Charles "Charlie" Arthur Pollard (27 August 1897 – 1 October 1968) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s, and coached in the 1930s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 236) (captain), as a , or , and coached at club level for Batley.

Background
Charlie Pollard was born in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 71 in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

Playing career

International honours
Charlie Pollard won a cap for Great Britain while at Wakefield Trinity, he played  in Great Britain's 11-13 defeat by New Zealand in the 2nd test match at Basin Reserve, Wellington on Wednesday 6 August 1924.

County honours
Charlie Pollard won cap(s) for Yorkshire while at Wakefield Trinity.

County Cup Final appearances
Charlie Pollard played  in Wakefield Trinity's 9–8 victory over Batley in the 1924–25 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1924–25 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 22 November 1924, and played  in the 3–10 defeat by Huddersfield in the 1926–27 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1926–27 season at Headingley, Leeds on Wednesday 1 December 1926, the original match on Saturday 27 November 1926 was postponed due to fog.

Notable tour matches
Charlie Pollard played  in Wakefield Trinity's 3–29 defeat by Australia in the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain match at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 22 October 1921.

Club career
Charlie Pollard made his début for Wakefield Trinity during August 1919, he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during December 1932, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.

Testimonial match
Charlie Pollard's Testimonial match for Wakefield Trinity was the 8–7 victory over Leeds at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 19 March 1927.

Coaching career

Club career
Charlie Pollard was the coach of Batley from July 1935 to March 1939.

Genealogical Information
Charlie Pollard's marriage to Nora Gwendoline (née Brownhill) (birth registered during third ¼ 1905 in Wortley district) was registered during second ¼ 1926 in Wakefield district. They had 3 children; the rugby league footballer Roy Pollard; Oxford University RFC, Wakefield RFC, Colwyn Bay RFC and North Wales rugby (captain) rugby union footballer David Pollard (birth registered during fourth ¼ 1929 in Wakefield district); and Barbara M. Pollard (birth registered during third ¼ 1932 in Wakefield district), Charles was the older brother of the rugby league footballer; Ernest Pollard, the Wakefield Trinity  of the 1930s; Lionel Pollard (birth registered during first ¼ 1913 in Wakefield district), Frank Pollard (birth registered during first ¼ 1914 in Wakefield district), Donald Pollard (birth registered during second ¼ 1916 in Wakefield district), and Wilfred Pollard (birth registered during second ¼ 1917 in Wakefield district), and was the uncle of the Wakefield RFC rugby union footballer from 1956 to 1958; Anthony Pollard (birth registered during third ¼ 1935 in Wakefield district).

Outside rugby league
Charlie Pollard was the Landlord of the Graziers' Hotel, Belle Vue, Wakefield .

References

1897 births
1968 deaths
Batley Bulldogs coaches
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Place of death missing
Publicans
Rugby league centres
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league wingers
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire rugby league team players


The Federalist Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução Federalista)  was a civil war that took place in southern Brazil between 1893 and 1895, fought by the federalists, opponents of Rio Grande do Sul state president, Júlio de Castilhos, seeking greater autonomy for the state, decentralization of power by the newly installed First Brazilian Republic and, arguably, the restoration of the monarchy.

Inspired by the monarchist ideologies of , who had been one of the most prominent politicians by the end of the monarchy and acted as political head of the revolution, the federalists had Gumercindo Saraiva as the military head supported by his brother Aparicio Saraiva, of the Uruguayan National Party, and by the Navy rebels who, after being defeated at the capital following the Rio de Janeiro Affair, moved south to strengthen the federalist forces. Also known as maragatos, the federalists fought the republican forces of the Brazilian Army headed by the Rio Grande do Sul senator and army general Pinheiro Machado.

The conflict was not limited to Rio Grande do Sul, affecting the entire southern region of the country, which was mostly under federalist control. The rebels' objective was to group the forces against the republican government of Floriano Peixoto and march to the capital, Rio de Janeiro, to depose him. The federalists effectively installed a parallel government by deposing the presidents of the states they controlled and holding elections and by adhering to the proclamation by the navy rebels of Prince Pedro de Alcântara as emperor Pedro III. Nonetheless, after the Siege of Lapa, the federalists were unable to advance further, being defeated in the Battle of Campo Osório. The end of the war consolidated the young Brazilian republic, leaving 10,000 dead, many of which were beheaded.

Background

During the nineteenth century, the province of Rio Grande do Sul was often in a state of war. In the Ragamuffin War (1835-1845) and in the Paraguayan War (1864-1870), the population of Rio Grande do Sul was devastated. In the last years of the Brazilian Empire, three antagonistic political leaders appeared in the region: the liberal Assis Brasil, the conservative Pinheiro Machado and positivist Júlio de Castilhos. The three met to found the Riograndense Republican Party (Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense) (PRR), which opposed the , founded and led by the liberal monarchist Gaspar da Silveira Martins. In 1889, with the Proclamation of the Republic, these currents came into conflict, so that in only two years the now state of Rio Grande do Sul would have eighteen presidents.

Panorama of Castilhos

Júlio de Castilhos was born and raised in a gaúcho resort and studied Law in the Faculty of Law of São Paulo, where he had contact with the positivist ideas of Auguste Comte. After graduating, he returned to his homeland and began to write in the newspaper The Federation (), attacking the monarchical government, slavery and his political opponent Gaspar da Silveira Martins. He was a constituent congressman in 1890-1891, and believed in a dictatorial phase to consolidate the Brazilian Republic, defending a strong centralization of power in the republished dictator.

Defeated in the national constituent assembly, he implanted his ideas in Rio Grande do Sul's state constitution, months later, in a text he wrote almost entirely by himself, ignoring suggestions from the commission of jurists highlighted for the task, and approved it in July 1891 at a controlled state assembly by the Riograndense Republican Party, led by him and of positivist orientation. The state constitution foresaw that the laws would not be drafted by the state parliament, but by the chief executive, who could be re-elected for new mandates. As the vote was not secret, the elections would be easily manipulated by the followers of Castilhos, which would guarantee him to remain in power indefinitely.

In the same month that he approved his constitution, he was elected governor. In November, for having supported the coup led by president Deodoro da Fonseca who ordered the closing of the National Congress, he was deposed and replaced by a government junta that lasted little and soon passed the government to general Domingos Barreto Leite. Castilhos resumed a parallel government and was re-elected in a contest without competitors, taking possession in January 1893. At that moment, the state was the "nerve point of the Republic" and the answer of the opponents was imminent.

Panorama of Martins

Gaspar da Silveira Martins, an intellectual and a good orator, had been appointed minister by emperor Pedro II in one of his last acts in an attempt to save the monarchy. After the proclamation of the Republic, he was imprisoned and sent into exile in Europe, returning to Rio Grande do Sul in 1892 with the state already under the government of Júlio de Castilhos; there he founded the Federalist Party of Rio Grande do Sul, that defended the parliamentary system of government and the revision of the state constitution. With the possession of Castilhos, Gumercindo Saraiva would also return to the state, coming from his refuge in Uruguay and leading a band of five hundred men. A second group, commanded by general , occupied another region of the state with a force of three thousand men. Threatened, the governor convinced the then president of Brazil Floriano Peixoto that the uprising was an attempt by Silveira Martins to restore the monarchy. And indeed, it was. Silveira Martins, for being a declared monarchist, participated in meetings with other Brazilians who had the goal of restoring the parliamentary monarchy in Brazil. On that occasion he proposed to Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil to allow the soldiers linked to the Navy Revolt to take her eldest son, Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, to be acclaimed as emperor Pedro III, whom the princess refused to fear for her son.

Pica-paus and Maragatos

The followers of Gaspar da Silveira Martins, gasparistas or maragatos (federalists), were frontally opposed to the followers of Júlio de Castilhos, the castilhistas, pica-paus (woodpeckers) or ximangos (republicans).

The followers of Júlio de Castilhos received the nickname of pica-paus or ximangos, due to the color of the uniform used by the soldiers who defended that faction, that resembled the birds of the region. This denomination extended to all the castilhistas, including civilians. The term maragato, which was used to refer to the political current that Gaspar da Silveira Martins defended, had a more complex explanation:

"In the province of Leon, Spain, there is a district called Maragateria, whose inhabitants have the name of maragatos, and that, according to some, it is a town of condemnable customs; therefore, living to wander from one point to another, with Freighters, selling and buying robberies and in turn robbing animals, they are a species of gypsies." -Romaguera.

The Spanish maragatos were eminently nomadic, and adopted professions that allowed them to be in constant displacement. In Uruguay, the inhabitants of the city of San José de Mayo were called maragatos, perhaps because their first inhabitants were descendants of the Spanish maragatos, who were responsible for bringing to the region of the River Plate the custom of the bombacha.

At the time of the revolution, legalistic republicans used this appeal as pejorative, with the meaning of "mercenaries." The reality offered some basis for this assertion - Gumercindo Saraiva, one of the leaders of the revolution, had entered Rio Grande do Sul from Uruguay by the border of Aceguá, in the Cerro Largo Department, commanding soldiers that included natives from that country. The family of Gumercindo, although of Brazilian origin, owned land in Cerro Largo. However, giving this nickname to the revolutionaries was a backfire. The denomination gained sympathy, and the rebels themselves came to be denominated maragatos. In 1896, they even created a newspaper bearing that name.

The war

Federalist offensive

Beginning

The disagreements began with the concentration of troops under the command of maragato João Nunes da Silva Tavares, referred to as Joca Tavares, formerly the Baron of Itaqui, in fields of the woodworking, in Uruguay, locality near Bagé. Shortly after the potrero of Ana Correia, coming from Uruguay towards Rio Grande do Sul, was the federalist Gumercindo Saraiva.

Efficiently, the maragatos dominated the border, demanding the deposition of Júlio de Castilhos, who had been elected president of the state by direct vote. There was also the desire for a plebiscite where the people should choose the system of government. Due to the seriousness of the movement, the rebellion quickly acquired nationwide attention, threatening the stability of the state's government and the republican regime throughout Brazil. Floriano Peixoto, then in the Presidency of the Republic, sent federal troops under the command of general  to rescue Júlio de Castilhos. Three divisions were strategically organized, called legalists: the northern, the capital and the center. In addition to these, the state police and all its contingent were called to fight the rebels.

The first victory of the maragatos was in May 1893, next to the brook Inhanduí, in Alegrete. In this fight along with the legalistic pica-paus took part senator Pinheiro Machado, who had left his seat in the Federal Senate to organize the Division of the North, which he led during all the conflict.

Maragatos advance

Gumercindo Saraiva and his troops went to Dom Pedrito, from there they began a series of lightning attacks against several points of the state, destabilizing the positions conquered by the Republicans. They then headed north, advancing in November on Santa Catarina state and arriving in Paraná, being stopped in the city of Lapa, sixty kilometers southwest of Curitiba. At the time, president Floriano Peixoto called a veteran of the Paraguayan War, colonel Gomes Carneiro. His orders were to halt the revolution. In five days, he Carneiro came to the area to replace general Argolo. It was November 1893 and the revolutionary troops were now advancing towards the state of Paraná. On this occasion, colonel Carneiro died defending the besieged city of Lapa in February 1894 without surrendering his positions to the rebels, in the episode that came to be known as the siege of Lapa. The fierce resistance opposed to the federalist troops in the city of Lapa, by colonel Carneiro, frustrated the rebellious pretensions to arrive at the capital of the Republic.

In the capital, the Revolt of the Navy began, under the leadership of the monarchist admiral Custódio José de Melo, who also fought against Floriano. After some exchange of gunfire with the army, the navy rebels went south. After docking in the city of Desterro, renamed to Florianópolis after the war, they proclaimed the city as a new capital of the federalist regime. Interests meant that the two revolts came to join.

"They have joined forces to overthrow Floriano. By sea, Custódio de Melo was responsible for striking Paranaguá, which happened in January 1894" says the judge and scholar Paul Hapner. By land, Gumercindo Saraiva advanced towards the state capital.

Siege of Lapa

In the same period that the coast was taken, the maragatos passed by Tijucas do Sul and came to Lapa - only 60 km away from Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná.

The state was in chaos. With the advance of the rebels, the state governor, Vicente Machado, fled from Curitiba. With only 639 men, few weapons and food shortages, colonel Carneiro had a mission to contain the Federalists in Lapa. During 26 days, Carneiro and his army resisted the attacks of 3,000 soldiers commanded by Gumercindo Saraiva. "The troops of the maragatos made a real siege to the city," says Hapner. At least 500 people died in the siege of Lapa, including Carneiro. With the death of the commander in February, Lapa surrendered and left the passage open for the revolutionaries to take Curitiba.

Despite the defeat, the battle in Lapa was critical for the Republican victory. Hapner considers the siege to have been a strategic error of the maragatos: "If they wanted to go to Rio de Janeiro, they should not have wasted time in Lapa. This gave Floriano's army enough time to organize, ultimately defeating the Federalists", he says. For the historian Dennisson de Oliveira, "This was a mythical episode that, to the power established under Floriano, 'saved' the Republic." After the battle, Gumercindo Saraiva, unable to advance, retired to Rio Grande do Sul. He died on 10 August 1894, after being shot by treason while recognizing the terrain on the eve of the Battle of Carovi.

Republican offensive

Federalist occupation and release of Curitiba

At dawn on 17 January 1894, a rebel brigade commanded by general João Meneses Dória took the Serrinha train and telegraphic station. With the complicity of the officials there, he began to respond to telegraph calls as if he were the loyalist troops of Lapa, warning that thousands of federalist rebels were marching towards Curitiba. There was panic in the capital and general Pego, the city's military commander, fled abandoning trains loaded with war material. Following the take over of Paranaguá, Tijucas do Sul and Lapa, and with the absence of a government and military forces in Paraná, the rebels easily entered Curitiba with a little force of 150 cavalrymen and a train which disembarked the federalist high officials.

According to scholar Paul Hapner, evacuation of loyalist troops ordered by general Pego caused chaos in the city. Gumercindo Saraiva and Custódio de Melo had no obstacle. The city was firstly administered by a governative junta headed by  (the former Baron of Serro Azul). Correia was called by the citizens to make an agreement with the revolutionaries to protect the population from violence, looting and rape. The Governing Junta of Curitiba became the "Commission for Launching the War Loan" for the purpose of raising funds for the rebels and thereby buying the city's protection. Although Correia and the merchants who supported the commission only sought to prevent looting and disorder, their actions committed them as collaborators with the rebel movement.

As the loyalist governor had been virtually overthrowned and fled the capital, the federalist leaders appointed a governor for Paraná - colonel Teófilo Soares Gomes, who remained in power for only 20 days. "Then they gathered in a mansion that existed in the Alto da Glória and appointed another governor, João Meneses Dória, who remained until March" reports Hapner. After him, three others were appointed governors: Francisco José Cardoso Júnior, Tertuliano Teixeira de Freitas. The last maragato governor in Paraná was José Antonio Ferreira Braga, in early May 1894. Soon after, as the federalists were unable to advance further following the military victory but strategical mistake at the siege of Lapa, they were forced to release Curitiba and hold their position back in Lapa, ultimatelly further retreating to Rio Grande do Sul, abbandoning Curitiba, which was taken back by the republican forces.

Battle of Campo Osório

On 24 June 1895 the Battle of Campo Osório, the last battle of the uprising, held along the border with Uruguay near Santana do Livramento, took place. Admiral Saldanha da Gama, with the federalists, led 400 rebels, 100 of which being revolting navy sailors. They were attacked by a cavalry regiment of the Brazilian Army that counted 1,300 cavalrymen, led by General Hipólito Ribeiro. In the course of the battle, admiral Saldanha da Gama, twice wounded by spears, was killed along with most of his men, many executed by sticking after surrender. The victorious legalists suffered about 200 casualties.

End of conflict

Peace treaty
Following the defeat at the battle of Campo Osório, the federalists were left without any forces and started negotiating a ceasefire with the loyalist forces on behalf of the republican government. With Gumercindo Saraiva and Saldanha da Gama dead, Custódio de Melo exiled and Silveira Martins organizing a new federalist congress in Porto Alegre, Joca Tavares, the last military leader of the federalists, and Inocêncio Galvão, on behalf of president Prudente de Morais, signed a peace treaty in Pelotas on 23 August 1895 by which the republican government promised not to punish the federalists. "Peace was made and in such conditions that the republic and the authority that represents were left unharmed. It was also done without humiliation for the rebels, in honorable and satisfactory terms for all. In fact, the terms were far more satisfying to the legalists. The Rio Grande do Sul state constitution was not modified, and Júlio de Castilhos remained in government until 1898."

Historian Rafael Sêga, from the Federal Technological University of Paraná, explains: "The version that the Republic was imposed without blood was created by the ruling class, which wanted to legitimize itself. The 1889 coup caught the country off guard and it took three or four years for grievances to surface and the Empire's elites, jettisoned from power, to react. The Federalist Revolution opened the door to a series of bloody conflicts, such as Canudos and Contestado. The history of Brazil is anything but peaceful."

Outcome

The Federalist Revolution was likely the bloodiest civil war in independent Brazil's history, leaving circa 10.000 deads and many more wounded and the southern fields and some municipalities ravaged. Many who weren't killed in action were murdered by the victorious in each battle, and specially following the loyalist victory.

After the federalist takeover of Curitiba, they demanded "war loans" not to sack the city. It was during this period that Ildefonso Pereira Correia, The Baron of Serro Azul, devised a plan to rid the city from the Maragatos. He considered fighting in the city unnecessary as it would spill more blood; and so he made the decision to negotiate. In return for peace and the absence of looting, the Baron secretly lent, with the support of some traders, money to Gumercindo Saraiva, head of the Maragatos. The negotiations, however, were seen as betrayal by the defenders of Floriano. Thus, Maragatos left the city in May and Vicente Machado, the deposed governor of Paraná, returned to power. However, the Baron of Serro Azul and five companions were kidnapped. They were taken by train towards Paranaguá, under the pretext that they would board a ship headed towards Rio de Janeiro, where they would receive an award, but it was a trap. The Baron of Serro Azul and his allies were unloaded from the train and shot in the Serra do Mar, accused of treason for negotiating with the Maragatos.

Gaspar da Silveira Martins did not take the federalist defeat lightly. With the victory of Júlio de Castilhos and the consequent pacification, he organized a new federalist congress in Porto Alegre. From then on, he began to pay more attention to his life at the Rincón Pereyra ranch, which he owned in Uruguay, having died suddenly, in a hotel room in Montevideo. General Joca Tavares and admiral Custódio de Melo left politics and the military for good; the first retired to his farm in Bagé, where he died in 1906 at the advanced age of 87, while the admiral died in Rio de Janeiro in 1902 at the age of 61. Following the death of Gumercindo Saraiva, his brother Aparício Saraiva returned to Uruguay where he became the leader of the Blanco Party and led a civil war against the ruling Colorado Party.

In Rio de Janeiro, the presidential republic was consolidated and had its first civil government with the indirect election of Prudente de Morais, replacing the dictatorial Floriano Peixoto, who withdrew from public life. Ideas of parliamentarism were abandoned, and this was the last major conflict for the restoration of the monarchy (although there were others until 1902), with monarchism being abbandoned.

Foreign involvement
Throughout the revolution, the maragatos had constant support in Corrientes Province, Argentina, and also from the National Party of Uruguay, oppositor to the then ruling Colorado Party, historically an ally of the Brazilian government. That allowed the federalists to smuggle weapons across the border, to practice tactical raids on foreign territory to escape persecution, and to take refuge in neighboring countries at times of disadvantage against the enemy.

In the federal capital of Rio de Janeiro, the Navy Rebels, aligned with the federalists, faced a direct foreign intervention when an American fleet headed by Admiral Andrew E. K. Benham, stationed at the Guanabara Bay, engaged in a series of conflicts with the Brazilian rebel ships in what came to be known as the Rio de Janeiro Affair, resulting in a heavily damaged Brazilian ironclad and in lowering the morale of the rebel sailors, whose leader, admiral Saldanha da Gama, offered to surrender his fleet to the Americans, who refused.

In 1894 president Floriano Peixoto broke official diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Portugal, accusing the Portuguese government of supporting the exiled rebel sailors. Accordingly, since the navy rebels were branded as monarchists, Floriano believed the King of Portugal, Carlos I, of encouraging revolutionary enterprises to restore the monarchy of the House of Braganza in Brazil. Brazil-Portugal relations were only restored in 1895 following the defeat of the federalist and navy revolts.

Notes

References

External links

First Brazilian Republic
Revolutions in Brazil
1893 in Brazil
1894 in Brazil
1895 in Brazil
Conflicts in 1893
Conflicts in 1894
Conflicts in 1895
Rebellions in Brazil
Military history of Brazil
19th-century conflicts


Eleanor Kathleen Gough Aberle (16 August 1925 – 8 September 1990) was a British anthropologist and feminist who was known for her work in South Asia and South-East Asia. As a part of her doctorate work, she did field research in Malabar district from 1947 to 1949. She did further research in Tanjore district from 1950 to 1953 and again in 1976, and in Vietnam in 1976 and 1982. In addition, some of her work included campaigning for: nuclear disarmament, the civil rights movement, women's rights, the third world and the end of the Vietnam War. She was known for her Marxist leanings and was on an FBI watchlist.

Early life and education
Kathleen Gough was born on 16 August 1925 in Hunsingore, a village near Wetherby in Yorkshire, England, that then had a population of 100, no electricity and no piped water. She had a brother and a half-sister. Her father, Albert, was a blacksmith who became involved in the introduction of agricultural machinery to the area and has been described by David Price as being a "working-class radical".

She was educated at the church school in Hunsingore, from where she obtained a scholarship to King James's Grammar School, Knaresborough and then, in 1943, to Girton College, Cambridge. She excelled in anthropology at Girton and pursued postgraduate research there, receiving her in 1950. In July 1947, while undertaking that research, she married Eric John Miller, who was also a student. The couple undertook anthropological fieldwork in Kerala, with Gough being supervised by the old-fashioned J. H. Hutton until his retirement and then by the more modern-thinking Meyer Fortes. Gough and Miller found the strain of fieldwork impacted on their marriage and they divorced amicably in 1950. She completed her doctorate in anthropology from Cambridge University in the same year and returned to India alone to pursue further fieldwork.

Career
Gough's research in India were primarily in the Malabar district from 1947 to 1949 and in the Tanjore district from 1950 to 1953. Her efforts were groundbreaking and she published five papers in the 1950s. She contributed over half of the content published as Matrilineal Kinship in 1961, of which Heike Moser and Paul Younger say that "Her analysis is a brilliant example of the structural-functionalist anthropology associated with Britain in her day, and everyone since has begun from her explanations or matriliny of marumukatayam as descent through the female line. ... The debates that raged about matriliny, marriage ceremonies, hypergamy, and polyandry after these definitive studies were complex."

She returned to India in 1976 and it was after this visit that most of her research work on India was published. She visited Vietnam in the same year and again in 1982.

Gough was employed in teaching positions at Brandeis University from 1961 to 1963, the University of Oregon from 1963 to 1967 and Simon Fraser University from 1967 to 1970. She was an Honorary Research Associate at the University of British Columbia from 1974 until her death. Gough also taught and conducted research at Harvard, Manchester, Berkeley, University of Michigan, Wayne State, Toronto, and British Columbia. She married fellow anthropologist David Aberle in 1955 and died from cancer in Vancouver on 8 September 1990 after a four-month illness. She was buried on 13 September 1990 at Capilano View cemetery.

Politics
Gough was a Marxist and the responses of some university administrations to her leftist leanings sometimes landed her in trouble. She supported Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis and was outspoken in her condemnation of police brutalities. As a result, most of the stipulated pay hikes during her teaching career were cancelled. Moreover, Gough's membership in the Johnson-Forest Tendency and her work for civil rights and against the war in Vietnam triggered the interest of the FBI, who placed her and her husband on their watchlist. In addition, Gough was active in peace movements within Brandeis campus, specifically from 1961 to 1963.

Gough promoted the welfare of lower castes in India, hoping to bring them closer to the principles of Communism. Gough also strongly opposed upper castes who generally supported right-wing politics and anti-Marxism.

Works
Some of Gough's more important works include Ten More Beautiful: The Rebuilding of Vietnam (1978), Rural Society in Southeast India (1981), Rural Change in Southeast India, 1950s–1980s (1989) and Political Economy in Vietnam (1990).

Notes

Further reading

1925 births
1990 deaths
People from the Borough of Harrogate
British Marxists
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
Brandeis University faculty
University of Oregon faculty
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
British feminists
20th-century British anthropologists


The Dancing Star Foundation is a U.S.-based non-profit organization engaged in environmental, cultural and animal welfare activities, including environmental education, global biodiversity conservation, and animal rights. It was founded in 1993.

Areas of focus

Education

Via print and film, Dancing Star Foundation seeks to increase awareness of environmental issues ranging from biodiversity and extinction to non-violence and over-population. Examples are No Vacancy, a book and documentary film combination which addresses the volatile issue of population stabilization in the U.S., China, and eight other countries; the book Sanctuary, "a 338-page compendium of full color photography showcasing twenty-four animal sanctuaries located throughout twenty different countries"; and the documentary film Mad Cowboy, the story of cattle rancher-turned-vegan and animal rights activist Howard Lyman.

Animal protection

The foundation operates an animal sanctuary in Central California for rescued animals. The mission of the facilities is to provide sanctuary "for the benefit, solace, peace and quiet of the resident species".

Biodiversity conservation

The foundation is involved in efforts to promote biodiversity conservation—mostly through "documentation in book and film form of research being carried out by governments, other NGOs and individual ecologists"—in various countries.

UCLA medical school

Dancing Star Foundation created and funded an alternative oncology program, the Sue Stiles Program in Integrative Oncology at the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center in 2001. The program is under the direction of oncologist Richard J. Pietras.

Euthanasia controversy

In early 2009, a small number of former employees alleged that the Cayucos animal sanctuary was euthanizing animals for economic reasons. A maintenance supervisor who made similar allegations claims he was dismissed due to speaking out, although the sanctuary says he was terminated for other reasons. Dancing Star denied the animal-care allegations, saying that they are "contrary to our most deeply held beliefs" and that the Foundation is "unwavering in our commitment to compassion". San Luis Obispo County Animal Services determined that the euthanized animals were "either beyond treatment or had conditions for which euthanasia would be at least one of the considerations that could be responsibly made". The general counsel of the Farm Sanctuary in New York State, who examined the Cayucos sanctuary following the allegations, said he was unable to confirm the process for selecting those who had been euthanized. But he noted, "It's the best-funded place in the country for animals, and the staff appears to be caring."

References

External links

International environmental organizations
Animal charities based in the United States
Charities based in California


Diomus notescens, common name the minute two-spotted ladybird is a ladybird species endemic to the east and south of Australia.

Description
This small beetle is only 2.5 millimetres long. It is a deep shade of greenish-black with two large reddish-brown patches on the elytra. It is covered with very short pubescence.

References

External links
 Minute Two Spotted Ladybird gallery and information at www.brisbaneinsects.com

Coccinellidae
Beetles of Australia
Beetles described in 1889
Taxa named by Thomas Blackburn (entomologist)


Ernest "Ernie" Pollard (fourth ¼ 1910 – death unknown) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 330) (captain), Leeds (Heritage No.) and Bradford Northern (Heritage No.), as a , or , i.e. number 3 or 4, or, 6. Ernie Pollard's career was ended in October 1938 when he suffered a severe knee injury.

Background
Ernie Pollard's birth was registered in Wakefield district, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

Playing career

International honours
Ernie Pollard won caps for England while at Wakefield Trinity in 1932 against Wales (2 matches), and won caps for Great Britain while at Wakefield Trinity in 1932 against Australia (2 matches).

County honours
Ernie Pollard won cap(s) for Yorkshire while at Wakefield Trinity.

County Cup Final appearances
Ernie Pollard played left-, i.e. number 4, in Wakefield Trinity's 0–8 defeat by Leeds in the 1932 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1932–33 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 19 November 1932, right-, i.e. number 3, and scored a goal in the 5–5 draw with Leeds in the 1934 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1934–35 season at Crown Flatt, Dewsbury on Saturday 27 October 1934, played , and scored a goal in the 2–2 draw with Leeds in the 1934 Yorkshire County Cup Final replay during the 1934–35 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Wednesday 31 October 1934, and played left- in the 0–13 defeat by Leeds in the 1934 Yorkshire County Cup Final second replay during the 1934–35 season at Parkside, Hunslet on Wednesday 7 November 1934.

Club career
Ernie Pollard is the second youngest player to make his début for Wakefield Trinity aged 16-years and 4-months in 1927, the youngest player being Richard Goddard, he made his début for Wakefield Trinity during March 1927, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.

Genealogical Information
Ernest Pollard's marriage to Dorothy (née Rayner) was registered during first ¼ 1933 in Wakefield district. They had children; the Wakefield RFC rugby union footballer from 1956 to 1958, Anthony Pollard (birth registered during third ¼ 1935 in Wakefield district). Ernest was the younger brother of the rugby league footballer Charles Pollard, and the older brother of the Wakefield Trinity  of the 1930s Lionel Pollard (birth registered during first ¼ 1913 in Wakefield district), Frank Pollard (birth registered during first ¼ 1914 in Wakefield district), Donald Pollard (birth registered during second ¼ 1916 in Wakefield district), and Wilfred Pollard (birth registered during second ¼ 1917 in Wakefield district), and was the uncle of the rugby league footballer, Roy Pollard, Oxford University RFC, Wakefield RFC, Colwyn Bay RFC and North Wales rugby (captain) rugby union footballer, David Pollard (birth registered during fourth ¼ 1929 in Wakefield district), and Barbara M. Pollard (birth registered during third ¼ 1932 in Wakefield district),

References

External links
Photograph "Ernest Pollard - Ernest Pollard formed a magnificent centre partnership with Tom Winnard in 1937/38. His career came to a halt in October 1938 when he suffered a severe knee injury. - Date: 01/01/1937" at rlhp.co.uk

1910 births
Bradford Bulls players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Leeds Rhinos players
Place of death missing
Rugby league centres
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire rugby league team players
Year of death missing


Gascoyne was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1989.

The district was located in the Western Australian outback, in the north-west of the state. It was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. In 1898, its major settlement was Carnarvon and it also included some outlying pastoral leases like Middalya Station. The seat was abolished ahead of the 1989 election. In

The district's most famous member was Frank Wise of the Labor Party, who served as Premier of Western Australia from 1945 to 1947.

Members for Gascoyne

Election results

References

Gascoyne
1890 establishments in Australia
1989 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1890
Constituencies disestablished in 1989
Electoral district


German railway route numbers (German:Streckennummern) are used to designate and identify railway routes, or sections of routes, within Germany. In Germany, there are a total of 3 different numbering systems used by the Deutsche Bahn, which meet different requirements.

These systems are:
 VzG line numbers (four digit, unambiguous identification of a railway line)
 Timetabled route numbers (three digit, Kursbuchstrecke referring to a route of passenger services)
 Restricted speed section (La) route numbers (one to three digit)

In addition there are numbers in the railway operators' timetables; these are not covered here.

Sources

 Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland, Ausgabe 2007/2008, Schweers & Wall,
 Das große Archiv der Eisenbahnstrecken in Deutschland, Herausgeber Ernst Huber, Geranova
 Hans-Jürgen Geisler: DB-Streckendaten – STREDA, Eisenbahningenieur (49) 12/1998

External links
DB Netz AG TPS route pricing system
Table with route numbers (Microsoft Excel file, 362 kb)
Explanation of VzG route numbers
Railway land register
History of German railway infrastructure

Railway lines in Germany


Carleton Martello Tower in Saint John, New Brunswick, is one of the nine surviving Martello Towers in Canada. The tower dates from the War of 1812 and played a significant role in conflicts until the Second World War. The site now features a restored powder magazine, a restored barracks room, and exhibits in the tower and in the visitor centre. The tower's roof offers a view of the city of Saint John and its harbour. Carleton Martello Tower is one of the oldest buildings in the city and has been designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1930. It has been open to the public since 1963.

History

Construction of the tower began in 1813, during the War of 1812, on a rocky cliff to guard the land approaches to the city. It was intended to defend against an overland invasion from the United States, but the tower was not completed until 1815, after the war had ended. The tower was a circular masonry structure, 30 ft. high and 50 ft. in diameter. The plans called for it to receive three 4-pounder and two 24-pounder guns but these were never installed.

Carleton Martello Tower was the third link to the defences of the city of Saint John, together with Fort Howe, protecting the river narrows, and Fort Dufferin, guarding the harbour entrance near Partridge Island.

In 1846, a bombproof magazine was built inside the tower, enabling it to serve as a powder magazine from 1859 to 1866.  In 1866 it received two 32-pounder guns that the New Brunswick Regiment of Garrison Artillery manned to defend the city in the event of Fenian raids. The guns were removed in 1877.

From 1866 to 1869, the tower served as a barracks. During World War I it served as a detention centre for deserters of the 69th Battalion from November 1915 until April 1916.

In late 1939, at the beginning of World War II, the 8th Anti-Aircraft Battery placed some machine guns on the upper level of the tower.  In August 1941 a two-storey concrete structure was placed on top of the tower to enable the tower to function as a Fire Command Post, in which role it remained until August 1944. On 20 April 1942 the tower received a No. 3 Mark 4 telescope and a No. 10 Director. On 1 May 1943 a Mark II Position Finder was added to the fire control equipment on the tower. Soldiers of the 3rd New Brunswick Coast Brigade manned the tower from 1941 until it ceased operations in 1944.

References

Parks Canada, Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site brochure, undated (2001 ?).

External links
Parks Canada - Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada

Towers completed in 1813
Military forts in New Brunswick
Buildings and structures in Saint John, New Brunswick
Museums in Saint John, New Brunswick
Military and war museums in Canada
National Historic Sites in New Brunswick
Martello towers
1813 establishments in New Brunswick


Barry K. Schwartz (born May 25, 1942) is an American businessman, co-founder of Calvin Klein Inc., thoroughbred racehorse owner, and a former horse racing industry executive.

Biography
Schwartz's father, a grocer, was murdered when Barry was twenty-one years old. Schwartz grew up in a one-bedroom apartment in The Bronx. He is of Jewish descent. In 1968 he borrowed $10,000 to partner with childhood friend and fashion designer Calvin Klein to establish the clothing manufacturer, Calvin Klein Inc. He became the business' CEO. The two built the business into a multibillion-dollar operation and one of the most successful and recognizable brands in the industry.

Thoroughbred racing
A member of The Jockey Club, Barry Schwartz has been an active owner in Thoroughbred horse racing since 1978 and has raced a number of horses. In 2001, the New York Turf Writers' Association voted him that year's Alfred G. Vanderbilt Award as The Person Who Did the Most For Racing. He served as Chairman of the New York Racing Association from 2000 to 2004. Since 1979 he has owned Stonewall Farm, a  horse farm in Granite Springs, a hamlet in the Town of Somers, New York. One source says it is “roughly 740 acres” and is one of the largest privately owned properties in Westchester, second in size in to the Rockefellers.  The estate was put on the market in March 2020 with an asking price of $100 million.  In 1979, for $3.25 million, they “bought the largest swath of Stonewall, a 673-acre parcel.”

Among Schwartz's hobbies, he is a stamp collector and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Philatelic Foundation in New York City.

Personal life
Besides Stonewall Farm, Schwartz and his wife, Sheryl, own a home in Santa Barbara, California. The couple met in 1967 on a blind date at Roosevelt Raceway. They have two children, Stephanie Schwartz Ferdman and Jonathan Schwartz.

References

1942 births
Living people
American racehorse owners and breeders
New York Racing Association executives
20th-century American Jews
People from the Bronx
American chief executives of fashion industry companies
American people of Jewish descent
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews


Tess Berry-Hart is a British playwright and novelist writing for adults, young adults and children. Novels and theatre plays deal with themes such as the European migrant crisis, LGBT rights, mental illness, genetic engineering, and the sex-positive movement.  Berry-Hart has also written fiction and verbatim theatre pieces for stage to support human rights campaigns  and to raise funds for the refugee crisis.

Early life
Youngest child of painter and sculptor David Berry-Hart, Tess's paternal grandmother, Alice Berry-Hart, was a journalist and author of children's books and aunt Marian Lines was a playwright and children's author. Great-grandfather David Berry Hart was a noted gynaecologist and one of the first male practitioners in the UK.

Berry-Hart was born in Warwickshire, brought up in Oswestry on the Welsh Marches, and from age 11 to 18, won a music scholarship to study at Howell's School, Denbigh in North Wales. After school, Berry-Hart spent a year travelling and working in Turkey and Pakistan's North West Frontier as a teacher of English. Berry-Hart graduated magna cum laude with a first-class degree in law from King's College London.

Career
Berry-Hart studied at the Royal Court Theatre Young Writers’ Programme in London under the tutorship of Hanif Kureishi and Simon Stephens. Berry-Hart was selected to be the Royal Court young writing representative at the Interplay Young European Playwrights Festival in Warsaw, Poland, with first play Legoland which dealt with post-traumatic stress and mental illness.

Berry-Hart's theatre work has been subsequently produced in London, New York, Los Angeles, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Ankara, and translated into German and Turkish. In 2019, Berry-Hart was shortlisted for the BBC Wales Writer in Residence Award in partnership with National Theatre Wales.

Since November 2021, Berry-Hart is part of the Writers' Group at the Sherman Theatre.

Theatre
In July 2016, Berry-Hart's play CARGO (inspired by experiences encountering child refugees in Calais) set in a cargo container following unaccompanied minors travelling to Europe, was produced by the Arcola Theatre in London. The Turkish translation premiere of Cargo ("Kargo") was produced and toured by the Turkish State Theatres in November 2018.

In 2018, the Welsh theatre The Other Room (in Cardiff) commissioned Berry-Hart to write a play for its 2019 Violence Series inspired by their experiences as a volunteer during the Syrian refugee crisis. "The Story" premiered in 2019 and subsequently toured Wales and London in Jan-Feb 2020. In October 2020, the Violence Series trilogy won an LPT 2020 theatre award for Best Transfer. "The Story" is published by Oberon Books.

In 2021, Berry-Hart became part of the Writers' Group at the Sherman Theatre Cardiff, developing a play called "Last Flight" loosely inspired by experiences volunteering during the Fall of Kabul (2021) and the 2021 Kabul Airlift evacuation of Afghanistan.

Verbatim theatre commissions
In 2012, Berry-Hart was commissioned to create a verbatim theatre piece, "Someone To Blame" based on the real-life case of Sam Hallam, a teenager wrongfully convicted of murder and imprisoned for 7 years. The play highlighted inaccuracies  in the case against Hallam and was performed by the King's Head Theatre in the weeks before his second appeal. Hallam was released after a second three-hour hearing at the Court of Appeal. An updated gala performance of "Someone To Blame" was staged at the King's Head after his release.

In 2014, Berry-Hart was further commissioned by the King's Head Theatre in London to write a play about the lives of LGBT Russians following the passing of the anti-gay laws in Russia ahead of the Winter Olympics.

"Sochi 2014" was performed at the King's Head's new writing venue, The Hope Theatre London, in 2014, with other benefit performances occurring in New York (performed by Uzo Aduba, Masha Gessen and Catherine Curtin) as well as Los Angeles that same year. An updated version of Sochi 2014 was produced and won an NSDF commendation award at the Edinburgh Festival, during August 2014.

In 2019, Berry-Hart was commissioned to curate the testimonies of women workers in the developing world to produce a short play for International Women's Day (#March4Women Rally) hosted by CARE International at Central Hall Westminster. The play was performed live by Helena Bonham Carter, Meera Syal, Nicola Thorp, Naana Agyei-Ampadu, and Nina Sosanya, directed by Berry-Hart.

The next year, for IWD 2020, Berry-Hart produced and directed another verbatim play concerning the testimonies of refugees of climate change which was produced at The Royal Festival Hall and performed by Natalie Dormer, Nicola Coughlan, Sanjeev Bhaskar and Himesh Patel.

Young adult novels
In 2007, Berry-Hart's first novel, Escape from Genopolis, was published by Scholastic Corporation. This was followed by the sequel, Fearless, in 2009.

Refugee crisis
In September 2015, during the European migrant crisis, Berry-Hart visited the Calais Jungle refugee camp in France and upon returning became aid and advocacy co-ordinator for Calais Action, part of the UK Grassroots Aid movement, sending aid to Calais. Athens, and the islands of Samos, Chios, and Lesvos.

Berry-Hart has spoken at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Geneva and ALNAP in Stockholm  from a volunteer perspective, and appeared as commentator on refugee issues on the BBC, ITV, and various documentaries and campaigns for the rights of refugees and the need for safe and legal routes to asylum.

In 2016, Berry-Hart produced a gala weekend of new writing to raise funds for the Syrian refugee crisis at the Southwark Playhouse featuring short pieces of refugee-related writing by Timberlake Wertenbaker, Anders Lustgarten, Barney Norris, Mediah Ahmed, as well as a collection of Syrian refugee poetry performed by Denise Gough and Russell Tovey. The event was compered by comedians Robin Ince and Adam Riches.

Berry-Hart is also a founding member of the Citizens of the World Choir for refugees, migrants and friends.

In 2021, Berry-Hart helped support and evacuate LGBTQ Afghans after the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, as a volunteer with the Turkey-based NGO Aman Project which supports LGBTQ refugees.

Personal life
Berry-Hart identifies as LGBT and is non-binary using they/them pronouns.

References

Living people
21st-century English novelists
Alumni of King's College London
English children's writers
English non-binary people
People from Oswestry
Year of birth missing (living people)
Non-binary dramatists and playwrights
Non-binary novelists
English LGBT dramatists and playwrights
English LGBT novelists
British non-binary writers


Alexander Zaim (born April 21, 1988) is a Swedish football player. He has previously played for Helsingborgs IF, Åtvidabergs FF, Landskrona BoIS, Nybergsund IL-Trysil and Eskilsminne IF.

External links

Swedish men's footballers
Åtvidabergs FF players
Helsingborgs IF players
Landskrona BoIS players
1988 births
Living people
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Helsingborg


Krzywin may refer to the following places in Poland:
Krzywiń, a town in west-central Poland
Krzywin, Choszczno County
Krzywin, Gryfino County


Leonard Napoleon Boston (1871–1931) was an American physician remembered for describing Boston's sign.

Biography
Leonard Boston was born in 1871 in Philadelphia, and graduated with an M.D. in 1896 from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. He became Professor of Physical Diagnosis in 1912, and then Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1919. He became Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1928. He died from erysipelas in 1931.

References

1871 births
1931 deaths
Physicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Deaths from skin disease


Model Timber Home is the name, for heritage-listing purposes, of a timber-framed house in Floreat, Western Australia. Designed by Reginald Summerhayes, the plans won a competition for the design of an ideal cheap modern timber-framed home. The house was subsequently built on donated land, using donated materials and labour in 1934.

History
In the 1930s, Western Australia's Royal Institute of Architects (RIA) established a Building Revival Campaign, aimed at stimulating the home building industry, which, like all industries, was suffering the effects of the Great Depression. The campaign held a competition for the best design of a  modern timber house costing less than £600, and similarly for a brick house. The winner of the timber house section was the Californian Bungalow style design of Reginald Summerhayes, from which Model Timber Home would be built.

Following the competition, the campaign sought donations of land, materials and labour, so that houses might be constructed from the winning designs. A number of offers of land were made, and RIA accepted an offer of two blocks in the first subdivision of the new suburb of Floreat Park (now Floreat). Model Timber Home was built on one of these blocks in 1934.

Style and condition
It is a jarrah weatherboard home built in the interwar Californian Bungalow style, with influences of Australian Georgian revival style. It remained in original ownership until recently, and retains many of the original features, including fittings and furnishings. The authenticity extends to the garden, which contains the original fences, gates, pergola, paving, paths and plants.

The only loss of authenticity arises from a small extension that was added in the 1970s, which resulted in the loss of one of the original bedrooms.

Heritage significance
The building is significant as one of a small number of architect-designed buildings of the time; as an excellent example of interwar Californian Bungalow style architecture; and as one of the first houses built in Floreat. Also, since Floreat was one of the first Perth suburbs built according to the principles of the garden city movement, the entire streetscape has significance as one of the first in Perth to be subject to planning regulations controlling urban design criteria such as setback. Finally, the weatherboard construction is rare in Floreat, as restrictions were later put on its use in construction.

See also

 Model Brick Home

References

Further reading
 "It's a stunning part of Floreat's history." Subiaco Post, 26 October 2002, Interiors section, p. 11.

External links

State Register of Heritage Places in the Town of Cambridge
Houses completed in 1934
Houses in Western Australia
Bungalow architecture
Georgian Revival architecture in Australia
1934 establishments in Australia


The National Student Federation of America or NSFA was an association of student government founded in 1925. It was the first national student government association to be formed in the United States.

NSFA maintained a strong interest in international affairs, serving as a member of the Confédération Internationale des Étudiants. It was supportive of civil liberties and student rights, but did little actual organizing. Its most famous president was Edward R. Murrow, elected in 1930.

Two hundred campuses sent representatives to NSFA's first full conference in 1926, and the Federation had a membership of 150 schools by 1933. It had no salaried officers, however, and only minimal paid staff.

NSFA disbanded during the Second World War, and was succeeded as a national association of student governments by the National Student Association, founded in 1947.

References

External links

 National Student Federation of America records at the University of Maryland libraries.

1925 establishments in the United States
Youth organizations based in the United States
Defunct organizations based in the United States
Educational organizations based in the United States
Student political organizations in the United States


The Census of Marine Zooplankton is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that has aimed to produce a global assessment of the species diversity, biomass, biogeographic distribution, and genetic diversity of more than 7,000 described species of zooplankton that drift the ocean currents throughout their lives. CMarZ focuses on the deep sea, under-sampled regions, and biodiversity hotspots. From 2004 until 2011, Ann Bucklin was the lead scientist for the project.

Technology plays a great role in CMarZ's research, including the use of integrated morphological and molecular sampling through DNA Barcoding. CMarZ makes its datasets available via the CMarZ Database.

References

External links
 CMarZ
 Alfred Wegener Institute archive page on CMarZ

Biological censuses
Marine biology


Benice may refer to the following geographical locations:

Benice (Prague), a village district of Prague in the Czech Republic
Benice, Greater Poland Voivodeship, a village of Gmina Krotoszyn in Poland
Benice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, a village of Gmina Kamień Pomorski in Poland
Benice, Martin District, a village and municipality in Martin District, Slovakia


The Department of the Litoral, also known as the Atacama Department and commonly known as the Bolivian coast, was the description of the extent of the Pacific coast of the Atacama Desert included in the territory of Bolivia from its inception in 1825 until 1879, when it was lost to Chile.

Background
When Bolivia emerged in 1825 as an independent state, these territories were part of the Bolivian Potosí Department. During the government of Andrés de Santa Cruz, the territories were established as the Department of the Litoral.

The main towns on the Pacific coast, from north to south, were Tocopilla, Cobija, Mejillones and Antofagasta.

The port of Paposo was taken from the colony as the capital of the coast Atacameño. After it consolidated its independence, Chile executed various acts of sovereignty on the northern desert coast. It established its territory throughout the coast to the mouth of the River Loa, forming a border with Peru. Chile would have expanded more, but this was prevented by Bolivia establishing the city of Cobija.

Administrative divisions
In 1875 the capital of the department was moved from La Mar (today Cobija) to Antofagasta. When the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879, the divisions of the department were as follows:

Treaties

The treaty of 1866 established the border between the two States on the parallel 24°, creating an area of common interests between 23 and 25 degrees south latitude.

The treaty of 1874, which established the final boundary between the two nations the parallel 24°, provided that for a period of 25 years, new taxes shall not be imposed on the Chilean people and companies based in the area.

Chile was willing to move down the coast from the desert to allow Bolivia a sovereign outlet to the ocean, under the conditions seen before. This eliminated the area of common interest from the treaty of 1866.

Bolivia and Peru, bound by a secret treaty of defensive alliance since 1873 (one year before the border treaty with Chile), were defeated by Chile in the War of the Pacific which lasted until 1884, costing Bolivia its coast and Peru its department of Tarapacá. Though the coast was a valuable source of saltpeter, it was not the cause.

Claim
Since then, Bolivia retains the policy of a territorial claim of a sovereign outlet to the Pacific Ocean. As part of this policy, the national coat of arms shows 10 stars: the 9 current departments and the tenth representing the former Litoral Department.

The internal communications of the armed forces carried the slogan in the footnotes: "The sea is ours by right. To recover it is a duty." (in Spanish, "El mar es nuestro por derecho, recuperarlo es un deber").

Día del Mar is celebrated annually in Bolivia. During the week long event, Bolivia reasserts their claim to their lost territory; some of the celebrations contain Chilenophobic statements.

See also

 War of the Pacific
 Battle of Río Grande
 Puna de Atacama dispute
 Landlocked country
 Anti-Chilean sentiment

Notes

References

Departments of Bolivia
History of Antofagasta Region
Former departments
Bolivian irredentism
Anti-Chilean sentiment
Annexation
Bolivia–Chile border


Sibin  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamień Pomorski, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kamień Pomorski and  north of the regional capital Szczecin.

References

Sibin


The Rose Experience is the fourth studio album by American R&B singer Case. It was released by Indigo Blue Music on March 24, 2009, marking his debut with the independent label following his departure from Def Jam Recordings.  "Lovely" was released as the album's first single.

Critical reception
Allmusic editor Paula Carino wrote, "when he hits his vocal stride, no one is smoother than Case. This 2009 release highlights the singer's sweet high register and ultra-romantic lyrics ("Be That Man"), and the songs are a little more reflective and mature than previous efforts, indicating a real heart and soul behind the voice."

Track listing

Charts

References

2009 albums
Case (singer) albums
Albums produced by Tim & Bob


The Distinguished Americans series is a set of definitive stamps issued by the United States Postal Service which was started in 2000 with a 10¢ stamp depicting Joseph Stilwell. The designs of the first nine issues are reminiscent of the earlier Great Americans series, but less austere.  The first nine issues were done with black lines on a white background, but in 2008, with the James A. Michener issue (#10), the USPS added color toning.  Like the Great Americans series, the first twelve issues measured 0.84 inches by 0.99 inches overall, and were all designed by Mark Summers of Waterdown, Ontario. In 2011, with the Oveta Culp Hobby stamp, the series went to a larger format with full color images and colored backgrounds.

The 2004 Rudolph stamp is the only one in the series to have been issued in both a sheet (pane) and booklet format. Both the 2001 Caraway issue and the 2002–2003 Ferber issues have perforation differences.

The stamps issued in this series include the following (rank, date of issue, denomination, depicted person):

 2000, August 24. 10¢. General Joseph W. Stilwell.
 2000, September 7. 33¢. Senator Claude Pepper.
 2001, February 21. 76¢. Senator Hattie W. Caraway.
 2002, July 29. 83¢. Author Edna Ferber. Reissued in 2003 with 11¼ x 11¼ perforations.
 2004, July 14. 23¢. Athlete Wilma Rudolph
 2006, March 9. 63¢. Medical scientist Jonas Salk.
 2006, March 9. 87¢. Virologist Albert Sabin.
 2007, June 13. 58¢. Senator Margaret Chase Smith.
 2007, June 13. 75¢. Author Harriet Beecher Stowe.
 2008, May 12. 59¢. Author James A. Michener.
 2008, May 12. 76¢. Physician Edward Trudeau.
 2009, May 15. 78¢. Philanthropist Mary Lasker.
 2011, April 15. 84¢, first-class mail, three-ounce rate stamp. Stateswoman Oveta Culp Hobby.
 2012, April 26. Forever. Actor José Ferrer.
 2014, March 13. 70¢, first-class mail, two-ounce rate stamp. Aviator C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson.
 2017, April 11. 70¢, first-class mail, two-ounce rate stamp. Teacher, pioneer of deaf studies Robert Panara.

References

Postage stamps of the United States
Postage stamps depicting people
Lists of postage stamps


The Aschaffenburg−Höchst (Odenwald) railway was a single-tracked, Bavarian branch line in southern Germany, running  from Aschaffenburg to the Odenwald railway at Höchst im Odenwald. Because the railway ran through the  Bachgau, it was also known as the Bachgaubahn ("Bachgau railway").

History
The 30 kilometre long railway was built under the terms of the Lokalbahn law of 12 July 1906 and a state treaty between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse. On 1 May 1911 the first section between Aschaffenburg-Süd und Großostheim was taken into service;  18 months later, on 1 December 1912, the rest of the line to Höchst was opened.

In 1973 the Minister for Transport authorised the closure of the line as part of the package of savings measures proposed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn.

On 25 May 1974 passenger trains ran for the last time and all traffic between Großostheim and Neustadt was ceased. In the following weeks and months the tracks were lifted on the stretch between Großostheim and Neustadt and the 5 kilometre long section between Neustadt and Höchst placed under the Frankfurt railway division Services ceased here at the end of 1992 and the line was dismantled in 1999.

Goods traffic between Aschaffenburg-Nilkheim and Großostheim came to an end on 28 September 1991 and the remaining section of line with its siding to the Port of Aschaffenburg was converted operationally into a station track.

Present state of the trackbed
In the Großostheim districts of Wenigumstadt and Pflaumheim the former trackbed has been a protected site since 1997.

The most striking structure on the route, the viaduct over the village of Höchst, still exists and continues to dominate the local scene. The former locomotive shed at Höchst station is nowadays a private residence. Further on, sections of the old track are still visible as far as Neustadt. Between Neustadt and Hainstadt, the former railway embankment and a bridge can be made out. The station building in Sandbach is also a private property.

On the old station yard at Sandbach the firm of Pirelli has built a workshop and on the former trackbed there is now a link road between the two tyre factories.
Houses and a supermarket have been built on the old station yard in Neustadt.
At the beginning of spring 2008 the tracks between the Höchster viaduct and Sandbach were completely removed and the old level crossing filled in with concrete.

Look into the future

Local public transport services are being expanded by private initiatives in view of the future economic development of the Odenwald area. Wolfram Alster, the former head of the now-disbanded Überwaldbahn has indicated that a reactivation of the Bachgaubahn would be possible.

Sources
 Andreas Kuhfahl:  Nebenbahnen in Unterfranken . Eisenbahn-Fachbuchverlag Neustadt/Coburg, 2003.
Alois Ott, Hans H. Weber: Verkehrseinrichtungen der Gemeinde Wenigumstadt. In: Wenigumstadt – Beiträge zur Geschichte einer Bachgaugemeinde. Wenigumstadt 1977.
 Frank Schmelz: Lineare anthropogene Gehölz- und Saumstrukturen im Bachgau (Gmde. Großostheim, Lkrs. Aschaffenburg), Gießen 2001,

Branch lines in Bavaria
Branch lines in Hesse
Buildings and structures in Aschaffenburg (district)


Gary S. Grest is an American computational physicist at Sandia National Laboratories.

He was awarded a B.Sc in physics (1971), an M.S in physics (1973) and a Ph.D in physics (1974) by the Louisiana State University. His interest is the theory and simulation of nanoscale phenomena.

Since 1998 he has been a member of the technical staff of Sandia Laboratories, since 2009 an adjunct professor in department of chemistry, Clemson University and since 2013 a Distinguished Sandia National Laboratories Professor in the department of chemical and biological engineering, University of New Mexico.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1989 "for contributions to the understanding of the kinetics of domain growth, amorphous glasses, disordered magnets, and polymer dynamics"  He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2008.

He received the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics from the American Physical Society in 2008 for his work in computational physics  and the American Physical Society Polymer Physics Prize in 2011.

References

21st-century American physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Louisiana State University alumni
University of New Mexico faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Computational physicists
Sandia National Laboratories people
Fellows of the American Physical Society


Lars Petterson is a Swedish sprint canoeist who competed in the early 1950s. He won a bronze medal in the K-1 1000 m event at the 1950 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Copenhagen.

References

Possibly living people
Swedish male canoeists
Year of birth missing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


The Fort of Guincho, also known as the Fort of Velas, is located at the edge of the Praia do Abano, along the southern edge of the coast of the civil parish of Alcabideche, in Cascais Municipality, Lisbon District, Portugal..  It was classified as Property of Public Interest () by the national government on 29 September 1977, but today stands in a state of decay, even after studies to remodel the location as a visitors centre for the nearby Sintra-Cascais Nature Park.

History
Construction of the fort took place during the 1640s, with it becoming integrated into a group of fortifications that formed a defensive belt along the Cascais coast to the north of the River Tagus estuary. Construction was ordered by António Luís de Meneses, governor of Cascais during the post-Restoration era. It was a strategic point north of the Tagus River, and used to watch for ships on the high-seas and protect against disembarkation on Guincho beach.  Its cannons intersected with those of the battery of Galé to the south of the beach, the site of which is now covered by a hotel.

The first reference to a completed fort guarding the coast in this area dates back to 1675, in an inspection report that indicated that the fortification was guarded by the 3rd Cascais regiment and supported by seven cannons. A similar survey report by architect Mateus do Couto was completed in 1693.

In a report dated 29 June 1720, Colonel João Xavier Teles documented the extent of repairs necessary to maintain the walls and quarters and to replace the main gate and bunkers. Although he provided quotes as to these costs, there are no indications as to whether the projects were completed. At the time of this assessment, the garrison was composed of a commander, three soldiers and two artillery gunmen, placed in weekly rotation. The artillery pieces, which included one iron (out of use) and two bronze (operational) cannon, were considered inadequate by the Colonel, who urged that four new cannon should be sent to the fort to reinforce the garrison. In 1751 and 1758, there were new references to the inadequacy of the post, referring to the need to repair the walls of the fortification, the chimneys in the kitchens, the guardhouse and the barracks. At the time of the latter report, only two cannons continued to be operational. But, to some degree, this had changed by 1777 when the fort was, generally, reported to be in a good state of repair, although it required some small repairs to the quarters and cistern. The garrison at the time included a commander and three soldiers and had been upgraded to include five iron cannon.

Following the threat of landslide within the area of the fort, the structure was reinforced in 1793.  In addition the barracks were enlarged to include extra space for living quarters, a kitchen, a magazine and warehouse, resulting in the reconstruction of the main entrance and the enlargement of the cistern. The walls were made thicker and, to impede the destructiveness of the ocean waves, a small breakwater wall was constructed (along with a road to circulate between the two walls). The rotting wood and rusting ironwork were also replaced in the quarters and kitchens. By 1796, a new plan for the fort had been completed  by Sergeant-major Maximiano José da Serra.

By the 19th century, four sentry boxes (of which only their bases remain) and seven cannon emplacements on the parapets of the battery were remodelled (with the addition of two new gun emplacements to the south and one to the north). At the time of the Peninsular War the post was manned by nine artillery men, a commander and eleven members of the infantry. But, between 1813 and 1814, there was no manned garrison on the site.

A military report concerning the inspection completed at the fort in 1829 determined that some of the arms could not be fired while others could not be repaired.  In 1831-1832 work was carried out to repair the parapets, bartizans and cannon emplacements, to patch the walls, to apply bitumen to the cistern, and to tile and repair the powder magazine. Despite this work, during the next decade the fort continued to be abandoned. An inspection of the site, on the 26 March 1854, by Brigadier José Gerardo Ferreira Passos and Captain João António Esteves Vaz, referred to the advanced state of its ruin.

By the end of the 19th century, the Count of Moser had obtained the right to rent the property, and others rented it subsequently. By the 20th century, the Fort had been taken over by the Ministry of Economy () on 3 November 1934, while still being rented by other people. In 1944 the fort began operating as a shelter, in the hands of the Clube Nacional de Campismo (National Club for Camping). Small renovations and adaptions were made for this purpose.

Between 1970 and 1975 the fort was unoccupied, although there were plans to install a post for customs officers. The Direcção-Geral da Fazenda Pública (Directorate-General for Public Finances) ceded the fort once again, to the Clube Nacional de Campismo. But its tenure was short-lived, being handing back by the Club on 25 August 1976. At the beginning of 1977, the fort suffered several acts of vandalism, with items stolen from the site, resulting in its closing.

Between 2003 and 2004, the fort was ceded to the Municipal Government of Cascais, with the hope that the site would be restored and converted into a cafetaria and visitors centre for the Parque Natural Sintra-Cascais (Nature Park of Sintra-Cascais). But, as of 2023 it remains unoccupied.

Architecture

It is a rectangular plan design, with the main battery oriented towards the sea, while the smaller main building is oriented towards land. The battery emplacements had parapets of shallow height, that were expanded to include four cannons. The strong house is subdivided into three compartments, with vaulted ceiling, and a terrace for defence. In the centre of the structure is a cistern. The frontispiece is marked by a portico, with simple arch flanked on either side by geometric pieces of masonry, while surmounted by the coat-of-arms and crown of Portugal in stone. Initially the fort consisted of a rectangular plan, in which the side facing the land included three rectangular, vaulted divisions. An intermediary plan with enclosure, from which was organized the communication of the fort, quarters and by staircase the cannon emplacements. The latter, of reasonable dimensions, occupied about half the surface of walls, and could accommodate seven pieces of artillery firing at will. Another staircase, developed on one wall of the battery, leads to a paved terrace and parapet, which served as a musket firing line.

The remodelling that occurred at the 18th century, altered the interior plan of the fort. Public works expanded the central compartment, reorganized the main courtyard and enlarged the cistern. Similarly, these public works were responsible for the construction of a breakwater on the rocky outcrops to protect the foundations of the fort.

References
Notes

Sources

Guincho
Fort Guincho
Alcabideche
Buildings and structures in Cascais
Coastal fortifications in Portugal


EducationCity provides educational software to schools and homes. This elearning service was founded in 1999. The company states that their site has over 15,500 schools and 8,000 families registered. The service provides educational learning experiences mapped to the National Curriculum in English, Mathematics, Science, language education and computing. The company has won awards and was recently a BETT and ERA finalist and has been reviewed by the Times Educational Supplement a number of times.

In April 2010, EducationCity.com became one of the first ICT content providers to receive accreditation by South West Grid for Learning (SWGfL) Merlin for the integration of the resource into the Merlin Learning platform through the use of Shibboleth and the Systems Interoperability Framework (SIF) .

On 16 May 2011, the site had an Alexa rating of 78,987. EducationCity.com launched a new module, Learn English to address English as an Additional Language (English language learning and teaching) needs in primary school.

EducationCity.com has offices in Rutland, UK and Naperville, US.

History
In June 2010 Archipelago Learning (), acquired EducationCity.com. EducationCity.com is planned to remain a stand-alone business unit of Archipelago.  Its headquarters will remain in Rutland, U.K. and Naperville, IL.

References

External links
 EducationCity.com (company website)

Educational software companies
Education in Rutland
Educational technology companies of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Rutland
Science and technology in Rutland


The 1989 Rothmans Grand Prix was a professional ranking snooker tournament held at the Hexagon Theatre in Reading, England.

Steve Davis won in the final 10–0 against Dean Reynolds. This is the only whitewash final in the history of the tournament and only one of three whitewashes in any two-session final.

Main draw

Final

Century breaks

 141, 102  Willie Thorne
 138  Joe Johnson
 138  Jimmy White
 138  Gary Wilkinson
 136  Cliff Wilson
 134, 130, 129  Steve Davis
 130, 106  Stephen Hendry
 130  Tony Jones
 117, 103  Dean Reynolds
 115  Steve Meakin
 113, 103  Danny Fowler
 111  Mick Price
 110  Mike Hallett
 104  Dennis Taylor
 103  James Wattana
 102  Martin Clark

References

1989
Grand Prix
Grand Prix (snooker)
Grand Prix (snooker)


Traxcavator was a namebrand of the Trackson Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The word "Traxcavator" came from combining "tractor" and "excavator".

Overview

Trackson commenced business in Milwaukee in 1922 and initially built tracked attachments primarily for Fordson tractors, then later built tracked attachments for other tractor manufacturers. The early Trackson tracked attachments were popular on tractors used for road grader power units, as well as for tractors used on poor ground conditions.

Expansion
The Trackson company was owned by Armand Lamfrom Froehlich (1895-1951), and the chief engineer was Walter Stiemke. Sometime in the early 1930s, Walter Stiemke recognized the potential of combining the Trackson track system with the Lessman Manufacturing Company lifting mechanism, for digging or excavating.

Stiemke convinced the owner of Trackson, Armand Lamfrom Froehlich (1895-1951), to buy the Lessman Manufacturing Co to pursue a marriage of the two systems - for the machine sales opportunity, as well as the earthmoving work - that Stiemke felt was possible by combining the two systems.

Trackson designed a cable lift shovel in 1936, for a tractor built by Caterpillar Inc. In 1937, Caterpillar announced the "Trackson Shovel option" for the Caterpillar Thirty (6G series - later known as the R4). By 1938, Trackson had produced a revised cable shovel model, known as the T4, fitted to the Caterpillar D4 tractor.

Within a few years, there were 4 Trackson cable loaders or shovels available, all based on Caterpillar crawlers. The T2 Trackson cable shovel was fitted to the Caterpillar D2 - the T4 to the Cat D4 - the T6 to the Cat D6 - and the T7, fitted to the Cat D7. The crawler tractors were modified for Trackson shovel use by being fitted with longer trackframes, to assist with stability when the bucket was being carried at a height.
Sometime in the mid-1940s, the name "Traxcavator" was coined by the Trackson company for their cable shovel machines.

Trackson, in the 1940s, also built pipelayers on Caterpillar tractors and other attachments such as truck mounted cranes and shovels.

In 1948, collaboration between Caterpillar engineers and Trackson engineer saw the development of the HT4 Trackson hydraulic shovel. This was an all-new hydraulic shovel-loader design, integrated with the current model D4 tractor. The HT4 sold alongside the cable Traxacavators, until 1952, when the cable Traxcavator line ceased production.

Takeover
In December 1951 the Caterpillar Company  purchased the Trackson Company, and the cable Traxcavators and the HT4, became Caterpillar Traxcavators.

In late 1952, the all-new No.6 Caterpillar Shovel was announced by Caterpillar, and cable Traxcavator production ceased. The Caterpillar HT4 and No.6 Shovel were the only hydraulic Traxcavators available from Caterpillar until the all-new 933, 955 and 977 made their appearance in early 1955. The name "Traxcavator" was a registered Caterpillar brand name for many years, but has developed into common usage to describe any tracked shovel/loader.

See also
 Bulldozer
 Crawler tractor
 Excavator

References

 Caterpillar Chronicle, by Eric. C. Orelmann, pub by MBI, page 65,

Tracked vehicles
Former Caterpillar Inc. subsidiaries


The Battle of Cerrito (outskirts of Montevideo, 31 December 1812), was a battle for the War of Independence of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, between the royalist forces who had control of the city of Montevideo and the rebel forces of the government of Buenos Aires.

Context
In the year 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by José Artigas had started a siege to the city of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities after the May Revolution. The siege had been lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started to deteriorate in the Upper Peru.

The change of power in Buenos Aires to the Second Triumvirate, pushed by the change in the situation in the North front allowed them to restart the siege by October 1812 by the rebel forces, commanded by José Rondeau. There was a second army force by the Uruguay River under the command of Domingo French, besides Artigas's militias, who had not yet joined the siege due to disagreements with the political leader of the rebels, Manuel de Sarratea. The siege army took over the city of Colonia del Sacramento the last step to complete the siege of Montevideo.

The royalist forces were numerically superior to the siege army, but their fidelity to the cause they were defending was doubtful. The siege army was also low in munitions and armament and lacked reinforcements. Knowing that fact, Spanish general Gaspar de Vigodet decided to effect a massive breakout to confront the enemy, but he had bad timing as just the night before the attack, Rondeau received reinforcements and supplies.

Battle
On the morning of 31 December, Vigodet and brigadier Vicente Muesas attacked with 2,300 men and 8 cannon. Rondeau, who only had 1,000 men and two cannon, had taken a high position on the hill known as Cerrito (low hill in Spanish). Muesas attacked there, displacing regiment number 6, under lieutenant colonel Miguel Estanislao Soler, dislodging the rebels from the hill. Next another infantry corps, regiment number 4, under the command of Ventura Vázquez, established a precarious hold on the position.

Soler gathered his soldiers, composed almost exclusively of freed slaves, and counter-attacked uphill. This surprise attack paralysed the royalists, and brigadier Muesas was shot to death, causing great confusion among his men. The royalists were dislodged from the hill and while running downhill, they were attacked by the rebel cavalry under Rafael Hortiguera, completing the rout and the enemy's retreat.

Consequences
The royalists lost 100 men, 146 wounded and 30 prisoners, to the rebel 90 dead, 40 prisoners and one cannon lost but they were left demoralized by the defeat at the battle, and they did not attempt any other breakout from the city walls, not even a year later when Artigas abandoned the siege for a serious political disagreement with the government of Buenos Aires, leaving part of the site undefended, they dared attack Rondeau again.

The victory at Cerrito was a defining point for the future operations on land. The city of Montevideo, still held strong, supplied via the Río de la Plata with food and reinforcements. This situation lasted until 17 May 1814, with the naval victories of Admiral William Brown, which forced Vigodet to surrender to an army marginally bigger than the one Rondeau had.

Rondeau was promoted to general, and later given command of the Army of the North, and two times the post of Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Soler was promoted to colonel and later would reach the rank of general. Vázquez was promoted to colonel, and commander Hortiguera to lieutenant colonel, reaching the rank of colonel later.

References

Bibliography

Conflicts in 1812
1812 in Uruguay
Battles of the Argentine War of Independence
History of Montevideo
Cerrito, Montevideo
December 1812 events


Bernward Koch (born January 23, 1957, in Siegen) is a German composer, pianist and keyboardist.
Additionally, he plays percussion, bass, and guitar. His music mainly evokes a soothing and calming style, with a clearly recognizable melody from the piano, enriched with keyboards, flute, guitar and percussion. His first release, 1989's Flowing, was successful especially in the United States, hit song: "Ever Returning".

The second album Laguna de la Vera achieved top positions on the Billboard New Age Chart. Kochs tracks contributed to several US-Aids-benefit compilations among others together with Sting, Bonnie Raitt, Al Jarreau, Ottmar Liebert, Dave Grusin, Dave Stewart. The song "Touched by Love" from the Walking through Clouds album appears on a compilation in Belgium/Luxembourg Universal Music Group together with Ennio Morricone, Tony Bennett and Lang Lang.

The Weber State University in Ogden, Utah recommends his music as anti stress. Many airlines around the world apply his "music against fear of flying". The track "Childhood Hour", a piece from his record Walking through Clouds, was used in the award-winning movie “Shaniko” with Melissa Goad in 2008. All of his US releases were released by the Californian label Real Music (based in Sausalito near San Francisco). Since 2019 the label, including all previous albums and album Becoming, has been taken over by the new label  (Beverly Hills / LA).

The album Montagnola was recorded as a piano solo improvisation and is dedicated to the German Swiss writer Hermann Hesse. Koch has earned such awards as Piano Heaven Award in England and Audiophiles Highlight Award from STEREO in Germany. In 2012 he won the cultural prize from his hometown Wenden. Koch has published fourteen albums so far, the current release is called Becoming (, Real Music, USA). Since 2016 Koch is an official member of The Recording Academy (National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences,  NARAS) and thereby a Grammy Award voting member.

Discography

Studio albums
 1989 - FLOWING
 1992 - LAGUNA DE LA VERA
 1995 - STILL MAGIC
 1997 - PICANTE (featuring Pablo/Brothers)
 1997 - FLOWING (new US-release by Real Music)
 1999 - JOURNEY TO THE HEART
 2005 - WALKING THROUGH CLOUDS
 2008 - MONTAGNOLA (Dedicated to Hermann Hesse)
 2009 - GENTLE SPIRIT
 2011 - SILENT STAR
 2013 - DAY OF LIFE
 2015 - REMEMBERING
 2016 - TOUCHED BY LOVE - A COLLECTION
 2017 - FILLED WITH LIGHT
 2020 - BECOMING (myndstream, USA)
 2022 - TREE TALES (Tree Tales Records/A-Train, USA)

Singles

 2021 - FLOWING COLORS (May 7, 2021)
 2021 - LONELY DREAM (June 18, 2021)
 2021 - LONELY DREAM - SOLO PIANO (July 2, 2021)
 2021 - THE WINDING PATH (July 30, 2021)
 2021 - SILENT LEAVES (August 31, 2021)
 2021 - AN OLD FAIRY TALE (November 19, 2021)

Other album appearances
 1990 - THE WAVE 94.7 KTWV - WAVE AID 4
 1990 - KKSF 103.7 FM - SAMPLER FOR AIDS RELIEF 3
 1997 - ETERNITY: A ROMANTIC COLLECTION I + II
 1997 - TRANQUILITY
 1997 - PIANO DREAMERS
 2002 - SACRED SPA MUSIC SERIES
 2005 - REAL PIANO
 2006 - INSPARATION
 2009 - SACRED SPA MUSIC SERIES 2
 2014 - NAMASTE - HEALING
 2015 - ANGELS OF HOPE
 2016 - FOREST BATHING

Sheet Music
 Walking through Clouds (track)
 Wonderful Glider

Music in Movie
 Shaniko (2008) including Childhood Hour (track)

References
 Bernward Koch at mainlypiano.com
 Bernward Koch interview at mwe3.com, October 2015

External links
 Bernward Koch at Allmusic
 Bernward Koch Official Website
 Bernward Koch at myndstream (Real Music) Label - Overview
 Bernward Koch at Real Music (previously)

German keyboardists
German composers
1957 births
Living people
German pianists
People from Siegen
21st-century pianists


The Cider Mill Playhouse in Endicott, New York, was a professional theatre that produced comedies, dramas, and musicals. It was a member of the Theatre Communications Group and operated as a Small Professional Theatre, Level 5, by annual contract with Actors' Equity Association.

History
In the early 1970s, Binghamton University professor Dr. John Bielenberg began searching for a location for theater students to practice off-campus. Dr. Bielenberg and his colleagues found The Cider Mill, an apple warehouse on South Nanticoke Avenue in the village of Endicott. Orlando Ciotoli agreed to let the university make use of his barn during the slow summer months and a partnership was formed.

In 1991, funding from the university was withdrawn. Cider Mill Playhouse was then incorporated as a 501(c)(3) charitable organization in 1992.

After operating as a semi-professional theatre for many years, Cider Mill Playhouse became an "Equity house" professional theatre known as Cider Mill Stage as of December 21, 2015, under the artistic leadership of Gail King Belokur. In late 2017, the theater company lost its lease on the property and announced that it would dissolve as a nonprofit.

Productions

Early Productions
Early productions included Company, Sleuth, Night Must Fall, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Of Mice and Men, Whose Life Is It Anyway, Da, Agnes of God, South Pacific, A Raisin in the Sun, Equus, The Last meeting of the Knights of the White Magnolia, and others.
"The professional nature of the theatre was all important to us," recalled Dr. John Bielenberg, now-retired BU Theatre Department Chairman. "The students were able to work with the professionals, whom we hired as actors and directors, in an atmosphere that they would find in their theatre careers."

A Christmas Carol
Cider Mill mounted an annual production of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.  Starting in 1982, Cider Mill Playhouse produced its own musical version of the story which was copyrighted by founder John Bielenberg. After many years and revisions, the final version of this production was produced in 2015. Beginning in 2016, a new adaptation was produced to address copyright issues that had developed. This version expanded the cast to include a combination of paid professionals and a volunteer community ensemble.

Final Season: 2016-17

 When In Carthage By Santino DeAngelo September 15 - October 2

 Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery By Ken Ludwig October 27 - November 13

 The Importance of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde January 26 - February 12

 Peter and the Starcatcher March 9–26

 The Drowsy Chaperone June 1–19

 Pump Boys and the Dinettes August 3–19

References

Binghamton University
Theatres in New York (state)
Arts organizations established in 1976
University and college theatres in the United States
Buildings and structures in Broome County, New York
Tourist attractions in Broome County, New York