English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries were public social places where men would meet for conversation and commerce. For the price of a penny, customers purchased a cup of coffee and admission. Travellers introduced coffee as a beverage to England during the mid-17th century; previously it had been consumed mainly for its supposed medicinal properties. Coffeehouses also served tea and hot chocolate as well as a light meal.

The historian Brian Cowan describes English coffeehouses as "places where people gathered to drink coffee, learn the news of the day, and perhaps to meet with other local residents and discuss matters of mutual concern." Topics like the yellow fever would also be discussed. The absence of alcohol created an atmosphere in which it was possible to engage in more serious conversation than in an alehouse. Coffeehouses also played an important role in the development of financial markets and newspapers.

Topics discussed included politics and political scandals, daily gossip, fashion, current events, and debates surrounding philosophy and the natural sciences. Historians often associate English coffeehouses, during the 17th and 18th centuries, with the intellectual and cultural history of the Age of Enlightenment: they were an alternate sphere, supplementary to the university. Political groups frequently used coffeehouses as meeting places.

Origins

Europeans learn about coffee from Empires of Asia
Europeans first learned about coffee consumption and practice through accounts of exotic travels to "oriental" empires of Asia. According to Markman Ellis, travellers accounted for how men would consume an intoxicating liquor, "black in colour and made by infusing the powdered berry of a plant that flourished in Arabia." Native men consumed this liquid "all day long and far into the night, with no apparent desire for sleep but with mind and body continuously alert, men talked and argued, finding in the hot black liquor a curious stimulus quite unlike that produced by fermented juice of grape."

Cowan explains how European perceptions of the initial foreign consumption of coffee was internalised and transformed to mirror European traditions through their acquisition of coffee and its transfusion into popular culture. As such, through Cowan's evaluation of the English virtuosi's utilitarian project for the advancement of learning involving experiments with coffee, this phenomenon is well explained. Sir Francis Bacon  was an important English virtuoso whose vision was to advance human knowledge through the collection and classification of the natural world in order to understand its properties. His work with coffee inspired further research into its medicinal properties. Experiments with coffee led to supposed "cures" for ailments such as "Head-Melancholy", gout, scurvy, smallpox and excessive drunkenness. Adversely, there were those who were cautious of the properties of coffee, fearing they had more unfavourable effects than positive ones. Experimentalists put forth speculations surrounding coffee's consumption. These experimentalists feared that excessive coffee consumption could result in languor, paralysis, heart conditions and trembling limbs, as well as low spiritedness and nervous disorders.

Early Oxford coffeehouses ("penny universities")

During the mid-17th century, coffee was no longer viewed solely as a medicinal plant and this change in perception created a novel opportunity for the serving of coffee to patrons. A ripe location for just such an enterprise was the city of Oxford, with its unique combination of exotic scholarship interests and energetic experimental community. Thus the first English coffeehouse was established in 1650 at the Angel Coaching Inn in Oxford by a Jewish entrepreneur named Jacob. According to Cowan, Oxford was seen as an important fixture for the creation of a distinctive coffeehouse culture throughout the 1650s.  The first coffeehouses established in Oxford were known as penny universities, as they offered an alternative form of learning to structural academic learning, while still being frequented by the English virtuosi who actively pursued advances in human knowledge. The coffeehouses would charge a penny admission, which would include access to newspapers and conversation. Reporters called "runners" went around to the coffeehouses announcing the latest news.

This environment attracted an eclectic group of people who met and mingled with each other. In a society that placed such a high importance on class and economic status, the coffeehouses were unique because the patrons were people from all levels of society. Anyone who had a penny could come inside. Students from the universities also frequented the coffeehouses, sometimes even spending more time at the shops than at school. Cowan states: "The coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial." Despite later coffeehouses being far more inclusive, early Oxford coffeehouses had an air of exclusivity, catering to the virtuosi. Early Oxford coffeehouse virtuosi included Christopher Wren, Peter Pett, Thomas Millington, Timothy Baldwin, and John Lampshire, to name a few. The memoirs of Anthony Wood and John Evelyn provide evidence of the nature of early Oxford coffeehouses. The early Oxford coffeehouses also helped establish the tone for future coffeehouses in England, as they would differ from other English social institutions such as alehouses and taverns. "The coffeehouse was a place for "virtuosi" and "wits", rather than for the plebes or roués who were commonly portrayed as typical patrons of the alcoholic drinking houses. Ellis concludes, "(Oxford's coffeehouses') power lay in the fact that they were in daily touch with the people. Their purpose was something more than to provide a meeting-place for social intercourse and gossip; there was serious and sober discussion on all matters of common interest."

Early London coffeehouses

The Oxford-style coffeehouses, which acted as a centre for social intercourse, gossip, and scholastic interest, spread quickly to London, where English coffeehouses became popularised and embedded within the English popular and political culture. Pasqua Rosée, a native of Smyrna, western Turkey of a Levant Company merchant named Daniel Edwards, established the first London coffeehouse in 1652. London's second coffeehouse was named the Temple Bar, established by James Farr in 1656.

Initially, there was little evidence to suggest that London coffeehouses were popular and largely frequented, due to the nature of the unwelcome competition felt by other London businesses. When Harrington's Rota Club began to meet in another established London coffeehouse known as the Turk's Head, to debate "matters of politics and philosophy", English coffeehouse popularity began to rise. This club was also a "free and open academy unto all comers" whose raison d'être was the art of debate, characterised as "contentious but civil, learned but not didactic." According to Cowan, despite the Rota's banishment after the Restoration of the monarchy, the discursive framework they established while meeting in coffeehouses set the tone for coffeehouse conversation throughout the rest of the 17th century. By early eighteenth century, London boasted more coffeehouses than any other city in the western world, except for Constantinople.

Popular period

Character

English coffeehouses had a particular character during their height in popularity, spanning from 1660, after the Restoration of the monarchy, until their decline towards the end of the 18th century. Coffeehouses soon became the "town's latest novelty." A relaxed atmosphere, their relative cheapness and frequency contributed to coffeehouse sociability and their rise in demand. Despite two major setbacks faced by the coffeehouses during their height in popularity, the outbreak of the plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of London that followed in 1666, the coffeehouse popularity did not wane. Ellis explains: "Londoners could not be entirely subdued and there were still some who climbed the narrow stairs to their favourite coffeehouses although no longer prepared to converse freely with strangers. Before entering they looked quite around the room, and would not approach even close acquaintances without first inquiring the health of the family at home and receiving assurances of their well-being."

English coffeehouses acted as public houses in which all were welcome, having paid the price of a penny for a cup of coffee. Ellis accounts for the wide demographic of men present in a typical coffeehouse in the post-restoration period: "Like Noah's ark, every kind of creature in every walk of life (frequented coffeehouses). They included a town wit, a grave citizen, a worthy lawyer, a worship justice, a reverend nonconformist, and a voluble sailor." Some historians even claimed that these institutions acted as democratic bodies due to their inclusive nature: "Whether a man was dressed in a ragged coat and found himself seated between a belted earl and a gaitered bishop it made no difference; moreover he was able to engage them in conversation and know that he would be answered civilly."

Coffeehouse conversation was supposed to conform to a particular manner. The language of polite and civil conversation was considered to be essential to the conduct of coffeehouse debate and conversation. There is dispute among historians as to the main role that civility played in polite conversation in coffeehouse conversation and debate. Klein argues the importance of the portrayal of utmost civility in coffeehouse conversation to the public was imperative for the survival of coffeehouse popularity throughout the period of restoration-era anxieties. Cowan applies the term "civility" to coffeehouses in the sense of "a peculiarly urban brand of social interaction which valued sober and reasoned debate on matters of great import, be they scientific, aesthetic, or political." He argues that the underlying rules and procedures which have enabled coffeehouses to "keep undesirable out". These include established rules and procedures as well as conventions outlined by clubs when frequenting coffeehouses, such as Harrington's Rota Club. Cowan argues that these "rules" have had a great impact on coffeehouse sociability. Mackie argues that Addison and Steele's popularised periodicals, The Tatler and The Spectator, infused politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, as their explicit purpose lay in the reformation of English manners and morals. Others still contest the holistic presence of polite civility within coffeehouse conversation. Helen Berry uses the example of Elizabeth Adkins, better known as Moll King, using coffeehouse slang known as "flash" - to counter the axiom of polite culture within coffeehouse culture. Ellis explains that because Puritanism influenced English coffeehouse behaviorisms, intoxicants were forbidden, allowing for respectable sober conversation. He offers an example of one coffeehouse patron who, upon seeking ale within a coffeehouse, was asked to leave and visit a nearby tavern.

Various coffeehouses catered to diverse groups of individuals who focused on specific topics of discussion. The variety of topics and groups to which the coffeehouses catered to offers insight into the non-homogeneous nature of English society during the period in which coffeehouses rose to their peak in popularity. These different coffeehouse characters are evident when evaluating specific coffeehouses in detail during the period. After the Restoration, coffeehouses known as penny universities catered to a range of gentlemanly arts and acted as an alternate centre of academic learning. These included lessons in French, Italian or Latin, dancing, fencing, poetry, mathematics and astronomy. Other coffeehouses acted as a centre for social gathering for less learned men. Helen Berry evaluates one coffeehouse, known as Moll King's coffeehouse, which is depicted to be frequented by lowlifes and drunkards as well as "an unusual wide social mix of male customers, from courtiers to Covent Garden market traders and pimps." It was also frequently associated with prostitution. Customers also habitually engaged in a type of conversation known as "flash", a derivative of criminal speak. Moll King's coffeehouse was used as a case study for Berry to prove that polite conversation was not always used within a coffeehouse setting. Other groups frequented other coffeehouses for various reasons. For example, Child's coffeehouse, "near the Physician's Warwick Lane and St. Paul's church yard", was frequented by the clergy and by doctors."

'Rules'
According to the first posted "Rules and Orders of the Coffee House" illustrated and printed in 1674 as a coffee broadside, equality was supposed to have prevailed amongst all men in these establishments, and "no man of any station need give his place to a finer man". Historians confirm that social status was somewhat ignored, as one could participate in conversation regardless of class, rank, or political leaning. If one should swear, they would have to forfeit a twelve-pence. If a quarrel broke out, the instigator would have to purchase the offended a cup of coffee. The topic of "sacred things" was barred from coffeehouses, and rules existed against speaking poorly of the state as well as religious scriptures. The rules forbade games of chance, such as cards and dice, as well. However, In reality, there were no regulations or rules governing the coffee-houses. [This] satire ironises the very idea of regulating their behaviour.

Financial markets
Frequent consumption of alcohol was common up until the mid-seventeenth century in England. Most people favored watered-down ale or beer instead of London's river water. The arrival of coffee triggered a dawn of sobriety that laid the foundations for truly spectacular economic growth in the decades that followed as people thought clearly for the first time. The stock exchange, insurance industry, and auctioneering: all burst into life in 17th-century coffeehouses — in Jonathan's, Lloyd's, and Garraway's — spawning the credit, security, and markets that facilitated the dramatic expansion of Britain's network of global trade in Asia, Africa and America.

At Lloyd's Coffee House, frequented by merchants and sailors, deals in the shipping industry were conducted. As a result, it became the major insurer Lloyd's of London.

In the 17th century, stockbrokers also gathered and traded in coffee houses, notably Jonathan's Coffee-House, because they were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners.

Print news culture
The English coffeehouse also acted as a primary centre of communication for news. Historians strongly associate English coffeehouses with print and scribal publications, as they were important venues for the reading and distribution of such materials, as well as the gathering of important news information. Most coffeehouses provided pamphlets and newspapers, as the price of admission covered their costs. Patrons perused reading material at their leisure. Coffeehouses became increasingly associated with news culture, as news became available in a variety of forms throughout coffeehouses. These forms include: "Print, both licensed and unlicensed; manuscripts; aloud, as gossip, hearsay, and word of mouth." Runners also went round to different coffeehouses, reporting the latest current events. Circulation of bulletins announcing sales, sailings, and auctions was also common in English coffeehouses.

Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's news publications, The Spectator and the Tatler, were considered the most influential venue of print news that circulated in English coffeehouses. These journals were likely the most widely distributed sources of news and gossip within coffeehouses throughout the early half of the 18th century. Addison and Steele explicitly worked to reform the manners and morals of English society, accomplished through a veiled anecdotal critique of English society. As these anecdotal stories held underlying, rather than explicit, social critiques, "readers were persuaded, not coerced, into freely electing these standards of taste and behaviour as their own." Addison and Steele relied on coffeehouses for their source of news and gossip as well as their clientele, and then spread their news culture back into the coffeehouses as they relied on coffeehouses for their distribution. According to Bramah, the good standing of the press during the days in which Addison and Steele distributed The Tatler and The Spectator in English coffeehouses can be directly attributed to the popularity of the coffeehouse.

The Enlightenment
There is contention among historians as to the extent to which English coffeehouses contributed to the public sphere of the age of Enlightenment. There is no simple and uniform way to describe the Age of Enlightenment; however, historians generally agree that during this period, reason became a substitute for other forms of authority that had previously governed human action, such as religion, superstition, or customs of arbitrary authority. In his analysis of the Enlightenment, Jürgen Habermas argues that the age of Enlightenment had seen the creation of a bourgeois public sphere for the discussion and transformations of opinions. According to Habermas, this 'public realm' "is a space where men could escape from their roles as subjects, and gain autonomy in the exercise and exchange of their own opinions and ideas." Consequently, there is also no simple and uniform 'public sphere', as it can encompass different spheres within, such as an intellectual of political public sphere of the age of Enlightenment.

In regard to English coffeehouses, there is contention among historians as to the extent to which coffeehouses should be considered within the public sphere of the Enlightenment. Dorinda Outram places English coffeehouses within an intellectual public sphere, focusing on the transfusion of enlightened ideas. She justifies her placement of English coffeehouses within an 'intellectual public sphere' by naming them "commercial operations, open to all who could pay and thus provided ways in which many different social strata could be exposed to the same ideas." She also argues that enlightened ideas were transfused through print culture, a culture that became open to larger number of individuals after the 'reading revolution' at the end of the 18th century. According to Outram, as English coffeehouses offered various forms of print items, such as newspapers, journals and some of the latest books, they are to be considered within the public sphere of the Enlightenment. Historian James Van Horn Melton offers another perspective and places English coffeehouses within a more political public sphere of the Enlightenment. According to Melton, English coffeehouses were "born in an age of revolution, restoration, and bitter party rivalries. (They) provided public space at a time when political action and debate had begun to spill beyond the institutions that had traditionally contained them." He uses the fact that Harrington's "arch republican" Rota club met within an early London coffeehouse to discuss political issues as evidence that English coffeehouses were depicted as centres of "religious and political dissent." He also offers evidence that different political groups used the popularity of coffeehouses for their own political ends: Puritans encouraged coffeehouse popularity because proprietors forbade the consumption of alcohol within their establishment, whereas royalist critics associated coffeehouses with incessant and unwarranted political talk by common subjects.

Women

Historians disagree on the role and participation of women within the English coffeehouse. Bramah states that women were forbidden from partaking in coffeehouse activity as customers. Cowan, on the other hand, explains that while coffeehouses were free and open to all subjects despite class, gender, or merit, conversation revolved around male-centred issues such as politics, business and cultural criticism, which were not supposed to concern women and thus their participation within coffeehouses was unwelcomed. Historians depict coffeehouses as a gentlemanly sphere where men could partake in conversation without associating with women; coffeehouses were consequently not considered a place for a lady who wished to preserve her respectability. As such, complaints against the coffeehouse were commonly vocalised by women. Women used subtle arguments against coffeehouse frequenting, as well as coffee consumption, outlined in "The Women's Petition Against Coffee." They protested against the consumption of coffee arguing that it made men sterile and impotent and stated that it contributed to the nation's failing birth rate. According to the petition, coffee made men "as unfruitful as the sandy deserts, from where that unhappy berry is said to be brought." Women also raised protest against the coffeehouse itself as it "provided in times of domestic crisis when a husband should have been attending to his duties at home."

Cowan cites a handful of instances in which women were allowed to frequent English coffeehouses: When partaking in business ventures, in Bath, where female sociability was more readily accepted, in gambling/coffeehouses, and while auctions were held within coffeehouses, as a woman acted in the service of her household. Historians have accounted for female involvement in the male public sphere of the coffeehouse by evaluating female news hawkers who enter temporarily within a male-dominated coffeehouse. Paula McDowell has argued that these women "were anything but the passive distributors of other people's political ideas." In addition, as McDowell's study shows, female hawkers "shap[ed] the modes and forms of political discourse through their understanding of their customer's desires for news and print ephemera." Nonetheless, McDowell and Cowan agree that although female workers may have been physically within the male public sphere of the coffeehouse, their rank and gender prevented them from fully participating within the sphere. The presence of women within coffeehouses in general did not mean that they participated equally in the public sphere of coffeehouses. Cowan points to female proprietors of coffeehouses, known as "coffee-women", as a pertinent example of women's presence in, while not necessarily participating in, the public realm of coffeehouses. They acted as proprietors of the establishment as well as coffee servers, while not necessarily taking part in coffeehouse conversation. Famous female coffeehouse proprietors are Anne Rochford and Moll King, who subsequently became publicly satirised figures.

Decline
Towards the end of the 18th century, coffeehouses had almost completely disappeared from the popular social scene in England. Historians offer a wide range of reasons for the decline of English coffeehouses. Ellis argues that coffeehouse patrons' folly through business endeavours, the evolution of the club and the government's colonial policy acted as the main contributors to the decline of the English coffeehouse. Coffeehouse proprietors worked to gain monopoly over news culture and to establish a coffeehouse newspaper as the sole form of print news available. Met with incessant ridicule and criticism, the proposal discredited coffee-men's social standing. Ellis explains: "Ridicule and derision killed the coffee-men's proposal but it is significant that, from that date, their influence, status and authority began to wane. In short, coffee-men had made a tactical blunder and had overreached themselves."

The rise of the exclusive gentlemen's club also contributed to the decline in popularity of English coffeehouses. Bramah explains how the coffeehouse rules that had made coffeehouses once accessible meeting places for all sections of society, fell into disuse. "Snobbery reared its head, particularly amongst the intelligentsia, who felt that their special genius entitled them to protection from the common herd. Strangers were no longer welcome." For example, some coffeehouses began charging more than the customary penny to preserve frequent attendance of the higher standing clientele they served. Literary and political clubs rose in popularity, as "the frivolities of coffee-drinking were lost in more serious discussion."

With increased demand for tea, the government also had a hand in the decline of the English coffeehouse in the 18th century. The British East India Company, at the time, had a greater interest in the tea trade than in the coffee trade, as competition for coffee had heightened internationally with the expansion of coffeehouses throughout the rest of Europe. Government policy fostered trade with India and China, and, according to Ellis, the government offered encouragements to anything that would stimulate demand for tea. Tea had become fashionable at court, and tea houses, which drew their clientele from both sexes, began to grow in popularity. The growing popularity of tea is explained by the ease with which it is prepared. "To brew tea, all that is needed is to add boiling water; coffee, in contrast, required roasting, grinding and brewing." Ellis offers evidence that tea consumption rose in English society, from  per annum in 1710 to  per annum in 1721. In regards to the decline in coffee culture, Ellis concludes: "They had served their purpose and were no longer needed as meeting-places for political or literary criticism and debate. They had seen the nation pass through one of its greatest periods of trial and tribulation; had fought and won the battle age of profligacy; and had given us a standard of prose-writing and literary criticism unequalled before or since."

See also

 Stuart period
 Tavern

Notes

References
 Berry, Helen. 2001. "Rethinking Politeness in Eighteenth-Century England: Moll King's Coffee House and the significance of 'Flash Talk': The Alexander Prize Lecture." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 6th Set., Vol. 11: 65–81.
 Brahma, Edward. Tea and Coffee. A Modern View of Three Hundred Years of Tradition. Tip tree, Essex: Hutchinson & Co, Ltd.
 Cessford, C., Hall, A., Herring, V., & Newman, R. 2017. “'To Clapham's I go': a mid to late 18th-century Cambridge coffeehouse assemblage.”Post-Medieval Archaeology. No.51(2): 372–426.
 Cowan, Brian William. 2005. The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse. New Haven: Yale University Press.
 Cowan, Brian. 2004. "The Rise of the Coffeehouse Reconsidered" Historical Journal 47#1 (2004) pp. 21–46 online
 Cowan, Brian William. 2001. "What Was Masculine about the Public Sphere? Gender and the Coffeehouse Milieu in Post-Restoration England." History Workshop Journal. No. 51: 127–157. online
 Ellis, Aytoun. 1956. The Penny Universities; A History of the Coffee-houses. London: Decker & War-burg.
 Ellis, Markman. 2004. The coffee-house: a cultural history. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
 Klein, Lawrence. E. 1996. "Coffeehouse Civility, 1660–1714: An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England." The Huntington Library Quarterly. 59#1 pp 30–51. online
 McDowell, Paula. 1998. The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 Outram, Dorinda. 1995. The Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Pendergrast, Mark.  Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World (1999).
 Robinson, Edward Forbes. 1893.  The early history of coffee houses in England; with some account of the first use of coffee and a bibliography of the subject (1893) online
 Van Horne Melton, James. 2001. The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Lillywhite, Bryant. 1963. London Coffeehouses. A Reference Book of Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. London: George Allen and Unwind, Ltd.

History of coffee
Coffee culture

17th century in England
18th century in England


Briežuciems Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Balvi District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Briežuciems parish

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


Krišjāņi Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 reforms it was part of Balvi District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Krišjāņi Parish

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


Kevin Wade (born March 9, 1954) is an American screenwriter and television producer.

Early life and career
Wade was born in Chappaqua, New York, and attended Connecticut College. Before his writing career, Wade acted in two films for Mark Rappaport, including The Scenic Route (1978). He wrote the play Key Exchange, which was produced off-Broadway in 1981 and released as a film in 1985. Seven years later he received his first screen credit for Working Girl, which earned him nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay. Additional film credits include True Colors, Mr. Baseball, Junior, Meet Joe Black, and Maid in Manhattan.

For television, Wade created and executive produced the short-lived ABC drama series Cashmere Mafia. He also wrote the seven episodes that were broadcast by the network before the show was canceled. He joined the writing staff of the CBS drama Blue Bloods in its first season and has served as its executive producer/showrunner since the second season. In 2019 he was nominated for a Mystery  Writers of America Edgar award for the episode “My Aim is True”.

Personal life
He was married to Polly Draper from 1983 to 1990. He has been married to Sasha Clifton since 1991 and has two children.

References

External links

Living people
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Television producers from New York (state)
Connecticut College alumni
1954 births
People from Chappaqua, New York
American male television writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Draper family


Angela Corey (born October 31, 1954) is a former Florida State's Attorney for the Fourth Judicial Circuit Court, which includes Duval, Nassau and Clay counties—including Jacksonville and the core of its metropolitan area.  She was elected in 2008 as the first woman to hold the position, and was defeated on August 30, 2016 by Melissa Nelson, the second woman to hold the position. Corey was catapulted into the national spotlight on March 22, 2012, when Florida Governor Rick Scott announced that she would be the newly assigned State Attorney investigating the shooting death of Trayvon Martin (replacing State Attorney Norm Wolfinger).

On August 30, 2016, Corey lost her re-election primary to Republican challenger and former Nassau County prosecutor Melissa Nelson by nearly 50,000 votes, a margin of 38 percentage points.

Early life and education
The granddaughter of Syrian immigrants, Corey was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida, where she attended Englewood High School. Her parents are Tom Corey Jr. and Lorraine (Lewis) Corey. Her father's family owned the Corey Supermarket in Jacksonville, and her father became an executive at JEA in Jacksonville. After graduation, she majored in marketing at Florida State University before she decided to try a legal career. After receiving her Juris Doctor degree at the University of Florida's Levin College of Law, she did legal research while preparing for the Florida bar examination, then spent 18 months with Howell & Howell, PA (trial attorneys). She later became board certified in criminal trial law.

Career

Prosecutions
Corey was hired by Ed Austin in 1981 during his tenure as State Attorney from 1975 to 1991, and remained an Assistant State Attorney after Harry Shorstein was appointed by Governor Lawton Chiles in 1991. During her 34 years as a prosecutor, she tried several hundred cases, which includes more than 60 homicides.

In 1996, her primary responsibility became homicide prosecutions, but she also supervised lawyers in the Felony division. Shorstein changed Corey's work assignment in 2005 from director of the Gun Crime Unit to director of the County Court, which handles misdemeanors. In that position, she trained newly hired lawyers to be prosecutors. She previously served as Juvenile division supervisor.

State Attorney
Corey made the decision to run for the office of State Attorney in 2006. After her candidacy became known, her working relationship with Shorstein became difficult. He terminated her employment in November 2006. Afterwards, she was hired by John Tanner, State Attorney for the Seventh Judicial Circuit, to perform the same job functions, working homicide cases in St. Johns County.

The following day, Shorstein called a news conference and announced that he would retire at the end of his term and not run for re-election in 2008. In that election, Shorstein supported his chief assistant, Jay Plotkin. On August 26, 2008, Corey defeated Plotkin with more than 64% of the votes cast.

Upon taking office, Corey terminated 10 assistant state attorneys, as well as "half of the office’s investigators, two-fifths of its victim advocates, a quarter of its 35 paralegals, and 48 other support staff — more than one-fifth of the office." In 2010, the Florida Times-Union reported that Corey sent 230 juvenile felony cases to adult court in 2009. This was twice the number of juvenile felony cases placed in adult court in the years prior to Corey becoming State Attorney.  After Corey took office, the number of juvenile arrests dropped in half.  In 2009, 6,184 juvenile cases were opened.  In 2014, that number dropped to 3,161. The number of juvenile cases transferred to adult court also dropped.  In FY 2014-15, Corey's office ranked seventh in the state, out of 20 circuits, in juvenile direct files.  State Attorney Corey spent more than a million dollars in FY 14-15 to run juvenile and adult diversion programs, meaning that defendant's cases are handled out of court.

Cristian Fernandez case
In 2011 Corey's office oversaw a case in which 12-year-old Cristian Fernandez was arrested for the murder of his two-year-old brother. Corey stated that because the juvenile system is not equipped to handle cases as serious as murder, the case was transferred to adult court. A grand jury indicted Fernandez on (adult) charges of first degree murder and aggravated child abuse.

From the beginning of the case, Corey stated her office would not be seeking a life sentence in this case. Corey also noted that the juvenile system was inadequate to handle a crime of this magnitude.

In 2013, Fernandez pleaded guilty to manslaughter as a juvenile (to be incarcerated until age 19 in juvenile facilities) and to aggravated battery as an adult but without adjudication (ensuring no felony record if he completes 5 years of probation successfully after release).

George Zimmerman case

On March 22, 2012, Florida governor Rick Scott appointed Angela Corey as Special Prosecutor to investigate the killing of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman. On the evening of February 26, 2012 in Sanford, Florida, George Zimmerman, a 28-year-old neighborhood watch volunteer armed with a 9mm Kel-Tec pistol, shot to death Trayvon Martin, an unarmed 17-year-old, in a gated community. A few hours after the killing, the Sanford Police Department determined that there was no "probable cause" to arrest George Zimmerman, who claimed that he acted in self-defense. Martin was returning to the home of his father's fiancee after purchasing a can of iced tea and a bag of Skittles candy at a local convenience store. Zimmerman told police that Martin was the aggressor.

The decision by Sanford Police Chief Bill Lee and Seminole County State Attorney Norm Wolfinger not to arrest and charge Zimmerman with a crime triggered outrage fueled by social media including a petition on Change.org calling for his prosecution. Following growing protests, including some 30,000 people in Sanford, Florida, as well as media coverage and engagement of the FBI, both police chief Bill Lee and state attorney Norm Wolfinger resigned from the investigation and state attorney Corey took over. The case added to a national debate over racial profiling, gun control, institutional racism in law enforcement agencies, and the role of American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) in advocating for pro-gun laws like Florida's "Stand Your Ground" bill.

On April 11, 2012, Corey charged George Zimmerman with murder in the second degree. Corey held a globally broadcast press conference to explain her decision. She stated, "I can tell you we did not come to this decision lightly. This case is like a lot of the difficult cases we have handled for years here in our circuit. And we made this decision in the same manner. Let me emphasize that we do not prosecute by public pressure or by petition. We prosecute based on the facts of any given case, as well as the laws of the state of Florida." When asked by a reporter about the issue of race and justice in the case, Corey stated, "Those of us in law enforcement are committed to justice for every race, every gender, every person, of any persuasion whatsoever. They are our victims. We only know one category as prosecutors, and that’s a V. It's not a B, it’s not a W, it’s not an H. It’s V, for 'victim'. That’s who we work tirelessly for."

Corey's decision to charge Zimmerman was praised by supporters of the Justice for Trayvon movement across the country. Natalie Jackson, a Martin family attorney, stated, "It's actually a very brave charge of Angela Corey, and it really shows that she conducted an independent, impartial and fair investigation in this case... She could have easily charged this as a manslaughter, to try to appease everyone, and she didn't. She did what prosecutors do. She charged it to the hilt". On the other hand, Corey was criticized as "irresponsible and reckless" by Alan Dershowitz, a Harvard legal scholar and attorney who served on O.J. Simpson's defense team, for filing a probable cause affidavit that he claims was too thin for a 2nd-degree murder charge; Dershowitz predicted that it would be thrown out by a judge.

On April 12, 2012, Seminole County Judge Mark Herr found the affidavit legally sufficient to establish probable cause and ordered Zimmerman to appear for his arraignment on May 29, 2012. CNN legal analyst Sunny Hostin stated, "I suspect that there is some evidence we just don't know about, because no prosecutor in a high-profile case wants to walk into court and not be able to prove each and every count beyond a reasonable doubt".

Some critics, including Dershowitz, believed that Corey, an elected official, treated her press conference as a sort of campaigning opportunity. A Reuters article also indicated that some of Zimmerman's neighbors who claimed they saw signs of injury on Zimmerman the day after the shooting "said they spoke to Sanford police and the FBI in their investigations but did not recall speaking to the office of special prosecutor Angela Corey". On the other hand, US attorney and legal analyst Kendall Coffey referred to Corey's presentation as "masterful" and that she made "a very compelling statement about her commitment to victims... So, if you were scoring that press conference, I give it an A plus".

Dershowitz called for Corey to be disbarred. In response to his harsh criticism, Dershowitz claimed that Corey called Harvard Law School and, "threatened to sue the institution, get me disciplined by the Bar, and made accusations of libel and slander".

The same day that the George Zimmerman trial was sent to the jury, Corey fired Ben Kruidbos, the information technology director for the State Attorney's office.  The former IT director claimed he was concerned the office did not turn over all discovery to the defense.  According to a hearing during the trial, the defense had the discovery items.

On July 13, 2013, the 6 woman jury acquitted Zimmerman of Second-Degree murder and the lesser included offense of Manslaughter.

Marissa Alexander case

In May 2012, Corey prosecuted 31-year-old Marissa Alexander for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and obtained a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty years in prison, which generated controversy in the midst of the Trayvon Martin case. Alexander argued that she fired a warning shot after being threatened by her husband Rico Gray.

She and Gray engaged in an argument in the master bathroom. Gray returned to the kitchen where his children were eating breakfast. Alexander went into Gray's garage, where her car was parked. From the Duval County, Florida, court document:

Alexander's shot missed her husband's head, hit the wall and deflected into the ceiling. Alexander, who had no previous criminal record or arrests, attempted a Stand Your Ground defense prior to trial but was unsuccessful. State Attorney Corey met with the defendant and offered her a three-year plea deal.  Alexander rejected the offer and took her case to trial.  A jury convicted her in twelve minutes and, because of the Florida 10-20-Life mandatory minimum statute, she was sentenced to a 20 years in prison. Corey was criticized for her handling of the case by Florida Congresswoman Corrine Brown, who argued that Corey overcharged Alexander and the result of Alexander's case was a consequence of institutional racism. Rev. Jesse Jackson, anti-domestic violence advocates, civil rights groups, and others also supported the call for Alexander's release from prison. On September 26, 2013, an appellate court ordered a new trial, finding that the jury instructions in Alexander's trial impermissibly shifted the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense. Alexander was released on bail on November 27, 2013 and required to stay under house arrest.

Alexander pleaded guilty to all three counts on November 24, 2014.  As part of a negotiated plea agreement, Alexander served a three-year minimum mandatory sentence on two of the counts.  Judge James Daniel sentenced Alexander on the third count on January 27, 2015. On January 28, 2015, Marissa was released from prison and served the remainder of her 2-year sentence under house arrest.

Ronald Thompson case
In 2009, Ronald Thompson, a 65-year-old army veteran fired two shots into the ground to scare off teenagers who were demanding entry into his friend's house in Keystone Heights, Florida. Corey prosecuted Thompson for aggravated assault, and after he refused a plea agreement with a three-year prison sentence, won a conviction that would carry a mandatory 20-year sentence under Florida's 10-20-Life statute. In a similar case, Fourth Circuit Judge James Harrison called a mandatory minimum sentence "a crime in itself" and declared the 10-20-Life statute unconstitutional. Judge Skinner gave Thompson three years instead.

Corey appealed the 3-year sentence and won, sending Thompson to prison for 20 years.

In June 2012, Fourth Circuit Judge Don Lester granted Thompson a new trial, ruling that the jury instructions had been flawed in his original trial regarding the justifiable use of deadly or non-deadly force given the circumstances of the case. While awaiting his new trial, Mr. Thompson was offered a plea deal for five years in prison with credit for time served. He reported back to prison on October 31, 2013, where he served the remaining two years.

Michael Dunn case

In 2014, Corey prosecuted Michael David Dunn on five counts in a criminal case widely covered by the media and dubbed by CNN and other media as the "loud-music trial."    Dunn was charged with the first-degree murder of 17-year-old Jordan Davis, three counts for the attempted first-degree murders of Davis' three friends, and shooting into or toward the Dodge Durango they occupied.

The case stemmed from a fatal confrontation at a gas station in Jacksonville on November 23, 2012, in which Dunn approached the Durango to request that the occupants lower the volume of the loud music (that he called "rap crap") they were listening to.  At trial, Dunn claimed that Davis pointed a weapon toward him, though no evidence of any weapon was found.  He claimed he felt his life was in danger and therefore defended himself using a personal gun stored in his car.  In three separate volleys, he shot a total of ten bullets into the Durango while it was parked and then toward it as it fled.  Davis died during the confrontation.

On February 15, 2014, jurors found Dunn guilty on three counts of attempted second-degree murder and one count of firing at a vehicle. They deadlocked on the first-degree murder charge.  Judge Russell Healey declared a mistrial on that count.  Corey later said in a press conference that "Justice for Jordan Davis is as important as it is for any victim" and prosecutors would press for a new trial in Duval County on the murder charge.  Dunn was retried and convicted of First Degree Murder on October 1, 2014.

Teaching
Since the 1990s, Corey has taught legal concepts at a number of schools, including the University of North Florida, Florida State College at Jacksonville and the Florida Police Corps. Topics range from interrogation techniques to search and seizure to courtroom demeanor.

Politics
Corey is an active member of the Republican Party of Duval County and the Republican Women’s Club of Duval Federated. She served on the Transition Teams for both Governor Rick Scott and Attorney General Pam Bondi. Bondi endorsed Corey for State Attorney and said Corey's leadership and friendship led Bondi to where she was.
Bondi subsequently worked with Governor Scott to appoint Corey as Special Prosecutor on the Trayvon Martin case.

Pay and pension controversies
In early 2013 Corey came under scrutiny after a report emerged she had directed $108,439 to be allocated for an upgrade of her pension along with other prosecutors' pensions. Corey said the move was necessary because her predecessor, Harry Shorstein, chose not to enhance pension benefits when he could have.  According to her the upgrade was needed due to a deficit created by the Legislature in 2001 when it increased the percentage rate earned each year on pensions, but did not increase benefits accrued earlier at the lower rate.  Corey upgraded the pensions for more than a dozen prosecutors who were eligible.  The retroactive pension upgrades were allowed under the 2001 law.

In February 2013, Corey issued $425,000 in, what she termed, "one-time pay increases" to most of her office staff.  Florida law does not allow bonuses to be paid to public employees unless there are policies and procedures in place for issuing the bonuses.  Corey contended that she did not break the law in issuing the payments because they were not bonuses, but instead they were temporary raises.

References

1954 births
Living people
American Episcopalians
American people of Syrian descent
Florida lawyers
Florida Republicans
Florida State University alumni
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
State attorneys in Florida
University of Florida alumni


Photosensitivity with HIV infection is a skin condition resembling polymorphous light eruption, actinic prurigo, or chronic actinic dermatitis, seen in about 5% of HIV-infected people.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


Kubuli Parish (; until 2011 officially known as Kubuļi parish) is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Villages of Kubuli Parish
 Kubuli (parish centre)

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


Kuprava Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kuprava Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


Lazdukalns Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Balvi District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Lazdukalns Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


Lazduleja Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.  Prior to the 2009 administrative reform it was part of Balvi District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Lazduleja Parish

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


Medņeva Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Medņeva parish
  – parish administrative center.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


Rugāji Parish (; ) is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Balvi District).

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


The Anglican Church of St Andrew in Congresbury, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.

Congresbury is named after St Congar, who is said to have performed three miracles in the area. The second part of the name is thought to come from burh meaning fortified place. The archaeologist Mick Aston identified an Anglo-Saxon sculpture of St Congar which is believed to have come from St Andrews Church, and which is now in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton.

The present church was consecrated by Bishop Jocelin of Wells on 11 July 1215.

The church was remodelled in the 15th century, in a Perpendicular style; further restorations followed in 1825, 1856 and 1950–2. The nave includes pillars with decorated stone corbels supporting the wooden roof timbers and carved bosses. The organ, which was rebuilt in 1967 is in the chancel. The Merle chapel was formerly known as the Chapel of St Congar. The font is Norman. The tower is surmounted by a spire which rises to .

The Tower contains a heavy ring of 8 Bells, the Tenor (the biggest bell) weighing 3812 lb or 1729 kg and it strikes the note of C. The oldest bells date back to 1606 and were cast by George Purdue.

The parish is part of the benefice of Congresbury with Puxton and Hewish St Ann within the deanery of Locking.

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
 List of Somerset towers
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

External links
 St Andrew's Church web site

Congresbury
Congresbury, Church of St Andrew
Congresbury, Church of St Andrew
Churches completed in 1215
13th-century church buildings in England


Susāji Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (Prior to 2009 it was part of Balvi District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Susāji Parish
 Viļaka - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


Šķilbēni Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Šķilbēni Parish
  - parish administrative center
 Ančipova

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


Tilža Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (Before the 2009 reforms it was in Balvi District).

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


Vectilža Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vectilža Parish

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


Churchville   is a community  in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Pictou County.

References
Churchville on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Pictou County


Vecumi Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. Prior to 2009, it was part of the former Balvi District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vecumi Parish
  -parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


Vīksna Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vīksna Parish

Balvi Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


The Chicago Herald may refer to the following newspapers:

The Chicago Herald (1881–95), merged with the Chicago Times in 1895 to form the Chicago Times-Herald
The Chicago Record-Herald, its successor, published from 1901 to 1914
The Chicago Herald (1914–18), its successor, known as the Chicago Herald-Examiner from 1918 to 1939
The Chicago Herald-American, its successor from 1939 to 1953
The Daily Herald (Arlington Heights), published since 1871


Žīguri Parish () is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Balvi Municipality
Latgale


The Midland Community Center (MCC) is a nearly  complex on three levels in the heart of Midland, Michigan that provides comprehensive social, recreational and personal development opportunities for all residents.

History
The Midland Community Center was founded January 14, 1919, in conjunction with the very first bowling alley in Midland. The community center became a trend-setter, and other sports and pastimes were gradually introduced to the community, including basketball, handball, volleyball, table tennis, pickleball, archery, tennis and softball.

The first building at the site of the current center was dedicated on October 30, 1955, and the $1.5 million cost was covered by gifts from the Dow Chemical Company. It has been expanded several times since then. An indoor rifle range was open during the 1960s and National Rifle Association sanctioned classes in marksmanship were offered for air rifle (BB gun) and small bore (.22). They were discontinued in the early 1970s due to lack of interest.
During the summer of 2005, the MCC locker rooms were completely renovated. The lockers themselves were the originals installed when the center was built and had fifty years of use.
In addition to locker replacement, separate family and adult sections were built, the flooring was upgraded and plumbing fixtures were updated.
Also in 2005, MCC recorded 900,000 member visits, which is equivalent to 2,465 persons participating in an activity every day of the year.

Umbrella structure
A new corporation was formed in 2005, the Greater Midland Community Centers, Inc. (GMCC), which provides guidance and assistance to five existing non-profit recreation centers in Midland County, including the Midland Community Center.
Two classrooms at the MCC received a makeover to become the offices for the GMCC personnel. At the same time, GMCC announced a $5.1 million fundraising campaign to "enhance the quality of life for Midlanders," according to GMCC CEO Chris Tointon. Individuals and businesses contributed to the project, but the majority came from local charitable trusts including the
Alden & Vada Dow Foundation, the Dow Chemical Company Foundation, the Dow Corning Corporation Foundation, The Herbert H. & Grace A. Dow Foundation, the Midland Area Community Foundation, the Charles J. Strosacker Foundation and the Rollin M. Gerstacker Foundation. The money paid for three projects, but more than half the total was used to create an "outdoor campus" at MCC.

Expansion
The city averages 141 days each year below freezing, so the MCC had always concentrated on indoor activities. A$2.5 million expansion in 2008 changed that. Part of the plan involved moving two homes and demolishing a third that was located across the street from the center that occupied land destined to become a new parking area, outdoor running track, outdoor basketball courts and a children's playscape. Walking and biking trails were also created on what is now a  campus.

To accommodate the new amenities, George Street was closed by the city and became the driveway to the new parking lot; the intersection at George and Haley Streets disappeared. A new entrance with a passenger pickup/drop-off was constructed on Jefferson Avenue. The entire project was completed in late 2008.

In 2009, the MCC celebrated their 90th year of service.

Programs
The organization provides the community with a diverse group of activities that include youth and adult classes, drop-in sessions and leagues for athletics.
In addition to aquatics, the indoor sports of basketball, volleyball, pickleball, gymnastics and curling are featured. Outdoor sports such as flag football are organized in cooperation with the Midland Parks and Recreation department.
Offerings in fine arts are continuously scheduled and include art lessons, voice and/or instrument lessons and dance classes.
Specialty fitness activities that are sponsored include fencing, martial arts (karate & judo), Yoga, boxing (non-contact), billiards, table tennis, pickleball and badminton.

Funding
The United Way of Midland County provides significant funding for the center's operations. For 2009, UW allocated $282,900 for education programs, $61,500 for self-sufficiency programs and $270,600 for health programs. The total of $615,000 was 16.4% of UWs budget. The MCC also relies on local companies to underwrite specific programs and free activities.

Deli
For the first time in its history, a food service business opened inside the facility in June 2010. The Crossroads Deli is operated by a former resident who received culinary training at The Art Institute of Colorado before returning to Midland. The eatery is now closed.

References

External links
Dow RunWalk website
Greater Midland Community Centers website
Midland Community Center website
Midland Curling Club website

Midland, Michigan
Community centers in Michigan
Non-profit organizations based in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Midland County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Midland County, Michigan


A corn or clavus (plural clavi or clavuses) is an often painful, cone-shaped, inwardly directed callus of dead skin that forms at a pressure point near a bone, or on a weight-bearing part of the body. When on the feet, corns can be so painful as to interfere with walking. The visible portion of the corn tends to be more-or-less round, but corns are defined by having a hard tapering root that is directed inward, and pressure on the corn pushes this root deeper into the flesh (thus the Latin  meaning "nail".) Pressure corns usually occur on thin or glabrous (hairless and smooth) skin surfaces, especially on the dorsal surface of toes or fingers, but corns triggered by an acute injury (such as a thorn) may occur on the thicker skin of the palms (palmar corns) or bottom of the feet (plantar corns).

Pressure corns form when chronic pressure on the skin against an underlying bone traces a usually elliptical path during the rubbing motion. The corn forms at the center of the pressure point and gradually widens and deepens.

Corns from an acute injury, such as a from a thorn in the sole of the foot, may form due to the weight of the body, when the process that creates the usually evenly developing plantar callus is concentrated at the point of the healing injury, as an internal callus may be triggered by pressure on the transitional scar tissue. Once formed, the corn itself becomes the pressure point that generates the callus. Plantar corns have appearance superficially similar to plantar warts, but the cause and treatment are very different.

Names
The modern medical word for a corn is Greek heloma (plural helomas or helomata); Latin "clavus" is somewhat dated. Another term is tyloma 'callus' (plural tylomas or tylomata), which tends to be more common in the United States. A hard corn is called a heloma durum or clavus durus, while a soft corn is called a heloma molle or clavus mollis.

Other types of corn include,
Heloma neurovasculare or clavus neurovascularis (or vasculare/is) – a corn containing nerves and/or blood vessels in the epidermal layer due to the disruption of the dermal-epidermal border, that is very sensitive to pain and to debridement
Clavus papillari – a painful corn surrounded by a white border, which is either bruised or gelatinous tissue
Clavus neurofibrosus (or fibrosus) – an old, deep scarred corn (in a crater with a white, sometimes macerated border) that is traversed by nerves and connective tissue, thought to be scar tissue caused by chronic low-grade inflammation.
Clavus subungalis – (subungual heloma) a corn that forms under the nail
Heloma miliare – small 'millet seed' corns, often asymptomatic. Cause unknown; thought to not be due or at least not solely due to mechanical stress.

Although an excised corn resembles a barleycorn in shape, the two words 'corn' are unrelated. The word 'corn' for a callus derives from the Latin cornus 'horn', and is related to the Greek keras (whence keratin). The 'corn' of 'barley corn' descends from the Indo-European word for 'grain'. The similarity in form is a historical accident.

Many languages have metaphoric phrases for corns. Several are based on the word for 'eye': e.g. German  and Mandarin  , both 'chicken eye', or Japanese , Malay  and Thai  , all 'fish eye'. German also has  'crow's eye',  'horned eye' and  'body/corpse thorn'; similar phrases are used in other Germanic languages (e.g. Dutch  'magpie eye' and , Swedish ). Romance languages tend to use cognates of 'callus' (French , Spanish  and Italian ), 'cornus' (French , Italian ), but Catalan uses  meaning 'chick's eye'. Medically hyperkeratosis (Fr. , Sp. , It. ).

Signs and symptoms
The hard part at the center of the corn resembles a barleycorn or shoe tack, that is, a cone or funnel shape with a broad top and a pointed tip at bottom. Because of their shape, corns intensify the pressure at the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and ulceration. Hard corns are especially problematic for people with insensitive skin due to damaged nerves (e.g., in people with diabetes mellitus), as they more readily become infected and potentially lead to gangrene. In others they may interfere with walking and lead to the medical complications of a lack of movement and exercise.

The location of soft corns tends to differ from that of hard corns. Hard corns occur on dry, flat surfaces of skin. Soft corns (frequently found between adjacent toes) stay moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. The corn's center is not soft, however, but indurated.

Diagnosis
To exclude other differential diagnoses, a skin biopsy may be taken. Imaging studies can be used in order to detect any underlying bony abnormalities that cause abnormal pressure on the overlying skin. For this purpose, a plain radiograph usually suffices, but, occasionally, CT scanning is used.

Treatment

Treatment of pressure corns includes paring of the lesions, which immediately reduces pain. Another popular method is to use a corn plaster, a felt ring with a core of salicylic acid that relieves pressure and erodes the hard skin. However, if an abnormal pressure source remains, the corn generally returns. If the source of any abnormal pressure is detected, this may be avoided, usually through a change to more comfortable footwear or with various types of shoe inserts or footwear with extra toe space. In extreme cases correcting gait abnormalities may be required. If no other treatment is effective, surgery may be performed.

Corns formed around an acute injury occur in deeper tissue than pressure corns, they can usually be excised without cutting into the dermis, leaving only a thin layer of epidermis behind. The resulting hole in the sole of the foot may however form its own internal callus which triggers a new corn before it can fully heal, so it may be necessary to excise the corn more than once before the spot returns to an even plantar callus.

References

Foot diseases
Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


These hits topped the Dutch Top 40 in 1980.

See also
1980 in music

References

1980 in the Netherlands
1980 record charts
1980


The Aster Revolution or Chrysanthemum Revolution () was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I which resulted in the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.

The revolution was brought about by widespread protests as World War I wore on, from which Mihály Károlyi emerged as the leader of the newly proclaimed First Hungarian People's Republic that reigned between 16 November 1918 and 21 March 1919. Supporters of Károlyi, many of whom were demobilized soldiers, adopted the aster as the symbol of the revolution. After the victory of the revolution, Hungary declared its independence and, as a result, Austria-Hungary dissolved.

Background
In the second half of 1918, the course of World War I turned decisively against the Central Powers. The German Spring Offensive collapsed by July, alongside the accompanied Austrian offensive on the Italian Front. In mid-September, the Entente broke through the Macedonian Front. Unable to halt their advance, Bulgaria capitulated on September 29, and Austrian military situation became untenable.

Over the course of the war, although Romania and Italy were promised large territorial concessions, there were differing opinions over the future dismemberment of Austria-Hungary (as in January 1918, Wilson's 14 points only demanded "autonomous development" of nationalities). However following failed attempts to negotiate a separate peace, and the growing influence of Italian-backed Czech and Southern Slavic demands, plans among Entente leaders increasingly tended towards the monarchy's dissolution. By Summer 1918 the Entente recognised the Czechoslovak National Council as the future government of an independent Czechoslovakia. Therefore Austro-Hungarian peace offers based on the 14 points were rejected.

As a final measure to salvage his empire, on 16 October Emperor Charles published the Völkermanifest, declaring the federalisation of the Austrian part of the empire, and legitimised the formation of National Councils. However, this only accelerated the collapse: by the end of October, most National Councils would declare their secession, including the Austrian Germans themselves.

In Hungary, on 17 October, the ruling Third Wekerle Government abolished the 1867 Compromise, retaining only a personal union with Austria. On the same day, former PM István Tisza declared the war "lost' in front of Parliament. Unable to cope with the situation, Wekerle resigned on 23 October.

Charles (who was in Gödöllő during Wekerle's resignation, but had to return to Vienna due to the deteriorating situation) was inclined to nominate Károlyi as Prime Minister to stabilise the situation, but changed his mind following the advice of prominent Hungarian politicians, like Gyula Andrássy (then freshly nominated Joint Foreign Minister). Therefore, no new Prime Minister was nominated until 30 October. In the meantime, Archduke Joseph August of Austria was named homo regius, Governor of Hungary.

On 24 October, the Entente launched its final offensive on the Italian Front. Hungarian units of the already disintegrating army flooded the home front, destabilising the already precarious situation on the street.

Events
On the evening of Wekerle's resignation on 23 October 1918, the Hungarian National Council was established made up of opposition forces, most prominent among them Mihály Károlyi and his Party of Independence and '48. It also included Oszkár Jászi's Radical Party and Ernő Garami's Social Democratic Party of Hungary. They set up their headquarters in Hotel Astoria in the center of Pest. Independent of them, on 25 October a Soldiers' Council was established by flight lieutenant Imre Csernyák. He was then nominated by the National Council to chairman of the committee of the armed forces on 27 October.

By then, protests erupted in the streets of Budapest in favour of the National Council, demanding the nomination of Károlyi as Prime Minister. On 28 October 1918  the crowd (among them István Friedrich) attempted to march on Buda Castle, but were intercepted and fired upon by the police while crossing the Chain Bridge. This "Battle of the Chain Bridge" left 3 dead and over 50 injured, and it only inflamed the crowds. Géza Lukachich was tasked to keep order in Budapest. Although he was firmly set against the National Council, his forces quickly deserted under him, rendering him powerless to stop the revolution.

The trigger point came on 30 October, when the Emperor nominated János Hadik, an establishment politician as Prime Minister. Soldiers gathering on Gizella Tér (now Vörösmarty tér) swore oath to the National Council. They tore off the rose on their caps, replacing it with an aster, which quickly became a revolutionary symbol. Over the course of the day, the Soldiers' Council took over the strategic points of the city and freed political prisoners. Notably, on the initiative of Béla Szántó, they blocked the transport of two companies from Eastern Railway Station, who then turned to the revolution and looted the train cars for weapons. Unions halted rail traffic to and from Budapest, telephone exchanges, posts and banks were seized. Lukachich himself was arrested. By this point the National Council, which still wanted to avoid a violent confrontation, had lost control of the situation. They slept in Hotel Astoria, uncertain of the future.

On 31 October 1918, at 3.00 a.m János Hadik called up the Emperor and notified him of his resignation. He was Prime Minister for 17 hours, the shortest in Hungarian history. The Emperor relented, and nominated Károlyi as Prime Minister, and asked to form a government with the parties of the National Council.

István Tisza was assassinated later that day, in his villa near City Park. The circumstances of his murder are uncertain to this day.

Aftermath
On 13 November, Charles issued a proclamation recognizing Hungary's right to determine the form of the state and withdrawing from Hungarian affairs of state. Károlyi's provisional government proclaimed the Hungarian People's Republic on 16 November 1918, with Károlyi named as provisional president.

The Hungarian Royal Honvéd army still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers when Mihály Károlyi was announced as prime minister of Hungary. Károlyi yielded to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's demand for pacifism by ordering the disarmament of the Hungarian army. This happened under the direction of Béla Linder, minister of war in the Károlyi government. Due to the full disarmament of its army, Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The Hungarian self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia. During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary rapidly lost control over approx. 75% of its former pre-WW1 territories (325 411 km²) without armed resistance and was subject to foreign occupation.

In March 1919, the republic was itself overthrown by a Communist putsch, which established the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Soviet Hungary soon collapsed due to internal discontent and a Romanian invasion and, after a brief revival of the People's Republic, the monarchy was restored, now as an independent country.

History

Timeline

See also
Carnation Revolution

References

20th-century revolutions
Revolutions in Hungary
1918 in Hungary
Conflicts in 1918
History of Austria-Hungary
Aftermath of World War I in Hungary
Revolutions of 1917–1923
Subsidiary conflicts of World War I


Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules are a skin condition characterized by striking 2– to 8–mm, shiny, smooth, red, moist, flat-topped, round skin lesions in the perianal area of children.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


The Foreign Policy Initiative (FPI) was an American think tank that operated from 2009 to 2017.

FPI's Board of Directors consisted of former Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Eric S. Edelman, Dan Senor, Former editor of the now-defunct The Weekly Standard Bill Kristol and Brookings Institution Senior Fellow Robert Kagan. The latter two were project directors of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century.

Background and history
The Foreign Policy Initiative was founded in 2009 by Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol, Dan Senor, and Robert Kagan.

The Foreign Policy Initiative advocated for the troop surge in the Afghanistan War.

Chris Griffin, a former legislative director of Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman, was hired as executive director in early 2013. He replaced Jamie Fly, who served as director for the organization's first four years and left to become an adviser for Florida Senator Marco Rubio.

In 2017, it was announced Foreign Policy Initiative would shut down its operations.

Issues

Foreign affairs
In an interview with Foreign Policy In Focus, Robert Kagan iterated FPI's position toward Iran, saying, "It is time to take military action against the Iranian government elements that support terrorism and its nuclear program. More diplomacy is not an adequate response."

On Fox News, Griffin described what would be a "good deal" for the U.S., with regards to Iran. Iran would comply with longstanding demands from the United States, IAEA, and UN Security Council, freeze its nuclear program, and ratify the additional protocol to IAEA safeguards agreement. Griffin also said that Iran has 7,000 kg of 3.5% "low-enriched uranium," which amounts to 70 percent progress toward having a nuclear weapon. He also called out Iran to stop building and disable the heavy water nuclear reactor at Arak, which is a basis for building a plutonium-based nuclear weapon.

According to Executive Director Christopher Griffin, Russia's intervention in the Crimean Peninsula was part of a trend that has resulted "in an absence of American leadership" and that "'global pressure' against the American-led international order is intensifying." On NBC Nightly News on April 10, 2013, Griffin noted, "What North Korea teaches us is that once a rogue regime has a nuclear weapon, we have not figured out how to reliably contain it, how to protect Americans, or how to protect our allies." FPI has also called for the U.S. Department of Defense to cancel a $572 million contract with Rosoboronexport, Russia's government-owned arms exporter.

FPI proposed an active U.S. role in Syria. In 2012, Slate Magazine wrote, "The most forward-looking part of the FPI's conference came when the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy chatted with Sen. John McCain (a PNAC signatory and contributing writer). They quickly agreed that America needed to intervene in Syria, setting up a partial no-fly zone and arming rebels." FPI advocated using Patriot missile-defense batteries, with Executive Director Griffin noting, "The United States and our allies could use the Patriot missile-defence batteries now deployed in southern Turkey to establish a credible threat against Assad's air power over parts of Aleppo and Idlib provinces [in northern Syria]."

Board of directors
William Kristol
Eric Edelman
Dan Senor
Robert Kagan

Bibliography of works on Foreign Policy Initiative (FPI)

References

External links
Official website (archive)
Foreign Policy Initiative at C-SPAN Video Library

Charities based in Washington, D.C.
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Neoconservatism
Think tanks established in 2009
Think tanks disestablished in 2017


Hillaton is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Kings County. Located near Canning, Nova Scotia, it was an important apple shipping location of the Cornwallis Valley Railway branchline of the Dominion Atlantic Railway.

References
  Hillaton on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Kings County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The Fundy Islands, also known as the Fundy Isles, is a term given to a group of Canadian islands in the Bay of Fundy along the southwestern coast of New Brunswick, Canada, in the provincial county of Charlotte.

There are over 25 islands within this group including several parishes including the West Isles. Some of the larger islands are inhabited year-round while some of the smaller islands may have seasonal residents. The largest of the islands is Grand Manan with the second and third largest islands being Campobello Island and Deer Island respectively. Deer Island shares its coastline with not only the Bay of Fundy, but also Passamaquoddy Bay to its north. Smaller island exist along each of the larger islands as well as within Passamaquoddy Bay and along the New Brunswick mainland. Some of these islands include White Head Island (situated off Grand Manan's southeast coast), Macs Island and Pendelton Island (both situated between Deer Island and the New Brunswick mainland), Minister's Island and Hospital Island (situated in Passamaquoddy Bay).

References
 Visit Campobello
 Lonely Planet - The Fundy Isles

Landforms of Charlotte County, New Brunswick
Geographic regions of New Brunswick
Coastal islands of New Brunswick


Mirwais Yasini میرویس یاسینی (born 1962) is the current First Deputy Speaker of the Lower House of the Afghan Parliament. Following the Communist coup in 1978, Mirwais Yasini worked actively to combat the Soviet invasion, and went on to oppose the Taliban from 1993 to 2001 as a social and political activist. After the fall of the Taliban regime in 2002, Yasini began his political career as the Director of Foreign Relations and Economic Evaluation for Afghanistan's Ministry of Finance, and as a prominent member of the Emergency Loya Jirga, which met in Kabul. Since that time he has held several high-level political posts, including such titles as the First Deputy Speaker of the Constitutional Loya Jirga and Director General of the Counter Narcotics Department.

Early life
Mirwais Yasini was born in 1962, in Kama district, Nangarhar province, Afghanistan. His father, Abdul Sattar Yasini, was a respected Islamic academic and attorney.
He attended primary and high school in Nangarhar, and became fluent in Pashto, Dari, Arabic, English and Urdu.

Involvement in the Soviet–Afghan War
After the Communist coup in 1978, Yasini and his family were among the most trusted influential politicians working in Afghanistan by that time, his uncle Shakoor Yasini was a very influential person against the soviet occupation. At that time Mirwais Yasini was a schoolboy and his uncle Shakoor Yasini was a religious scholar, but his uncle took hardly part in the battles during jihad, his famous practice is well known among locals, as he mastered the war and fought the Russian army as they reached the Mashreqi battlefield. His family is well known in Nangarhar Province.

Opposition to the Taliban
For a period of 8 years (1993–2001), Yasini worked in active opposition to the Taliban regime as a social and political activist. As a prominent member of the anti-Taliban movement Yasini built his most enduring political relationships.

The post-Taliban years
After the fall of the Taliban in 2002, Yasini was appointed as the first Director of the Red Cross in Nangarhar. Following this, Yasini was the Director of Foreign Relations and Economic Evaluation for the Ministry of Finance. Also in 2002, he was elected a member of the Emergency Loya Jirga, which met in Kabul.

In 2003, Yasini was appointed Director General of the Counter Narcotics Department of the National Security Council of Afghanistan. He was also an elected member of the Constitutional Loya Jirga and was elected as the first deputy speaker with the majority of votes. In 2005, Yasini was appointed Deputy Minister, Ministry of Counter Narcotics in the Government of Afghanistan.

Parliamentary work
In 2005, Yasini was elected to the Lower House of the Afghan Parliament as a representative of Nangarhar Province. He is currently the leader of the largest parliamentary party in the Afghanistan lower house, the Afghanistan Parliamentary Party, and the First Deputy Speaker of the Lower House of the Afghan Parliament.

Presidential bid
In March 2009, Mirwais Yasini announced his formal opposition to the Karzai government, and declared his intent to run in Afghanistan's 2009 Presidential Elections, citing flagging public support for the Karzai presidency due to rampant corruption. In a formal statement, Yasini described his vision for the future of Afghanistan:

References

Members of the House of the People (Afghanistan)
1962 births
Living people
Pashtun politicians
People from Nangarhar Province
2010s in Afghanistan
21st-century Afghan politicians


Coral cuts are a severe type of skin injury that may occur from the cuts of coral skeletons.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


The Copenhagen Zoological Museum (Danish: Zoologisk Museum) was a separate zoological museum in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is now a part of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, which is affiliated with the University of Copenhagen. The separate museum location closed in 2022, but will reopen in 2025 (as part of the combined Natural History Museum) in new and considerably larger buildings in the northeastern corner of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden. Although the museum will be relocated, the research and storage facilities at its old location have been maintained.

History
The Zoological Museum is among the world's oldest natural history museums, as its collection was started by Ole Worm more than 350 years ago, although it was officially founded in 1862.

Collections
The zoological collections contains about 14 million specimens. The history of the collections reach back in time more than 200 years. Apart from rich collections of Danish animals, the museum has particularly strong representation of:

 The North Atlantic and Arctic (especially Greenland)
 The former Danish colonies in the West Indies
 East Africa (especially the Eastern Arc mountains)
 South American insects (especially butterflies)
 Philippines, Bismarck and Solomon Islands
 Deep Sea faunas
 Whale skeletons
 Material from several expeditions; Ingolf 1892, Galathea 2 (1950-52), Atlantide (1932), P.W. Lund (Lagoa Santa 1832–44)

Exhibitions
The Zoological Museum's permanent exhibition 'From pole to pole' showed animals from around the world in big displays. There was also a Charles Darwin exhibition (with the largest collection of Darwin specimens, mainly barnacles, outside the Natural History Museum, London) and collections covering animals in the Danish Realm. The museum has many important remains of recently extinct birds in storage, including the eyes and internal organs of the last two great auks, several specimens of the pied raven, and one of only two known complete skulls of the dodos that were taken to Europe in the 17th century. Other notable examples include the only known specimen of the spider Pardosa danica, some of the first discovered remains of the saola, and fossils of ancient animals like the transitional Ichthyostega and a Diplodocus nicknamed "Misty".

Gallery

References

External links

Natural history museums in Denmark
Museums in Copenhagen
University museums in Denmark
University of Copenhagen
Museums established in 1862
1862 establishments in Denmark


Tērvete Municipality () is a former municipality in Semigallia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Augstkalne parish, Bukaiši parish and Tērvete parish, the administrative centre being Zelmeņi. The population in 2020 was 3,302.

On 1 July 2021, Tērvete Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Dobele Municipality.

Geography
The largest rivers are Auce, Ālave, Govaine, Krievaine, Reņģe, Skujaine, Svēpaine, Svētaine, Svete, Tērvete.

History
The county of Tērvete is located in the territory of the ancient Semigallian Territory, which was first mentioned in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry in the XXIII, section 4, in the context of the events of 1219, as the "province called Tervete" (Latin: provincia, que Thervetene vocatur ).

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia

References

External links

Former municipalities of Latvia


Patrick or Pat Fleming may refer to:
 Patrick Fleming (Franciscan), Irish Franciscan scholar
 Patrick Fleming (highwayman) (died 1650), Irish highwayman
 Patrick D. Fleming (1918–1956), World War II U.S. Navy fighter ace
 Pat Fleming (pool player) (born 1948), American pocket billiards (pool) player, founder of Accu-Stats Video, and BCA Hall of Fame inductee
 Pat Fleming (politician) (born 1949), state senator in Arizona, and a former US Army analyst
 Pat Fleming (Canadian football) (born 1978), former Canadian Football League punter and placekicker


Annenieki Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Annenieki Parish
Annenieki
Kaķenieki
Bērzupe
Ļukas
Slagūne
Ausātas

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Auri Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Auri Parish
Gardene
Ķirpēni
Auri
Liepziedi
Lielbērze
Bērzkrasti
Rūpnieki

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Friction blisters are a skin condition that may occur at sites of combined pressure and friction (such as the hands or feet), and may be enhanced by heat, moisture, or cotton socks. Friction blisters are characterized by vesicles or bullae.

See also
 Coma blister
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


Bēne Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Dobele Municipality
Semigallia


Bērze Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Bērze Parish
Šķibe
Miltiņi
Bērze

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Fortis Bank Nederland (formally Fortis Bank Nederland (Holding) N.V.) was a bank in the Netherlands until 2010.

The holding came into being within Fortis Group, as a holding for those Dutch banks taken over by Fortis. In September–October 2008, the Dutch government first planned to invest €4 billion in exchange for an almost 50% interest in the holding (in new-to-be-issued shares), but within a week the agreement was cancelled. The Dutch government took over all the Dutch parts of Fortis for a total of €16.8 billion; in this take-over, Fortis Bank Nederland was valued at €5 billion.

Later, Fortis Bank Nederland appeared in the news because it had lost €1 billion in the Madoff investment scandal. In March 2009, it reported that during 2008 it had an operational profit of €0.6 billion; this excluded (massive) write-offs.

In February 2010 Fortis Bank Nederland was integrated into the new ABN AMRO by the Dutch Government and some parts were sold off. On the July 1 that year the integration was officially completed and the Fortis name ended.

Former subsidiaries
 Fortis Commercial Finance (FCF)
 Finodis
 MeesPierson - private bank
 Intertrust Group, formerly known as Fortis Intertrust

See also

 Fortis Group
 ABN AMRO
 BNP Paribas Fortis

Defunct banks of the Netherlands
ABN AMRO


Biksti Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Biksti Parish
Biksti
Bikstu Stacija
Jaunā Māja
Līvi
Mazbiksti
Upenieki

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Dobele Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia, encompassing Lejasstrazdi, Aizstrautnieki, Bērzbeķe and Bitenieki.

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Back to Life is the ninth studio album by German singer Sandra, released in 2009 by Virgin Records.

Background
The album was recorded in New York and largely produced by Jens Gad. Most of the songs were co-written by his younger brother, Toby Gad. As opposed to the preceding album, The Art of Love, which was created during a difficult time in Sandra's life, material on Back to Life has more upbeat and optimistic feel. Back to Life spawned two singles, "In a Heartbeat" and a duet with Thomas Anders, "The Night Is Still Young", which were moderately successful in Germany. The album itself was a top 40 chart success on the German albums chart.

Track listing
"R U Feeling Me" (Toby Gad, Faith Trent, Nina Ossovl) – 3:43
"Once in a Lifetime" (Toby Gad, Audrey Martells) – 3:50
"In a Heartbeat" (Toby Gad, Jim Dyke) – 3:36
"The Night Is Still Young" (Featuring Thomas Anders) (Toby Gad, Audrey Martells) – 3:20
"Just like Breathing" (Toby Gad, Madeline Stone, Sam Lorber) – 3:14
"Never Before" (Axel Breitung) – 3:44
"Always on My Mind" (Toby Gad, Kristin Steiv, Shayna Steiv) – 3:17
"Behind Those Words" (Alex Geringas, Jade Ell) – 3:04
"What If" (Toby Gad, Jadyn Maria) – 2:48
"Say Love" (Frederik Thomander, Anders Wikström, Agnes Carlsson) – 3:27
"Put Some 80ies in It" (Christian Königseder, Alexander Komlew, Caroline von Brünken, Michael Kunzi) – 3:22
"These Moments" (Toby Gad, Carlos sin Morera) – 3:28
"I Want You" (Toby Gad, Jaqueline Nemorin) – 3:51
"Tête à tête" (Sandra Cretu, Fabrice Cuidad, Jens Gad) – 3:44
"Who I Am" (Toby Gad, Willa Ford) – 4:05
Digital edition bonus tracks
16. "Redis moi" (Sandra Cretu, Fabrice Cuidad, Jens Gad) – 3:42
17. "Echo of My Heart" – 4:32

Charts

References

External links
 The official Sandra website
 The official Sandra channel at YouTube
 Back to Life on Discogs

2009 albums
Sandra (singer) albums
Virgin Records albums


Īle Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Īle parish

There are three small settlements located in the Īle parish. These are Stirnas, Īle and Mūrīši. The largest of these three is Īle which is where the center of parish is located.

Stirnas has grown around an 18th or 19th century manor, which is now long abandoned. In the last decades Stirnas population's been waning. Stirnas is located on the coast of Lielauce Ezers, and at the opposite coast the Lielauce Castle stands erected.

Parishes of Latvia
Dobele Municipality
Semigallia


Daniel Roth (born 1973) is the Editor in Chief and Vice President at LinkedIn. After working as a writer and editor magazines like Forbes, Fortune, Wired and Conde Nast Portfolio, Roth joined LinkedIn in 2011 to start its editorial operations.

Early life and education
Roth, originally from Louisville, KY, graduated from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism in 1995.

Career
He got his start at The Triangle Business Journal in Raleigh, N.C. in 1995.

Forbes
In 1996 he moved to Forbes in New York where he worked on the Forbes 400, and fact-checked stories.

Fortune
In 1998 he moved to Fortune where he switched between writing and editing (serving as tech editor from 2001-2003) while at the international business biweekly.  One of the few journalists to have interviewed Bill Gates and Warren Buffett —at the same time; hung out with Phil Knight and had him run through his time creating Nike as he prepared to step down; traveled cross country with Donald Trump as he searched for the perfect moldings for his Mar-A-Lago ball room. Spent week working for companies as part of the 100 Best Companies to Work for issue (sold gift wrap at the Container Store, delivered packages at FedEx, worked the door at the Four Seasons).

Condé Nast Portfolio
In 2006, Roth joined Conde Nast to help launch Conde Nast Portfolio, the now shuttered business monthly. He was the first writer hired for what would become Condé Nast Portfolio, a business monthly launched in Spring '07. Wrote major features ranging from the Barry Sternlicht (founder of Starwood Hotels) and his plans to launch a new hotel empire to Steve Feinberg (founder of Cerberus) and how he planned to turnaround or teardown Chrysler. One of the few journalists to have done extensive interviews with Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (at his horse track in Dubai).

Wired
In 2007 he moved to Wired magazine a year later, becoming a senior writer there where he wrote about technology and business, including major profiles of Better Place's Shai Agassi, Netflix's Reed Hastings, Demand Media and others. Some of his articles have been technology-related (iPhone; Comcast's Broadband offerings; Electric Cars) and others have been more eclectic (Financial Recovery; Society and Human/non-Human Rights; Henry Blodget: version 2).

Fortune
In 2010 he returned to Fortune as managing editor, with the mission of "revitalizing" the magazine's Web site. He was hired to plan and rebuild Fortune.com, which had been shuttered. Staffed up team of writers, editors, bloggers, a designer and product manager. Produced at least 25 stories a day, plus videos, interactive graphics and more—up from about two stories a day in its previous incarnation. Boosted traffic and engagement through story selection, social media, went after new verticals, and rethought what readers want from Fortune online. Oversaw all of Fortune's digital initiatives, including Fortune.com, apps, social, mobile and more.

LinkedIn
In 2011 he joined LinkedIn where he is the Editor in Chief and VP of LinkedIn, based out of LinkedIn's NYC offices in the Empire State Building. He was hired to help lead its move to a content site; he now leads a newsroom with over 65 editors that help "curate, cultivate and create" professionally relevant articles, posts, videos and voices for the social network
In his role, Roth oversees a team of 65+ editors across the globe – from Amsterdam to Sydney – who handle curation of breaking news and views on LinkedIn; creation of original articles and videos; and the cultivation of new and top contributors across the site. Over the years, he helped build and launch the Influencer program, the 12-country-spanning, 7-language Daily Rundown, the This is Working series and podcast – and other areas of original and curated articles and insights. Business Insider once dubbed him the "most powerful business journalist on the Internet." He’s spoken to guests such as Sir Richard Branson, Brene Brown, Sarah Blakely and Mark Cuban.
In 2020, the editorial team was renamed the LinkedIn News team. Business Insider once called him the "most powerful business journalist on the Internet".

References

External links

American non-fiction writers
American magazine editors
Northwestern University alumni
Living people
1973 births


Jaunbērze Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Jaunbērze Parish
Jaunbērze
Mežinieki
Apšupe
Sīpele
Kazupe

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia