Olivier Lontchi, (born June 8, 1983 in Cameroon) is a Cameroon-born Canada based professional boxer who fights in the super bantamweight division. Lontchi is the current NABA super bantamweight champion and like fellow Cameroon born fighter Herman Ngoudjo he is trained by Howard Grant and based in Montreal.

Amateur career
Lontchi represented the Cameroon as an amateur boxer. He won a bronze medal in the featherweight division at the 2001 Francophone Games in Ottawa. Following this he and Ngoudjo, who also won a bronze, remained in Canada and they continue to be based there.

Professional career

Debut
Lontchi turned professional in September 2004 at Club Soda, Montreal, Quebec, Canada on an undercard of  bill that included stablemate Walid Smichet. In his debut Lontchi drew with Limoilou's Dave Drouin, six month later the pair would fight again and that time Lontchi won with a fourth round knockout.

Canadian featherweight title
Lontchi remained unbeaten and in 2006 he fought Jason Adams for his Canadian featherweight title in Adams' home province of Alberta. Lontchi knocked out Adams in the ninth of a scheduled ten rounds with an overhand right that left Adams on the canvas for several minutes. Adams had never been stopped in any of his previous fights and following this Lontchi was awarded the prize for Knockout of the Year at the 2006 Canadian Fightnews awards.

NABA and WBO NABO super bantamweight titles
Six straight victories later Lontchi dropped down a weight to the super bantamweight division to face former Mexican and WBO bantamweight champion Cruz Carbajal for both the NABA and WBO NABO belts. Carbajal was the vastly more experience fighter having challenged for the a variety of world title and this being Lontchi's first fight at super bantam and for an international title. Despite this Lontchi produced a master class with his speed overcoming Carbajal power and he went on to win a clear points victory over twelve rounds with only one judge giving Carbajal a single round.

Professional record

|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
|align="center" colspan=8|18 Wins (8 knockouts), 3 Losses, 2 Draw
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Tyler Asselstine
|UD
|8
|04/09/2013
|align=left| Fairmont Royal York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Mikey Garcia
|KO
|5 (10)
|12/04/2010
|align=left| Honda Center, Anaheim, California, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Juan Manuel López
|RTD
|9 (12)
|06/27/2009
|align=left| Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Cecilio Santos
|KO
|7 (12)
|04/04/2009
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ruben Estanislao
|KO
|2 (10)
|11/01/2008
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Draw
|
|align=left| Eduardo Garcia
|PTS
|10
|08/29/2008
|align=left| Casino Rama, Rama, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Roberto Lopez
|UD
|12
|03/08/2008
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Henry Arjona
|UD
|8
|02/09/2008
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Cruz Carbajal
|UD
|12
|11/10/2007
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Fermin de los Santos
|UD
|8
|08/03/2007
|align=left| Centre Pierre Charbonneau, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Osvaldo Lara
|KO
|2 (8)
|04/14/2007
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Roman Campos
|TKO
|5 (8)
|03/10/2007
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike Pare
|TKO
|10
|11/18/2006
|align=left| Colisée de Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Giovanni Caro
|UD
|6
|09/30/2006
|align=left| Montreal Casino, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Saul Gutierrez Hernandez
|UD
|4
|05/24/2006
|align=left| Métropolis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Jason Adams
|KO
|9 (10)
|04/13/2006
|align=left| Capri Centre, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Hardy Paredes
|UD
|8
|02/25/2006
|align=left| Casino du Lac-Leamy, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mathias Tchikaya
|UD
|4
|10/12/2005
|align=left| Árena de Grand-Mère, Grand-Mère, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Bobby Conners
|TKO
|3 (4)
|10/01/2005
|align=left| Delta Hotel, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Stephen Rose
|UD
|6
|07/13/2005
|align=left| Métropolis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Dave Drouin
|TKO
|4 (6)
|04/16/2005
|align=left| Le Colibri, Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Alex Cruz
|UD
|4
|12/01/2004
|align=left| Club Soda, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-
|Draw
|
|align=left| Dave Drouin
|PTS
|4
|09/29/2004
|align=left| Club Soda, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|}

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Cameroonian male boxers
Canadian male boxers
Super-bantamweight boxers


Al-Shamali Athletic Club is a Sudanese football club based in Atbara. They played in the second division in Sudanese football, Sudan Premier League. Their home stadium is Atbara Stadium.The last time they played in the Sudan Premier League was in 2009

References

External links
fifa.com

Football clubs in Sudan


Peter Marchbank, is a British conductor.

Biography

Peter Marchbank studied Music at Cambridge University, was briefly the Music Master at Queen Mary's School for Boys, Basingstoke and then joined the BBC in 1969.  In 1977, he was appointed Senior Producer of the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1991 he joined the Orchestre National de Lille.

In Britain, Peter Marchbank has conducted  the Northern Sinfonia and the Orchestra of the Swan. Overseas, he has conducted major orchestras in Australia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Lithuania, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela .

References

English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British male musicians


Elections to North Ayrshire Council were held on 3 May 2007, the same day as the other Scottish local government elections and the Scottish Parliament general election. The election was the first one using eight new wards created as a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, each ward will elect three or four councillors using the single transferable vote system form of proportional representation. The new wards replace 30 single-member wards which used the plurality (first past the post) system of election.

Election results

Ward results

Changes Since June 2007
†Robert Barr quit the Conservative Party on 24 June 2010 and now sits as an Independent

By-Elections since 3 May 2007
A by-election arose in the Kilbirnie and Beith ward following the death of the Scottish National Party's Craig Taylor, and Anthea Dickson held the seat for the SNP on 14 October 2008.

A by-election arose in the Saltcoats and Stevenston ward following the resignation of the Labour Party's David Munn, and Jim Montgomorie held the seat for Labour on 25 August 2011.

References

2007 Scottish local elections
2007


4th Fighter Division (4. Jagd-Division) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed in August 1942 in Döberitz from the sub units of the 2nd Air Corps. The Division was redesignated 1st Fighter Division on 15 September 1943 and reformed 15 September 1943 in Metz from 3rd Fighter Division of the 2nd Fighter Corps. The unit was disbanded on 8 September 1944.

Commanding officers
Generalleutnant Joachim-Friedrich Huth, 17 August 1942 – 15 September 1943
Generalmajor Werner Junck, 15 September 1943 – 30 September 1943
Oberst Carl Vieck, October 1943 – September 1944

See also
Luftwaffe Organisation

References

Air divisions of the Wehrmacht Luftwaffe
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1944


The 1967 Mount Marshall state by-election was a by-election held on 2 September 1967 for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Mount Marshall in the northeastern agricultural part of the state.

The by-election was triggered by the death of Country Party member George Cornell on 30 June 1967.

The seat of Mount Marshall, first established in 1930, was considered to be a safe seat for the Country Party. At the time of the by-election, the seat included the towns of Bencubbin, Dowerin, Kellerberrin, Koorda, Mukinbudin, Trayning and Wyalkatchem, as well as many smaller towns and settlements in the region.

Timeline

Candidates
The by-election attracted three candidates. Ray McPharlin, representing the Country Party, was a farmer from Dalwallinu who had served on the Dalwallinu shire council from 1958 until 1964. Bill McNee, representing the Liberal and Country League, had farmed at Wyalkatchem and Koorda and was at different times president of both towns' Liberal branches. Djordje Miličić represented the Labor Party.

Results
Ray McPharlin retained the seat for the Country Party. No swings are noted due to the seat being uncontested at the 1965 election.

References

Mount Marshall state by-election 1967
Western Australian state by-elections
1960s in Western Australia
Mount Marshall state by-election 1967


The 1984–85 Scottish League Cup final was played on 28 October 1984, at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 39th Scottish League Cup. The final was contested by Rangers and Dundee United. Rangers won the match 1–0 thanks to an Iain Ferguson goal.

Match details

1984
League Cup Final
Scottish League Cup Final 1984
Scottish League Cup Final 1984
1980s in Glasgow
October 1984 sports events in the United Kingdom


4. Flieger Division (4th Air Division) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed on 1 August 1938 in Munich from the Höheren Fliegerkommandeur 5. The Division was redesignated 21. Flieger-Division on 1 November 1938 and relocated to Braunschweig and again renamed to 4. Flieger Division on 1 February 1939. The unit was relocated to Düsseldorf on 1 October 1939 and redesignated IV. Fliegerkorps on 11 October 1939 and reformed again in June 1943 in Smolensk.

Commanders
 Generalmajor Hellmuth Bieneck, 1 August 1938 – 31 January 1939
 General der Flieger Alfred Keller, 1 February 1939 – 11 October 1939
 Generalmajor Josef Punzert, June 1943 – 30 June 1943
 Generalleutnant Hermann Plocher, 1 July 1943 – 25 August 1943
 Oberst Franz Reuß, 25 August 1943 – 5 April 1945
 Generalmajor Klaus Uebe (acting), 25 December 1944 – 24 January 1945

Notes

References

Air divisions of the Wehrmacht Luftwaffe
Military units and formations established in 1938
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


Jan Fryderyk Dobrowolski (born 9 July 1944 in Poland) is a Polish classical and jazz keyboardist and composer.

He won first prizes at the competitions in Kalisz, "Jazz at the Oder" in Wrocław and the "Jeunesse Musical Festival" in Częstochowa. He made himself a name as a Chopin interpret, but then focussed on Jazz and World Music. He appeared at the Montreux Jazz Festival with fellow bassplayer Zbigniew Bednarek (sometimes referenced as Jacek Bednarek) as Jan Fryderyk Dobrowolski Duo in 1972. Extraordinary band settings in live recordings with Charlie Mariano on saxophone and Alberto Alarcon with castanets gained him high reputation among critics and became also a commercial success. He also composed and recorded music related to car driving and is the composer of music representing brands like Citroën and Opel.

Discography
Recordings

 1972 At The New Jazz Meeting Altena 1972
 1973 Jan Fryderyk Dobrowolski
 1983 trio –
 1983 Handschrift
 1987 Autobahn-Musik
 1992 Two Concerts in Cologne
 2008 highway-music (9 CD-set)
 2011 Hedgehogs, Hedgehogs, Hedgehogs (Hipster vinyl)

References

External links
 Short biography (German)
 Collaborations with Charlie Mariano
 Jazz Index
 Highway-music

Chamber jazz pianists
20th-century Polish pianists
New-age pianists
Living people
1944 births
21st-century Polish pianists


Leonard Jauncey White-Thomson (15 November 1863 – 31 December 1933) was an Anglican bishop who served between 1924 and 1933.

He was born on 15 November 1863 and educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1890, his first post was as Curate of St Margaret's, Nottingham, after which he was Domestic Chaplain to Archbishop Benson. Later he was Rector of St Martin's and St Paul's, Canterbury, Vicar of Ramsgate and from 1918 to 1924 he was Archdeacon of Canterbury before elevation to the episcopate as Bishop of Ely. He died on New Year's Eve, 1933 and was buried in Ely Cemetery.

He married (18 January 1897) the Hon. Margaret Adela Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, daughter of Lord Clinton. She died 20 March 1939. Their son, Ian White-Thomson was Dean of Canterbury from 1963 until 1976.

The couple had two other sons and a daughter.

In 1928 Viscount Lascelles suggested that the Bishop was the author of a popular rhyme criticizing the fashion for short skirts that included the line "half an inch, half an inch, more than she oughter". The Bishop denied it, but admitted composing another rhyme criticizing the fashion.

References

1863 births
1933 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Archdeacons of Canterbury
Bishops of Ely
20th-century Church of England bishops
Burials at Ely


Beaulieu Palace House ( ) is a 13th-century house in Beaulieu, Hampshire, United Kingdom. Originally part of Beaulieu Abbey, the estate was bought in 1538 by Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. It is still owned and occupied by the earl's descendants, the Barons Montagu of Beaulieu.

History

Beaulieu Palace House was originally built in the 13th century as the gatehouse of Beaulieu Abbey. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the estate was purchased by  Sir Thomas Wriothesley, later 1st Earl of Southampton, in  1538. The house passed through marriage into the Montagu family and is still owned by the 1st Earl's descendant, the 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu.

The house was extended in the 16th century, and again in the 19th century, and is today a fine example of a Gothic country house. The house overlooks Beaulieu River and is surrounded by lawns and walkways. The inside of the house has been kept in a Victorian style.

King James stayed at Beaulieu in August 1613 and gave an audience to the Venetian ambassador Antonio Foscarini.

Although still home to the current Lord and Lady Montagu, parts of the house and gardens are open daily to the public. It is a member of the Treasure Houses of England consortium.

The Palace House is open to the public as part of the visitor attraction known as "Beaulieu", which includes:

 Beaulieu Abbey
 National Motor Museum
 Beaulieu Palace House
 World of Top Gear
 Secret Army Exhibition - an exhibit about the Special Operations Executive training at Beaulieu during World War II
 Gardens
 A monorail
 Rides

In film

The 1936 British Pathé film, 'Miniature Railway', (ID Number 1222.23), is a 1':40" long feature which shows (Miss.) "Mary Cook" driving the engine around the grounds.

Local folklore and legend
Beaulieu, according to the official website, is one of the most haunted places in Britain, with reported sightings going back over a hundred years, and possibly as far as the mid-16th century. Numerous paranormal investigators have conducted research at the abbey, including Arthur Conan Doyle, who it is claimed made contact with a ghost during a séance at Palace House.

A lady in blue or grey, reportedly sighted walking through walls and making a lot of noise in the private apartments, is believed to be the ghost of the Countess of Beaulieu, Lady Isabella, who died in 1786. The smell of incense, which allegedly signals tragedy for the people of the abbey or the village, was also reported by Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu among others in a room of the Palace House used as a chapel in the Middle Ages.

References

External links
Official website

Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century
Country houses in Hampshire
Palaces in England
Historic house museums in Hampshire
Grade I listed buildings in Hampshire
Grade I listed palaces
New Forest folklore
Reportedly haunted locations in South East England


Walter Bellamy (6 November 1904 – 19 October 1978) was a professional footballer who played for Ilford, Tufnell Park , Dulwich Hamlet, Tottenham Hotspur and Brighton & Hove Albion.

Football career
Bellamy played for non–league sides Ilford, Tufnell Park, and Dulwich Hamlet before joining Tottenham Hotspur. The outside left played a total of 73 matches and scoring 10 goals for the Lilywhites in all competitions between 1927 and 1934. He moved to Brighton & Hove Albion in 1935 where he went on to feature in a further three matches.

References

1904 births
1978 deaths
Footballers from Tottenham
English men's footballers
Men's association football outside forwards
Ilford F.C. players
Tufnell Park F.C. players
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
English Football League players


Synchronous Ethernet, also referred as SyncE, is an ITU-T standard for computer networking that facilitates the transference of clock signals over the Ethernet physical layer. This signal can then be made traceable to an external clock.

Overview

The aim of Synchronous Ethernet is to provide a synchronization signal to those network resources that may eventually require such a type of signal. The Synchronous Ethernet signal transmitted  over the Ethernet physical layer should be traceable to an external clock, ideally a master and unique clock for the whole network. Applications include cellular networks, access technologies such as Ethernet passive optical network, and applications such as IPTV or VoIP, as well as CERN's White Rabbit Project for sub-nanosecond time synchronization of data acquisition equipment for their high-energy experiments.

Unlike time-division multiplexing networks, the Ethernet family of computer networks do not carry clock synchronization information. Several means are defined to address this issue. IETF’s Network Time Protocol, IEEE's 1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol are some of them.

SyncE was standardized by the ITU-T, in cooperation with IEEE, as three recommendations:

 ITU-T Rec. G.8261 that defines aspects about the architecture and the wander performance of SyncE networks
 ITU-T Rec. G.8262 that specifies Synchronous Ethernet clocks for SyncE
 ITU-T Rec. G.8264 that describes the specification of Ethernet Synchronization Messaging Channel (ESMC)

SyncE architecture minimally requires replacement of the internal clock of the Ethernet card by a phase locked loop in order to feed the Ethernet PHY.

Architecture

Extension of the synchronization network to consider Ethernet as a building block (ITU-T G.8261). This enables Synchronous Ethernet network equipment to be connected to the same synchronization network as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). Synchronization for SDH can be transported over Ethernet and vice versa.

Clocks
ITU-T G.8262 defines Synchronous Ethernet clocks compatible with SDH clocks. Synchronous Ethernet clocks, based on ITU-T G.813 clocks, are defined in terms of accuracy, noise transfer, holdover performance, noise tolerance and noise generation.  These clocks are referred to as Ethernet Equipment Slave clocks.  While the IEEE 802.3 standard specifies Ethernet clocks to be within ±100 ppm, EECs accuracy must be within ±4.6 ppm.  In addition, by timing the Ethernet clock, it is possible to achieve Primary Reference Clock (PRC) traceability at the interfaces.

G.8262/Y.1362 is an ITU-T recommendation for Synchronous Ethernet that defines "timing characteristics of synchronous Ethernet equipment slave clock (EEC). " It was first published in August 2007, amended in 2008 and 2010 and a new version published in 2010.

Messaging channel

In SDH, the Synchronization Status Message (SSM) provides traceability of synchronization signals and it is therefore required to extend the SSM functionality to Synchronous Ethernet to achieve full interoperability with SDH equipment.

In SDH, the SSM message is carried in fixed locations within the SDH frame.  However, in Ethernet there is no equivalent of a fixed frame. The mechanisms needed to transport the SSM over Synchronous Ethernet are defined by the ITU-T in G.8264 in cooperation with IEEE. More specifically, the ESMC, defined by the ITU-T is based on the Organization Specific Slow Protocol (OSSP), currently specified in IEEE 802.3ay.  The ITU-T G.8264 defines a background or heart-beat message to provide a continuous indication of the clock quality level.  However, event type messages with a new SSM quality level are generated immediately.

The ESMC protocol is composed of the standard Ethernet header for a slow protocol, an ITU-T specific header, a flag field and a type length value (TLV) structure.  The SSM encoded within the TLV is a four-bit field whose meaning is described in ITU-T G.781.

Synchronization architectures
A general requirement for SyncE was that any network element (NE) should have at least two reference clocks, and in addition, Ethernet interfaces must be able to generate their own synchronization signal in case they lose their external reference. If such is the case, it is said that the Ethernet node (EN) is in holdover. The synchronous signal must be filtered and regenerated by phase locked loop (PLL) at the Ethernet nodes since it degrades when passing through the network.

Network topologies
The synchronization and transport networks are partially mixed, since some NEs both transmit data and distribute clock signals to other NEs. The most common topologies are:

 Tree: This is a basic topology that relies on a master clock whose reference is distributed to the rest of the slave clocks. It has two weak points: it depends on only one clock, and the signals gradually degrade.
 Ring: Basically, this is a tree topology that uses ring configurations to propagate the synchronization signal. The ring topology offers a way to make a tree secure, but care must be taken to avoid the formation of synchronizing loops.
 Meshed: In this topology, nodes form interconnections between each other, in order to have redundancy in case of failure. However, synchronization loops occur easily and should be avoided.

SyncE networks  do not usually have only one topology, but rather a combination of all of them. Duplication and security involving more than one master clock, and the existence of some kind of synchronization management protocol, are important features of modern networks. The aim is to minimize the problems associated with signal transport, and to avoid depending on only one clock in case of failure. As a result, we get an extremely precise, redundant, and solid synchronization network.

Interconnection of nodes

There are two basic ways to distribute synchronization:
 Intranode, which is a high-quality slave clock known as either synchronization supply unit (SSU). These are responsible for distributing synchronization to NEs situated inside the node.
 Internode, where the synchronization signal is sent to another node by a link specifically dedicated to this purpose, or by a PHY signal.

Several type of networks can be used to transport the synchronous signal and could be combined indeed. Some of these networks are
T1/E1, SONET/SDH and any rate, and SyncE. However legacy Ethernet is not suitable for transmitting synchronization signals. This is important because if the signal crosses a legacy Ethernet island then the synchronization is lost.

Synchronization signals

There are many signals suitable for transporting synchronization:
 Analog, of 1.544 and 2.048 MHz
 Digital, of 1.544 and 2.048 Mbit/s
 SyncE signal at any bit rate
 STM-n/OC-m line codes

Synchronization models

In SyncE, there are several ways to synchronize nodes:
 External timing: The EEC obtains its signal from an stand-alone synchronization equipment (SASE). This is a typical way to synchronize, and the NE usually also has an extra reference signal for emergency situations.
 Line timing: The NE obtains its clock by deriving it from one of the input signals.
 Through timing: Where the Tx outputs of one interface are synchronized with the Rx inputs of the opposite interface.
 Internal timing: In this mode, the internal clock of the EEC is used to synchronize outputs. It may be a temporary holdover stage after losing the synchronization signal, or it may be a simple line configuration where no other clock is available.

Timing loops

A timing loop is in bad synchronization when the clock signal has closed itself, but there is no clock, either master or slave, that would autonomously generate a non-deficient clock signal. This situation can be caused by a fault affecting an NE in such a way that it has been left without a reference clock, and therefore it has chosen an alternative synchronization: a signal that has turned out to be the same signal, returning by another route.  A synchronization loop is a completely unstable situation that may provoke an immediate collapse of part of the network within the loop.

References

External links
 SyncE explained under the installation and maintenance point of view
 White Rabbit Synchronous Network, The White Rabbit Project

Ethernet
Network protocols
Synchronization
Timecodes
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T G Series Recommendations


Dmitri Petrovich Dyuzhev () (born July 9, 1978) is a Russian film and stage actor and singer.

Early life
Was born on July 9, 1978, in Astrakhan, in the family of actor Petr Dyuzhev and Ludmila Dyuzheva. In 1995 he graduated the "School of Gifted Children" and entered the GITIS (Directing Department, acting group, workshop by Mark Zakharov). Dmitri played Donevan in Boris Godunov. Rehearsals coincided with the shooting of the television series Bayazet, in which Dyuzhev was invited for one of the main roles, but Dmitri declined to act in the series.

Career

Since 2006, Dmitry Dyuzhev is an actor of the Moscow Art Theatre. In 2015, Dmitry Dyuzhev made his debut as a theater director, staging the play Bench on the play of A. Gelman.

Personal life
On February 14, 2008, Dmitri married Tatiana Dyuzheva, with a traditional Russian Orthodox ceremony held on July 20, 2008. Their son, Ivan, was born on 8 August 2008.

In January 2023, Ukraine imposed sanctions on Dmitri for his support of Russian invasion of Ukraine. In February 2023 Canada sanctioned Dmitri Dyuzhev.

Selected filmography

Films
 Razborka v Manile (English title: Showdown in Manila) (Russia/Philippines, 2016) as Victor
 Beremennyy (English title: The Pregnant) (Russia, 2011) as Sergey Dobrolyubov
 Delo bylo na Kubani (Russia, 2011)
 Utomlyonnye solntsem 2: Tsitadel (English title: Burnt by the Sun 2: Citadel) (Russia, 2011) as Banya
 Lyubov' i zoloto (Russia, 2010) as Archaeologist
 Hamlet. XXI Century (Russia, 2010) as Claudius
 Blizkiy vrag (English title: Close Enemy) (Russia, 2010) as Oleg
 Moskva, ya lyublyu tebya! (Russia, 2010)
 Utomlyonnye solntsem 2: Predstoyanie (English title: Burnt by the Sun 2: Exodus) (Russia, 2010) as Banya
 Kanikuly strogogo rezhima (English title: High Security Vacation) (Russia, 2009) as Evgeni Koltsov
 Rokery (Russia, 2009)
 Obratnaya storona (English title: The Other Side) (Kazakhstan, 2009) as Bek
 Ischeznovenie (Russia/Ukraine, 2008)
 Zolotaya rybka (Russia, 2008) as Elvis
 Tarif Novogodniy (English title: The New Year's Rate Plan) (Russia, 2008) as Voditel' benzovoza
 Rozygrysh (Russia, 2008) as Aleksandr Ivanovich
 Svoj-Chuzhoj (Russia, 2008) as Matvej
 Kuka (Russia, 2007) as Roma
 Puteshestvie s domashnimi zhivotnymi (English title: Travelling with Pets) (Russia, 2007) as Sergei
 Antidur (Russia, 2007) as Vel'mishev
 Den pobedy (Russia, 2006) as Aleksei Privalov
 Mne ne bol'no (Russia, 2006) as Oleg
 Ostrov (English title: The Island) (Russia, 2006) as otets Iov
 Letuchaya mysh (Ukraine, 2005) as Al'fred
 Mechtat ne vredno (English title: To Dream Harmlessly) (Russia, 2005) as Andrian
 Zhmurki (English title: Dead Man's Bluff) (Russia, 2005) as Simon
 Russkoe (Russia, 2004) as Slavka
 Vsadnik po imeni Smert (English title: The Rider Named Death) (Russia, 2004) as Azef
 Slushatel (Russia, 2004) as Sidyachko
 Kovcheg (Russia, 2002)
 Aprel''' (Russia, 2002)
 Poisons or the World History of Poisoning (Яды, или Всемирная история отравлений, 2001) as Dr. Edme Costa 24 chasa (English title: 24 Hours) (Russia, 2000)

TelevisionThe Road to Calvary (Russia, 2017) as Mamont DalskyOsvoboditeli (Russia, 2010) as himselfVerbnoe voskresen'e (Russia, 2009) as ArturTy - eto ya (Russia, 2006)Karambol (Russia, 2006) as SlutskijSchastlivyy (Russia, 2005) as NikitaOhotniki za ikonami (Russia, 2005) as Moshennik Rubl'Samara-gorodok (Russia, 2004) as Nikita KhabarovKomanda (Russia, 2004) as Mark LevinStilet (Russia, 2003) as Security guard at the casinoNa uglu, u Patriarshih 3 (Russia, 2003)Rodina zhdet (English title: In the Service of My Country) (Russia, 2003) as Nikolai KavchuginSvetskie hroniki (Russia, 2002) as Photographer PetechkaBrigada (English title: Law of the Lawless) (Russia, 2002) as KosmosMarsh Turetskogo (Russia, 2000)

VoiceFantastic Journey to OZ (2017) as bear TopotunMonstry protiv prisheltsev (English title: Monsters vs Aliens) (USA, 2009) as The Missing LinkPro Fedota-streltsa, udalogo molodtsa (Russia, 2008) as GeneralLyagushachij raj (Russia, 2007)

Theatre
Moscow Art Theatre (2006–present):
2006 - Primadonny2009 - Dvoryanskoe gnezdo (English title: Home of the Gentry'')

References

External links

 Kino-teatr.ru
 Kinopoisk.ru
 Ruskino.ru
 Kinomania.ru

1978 births
Living people
Russian male film actors
Russian male stage actors
Russian male television actors
Russian male voice actors
Russian Academy of Theatre Arts alumni
21st-century Russian male singers
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Russia


The 123rd Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force (Polish: 123. eskadra myśliwska) was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939.

History

In September 1939 the 123rd Fighter Escadrille was part of the Pursuit Brigade.
Some reports say that the 123rd Escadrille was a Kraków Army "Eskadra" (Flight) attached to the Brygada Poscigowa for the defence of Warsaw in 1939. Its 120 series Flight number indicates that claim.
Reference: "Ciel de Gloire" website.

Crew and equipment

On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 PZL P.7a airplanes.

The air crew consisted of:
commanding officer kpt. pil. Mieczysław Leonard Olszewski
his deputy ppor. pil. Erwin Kawnik
and 11 other pilots:

 ppor. Stanisław Chałupa
 ppor. Jerzy Czerniak
 ppor. Feliks Szyszka
 pchor. Władysław Bożek
 pchor. Stanisław Czternastek
 pchor. Antoni Danek
 pchor. Tadeusz Kratke
 kpr. Henryk Flame
 kpr. Stanisław Widlarz
 st. szer. Eugeniusz Nowakiewicz
 st. szer. Stanisław Zięba

See also
Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939

Polish Air Force escadrilles


Dušan Veličković (1947 – 5 January 2023) was a Serbian writer, journalist and filmmaker.

Biography
Veličković was born in Belgrade in 1947.

Veličković was dismissed by the Yugoslav government from his post as editor-in-chief of the leading Serbian weekly NIN. Veličković's short stories, essays and reviews have been published widely both inside and outside his native Serbia. He published several books: "Images of Doubt" (interviews with European and American writers and philosophers), "Amor Mundi: Days of Bombardment and Martial Law in Belgrade, True Stories" (published in Belgrade 1999, Melbourne, Australia 2001, Barcelona, Spain 2003), "Internationale" (novel, Belgrade 2002), "Djindjic" (Belgrade 2007), "Serbia Hardcore" (Rovereto, Italy 2008, Belgrade 2009), and Bella, ciao (novel, Belgrade 2011). "Djindjic: A Face of Youth" was published in March 2013 by the Belgrade publisher Laguna, and "Balkan Pin-Up" is to be published by Italian publisher Zandonai Editore in Autumn 2013.

Veličković made two short films: Lenin on the Move (2003) and Mortal Men, Immortal Crimes (2004), as well as a feature documentary: Djindjic: A Life (2005).

Veličković received the International Award for Freedom (Premio Internazionale alla Liberta) from the Società Libera in 2009.

Veličković died in Belgrade on 5 January 2023.

References

1947 births
2023 deaths
Serbian journalists
Serbian writers
Serbian filmmakers
Writers from Belgrade


Madras Mahajana Sabha was an Indian nationalist organisation based in the Madras Presidency. Along with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association, it is considered to be a predecessor of the Indian National Congress. Madras mahajana sabha was formed in 1884.

Origin
The first organisation in the Madras Presidency to agitate for the rights of Indians was the Madras Native Association  which was established by publicist  in 1852. This organisation did not survive for long and was eventually disbanded.

In May 1884, M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu established the Madras Mahajana Sabha. The office of the Sabha functioned in the beginning at the office of The Hindu, Ellis Road Junction, Mount Road. P. Rangaiah Naidu was elected President of the Sabha in 1885. In September 1885, the Sabha in collaboration with the Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association, sent a delegation to England.

The Mahajana Sabha held its first conference between 29 December 1884 and 2 January 1885. The Sabha adopted a moderate policy in its early days. However, still, its aims and objectives were considered seditious. In December 1895, on his visit to Madras, the Viceroy of India, Lord Elgin refused to receive the welcome address from the Madras Mahajana Sabha.

History

The member’s of the Mahajan Sabha felt the necessity of creating an organization at All India level to relieve and free the nation from the clutches of British rule and solve the problems of Indians. The members of the sabha expressed the idea very strongly in the conference held at Adayar Theosophical Society which was attended by many patriots and leaders, who materialized it later by forming The Indian National Congress later. Madras Mahajana Sabha was considered to be a unique organization which has paved the way for India's national freedom by the South Indians. Thus the Sabha has voiced out the fundamental rights of Indians such as national freedom and other common social issues for the welfare of our fellowmen since 1884. It has developed a very close relationship with the Indian National Congress and its activities since 1920 onwards.

Consequently in 1930, the Sabha organized the Salt Satyagraha movement on 22 April in Madras George Town, Esplanade, High Court and Beach areas. The members of the Sabha were attacked savagely by the British police and shed their blood for the national cause. As the Sabha insisted on a legal enquiry about the injustice done towards the participants of the Satyagraha, a three-man commission under the leadership of Justice T.R Ramachandra Iyer enquired thirty people and submitted its report to the government.

When a similar attack was repeated on 27 April in the Public Meeting of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, at Pycrofts Road by the British Police, advocate Sri Govindasamy was killed as the police opened fire. Again it was the Madras Mahajana Sabha which took strong steps to set up an enquiry commission about the murder of Sri Govindasamy and Diwan Bahdur Sri R. N. Arogyasamy Mudaliar headed the commission that brought out the truth to the World. Once again in 1942, many members of the Sabha took part in the Quit India Movement and were imprisoned.

When the British government banned the Congress Party, Madras Mahajana Sabha conducted numerous exhibitions to instigate the patriotic feelings in the hearts of their countrymen such as All India Khadi Exhibition and Swadeshi Exhibition.

The father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, delivered a speech at the meeting of Mahajana Sabha on 24 October 1896. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru also participated in the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the Sabha.

The Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of the Madras Mahajana Sabha were held on 31 January 1945.

It has the daily copies of The Hindu Newspaper since 1932. They were donated to the Hindu Library in 2001. The library possesses all type of books on History, Science, Biographies of leaders, particulars about the world countries etc. apart from the renderings of popular writers.

In addition, the Sabha ran a nursery school in the name of Sri Kamarajar for the children of the very poor and downtrodden people like rickshaw drivers, scavengers and labourers until 1996.

The Sabha’s Executive Committee members met Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (frontier Gandhi) at Raj Bhavan, Madras on 31.12.1969.

Hindi was taught freely in the evenings at the Sabha, which was functioning behind the LIC building, Anna Salai till 1990. The government and private authorities who learned here benefitted from this service.

From 1980 to 2001, the Sabha met great financial assistance for its administration. The then administrators like P.G. Nataraja Mudaliar, Myilai M.P. Gnanasundram, K.Ramanathan and C.T. Shanmugam have rendered great service and assistance for the functioning of the Sabha during this period. Their services during this period is remarkable and praiseworthy.

The centennial year celebrations of the Sabha were conducted in the year 1985. Many leaders with historical importance took part in its various events. The Sabha has awarded mementos to Fifty Thyagies on this occasion.

Madras Mahajana Sabha celebrated its 125th year in 2010.

References

Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu
Organizations established in 1874
Organisations based in Chennai
1874 establishments in India


The geography of the North Cascades describes a range of rugged mountains in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, United States. In Canada, the range is officially named the Cascade Mountains but is commonly referred to as the Canadian Cascades.

Extent
The Fraser River and Similkameen River in British Columbia form the northern boundary of the North Cascades. On the east, the Okanogan River and the Columbia River bound the range. On the west within the United States, the foothills of the range are separated by a narrow coastal plain from Puget Sound, whereas in Canada there are few if any foothills and the range drops steeply to the floodplain of the Fraser Lowland.

The southern boundary of the North Cascades is less definite. For the purposes of this article, it will be taken as US Highway 2, running over Stevens Pass, or equivalently, the Skykomish River, Nason Creek, and the lower Wenatchee River. This roughly follows Beckey's division. Sometimes the southern boundary is defined by Snoqualmie Pass and the approximate route of Interstate 90.

Subranges

There are various formally named subranges, and some informally named ones.  Formally named subranges include the:
Okanagan Range
Hozameen Range
Bedded Range
Skagit Range
Cheam Range ("Four Brothers")
Picket Range
Informally named ranges include the Coquihalla Range, which lies between the Coquihalla River and the Fraser Canyon south of an imaginary line roughly connecting Coquihalla Pass with the town of Boston Bar.  The Coquihalla Range includes a group of horn-like summits known as the Anderson River Group, also known as the Llamoid Group due to conferred names such as Vicuna Peak, Yak Peak, Guanaco Peak, etc.

Protected areas

The North Cascades include various protected areas.
Chief among the areas in Washington is North Cascades National Park, occupying much of the area between Mount Baker and the Cascade divide. Contiguous with the Park are
Ross Lake National Recreation Area and Lake Chelan National Recreation Area.
Designated wilderness areas in the range include:
Mount Baker Wilderness
Glacier Peak Wilderness
Boulder River Wilderness
Henry M. Jackson Wilderness,
Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness
Noisy-Diobsud Wilderness
Pasayten Wilderness
Stephen Mather Wilderness
Wild Sky Wilderness

In British Columbia, protected areas include
Skagit Valley Provincial Park
E.C. Manning Provincial Park
Cascade Recreation Area
Cathedral Provincial Park
Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park

Notable peaks
The following North Cascades peaks are notable for their height (absolute elevation):

(The above table uses a topographic prominence cutoff of , in order to list only highly independent peaks.)

The following peaks are notable for their topographic prominence:

The following peaks are notable for their large, steep rise above local terrain. Peaks are listed in descending order by elevation.

Highest waterfalls

The North Cascades are known for having many extremely tall glacial-fed waterfalls; the ten highest measured waterfalls are listed.

Many tall waterfalls occur where meltwater from mountain glaciers drop down a headwall, which are common occurrences in the North Cascades. Many waterfalls, despite their great height, are non-notable as they are not clearly visible and often have low volume. Seahpo Peak Falls, despite its great height at nearly , is an example of one of these waterfalls. A few notable exceptions do occur; Sulphide Creek Falls occurs where meltwaters from two of the largest Mount Shuksan glaciers are forced through a narrow chute over a  headwall at the head of Sulphide Valley.

Features
Geographical features in the area of the North Cascades National Park can be found in this image map:

References

North Cascades
Geography of British Columbia
Geography of Washington (state)


Craig Edwards (born 8 July 1982) is an English former footballer, who played as a midfielder.

Career
Edwards made his debut for Southend United in the Football League Trophy on 5 December 2000 at home to Cheltenham Town in the 2–0 victory. He made his debut in the Football League replacing David Lee as a substitute, in a 3–1 win over Mansfield Town in a Division Three match on 5 May 2001.

References

External links

Living people
1982 births
Footballers from Greater London
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Redbridge F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Bishop's Stortford F.C. players
Billericay Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
National League (English football) players


An integration platform is software which integrates different applications and services. It differentiates itself from the enterprise application integration which has a focus on supply chain management. It uses the idea of system integration to create an environment for engineers.

Integration platforms can be built from components, purchased as a pre-built product ready for installation or procured from an integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS) company.

Overview

An integration platform tries to create an environment in which engineers can:

 Data (information) integration: Ensure that they are using the same datasets and can share information. Data management with metadata information and versioning ensures the data is kept consistent.
 Integrate many kinds of applications (independent from platform, programming language or resource) so they can be bound together in workflows and processes to work in conjunction. The different interfaces are hidden by the usage of a uniform interface in the integration platform (Process Integration).
 Collaborate between distributed and scattered applications and engineers over the network.
 Interoperability between different operating systems and programming languages by the use of similar interfaces.
 Take security considerations into account so that, for example, data is shared only with the right resources.
 Visual guidance by interactive user interfaces and a common facade for all integrated applications.

Common components of integration platform

Integration platform typically contains a set of functional components, such as
 Message bus for enabling reliable messaging between enterprise applications.
 Adapters to transform messages from and to application's proprietary protocol. Adapters often offer connectivity via common standards, like FTP, SFTP or format support, like EDI.
 Transformation engine and visualized data mapping to transform messages or files from one format to another.
 Metadata repository for storing information separated from processes, like business party.
 Process Orchestration Engine for orchestration design and execution. In this context orchestration is a technical workflow that represents a business process or part of it.
 Technical dashboard for tracking messages in a message bus and viewing execution history of orchestrations.
 Scheduler for scheduling orchestrations
 Batch engine for controlling large file transfers, batch jobs, execution of external scripts and other non-messaging based tasks.

Differentiation

An integration platform has a focus to be designed by and helpful to engineers.  It has no intention to map business processes or integrate tools for supply chain management.  Therefore, it is not related to those systems.

Interoperability


Verily Anderson (12 January 1915 – 16 July 2010) was a British author, best known for writing the screenplay of the 1960 film No Kidding, based on her 1958 book Beware of Children, for writing Brownie books and writing genealogical books about the Gurney, Barclay and Buxton families.

Biography

Born as Verily Bruce on 12 January 1915 in Edgbaston, Birmingham, she was the daughter of Francis Rosslyn Courtenay Bruce and Rachel Gurney, the fourth of her parents' five children.

Verily Bruce was educated at Edgbaston High School for Girls, Birmingham, between the ages of four and seven, then she attended Normanhurst School in Battle, Sussex. At 16, she attended the Royal College of Music in London. She was in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry between 1938 and 1941.

On 2 August 1940 she married Captain Donald Clive Anderson (1897–1957), son of Frank Anderson, thereafter using the name Verily Anderson for her writing. She achieved success at the age of 41 in 1956 with the publication of Spam Tomorrow, "a deft and frequently uproarious account of her wartime experiences on the home front...a new kind of memoir, one of the first to explore the lives of women in wartime." The Andersons ran a holiday home in Sussex catering for children of parents living abroad – characterised by one newspaper as "infant pandemonium" because of its no-rules philosophy. After her husband died, leaving five children aged from three to 15, Anderson wrote with increased vigour, and her 1958 book, Beware of Children, was adapted for the film No Kidding (1960) by the producers of the Carry On series, starring Leslie Phillips, Geraldine McEwan and Joan Hickson.

Between 1946 and 2002, Anderson also worked with the BBC in TV and radio, on Woman's Hour and writing TV plays.

On 10 August 1971, she married Paul Edward Paget (1901–1985).

She last resided in Frogshall, Northrepps, Norfolk, where she died at home on 16 July 2010, aged 95, just after completing a book, Castellans of Herstmonceux (1911-2010) (Bader International Study Centre, 2011). She is buried with her husband Paul Paget in the neighbouring village of Sidestrand.

Children
Children of Verily Bruce and Captain Donald Clive Anderson:
 Marian O'Hare, designer.
 Rachel Anderson, a writer mostly of children's literature.
 Eddie Anderson, a television producer.
 Janie Anderson (now Janie Hampton), a writer and radio presenter.
 Alexandra Walker (née Anderson), a literacy tutor to young people.

Gurney family history and genealogy
Verily Anderson was the author two books about the Gurney, Barclay and Buxton families:

The Northrepps Grandchildren, published in 1968 (); reprinted in 1979 & 2000.
Northrepps Hall is a converted farmhouse near Cromer, Norfolk, which has been occupied by the same family for more than eight generations and is now Grade II listed. This family now has thousands of members, many of whom have made their mark on British society. Notable are Thomas Fowell Buxton, of slave-emancipation fame, and Elizabeth Fry, the social reformer. For the Buxton, Barclay and Gurney families, Northrepps Hall has been a focus for many years; Verily Anderson recalls living there and provides a close-up account of family life through the eyes of the many children who used the house over generations.
Friends and Relations: Three Centuries of Quaker Families, published in 1980 (); a detailed family history of the Gurney family, using information from family records.

Books

Brownie books
Towards the Golden Hand. A play for Brownies; 1948.
Magic for the Golden Bar, 1953.
Amanda and the Brownies. Illustrated by Joan Milroy; 1960.
The Brownies and the Golden Hand. Illustrated by Edgar Norfield; 1963.
The Brownies and the Ponies. Illustrated by Edgar Norfield; 1965.
Brownies on Wheels, 1966.
The Brownies and the Wedding Day, 1974.
Brownies' Cook-Book, 1974.
The Brownies and the Christening, 1977.
Brownies' Day Abroad, 1984.

Other children's books
Vanload to Venice. Illustrated by Margaret Ingram; 1961.
Clover Coverdale, 1966.
Camp Fire Cook-Book, 1976.

Autobiography
Spam Tomorrow, 1956.
Our Square, 1957.
Beware of Children, 1958.
Daughters of Divinity, 1960.
Nine Times Never. Illustrated by Edward Lewis; 1962.
The Flo Affair, 1963.
The Yorks in London. Illustrated by Nathaniel Mayer; 1964.
Scrambled Egg for Christmas; line drawings by Marian O'Hare; 1970.

Non-fiction
The Northrepps Grandchildren, 1968.
The Last of the Eccentrics: A Life of Rosslyn Bruce, 1972.
Friends and Relations: Three Centuries of Quaker Families, 1980.
The De Veres of Castle Hedingham, 1993.
Castellans of Herstmonceux (1911–2010), 2011 ().

Film
Beware of Children, 1960, renamed No Kidding in North America. Directed by Gerald Thomas and starring Leslie Phillips, Geraldine McEwan, Julia Lockwood.

See also

 www.janiehampton.co.uk
 www.rachelanderson.co.uk

References

External links
 The De Vere Society

1915 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
English children's writers
People from Northrepps
20th-century English novelists
Burials in Norfolk


Anna Maria Rückerschöld (5 February 1725 – 25 May 1805), born Rücker, was a Swedish author who wrote several popular books on housekeeping and cooking in the late 18th and early 19th century. She was an advocate of women's right to a good education in household matters and propagated this view in public debate through an anonymous letter in 1770. Along with Cajsa Warg and other female cookbook authors, she was an influential figure in culinary matters in early modern Sweden.

Biography

Rückerschöld was born on 5 February 1725. She was the daughter of Emerentia Polhem and Reinhold Rücker, a judge of the local hundred who was employed at the high court in Stockholm. She grew up in Stjärnsund and Hedemora, being one of ten children in the family, seven girls and three boys. The family was not part of the nobility, but belonged to the upper echelons of society and the father was eventually knighted in 1751, the same year as he died. Reinhold Rücker spent much time away from the home while working in Stockholm, leaving his wife to run the household. Rückerschöld was the granddaughter of inventor and industrialist Christopher Polhem and spent part of her childhood with her grandfather at his estate at Stjernsund. When Rückerschöld was twelve, her three brothers were sent to be educated at the prestigious Uppsala University. The seven sisters remained in Hedemora without receiving any formal education, which was the customary upbringing of girls at the time.

In 1750 Rückerschöld married Jonas Jakobsson Dahl, an accountant employed by the high court in Stockholm. Dahl was educated at Uppsala University and was the son of a factory owner. Rückerschöld kept her maiden name throughout her life, changing it only after her father was knighted in 1751 and -schöld ("shield") was added to his last name. Rückerschöld was 25 years old when she married and Dahl 33, eight years her senior. The couple had their first child, Emerentia, in 1751, and moved to Sätra gård in modern-day Upplands Väsby, north of Stockholm in 1760. Rückerschöld gave birth to three more children between 1759 and 1765, Maria, Fredrica and Christopher. A fourth child, Chierstin, died only seven hours after her birth. The other three children reached adulthood. Emerentia married a lawspeaker in Småland while her sister Maria Fredrica remained a spinster. Christopher went to sea, but was never heard from after that. The family moved from Sätra gård to Stockholm. The earliest record of their residence in Stockholm is from 1775, and the couple remained there the rest of their lives. Both parents survived their children; Dahl died in 1796 and Rückerschöld nine years later, on 25 May 1805, at the age of 80.

Public debate
Rückerschöld is best known for her books on cooking and household work, but it has also been established that she wrote an article advocating household education for women. In February 1770 a letter with the title "Det Olyckliga Swenska Fruentimrets Böneskrift till Allmänheten" ("The unhappy Swedish woman's entreaty to the general public") appeared in the periodical Almänna Magazinet written by Fru D**, "Mrs D**" (likely "Mrs Dahl"). The letter has been attributed to Rückerschiöld since it is known that she wrote a letter to Carl Christopher Gjörwell, publisher of Almänna Magazinet and other papers, only a few weeks later. In the letter she is grateful to Gjörwell for having one of her writings published, and expresses her wish that she would "live to see even the smallest amendment to the suggestions that I have ventured to adhort for the benefit of my sex".

The article was published during a period of intense public debate. Freedom of press had been established in 1766 and encouraged people to give their suggestions on how to improve Swedish society. Economy, emigration, agriculture and education were hotly debated issues, as well as the problematic situation for unmarried middle class women. Without a spouse a woman in 18th century Sweden could have great difficulty supporting herself, especially as lower ranking servants were often promoted to maids and thereby lowering the number of employment opportunities for unmarried women.

Rückerschöld defended the "natural" division between male and female spheres of work, but also advocated schools for women where they could be taught household duties, such as cooking, sowing and basic household economics. She believed the need for practical household knowledge should have priority over social skills intended to please, such as knowledge of music, embroidery and art. Through allegories, the letter expressed Rückerschöld's view on the relationship between the sexes, and her passionate concern for the well-being of her fellow women. She attempted to illustrate the gravity of the situation by comparing the plight of women with that of Philomela, a character in Greek mythology who was raped by her sister's husband and then had her tongue cut out to prevent her from speaking about the deed. She eventually managed to expose the husband by painstakingly explaining her story through embroidery.

Her passionate advocacy for the right of contemporary middle-class women to a solid education in housekeeping has led journalist and writer Ingrid Ärlemalm to describe Rückerschöld as a "cautious feminist". In the letter in Allmänna Magazinet, she also shows signs of being well-read and familiar with contemporary literature on pedagogy with quotes from François Fénelon's Traité de l'education des filles ("Treatise on the Education of Girls"), which had been published in Swedish translation 1762. Like Rückerschöld, Fénelon strongly advocated household education to for young women.

Housekeeping and cooking

In 1785, fifteen years after she wrote her plea for female household education, Rückerschöld published En Liten Hushålls-Bok ( "A Small Household Book"). It was published in her own name, and contains various practical advice on efficient household management; cooking, cleaning, washing, brewing, butchering, etc. Rückerschöld was influenced by the mercantilistic economic ideas of her time, and advised readers to take better advantage of local produce, such as berries and mushrooms and using locally available products in favor of imports, such as substitution of wine with juice or vinegar made from homegrown fruit. There are few actual recipes for cooking, and all of them describe more everyday dishes such as simpler porridge and soup. For more refined cooking, Rückerschöld recommended other contemporary cookbooks, of which Cajsa Warg's is described as the foremost.

The book proved to be popular enough to be printed in two more editions and in 1796 Rückerschöld's first genuine cookbook was published, Den Nya och Fullständiga Kok-Boken ("The New and Complete Cookbook"). It was far larger than her previous work, over 300 pages, and included recipes for more refined dishes. Nevertheless, Rückerschöld tried to hold fast to her frugal ideals. In the foreword to the book, she described Cajsa Wargs cookbook as being too extravagant, though this is partially excused because it was written in a time of more abundance and by an author used to the lavish resources of a wealthy kitchen. In the book Rückerschöld continued to promote her goal that all women should be skilled homemakers and cooks; without such knowledge, they would not be able to fulfill their duties as women. Other than recommendations in the foreword, the book also contained a short chapter with descriptions of fictitious housewives that served as warning examples about neglecting housework in favor of beautification, reading, religion, or doing the chores of the servants. The ideal housewife is embodied only by the final example, Beningnia. By being humble, studious and knowledgeable, and being first to rise and last to go to bed, she becomes "the pride of her husband, pinnacle of the household, joy of servants, delight of friends, assuager of the poor, solace of the inconsolable, haven of the oppressed, and, finally, the envy of mean-spirited neighbors".

Before her death, Rückerschöld would write two more books on the topic of housekeeping and cooking: Fattig Mans Wisthus och Kök, ("Poor Man's Larder and Kitchen") and En Liten Hushålls-Cateches ("A Small Household Catechism"). The first book was published in 1796, and  aimed for a broader readership than the previous books. This included not just modest urban households, but also peasant wives who made up the majority of the population in Sweden at the time. Again Rückerschöld stressed the importance that women know proper housekeeping skills, and urged them to take good care of the household economy to keep incompetent husbands from wrecking the family budget. Other than directions for simple dishes, there was money-saving strategies like baking one's own bread or cooperating with neighbors to buy larger quantities of food at lower prices. In the book Rückerschöld portrays herself as going on inspection in a peasant household, being shown the barn, larder, vegetable garden, etc., and having suggestions for improvements everywhere. Fattig Mans Wisthus och Kök was awarded a silver medal by Patriotiska Sällskapet ("The Patriotic Society") for being the first cookbook written for poorer households. Twenty years earlier, the society had issued a challenge with this aim, but no one before Rückerschöld had managed to write such a book. In 1797, one year after the book was first published, a second edition came out.

En Liten Hushålls-Cateches came out in 1800 and was only 43 pages long. In her last book Rückerschöld repeated her previous stances about the importance of knowing household skills, and that girls should be allowed to partake in household work from an early age rather than being pampered and taught impractical skills. While stressing that a woman's God-given station was in the home and that she should be accustomed to humility and obedience, she also encouraged women to take matters in their own hands; the lack of household education could only be alleviated by sharing information and passing on knowledge from one generation to the other.

Bibliography
 "Det Olyckliga Swenska Fruentimrets Böneskrift till Allmänheten" 1770 (published under a pseudonym)
 En Liten Hushållsbok (1785)
 Fattig Mans Wisthus och Kök (1796)
 Den Nya och Fullständiga Kok-Boken (1796)
 Försök till en liten Hushålls-Cateches (1800)

See also
 Cajsa Warg
 Swedish cuisine
 Early modern European cuisine

Notes

Sources
  Helmius, Agneta "Det Olyckliga Swenska Fruentimret": Om kokboksförfattarinnan Anna Maria Rückerschöld och kvinnors villkor på 1700-talet. Polhemsstiftelsen i Stjernsund, Hedemora. 1993.
  Ärlemalm, Inger Cajsa Warg, Hiram och de andra: om svenska kokboksförfattarinnor. Ordalaget, Bromma. 2000.

Further reading

External links

 Biography of Rückerschöld from Svenskt biografiskt lexikon at the Swedish National Archives (in Swedish)
 En Liten Hushålls-Bok at Swedish Wikisource

Swedish food writers
Swedish non-fiction writers
Swedish women non-fiction writers
18th-century Swedish women writers
Swedish chefs
1725 births
1805 deaths
18th-century Swedish writers
Women food writers
Women cookbook writers


Jefferson Anderson (Pasila)  is a Finnish animated sitcom. The computer-animated series portrays a satirical view of daily events in Helsinki at a police precinct in the suburb of Pasila. The series is made by members of the same team that made the award-winning series The Autocrats, a political animated satire. In 2007, the Finnish Broadcasting Company (Yle) sent Pasila to compete for the Rose d'Or. The show's first two seasons were later dubbed in English and are available online. A sequel, Pasila 2.5 – The Spin-Off, was broadcast in 2014-2016.

Characters

Lieutenant Kyösti Pöysti (Jefferson Anderson )
Pöysti (voiced by Jani Volanen (Original series), Tero Koponen (Spin-off)) is the main character, aged 30 or 31 years throughout the series. He is single and is always seen sucking on a pacifier, showing his infantility and emotional handicap. However, his jadedness and penetrating cynicism allows him to see through schemes and discern motives. Pöysti's modus operandi can be described as psychological: he finds the sore spots of criminals by going through several options and uses them to crack the perps – or not. Sometimes he goes for overkill, like provoking people to jump off the roof or arresting innocent people without grounds.

Precinct captain Rauno Repomies
Repomies (voiced by Kari Hietalahti) is the Captain of the Pasila precinct, a man with a moustache and heavy medication. He is nearing retirement and often displays antiquated manners. He keeps on getting more confused and more poetic, until someone usually reminds him to take his pills. He is extremely gullible and many episodes involve him ending up as the victim of the main perpetrator. Repomies and Pöysti have a bad relationship because of their incompatibility: Repomies is annoyed by Pöysti's slacking and disrespect for authority, but his authoritarian management practices aren't very successful at dealing with this either.

Officer Tommi Neponen
Neponen (voiced by Juho Milonoff) is Pöysti's classmate from the Police Academy. He's described as the only sane person in the Pasila precinct. He's been married for seven years and has children. Although Pöysti considers him a friend, there is a running joke that Pöysti doesn't remember Neponen's first name.

Desk sergeant Pekka Routalempi
Routalempi (voiced by Juho Milonoff) is the 46-year-old desk sergeant at the precinct. He keeps on pondering common things in everyday life and considers these phenomena "fascinating". As he explains in an episode, this behaviour was adopted after he stopped drinking and therefore saw how wonderful life could be even without alcohol. His stories are so mind-numbingly boring that Repomies thinks using him as an interrogator is a violation of human rights treaties (which is "fascinating" too). He is divorced. He is terrible at chases, because he doesn't want to hurt people and doesn't want to overtake other cars.

Helga
Helga (voiced by Mari Lehtonen) is the token woman police officer, although very manly in her manners and the most macho of all characters. Her father is ashamed of his daughter, as he wanted a son. He threw Helga into a river as a baby. Helga is doing her best to fulfill her father's wishes and blames her mother for being a girl.

Juhani Kontiovaara
Juhani Kontiovaara  (voiced by Jani Volanen (Original series), Tero Koponen (Spin-off)) is the presenter in the morning TV show Huomenta ihmiset ("Good Morning, People"). His voice and behavior is exaggeratedly calm. The character is a parody of Lauri Karhuvaara, presenter at Huomenta Suomi. In his free time, he goes orienteering during the weekends. He holds the police in high esteem and he thinks he's Pöysti's best friend, even though Pöysti hates him and his show.

Darja
Darja appears in the spin-off series. She is a hippie that does yoga and believes in horoscopes and auras. No criminal investigation method, such as meditation or remote seeing, is too far out for her. She tries to see the best in everyone, being reluctant to assume malice or use force. However, this is only up to a point; she can be firm if pushed enough.

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2

References

External links

2007 Finnish television series debuts
2000s Finnish television series
2000s adult animated television series
Finnish adult animated comedy television series
Animated satirical television series
Yle original programming


AGIS (Apex Global Internet Services) is a former Internet backbone based in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is most remembered as having openly hosted spam email services, which destroyed its reputation and led to its bankruptcy.

Corporate history

AGIS was founded as Apex Global Information Services in 1994 by Phillip J Lawlor. AGIS acquired Network99, Inc. in July 1995.

Lawlor believed an ISP was not responsible for policing the content of its customers traffic. This hands-off policy resulted in a safe haven for the notorious spammer Sanford Wallace. By 1997, when Wallace's account was finally terminated, the ISP's reputation had been ruined. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February, 2000.

AGIS was acquired by Telia Internet, Inc. in 2000. Telia Internet, Inc. was acquired by Aleron Broadband, Inc. in 2001. Aleron Broadband was acquired by Cogent Communications in 2004.

Products
In 1997, AGIS introduced its colocation product under the brand name "CoolLocation."

References

External links
 Cyberpromotions, Inc. v. Apex Global Information Services, Inc.
 ISP told to allow spammer, for now

Internet service providers of the United States
Companies based in Wayne County, Michigan
Privately held companies based in Michigan


The 2009 Sudan Premier League was the 38th edition of the highest club level football competition in Sudan. The competition started on 18 February 2009 with a 1–1 draw between Al-Mourada and Merghani Kassala. For the 2009 season, the number of teams had been expanded from 12 to 13 teams. Al-Merreikh were the defending champions.

Team information

Last updated: 6 April 2009

Standings
The last game of the first round was on Saturday May 16 before the mid-season break, after which the league resumed play with the 14th week/round on July 19.

Positions by round

Results

Season statistics

Goals

 Most goals scored by a player in a single game, 4:
 Ez alden Alhamri (Al-Hilal (Port Sudan)), home game against Al-Hilal (Kadougli) on February 18
 Abdelhamid Ammari (Al-Merreikh), home game against Al-Shimali on May 16
 262 goals scored through 6 August 2009 - Week #18

Wins
 Biggest home win:
 Al-Merreikh 6–1 Al-Shimali
 Biggest away win:
 Al-Hilal Omdurman 5–2 Al-Ahli (Wad Medani)

Top scorers

References

External links
 FIFA.com

 http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?c=4299&stage=1

Sudan Premier League seasons
Sudan
Sudan
football


The Munich tramway () is the tramway network for the city of Munich in Germany. Today it is operated by the municipally owned Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (the Munich Transport Company, or MVG) and is known officially and colloquially as the Tram. Previous operators have included Société Anonyme des Tramways de Munich, the Münchner Trambahn-Aktiengesellschaft, the Städtische Straßenbahnen and the Straßenbahn München.

The tram network interconnects with the MVG's bus network, the Munich U-Bahn and the Munich S-Bahn, all of which use a common tariff as part of the Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Munich Transport and Tariff Association, or MVV) transit area.

As of 2012, the daytime tram network comprises 13 lines and is  long with 165 stops. There is also a night tram service with four routes. The network is operated by 106 trams (as of 2012), and transported 98 million people in 2010 and 104 million people in 2012.

History

The tramway started in 1876, with a horsecar service. The first tramways extended from Karlsplatz (Stachus), which remains one of central nodes of Munich's tram network. Two years later, the Société Anonyme des Tramways de Munich was founded. In 1882, the Münchner Trambahn-Aktiengesellschaft (MTAG) was founded.

Electric trams were introduced by Union-Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft in 1895. In 1900, the last horsecar was taken out of service. In 1907, MTAG was taken over by the city, and changed its name to Städtische Straßenbahnen. In 1919, the municipal agency Münchner Straßenbahnen was established. After World War II ended in 1945, only twenty tram lines remained; of 444 trams, only 168 were in operational condition. In 1956, the first new tram line after the war was opened.

The 1972 Munich Olympic Games presaged a major expansion of public transport in the city. In 1965, construction of the Munich U-Bahn, the city's rapid transit system, was started. It opened in 1971, the same year as the transit authority MVV was founded. In 1972 a new S-Bahn network opened that, like the U-Bahn, was carried in new tunnels under the city centre. As these networks grew, they seemed to threaten the tram network, with extensive line closures in favour of the new modes.

Such closures continued into the 1990s, but in 1991 the city council passed a plan to upgrade and modernize the tramway, as the trams were seen to be a better fit to expected passenger flows on many routes. Three years later, Class R2 low-floor trams were introduced, along with a night network. These were followed, in 1999, by the larger Class R3 trams. In 2001, the voltage on which the trams operate was increased from 600 to 750 V. The following year the MVG was formed.

In 2009 the brand new route 23 was opened. This route acts as a feeder route for U-Bahn lines U3 and U6, to which it connects in an elaborate terminus above Münchner Freiheit U-Bahn station. The line has no interchanges with other tram routes, but is linked to the rest of the tram network by a connecting track that carries no public service. At the same time, February 2009, class S trams, built to the Stadler Variobahn design, were introduced.

In December 2011 an extension was opened from the previous Effnerplatz terminus to St. Emmeram. The extension was  long and added seven new tram stops to the network. Tram route 16 was extended to serve St. Emmeram, with knock-on effects on routes 17, 18 and 27.

In December 2012 new routes 22 and 28 were opened.

In December 2013, the extension of route 19, from its previous terminus at Pasing-Marienplatz to München-Pasing railway station, was opened in order to enable better interchange with S-Bahn and long-distance train services.

In December 2016, route 25 was extended to the east of the city, from Max Weber Platz to Berg am Laim S-Bahn station. The extension comprises  of segregated alignment with seven new stops, and a journey time of approximately eight minutes. The area served is undergoing redevelopment.

Operation

Vehicles
The tram system uses five types of tram:

The Class P tram is a two-section high-floor articulated tram carried on two four-wheeled trucks, usually operating with a similar articulated trailer tram. They were built by Rathgeber between 1967 and 1969. One two-car set carries 315 passengers, with 151 seated. , six sets remained in service, of which two are reserved for special services. The Class P tram was withdrawn in November 2014 for a short time.
The Class R2 tram is a three-section 100% low-floor articulated tram carried on six axles. The trams were built by Adtranz to their GT6N design between 1994 and 1997. Each tram has a capacity of 157 passengers, of whom 58 are seated. As of 2011, 68 trams are in service, operating on all lines.
The Class R3 tram is a four-section 100% low-floor articulated tram carried on eight axles. The trams were built by Adtranz to their GT8N2 design between 1999 and 2001. Each tram has a capacity of 218 passengers, of whom 67 are seated. As of 2011, 20 trams are in service, operating on lines 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, and also 25 on school holidays and weekend.
The Class S tram is a five-section 100% low-floor articulated tram carried on six axles. The trams were built by Stadler to their Variobahn design. They have a capacity of 221 passengers, of whom 75 are seated. Four trams of this design were delivered in 2011, and a further 10 are on order, with delivery expected in 2011.
The Class T trams are 100% low-floor articulated trams with two-, three- or four sections. They were built by Siemens to their Avenio design. The first tram was delivered to Munich in November 2012. The first Avenios entered service on 17 September 2014 on line 19.

A number of older trams are still owned by the MVG. Some are exhibited in the MVG Museum, and may occasionally be seen on special services. Other Munich trams are displayed in the 'Verkehrszentrum' (Transport Centre) of the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

Class M
The first four M1.62 trams and two m1.62 trailers were delivered by Rathgeber and Westwaggon in 1949 and 1950. Based on the experience with the M1.62, eight M2.63 trams were delivered from 1951 to 1953. These trams had a different door arrangement than its predecessor. Additionly, eight m2.65 trailers were delivered by Rathgeber and Westwaggon in 1951 and 1952. From 1953 to 1955, 100 type M3.64 trams were built by Rathgeber. From 1956 to 1959, 98 more M4.65 trams were delivered, and from 1963 to 1965, 75 M5.65 trams were delivered. The M tram fleet also had a total of 191 m3 and m4 trailers. In 1975, the entire type M2 fleet was withdrawn due to the reduction of the tram network. The last day of regular services with type M trams was on 7 December 1998.

Class P
Two experimental articulated trams, designated as P1.65, were built by Rathgeber in 1959 and 1960. Since two conductors were required for them, the P1.65 were too uneconomical and no further sets were ordered. In 1965, two prototype articulated trams were delivered by Rathgeber, built under license from Hansa Waggonbau of Bremen. They were designated as P2.12 and P2.13. After the prototypes proved successful, between 1966 and 1968 a total of 42 P3.16 trams were built.
A total of 40 p2.14, p2.15 and p3.17 trailers were built by Rathgeber between 1964 and 1968. The type P2 trams were decommissioned in 1982 (motored cars) and 1989 (trailers). Since the 1990s, after delivery of the successor type R3.3, the P3 trains are retired. Between 2001 and 2003, many cars were sold to Romania for use on the Timişoara tram system and the Bucharest tram system. Other trains were scrapped or given to private interested parties. After temporarily only one car had been used in regular service, six P3.16 cars and five trailers were in regular use again in mid-2014. One motor-car was preserved as an inoperable exhibit at the MVG Museum. It was disassembled as a spare parts donor in early 2016.

Class R
Three prototypes of a three-section low-floor tram of the Adtranz low floor design were ordered for evaluation. The three cars were delivered 1990/91 and formed the R1.1. series. The cars had two joints and three self-supporting steel car bodies. The three R1.1 cars are no longer part of MVG's fleet since they were returned to the manufacturer. Between 1994 and 1997, a total of 70 three-section low-floor trams were procured, designated as R2.2 series. Towards the end of the 1990s, additional low-floor vehicles with a higher capacity than the R2.2 series were purchased. 20 R3.3 series trams were delivered between 1999 and 2001. Although the R3.3 is based directly on the R2.2, it features a different front design and more doors. Since 2010, around 50 R2.2 trains have been refurbished by a subsidiary of Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe.

Class S

The Class S tram is an articulated tram built by Stadler Rail to its Variobahn design. The five-section 100% low-floor trams have a total length of . The first delivered S-Tram, number 2301, was used for the first time in Munich on 19 March 2009 for a press tour.

A total of 14 trams were built between 2008 and 2011. The vehicles are designed for 221 passengers each. The top speed is . After numerous technical problems with its running gears, MVG cancelled the further order and switched to Siemens Avenio for their next generation tram, the T1 tram.

Class T
In May 2014, MVG announced a prequalification procedure in which interested manufacturers can submit vehicle designs to the proposals. Due to the increasing ridership, trams were tendered to be able to operate in multiple, reaching a total length of 48 meters. The double traction trains, which are to consist of two coupled tramways, should provide space for 270 passengers. However, for these trains to be able to travel, the stops still need to be extended. The trams were expected to join the Munich fleet in 2017. In October 2015, MVG finally commissioned 22 more Avenio trams from Siemens. Nine two-car and three-car trams were ordered, which can be coupled with each other. Four four-car trams also have been ordered. The contract also includes an option for up to 124 further trams. The 22 new trams will be delivered from mid-2017.

Network

As of 2012, the Munich tram network comprises thirteen daytime routes and four night routes. The tram network totals  of route length, including  of segregated tram lane, with 165 stops.

The network is standard gauge track and configured to allow a maximum body width of . It is electrified using overhead lines at 750 VDC. As all Munich trams are single ended, facilities for turning trams, such as turning loops or wye tracks, are provided at all termini and strategic intermediate points.

Daytime routes
The daytime route network operates between 04:45 and 01:30, and comprises the following routes:

Night routes

The night route network operates between 01:30 and 04:30, and comprises the following routes:

Future developments

Westtangente

The new  Westtangente line is meeting the demand for a crosstown transportation in the west, serving five municipalities: Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, Laim, Sendling-Westpark, Hadern, and Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln. The new line follows mostly the current Metrobus 51 and the 1928 tram extension plan. The line will have seventeen stops with subway transfer points at Aidenbachstraße station (southern terminus), Holzapfelkreuth station, Laimer Platz station, and München-Laim S-Bahn station along with Tram line 12 and lines 16 and 17 at Romanplatz (northern terminus), Tram line 18 at Agnes-Bernauer-Straße, and Tram line 19 at Ammerseestraße. The passengers can transfer to Tram line 12 for further journey to Schwabing, bypassing the city centre. The line number has not been assigned yet. The €170 million Euro construction approved on 21 March 2018 is expected to begin in 2024 and completed by 2027 the latest.

Nordtangente (Englischer Garten)

Another new tram line project in discussion is the Nordtangente (North Tangent) across the Englischer Garten, linking Elisabethplatz (Trams lines 27 and 28) in the west with terminus at Romanplatz and Tivolistraße (Tram line 16) in the east with terminus at St. Emmeram. Additionally, the proposal also examines the possible southern extension of Tram line 23 to connect with the Nordtangente at Martiusstraße and Leopoldstraße intersection and eastern extension of Tram lines 16 and 17 to the Johanneskirchen S-Bahn station at Johanneskirchner Straße and Cosimastraße.

The Englischer Garten tram line was proposed in 1927 but was immediately rejected by the city council. The proposal for the Nordtangente isn't without controversy due to the feasibility of running trams through the busy thoroughfare and potential damage to the environment during the construction and after the service launch. Several buses (MetroBus 54, 58, and 68 as well as local Bus 154) currently serve the 600-metre-long Englischer Garten thoroughfare, adding noise and congestion. Adding the tram line would cause safety hazard for pedestrians and cyclists who in a very large number share the same thoroughfare.

The overhead lines could not be used due to the sensitive nature environment in Englisher Garten and due to many mature trees in close proximity. An initial proposal was to use the specially modified trams that run on batteries across Englisher Garten before reverting to overhead lines outside the park. MVG and Stadler Rail modified one Class S tram with lithium-ion batteries for feasibility runs at Velten near Berlin: this specially modified tram broke the world distance record by running  on a test track. The Class S trams delivered to MVG in 2012 are designed to be retrofitted with batteries.

After the success of Initiative M-ein Englischer Garten, a grassroots movement to cover the portion of Mittleren Ring highway in Englischer Garten, the same grassroot movement group proposed a tram tunnel as the most optimal solution, citing the 1926 article in Bayerischen Umschau. The €45 million tram tunnel is gaining traction as most favoured option for several reasons. The tram tunnel along with forthcoming Mittleren Ring tunnel would reunite the northern and southern Englischer Garten once again. The tunnel moves the tram and bus traffic underground, removing the noise and congestion. Without the traffic on the thoroughfare, the safety of pedestrians and cyclists is enhanced. As to reduce the construction cost by making tunnels lower in height, the overhead lines would not be installed in the tunnel. The trams would switch to battery power during the travel through tunnel before switching back to the overhead lines outside the park.

Further extensions

 Line 18: Extension to the Blumenau in the West
 Line 19: Extension to the Michaelibad in the east
 Hauptbahnhof-Silberhornstraße: Like bus line 58
 Südtangente: From the Aidenbachstraße or the Waldfriedhof, the planned Westtangente via Harras, Brudermühlstraße and Candidplatz could be connected with the line 25 at the Tegernseer Landstraße and on line 17 at the Giesing station.
 Line 19: Extension in the east to Trudering, from there possibly to Haar.
 The line 17 south of Stadelheimer, Nauplia and Seybothstraße could be used instead of U-Bahn line U1 from Mangfallplatz to Krankenhaus Harlaching or the Großhesseloherbrücke. Since this route is currently served (2016) by a bus in the 20-minute clock is sufficiently unlikely.
 From the route to St. Emmeram to one of the S-Bahn stations  or .
 Alte Messe – Nordbad: New route from the Schwanthalerhöhe station via Heimeran- and Schwanthalerstraße to the main station, where the route could be linked to the planning of Hauptbahnhof-Silberhornstraße. The route continues northwards through the Seidl and Schleissheimer Straße to the turning wye at the Nordbad.
 From Munich Moosach station to Moosach or from the Westfriedhof to Untermenzing station
 Line 23: Extension to the south to the planned north-tangente at the Giselastraße. From there, the line could be taken to the Elisabethplatz and further towards the city center.
 An extension of the tram from St. Emmeram to Unterföhring is unlikely because of the nature of the bridge which would be used over the Foehringer Ring and the narrow road in Unterföhring.
 Olympia-Einkaufszentrum – St. Emmeram: New tangent in the north of Munich (like bus line 50)
 Ostbahnhof-Neuperlach: Like bus line 55

References

External links

 MVG web site (German language)
 MVG web site (English language subset)

Munich
Munich
Rail transport in Munich
Transport in Munich
Munich
750 V DC railway electrification