European BEST Engineering Competition (EBEC) is an annual engineering competition organised by the Board of European Students of Technology (BEST). EBEC spreads in 32 countries with the mission to develop students by offering them the opportunity to challenge themselves in solving a theoretical or a practical problem. Students form teams of four and are called upon to solve an interdisciplinary Team Design or Case Study task, thus addressing students from all the fields of engineering.

Bringing together students, universities, companies, institutions and NGOs, EBEC aims at taking out students’ full range of multidisciplinary knowledge and personal skills and applying this potential into solving real-life problems by working in teams.

EBEC is under the core service of BEST to provide complementary education. During the competition, active and inquisitive students have the chance to apply the knowledge gained through university, to challenge themselves, to broaden their horizons, to develop their creativity and communication skills. These being fundamental elements of the competition, EBEC contributes in the support and advancement of the technological education, as well as in the promotion of a collaboration in a multicultural environment.

In 2019, EBEC Final Round will be held in Turin.

History

The idea of competitions was introduced in BEST through the Canadian Engineering Competitions (CEC) organized by Canadian Federation of Engineering Students (CFES). Members of BEST visited CEC in 2002 as guests and the idea of organising such competitions was discussed in that same year during BEST General Assembly. This is when the story of BEST Competitions begins, with the first BEST European Engineering Competition (BEEC) being organised in Eindhoven in 2003, the first National Round taking place in Portugal in 2006 and the very first EBEC Final being organised in Ghent in 2009 with finalists selected among 2300 participants from 51 universities in 18 countries, marking the completion of EBEC Pyramid.

Structure

EBEC develops through three levels of competitions that form the EBEC Pyramid. With 84 Local Rounds, 15 National/Regional Rounds and 1 Final Round, EBEC is one of the largest engineering competitions organized by students for students in Europe, with nearly 7,000 students participating every year.

Local Rounds
Local Rounds (LRs) are held within one University with an established Local BEST Group (LBG). The winning team of each category proceeds to the next level.

National/Regional Rounds
National/Regional Rounds (NRRs) are held within one country or a multinational region and are organised by one LBG of that country/region. The teams that won the local rounds compete in the same category, claiming a position in the EBEC Final. Currently, there is a total of 15 National/Regional Rounds with more than 700 students participating.

EBEC Final
The Final Round of the European BEST Engineering Competition, EBEC Final, is one of the most prominent BEST events, organised by one LBG. Leading students, representing more than 80 of the greatest European universities, are gathered for 10 days to work on multiple tasks in an international environment. During the event, contestants also have the chance to meet people from different cultural backgrounds, to get a taste of the hosting city and also to come in touch with high-profile companies being present at the Job Fair held on the last day of the event.

Categories

Since the advent of BEST Competitions, different competition categories, such as Debate and Negotiation, were introduced until EBEC developed to its final form, consisting of the Case Study and Team Design categories.

Case Study
Case Study (CS) is a theoretical, problem-solving challenge that requires the analysis, research, deliberation, testing and presentation of a solution for a current economical, legal or social problem. The solution must be provided within a limited amount of time and be supported by restricted resources, such as time and money.

Team Design
Team Design (TD) is a practical, hands-on, project-based challenge that requires the design, creation and presentation of a prototype model that can successfully meet specific construction and operation criteria. The model must be created within a limited amount of time and through the use of low-cost and limited resource materials.

Competition Overview
To date, nine editions have been organised, as summarized below.

EBEC 2009

EBEC Final was organised for the first time by Local BEST Group Ghent in August 2009. 80 students participated, finding their way to the final between more than 2300 participants in 51 universities in 18 countries. This event was supported by UNEP, that provided a real-life problem for the Team Design part, while EBEC was recognised as partner of the European Year of Creativity and Innovation.

EBEC 2010
EBEC kept on developing with 71 Technical Universities embracing this venture. With a total of 5000 students participating in 31 countries, 104 finalists were selected and gathered in Cluj-Napoca to prove themselves.

EBEC 2011
In the 3rd edition of EBEC, 79 technical universities were involved with more than 5000 students participating in the first level of the competition, 104 students having the chance to meet in Istanbul and more than 200 BEST members contributing to the realisation and development of this project.

EBEC 2012
EBEC Final 2012 was organised in Zagreb, receiving the patronage of the President of Croatia. The event consisted of four working days, Official Opening/Closing Days and one free day, where participants had the opportunity to discover the city of Zagreb.

EBEC 2013
The 5th edition of EBEC Final took place in Warsaw and involved 83 Technical Universities in Europe, 15 National/Regional EBEC Rounds and more than 6500 students participating. The event was supported by Warsaw University of Technology, as well as important institutions, such as the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and Copernicus Science Centre.

EBEC 2014
87 Local Rounds, more than 6000 participants, 116 finalists and more than 500 BEST members across 32 countries contributed in the preparation and successful conduction of the 6th edition of EBEC Final in Riga.

EBEC 2015
In 2015, EBEC Final was held in Porto, reaching the maximum number of participants so far (120) and setting high standards for the upcoming editions.

EBEC 2016
In 2016, the EBEC Final was held in Belgrad between the 2nd to 9 August.

EBEC 2017
In 2017, the EBEC Final was held in Brno, during August.

EBEC Challenge 2018
In 2018 there was not a Final round of EBEC. For this reason it was called EBEC Challenge, as there was a slight difference between the editions.

Reception
EBEC is a competition that spreads all over Europe reaching thousands of students, universities and companies. But what makes EBEC unique is not only the numbers and the technical outcomes, but the renowned "EBEC spirit", that is the atmosphere surrounding the competition consisting of the teamwork, the unbound creativity being interlinked with knowledge, the strive for the best of oneself. This is what makes students passionate to participate and to work for the best solution, what brings professors and experts to offer their expertise and knowledge for the transparency of the competition, what makes the companies want to support the competition again and ensure that students deal with current technological problems and of course what makes BEST members continuously work more and more passionately to develop the competition. This is what brings all these people together for a common goal, to "Design the Future. Today."

Awards and nominations
EBEC Final 2015 in Porto was qualified as the best project of Portugal for the next round of European Charlemagne Youth Prize.

Patronages
BEST always seeks support from institutions that recognise its efforts and share its vision to assist European students. So far, EBEC is supported by many institutions and bodies, such as UNESCO, Young in Action, European Society for Engineering Education (SEFI), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Universities that supported EBEC during recent years include: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Czech Technical University in Prague, Graz University of Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Universidade do Porto, Yildiz Teknik Universitesi.

Accreditation
It is notable that EBEC is starting to be recognised from universities as a project of high quality that contributes to the education of the participants. University of Porto was the first university to recognise the competition by attributing ECTS to the participants.

External links
 EBEC at best.eu.org
 EBEC on Facebook
 EBEC on Twitter

Engineering competitions
Engineering education
European student organizations
Student competitions


Thomas Joseph Alberghini (October 27, 1920 – November 26, 2013) was a professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League. He was born in Peabody, Massachusetts.

References

External links
NFL.com profile

1920 births
2013 deaths
Sportspeople from Peabody, Massachusetts
Players of American football from Essex County, Massachusetts
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Holy Cross Crusaders football players


Æthelhelm was the son of King Æthelred of Wessex.

Æthelhelm, also Aethelhelm or Ethelhelm may also refer to:
Athelm (died 926) or Æthelhelm, first bishop of Wells and later Archbishop of Canterbury
Æthelhelm (died 897), ealdorman of Wiltshire and possibly father of Ælfflaed, second wife of Edward the Elder
Æthelhelm, a nobleman in whose household Oda, the future Archbishop of Canterbury had been active before becoming bishop of Ramsbury


The British NS (North Sea) class non-rigid airships were the largest and last in a succession of "blimps" that served with the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I; developed from experiences gained with earlier classes to operate off the east coast of Britain on long-range patrols. Despite early problems, examples of the class went on to break all flying records for non-rigid airships, and the type became regarded as the most efficient of its kind.

Design
The NS class airship was developed in response to the increasing requirement of the RNAS to carry out long-range anti-submarine patrols and convoy escort duties off the west coast of Great Britain, though its name came from the fact that the type was intended to work in collaboration with the Grand Fleet which mainly operated in the North Sea east of the British Isles.

In 1916, Britain's rigid airship programme was unable to provide an effective airship; the NS class was developed as a substitute using experiences gained with the Coastal and improved C* classes to create a larger and more weather-worthy long-endurance non-rigid vessel. The main requirements for the new design were:
Capability to carry out flights of considerable duration [ 24 hours with a speed of  ].
Great reliability.
The necessary lift to carry an ample supply of fuel.
Adequate arrangements to accommodate a double crew in comfort.

Approval was given in January 1916 for the construction of six NS class airships; designed and built at RNAS Kingsnorth on the Hoo Peninsula, not far from the Chatham Dockyard in Kent.

Envelope
Similar to the Coastal and C-Star classes, the "North Seas" employed a tri-lobe envelope based on the Astra-Torres design principles. It incorporated all the improvements that had been previously suggested for those classes – its shape was streamlined throughout, and having a capacity of  it was significantly larger than that of the "Coastals". Six ballonets of  in total were provided; equivalent to 35.5% of the total volume.

Attached to the envelope were four fins. The smaller top fin was merely for stabilizing purposes; while the larger other three were identical in size and shape, and carried the rudder and elevators. The aluminium fuel tanks were initially situated above the top ridges of the envelope, but its varying shape caused the aluminium fuel lines to fracture and consequently the tanks were later placed inside the envelope.

Cars
The first examples of the type were equipped with two enclosed cars slung from the underside of the envelope – a control car, and to the rear an engineers' car (power or engine car), joined by an exposed wooden walk-way suspended on cables.

The control car was rectangular in cross-section,  long and  high, and was constructed from a frame of light steel tubing braced with diagonal wires. The forward portion was clad in duralumin, and the remainder covered with fabric laced to the framework. Duralumin sheeting was chosen instead of aluminium as it is not affected by the combined action of sea air and water. Windows and portholes provided both light for the crew, and afforded a good field of view.

The forward section of the control car was extensively glazed, and formed the pilot's cabin which housed all the flight controls, navigating instruments, engine telegraphs and voice pipes. Behind this was the wireless telegraphy cabin, while the living and sleeping accommodation for the 10-man crew was located at the rear of the car. In addition to the radio equipment, the wireless operators' compartment carried Aldis lamps as well as international maritime signal flags. The latter could be lowered from the control car, and were effective for communicating with foreign vessels.

The engineers' car housed the controls for the engines, and gave access to a flanged hotplate for cooking that was attached to one of the engine exhaust pipes. Two dynamos and batteries provided power for the ship's electrical systems which included lights, telephones and signalling lamps etc.

Propulsion
The type was initially fitted with a pair of  Rolls-Royce Eagle engines mounted one either side of the power car in streamlined enclosures. Each drove a  diameter four-bladed propeller on independent shafts through an elaborate transmission system.

Armament
A maximum of six  bombs could be carried as well as up to five machine-guns. Similar to the Coastal and C-Star class airships, one gun was mounted on a platform on top of the envelope which was reached through a climbing shaft.

Crew
The normal crew comprised two watches of five – necessary for extended patrols – and consisted of a Captain and Second Officer, a Coxswain and Second coxswain, two W/T (Wireless Telegraph) Operators, two Engineers and two Air Gunners. The Captain was in overall command of the vessel, and was assisted by the Second Officer in navigating, maintaining height, and regulating gas pressure. The Coxswain was responsible for the rest of the crew, and for the care and maintenance of the ship whilst on the ground. He or the Second Coxswain steered the vessel in flight from a position at the very front of the control car. During patrols, the Air Gunners took on the duties of look-outs and also acted as cooks.

Development

Testing and problems
The first example, N.S.1, carried out initial flight trials on 1 February 1917. Preliminary trials were regarded as being satisfactory; the ship achieving a speed of  and proving easy to handle. Two further flights were carried out in March, the second of which was a longer cross-country round trip from Kingsnorth to Maidenhead, Farnborough, Guildford, and back to Kingsnorth again. Following the success of this flight, N.S.1 transferred to RNAS Pulham, Norfolk, on 18 April 1917 for more extensive trials. Minor snags encountered during flights over the next few weeks were ironed out, and it was then decided to carry out a full-scale endurance test taking place on 5 June. However, just over 16 hours into the flight, the universal joint on one of the propeller driveshafts broke and the ship returned to Pulham. Then, on 26 June, she again took to the air at 06:00 and remained aloft until 07:22 on 28 June – a flight duration of  during which she covered  and encountered only minor technical problems. At that time, this was a record for a British airship of any type.

N.S.2'''s early trials at Kingsnorth were also satisfactory, but during an endurance trial on 27 June similar to that of N.S.1, she became unmanageable when she lost gas and was wrecked in an attempted landing near Stowmarket, Suffolk.N.S.3 made an 11-hour non-stop flight on 22 July 1917 to her operational base at RNAS East Fortune following trials in June at Kingsnorth. She was joined there on 6 September by N.S.1, and by N.S.4 from Kingsnorth on 15 October. N.S.5 set off for East Fortune on 12 December, but both engines failed within sight of her destination, and she drifted with the wind for about  before they could be restarted. However, since both engines continued to be troublesome it was decided to make a "free balloon" landing, but she was damaged beyond repair during the attempt.

Modifications
The Rolls-Royce engines together with their method of installation and complex transmission continually presented problems. They were connected to the propellers via long, heavy driveshafts that were only lightly supported, thus placing undue strain on the transmission system and invariably causing the universal joint nearest the propeller to fracture.

The Kingsnorth design team hastily set about redesigning the power car and transmission gear, and at the same time, staff at East Fortune were also looking into ways of improving the design. Kingsnorth considered the idea of replacing the Rolls-Royce engines with  Fiat units having a direct drive to the propellers; while East Fortune's Engineering Officer, Lt.Cdr. A. S. Abell, RNVR, together with Flt.Cdr. J. S. Wheelwright, DSC (Captain of N.S.3), came up with the idea of raising the control car to the same level as the engineers' car; form them into a single fully enclosed unit that measured  in length and tapered to the stern, and fit the propellers directly onto the engine crankshafts. These and other minor measures provided the crew with more room and improved their comfort; increased top speed through reduced air resistance (the redesigned car was more aerodynamic and positioned closer to the envelope); resulted in a reduction in weight; and improved reliability due to the abolition of the troublesome transmission shafts. In January 1918, the Admiralty granted permission for these modifications to be undertaken at both Kingsnorth, and at East Fortune where the work was completed by the beginning of March.

Mainly due to the lack of a suitable alternative, official interest continued in the NS class despite the early reliability problems and the loss of two examples during their first months of service, and a further six were subsequently ordered in November 1917. Production continued until the end of the war and for a short time after.

Operational history

N.S.3
Under the continuing command of Captain Wheelwright and with Admiralty officials on board, N.S.3 successfully completed test flights on 11 March 1918, and the following day she undertook an eight-hour trial whilst maintaining a speed in excess of . Subsequently, numerous requests to start operational duties were submitted to the Admiralty, and on 3 April permission was granted for a three-quarters power duration flight over land. N.S.3 flew from Longside to Kingsnorth and back to East Fortune; a journey of  in 22 hours which at the time constituted a record for British airships. During the flight both engines ran perfectly – the starboard engine ran continuously, while the other was only stopped for about five minutes to replace a broken dynamo drivebelt.

On 17 April N.S.3 performed her first convoy escort, and from 20–22 April she completed a flight of 55 hours with various convoys – the longest flight to that date of any non-rigid airship. During May 1918, she flew over 130 hours – one patrol lasted for 33 hours, and another for 20 hours which was curtailed only by orders to return to base due to increasing winds. During a flight on the night of 31 May / 1 June whilst participating in the testing of the anti-aircraft capabilities of the Grand Fleet and shore batteries near Rosyth, N.S.3 achieved a height of  – another record for the type. In early June 1918, she commenced towing trials with the destroyer  to examine the possibility of towing an airship at speed should it break down or run short of fuel. The tests were initially successful reaching speeds of almost , and on the final run N.S.3 touched down on the sea to exchange two officers from Vectis for two of N.S.3′s crew.N.S.3s final patrol commenced on 21 June 1918 with orders to proceed from East Fortune to escort a south-bound Scandinavian convoy. She joined the convoy off Aberdeen around 7 pm; however, later that night increasing winds prompted the decision to return to base at full speed, but severe turbulence and loss of gas caused the ship to crash into the sea early on  with the loss of five lives. The survivors were picked up from the floating wreckage some time later by the destroyer HMS Moy.

Other ships
In its modified form the type contributed much valuable war service, and at the Armistice on 11 November 1918 six examples were still in service at operational stations – N.S.7 and 8 were based at East Fortune and escorted the surrendered German High Seas fleet back to Rosyth, while N.S.4, 6, 11 and 12 operated from Longside. Two further ships, N.S.14 and 16, were under construction at Kingsnorth, and were flown after the war.

Under the command of Captain W. K. Warnford N.S.11 set an early endurance record of , and accompanied by N.S.12 made the first airship journey to Norway. N.S.11 then went on to set a further flight endurance record of 101 hours during a mine-hunting patrol on 9–13 February 1919 having covered some . Rigid airship R34 then broke this record when she completed a voyage from East Fortune to Mineola, Long Island, United States in 108 hours, and while subsequently attempting (unofficially) to regain this record N.S.11 was lost. In the early hours of 15 July on what was officially supposed to be a mine-hunting patrol, she was seen to fly beneath a long "greasy black cloud" off Cley next the Sea on the Norfolk coast and a massive explosion was heard shortly after. A vivid glare lasted for a few minutes as the burning airship descended, and finally plunged into the sea after a second explosion. There were no survivors, and the findings of the official Court of Enquiry were inconclusive, but amongst other possibilities it was thought that a lightning strike may have caused the explosion.

Following the loss of N.S.11, only N.S.7 and 8 remained in service – N.S.14 had been sold to the US Navy and the rest had either been wrecked, deleted or deflated. N.S.8 was deleted in October 1919, while the final flight of the last of the type, N.S.7, took place on 25 October 1921. N.S.14 was transferred to the US Navy on 8 November 1918. N.S.14 was shipped to Wingfoot lake, then to Hampton Roads, arriving on 30 January 1920, There currently are no records of N.S.14 operating with the US Navy.

In total 14 NS class blimps were constructed. The extended endurance flights and records broken were simply the result of normal operational flying routine while escorting convoys, hunting for submarines and performing other duties with the Fleet, and due to their success in modified form they were regarded as being probably the best large non-rigid airship that had been produced by any country.

Operators

Royal Navy

United States Navy

SpecificationsBallonets:''' [×6] 128,000 ft³ (3,600 m³)

See also

References

External links

 North Sea class airships, The Airship Heritage Trust
 NS11 - As Bright As Day

Airships of the United Kingdom
1910s British patrol aircraft
Military airships of World War I
Aircraft first flown in 1917


HMS King Alfred is a Royal Naval Reserve shore establishment  in Portsmouth, England. The unit has a complement of over 200 reservists and provides training facilities to other lodger units, including the local Royal Marines Reserve (RMR) City of London (Portsmouth Detachment), and local University Royal Naval Unit (URNU).

HMS King Alfred previously opened on 1 April 1994 on Whale Island and was commissioned on 8 June that year, replacing the closed units at  and . In April 2021, it moved to the renovated "Semaphore Tower", within HMNB Portsmouth.

The unit is affiliated with Southampton University Royal Naval Unit and Bearwood College Combined Cadet Force and provides local representation at events including the Ship Festival, in Chichester; and the Remembrance Sunday services in Portsmouth and Hove. Members of the unit are also honorary freedom holders of the City of Portsmouth. Penny Mordaunt, the local MP and former Secretary of State for Defence, was an acting sub-lieutenant there from 2010 until 2015.

Notes

References
Warlow, Ben, Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy, Liskeard : Maritime, 2000.

Royal Navy shore establishments
Royal Navy bases in England


The Division of Corinella has twice been used as the name of an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria:

 Division of Corinella (1901–06)
 Division of Corinella (1990–96)


Dhananjayan Sivaguru ("Danny") Sriskandarajah (born December 1975) is the Chief Executive of Oxfam GB. Until December 2018, he was the Secretary General of CIVICUS, a global alliance of civil society organisations. Prior to that, Sriskandarajah was Director General of the Royal Commonwealth Society, a large NGO devoted to Commonwealth affairs based in London, and was the first non-British and youngest person to head this 140-year-old organisation.

Early life and education
Sriskandarajah was born in Sri Lanka, the son of Sri Lankan Tamils. He migrated to Australia at a young age.

Sriskandarajah was educated at James Ruse Agricultural High School in Carlingford, New South Wales, Australia, graduating in 1993. He was the school captain and well mentored by Art Herger.

Sriskandarajah then attended the University of Sydney, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Economics and Social Science in 1998. During 1995 and 1996, he resided at Wesley College, a residential college within, but separate from, the university.

After becoming the first Asian Australian to win a Rhodes scholarship in 1998,  Sriskandarajah then matriculated to Magdalen College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, to read for an M.Phil. and then a D.Phil. in international development. His research focused on inequalities and ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka.

Career
Sriskandarajah held various posts from 2004 to 2009 including Deputy Director of the left-leaning think tank, the Institute for Public Policy Research.

He was Director General of the Royal Commonwealth Society, from 2009 to 2012, the youngest ever person and the first non-Briton to head this organisation.

He was the Secretary General of CIVICUS a global alliance of civil society organisations, headquartered in Johannesburg, South Africa, from January 2013 to December 2018. He was the fourth person to hold this position, following Miklos Marschall (Hungary), Kumi Naidoo (South Africa) and Ingrid Srinath (India). In this role Sriskandarajah regularly represented civil society at international fora including the UN General Assembly in New York and the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

Sriskandarajah was appointed the Chief Executive of Oxfam GB in January 2019. In June 2023, he announced that he would be standing down from Oxfam GB to take up a role as Chief Executive of the New Economics Foundation in January 2024.

He is a Trustee of Comic Relief.

In July 2018 Sriskandarajah was announced as a member of the UN Secretary General's High Level Panel on  Digital  Cooperation, co-chaired by Jack Ma and Melinda Gates. He was previously a member of the High Level Panel on Humanitarian Finance from 2015 to 2016. In 2012, he was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.

He is known as both a researcher and commentator on foreign policy and democracy, including as a guest on the BBC World Service and contributor to the Guardian and Al Jazeera. He has written books and reports on several migration-related topics, including on British emigration.

Sriskandarajah is an outspoken supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations.

Personal life
On 16 August 2003, Sriskandarajah married Trinidadian barrister Suzanne Julia Lambert in Trinidad, West Indies.

References

External links
Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah on Twitter
Interview with Danny Skiskandarajah
"Danny Sriskandarajah", GG2 Power List

1975 births
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Australian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Living people
People educated at James Ruse Agricultural High School
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil activists
University of Sydney alumni


One ship and two shore establishments of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS King Alfred, after Alfred the Great:

Ships
 was a  armoured cruiser launched in 1901 and sold in 1920.

Shore establishments
 was a training establishment at Hove and later at Exbury. It was commissioned at Hove in 1939, moved to Exbury in January 1946 and paid off in August that year, reopening as .
HMS King Alfred II was a branch of the main King Alfred between 1940 and 1944, being renamed HMS King Alfred (M) in 1943.
HMS King Alfred II was the Hove base from January 1946 after the main base had moved to Exbury, until being paid off in June 1946.
 is the Portsmouth division of the Royal Naval Reserve, commissioned in 1994.

Royal Navy ship names


Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Edward Hastings Medhurst,  (12 December 1896 – 18 October 1954) was a First World War Royal Flying Corps pilot on the Western Front and later a senior officer in the Royal Air Force.

RAF career
After education at St Peter's School, York, Medhurst was awarded Royal Aero Club pilot certificate No. 1437 on 13 July 1913. He was commissioned into The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers on 16 June 1915 and in a few months was training to be a pilot with the Royal Flying Corps. He was soon operational on the Western Front flying the Nieuport Scout with No. 13 Squadron. In 1917 he became the officer commanding No. 14 Squadron operating in Palestine. On 1 August 1919 he was awarded a permanent commission as a captain in the Royal Air Force and by 1925 had attended the RAF Staff College. He became Officer Commanding No. 4 Squadron in 1930 and he joined the Directing Staff at the RAF Staff College in 1931 before becoming deputy director of Intelligence at the Air Ministry in 1935. He then went to Rome as Air Attaché in 1937.

Medhurst held a number of staff appointments during the Second World War including RAF Secretary of the Supreme War Council from 1940, Director of Allied Air Co-Operation and then Director of Plans all during 1940. He became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence) in 1941 and after a spell as Temporary Vice-Chief of the Air Staff later in 1942 he became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Policy) in February 1943. In March 1943 he was appointed commandant of the RAF Staff College later moving on in February 1945 to be Air Officer in Command of RAF Middle East Command.

After the war Medhurst was made Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, RAF Mediterranean and Middle East Command (which had absorbed his previous command when it was disbanded in August 1945). His last appointment was as Chairman of the British Joint Services Mission to Washington, D.C. in the rank of air chief marshal. Medhurst retired on 19 April 1950 and he died a few years later aged 58 on 18 October 1954.

Family
Medhurst married Christabell Guy in 1919 in York. His son Pilot Officer R. E. H. "Dickie" Medhurst was killed on 19 September 1944 when the Douglas Dakota Mk. III he was co-piloting exploded after taking Anti-Aircraft Artillery fire during an air drop mission during Operation Market Garden. His daughter Rozanne was an Italian speaker and code breaker at Bletchley Park, the Government Code and Cipher School.

References

|-

|-

|-

|-

1896 births
1954 deaths
Military personnel from Worcestershire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Air Force air marshals
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Flying Corps officers
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Grand Commanders of the Order of George I
English aviators
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers
People educated at Rossall School
People educated at St Peter's School, York
Heads of RAF Intelligence
British air attachés


Michel-Guillaume Baby (September 15, 1834 – March 16, 1911) was a businessman and political figure in Quebec. He represented Rimouski from 1857 to 1861 and Témiscouata from 1861 to 1863 in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and Chicoutimi et Saguenay from 1874 to 1875 in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a Conservative. His name also appears as Michel William Baby.

He was born in Saint-Philippe-de-La Prairie, Lower Canada, the son of Charles François Xavier Baby and Clothilde Pinsonaut. Baby was a shareholder in the Grand Trunk Railway, as well as president of the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway, originally incorporated as the Quebec and Gosford Railway. He was first elected to the legislative assembly for the Province of Canada in an 1857 by-election held after Joseph-Charles Taché resigned his seat. In 1868, he married Marie-Hélène-Wilhelmine, the daughter of Jean-Baptiste Renaud. Baby was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1874 by-election held after Pierre-Alexis Tremblay resigned his seat. He did not run for reelection in 1875 and later moved to Paris. Baby died there at the age of 76 and was buried in Quebec City.

External links

References

1834 births
1911 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East


The Safe Is Cracked is a compilation album by Mobb Deep, released April 7, 2009.

Track listing

Charts

References

Mobb Deep albums
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Havoc (musician)
Hip hop compilation albums
2009 compilation albums
Gangsta rap compilation albums


Butte Regional Transit (d/b/a B-Line) is a public transit system which provides bus service in the communities of Biggs, Chico, Gridley, Magalia, Oroville, Palermo, Paradise and across Butte County, California. B-Line is the consolidation of CATS in Chico, OATS in Oroville and BCT in Butte County.

Facilities

Butte Regional Transit Office
326 Huss Drive, Chico.

Chico Transit Center
2nd Street at Salem.

Oroville Transit Center
Spencer Avenue at Oro Dam Boulevard East.

Paradise Transit Center
Almond Street at Cedar Street.

Routes

Former Routes

References

Transportation in Butte County, California
Bus transportation in California
Transit agencies in California
Chico, California
Gridley, California
Oroville, California


Arthur Walter Albrecht (December 29, 1921 – February 1, 2004) was a professional American football offensive lineman and linebacker in the National Football League.

External links

NFL.com profile

1921 births
2004 deaths
People from Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin
American football offensive tackles
American football centers
American football linebackers
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Chicago Cardinals players
Boston Yanks players
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Burials in Wisconsin


Qiushi Academy - Zhejiang Advanced College period

National 3rd Sun Yat-sen University - National Chekiang University period
Chekiang University or National Chekiang University is also known as the University of Chekiang. Chekiang is the same as Zhejiang.

Zhejiang University (dissociated) period

Zhejiang University presidents

Zhejiang Normal College - Hangzhou University presidents

Zhejiang Agricultural College / University presidents

Zhejiang Medical College / University presidents

Zhejiang University (reunified) period

Presidents of other roots
In history, several schools (either their students, faculties or whole campus) were merged into Zhejiang University. And their presidents in history are listed out below:

Yingshi University presidents
See Yingshi University.
 Wu Nanxuan (吳南軒/吴南轩)
 Du Zuozhou (杜佐周)
 He Bingsong (何炳松)
 Zhou Shang (周尚)
 Yang Gongda (楊公達/杨公达)
 Tang Jihe (湯吉禾/汤吉禾)
 Deng Chuankai (鄧傳楷/邓传楷)

Zhejiang Provincial College of Medicine presidents
See Zhejiang Provincial College of Medicine.

List of presidents from 1911 to 1951:
 HAN Qingquan (韩清泉)
 ZHU Qihui (朱其辉)
 DING Qiuzhen (丁求真)
 SHENG Zaixing (盛在珩)
 LI Bao (李宝)
 WU Cui (吴粹)
 CHENG Hao (程浩)
 WANG Ji (王佶)
 CHEN Zongtang (陈宗棠)
 JIANG Kun (蒋鵾)

Hangchow University presidents
See Hangchow University or Hangchow University Historic Site.
 Rev, J. H. Judson (裘德生); American citizen
 E.J. Mattox (王令赓) 1914–1916; American citizen
 Warren H. Stuart (司徒华林) 1916–1922; American citizen, young brother of John L. Stuart
 Robert F. Fitch (1873–1954; 费佩德) 1922–1931; American citizen
 Baen E. Lee (李培恩) 1931–1949; American citizen
 Li Zhaohuan (黎照寰)

References

External links
 浙江大学历任校长一览

History of Zhejiang University
People associated with Zhejiang University
Zhejiang


Robert Charles Asch (born 1968) is an English Catholic writer, literary critic, and scholar.

Early life
Robert Asch was born in London in 1968, into a family of mixed Canadian- and Austrian Jewish descent. His parents were both opera singers. He was educated at St Paul's School and the University of Toronto.

Career
Along with Joseph Pearce, Asch has been co-editor of the St. Austin Review, a Catholic cultural and literary magazine, since September 2001. He is also the Editor of Saint Austin Press.

Asch was Senior Master and teacher of English and History at Chavagnes International College, France, from its inception in 2002 till 2012. He was recently awarded a Wilbur Research Fellowship at the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal for his work towards a new study of the English poet Lionel Johnson.

In July 2022, Asch appeared as a speaker at the 41st Annual Conference of the American Chesterton Society in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ash's lecture was titled "Chesterton and the Jews".

Personal life
Asch is married to the poet Ruth Tyldesley Asch. After several years of living in the post-Velvet Revolution Czech Republic, Asch converted from Reform Judaism to Roman Catholicism, which he has called, "a completion" instead of a rejection of the Jewish religion, in 1996. Asch currently resides with his wife and children at Preston, Lancashire.

Works

Asch, Robert, ed. Lionel Johnson: Poetry and Prose. Saint Austin Press, 2021. ISBN  978-1919673004.

References

External links
Asch discusses his conversion and influences
Saint Austin Review
Saint Austin Press
Chavagnes International College

Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
English Roman Catholics
English Roman Catholic writers
English expatriates in the Czech Republic
English expatriates in France
English Jews
Living people
Roman Catholic writers
Literary critics of English
University of Toronto alumni
People educated at St Paul's School, London
1968 births


Bob Smith (December 24, 1958 – January 20, 2018) was an American comedian and author. Born in Buffalo, New York, Smith was the first openly gay comedian to appear on The Tonight Show and the first openly gay comedian to have his own HBO half-hour comedy special. Smith, along with fellow comedians Jaffe Cohen and Danny McWilliams, formed the comedy troupe Funny Gay Males in 1988.

Career
With Funny Gay Males, Smith is the co-author of Growing Up Gay: From Left Out to Coming Out (1995). Smith is also the author of two books of biographical essays. Openly Bob (1997) received a Lambda Literary Award for best humor book.

Way to Go, Smith! (1999) was nominated for a 2000 Lambda Literary Award in the same category. Smith published his first novel, Selfish and Perverse, in 2007, and Remembrance of Things I Forgot in 2011.

He published a new collection of essays, Treehab: Tales from My Natural Wild Life, in 2016. The essays cover a wide range of subjects including his career in stand-up, his love of nature, and his experience with ALS. He performed at the inaugural We're Funny That Way! comedy festival in 1997, and appeared in the festival's documentary film in 1998. In the same year he was part of In Thru the Out Door, an LGBT sketch comedy special.

Personal life
While taping a 2007 comedy special for Logo, Smith disclosed that he was suffering from a neurological disorder. He described his symptoms at that time as slurred speech, making him sound inebriated. In response to an August 2012 New York Times article on openly gay male stand-up comedians, Smith posted a comment stating he had ALS.

While competing on Chopped, comedian Judy Gold mentioned she was playing for an ALS charity in honor of a friend of hers who had ALS and could no longer speak. Further research  shows that Gold did the benefit in honor of Smith.

In February 2013, Smith gave a candid interview to Canada's Global News, where he elaborated about his condition. The article also revealed that Smith assisted with the conceiving of fellow LGBTQ comedian Elvira Kurt's children, who with Kurt reside in Canada; and that he was a direct descendant of Henry Smith of Pelham, an early settler of Canada's Niagara Region for whom the Henry of Pelham Winery is named.

Bob Smith died on January 20, 2018, from Lou Gehrig’s Disease in his Manhattan home at 59 years of age.

Notes

External links
Official Website

1958 births
2018 deaths
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
American male novelists
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from New York (state)
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from motor neuron disease
American gay writers
Lambda Literary Award winners
Gay comedians
American LGBT novelists
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American LGBT people


John Reber Alderton (September 5, 1931 – May 8, 2013) was a professional American football defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL), a 1953 Draft pick for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was born in Cumberland, Maryland. He captained for the Maryland Terrapins during their undefeated (10-0) season in 1951 (#34). He went on to play football while serving in the United States Air Force at Bolling Air Force Base in 1954 and 1955. In 1956, he played in three games for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.

References

External links
NFL.com profile

1931 births
2013 deaths
American football defensive ends
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Maryland Terrapins football players
Place of death missing
Calgary Stampeders players
United States Air Force airmen
Sportspeople from Cumberland, Maryland


Anadin is a brand of painkiller sold in the UK and Ireland, launched in 1932, originally by American pharmaceutical company Anacin and currently by Pfizer.

Types
Several different types of painkiller are sold under the brand. , these include:
 Anadin Original – aspirin and caffeine based
 Anadin paracetamol tablets – launched in 1988
 Anadin ibuprofen tablets – launched in 1997
 Anadin Extra – aspirin, paracetamol and caffeine based (ordinary version launched in 1983 and soluble version in 1992)
 Anadin Joint Pain
 Anadin Liquifast (or Anadin Ultra) – ibuprofen-based liquid capsules (ordinary and "Double strength" versions)

Criticism
Along with other brands, Anadin's paracetamol tablets have been criticised for being overpriced compared to non-branded versions (e.g. in 2008 16 Anadin Paracetamol tablets each containing 500 mg of paracetamol cost around £2.09 while non-branded equivalents retailed for around £0.35).

See also
 Anacin (American original brand launched in the UK as Anadin in 1932)

References

Analgesics


Substrate reduction therapy offers an approach to treatment of certain metabolic disorders, especially glycogen storage diseases and lysosomal storage disorders. In a storage disorder, a critical failure in a metabolic pathway prevents cellular breakdown and disposal of some large molecule. If residual breakdown through other pathways is insufficient to prevent harmful accumulation, the molecule accumulates in the cell and eventually interferes with normal biological processes. Examples of lysosomal storage disorders include Gaucher's disease, Tay–Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, and Sanfilippo syndrome.

In a metabolic or genetic pathway, enzymes catalyze a series of reactions. Each enzyme is regulated or mediated by one gene through its RNA and protein products. At each phase in the pathway, enzyme activity catalyzes a reaction in which a precursor molecule (the substrate) is transformed into its next intermediate state. Failure of the metabolic pathway leads to accumulation of the substrate, with possible harmful effects. Substrate reduction therapy addresses this failure by reducing the level of the substrate to a point where residual degradative activity is sufficient to prevent substrate accumulation.

Examples
 Tay–Sachs disease. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of a fatty acid derivative called a ganglioside accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain. Gangliosides are lipids, components of cellular membranes, and the ganglioside GM2, implicated in Tay–Sachs disease, is especially common in the nervous tissue of the brain. By manipulating the brain's metabolism of GM2 gangliosides, an effective therapy could potentially be developed. One experiment has demonstrated that, by using the enzyme sialidase, the genetic defect can be effectively bypassed and GM2 gangliosides can be metabolized so that they become almost inconsequential. If a safe pharmacological treatment can be developed, one that causes the increased expression of lysosomal sialidase in neurons, a new form of therapy, essentially curing the disease, could be on the horizon. Metabolic therapies under investigation for Late-Onset TSD include treatment with the drug OGT 918 (Zavesca).
 Gaucher's disease. Miglustat and eliglustat are substrate reduction therapies for Gaucher's disease, inhibiting the synthesis of glucosylceramide.

References

Applied genetics
Medical genetics


John Murphy (born April 14, 1945) was the City Councilman for Place 3 in Richardson, Texas for 20 years and still serves as president of Max Impressions, Inc., a printing and graphics communications company.

Business career
John Murphy came to the Dallas, Texas area in 1975 to work for Southern Union Company in the oil and gas industry as a Rate Manager, working with municipal and state agencies negotiating energy pricing. In 1981, Murphy went to work for Republic Bank (now Bank of America), married, and moved to Richardson, Texas. At Bank of America, Murphy rose to the position of Vice President, providing banking support to small businesses, corporations and to local and state governments. Murphy retired from Bank of America in 2001 and now serves as president of Max Impressions, Inc., a printing and graphics communications company.

Political career
John Murphy served as City Councilman for the City of Richardson, Texas. He was elected to the City Council representing Place 3 in 1991 and served as the Place 3 representative until 2011. Murphy served as Mayor Pro Tem for the City of Richardson from 1995 to 2007.
Murphy was most recently re-elected (May 2009) in a field of three with 55.66% of the vote.

In 2011, Murphy chose not to run for re-election, thus ending the career of one of the longest-serving Councilmembers in Richardson history. Place 3 was subsequently filled by Scott Dunn, who ran unopposed to fill Murphy's seat.

Murphy served on the following City Council subcommittees:

Political activities

Neighborhood Vitality and Integrity
As a member of the Richardson Heights Homeowners’ Association, Murphy worked for neighborhood vitality and neighborhood integrity. As Mayor Pro Tem, Murphy worked with then-Mayor Gary Slagel to organize monthly meetings of City Council representatives with the presidents of all the homeowners' associations in Richardson.
Murphy was a major proponent of the alternative zoning overlay in the Spring Valley area of Richardson, which encouraged apartment owners to redevelop their aging apartment buildings into other uses such as retail or office, without depriving the owners of any rights under the current zoning ordinances.

Erosion Control
Murphy also was an early proponent of city intervention in the care of the city's storm drainage system. In several parts of the city, the surface elements of the storm drainage system (i.e., “creeks”) were owned by the adjacent homeowners and not by the city. As the City developed, water runoff speeds increased, leading to erosion on private property. With the understanding that private homeowners could not afford the expensive repairs needed to protect their property (such as installing Gabion walls), Murphy strongly promoted a new erosion control policy wherein the city would take responsibility for preserving the drainage areas.

Audit/Finance Committee
On the Audit/Finance Committee, Murphy brought forward policies to maintain the city's reserves and to avoid unfunded projects. These policies bore fruit when, in 2008, the City of Richardson was upgraded from AA+ to AAA rating for standard long-term bond rating and underlying bond rating for Richardson's general obligation debt by Standard & Poor's Rating Services.
At the time, Richardson was one of only four cities in the state of Texas and one of 88 cities in the nation with an "AAA" rating from Standard & Poor's.

Regional Activities and Offices
Murphy served as the Region 13 representative on the Texas Municipal League Board of Directors from 1998 through 2002. Murphy was the voting representative for the cities of Richardson, Addison, Wylie, Sachse and Murphy on the Regional Transportation Council, and served as the organization's chairman in 2001–2002.

Murphy was elected president of the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) Executive Board for the 2008–09 term after serving as vice president for 2007–08. He served as board secretary in 2006.

In July 2009, Murphy was re-elected by the Richardson City Council to serve as Richardson's representative on the Regional Transportation Council and the North Central Texas Council of Governments.

Education
Murphy graduated from Ohio University with a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1973 and a master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) in 1975.

Military service
Murphy served four years in the United States Air Force as a medic in Germany, rose to the rank of staff sergeant, and was honorably discharged in 1972.

References

External links
City of Richardson official website
John Murphy's City Council website
John Murphy's campaign website
Richardson Heights Homeowners Association

1945 births
Living people
People from Richardson, Texas
Ohio University alumni
Texas city council members


Progress M-66 (), identified by NASA as Progress 32P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station. It was the penultimate flight of the Progress-M 11F615A55 spacecraft, using the spacecraft with the serial number 366.

Launch
Progress M-66 was launched at 05:49 UTC on 10 February 2009, by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This was the first time Site 31 had been used for a Progress launch since Progress M-15 in 1992.

Docking
The spacecraft docked with the Pirs module of the ISS at 07:18 UTC on 13 February 2009. It undocked at 15:18 UTC on 6 May 2009, to make way for Progress M-02M. It was deorbited at 14:28:30 UTC on 18 May 2009 following twelve days of free flight, during which it conducted experiments as part of the Plazma-Progress programme. Any debris from Progress M-66 that survived re-entry landed in the Pacific Ocean at around 15:14:45 UTC.

Cargo
Progress M-66 delivered supplies to the International Space Station, including fuel, food and water for the crew, and equipment for conducting scientific research and establishing a 6-man crew capacity aboard the ISS. It also carried a new Orlan-MK spacesuit to replace one of the older Orlan-M suits previously used for EVAs from the station.

See also

 List of Progress flights
 Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

References

Spacecraft launched in 2009
Progress (spacecraft) missions
Spacecraft which reentered in 2009
Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets


Romina Contiero (born 1983) known as Tata Golosa  is an Italian female singer and a professional dancer. Her producers are Antonello Righi and Daniele Filippone.

She became famous in 2007 with the videoclip Micromania, which became very popular in Brazil and Portugal and became a summer hit,  a  candidate to be the "song of the summer" in Spain.

Romina Contiero has a degree in dance, teaches jazz dance and is a co-owner of three dance schools in Milan.

She has been engaged to Marco Masini from 2001 to 2005.

Discography
2014: Busca Busca (single)
2009: Fotonovela (album)
2008: La Pastilla (single)
2008: Micromania (single)
2007: Micromania (Los micrófonos) (videoclip)

References

http://www.tatagolosa.it/

1983 births
Living people
21st-century Italian singers
21st-century Italian women singers


The Genesis 2 is a Standard Class competition glider that was designed by an American team led by Jerry Mercer. It was produced in Lithuania. It is notable in having almost no rear fuselage. However it is not tailless, because it has a small, all-moving tailplane on top of the vertical stabilizer. The tailplane is mainly a trimmer, rather than for longitudinal stability.

Development
During development it was found that carbon rods formed by the "pultrusion" process could be used to provide a stronger spar. This technique has subsequently been applied to other LAK aircraft. The nosewheel was also made retractable and the wing washout was reduced. The production aircraft with these modifications, which flew in 1998, were called "Genesis 2". There was a breakdown in relations between the American design group and the manufacturers, and so production was stopped after 27 had been made.

Specifications (Genesis 2)

References

External links

LAK web-site

Marske aircraft
Glider aircraft
LAK aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1994
T-tail aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft


Moin ud Din Javed Buttar () was a former justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, retired on medical grounds.

Early life
Javed Buttar was born on 16 November 1947 in Multan though belongs to Kirto a village of District Sheikhupura. He belongs to a Buttar Jatt family. His father, Haji Muhammad Anwar Buttar, was a Senior Advocate of Supreme Court of Pakistan.

Siblings and Sons
Mr Javed Buttar is the oldest of total six siblings, he has two brothers and three sisters.

His brother Mr Pervaiz Buttar is a practicing solicitor in Sydney, Australia. He has lived in Australia since early eighties, and after academic career he has practised for over 25 years and still manages along with his daughter Wajiha Ahmed, a successful law firm.

Third brother F. Jamshed Buttar is a retired lieutenant colonel from the prestigious Pakistan Army and is settled in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. His wife Rukhsana Jamshed Buttar was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan  and served as Federal Parliamentary Secretary for Petroleum and Natural Resources.

The oldest sister Gul Fatima lives in Lahore and the United States. Second Dr. Amna Buttar, lived in New York City and was a practicing physician at NYU Langone Medical Center. She has specialized in geriatrics.
The youngest sister Dr. Aisha Buttar lives in North Carolina, is also a physician with specialty in pain medicine.

His two sons Saad and Asad, both barristers are also married to barristers and former is advocate Supreme practising in Islamabad and latter in Lahore High Court.

Education and training
Mr Buttar graduated from Government College, Lahore in 1967. He passed his LL.B. in 1969 from Punjab University Law College, Lahore.<ref
name=AnnualReport2006> Supreme Court Report Golden Jubilee Edition 2006  </ref>

He, as a lawyer, attended conference in Manila on the "Conflict Resolution of Philippines". He also attended a Judicial Administration and Reform Course (JARC) in Sydney in the year 2002.

Professional career

Buttar joined the legal profession in 1971, became a High Court advocate in 1974 and then an advocate of the Supreme Court in 1985. On 7 August 1994 he was made a judge of Lahore High Court  and ten years later became a judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan .

Controversies

PCO 2007

On 3 November 2007 Chief of Army Staff in Pakistan declared emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order. A seven-member panel of Supreme Court of Pakistan, issued an order the declaration of emergency as illegal and prohibited all judges to take oath on any PCO. Justice Buttar was a sitting judge in Supreme Court of Pakistan choose to take the oath on PCO on 3 November 2007. He was one of the four Supreme Court judges from a total of 17, who took oath under the provisional constitution on 3 November 2007.

On 24 November 2007, a seven panel bench of newly constituted supreme court, after imposition of PCO, validated the imposition of emergency and the promulgation of the Provisional Constitutional Order issued by the Chief of the Army Staff. The bench was headed by Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar.

Justice Buttar resigned and retired on grounds of health.

Important cases

On 28 September 2007, M. Javed Buttar, along with Abdul Hameed Dogar, Javed Iqbal, Mohammad Nawaz Abbasi, Faqir Muhammad Khokhar, and Falak Sher formed a majority opinion in holding that petition challenging General Pervez Musharraf's candidature for the second term as the president as non-maintainable. Head of the bench Justice Rana Bhagwandas, with two other members Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan and Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan dissented.

References

1948 births
Living people
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
People from Sheikhupura District
Punjabi people


In  Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (1987), the  United States Supreme Court  ruled that a California Coastal Commission regulation which required private homeowners to dedicate a public easement along valuable beachfront property as a condition of approval for a construction permit to renovate their beach bungalow was unconstitutional. The Coastal Commission had asserted that the public-easement condition was a legitimate state interest of diminishing the "blockage of the view of the ocean" caused by the home renovation, even though the easement wouldn't create any additional public view of the ocean. The Court held that in evaluating such claims, there must be an "essential nexus" between a legitimate state interest and the actual conditions of the permit being issued.

In a 5–4 ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that a requirement by the CCC was a taking in violation of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as incorporated against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment.

Facts
The Nollans owned beachfront property in  Ventura County, and wished to replace a  bungalow which had fallen into disrepair with a  house. As a condition for permits to do so, the California Coastal Commission required that the Nollans dedicate for 20 years a strip of land along the beach in front of their house to allow the public the right of pass and re-pass along the beach (to be enacted only when a public agency agreed to accept management of the ambulatory lateral-access easement). 43 neighbors had granted such easements without litigation; the Nollans, however, believed that the demand was an unconstitutional taking of their property without just compensation, and filed a petition for writ of administrative mandamus asking the Ventura County Superior Court to invalidate the easement stipulation. The CCC argued that the new house would increase blockage of the ocean view and contribute to a “wall of residential structures” which would prevent the public “psychologically from realizing a stretch of coastline exists nearby that they have every right to visit". The Nollans could offset this burden to the public, the CCC argued, by providing additional access to the beach in the form of a dedicated access easement along the beachfront side of their property. The Superior Court ruled in favor of the Nollans, declaring “the Commission could impose access conditions on development permits for replacement homes only where the proposed development would have an adverse impact on public access to the sea, and this requirement was not met" (Mandelker 124).

The property in question is located along Faria Beach in Ventura County, which, at the time was sparsely developed (in contrast to the , three-story homes along the Malibu beaches where development of the "psychological impediment to public access" argument first occurred). Article X, Section 4 of the California Constitution guaranteed access to the beaches, but a prospective beach-goer might have difficulty seeing the beach or finding public access to it. The walling-off effect, the argument went, created a psychological impediment to public access ensuring that no members of the public would be able to utilize a public resource (access to which is guaranteed by the state constitution). The development pattern, in effect, took a public resource supposedly available to anyone and turned it into the private enclave of the wealthy property owners whose houses lined the beach.

The "psychological impediments to public access" became a popular finding in staff reports analyzing projects before the California Coastal Commission, particularly when a proposed development had only a minor physical impact to access by the public but required (for legal adequacy for the staff report and California's Environmental Quality Act and Coastal Act) rational bases for imposition of conditions to help make a proposed development consistent with the environmental laws of the state.

The Nollans' property did not present the same conditions found along beaches in Malibu, being less than 4% developed and having smaller, less-intensive development than that along the Malibu shoreline. The condition for approval of the Nollans' Coastal Development Permit was that the applicants record an offer to dedicate a strip of property (generally  wide and located landward of the mean high tide)—or, more generally, from the actual edge of the water on any particular day during any given tide along the beach.

Prior procedure
The CCC subsequently appealed to the California Courts of Appeal; the court ruled in its favor, finding “imposition of an access condition on a development permit was sufficiently related to burdens created by the project to be constitutional". The court also held that the Nollans' taking claim failed because the condition did not deprive them of all reasonable use of their property. The Nollans appealed to the United States Supreme Court, raising only the constitutional question.

Issue
The issue before the court was whether the imposition by the CCC of the requirement that the Nollans convey a public easement as a condition for granting a land-use permit constituted a taking.

Reasoning
Justice Scalia delivered the decision of the Court: “The lack of nexus between the condition and the original purpose of the building restriction converts that purpose to something other than what it was...Unless the permit condition serves the same governmental purpose as the development ban, the building restriction is not a valid regulation of land use but an out-and-out plan of extortion".

In writing for the Court's majority, Justice Antonin Scalia derided the concept of psychological impediments to public access; he wrote that if a public agency wishes to place conditions of approval on a permit, that those conditions must bear some relation to the public-policy concerns purported to be resolved through the imposition of conditions of approval. For example, if a project eliminates  of public parkland, an appropriate condition would be to require replacement in-kind of the  to maintain the size of public parkland. In short, there had to be a nexus between the public-policy issue and the condition of approval which sought to address it. Justice Scalia then pointed out that under the ruling, a public-access condition did not meet that nexus test by compensating for the slight loss of public view across the Nollans' property; he then stated that if loss of public views across the Nollans' property was truly the issue, then an appropriate condition of approval would have been "construction of a public viewing platform on the roof of the Nollans' house".

The public had no right of passage with the existing bungalow in place, so it would be unaffected by the larger structure replacing it. The Court specified that a “close nexus” must be shown between the regulatory condition imposed and the development impacts of concern, and that the regulatory action must “substantially advance legitimate state interests” (AADASDF p 53).  Although the case appears to deal primarily with takings, the principles are applied to the exaction and impact-fee debate as well. The Court struck down California’s policy of “anything goes” for exaction requirements, and created the rational-nexus standard for states across America.

Later implications
In Dolan v. City of Tigard, the Court evaluated further the degree of the connection required. In that case, the City of Tigard, Oregon required any business owner seeking to substantially expand onto property adjacent to a floodplain to create a public greenway and bike path from private land in order to prevent flooding and traffic congestion. The Supreme Court ruled that the city’s requirement would be a taking if the city did not show that there was a reasonable relationship between the creation of the greenway and bike path and the impact of the development. "Without question, had the city simply required petitioner to dedicate a strip of land along Fanno Creek for public use, rather than conditioning the grant of her permit to redevelop her property on such a dedication, a taking would have occurred", the Court held. “Such public access would deprive petitioner of the right to exclude others, one of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property".

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 483
 List of United States Supreme Court cases

References

External links

Takings Clause case law
United States land use case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
1987 in the environment
1987 in United States case law


Foolish is a 1999 comedy drama film directed by Dave Meyers and starring Master P and Eddie Griffin.  It was No Limit Films second theatrical release after I Got the Hook-Up.

Plot
Quentin "Fifty Dollah" Waise  (Master P) is involved in a crime ring that earns him good money but worries his grandmother Odetta  (Marla Gibbs), who dotes on him and encourages him to follow a more righteous path. Fifty Dollah's brother Miles "Foolish" Waise  (Eddie Griffin), who got his nickname from Odetta, is an aspiring comedian, but his inability to get his career going convinces his older sibling he's wasting his talents. The movie pays homage to several of Griffin's idols, such as Redd Foxx, Robin Harris and Sammy Davis, Jr. who appear as feet under restroom stalls while he prepares to perform.

His idols inspire Foolish to do well in his shows, which are widely attended and scheduled last to keep the bar customers drinking, but he has home trouble with his girlfriend and their son, and after the death of his grandmother, seems unable either to keep a gig or to move on. Fifty Dollah tries to give him the push he needs and tries to get his own life in order, but is distracted both by problems with criminal leader Eldorado Ron (Andrew Dice Clay) and by a painful love triangle with his brother and the girl they both like (Amie) (Amy Petersen).

Cast
 Master P as Quentin "Fifty Dollah" Waise
 Eddie Griffin as Miles "Foolish" Waise
 Amie Petersen as Desiree
 Frank Sivero as Giovanni
 Daphne Duplaix as Clarisse
 Jonathan Banks as "Numbers"
 Andrew Dice Clay as Ron "Eldorado Ron"
 Sven-Ole Thorsen as Paris
 Marla Gibbs as Odetta Waise
 Traci Bingham as Simone
 Bill Nunn as Jimmy Beck
 Clifton Powell as Everette Washington
 AJ Johnson as Himself
 Traequon Tolbert as Miles Waise Jr.
 Brion James as Ruben Reyes, Talent Scout (uncredited)

Soundtrack

A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on March 23, 1999 by No Limit Records. It peaked at #32 on the Billboard 200 and #10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

References

External links

1999 films
1999 comedy-drama films
African-American comedy-drama films
Hood comedy films
Artisan Entertainment films
Films directed by Dave Meyers (director)
1999 directorial debut films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films


Weekend Sport is a Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) radio programme broadcast at weekends on RTÉ Radio 1.

Saturday Sport is broadcast between 14:00 and 18:00 on Saturdays, although broadcast times are often extended depending on ongoing events, with Sunday Sport on air between 14:00 and 18:00.

Sunday Sport has been on air since 1971 and was first presented by Paddy O'Brien. Other presenters throughout its history have included Liam Nolan, Bill O'Herlihy, Eamonn Ó'Muirí, Jimmy Magee, Adrian Eames and Jacqui Hurley.

Saturday Sport is presented by Joanne Cantwell and Des Cahill. Sunday Sport is presented by Des Cahill and Darren Frehill.  Many RTÉ Sports reporters and producers, such as Barry O'Neill, also contribute.

Saturday Sport is Ireland's most listened to radio sports programme, drawing a weekly audience of 194,000, whilst 175,000 tune in to Sunday Sport weekly.

Commentators and reporters

GAA - Pauric Lodge, Marty Morrissey, Liam Aherne, Ger Canning, Darragh Maloney, Adrian Eames, John Kenny, Damien O'Meara, Angelina Nugent, Siobhan Madigan, Martin Kiely, Pat Costello, Owen McConnon, Mike McCartney, Cathal Mullaney, Patrick Mulcahy, Sean Perry.

Rugby - Michael Corcoran, Gary Moran, Neil Treacy,

Soccer - John Kenny, Adrian Eames, Siobhan Madigan.

Horse racing - Brendan McArdle, Eoghain Ward.

Golf - Greg Allen.

Pundits

GAA - John Mullane, Shane McGrath, Davy Fitzgerald, Kyle Coney, John Casey, Denise Masterson, Brian Carroll, Conleth Gilligan, Brendan Deveney, Kate Kelly.

Rugby - Donal Lenihan, Bernard Jackman, Grace Davitt, Fiona Coghlan, Shane Byrne, Ian Keatley, James Downey.

Soccer - Alan Cawley, Paul Corry, Pat Fenlon, Stephen Elliott, Keith Long, Keith Treacy, Stephen Kelly.

Horse racing - Nina Carberry.

Golf - Gary Murphy.

See also
 RTÉ Sport

References

RTÉ Radio 1 programmes
RTÉ Sport


Sofm can refer to:

 Self-organizing map, a type of artificial neural network (ANN)
 SofM, a Vietnamese League of Legends player


Echol Cole and Robert Walker were sanitation workers who died accidentally in Memphis, Tennessee at the corner of Colonial Rd. and Verne Rd. on February 1, 1968. While working that day, the pair sought refuge from a rainstorm in the compactor area of their garbage truck. The two African American men were prevented from seeking shelter from the rain inside a building due to segregation laws. They were killed when the compactor accidentally activated. Their deaths were a precursor to the Memphis sanitation strike, during which the prominent civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated.

Accidental deaths
Cole (age 36) and Walker (age 30) were both sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee. Both reported for work on February 1, 1968, a day the rain would be later reported as torrential, overflowing the sewers and flooding the streets. While on shift, at around 4:20pm, the pair sought refuge in the back of their truck during a rainstorm. A malfunction followed, and both men were crushed to death by the truck's garbage compactor. Their coworker Elester Gregory, who had been riding in the cab of the truck, said "The motor started racing and the driver stopped and ran around and smashed that button to stop that thing ... I didn’t know what was happening. It looked to me like one of them almost got out, but he got caught and just fell back in there.”

Repercussions

Following their deaths, their widows received no insurance benefits; the city offered one month's pay for each man, and $500 for funeral expenses. Black Memphians donated $100,000 USD to the widows; the United Auto Workers donated an additional $25,000 USD.

The deaths of Cole and Walker proved to be the catalyst for the Memphis sanitation strike. On February 11, ten days after their deaths, union Local 1733 held a strike meeting where over 400 workers complained that the city refused to provide decent wages and working conditions. The workers wanted immediate action but the city refused.

On Monday February 12, 1968, 930 of 1100 sanitation workers did not show up for work, including 214 of 230 sewer drainage workers. Only 38 of the 108 garbage trucks continued to move.

Their deaths, together with many racial and working-class injustices prompted Martin Luther King Jr. to join a citywide march on March 18. The march ended with police action, but another was scheduled. King was assassinated the evening before the second march.

See also
 I Am a Man!

References

1968 deaths
1968 in Tennessee
Deaths by person in Tennessee
February 1968 events in the United States
History of Memphis, Tennessee


Karen Rose (born Karen Rose Hafer in Baltimore, Maryland, United States) is an internationally bestselling, RITA-award winning romantic suspense author. Rose was born and raised in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. She met her husband, Martin, on a blind date when they were seventeen and after they both graduated from the University of Maryland (Karen with a degree in chemical engineering), they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio. Karen worked as a chemical engineer for a large consumer goods company, earning two patents, but as Karen says, “scenes were roiling in my head and I couldn't concentrate on my job so I started writing them down. I started out writing for fun, and soon found I was hooked.”

Her debut suspense novel, Don't Tell, was released in July, 2003. Since then, she has published more than fifteen novels and two novellas. Her twenty-fifth novel, Say No More, was released in August 2020.

Karen's books have appeared on the bestseller lists of the New York Times, USA Today, London's Sunday Times, and Germany's Der Spiegel (#1), and the Irish Times, as well as lists in South Africa (#1) and Australia.

Her novels, I'm Watching You and Silent Scream, received the Romance Writers of America's RITA award for Best Romantic Suspense for 2005 and 2011. Five of her other books have been RITA finalists. To date, her books have been translated into more than twenty languages.

Karen's books are set in different US states. The books are connected, and characters from previous novels usually make appearances, even if they are not from those places.

A former high school teacher of chemistry and physics, Karen lives in Florida with her husband of more than thirty years and her dog, Loki.

Bibliography
2003 – Don't Tell (Chicago Book 1)
2004 – Have You Seen Her? (Raleigh)
2004 – I'm Watching You (Chicago Book 2)
2005 – Nothing to Fear (Chicago Book 3)
2005 – Dirty Secrets (St. Petersburg, Florida novella, previously published in the anthology Hot Pursuit)
2006 – You Can't Hide (Chicago Book 4)
2007 – Count to Ten (Chicago Book 5)
2007 – Die for Me (Philadelphia/Atlanta Book 1)
2009 – Scream for Me (Philadelphia/Atlanta Book 2)
2009 – Kill for Me (Philadelphia/Atlanta Book 3)
2009 – I Can See You (Minneapolis Book 1)
2010 – Silent Scream (Minneapolis Book 2)
2011 – You Belong to Me (Baltimore Book 1)
2012 – No One Left to Tell (Baltimore Book 2)
2012 – Did You Miss Me? (Baltimore Book 3)
2013 – Broken Silence (Baltimore Book 3.5, novella)
2013 – Watch Your Back (Baltimore Book 4)
2014 – Closer Than You Think (Cincinnati Book 1)
2015 – Alone in the Dark (Cincinnati Book 2)
2016 – Every Dark Corner (Cincinnati Book 3)
2017 – Monster in the Closet (Baltimore Book 5)
2018 – Edge of Darkness (Cincinnati Book 4)
2018 – Death Is Not Enough (Baltimore Book 6)
2019 – Say You're Sorry (Sacramento Book 1)
2019 – Into the Dark (Cincinnati Book 5) [Release: Nov 14, 2019 (UK), Nov 26, 2019 (US) ]
2020 – Say No More (Sacramento Book 2)
2021 – Say Goodbye (Sacramento Book 3)
2022 – Quarter to Midnight (New Orleans Book 1)
2023 – Cold Blooded Liar (San Diego Book 1)
2023 – Beneath Dark Waters (New Orleans Book 2)

References

External links
 Official homepage
 On The Murder Trail Again - 2011 Interview in Shotsmag Ezine
 2008 Interview in Shotsmag Ezine

21st-century American novelists
American romantic fiction writers
RITA Award winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women novelists
Women romantic fiction writers
21st-century American women writers


Duane Douglas Allen (October 21, 1937 – May 7, 2003) was a professional American football tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He was the Santa Ana College's Athlete of the Year and the Eastern Conference Lineman of the Year. He was drafted in 1961 by the Los Angeles Rams in the ninth round of the NFL draft. He spent seven years in the NFL playing for the Los Angeles Rams (1961–64), Baltimore Colts (1965-66) and Chicago Bears (1967). He appeared in the 1975 Richard Fleischer movie, Mandingo as «Topaze». He was born in Alhambra, California in 1937. He died at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena after having suffered a stroke on April 11, 2003.

References

External links

NFL.com profile

1937 births
2003 deaths
Sportspeople from Alhambra, California
Players of American football from Los Angeles County, California
American football tight ends
Los Angeles Rams players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Chicago Bears players
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Santa Ana Dons football players
Santa Ana College alumni


Clelands Shipbuilding Company was a leading British shipbuilding company. The Company was based in Wallsend was nationalised by the British Government. It was founded in 1864 by John and Thomas Cleland, and operated until it was acquired by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson in 1967. The company built a variety of ships, including passenger ships, cargo ships, and naval vessels.

History
The Company was established by William Cleland in 1866 as Clelands Shipbuilding Company. It was based at Willington Quay in Wallsend and became one of the UK's leading builders of coastal vessels. During the 1930s it got into financial difficulties and for a while was known as Clelands (Successors) Ltd. It was acquired by Swan Hunter in 1967 and was nationalised in 1977 at which time it was subsumed into British Shipbuilders. The yard closed down in 1984.

References

See also
 List of shipbuilders and shipyards

Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies based in Tyne and Wear
Manufacturing companies established in 1866
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1984
1866 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England


"Home Bound" is an instrumental by American rock musician Ted Nugent; it is his fifth single. It's the fifth track on his most famous album, Cat Scratch Fever. It was sampled by the Beastie Boys and Biz Markie as "The Biz vs the Nuge" on the album Check Your Head in 1992.

Chart positions

References

1977 singles
Ted Nugent songs
Rock instrumentals
Songs written by Ted Nugent
Song recordings produced by Tom Werman
1977 songs


A-dec (Austin Dental Equipment Company) is a dental office furniture and equipment manufacturer based in Newberg, Oregon, United States.  It is considered one of the largest dental equipment makers in the world, and as of 2002 is Newberg's largest employer with 832 employees.  Founded in 1964, the company's annual revenue of $250 million comes from the sale of products such as dental chairs, stools, delivery systems, medical lighting, cabinetry, and other accessories.

History
In 1964, Ken Austin built an improved air-powered vacuum system known as the Air-Venturi System, which varied from the belt-drive devices in use at the time. That same year the company released the first miniature delivery unit designed specifically for the new reclining patient chair, Dec-Et, followed by the complementary Tray-Cart, the first mobile dental assistant's work surface. The mobile equipment helped the company grow rapidly. In 1966, A-dec was incorporated, and at the time the company was housed in a Quonset hut in Newberg. They built a new plant and offices on  on the edge of Newberg in 1971. The company expanded distribution into 23 countries that year as well.

In 1977, A-dec offered a full line of instrument delivery systems. In subsequent years, the company added chairs, stools and dental lights, becoming a full service provider in the 1980s with revenues of $75 million annually by 1990. They developed a dental cabinetry line in 1983 as well as  building the self-contained water system, allowing dentists to have a controlled water supply to handpieces, and syringes, improving the industry's infection control. A-dec began a partnership with W&H, a family-run company based in Austria and a leading manufacturer of rotary dental instruments in 1985. The partnership positioned A-dec for new growth into the dental handpiece and ancillary equipment markets with the A-dec|W&H co-brand. In January 1990, they bought A-dec Diversified Inc., a company also in Newberg. The company grew to 600 employees by 1992. In 1999, the company was named as the 88th largest woman-owned company in the US.

A-dec introduced new products the Cascade and Radius in the 1990s, and in 2004 introduced the A-dec 500. The chair-mounted delivery system brought new technologies together for the first time and created an integrated system. The development of A-dec 500 led to streamlining the company's production lines and staging A-dec for a quicker time-to-market for its products. They also switched from a cold press to a hot press for their wood piece production at their  plant. The company was one of the leading contributors to a campaign to force a vote on a proposed income tax increase by the state legislature in 2003, which was defeated in 2004.

By 2006 the company had grown to almost 1,000 employees and annual revenue of $250 million. A-dec named Scott Parrish president of the company in 2007, replacing founder Ken Austin. In 2008, the company held a contest for dentists and gave the winners new office equipment. They also opened a new  training facility that year in Newberg. This facility doubles as a showroom for visiting dental professionals to view the company's products. The company introduced the A-dec 300, a fully integrated chair and delivery system with a smaller footprint in 2009. That year they also laid off 100 employees due to the worldwide economic downturn. In February of that year the company was fined by the Environmental Protection Agency and then reached a $325,700 settlement for selling an unregistered pesticide.

Operations
Founders, George Kenneth 'Ken' Austin Jr. (1931-2019) and Joan D. Austin (1931-2013), developed the "A-dec Way", a written expression of the operating philosophy which governs all aspects of the company. Introduced in 1972, the philosophy contains 15 points from a concern for people to encouraging creativity among others. Employees receive profit sharing from the privately held corporation. The company's  campus in northeast Newberg has 11 buildings with . As of 2003 the private company was debt free. Most of the equipment built is custom ordered by dentists.

The company has affiliations with the American Association of Women Dentists, American Dental Association, American Student Dental Association, Dental Trade Alliance, National Dental Association, British Dental Health Foundation, and Australian Dental Industry Association among others.

A-dec has won many award including being named as one of Oregon's Most Admired Companies by the Portland Business Journal in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Other awards include those from Dentaltown Magazine, Volunteers of America, the American Dental Education Association, Association of Fundraising Professionals, American Dental Association, and Oregon Business magazine.

See also
 List of companies based in Oregon

References

External links
Ken Austin Oral History Interview

1964 establishments in Oregon
Companies based in Oregon
Manufacturing companies established in 1964
Dental companies
Newberg, Oregon
Privately held companies based in Oregon


The Battle of Tarqui, also known as the Battle of Portete de Tarqui, took place on 27 February 1829 at Tarqui, near Cuenca, today part of Ecuador. It was fought between troops from Gran Colombia, commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and Peruvian troops under José de La Mar. Although the Colombian troops achieved victory over the Peruvian vanguard, destroying it and forcing the rest of their forces to withdraw, they suffered heavy losses in their cavalry with the Peruvian charge, which made it difficult to continue the campaign and caused the stabilization of the front.

For this reason, Sucre and La Mar signed an armistice in Girón, a prelude to the negotiation of the end of hostilities and the establishment of limits between the two countries. However, the breach of the agreement almost led to a continuation of the war, an event that was prevented by the political instability in Peru that led to the deposition of La Mar by Agustín Gamarra. The new Peruvian president negotiated the signing of the peace treaty with Colombia, known as the Treaty of Guayaquil. At the same time, however, events were taking place that would lead to the dissolution of Gran Colombia.

The anniversary of the battle is conmemorated as Army Day by the Ecuadorian Army.

Prelude

Relations between Gran Colombia and Peru had deteriorated alarmingly. On the one hand, certain Peruvian sectors distrusted former dictator Bolívar's intentions towards the country and, in some cases, were openly hostile to him after his dictatorship in Peru, a fact that had forced him to leave Lima in 1826. Bolivar's Gran Colombian Army had participated in the Peruvian War of Independence, and Bolívar himself had expressed a desire to unite both Peru and Bolivia into a new federated state, with Bolivarian governments established in both Gran Colombia and Bolivia, something with La Mar saw unfavorable, as it was his desire to unite Lower and Upper Peru into a single Peruvian state. On the other hand, both Bolívar and his supporters resented these attitudes and reignited the debate regarding the Peruvian town of Tumbes and the disputed territories of Jaén and Maynas.

The incident that unleashed the events was the Peruvian intervention in the overthrow of the pro-Bolívar government in Bolivia in mid-1828. Peruvian President José de La Mar then received authorization from the Congress of Peru to march to confront the Gran Colombian Army. La Mar himself had been born in Cuenca, and was encouraged by influential citizens of Guayaquil to believe that the people of "el Austro" would prefer to be part of Peru rather than Gran Colombia.

Peru planned and executed an extensive but successful naval blockade of the Gran Colombian coasts, between the current south of Ecuador and the southern coasts of Panama, which prevented the use of the naval units of Gran Colombia in the Pacific. The Peruvian naval campaign culminated in the takeover of the main port that Gran Colombia had in the Pacific Ocean, Guayaquil, on February 1, 1829. The Peruvian Army, for its part, initially had rapid and successful military campaigns.

On November 28, 1828, La Mar entered Colombian territory and occupied Loja and almost the entire department of Azuay; later, La Mar also occupied Guayaquil, evacuated by Colombian general Juan Illingworth while waiting for reinforcements. Bogota was by now finally angry by what La Mar did to the Ecuadorian people. Given the situation, Antonio José de Sucre, then back in Quito after resigning the Bolivian presidency, and Juan José Flores, governor of the department of Ecuador, concentrated the army of southern Colombia near Cuenca to pressure the Peruvian troops, who had occupied the area on February 10, 1829.

Battle

The President of Gran Colombia, Simón Bolívar appointed Mariscal Sucre, then President of Bolivia, to lead the Gran Colombian troops to defend the "Department of Ecuador." Helping Sucre was the Governor of the Department of Ecuador, Juan José Flores. Together Sucre and Flores recruited an estimated 5,000 troops by January 1829 and brought them into the area near Cuenca by the middle of February.

Lamar also had an estimated Peruvian 4,500 troops in the vicinity of Cuenca. The two armies were set to confront in Portete de Tarqui with the victory of the Grancolombian troops, in the first part of the battle, including an infantry brigade consisting of 3 battalions and a cavalry squadron under COL José María Camacaro, serving as part of the cavalry brigade under MGEN Daniel Florence O'Leary.

During the second part of the battle the Colonel's death in the battle by the 1st Squadron, Junin Hussars Regiment commanding officer, COL Luis Jose de Orbegoso y Moncada, who served with then LTCOL Domingo Nieto (later a Marshal) under the leadership of the Argentine general Mariano Necochea, shocked the Colombian forces so much that a cavalry charge was ordered, resulting in the Colombian forces (the Cedeño Squadron and two companies of riflemen) leading yet again into the offensive, but the Junin Hussars blocked them, forcing them to fall back to the line. By sunset the Peruvian forces pulled back, awaiting reinforcements.

Aftermath
The Girón Agreement was signed in the aftermath of the battle by the general officers of both forces. The war had an abrupt end with a coup on the morning of June 7, 1829 by General Agustín Gamarra against the government of President La Mar, who had recently returned to Peru and was subsequently exiled to Costa Rica, where he died in November 1830. With La Mar overthrown, the way was paved for the celebration of peace between Peru and Gran Colombia. General Agustín Gamarra, already provisional president of Peru, gave instructions in this regard. Both parties signed the Piura Armistice on July 10, 1829, by which a 60-day armistice was agreed, as well as the return of Guayaquil to Gran Colombia and the suspension of the Peruvian blockade of the Pacific coast of Gran Colombia and the withdrawal of Peruvian troops, among other agreements.

After the signing of the Piura Armistice, the Peruvian government delivered the port of Guayaquil back to Gran Colombia on July 20. Later, it was signed in the Treaty of Guayaquil, on September 22, 1829, by the Peruvian José Larrea y Loredo and the Colombian Pedro Gual, considered the first border treaty between the two countries. According to the treaty, Peru kept Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas and Gran Colombia kept Guayaquil. In other words, the status quo ante bellum was maintained, adding that each country could make small concessions in order to establish a more natural and exact dividing line to avoid new conflicts. Likewise, it was agreed to appoint a binational Boundary Commission, to set the dividing line later. The Guayaquil Treaty was ratified by the Congress of Peru and by Simón Bolívar. Larrea and Gual had six meetings in total, between September 16 and 22, 1829, the day the treaty was signed.

Sucre was killed in 1830 while riding on his way back to Quito, and Juan José Flores became the first President of Ecuador.

In honor of the Ecuadorians fallen in the battle, the Presidential Horse Guards Squadron of the Ecuadorian Army has the nickname "Tarqui Grenadiers" in honor of the battle, as a horse grenadier unit served with the Colombian army during the battle and was manned partly by Ecuadorian personnel. They wear a blue dress uniform and carry lances in memory of their fallen predecessors.

Girón Agreement

The Girón Agreement, also known as the Girón Treaty, was the first agreement signed on February 27, 1829 as a consequence of the battle in Tarqui. After the battle, General José de La Mar signed the treaty on February 28 but did not vacate Guayaquil, arguing that he considered it humiliating that Sucre ordered a column to be erected on the battlefield that would read in gold letters the following:

La Mar protested in a letter addressed to Sucre from Gonzamaná and suspended the agreement until the insults were withdrawn, being willing to renew it only then. Although Bolívar mockingly described them as "old-fashioned complaints," La Mar was willing to continue the war if the corresponding revisions were not made. Furthermore, he argued that the treaty had to be ratified by Congress for it to enter into force.

Treaty
The treaty contained the following points:

Piura Armistice

The Piura Armistice was the armistice agreed by both Gran Colombia and Peru in the aftermath of the Gran Colombia–Peru War. The treaty was signed by General Agustín Gamarra in the aftermath of a coup against president José de la Mar on June 7 of the same year.

Armistice
After the coup against President La Mar, the new de facto government of Gamarra travelled to Piura where he called for an immediate cessation of military activities and signed the Armistice with Gran-Colombian General Juan José Flores. This new armistice was intended to restore peace between the two new countries. The treaty also implied the recognition of the annexation of Guayaquil to Colombia, while the rest of the border was to be determined by both parties.

See also
Battle of La Pedrera

References

Bibliography
 Dupuy, R. E. and T. N. Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History. (Philadelphia: Harper and Roe, 1986) p. 818

External links
 Compendio de Historia Militar del Perú Tomo I, Campañas bélicas, A la Gran Colombia: 1995, pp. 212-213.
 Carlos Dellepiane. Historia Militar del Perú. Tomo I, Capitulo III, La Guerra con la Gran Colomboa, pp. 279-303
  Jorge Basadre - Historia de la República del Perú 1822-1933, Tomo I, Capitulo 15, El Portete de Tarqui, pp. 289-293.
 Jorge Basadre - La iniciación de la República, Tomo Primero, La Mar y Gamarra en campaña, pagina 170.
 El Portete de Tarqui: victoria peruana. Nuestra lucha por la independencia, desde el asesinato de Atahualpa, hasta la guerra de 1828 por Miguel V. Merino Schröder, Imprenta Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado, 1950 - 343 páginas.
 Documentos de la guerra de 1828-1829, Antonio José de Sucre, Centro de Estudios Históricos del Ejército, 1992 - 82 páginas.
 Historia General del Ejército Ecuatoriano, El ejército en las guerras de la independencia, Tomo II, por el Teniente Coronel (sp) Dr. Edison Macías Núñez, Centro de Estudios Históricos del Ejército, páginas 108-121.
 Historia Militar del Ecuador, Parte I, Academia Nacional de Historia Militar, páginas 223-244.

Battles involving Peru
Military history of Colombia
Conflicts in 1829
1829 in Gran Colombia


Dipropylene glycol is a mixture of three isomeric chemical compounds, 4-oxa-2,6-heptandiol, 2-(2-hydroxy-propoxy)-propan-1-ol, and 2-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-propan-1-ol. It is a colorless, nearly odorless liquid with a high boiling point and low toxicity.

Uses
Dipropylene glycol finds many uses as a plasticizer, an intermediate in industrial chemical reactions, as a polymerization initiator or monomer, and as a solvent. Its low toxicity and solvent properties make it an ideal additive for perfumes and skin and hair care products. It is also a common ingredient in commercial fog fluid, used in entertainment industry fog machines.

References

Cosmetics chemicals
Monomers
Plasticizers
Diols
Glycol ethers


Andrei Mikhailovich Nikitin (; born 24 March 1980) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow.

External links

1980 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Moscow players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Russian Premier League players
FC Metallurg Lipetsk players
FC Spartak Tambov players
FC Lukhovitsy players


Robin Charles Esser (6 May 1933 – 6 November 2017) was a British newspaper executive and former editor.

After doing National Service and studying at Wadham College, Oxford University, where he edited the Cherwell newspaper, Esser began his career as a reporter with the Daily Express and Daily Sketch in 1957. He edited the Express' "Hickey" column, and gave both Nigel Dempster and Paul Dacre their first jobs on a national newspaper. By 1969, he was the newspaper's New York editor, and was the first British journalist to interview the Apollo 11 astronauts.

He later became consultant editor of the London Evening News, before in 1985 returning to the Daily Express. In 1986, he became editor of the Sunday Express, a post he held until 1989. A great supporter and friend of Margaret Thatcher, Esser was due to receive a knighthood in 1990 but declined the honour on the grounds that it was not appropriate for a serving editor to accept it.

Esser moved to the Daily Mail in 1991, where he introduced an arts and entertainment supplement, published on Fridays. He subsequently became the paper's Executive Managing Editor and oversaw the launch of its website MailOnline.

He was an active member of the Society of Editors, for which he chaired the Parliamentary & Legal Committee, and the Commonwealth Press Union Media Trust.

Esser published three books, The Hot Potato (1969), The Paper Chase (1971), and Crusaders In Chains (2015).

Personal life
He was married to Shirley Clough and had 4 children with her. After an accident in 1972 while on holiday Shirley died and Robin was left a widower. He Met Tui France his second wife and remarried in 1981 and went on to have 2 more children with her. He died a father of 6, a grandfather of 10 and a great grandfather of 4.

References

Burke's Peerage
Who's Who 2009

1935 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
British newspaper editors
British newspaper executives