled.

Controversy

According to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), the bill "would force the Church to alter its structure in violation of its own religious principles." One of the sponsors of the Bill, Andrew J. McDonald, stated that the effort was an "attempt to create a forum for a group of concerned Catholic constituents to discuss their legislative proposals regarding parish corporate finances." Bishop William E. Lori, at that time Bishop of Bridgeport, described it as "unconstitutional," as a violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal opened an investigation to "determine its intent and its possible violation of the constitution."

References

External links
CGA.CT.gov, Text of Raised Bill No. 1098, 2009
CGA.CT.gov, Text of Raised Bill No. 1098, 2009 (PDF)
CGA.CT.gov, Vote Talley of Judiciary Committee, S.B. 1098, 2009

Legal history of Connecticut
2009 in Connecticut
2009 in American law
History of Catholicism in the United States
Catholic canon law of property
Parishes of the Catholic Church
Freedom of religion in the United States
Separation of church and state in the United States
Church and state law in the United States
United States corporate law


Chorizanthe diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name diffuse spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it grows on the coastline and mountains of the Central Coast, in sandy scrub, woodland, and forest habitat. It is erect to prostrate in form, its stem generally no longer than 15 or 20 centimeters. The leaves are up to 2 centimeters long and mainly arranged about the base of the plant. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each surrounded by six hook-tipped bracts. The margins of the bracts proximal to the long hooked tip may be very thin and nearly invisible to wide and obvious, and they may be green to white to purplish. The flower itself is about 3 millimeters wide and white with a yellow throat. The tips of its tepals may be smooth or jagged or toothed.

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Chorizanthe diffusa (Diffuse spineflower)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Chorizanthe diffusa
UC Photos gallery: Chorizanthe diffusa

diffusa
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of Monterey County, California
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
Natural history of Santa Barbara County, California
Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
Taxa named by George Bentham


The Array Network Facility component of the EarthScope USArray project is charged with ensuring all the real time seismic data collected from the Transportable Array and Flexible Arrays are transmitted, checked for quality, archived, and accessible online for researchers and the general public. The facility is part of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego. The principal investigator of the ANF is Dr. Frank Vernon.

The facility has developed a series of online tools to allow researchers and the general public to interact with data collected from over four hundred broadband seismic stations across the United States. These four hundred stations make up the Transportable Array component of the EarthScope USArray project. Analysts review automated event detections and produce event bulletins including seismic phase picks which are distributed through the IRIS DMC.

The ANF component of the USArray experiment is funded by the National Science Foundation.

External links
 ANF website
 Real-time view of the deployed stations in the USArray
 Status of the dataloggers located at each station in the USArray Transportable Array (TA)
 Scripps Institution of Oceanography
 EarthScope website
 UCSD website

Sources
 USArray Array Network Facility (ANF): Metadata, Network and Data Monitoring, and Quality Assurance During the First Year of Operations (2004)
 The Earthscope USArray Array Network Facility (ANF): Metadata, Network and Data Monitoring, Quality Assurance During the Second Year of Operations (2005)
 The EarthScope USArray Array Network Facility (ANF): Metadata, Network and Data Monitoring, Quality Assurance During the Third Year of Operations (2006)
 Real-time operation of the NSF EarthScope USArray Transportable Array (2007)
 The Earthscope USArray Array Network Facility (ANF): Metadata, Network and Data Monitoring, Quality Assurance as We Start to Roll (2008)
 Data Latency Characteristics Observed Through Diverse Communication Links by the EarthScope USArray Transportable Array (2008)
 The EarthScope Array Network Facility: application-driven low-latency web-based tools for accessing high-resolution multi-channel waveform data (2008)

Seismological observatories, organisations and projects


Greg Evans may refer to:

 Greg Evans (American football) (born 1971), professional American football player
 Greg Evans (cartoonist) (born 1947), American cartoonist
 Greg Evans (One Life to Live), a fictional character on the American soap opera One Life to Live
 Greg Evans (RAAF officer) (born 1957), Air Vice Marshal, former Deputy Chief of Joint Operations (Australia)
 Greg Evans (television host) (born 1953), Australian television host
 Gregory Evans (1913–2010), Canadian judge
 Gregory Evans (dramatist), British radio and television playwright


The 1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their third in the All-America Football Conference. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 3-10-1, winning only two games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season and the team folded after the season.

The team's statistical leaders included Bob Chappuis with 1,402 passing yards and Mickey Colmer with 704 rushing yards, 372 receiving yards and 60 points scored.

Season schedule

Division standings

References

Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) seasons
Brooklyn Dodgers
Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) season
1940s in Brooklyn
Flatbush, Brooklyn


Pedro Manuel Benítez Arpolda (12 January 1901 – 31 January 1974) was a Paraguayan football goalkeeper. In 1930, he played in the FIFA World Cup in Uruguay, for the Paraguayan team. In 1932, he played 9 matches in the Club Atlético Atlanta, in the Argentinian First League. This club, in those years, was contracted a complete team of Paraguayan footballers.

References

1901 births
1974 deaths
Sportspeople from Luque
Paraguayan men's footballers
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Paraguay men's international footballers
1930 FIFA World Cup players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Argentina


Frank Hoffmeister, born 9 October 1965, is a former backstroke swimmer from West Germany.

Frank competed in the 100 metre backstroke at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, finishing seventh in the Championship Final in a time of 56.19 seconds.

He swam the opening backstroke leg for the West German team that finished fourth in the 4×100 metre medley relay in a time of 3 minutes 42.98 seconds.

References

German male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for West Germany
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Living people
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century German people
21st-century German people


The Wildenstein & Company Building is an edifice that stands at 19 East 64th Street, near Madison Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It is five stories tall and was completed in early 1932. The building was designed in French 18th-century style by Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, architect Horace Trumbauer. Its facade is made of limestone.

The Wildenstein art firm was located in the former Vanderbilt house at 647 Fifth Avenue, between 51st and 52nd Streets, for several years prior to the structure's completion. The Charles F. Noyes Company arranged a five-year extension of a $545,000 mortgage at 5% in June 1932.

In October 1993, Wildenstein & Company purchased 49% of the Pace Gallery; the Wildenstein gallery remained at the Wildenstein Building, and Pace's SoHo branch at 142 Greene Street also became part of the combined business. In April 2010, the combined gallery announced it was splitting, and Pace bought out Wildenstein's 49%.

In 1997 the house had up to 11 members of the Wildenstein family living in it at any one time, leading art dealer Harry Brooks to humorously call the house the "most expensive tenement in Manhattan".
The Government of Qatar planned to buy the house for $90 million in 2014 and operate it as a consulate. The Russian businessman Len Blavatnik sued David Wildenstein, believing that the Wildenstein family had reneged on a promise to sell Blavatnik the property for $79 million. A judge rejected the suit in court in March 2017 stating that the verbal agreement was not legally binding.

In April 2017 it became the most expensive townhouse ever sold in Manhattan when it sold for $79.5 million. The building sold again in February 2018, for $90 million. As of April 2019, it was the home of Skarstedt Gallery. Plans now are for LGDR Gallery to take over in 2023.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Residential buildings in Manhattan
Cultural history of New York City
Upper East Side


John William Peers (born 25 July 1988) is an Australian professional tennis player who specialises in doubles.

He reached his career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 2 on 3 April 2017, and his career-high singles ranking is world No. 456 in June 2012.
He won his first Grand Slam title at the 2017 Australian Open, partnering Henri Kontinen. Peers also finished runner up at the Wimbledon Championships and US Open in 2015 alongside Jamie Murray, and at the 2019 Australian Open with Kontinen. He is also a Grand Slam champion in mixed doubles, winning the 2022 US Open alongside fellow Australian Storm Sanders.
Peers has won 27 doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including the 2016 and 2017 ATP Finals as well as four at Masters 1000 level. He has represented Australia in the Davis Cup since 2016, and also competed at the Olympic Games in 2016 and 2020, winning the bronze medal in mixed doubles at the latter alongside Ashleigh Barty.

His mother, Elizabeth Little, and sister, Sally Peers, are also former professional tennis players.

Professional career

2013
Peers began the 2013 season playing with fellow Australian John-Patrick Smith, receiving a wildcard into the Australian Open. It was here that Peers gained his first Grand Slam victory, upsetting the Polish duo of Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in their opening match; in the second round they fell to Sergiy Stakhovsky and Mikhail Youzhny in straight sets. In February, Peers teamed up with established doubles specialist Jamie Murray, a partnership that immediately looked to be a successful one, as the pair reached the semifinals of their first tournament together at the Open Sud de France. A couple of months later, Peers and Murray won their first title together, defeating 13-time Grand Slam champions and world No. 1 pair Bob and Mike Bryan in the final of the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships after coming back from a set down.

The pair played their first Grand Slam tournament together at the French Open, however despite taking out the 15th seeded team of Knowle and Polášek in the first round, they ultimately fell in their next match against the Colombian duo of Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah Maksoud. This however allowed them to compete at the Aegon Trophy, a Challenger event which they ultimately won. Peers and Murray then went on to have a fairly successful grass court season, reaching the quarterfinals of the Aegon Championships, and the semifinals of the Aegon Championships. They headed to Wimbledon in a confident mindset, however, went out in the first round to James Blake and Jürgen Melzer in a 5-set thriller that ended 14–12 in an 87-minute final set. Their early loss did not dishearten them however, and the pair went on to win their second title of the year a few weeks later, at the Crédit Agricole Suisse Open Gstaad.

At the US Open, the pair had their most successful run at a Grand Slam tournament, making it all the way to the quarterfinals, defeating ninth seeds David Marrero and Fernando Verdasco on the way. In the end, the pair succumbed to eventual finalists Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares in three sets. Next up for the pair was the Asian swing of tournaments, where they had their best run of results to date, making two finals in a row and competing in their first Masters 1000 tournament as partners. At the PTT Thailand Open, the pair were seeded third and went on to win their third title of the year. Peers and Murray defeated multiple Grand Slam champion and former world No. 1 Leander Paes on their way to the final, where they defeated Tomasz Bednarek and Johan Brunström in three sets. The following week, Peers and Murray reached their second final in a row, Peers' first ATP 500 final at the Rakuten Japan Open. Despite a close first set, the pair lost to established doubles pairing of Rohan Bopanna and Édouard Roger-Vasselin in straight sets.

Peers competed in his first ever Masters 1000 tournament at the Shanghai Masters, where he and Murray defeated established doubles champions Julien Benneteau, Nenad Zimonjić and Robert Lindstedt on their way to the semifinals, where they lost in straight sets to Spanish duo of Marrero and Verdasco, in a closely fought contest that ended up being decided by two tiebreakers.

2014
Peers began the year with regular doubles partner Jamie Murray at the Brisbane International. The pair made it to the semifinals, before losing to Daniel Nestor and Mariusz Fyrstenberg in straight sets. Their next tournament was the Heineken Open. They made the quarterfinals before withdrawing from the tournament. At the Australian Open they were the 15th seeds (the first time they were a seeded pair in a Grand Slam tournament). They made the second round before losing to Raven Klaasen and Eric Butorac in straight sets.

Peers played next at the 2014 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament with Julian Knowle while Jamie Murray was out with injury. The pair made it to the quarterfinals before losing to Julien Benneteau and Édouard Roger-Vasselin. Peers next played at the 2014 Open 13 with Jesse Huta Galung, but the pair lost in the first round. Peers next played at the 2014 Dubai Tennis Championships with previous partner Julian Knowle, but they lost in the first round.

Peers next played the Indian Wells Open with regular partner Jamie Murraym but the pair lost in the first round to Benneteau and Roger-Vasselin. They next played at the Sony Open Tennis but lost in straight sets to sixth seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić.

Peers and Murray started their clay court season at the Grand Prix Hassan II where they were seeded second. They made the semi-finals before losing to Lukáš Dlouhý and Tomasz Bednarek in straight sets. They made a second consecutive semi-final at the BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy before losing to top seeds Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău.

At the BMW Open the pair defeated the top seeds Raven Klaasen and Eric Butorac in the semi-finals before defeating Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins to win their first title of the year. They lost in the opening round of the Mutua Madrid Open, but managed to bounce back and reach the semi-finals of the Düsseldorf Open. They followed this up by reaching the third round of the French Open, which was both their best result at the tournament, where they were defeated by top seeds Bob and Mike Bryan.

They followed up the defeat by making the final of the Aegon Championships defeating the Bryan brothers in the second round but were beaten by second seeds Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares. They then lost their opening match of the Eastbourne International. At Wimbledon they were seeded 14th and made the third round before losing in five sets to Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares.

In August the pairing reached the final of the Winston-Salem Open as the third seeds but lost to the pairing of Cabal/Farah. In September, Murray/Peers also reached the final of the Malaysian Open as the second seeds but lost to fourth seeds Matkowski/Paes. The pair finished the year at the Swiss Indoors Open where they lost in the first round again to Matkowsi and Paes.

2015: Wimbledon & US Open finalist
Murray/Peers again began their year at the 2015 Brisbane International, where they defeated top seeds Rojer/Tecau in the first round before going on to win the title by defeating the pairing of Dolgopolov/Nishikori. The pair reached the third round at the 2015 Australian Open as the 16th seeds losing to 4th seeds Dodig/Melo. The pair's good form continued in Rotterdam, where after losing in the qualifying rounds they were handed a first-round match as lucky losers following a withdrawal. The pair went on to reach the final, before losing in a rematch against Rojer/Tecău.

In April, the pair reached their third final of the year in Barcelona, but lost to Draganja/Kontinen. In May, the pair reached back-to-back quarterfinals at ATP 1000 Masters in Madrid and Rome. In Madrid they lost to Lopez/Mirnyi, and in Rome they lost to eventual finalists Granollers/López.

In July, Murray/Peers reached the final of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships losing to Rojer/Tecău in straight sets.

2016: First World Tour Finals & Masters titles
The Olympic year brought changes to the doubles pairing. Also Peers chose a new partner, Henri Kontinen, to defend his title at the Brisbane International. The number 2 seeded pair reached the final beating the number 4 couple Inglot/Lindstedt, and went on to win the title by defeating Peers' compatriots Duckworth/Guccione. Peers and Kontinen separated for the next tournament in Sydney, and got beaten by the same opponents, the fourth seeds Bopanna/Mergea, in the second and the first round respectively. At the Australian Open Kontinen/Peers lost in the second round to Groth/Hewitt.

As a member of the Australian Davis Cup squad, Peers played a World Group 1st round rubber with Lleyton Hewitt against the American couple Bryan/Bryan. The Australian pair lost, letting the United States take a 2–1 lead in the tie. Eventually, Australia lost the tie, which meant that it would have to face the play-offs.

At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, Kontinen/Peers managed to beat the second seeds Dodig/Melo before losing to Mahut/Pospisil in the semifinals. The pair stuck together even though they had a series of first round defeats, until reaching quarterfinals at the Monte-Carlo Masters. They were defeated by Cabal/Farah, despite a promising victory over the top seeds Rojer/Tecău in the second round. In Munich Kontinen/Peers fought their way into the final to encounter Cabal/Farah again. This time the outcome was reversed allowing Peers to celebrate his second ATP tournament title of the year with his Finnish companion.

At the Madrid Open Peers/Kontinen started well beating the second seeds Murray/Soares in the second round. In the quarterfinals the two had a new chance to beat Bopanna/Mergea, this time together, but they lost the match tie-break. In Rome they had to leave the tournament after another first round defeat. Also Roland Garros was a disappointment for the already consolidated pair, as they were sent home by Baker/Daniell already in the round of 32.

In Halle Kontinen/Peers lost at the semifinals to Kubot/Peya. This prepared the players for the grass courts of Wimbledon, where they were to achieve their best Grand Slam tournament result so far. As 10th seeds the couple finally defeated Bopanna/Mergea by winning 8–6 the 5th set of the third round match. However, the pair's destiny was to get defeated in the next round by the top seeds Herbert/Mahut.

Peers and Kontinen continued in Hamburg at the 500 series tournament. They played without dropping a set all the way to the final, to play against Nestor/Qureshi. Neither these opponents could steal a set from the number two seeded pair, which thus obtained their third ATP title together.

Kontinen/Peers then headed to the American continent, reaching semifinals at the Citi Open and quarterfinals at Rogers Cup. Peers participated the Rio Olympics teaming with Chris Guccione. However, the pair lost their first match against the Argentine couple del Potro/González. In Cincinnati Peers tried to conquer the tournament with Kontinen, but they lost in the first round to Pouille/Tsonga. Their luck did not change by the time of US Open. After an initial victory over Delbonis/Pella, they were beaten in the second round by unseeded Lindstedt/Qureshi.

In September Peers played again in the Davis Cup squad. With Sam Groth he defeated Martin/Zelenay of Slovakia, leading Australia to 3–0 victory that guaranteed a place in the following year's World Group.

At the Japan Open in Tokyo, Peers and Kontinen did not get past the first round, losing to Lindstedt/Peya. At the Shanghai Masters the pair performed better, beating the 8th seeded Lindstedt/Pospisil in the second round and the top-seeded Myrray/Soares in the quarterfinals. By defeating the unseeded Čilić/Pavić in the semifinals they were one step away from winning the tournament, but their final opponents Isner/Sock grabbed the title with more relaxed playing.

Peers and Kontinen then appeared at the Swiss Indoors, where they lost in the first round to second seeds Herbert/Mahut in straight sets. One week later at the BNP Paribas Masters event in Paris the duo made it all the way to the final without dropping a set where they again met Herbert and Mahut. This time they came out victorious in three sets to win their fourth title together and their first Masters title overall.

Peers/Kontinen qualified in 5th position for the World Tour Finals in London and was placed in the Fleming/McEnroe group with López/López, Klaasen/Ram and Herbert/Mahut. They progressed to the semi-finals after defeating each of their opponents in the group stage. In the semi-finals Kontinen/Peers faced off against Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan and came out with a 7–6, 6–4 victory to move on to the final against Klaasen and Ram. They emerged victorious yet again, winning 2–6, 6–1 [10–8] to claim their biggest tournament win to date. Peers ended the year at No. 9 on the Doubles Rankings, boosted by his success later in the year.

2017: Australian Open title, world No. 2 in doubles
Peers began the new year with his regular doubles partner Kontinen at Brisbane as the second seeds, however lost in the first round to Nishikori/Thiem in three sets. The duo then arrived at the Australian Open as the fourth seeds. They easily won their first- and second-round matches against González/Marrero and Baghdatis/Müller. Peers and Kontinen then faced Colombian pair Cabal and Farah and won in three gruelling tiebreakers to progress to the quarterfinals. There they faced the Australian duo of Sam Groth and Chris Guccione and won. In the semifinals, they faced another Australian pairing of Marc Polmans and Andrew Whittington. They progressed to their first Grand Slam final, where they won in straight sets against the Bryan brothers.

2021: First Olympic mixed doubles bronze medal for Australia, fourth Masters title
Peers represented Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics in two events. In doubles, Peers partnered Max Purcell and lost in the first round. In mixed doubles, Peers partnered Ashleigh Barty, and they won bronze. Their bronze was Australia's first ever medal in an Olympic mixed doubles competition.

At the Indian Wells Open, he won his fourth Masters 1000 and 25th title overall partnering with new partner Slovak Filip Polášek, with whom he also reached the final of the San Diego Open earlier in the year.

2022: US Open mixed doubles title, Two Major doubles quarterfinals

Significant finals

Grand Slam tournaments

Doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)

Mixed doubles: 1 (title)

Year-end championships

Doubles: 2 (2 titles)

Masters 1000 finals

Doubles: 6 (4 titles, 2 runner-ups)

Olympic medal finals

Mixed doubles: 1 (bronze medal)

ATP career finals

Doubles: 45 (27 titles, 18 runner-ups)

Challengers and Futures finals

Singles: 3 (1–2)

Doubles: 22 (14–8)

Performance timelines

Doubles
Current through the 2023 US Open.

Mixed doubles

Amateur tennis
Peers went to Mentone Grammar and led the 1STS team to two premierships, his first when he was in Year 7 in 2001 and his second when he was in Year 12 in 2006.

Peers played varsity tennis for the Middle Tennessee State University Blue Raiders before transferring school to play for Baylor University Bears.
While representing the Blue Raiders John earned all-conference honours from the Sun Belt in 2009 and 2010 in singles and doubles. Peers also received the Sun Belt Conference MVP in 2009.
During his time at Baylor University John was named All-Big 12 in both singles and doubles and received ITA All-American honours in doubles. Paired with Roberto Maytín they finished the season ranked No. 5 in the National doubles ITA rankings
Peers also earned ITA Texas Region Arthur Ashe Sportsmanship Award.

Notes

References

External links

 Official website

1988 births
Living people
Australian male tennis players
Baylor Bears men's tennis players
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders men's tennis players
Tennis players from Melbourne
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for Australia
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
US Open (tennis) champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in tennis
21st-century Australian people
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)


National Circus Project is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit educational organization in the United States. The organization was founded in 1984 by JeanPaul Jenack and  Meryl Shaffer to teach circus skills in school, as a way to combine physical movement and the arts.

Program specialists are recruited from the professional circus world, variety arts and educational organizations, such as physical education colleges and the Academy of Circus Arts in the UK. On May 22, 1990, the United States House of Representatives issued a commendation to the National Circus Project for "helping to further the cause of international understanding" through an international artist exchange program, bringing artists from China, England, Australia, Latvia, and Russia.

Statistics
Total show audience - 3,558,290
Total student/camper performances - 784
Total student/camp audience- 307,440
Total circus workshops - 55,068
Total circus workshops participants - 1,974,256
Total participants - 5,839,683

References

External links
National Circus Project website
US Embassy Article on Moscow Visit
George A. Jackson ES 2008 Student Circus Video

Circus-related organizations
Circus schools


Mari Mancusi, sometimes credited as Marianne Mancusi, is an American author of  middle grade young adult and new adult novels and former Emmy Award winning television news producer.

Bibliography

Blood Coven Vampires Series
Boys That Bite (2006)
Stake That (2006)
Girls That Growl (2007)
Bad Blood (2009)
Night School (2010)
Blood Ties (2011)
Soul Bound (2012)
Blood Forever (2012)
Blood Coven Vampires Volume One (2011)
 ‘’Once Upon a Vampire’’ (2017)

Scorched series
Scorched (2013)
Shattered (2014)
Smoked (2015)

Frozen series
 Frozen 2: Dangerous Secrets (2020)
 Frozen: Polar Nights (2022)

Middle Grade novels
"Golden Girl" (2015)
"Princesses, Inc" (2017)
"The Camelot Code: The Once and Future Geek” (2018)
"The Camelot Code: Geeks and the Holy Grail" (2019)
”Dragon Ops” (2020)
"Dragon Ops 2" (2021)

Standalone novels
A Connecticut Fashionista in King Arthur's Court (2005)
Sk8er Boy (2005)
What, No Roses? (2006)
A Hoboken Hipster in Sherwood Forest (2007)
 Moongazer (2007) (Reissued in 2012 as Alternity)
 Razor Girl (2008) (Reissued in 2012 as Tomorrow Land)
 News Blues (2008) (Reissued in 2012 as Love at 11)
Gamer Girl (2008)
 These Boots Were Made for Stomping (Anthology, 2008) (Reissued story "Karma Kitty Goes to Comic Con" in 2011)
 My Zombie Valentine (Anthology, 2010) (Reissued story "Zombiewood Confidential" in 2011)

Awards
2006 Most Innovative Historical Romance Award for What, No Roses?, RT Book Reviews
2009 Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers for Gamer Girl, YALSA
2012 Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults for Gamer Girl, YALSA

References

External links

American writers of young adult literature
Living people
1974 births


Engerjordet is a former light rail station on the Holmenkollen Line in Oslo, Norway. It opened in 1898, to serve the resident Holmenkolbanen's executives. The station had a simple wooden platform and saw limited patronage. It was closed in 1935.

History
The station was established concurrently with the line, on 31 May 1898. The distance to the neighboring stations was negligible: only 250 meters to Slemdal However, two influential people in the operating company Holmenkolbanen lived in the vicinity. The one was engineer Halvor Emil Heyerdahl, who lived at Heyerdahls vei 1 (named for himself). Presumably the station was at first not official, but trams would stop there to let the executives on and off. During the 1900s it received a platform. By then Johannes Harbitz, who also lived adjacent to the station, had become the company's director. Owing to limited patronage the station was closed in 1935, despite protests from residents. It remains the only station to have been closed on the line.

Facilities
The station was situated at the intersection of Slemsdalsveien and Heyerdals vei. It was equipped with a simple, wooden platform on the one side. The station was located between Slemdal and Ris. Due to the vicinity to these stations there were few passengers who used Engerjordet. The station was named for the farm Enger.

References

Disused Oslo Metro stations
Railway stations closed in 1935
1935 disestablishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1890s
Railway stations opened in 1898
1898 establishments in Norway


Alfred Maul (1870–1942) was a German engineer who could be thought of as the father of aerial reconnaissance. Maul, who owned a machine works, experimented from 1900 with small solid-propellant sounding rockets.

Background
Although people had long been experimenting with rockets, hardly anyone had used them in a practical application. It was Alfred Maul, an industrialist and engineer born in Pößneck, in the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, that thought of, and implemented, the idea of taking photographs of the land with a rocket-attached camera. He was inspired by Ludwig Rahrmann, who in 1891 patented a means of attaching a camera to a large calibre artillery projectile or rocket. Previously, aerial photographs had been taken from balloons and kites, and in 1896 or 1897 by Alfred Nobel's rocket, from a small rocket at 100 metres altitude. In 1903 Julius Neubronner's pigeons were used to take aerial photos but found to be too unreliable.

Camera rocket development
In 1903, Alfred Maul patented his Maul Camera Rocket. The camera would be launched into the air with a black powder rocket. When the rocket had reached an altitude of about 600 to 800 meters, a few seconds later, its top would spring open and the camera would descend on a parachute. A timer would trigger the taking of the photograph.

In 1904, Maul managed to image the local landscape from a 600-metre altitude.

A military application for Maul's technique was intended and, on 22 August 1906, a secret demonstration occurred before military observers at the Glauschnitz firing range. Maul developed his camera rocket further for the purpose of military reconnaissance. He began attaching gyroscopic-stabilized plate cameras in 1907.

In 1912, his rocket cameras were using a 20 by 25 centimetre photographic plate and gyroscopic steering to ensure stable flight and sharper images. The rocket weighed 41 kilograms.

Aeroplanes take over
Maul's rockets achieved no military significance because conventional aeroplanes during World War I succeeded in the role of aerial reconnaissance. The Deutsches Museum in Munich displays a Maul-built rocket.

References

External links

1870 births
1941 deaths
People from Pößneck
People from Saxe-Meiningen
German aerospace engineers
Photographers from Thuringia
Aerial photographers
Aerial reconnaissance pioneers
Engineers from Thuringia


Reginald Evans may refer to:
Reggie Evans (American football) (born 1959), American football player
Reggie Evans (born 1980), American basketball player
Reg Evans (1928–2009), British-born Australian actor
Reginald Evans (born 1939), English football (soccer) player


Eminent Domain is a period drama film released in 1990. It stars Donald Sutherland and Anne Archer and is directed by John Irvin.

Plot
The film is based on the true story of a senior member of the Polish Politburo (played by Donald Sutherland) and his wife (played by Anne Archer) who are both abruptly banished from the party. While they struggle to figure out why, having unusual encounters with people they do not know in the process, things start to take a darker turn when the wife is sent to a mental asylum and their 15-year-old daughter is kidnapped.

Cast

Production
The movie was filmed on location in Gdańsk and Warsaw. According to film publicity, the movie was based on actual occurrences.

The movie grossed $151,098 in a limited U.S. theatrical release.

References

External links

1990 films
French drama films
Films set in 1979
Canadian drama films
English-language Canadian films
English-language French films
1990 drama films
Films about communism
Cold War films
Films directed by John Irvin
Films scored by Zbigniew Preisner
Films set in Poland
Films set in Warsaw
Films shot in Poland
Films shot in Warsaw
1990s English-language films
1990s Canadian films
1990s French films


The 2009 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) was a single-elimination tournament of 16 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I teams that was won by Old Dominion. Old Dominion defeated  66–62 in the tournament final.

The 16 selected teams were from a pool that were not invited to the 2009 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament or the 2009 National Invitation Tournament.

The tournament began with first round games on March 17, 2009 and concluded with the championship game on March 31.

Bracket
Bracket is for visual purposes only. The CIT does not have a set bracket.

Home teams listed second.

References

CollegeInsider.com Tournament
CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament


The R2 is a line of Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service, operated by Renfe Operadora. It is a major north–south axis in the Barcelona metropolitan area, running from the southern limits of the province of Girona to the northern limits of the province of Tarragona, via Barcelona. North of Barcelona, the line uses the Barcelona–Cerbère railway, running inland through the Vallès Oriental region. South of Barcelona, it uses the conventional Madrid–Barcelona railway, running along the coast through the Garraf region. The R2 had an annual ridership of 33.6 million in 2016, achieving an average weekday ridership of 125,948 according to 2008 data, which makes it the busiest line of the Barcelona commuter rail service.

All R2 trains use the Aragó Tunnel in Barcelona, where they share tracks with Rodalies de Catalunya's regional rail lines , , ,  and , calling at Sants and Passeig de Gràcia stations.
The line originally had no branches, with  and  serving as its only southernmost and northernmost terminus, respectively. In 2009, it took over the service offered by Barcelona commuter rail service line , incorporating the branch lines to Barcelona–El Prat Airport and Barcelona's Estació de França. A new line scheme has been in operation ever since; the services starting or terminating at the airport run north towards Maçanet-Massanes and are designated R2 Nord ("North"), whilst the ones starting or terminating at Estació de Fraça run south towards Sant Vicenç de Calders and are designated R2 Sud ("South"). The rest of the services, simply designated R2, operate between  and .

Together with lines ,  and , the R2 (then simply numbered line 2) started services in 1989 as one of the first lines of the Cercanías commuter rail system for Barcelona, known as Rodalies Barcelona. In the long-term future, it is projected to take over the R4 south of Barcelona, connecting the inland regions of the Barcelona metropolitan area.

History
The predecessor of the modern-day R2 started operating in 1989 as line 2 of Rodalies Barcelona, the Cercanías commuter rail system for the Barcelona area, created in the same year. Since its creation until 2009, the R2 had preserved its original line scheme with no branch lines, using only  and  stations as its northern and southern terminus, respectively. Due to the construction works of the new Sagrera railway station in Barcelona and the urban renewal project associated with it, the operational capacity at Sant Andreu Comtal railway station and its surroundings was restricted. Consequently, several rail services were modified, with Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service lines R2 and  as the most affected. On 31 January 2009, the R10, which linked Barcelona–El Prat Airport to Barcelona's Estació de França, suspended services. The R2 then took over the service offered by the R10, incorporating the branch lines to the airport and Estació de França, and a new line scheme came into service. The R10 was initially scheduled to resume services two years later.

Accidents and incidents

On 23 June 2010, twelve people were killed and fourteen were injured when an express train ran into them as they were crossing the line at  station.

On 28 July 2017, fifty-four people were injured when a R2 Sud train coming from  collided with a buffer stop at Barcelona's Estació de França terminus.

Infrastructure
Like the rest of Rodalies de Catalunya lines, the R2 runs on the Iberian gauge mainline railway system, which is owned by Adif, an agency of the Spanish government. All of the railway lines carrying Rodalies de Catalunya services are electrified at 3,000 volts (V) direct current (DC) using overhead lines. The R2 operates on a total line length of , which is entirely double-track, except for the single-track section between  and Barcelona–El Prat Airport stations. The trains on the line call at up to 34 stations, using the following railway lines, in order from south to north:

All of the infrastructure used by the R2 is shared with other services, except the section between Barcelona–El Prat Airport and El Prat de Llobregat stations, which is exclusively used by R2 Nord services. Between  and Barcelona Passeig de Gràcia stations, it shares tracks with Rodalies de Catalunya's regional rail lines , ,  and , as well as a number of long-distance services to southern Spain, using the Aragó Tunnel through central Barcelona.  regional rail services commence their route at El Prat de Llobregat or  stations, joining the route of the R2 and the other regional and long-distance services from these points on to Passeig de Gràcia. After Passeig de Gràcia, R2 Sud trains, together with the R13, R14, R15 and R16, as well as long-distance services, branch off to Barcelona's Estació de França, terminating there. The rest of R2 services continue northwards through the Aragó Tunnel, calling at El Clot-Aragó railway station, and share tracks with the R11 only. North of Mollet-Sant Fost railway station, Barcelona commuter rail service line  and several freight services join their route. The R8 terminates further north at  so that the R2 only shares tracks with the R11 and freight services from this point on.

Operation

All services running south of Castelldefels railway station, to the south of Barcelona, use Estació de França as their northern terminus, with  or Sant Vicenç de Calders stations serving as their southern terminus, in order from north to south. The services terminating at Vilanova i la Geltrú call at all stations along their route, whilst the ones terminating at Sant Vicenç de Calders operate limited service, running non-stop between  and Castelldefels, as well as  and . On the other hand, all services running north of Granollers Centre railway station, to the north of Barcelona, use the airport station as their southern terminus, with  or Maçanet-Massanes stations serving as their northern terminus, in order from south to north, calling at all stations. Some of the services terminating at the airport also use Granollers Centre as their northern terminus. The rest of the services on the R2 run between Castelldefels and Granollers Centre, calling at all stations, so that they do not terminate neither at the airport nor at Estació de França. The first trains run about 5:00 in the morning, with the latest arriving at about 1:00 at night.

The designation of the services on the line depends on the route they operate. All services terminating at the airport are designated R2 Nord ("R2 North"), whilst the services terminating at Estació de França are designated R2 Sud ("R2 South"). The Nord and Sud designations refer to the fact that such services mostly run on the line's northern and southern portion, respectively. The through services between Castelldefels and Granollers Centre are simply designated R2.

, the service routes operating on the R2 are as follows:

The line's activity gathers on its southern section, between Vilanova i la Geltrú and Barcelona, where an approximate peak-time service frequency of 10 minutes is offered. All services on the line converge on the section between El Prat de Llobregat and Barcelona Passeig de Gràcia stations, where they together offer an approximate peak-time service frequency of 8 minutes. The overall service frequency reduces as the line moves away from Barcelona, especially on the section north of Sant Celoni, where R2 Nord services only operate during the morning rush hour or at night. During the rest of the day, this section is served by regional rail line . Moreover, the services between Castelldefels and Granollers Centre only run on weekdays.

, the approximate service frequencies on the R2 are as follows:

The trains used on the R2 are Civia—specifically, the 463, 464 and 465 Series, which consist of three, four and five cars per set, respectively, 447 Series, 450 Series and 451 Series electrical multiple units (EMU). The 450 and 451 Series are technically and aesthetically identical, differing only in the number of cars per set; the first consist of six cars, whilst the latter consist of three cars. Furthermore, they consist of double-decker cars, becoming the only type of bilevel rolling stock on the Rodalies de Catalunya system. The R2 is the only Rodalies de Catalunya line where 450 and 451 Series trains operate. Normally, the 450 Series runs only on R2 Sud services between Sant Vicenç de Calders and Barcelona's Estació de França, whilst the 451 Series runs only either on R2 Sud services between Vilanova i la Geltrú and Estació de França, or on R2 services between Castelldefels and Granollers Centre stations. Civia and 447 Series trains are used interchangeably on all R2, R2 Nord and R2 Sud services on the line. On average, the trains used on the line operate a total of 216 services every day on weekdays, accounting for a ridership of 125,948, according to 2008 data.

Future
The 2008–2015 Rail Infrastructure Master Plan for the Barcelona Commuter Rail Service, developed by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and Transport, plans to establish a "coast-to-coast" and "inland-to-inland" line scheme. According to this project, the current R2 will be extended southwards from  to  stations, via , taking over the southern section of the present line . The R2 will become the "inland-to-inland" line, creating a new major south–north axis through the inland regions of the Barcelona metropolitan area. R2 trains will continue to use the Aragó Tunnel in central Barcelona with the new line scheme, which is currently not possible due to the configuration of the southern rail accesses to Barcelona Sants. A long-term project with an uncertain completion date, the new configuration would require multimillion-euro investments since it is associated with the construction of a new underground route in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat for the Rodalies de Catalunya lines running through the city as well as the new rail link for Barcelona–El Prat Airport.

As stated in the master plan, the proposed peak-time service frequencies for the future R2 would be as follows:

List of stations

The following table lists the name of each station served by line R2 in order from south to north; the station's service pattern offered by R2, R2 Nord and/or R2 Sud trains; the transfers to other Rodalies de Catalunya lines, including both commuter and regional rail services; remarkable transfers to other transport systems; the municipality in which each station is located; and the fare zone each station belongs to according to the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM Àrea de Barcelona) fare-integrated public transport system and Rodalies de Catalunya's own fare zone system for Barcelona commuter rail service lines.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Rodalies de Catalunya official website
 Schedule for the R2 (PDF format)
 Official Twitter accounts by Rodalies de Catalunya for lines R2, R2 Nord and R2 Sud with service status updates (tweets usually published only in Catalan)
 Geographic data related to ,  and  at OpenStreetMap
 R2 (rodalia 2) on Twitter. Unofficial Twitter account by Rodalia.info monitoring real-time information about the R2 by its users.
 Information about the R2 at trenscat.cat

2
Railway services introduced in 1989


The R3 is a line of Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service, operated by Renfe Operadora. It runs northwards from the Barcelona area to the French border town of Latour-de-Carol, passing through the Vallès Oriental, Osona and Ripollès regions. With a total line length of , it extends notably beyond the limits of the Barcelona metropolitan area, reaching the Pyrenees mountains. According to 2008 data, the line's average weekday ridership is 22,841.

R3 trains use the Meridiana Tunnel in Barcelona, where they share tracks with Barcelona commuter rail service lines ,  and , as well as Girona commuter rail service line  and regional rail line , calling at Sants, Plaça de Catalunya and Arc de Triomf stations. They run primarily on the Barcelona–Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg railway, using Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg as their northernmost terminus, and  as its southern one.

Together with lines R1,  and R4, the R3 (then simply numbered line 3) started services in 1989 as one of the first lines of the Cercanías commuter rail system for Barcelona, known as Rodalies Barcelona. In 2010, after the administration of the Barcelona commuter rail service was transferred to the Catalan government, the line was extended from its original northern terminus at  to Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg. The section north of Vic had not previously been considered part of the Barcelona commuter rail service; designated Ca5, the services running on it were part of Renfe Operadora's regional rail division in Catalonia. In the long-term future, it is projected that the R3 will be rerouted through the Aragó Tunnel in Barcelona. Furthermore, it is planned to be extended southwards to Castelldefels, thanks to the construction of a new branch line from Cornellà de Llobregat.

The R3 is the Barcelona commuter rail service line with the highest number of service incidents, and has been the recipient of much criticism from its users and local authorities. Minor delays occur constantly on the line, most of which can be attributed to the fact that it uses single-track infrastructure for almost all of its length. There have been calls for the conversion of the line's route to double track since the 1990s, especially on the Barcelona–Vic section.

List of stations
The following table lists the name of each station served by line R3 in order from south to north; the station's service pattern offered by R3 trains (excepting the semidirect trains, which only call at ,  and  stations north of Barcelona Sant Andreu Arenal); the transfers to other Rodalies de Catalunya lines, including both commuter and regional rail services; remarkable transfers to other transport systems; the municipality in which each station is located; and the fare zone each station belongs to according to the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM Àrea de Barcelona) fare-integrated public transport system and Rodalies de Catalunya's own fare zone system for Barcelona commuter rail service lines.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Rodalies de Catalunya official website
 Schedule for the R3 (PDF format)
 R3 Rodalies (rod3cat) on Twitter. Official Twitter account by Rodalies de Catalunya for the R3 with service status updates (tweets usually published only in Catalan)

 R3 (rodalia 3) on Twitter. Unofficial Twitter account by Rodalia.info monitoring real-time information about the R3 by its users.
 Information about the R3 at trenscat.cat
 pqnoensfotintren on WordPress. Official blog of the association "Perquè no ens fotin el tren" (Catalan for "Because we want to keep our trains"), which advocates for the improvement of the service offered on the R3.

3
Railway services introduced in 1989


Stephen Brennan is the name of:
Stephen W. Brennan (1893–1968), American judge
Steve Brennan (born 1951), English darts player
Steve Brennan (footballer, born 1958) (1958–2015), English footballer
Steve Brennan (American reporter) (c. 1952–2009), Irish-born American reporter, journalist, and editor of The Hollywood Reporter


Credé procedure is the practice of washing a newborn's eyes with a 2% silver nitrate solution to protect against neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

The Credé procedure was developed by the German physician Carl Siegmund Franz Credé who implemented it in his hospital in Leipzig in 1880. Between 1881 and 1883, Credé published three papers in Archiv für Gynäkologie, each titled "Die  Verhütung  der  Augenentzündung  der  Neugeborenen" (Prevention of inflammatory eye disease in the newborn), describing his method and its results. The original procedure called for a 2% silver nitrate solution administered immediately after birth; however, this was eventually reduced to a 1% silver nitrate solution to reduce chemical irritation to the newborn's eyes.

In the 1980s, silver nitrate was replaced by erythromycin and tetracycline treatments, which are better tolerated by the eye and more effective against Chlamydia trachomatis in addition to N. gonorrhea.

Notes

The works "Archiv für Gynäkologie" are freely available in the public domain.

References

Obstetrical procedures
Sexually transmitted diseases and infections