Denis ‘Rookereen’ O’Keeffe was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Redmonds and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1900 until 1907.

Playing career

Club
O’Keeffe played his club hurling with the famous Redmonds team in Cork and enjoyed some success.  He won back-to-back county senior championship titles with the club in 1900 and 1901.

Inter-county
O’Keeffe first tasted success on the inter-county scene with Cork in 1901 when he lined out in his first Munster final.  Clare provided the opposition on that occasion and a high-scoring game followed.  At the final whistle Cork were the winners by 3–10 to 2-6 and O’Keeffe collected a Munster winners’ medal.  Cork subsequently defeated Galway and Wexford to set up an All-Ireland final meeting with London.  Cork were the overwhelming favourites against a team of exiles which was made up of nine Cork men.  A downpour made the underfoot conditions difficult as London settled better and Cork floundered.  A goal for London with ten minutes left in the game sealed Cork's fate and O’Keeffe ended up on the losing side by 1–5 to 0–4.

O’Keeffe missed Cork's Munster final victory over Limerick in 1902, however, he was for subsequent games.  Galway and Dublin were later defeated as Cork booked their place in the All-Ireland final and, for the second year in-a-row, London provided the opposition.  The game was played in Cork to mark the opening of the new Cork Athletic Ground.  O’Keeffe's side made no mistake on this occasion and powered to a 3–13 to 0–0 victory.  It was a huge triumph for Cork and gave O’Keeffe an All-Ireland winners’ medal.

O’Keeffe was still a key member of the Cork team again in 1903, however, once again he missed Cork's Munster final defeat of Waterford.  O’Keeffe  was back on the team later as Cork received a walkover from Galway before defeating Kilkenny in the ‘home’ championship decider.  London provided the opposition for a third time in the proper All-Ireland final.  Cork were well on top for the entire game and secured a 3–16 to 1–1 victory.  It was O’Keeffe's second consecutive All-Ireland winners’ medal.

In 1904 O’Keeffe and Cork were attempting to capture a third All-Ireland title in-a-row.  The campaign began well with Cork defeating Tipperary to secure a fourth consecutive Munster title, however, once again O’Keeffe missed the provincial decider.  He was back for the subsequent trouncing of Antrim which set up an All-Ireland final showdown with Kilkenny.  It was the beginning of a hugely successful era for ‘the Cats’ as Cork were heading into decline.  Kilkenny won the game thanks to Dick Doyle’s first-half goal, while Pat ‘Fox’ Maher made great save at the end to help his team to a 1–9 to 1–8 defeat of O’Keeffe's side.

For the second time in their history Cork secured a fifth consecutive Munster title following a 7–12 to 1-4 trouncing of Limerick. O’Keeffe, however, did not take part in the game.  For the second year in-a-row Cork later faced off against Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final.  The game was a high-scoring affair with Cork winning by 5–10 to 3–13.  The game, however, had to be replayed as Cork goalkeeper Daniel McCarthy was a British army reservist and Kilkenny's Matt Gargan had played with Waterford in the Munster championship.  The game was another high-scoring one, with Jimmy Kelly scoring 5–2.  A puck-out by Cork's Jamesy Kelleher is said to have hopped over the Kilkenny crossbar.  Kilkenny won the game by 7–7 to 2–9, with all seven of their goals coming in a thirty-minute spell.  It was the third time in five years that O’Keeffe had ended up on the losing side in an All-Ireland final.

Two years later in 1907 O’Keeffe finally picked up a third Munster winners’ medal following a 1–6 to 1–4 defeat of Tipperary.  Cork later reached the All-Ireland final with Kilkenny providing the opposition.  A high-scoring, but close, game developed between these two great rivals once again.  As the game entered the final stage there was little to separate the two sides.  Jimmy Kelly scored three first-half goals while Jack Anthony scored Kilkenny's winning point at the death.  Cork went on two late goal hunts; however, the final score of 3–12 to 4-8 gave Kilkenny the win.  It was O’Keeffe's last All-Ireland final appearance.

Sources
 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

Redmond's hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing


Hyles calida, the Hawaiian sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1881. It is endemic to Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii.

The larvae feed on Acacia koa, Bobea elatior, Coprosma, Gardenia, Metrosideros, Pelea, Scaevola chamissoniana, Scaevola gaudichaudiana and Straussia. Adults feed on flowers of Lantana, Metrosideros and others.

Description
Larvae are about 60 mm long.

Subspecies
Hyles calida calida (Kauai, Oahu and Molokai)
Hyles calida calida hawaiiensis Rothschild and Jordan, 1915 (Hawaii)

References

Hyles (moth)
Endemic moths of Hawaii
Moths described in 1881


Ida Margrethe Lorentzen (born December 11, 1951, in New York City ) is an American born, Norwegian artist known for her paintings of interiors of a melancholic nature.

Biography

Ida Lorentzen was raised and educated in New England and Oslo. She studied at Boston University’s School of Fine Arts (1970–1974) and the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts in Oslo (1974–1979). She was awarded the Hassam, Speicher, Betts, and Symons Purchase Fund from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1995 for her Room With a View, (1993) . She married Erik Nilsen-Moe in 1974,

Ida Lorentzen has painted several portrait commissions, Queen Sonja of Norway (1994) and the Coronation Ceremony in the Nidaros Cathedral in 1991. Master dissertations are on file at Oslo University, Bergen University and Tromsø University.

Family
Her father Oivind Lorentzen Jr. was chairman and president of Flagship Cruises, Ina., which operated the cruise ship Sea Venture. Her maternal grandfather was Brigadier General LaPrade, and her paternal grandfather, a former member of the Chemical Bank international who served during World War II as director of Norwegian shipping, in charge of the Free Norwegian Merchant Marine. Her husband was the son of Norwegian industrialist Halfdan Nilsen‐Moe, and her aunt-in-law Ingrid Smestad (née Nilsen-Moe), was married to Carl Smestad, scion of the Smestad family.

Work
Her work is mainly centered around pastels and paintings of interior space, often hinting at a melancholic and sentimental mood. Her work is highly realistic, and implements strong use of light, shadow and composition to portray an interior space. Lorentzen says this about her own work: "When I have to say something about my paintings, I always think back to my student days and quote Philip Guston, who was then teaching at Boston University College of Fine Art: We are image-makers, and image-ridden, after many years I see how my own images do follow me.".

References

Further reading
  The Story of Seven paintings

External links

 Ida Lorentzen Official website
 Ida Lorentzen Museum at Blaafarveverket
 FineArt AS. St.Hanshaugen. Oslo Norwegian
 Hassam, Speicher, Betts, and Symons Purchase Fund

1951 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian painters
21st-century Norwegian painters
Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni
Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
American people of Norwegian descent
Norwegian women painters
20th-century Norwegian women artists
21st-century Norwegian women artists


Karsha Monastery or Karsha Gompa is a Buddhist monastery in the Padum Valley of the Zanskar region of the union territory of Ladakh in northern India. The Doda River flows past the monastery from its source at the Drang Drung Glacier of the Pensi La (). It was founded by the translator Phagspa Shesrab. The monastery, also known by the name Karsha Chamspaling, was founded by Phagspa Shesrab, under the Gelugpa Order or Yellow Hats. It is 11 km north of Padum in Zanskar River valley.

History

Karsha is the largest and most important monastery in Zanskar. It is attributed to Padmasambhava, and there are ancient rock-carvings at the site. The oldest remaining structure, an Avalokiteshvara temple, Chuk-shik-jal, contains wall paintings which seem to associate it with the era of Rinchen Zangpo (958-1055).

The monastery is under the control of the younger brother of the Dalai Lama. Behind his seat in the chapel is a statue of Lhaso Cho Rinpoche, brought from Lhasa in the 1960s, with a golden crown decorated with carnelian and turquoise. The most important festival, known as the Karsha Gustor, is held with masked cham dances on the 26th to the 29th day of the 11th Tibetan month, which is usually in January.

Mons of the Khesa race were dominant in the past in the region of western Himalayas. The Mons have been Buddhist in the region from the time of the Kushan dynasty, established by Emperor Kanishka. Mons, the dominant population in the Zanskar valley, and are said to belong to an Aryan race linked to Kaniskha’s period as their features do not match those of the local tribes or the Mongolians. Mons are credited with building 30 monasteries, chortens and temples, including the Kursha Monastery in the main Zanskar valley; some of the other monasteries they built are: Teta, Muni, Phugtal, Pune, Burdal, Togrimo, Padum, Pipting, Tondhe, Zangla, Linshot and Sumda. Gelugpa monastery is another important monastery in Khursha village, which has an excellent display of mural arts.

Structure

The monastery, the largest monastery of Zanskar, has a number of shrines and has been embellished with exquisite paintings by the Lama Dzadpa Dorje. It also houses the relics of Dorje Rinchen. 100 monks reside in this monastery. The popular festival held in the monastery precincts is called the Gustor festival, celebrated between the 26th and 29th day of the sixth month of the Tibetan calendar, when events such as the sacred masked cham dance take place. The monastery also has bone relics of Dorje Rinchen and serves as the residence of approximately 100 monks.

Other temples built close to the monastery are Thugsjechhenpoi Lhakhang and the Lhakhang Karpo. Other Monasteries in the vicinity are the Khagsar Monastery, Purang Monastery and Phagspa Monastery. A nunnery known as 'Dorjezong', is located at the top of the valley. In the nunnery, a sacred image of 11-headed Avaloketeshvara is deified.

In the Karsha monastery there is a cloth painting, unfolded by the Lamas, which is intricately embroidered in gold and colourful threads on an orange cloth, which depicts Buddha surrounded by his tutelary deities.

"It [Karsha] was built against the craggy hillside like a massive white fortress, with deep-set, black-edged windows. From a distance, village, gompa and mountainside were fused together, . . . It was a medieval world. Lamas of all ages gossiped and giggled, lounging on the steps in front of heavy wooden doors with iron studs. In the evening sun the angles of the roof and squared lintels cast black-and-white shadows in geometrical patterns. Mastiffs still sheltering from the day's heat stretched out in shady corners squalid with gompa debris - old bones, pieces of cloth, and the odd tattered boot. Despite the midsummer warmth the old lamas' maroon cloaks were of heavy tweed. The cheeky, shaven-headed boys wore their cotton cloaks slipped off one shoulder and their yellow hats at a rakish angle. A bearskin hung above the door into the main shrine, its massive head loured from above as though it might at any minute bare its fangs.
Lamas wearing red and yellow robes and brocade hats sat in lines to chant the evening prayers. Serving lamas, two to each heavy copper kettle, moved up and down pouring salt tea. Ibex heads looked down from the ceiling, and there was a banner depicting running deer, yaks and a leopard, partially hidden by dust and cobwebs. Murals illuminating scenes from the life of the Buddha glowed with rich pigments, and multicoloured tsampa and ghi offerings were displayed like exotic wedding cakes. The last rays of the sun glinted off the gold brocade in the altar cloth and off the rows of thankas. Images of the Buddha, three times the size of man, stood above the altar, dominating the theatrical scene. Trumpets blasted, cymbals clashed and conch shells were blown through cupped hands, the sound escaped through the closed windows and curtained doorways into the courtyards and out across the valley."

Chorten

A chorten in the precincts of Kursha monastery houses the mummified body of an incarnate lama called the Rinchen Zangpo, sealed in a silver-lined wooden box. During the Indo-Pakistan war, the silver sheet covering of the chorten was ransacked, which resulted in exposure of the wooden frame work of the reliquary. It was later refurbished and painted.

Chortens not only represent various stages of the spiritual attainments of Sakyamuni Buddha, as a memorial structure but also intern the physical body of (Buddha kapala). In the dome of the chorten, in addition to the mortal remains of saints and lamas, their spiritual elements are also said to be infused. Chorten are identified with a perfect human body.

Geography

Karsha is at the confluence of the Lungtsi river, which raises from the Lingti peak of Doda basin that forms the Zanskar River. Zanskar takes a turn at Karsha and flows in a northwesterly direction to eventually join the Indus River near Nimmu in Ladakh.  Below the Khlangpu peak () of the Zanskar hill range, the river flows in deep ravines near Karsha monastery. It is in this stretch of the Zanskar river in the Lungti and the Doda valleys that there is a maximum concentration of villages.

Visitor information
It is a highly revered monastery in Khurshan village, which is ) from Padum village. The village has a market, school,  a dispensary, and post and telegraph offices. Interesting information for visitors to the village is of the facilities available for river rafting in the Zanskar river; it is a five hours ride on a very rough river, in the gorge portion of the Zanskar river called the "Grand Canyon" of Asia, in freezing cold conditions. The rafting starts from Remala and ends in Karsha village near Padum () rafting in the river in ‘Rapids of Class II category’ considered suitable for beginners); after completing the rafting, a short walk from the camp would lead to the Karsha monastery for an evening prayer. Zanskar valley is closed from November to May due to heavy snow conditions.

Leh is the nearest airport; while Srinagar is also another airport that could be used. Kargil () from Pakistan border) is at a distance of a ) from Padum, which is a further ) away from the monastery.  Karsha is now accessible directly from Manali, Himachal Pradesh via the new Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road that goes over the Shingo La pass separating Lahaul and Zanskar.

Gallery

See also

 List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
 Tourism in Ladakh

Footnotes

References

 Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi. . New Edition 1996. .
 Handa, O. C. (2005). Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi. .
Noble, Christina. (1991). At Home in the Himalayas. Fontana, London. .
 Rizvi, Janet. 1998. Ladakh, Crossroads of High Asia. Oxford University Press. 1st edition 1963. 2nd revised edition 1996. 3rd impression 2001. .
 Osada, Yukiyasu, Gavin Allwright and Atushi Kanamaru. (2000). Mapping the Tibetan World. Reprint 2004. Kotan Publishing. Tokyo, Japan. .
 Schettler, Margaret & Rolf (1981). Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar. Lonely Planet Publications. South Yarra, Victoria, Australia. .

External links

Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
Gelug monasteries and temples
Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India


This is a list of mosques in Syria.

See also

 Islam in Syria
 Lists of mosques

References

Syria

Mosques


The Bettiah Raj, also known as the Bettiah Empire, was the second-largest zamindari in the Bettiah region of Bihar, India. It generated annual land revenue rentals of more than 2 million rupees.

History

Pre-British rule
Gangeswar Deo, a  Brahmin of Jaitharia clan, popularly known as Jaitharia Bhumihar Brahmin. Gangeswar Deo descendants are among the present day Kashyap Gotra of Brahmins and a branch of this clan also set up residence at a place called Jaithar Saran near Champaran, later moved east and established a state at Bettiah in Bihar. They were known as Bhumihar Brahmin. Bettiah Raj was the oldest in the region and had also been a branch of Raj Riyasat Sirkar of Champaran since the 17th century (the time of Shah Jahan) when the raja of Bettiah was Ugrasen Singh. Both the Madhuban Raj and Sheohar estates had broken off from Bettiah Raj. even then making it the largest zamindari in Bihar.
The Rajas of Bettiah had turbulent relations with Khandavalas of Mithila , who often assisted the Nawab of Bengal in subduing the hostile chieftaincy of Bettiah.

During the Bettiah Raj of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of Bettiah Christians descended from upper-caste Hindu and Muslim converts to Christianity was established in India by missionaries belonging to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, a Roman Catholic religious order. It is one of the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian communities that was founded after Raja Dhurup Singh requested Joseph Mary Bernini to heal his ill wife of a severe illness and was said to be successful in doing so. The Bettiah Christian Mission flourished under the blessing of Pope Benedict XIV and the patronage of the royal court of the Bettiah Rajas, growing in number.

East India Company
In 1765, when the East India Company acquired the Diwani Bettiah Raj held the largest territory under its jurisdiction. It consisted of some part of Champaran. Bettiah Raj also came into being as a result of mallikana chaudharai and quanungoi, the connection with the revenue administration building on local dominance and the capability of controlling and protecting hundreds of villages. Internal disputes and family quarrels divided the Raj in course of time. Madhuban Raj was created as a consequence.

British era
The last zamindar was Harendra Kishore Singh, who was born in 1854 and succeeded his father, Rajendra Kishore Singh in 1883. In 1884, he received the title of Raja Bahadur as a personal distinction and a Khilat and a sanad from the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson. He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire on 1 March 1889. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Bengal in January 1891. He was also a member of The Asiatic Society. He was the last ruler of Bettiah Raj.

Raja Sir Harendra Kishore Singh Bahadur died issueless on 26 March 1893 leaving behind him two widows, Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar and Maharani Janki Kunwar. Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar who succeeded to the estate of Raja Harendra Kishore Singh on his death as his senior widow died on 24 March 1896 and on her death Maharani Janki Kunwar became entitled to the possession of the estate. Since it was found that Maharani Janki	Kunwar was not able to administer the estate, its management was taken over by the Court of Wards, Bihar in 1897. Maharani Janki Kunwar who was a limited holder of the estate died on 27 November 1954.

The Bettiah Raj forests were managed for timber production. Bihar state government took over management of the Bettiah Raj forests in 1953 and 1954 under the Bihar Private Protected Forests Act (1947). Valmiki National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary include portion of the former Bettiah Raj estate.

Bettiah Raj and music
The Bettiah Gharana is one of the three (others being Darbhanga Gharana, and Dumraon Gharana) oldest style of Dhrupad vocal song from the state of Bihar.

See also
Zamindars of Bihar

References

Zamindari estates
History of Bihar


Lingshed Monastery or Lingshed Gompa is a Gelugpa Buddhist monastery in Ladakh, India. It is located near Lingshet village in the Leh district. It is 84 km north of Padum. It was founded in the 1440s by Changsems Sherabs Zangpo, disciple of Je Tsongkhapa, on a monastic site previously founded by the Translator Rinchen Zangpo. The monastery has belonged to the religious estate of Ngari Rinpoche since 1779. The Jangchub Tensung Dorje Center was founded in Lingshed by Kyabje Dagom Rinpoche in 1994.

The ceremonial life of Lingshed Monastery and its monks is the subject of Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism (Routledge 2003) by the anthropologist Martin A. Mills.

History
Lingshed Village, at the heart of the Trans-Sengge-La region between Ladakh and Zanskar, has been inhabited for nearly a thousand years. It was originally reputed to be a local hunting area, which is the source of its name. The village has been the site of several Buddhist monasteries: the remnants of a cave monastery and two walls dedicated to the translator Rinchen Zangpo (958–1055). Local tradition in the region also speaks of Kadampa and Drugpa Kagyu monasteries in the valley.

Lingshed Monastery (or Kumbum, meaning 'A Hundred Thousand Images') was founded as a Geluk School Monastery in the 1440s by Changsems Sherabs Zangpo, disciple of the noted Tibetan preceptor Je Tsongkhapa. Local tradition records how Sherabs Zangpo, having founded Karsha and Phugtal Monasteries to the south, travelled over Hanuma-La Pass to the south of Lingshed, from where he saw an 'auspicious shining light' shining on a rock on the hillside. He built a chorten around that rock, and this became the basis of Kumbum's central shrine, Tashi 'Od Bar ('Auspicious Shining Light' shrine).

In 1779, the Ladakhi king Tsewang Namgyal donated the lands of Lingshed and its surrounding villages (along with the Zanskari monasteries and villages of Karsha, Mune, Phuktal and Rangdum) to Lobsang Gelek Yeshe Dragpa, the 3rd incarnate of the Ngari Rinpoche lineage. In 1783, Ngari Rinpoche founded Rangdum Monastery on the boundary of the Karsha Valley as his ecclesiastical seat, to which Lingshed is subordinate. Lingshed Monastery was electrified by Global Himalayan Expedition in August 2016 through setting up of solar microgrids.

Description

The monastery houses about 60 monks and is on the route between Zanskar and Lamayuru. It serves the surrounding villages of Lingshed, Skyumpata, Yulchung, Nyeraks, Dibling and Gongma. The monastery consists of six principal shrines, kitchens, store rooms and - on its uppermost floor - an apartment for Ngari Rinpoche or other visiting high lamas. Below the central temple complex, monastic quarters (shak) fan out in long lines. Lingshed monastery also maintains outlying shrines in each of the villages it serves.

It is marked on an early survey map as 'Linshot' and is four marches south of Khalatse. There were two sons of La-chen-Bha-gan (c. 1470-1500 CE), the third king of the Second West Tibetan Dynasty. The younger son had the eyes of his elder brother, Lha-chen-Lha-dbaṅ-rnam-rgyal (c. 1500-1532), put out and then he took the throne. "Still, for the continuance of the race, he stationed him, together with his wife at Liṅ-sñed" where his wife bore three sons.

See also

 List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
 Tourism in Ladakh

Footnotes

References
 Francke, A. H. (1926). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Vol. II. First edition 1926. Reprint 1972. S. Chand & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi.
 Mills, M.A. 1996. Notes on the history of Lingshed Monastery, Ladakh. In Ladakh Studies 8. Journal for the International Association for Ladakh Studies; .
 Mills, M.A. 2003. Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism: The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism. London: Routledge.
 Rizvi, Janet. 1996. Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford India Paperbacks. 3rd Impression 2001. .

External links
An article about the village of Lingshed

Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
Gelug monasteries and temples


Bernd Michael Lade (born 24 December 1964) is a German actor and director.  A native of Berlin, he is perhaps best known to audiences outside Germany for his role opposite Peter Sodann in several series of the crime drama Tatort.  Lade's wife is the actress Maria Simon, with whom he has three children.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Film directors from Berlin
German male television actors
Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
German male stage actors
German male film actors
East German actors
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors
Male actors from Berlin


The Gastre Fault Zone (GFZ) is a  NW-SE striking dextral Jurassic Gastre Fault System (cf. Rapela & Pankhurst, 1992) in Central Patagonia, Argentina.

From a tentative correlation of the fault zone with the similarly NW-SE trend, it was termed ‘Gastre Fault Zone’ or ‘Gastre-Purén Fault Zone’ to the Lanalhue Fault Zone in Chile by early works. However, in later works  it is shown that this correlation is incorrect. Since the lake ‘Lago Lanalhue’, is located on the fault trace and shows a NW-SE-elongated shape, ‘Lanalhue Fault Zone (LFZ)’ stands as appropriate name for the here discussed fault zone.
The Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone is the NW-SE trending fault responsible for the alignment of Villarrica, Quetrupillán and Lanín volcanoes.

References

Geology of Neuquén Province
Geology of Araucanía Region
Geology of Los Ríos Region
Geology of Río Negro Province
Seismic faults of Argentina
Seismic faults of Chile


Eos Chaos is a rough, collapsed area in the Coprates quadrangle on Mars at
16.8° south latitude and 46.9° west longitude.  It is about 490 km long and was named after the Greek name of Aurora, an albedo feature.

Valles Marineris Canyon System
Eos Chaos is a part of the largest canyon system in the solar system; this great canyon would go almost all the way across the United States. The name for the whole system of canyons is Valles Marineris.  Starting at the west with Noctis Labyrinthus in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle, the canyon system ends in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle with Capri Chasma and Eos Chasma (in the south).  The word Chasma has been designated by the International Astronomical Union to refer to an elongate, steep-sided depression.  Valles Marineris was discovered by and named for the Mariner 9 mission.  Moving east from Noctis Labyrinthus, the canyon splits into two troughs, Tithonium and Ius Chasma in the south.  In the middle of the system are very wide valleys of Ophir Chasma (north), Candor Chasma, and Melas Chasma (south).  Going farther to the east, one comes to Coprates Chasma.  At the end of Coprates Chasma, the valley gets wider to  form Capri Chasma in the north and Eos Chasma in the south.  The walls of the canyons often contain many layers.  The floors of some of the canyons contain large deposits of layered materials.  Some researchers believe that the layers were formed when water once filled the canyons.  The canyons are deep as well as long.  In places they are 8-10 kilometers deep.  Remember the Earth's Grand Canyon is only 1.6 kilometers deep.

Layers

Images of rocks in the canyon walls almost always show layers. Some layers appear tougher than others.  Because of its closeness to the Tharsis volcanic region, the rock layers may be made of layer after layer of lava flows, probably mixed with deposits of volcanic ash that fell out of the air following big eruptions. It is likely the rock strata in the walls preserve a long geological history of Mars.  Dark layers may be due to dark lava flows.  The dark volcanic rock basalt is common on Mars.  However, light-toned deposits may have resulted from rivers, lakes, volcanic ash, or wind blown deposits of sand or dust.  The Mars Rovers found light-toned rocks to contain sulfates.  Probably having been formed in water, sulfate deposits are of great interest to scientists because they may contain traces of ancient life.

See also
 Chaos terrain
 HiRISE
 List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars
 Martian chaos terrain

References

External links

Coprates quadrangle
Chaotic terrains on Mars


Roman Vladimirovich Gerus (; born 14 September 1980) is a former Russian footballer.

Career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk.

External links

  Profile on the FC Rostov site

1980 births
People from Tikhoretsk
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
FC Rostov players
Russian Premier League players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
FC Astana players
FC Amkar Perm players
FC Arsenal Tula players
Russian beach soccer players
FC Dynamo Bryansk players
Footballers from Krasnodar Krai


Frederick Charles Broker (January 17, 1893 - December 13, 1971) was a professional football player who played in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1922 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

1893 births
1971 deaths
American football tackles
Carlisle Indians football players
Oorang Indians players
People from Becker County, Minnesota
Players of American football from Minnesota


Ian J. Cartwright (13 November 1964 – 7 December 2016) was an English footballer, who played in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Career
Ian Cartwright signed for First Division Wolverhampton Wanderers as a youth trainee in 1980. He had to wait until his 18th birthday to make his first team debut, coming on as a substitute in a 1–4 defeat at Oldham Athletic. He made 9 appearances during the remainder of that season (scoring once) as the club won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt.

He made 16 appearances during their doomed campaign of 1983/84 which saw them relegated from the First Division, beginning a slide down the divisions amid financial problems. Cartwright remained at the club until 1986 when released by manager Sammy Chapman, leaving him to play out his career in the non-league.

He died from renal and spinal cancer on 7 December 2016.

References

1964 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from spinal cancer
Men's association football midfielders
Deaths from cancer in England
Neurological disease deaths in England


Alan Banks (born 5 October 1938) is an English former professional footballer who played for Liverpool, Cambridge City, Exeter City, Plymouth Argyle and Poole Town.

Banks began his career at Liverpool as an amateur, signing professionally in May 1958 and making his debut as a nineteen-year-old against Brighton and Hove Albion in September that year, scoring his first goal for the club in the same game. He failed to make the grade at Anfield, however, and moved to Cambridge City.

Exeter City paid out a club record fee to obtain his transfer from Cambridge in November 1963. He went on to score 109 goals in 285 games for Exeter, across two spells.

After a season at Poole Town and three years with Tiverton Town, Banks retired in 1977. In 2007 he was voted Exeter City's favourite player of all time.

External links

1938 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Cambridge City F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Poole Town F.C. players
Tiverton Town F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
English Football League players
Footballers from Liverpool


The International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) was a mutual aid society for hobos founded in 1905–1906. It was the second largest after the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). It was started by James Eads How who had inherited a fortune but chose to live a hobo life. IBWA was less radical than the IWW, focusing on education and cooperation rather than direct political action. It published the Hobo News, distributed through street sellers. The IBWA was centered in the midwest (St. Louis, Kansas City, Chicago) and had locals in about twenty cities including Baltimore, Buffalo, Philadelphia and San Francisco. The centers, called "Hobo Colleges," offered lodging, hot meals and education. They also became important meeting places for migrant workers during the winter months.

Purpose

Contemporary sociologist Nels Anderson wrote in 1923 that the official program of the IBWA was:

Hobo colleges
The hobo colleges, which How started in several cities, primarily offered lodging and meals, but as the name implies also education and a place to meet. The education would be scheduled certain nights and included basic social science, industrial law, vagrancy laws, public speaking, searching for jobs, venereal disease and anything that may be understood and useful for the hobos. They also covered subjects like philosophy, literature and religion. The lectures were held by street orators as well as academics. How often talked about social politics subjects such as 8-hour working day, pensions and unemployment. The discussions following were known to be very lively. They also served as community meeting places where the homeless workers could express themselves. It was held mainly in winter when there were fewer jobs and more hobos in the cities.  The success of the "colleges" varied. The Chicago branch was the biggest and one year debated with University of Chicago students. A hobo college was usually a rented building in the hobo area of a city. There would be blankets for sleeping, a washroom and a kitchen, where the hobos cooked their favorite mulligan stew. The houses often failed, and How had to spend much time going around and restarting them.

The Chicago branch was started by Ben Reitman, and when he was out travelling by Irwin St. John Tucker and the Episcopal minister Michael C. Walsh. It graduated hundreds of hobos every year, 164 of them in 1926.

Control of the IBWA
According to Anderson, the IBWA was largely controlled by J. E. How, at least before the First World War. Not formally, but because the organization was dependent on his financial support.

The IBWA was separate, but supporting, of the IWW. There were however failed attempts by IWW to take over IBWA. After the Big Pinch of government action against the IWW in 1917, the IBWA grew rapidly but was radicalized by in inflow of Wobblies (IWW people), attracting negative government attention. Radical members of the IBWA, also started the Migratory Workers Union in 1918 with financing by How who was otherwise a moderate, but it was largely defunct by 1922. Conflict between the two factions continued, and Hobo World was created as a more radical rival of Hobo News. While Hobo World was published more irregularly, the two competed to be the genuine voice of hobo culture.

References

Homelessness organizations
Defunct organizations based in the United States
Hoboes


The Jianchuan Museum Cluster () is located in Anren Town, Dayi County, Sichuan province, China, about one hour's drive from the provincial capital Chengdu. It consists of 26 museums which showcase China's largest private collection of artifacts amassed during the last 60–70 years.

Founding
The museum was founded by, and named after, Fan Jianchuan (1957), a local real estate billionaire native to Yibin, and a collector of Cultural Revolution Era memorabilia. Before starting his investments in real estate, Fan was the deputy major of Yibin. In 2003 he started investing his real estate earnings in the museums. The first five museums of the cluster opened in 2005. As of 2015 Fan spent the RMB 2 billion on the museums. The cluster started operating break even in 2010.

Exhibits
The complex features more than two million historical and cultural artefacts, mainly from the founder's personal collection, and has been hailed by the Los Angeles Times as an example of "the increasing openness about the way recent history is viewed in China." With a total area of , the museum cluster is made up of 26 museums, as of 2015. It has a repository of over 8 million artifacts, with 121 of them classified as Class-One National Treasures. It is the largest museum cluster in China. Several hundred artifacts have also been donated to other museums.

The museums are organized by four major themes: Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the ‘Red era’, the Wenchuan earthquake, and Chinese folk culture.

Museums

Red Era theme

 Red Era Ceramics Exhibition Hall
 Red Era Living Necessities Hall
 Long March of the Red Army in Sichuan Memorial Hall
 Zhiqing Life Hall
 AVIC Museum
 Li Zhensheng Photography Museum
 Red Chronicles Exhibition Hall
 Red Era Mirrors Museum

Second-Sino Japanese War theme

 Unyielding Prisoners of War Museum, about the Sino-Japanese conflict between 1931 and 1945
 Hall of the Frontal Battlefield, dedicated to the Kuomintang efforts in fighting the Japanese
 Hall of the Conventional Battlefront
 Hall of Unyielding Chinese Prisoners of War
 Hall of the Heroes of the Flying Tigers
 Exhibition of Weapons for Homeland Security
 Sichuan Army Anti-Japanese Museum
 Museum of Japanese Aggression Against China
 Chinese Warriors Group Culture Plaza
 China Anti-Japanese Veterans Handprints Plaza
 Foreign Volunteer Supporters of China Plaza
 Evidence of the Japanese War Crime, opened on the 70th anniversary of China's victory against the Japanese

Wenchuan Earthquake theme

 Memorial Hall of the 5.12 Earthquake
 Wenchuan Earthquake Museum, exhibiting object left damaged by the earthquake
 Earthquake Art Gallery
 Hu Huishan Memorial Hall, in memory of Hu Huishan, a female student of Dujiangyan High School,who died of the earthquake

Chinese folk culture theme

 The Memorial Hall of Yangtze River Rafting
 Old Mansion Furniture Exhibition Hall
 Three-inch Golden Lotus Cultural Relics Gallery
 National Defense Weapons Museum
 Liu Wenhui Former Residence Exhibition Hall

Other

 Jianchuan Art Exhibition Hall
 Reform and opening heroes plaza

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in China

World War II museums in China
Museums in Sichuan
History museums in China
Museums established in 2005

References


Proserpinus juanita, the Juanita sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Herman Strecker in 1877. It is found from the US states of Montana and North Dakota, south to Arizona, and east to Missouri and Texas.

Description
The wingspan is 45–64 mm.

Biology

The larvae feed on Onagraceae species, including Oenothera, Gaura and Epilobium species

References

External links

Proserpinus
Moths described in 1877
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Herman Strecker


Bayburt University (BU; in Turkish, Bayburt Üniversitesi, commonly referred to as BÜ) is a public research university in the city of Bayburt, Turkey. The research and education conducted by the university have an emphasis on engineering and natural sciences.

The official language of instruction at BU is Turkish. The university's Demirözü Vocational School, Aydıntepe Vocational School, Baberti Complex and Dede Korkut Complex have wireless access to the eduroam network.

History
Bayburt University was founded under the city name as a new university in Bayburt, in 2008.
(Law no. 5765 Approval Date: 22/05/2008)

This University Includes:

a) The Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, School of Education

b) A Vocational High School and a School of Higher Health Services,

c) Graduate School (Science Institute and the Institute of Social Sciences)

Second Cycle Programmes (Master's Degree)
Institute of Science
  Mechanical Engineering
  Civil Engineering
  Food Engineering
  Civil Engineering

Institute of Social Sciences
  Elementary Religious Culture and Moral Education
  Business Administration
  Elementary Mathematics Education
  Primary Teacher
  Basic Islamic Sciences
  Business Administration

First Cycle Programmes (Bachelor's Degree)

Bayburt Education Faculty
 Classroom Teaching
 Classroom Teaching S.E.
 Science Teacher
 Science Teacher S.E.
 Elementary Mathematics Education
 Turkish Education

Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
 Economics
 Economics S.E.
 Business Administration
 Business Administration S.E.

Faculty of Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering S.E.
 Food Engineering
 Food Engineering S.E.
 Civil Engineering S.E.
 Civil Engineering

Faculty of Theology
 Theology
 Theology S.E.
 Religious Culture and Moral Education
 Religious Culture and Moral Education S.E.

Short Cycle Programmes (Associate degree)

Bayburt Vocational School
 Accounting and Taxation S.E.
 Accounting and Taxation
 Office Management and Secretarial
 Marketing and Advertising
 Marketing and Advertising S.E.
 Foreign Trade
 Foreign Trade S.E.
 Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology
 Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology S.E.
 Management and Organization
 Management and Organization S.E.
 Computer Technology and Programming S.E.
 Computer Technology and Programming
 Electricity and Energy
 Electricity and Energy S.E.
 Finance, Banking and Insurance
 Finance, Banking and Insurance S.E.
 Finance, Banking and Insurance
 Electronics and Automation S.E.
 Electronics and Automation

Bayburt Vocational School of Health Services
 S.E.

Affiliations
The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association. The University is also the partner of College of Law in Wroclaw.

References

Universities and colleges in Turkey
State universities and colleges in Turkey
Bayburt Province
Universities and colleges established in 2008
Buildings and structures in Bayburt Province
2008 establishments in Turkey


Capri Mensa is a mesa in the Coprates quadrangle of Mars at 14° south latitude and 47.4° west longitude.  It is about 275 km long and was named after a classical albedo feature name.

Valles Marineris Canyon System
Capri Mensa is a mesa in the largest canyon system in the solar system; this great canyon would go almost all the way across the United States. The name for the whole system of canyons is Valles Marineris.  Starting at the west with Noctis Labyrinthus in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle, the canyon system ends in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle with Capri Chasma and Eos Chasma (in the south).  The word Chasma has been designated by the International Astronomical Union to refer to an elongate, steep-sided depression.  Valles Marineris was discovered by and named for the Mariner 9 mission.  Moving east from Noctis Labyrinthus, the canyon splits into two troughs, Tithonium and Ius Chasma in the south.  In the middle of the system are very wide valleys of Ophir Chasma (north), Candor Chasma, and Melas Chasma (south).  Going farther to the east, one comes to Coprates Chasma.  At the end of Coprates Chasma, the valley gets wider to  form Capri Chasma in the north and Eos Chasma in the south.  The walls of the canyons often contain many layers.  The floors of some of the canyons contain large deposits of layered materials.  Some researchers believe that the layers were formed when water once filled the canyons.  The canyons are deep as well as long.  In places they are 8-10 kilometers deep.  Remember the Earth's Grand Canyon is only 1.6 kilometers deep.

Layers

Images of rocks in the canyon walls almost always show layers. Some layers appear tougher than others.  In the image below of Ganges Chasma Layers, as seen by HiRISE, one can see that the upper, light-toned deposits are eroding much faster than the lower darker layers.  Some cliffs on Mars show a few darker layers standing out and often breaking into large pieces; these are thought to be hard volcanic rock instead of soft ash deposits. Because of its closeness to the Tharsis volcanic region, the rock layers may be made of layer after layer of lava flows, probably mixed with deposits of volcanic ash that fell out of the air following big eruptions. It is likely the rock strata in the walls preserve a long geological history of Mars.  Dark layers may be due to dark lava flows.  The dark volcanic rock basalt is common on Mars.  However, light-toned deposits may have resulted from rivers, lakes, volcanic ash, or wind blown deposits of sand or dust.  The Mars Rovers found light-toned rocks to contain sulfates.  Probably having been formed in water, sulfate deposits are of great interest to scientists because they may contain traces of ancient life.

References

Coprates quadrangle
Mensae on Mars


Aleksandr Alekseyevich Cherkes (; born 2 September 1976) is a Russian football coach and a former player.

Playing career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2000 for FC Fakel Voronezh.

On 17 June 2008, Cherkes signed a 2.5-year contract with FC Rostov.

Personal life
His son Yevgeni Cherkes is now a professional footballer.

References

External links

  Profile on the FC Rostov site

1976 births
Footballers from Voronezh
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Rostov players
FC Sokol Saratov players
Russian Premier League players
FC Nizhny Novgorod (2007) players
Russian football managers
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players


St Mel's College is an all-boys secondary school in Longford, Ireland.

History
The college opened in September 1865 with 48 boarders and 20 dayboys. The architect was Than  Ourke with a total cost of 16,000 euro. In the beginning, it was actually a seminary, where students studied to become priests. Fr. James Reynolds was the first president. Previously he had been Superior of St Mel's Day School in the Market Square. The school shares its name with St Mel's Cathedral in Longford and it is situated to the rear of the cathedral. The cathedral and the college are named after Saint Mél of Ardagh.

St Mel's was originally a boarding school since its foundation, later becoming a day school. Due to financial implications and decreasing demand for boarding schools it stopped taking in boarders in the early 2000s.

Sports
St Mel's won its first All Ireland Senior Final, beating St Patrick's College, Cavan in Croke Park by 4-7 to 3-3. The college has won the All Ireland Schools Gaelic football championship the Hogan Cup in 1948, 1962, 1963, and 1987 (they also were runners-up in 1961 and 1988). They hold the record for the most wins, 29, in the Leinster Colleges Senior Football Championship.  St Mel's have an all-weather pitch provided by PST Sport. In February 2020, it was announced that Longford Athletics Club and the College would build an Indoor facility on the college grounds.

Past pupils

 Micheál Carrigy, Senator elected 2020
 Conor Connelly (1975–2020), Gaelic footballer
 James Patrick Farrell (1865–1921), Nationalist MP for Cavan 1895–1900 and North Longford 1900–1918
 Ray Flynn (b. 1957), athlete
 Rev. Joseph Guinan (1863–1932), priest, teacher (at St Mel's) and novelist
 John Leydon (1895–1979), civil servant, involved in setting up Aer Lingus, IMI and IPA
 Pádraic McCormack, former TD for Galway West and Senator
 Bishop James Moynagh S.P.S. (1903–1985), missionary priest and bishop to Nigeria
 Liam Mulvihill, former director general of the GAA
 Declan Nerney, Irish country singer
 Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, Former TD (1957–1961), President of Sinn Fein (1970–1983), President of Republican Sinn Féin (1987–2009)
 Bishop Colm O'Reilly, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise
 John Wilson (1923–2007), TD for Cavan Monaghan and government minister

References

External links
St Mel's College website

1865 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1865
Longford (town)
Secondary schools in County Longford


The New Jersey Department of Agriculture is a state governmental agency that is responsible for the promotion and protection of agriculture and agribusiness in the state of New Jersey. The department oversees school meal programs, distributes surplus food from federal programs, oversees soil and water resources, maintains farmland for agricultural uses, assists in development of overseas markets for New Jersey products from its farms and fisheries, and administers agricultural education programs.

, the New Jersey Secretary of Agriculture is Joe Atchinson III.

Organization
The department is jointly managed by the Secretary of Agriculture and the State Board of Agriculture. The Secretary is responsible for managing and directing the work of the department. In addition, the Secretary is the department’s executive officer, serves as secretary to the State Board of Agriculture and is a member of the Governor's cabinet. The Secretary is appointed by the State Board of Agriculture and is approved by the Governor.  New Jersey is the only state in the nation where the farmer constituents of the Department of Agriculture set policy and actively manage the department and select its Secretary.

The State Board of Agriculture, an eight-member body created by statute in 1887, serves as the policy-making and general head of the department. The Board is charged with setting policies which direct the Secretary and the department in carrying out its duties and responsibilities. Each member serves a four-year term, with two members replaced annually by new members elected at the State Agricultural Convention and appointed by the Governor with the approval of the State Senate. By law, at least four of the members must represent the top four commodity groups in the state based on a two-year average of the gross value of production.

State Board of Agriculture
Secretary of Agriculture
Office of the Secretary
Agricultural and Natural Resources Division
Animal Health Division
Food and Nutrition Division
Marketing and Development Division
Plant Industry Division

Agricultural education
Also found at the New Jersey Department of Agriculture is the Agricultural Education Division, led by Mrs. Nancy Trivette. The division oversees all agricultural education programs in New Jersey, as well as leading the New Jersey FFA Association. There are currently over 2,500 FFA members in the state of New Jersey spanning across 36 chapters.

New Jersey FFA Association Executive Board
The New Jersey Agricultural Education and FFA Executive Board is as follows:
State FFA Advisor: Mrs. Nancy Trivette
State FFA Specialist: Mrs. Erin Noble
State FFA Executive Assistant: Ms. Debra McCluskey

State FFA President: Myranda Bond, South Hunterdon FFA
State FFA Vice President: Morgan Rutar, Phillipsburg FFA
State FFA Secretary: Renée Stillwell, Allentown FFA
State FFA Treasurer: Jeremy Posluszny, Allentown FFA
State FFA Reporter: Zuri Richmond, Salem Co. Vo. Tech FFA
State FFA Sentinel: Josh Loew, Cumberland Regional FFA
State FFA Parliamentarian: Kelsey Stockton, Salem Co. Vo. Tech FFA

State FFA Executive Committee Chair: Hannah Mann, Salem Co. Vo. Tech FFA
State FFA Executive Committee: Tyler Kohlhaas, Cape May FFA
State FFA Executive Committee: Alyssa Ferraro, Sussex Tech FFA

Teacher Representative: Mr. John Neyhart, Monmouth County FFA

Commodities councils
The Division works closely with seven commodity councils to help them publicize their products and bring the benefits of grower-sponsored research to consumers. The funds are used by each council for product research and improvement, promotional point-of-purchase materials and special promotional events.  These councils are funded by taxes levied on farmers, growers, and producers based on the quantity of goods produced. Grower-funded commodity councils have been established for apples, blueberries, milk, poultry, sweet potatoes, white potatoes, and wine.  These include:

 New Jersey Apple Industry Advisory Council
 New Jersey Dairy Industry Advisory Council
 New Jersey Poultry Products Promotion Council
 New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council

List of secretaries
Alva Agee (1916–1925)
William B. Duryee (1925–1938)
Willard H. Allen (1938–1956)
Phillip Alampi (1956–1982)
Arthur R. Brown Jr. (1982–2002)
Charles M. Kuperus (2002–2008)
Douglas H. Fisher (2009–2023)
Joe Atchinson III (2023- )

References

External links

Agriculture
State departments of agriculture of the United States


Tsarap River, also known as Tsarap Chu, forms the eastern part of the Zanskar valley, in the Ladakh union territory of India. The  long river is used for irrigation in riparian villages, and for adventure sports by tourists.

Geography

The Tsarap River has its source in the glaciers near Pankpo La Pass at the border of Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh. After rising from its source, the Tsarap River flows north-east up to Sarchu, a camping site at the Leh-Manali Highway. Here the Tsarap River joins a confluence of three rivers: of Lingti, Yunan and Sarchu River. At village Purne, the Tsarap River is joined by Kargyag River, which originates near the Shingo La pass. Then the Tsarap River flows down the main Zanskar valley, through the towns of Mone, Tichip, Jamyang Lang, Dorzong and Chia. The river then meets the Stod River at a confluence near Padum, the capital of Zanskar. Together, these two rivers form the Zanskar River, a tributary of the Indus River.

The Tsarap River contributes to the minimal agricultural production of the Zanskar valley, mainly to the lower areas of Chia, by providing irrigation to the fields of barley, wheat, buckwheat and peas. Accessible in the summer, the Pensi La mountain pass which connects Zanskar with rest of the country, receives heavy snowfall along with the other pass, Zojila, which results in the valley being cut off during winter from rest of the state, with the river freezing during this season. The river source at Pankpo La near Sarchu lies  southeast from the nearest airport of Leh. The Tsarap River is famous for adventure sports. Rafting events are organised in the Tsarap, Stod and the Zanskar rivers.

Landslide Dam

A lake was formed on the Tsarap River due to a landslide dam at ,  upstream (south) of Padum the commercial hub of Zanskar. The landslide, which occurred on 31 December 2014 between Shun and Phuktal villages, was first noticed when the Alchi Hydroelectric Power Project downriver reported a drop in water level. The dam created by the debris was  high,  wide and  long and the artificial lake was at 80% of the height of the debris. As of 1 February 2015, the artificial lake formed behind the dam was nearly  long and covered about 110 hectares of land.

The barrier was believed to be fine-grained, with boulders having a narrow crest. A report submitted by local authorities prohibited the use of explosives to clear the debris, for fear that it would trigger more landslides and aggravate the situation. They called on the National Disaster Management for assessment of the situation. According to the deputy collector of Zanskar, "The lake has been created around 90 km from the Padam area of Zanskar and beyond 43 km no one can go by foot. After consulting all local engineers, including Army engineers, we were not able to do anything". On 20 February 2015 the National Disaster Management after a ground survey submitted a report on which the Committee headed by the Union Cabinet Secretary deployed a team at the site to carry out controlled blasting and manual work to allow channelized flow of water.

The severe temperatures in the region, below -20 °C had frozen the lake and chances of a breach would rise with a  temperature increase in the following days. Authorities  closed down the old trade route, the Chadar Trek, and airlifted the people stranded therein to the safer places. People living downstream  of Tsarap were also warned to move to higher ground. Control rooms were set up at Padum and Phuktal to keep watch on the situation.

References

Rivers of Ladakh
Geography of Ladakh
Indus basin
Landslide-dammed lakes


The Royal Crescent is a Grade II* listed street in Holland Park, west London, England, consisting of two curved facing terraces in a crescent shape. The crescent is located on the north side of Holland Park Avenue, west of Addison Avenue, and to the east of the Holland Park Roundabout. St Ann's Villas leads north off the Crescent.

Between the facing terraces is a landscaped communal garden with expansive lawns and numerous trees. The houses themselves are stucco fronted and are built on four floors, with porticoed entrances, above which are small first-floor balconies with iron railings. Each of the end houses have circular corners.

History

Designed in 1839, The Royal Crescent is one of the most architecturally interesting Nineteenth Century developments in Holland Park. Evidently inspired by its older namesake in Bath, it differs from the Bath crescent in that it is not strictly a true crescent but rather two quadrant terraces each terminated by a circular bow in the Regency style, rising as a tower, a feature which would not have been found in the earlier classically inspired architecture of the 18th century which the design of the crescent seeks to emulate. The plan of the Royal Crescent was the design of the planner Robert Cantwell, and it was the need for the newly fashionable underground sewers which caused the crescent to be designed in two halves rather than any consideration for architectural aesthetics. On early maps it is marked as Norland Crescent.

The stucco fronted crescent is painted white, in the style of the many Nash terraces which can be seen elsewhere in London's smarter residential areas. Today many of these four storey houses have been converted to apartments, although a few remain as private houses. The Royal Crescent is listed Grade II*.

Royal Crescent Mews
Behind the terraces is the Royal Crescent Mews. The Mews is a part-cobbled cul-de-sac off Queensdale Road in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It contains 34 properties used for residential purposes. It is part of Kensington's Norland Conservation Area; first designated in 1969, it contains Royal Crescent, Norland Square and St. James's gardens. Building of the area began in the 1840s and was completed just fifteen years later. It contains linked terraces and is largely urban in style.

Notable residents
 Ferruccio Bonavia (1877–1950), violinist, composer and music critic, lived at number 41 Royal Crescent from 1919 until 1928.
 John Gawsworth (1912–1970), writer, poet and compiler of anthologies, grew up in Colville Gardens and at number 40 Royal Crescent. He was crowned the king of Redonda in 1947 and became known as King Juan I. His real name was Terence Ian Fytton Armstrong.

References
 Mitton, Geraldine Edith, The Kensington District, Project Gutenberg (30 May 2007) [EBook #21643].
 Tames, Richard, The Notting Hill & Holland Park Book Past and Present, Historical Publications (2004).

External links
The Royal Crescent, Holland Park, at www.hollandparkliving.co.uk Retrieved 20 February 2010
Holland Park Ave at Project Gutenberg Retrieved 20 February 2010
Royal Crescent Gardens Retrieved July 2012
 Retrieved October 2011

Notes

Crescents (architecture)
Grade II* listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Grade II* listed houses in London
History of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Holland Park
Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Communal gardens
Garden squares in London


Links 2001 is a golf video game developed and published by Microsoft. It is part of the Links series and follows Links LS 2000. It is the first game in the series to include a golf course designer, allowing the player to create custom courses. It also features Arnold Palmer, Sergio García, and Annika Sörenstam as playable golfers.

It was released for Microsoft Windows in October 2000, and received "generally favorable reviews" according to Metacritic. Critics praised the graphics, game physics, and the addition of a course designer, but the game's voice-overs were criticized, particularly those of García and Sörenstam. The game sold an estimated 240,000 copies in the United States.

Links Expansion Pack, released in May 2001, offers additional features for the game. Links Championship Edition, released in September 2001, consists of Links 2001 and the expansion pack.

Gameplay
Links 2001 features five real golf courses: Aviara Golf Club (California), Chateau Whistler (Canada), Old Course at St Andrews (Scotland), Prince Course at Princeville Resort (Hawaii), and Westfields Golf Club (Virginia). A fictional sixth course, called Mesa Roja, features a red rock desert environment meant to be somewhere in the southwestern United States. The game includes informational videos of each course. A course converter allows courses from the Links LS games to be played in Links 2001. Courses from Microsoft Golf 2001 Edition can also be made compatible.

The game features 14 golfers, including Arnold Palmer, Sergio García, and Annika Sörenstam, and the player can choose to make their golfer left-handed. The on-screen golfer makes comments in reaction to the player's golfing. The player can create new golf characters with various customization options, which include the golfer's appearance. The player can also customize the golfing clubs. The player chooses from three different golf swing methods: Easy, Classic (traditional two-click and three-click methods), and the complex PowerStroke. The swing meter can be moved around to any location on the screen. When putting, a grid overlay aids the player, and includes varying colors to help determine terrain differences.

Links 2001 features 46 game modes, including Bingo Bango Bongo, match, scramble, skins, and stroke. Rather than a set of default tournaments, the player creates their own custom tournaments, with up to 63 computer-controlled opponents. The game also includes the Mode of Play Designer, which allows the player to edit the existing game modes. Additionally, the game's Arnold Palmer Course Designer allows the player to create custom golf courses. The designer includes over 1,000 textures, and additional textures can be imported. The player can also create custom sound effects for the game and can import sound scripts from previous Links games. The game also offers 3D video support. Upon its release, the game featured three multiplayer options: modem play, Microsoft Gaming Zone, and the online Links Tour. Online tournaments were also offered through the Virtual Golf Association.

Development and release
Links 2001 was developed by Microsoft, and uses a revamped graphics engine and new game physics over its predecessors. The greens in the game were created through 500 GPS points taken on the actual golf courses. Microsoft described the game as "the most comprehensive upgrade to the series since Links: The Challenge of Golf was introduced ten years ago". Links 2001 is the first game in the Links series to include a course designer. The Arnold Palmer Course Designer is the same tool used by the development team to create the six included courses. García and Sörenstam provided their voices to the game, and Sörenstam is the first LPGA golfer to be featured in the Links series. Links 2001 was completed in mid-October 2000. It was published for Microsoft Windows and was released in the United States at the end of the month. The game was published by Microsoft as a set of four CDs. The course converter was released in January 2001.

An expansion pack with additional features, titled Links Expansion Pack, was announced in February 2001 and was released in late May. A patch for Links 2001 was released in June 2001, offering various corrections. Links Championship Edition, consisting of Links 2001 and the expansion pack, was released for Windows in September 2001, and a Macintosh version was published the following year by Bold. Links Expansion Pack Volume 2 was released in November 2001, and is compatible with Links 2001 and Links Championship Edition. Among its new features are additional courses and golfers.

Reception

Links 2001 received "generally favorable reviews" according to Metacritic. Critics considered it an improvement over its predecessors, including Links LS 2000. Some considered it the best golf simulation available, while others felt that PGA Championship Golf 2000 was a superior game. Keith Pullin of PC Zone wrote that "only the most loyal of Links fans will actually notice any difference" between Links 2001 and its predecessors.

The graphics were generally praised and considered the best in the Links series up to that time. Stephen Poole of GameSpot called it the best-looking golf simulation available at the time. However, IGN's Dan Adams considered the graphics and the golfer animations to be lifeless. Eurogamer stated that the golfers were "superbly done," but that they "can appear a little false and fuzzy around the edges when set against some of the course backgrounds." Alan Lackey of Computer Games Magazine stated that the golfers "look more natural to their surroundings and no longer have the appearance of being pasted into the scene."

The inclusion of a long-awaited course designer was praised and viewed as a significant addition to the series, although some critics noted its complexity. Michael L. House of AllGame wrote that "the ludicrously uninformative and hopelessly inept documentation in the manual and online instructional help doesn't remotely provide enough data for the casual gamer to even begin to complete a playable course within a reasonable time period." However, Steve Brown of PC Gamer felt that the course designer was easy to use.

The voice-overs were criticized as being repetitive and of poor quality, particularly those of García and Sörenstam. Eurogamer praised the audio, especially the sound of crowd murmuring. Sports Gaming Network complained of missing and delayed sound effects, and wrote about the audio, "What has always been a strong point in the series has actually gotten a little worse." The game physics were mostly praised, although Pullin considered them to be poor, and also felt that the PowerStroke method was too complex. Some critics noted game installation issues and video card compatibility problems, as well as the large installation size of more than one gigabyte. Some criticized the lack of changeable shirt colors for the golfers.

House was disappointed that the game did not release simultaneously with the course converter, and also noted various game glitches. John Brandon of GameZone felt that the game was bloated with too many features. He criticized the game's sluggish pace and wrote that the game takes golf and realism "way too seriously," stating, "I don't want to play actual golf, I want to play simulated golf."

In 2001, the game won a Codie Award for Best Sports Game from the Software and Information Industry Association. During the 4th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards), Links 2001 was nominated in the categories of "PC Simulation", "PC Sports", "PC Game of the Year", and "Game of the Year", but lost all of the them. The game was tied with Madden NFL 2001 for a fourth-place ranking in the 2001 PC Sports Game Writers' Poll, conducted by Hartford Courant and CTNow.

Links 2001 was the ninth best-selling computer sports game of 2000, with 87,521 copies sold. Ultimately, the game sold an estimated 240,000 copies in the United States.

Links Championship Edition

Several critics reviewed the Macintosh version of Links Championship Edition. Peter Cohen of Macworld called the game "a startlingly realistic simulation of golfing," but stated that its "complex interface may make it daunting for casual duffers." Niko Coucouvanis of MacAddict wrote that non-golfing fanatics would be bored by the game. Eddie Park of Inside Mac Games praised the variety of options and recommended the game for hardcore golfers, but noted "a minimum of animation, a lack of sound," and graphics that "look flat and dated".

The Windows version sold an estimated 100,000 copies in the United States.

References

External links
 Official website (archived)
 Links 2001 at MobyGames

2000 video games
Golf video games
Microsoft games
Windows games
Classic Mac OS games
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games


Pierre Arpaillange (13 March 1924 – 11 January 2017) was a French author, senior judge and Government Minister.

Career
After obtaining his law degree, Arpaillange began a judicial career in 1949. He became Secrétaire Général du Parquet de la Cour d'Appel de Paris ("Secretary Prosecutor General of the Paris Court of Appeal") and Secrétaire Général du Parquet de la Cour de Cassation ("Secretary Prosecutor General of the Cour de Cassation") in 1962.

Seconded to the Ministry of Justice from 1965 to 1974, Arpaillange became adviser to the Minister and, on several occasions, Chief of Staff for the Minister of Justice and Director of Criminal Affairs and Pardons at the Chancellery. He was also a member of the Haut Conseil de l'Audiovisuel ("High Council for the Audiovisual Industry") in 1973.

Adviser to the Supreme Court from 1974, he was promoted to Attorney General at the Cour de Cassation in 1984. He became Keeper of the Seals and Minister of Justice in Michel Rocard's first and second governments (12 May 1988 to 1 October 1990). He famously committed a verbal blunder in the National Assembly during a 1990 debate, stating: "In 1989, out of 52 escapees, we've recaptured 53."

He left the government in 1990 to serve as a member of the Comité d'Honneur du Bicentenaire de la Cour des Comptes ("Bicentennial Committee of Honour of the Cour des Comptes").

Decorations
 In 1991, François Mitterrand made him Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour.
 He was entitled to wear the Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance ("Cross of Volunteer for the Resistance").
 Officer of the Palmes Académiques ("Academic Palms").

Books
He authored La simple justice (Julliard, 1980) ("Simple Justice").

External links
Ancien ministre de la Justice : Monsieur Pierre Arpaillange

Sources
This article was translated from its counterpart on the French Wikipedia on 16 March 2009, and its sources are listed there.

1924 births
2017 deaths
People from Dordogne
French Ministers of Justice
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officiers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
20th-century French judges
21st-century French judges


GFZ may refer to:

Gastre Fault Zone, a geological region of Chile
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, commonly referred to as "GFZ"


Sinitta! is the debut studio album by British singer Sinitta, released in 1987. It features her biggest and best-known international hit single "So Macho".

Background
In 1987, Simon Cowell, then a talent scout, became closely associated with record producer Pete Waterman and would spend time with Waterman at his PWL studios complex, being mentored by him and learning about the effective running of a successful music business.

Around this time, Cowell was desperate for writing and production trio Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW) to work with Sinitta. "Feels Like the First Time", Sinitta's follow-up single to "So Macho", had charted low (UK number 45) and had only spent 5 weeks on the chart, whereas, in contrast, "So Macho" had been on the UK chart for 28 weeks in 1986, where it had peaked at number 2. Initially Waterman declined to work with Sinitta, claiming that SAW were too busy. In the end though, SAW did work with Sinitta and her first single with the Hit Factory was "Toy Boy".

Critical reception
A review in Music Week magazine was critical of Sinitta!, saying that "it would be churlish to totally denigrate this debut LP" and while it praised Sinitta's vocal performance, it blamed the songs for sounding "like chanting nursery rhymes or Seventies-flavoured disco songs". It concluded that the album "doesn't have the aplomb of Mel and Kim or the tiny appeal of Bananarama, but kids in the eight-13 age bracket will love it". By contrast, Nancy Culp of Record Mirror gave the album four stars of five, saying that Sinitta's "silly, fluffy bits of nonsense are the business" and that the light lyrics as well as the fact that SAW reuse the same riffs do not really matter. She added that the songs are "plain and simple, and just good fun" and concluded that the album "has to be the Christmas party record for wallies of all ages". Ron Wynn of AllMusic noted that the album "didn't have a song as clever or naughty as "So Many Men, So Little Time", recorded by Sinitta's mother Miquel Brown, and added that the singer's "crushed, coy voice made the point in a cutesy manner". By contrast, retrospectively, in a 2015 review, the Pop Rescue website gave the album four stars out of five, saying it was "fantastic... pumped with energy, and the hits kept rolling, with little pause for a duff track. It's a perfect 80's pop romp".

Singles
"Cruising", "So Macho" and "Feels Like the First Time" were the three first singles from the album. The fourth one, "Toy Boy" was a massive hit, reaching number four in the UK in July 1987 and staying on the charts for 14 weeks. The song was the 27th best-selling single of 1987 in the UK, selling more than some number ones from that year, including Michael Jackson and Siedah Garrett's "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" and Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body". Two further singles were released from Sinitta!: "GTO" (UK number 15 in December 1987) and "Cross My Broken Heart" (UK number six in March 1988).

Track listing

Charts and sales

Weekly charts

Certifications

References

1987 debut albums
Sinitta albums
Albums produced by Stock Aitken Waterman


The Gyapo-La, also known as the Wanla River, is a river near Khalsi. It flows into the Indus River near Lamayuru.

References

Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
Tributaries of the Indus River
Geography of Ladakh


Ophir Chasma  is a canyon in the Coprates quadrangle of Mars at 4° south latitude and 72.5° west longitude.  It is about 317 km long and was named after Ophir, a land mentioned in the Bible. In the Bible it was the land which King Solomon sent an expedition that returned with gold. It is a classical albedo feature name.

Valles Marineris canyon system

Ophir Chasma is part of the largest canyon system in the solar system; this great canyon would go almost all the way across the United States. The name for the whole system of canyons is Valles Marineris.  Starting at the west with Noctis Labyrinthus in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle, the canyon system ends in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle with Capri Chasma and Eos Chasma (in the south).  The word chasma has been designated by the International Astronomical Union to refer to an elongate, steep-sided depression.  Valles Marineris was discovered by and named for the Mariner 9 mission.  Moving east from Noctis Labyrinthus, the canyon splits into two parallel troughs, Tithonium Chasma to the North and Ius Chasma to the south.  In the middle of the system are very wide valleys of Ophir Chasma (north), Candor Chasma, and Melas Chasma (south).  Going farther to the east, one comes to Coprates Chasma.  At the end of Coprates Chasma, the valley gets wider to  form Capri Chasma in the north and Eos Chasma in the south.  The walls of the canyons often contain many layers.  The floors of some of the canyons contain large deposits of layered materials.  Some researchers believe that the layers were formed when water once filled the canyons.  The canyons are deep as well as long.  In places they are 8-10 kilometers deep.  In comparison, Earth's Grand Canyon is 1.6 kilometers deep.

Layers

Images of rocks in the canyon walls almost always show layers. Some layers appear tougher than others.  In the image below of Ganges Chasma Layers, as seen by HiRISE, one can see that the upper, light-toned deposits are eroding much faster than the lower darker layers.  Some cliffs on Mars show a few darker layers standing out and often breaking into large pieces; these are thought to be hard volcanic rock instead of soft ash deposits.  Because of its closeness to the Tharsis volcanic region, the rock layers may be made of layer after layer of lava flows, probably mixed with deposits of volcanic ash that fell out of the air following big eruptions. It is likely the rock strata in the walls preserve a long geological history of Mars.  Dark layers may be due to dark lava flows.  The dark volcanic rock basalt is common on Mars.  However, light-toned deposits may have resulted from rivers, lakes, volcanic ash, or wind blown deposits of sand or dust.  The Mars Rovers found light-toned rocks to contain sulfates.  Probably having been formed in water, sulfate deposits are of great interest to scientists because they may contain traces of ancient life.

Gallery

On August 19, 2015 ISRO released the 3D portrayals of Ophir Chasma taken by Mars Orbiter Mission.

See also
 Chasma
 Climate on Mars
 Geology of Mars
 HiRISE
 Tectonics of Mars

References

External links

Coprates quadrangle
Valleys and canyons on Mars


Paranga may refer to:
Paranga, Russia, an urban-type settlement in the Mari El Republic, Russia
Paranga, Tanzania, an administrative ward in Tanzania
Paranga, Uganda, a town in Gulu District, Uganda
Paranga, Mykonos, a beach in Mykonos island, Greece.
Paranga (football), a Greek folk expression for the football corruption


David McGrath (20 November 1875 – 20 May 1940) was an Irish hurler who played for Cork Senior Championship club Redmonds. He was a member of the Cork senior hurling team for seven season, during which time he usually lined out as a forward.

Honours

Redmonds
Cork Senior Hurling Championship: 1900, 1901

Cork
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 1902, 1903
Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905

Sources
 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

1875 births
1940 deaths
Redmond's hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


The German Solar Industry Association (ger: Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V. [BSW-Solar]) is the interest group of the German solar energy industry.

With more than 800 member companies BSW-Solar acts as an informant, intermediary and communication channel between the solar businesses and the German government. BSW-Solar represents the common commercial interests of businesses within the solar energy value chain and exerts decisive influence on creating and securing a suitable policy framework for stable growth, and thus on ensuring investment security throughout the solar industry. It is the association’s objective to establish solar energy as a firm pillar of a global energy supply.

BSW-Solar assists its members with legal issues, informs about support policies, and secures stable framework conditions for the industry. The aim is to support the implementation of solar energy as a crucial part of the energy mix and to strengthen the competitiveness of the solar technologies compared to other energy sources. BSW-Solar also initiates internal market research and feasibility studies to provide first hand information to its members. It delivers international business contacts, publishes guidelines and provides policy advice on how to develop new solar markets.

According to its own reference the association tries to establish a positive corporate- and in-dustry identity. BSW-Solar has initiated the largest national solar campaign “Week of the sun (ger: Woche der Sonne)” to enhance public awareness. The campaign is supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment (ger: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit) and distributes comprehensive informative material in many German cities and local communities as well as to manufactures, companies and installers.

See also

Renewable energy in Germany
Solar power in the European Union
Solar power in Germany

References

Solar energy in Germany
Renewable energy organizations
Business organisations based in Germany


Paul Chalmer Lingrel (January 21, 1899 – March 11, 1962) was a professional football player who played in the National Football League during the 1923 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

1899 births
1962 deaths
American football running backs
Native American players of American football
Oorang Indians players
Miami RedHawks football players
Players of American football from Ohio


This is a list of railway stations in Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It only includes passenger heavy rail stations with timetabled services.

Rail operators
All 20 stations in Cardiff are owned by Network Rail and managed by Transport for Wales which also operates all train services at these stations, with the exception of Cardiff Central which is also served by CrossCountry and Great Western Railway.

Stations
The stations form part of Cardiff's commuter rail network, colloquially known as Valley Lines, with Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central being the main hubs of the city. Cardiff Central is also one of the United Kingdom's major railway stations, providing connections to Newport, Bristol, Bath, London, Southampton, Portsmouth, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Birmingham and Nottingham. Cardiff Central continues to serve as major interchange on the British rail network, with 1,042,297 changes at the station in 08/09. Its passenger usage also increased by around 1.5 million to 11.3 million.

See also
Commuter rail in the United Kingdom
List of proposed railway stations in Wales - Cardiff area
List of railway stations in Wales
Transport in Cardiff
Transport in Wales

References

Cardiff
 List of railway stations
Railway stations
Railway stations, Cardiff


Sphinx morio, the larch hawk moth or Asian pine hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Russia, the Korean Peninsula, Japan and China.

The wingspan is 60–80 mm.

The larvae feed on Picea (including Picea asperata and Picea jezoensis), Larix (including Larix kaempferi, Larix sibirica, and Larix gmelinii var. olgensis), Pinus (including Pinus sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) and Abies species (including Abies fabri). In the Altai, it can be a major pest of Pinus sylvestris, sometimes causing complete defoliation of large areas.

Subspecies
Sphinx morio morio (Honshu in Japan)
Sphinx morio arestus (Jordan, 1931) (central Russia and the Altai eastward through Mongolia and northeastern China, to Primorskiy Kray, Sakhalin Island, the Korean Peninsula and Tsushima in Japan)
Sphinx morio inouei (Owada & Kogi, 1992) (northern Hokkaido in Japan)

References

Sphinx (genus)
Moths described in 1903
Moths of Japan


The Forchheim–Höchstadt an der Aisch railway linked the Upper Franconian county town of Forchheim to the county town of the former neighbouring county of Höchstadt via the lower Aisch Bottom (Aischgrund). It is also known in German as the Aischgrundbahn (not to be confused with the Aischtalbahn), Hirtenbachtalbahn or Hemhofenbahn.

History
The 23 kilometre long standard gauge branch line was  opened as a Lokalbahn on 16 November 1892 by the Royal Bavarian State Railways. Passenger traffic was lively: in 1963 nine pairs of trains ran daily on weekdays and five on Sundays.

Passenger services ended on 28 September 1984. In response to that the „Localbahn Aischgrund  Society was founded in 1984 in an attempt to set up a museum railway line. This plan only partly succeeded however, in that they became an agent for other museum railways. In 1999 the society was dissolved. The last goods train between Hemhofen and Höchstadt ran on 2 March 1995. The closure of this section of line took place on 1 October 1995. Goods services to Hemhofen ended on 31 December 1999.

In the 1990s the railway was also part of a Maximalnetz planned by the  Stadt-Umland-Bahn Erlangen (StUB), a project by the town of Erlangen and the counties of Erlangen-Höchstadt and Forchheim. It was proposed that, as a first step, a diesel-operated passenger service would be revived between Forchheim and Hemhofen and, then later, a possible extension to Höchstadt would follow. In 2002 discussions about the reactivation of the line foundered, when the communities involved were not prepared to take on the financial risk.

As a consequence the Deutsche Bahn began a process in late 2002, in accordance with § 11 of the General Railway Law (AEG) for the release and closure of railway infrastructure on the remaining Forchheim–Hemhofen section. The efforts of the Deutsche Regionaleisenbahn, who had rented the line for a time, were fruitless. On 1 April 2005 the section of line was closed.

On 4 September 2007 the Federal Railway Office finally started the process for the final release of the entire 22 kilometre long route, which was formally approved on 21 February 2008. That meant that the railway now existed legally no more. Gradually the land was used for the construction of local bypasses and cycle paths.

References

Sources
 Wolfgang Bleiweis, Ekkehard Martin, Stefan Winkler: Fränkische Nebenbahnen einst and jetzt – Oberfranken. Bufe-Fachbuch-Verlag, Egglham 1986. .

External links
 Information and photographs of the Aischgrundbahn at bahnhofsbilder.de (private)
 Information and photographs of the line at hirtenbachtalbahn.de (private)
 Photographs of the line lifting at bahnfoto.net (private)

Branch lines in Bavaria
Buildings and structures in Forchheim
Buildings and structures in Forchheim (district)
Buildings and structures in Erlangen-Höchstadt


Women's suffrage in Utah was first granted in 1870, in the pre-federal period, decades before statehood. Among all U.S. states, only Wyoming granted suffrage to women earlier than Utah. Because Utah held two elections before Wyoming, Utah women were the first women to cast ballots in the United States after the start of the suffrage movement. However, in 1887 the Edmunds–Tucker Act was passed by Congress in an effort to curtail Mormon influence in the territorial government, disallowing the enfranchisement of the women residents within Utah Territory. Women regained the vote upon Utah statehood in 1896, when lawmakers included the right in the state constitution.

Enfranchisement of women in Utah

Political and social climate
As Utah Territory grew, the influence of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) over the territory increased. Polygamy, at the time, was a common practice for the Latter-day Saints and the United States Congress was concerned about the growing population and power of the Saints. A New York suffragist, Hamilton Wilcox, proposed testing women's suffrage in the territories in 1867, specifically in Utah, because of the large population of females, and that, as a "fringe benefit, the Mormon system of plural wives would be eliminated." The New York Times circulated the idea that women's enfranchisement in Utah would probably end polygamy. Congressman George Washington Julian in 1869 attempted to pass legislation to enfranchise women in western territories. His bill was entitled A Bill to Discourage Polygamy in Utah. Neither of the bills led to new laws; nevertheless, these ideas suggested Congress had the power to eradicate the practice of polygamy.

Male leaders within the LDS Church were actually the ones who moved to enfranchise the state's women. The first talk of women suffrage within Utah was from William S. Godbe, Edward W. Tullidge, and E.L.T. Harrison, Mormon liberals, who published the Utah Magazine which eventually became the Salt Lake Tribune. These liberal men wanted The Church of Jesus Christ to work with groups outside of itself to promote manufacturing and mining. The Godbe movement also encouraged women's rights activities, understanding that enfranchising women would strengthen rather than undermine the church and challenges portrayals of polygamy as modern slavery. Later on, the Deseret News would often credit the Godbe movement with the first push for the enfranchisement of women. The Godbe movement helped organize the first territory meeting on women's suffrage with Eastern suffragists. Charlotte Godbe, one of William S. Godbe's four wives, pushed for suffrage. When William Godbe was excommunicated (for apostasy, not for suffrage activities), his other three wives left the Church of Jesus Christ. Charlotte continued to promote women's rights as a representative of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She often worked alone.

As talk about polygamy increased within the United States, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, a women's suffragist, toured the United States giving speeches about the degrading effect polygamy had on Latter-day Saint women. Within Utah Territory, Sarah Ann Cooke and Jennie Anderson Froiseth founded the Anti-Polygamy Society in response to the Carrie Owen case. Their goal "to fight to the death that system which so enslaves and degrades our sex, and which robs them of so much happiness." Polygamy was a sensational topic through the United States, and many people outside of the Utah territory were convinced that, with the right to vote, Latter-day-Saint women would put an end to polygamy.

Acquiring suffrage
The Chairman of the House and Committee on territories, Shelby M. Cullom, in 1869 sponsored a bill to enforce the 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. The bill would increase federal authority over Utah Territory and prevent polygamists from holding public office.  Latter-day Saint women heavily protested the bill, rallying together in Salt Lake City to protest Cullom's legislation. In an effort to control the rumors and opinions of Latter-day Saint women the Utah Legislative Authority considered the enfranchisement of women in Utah territory. After two weeks by unanimous vote, the Utah Legislature passed a bill enfranchising women. William Henry Hooper stated that the reason for enfranchisement was "to convince the country how utterly without foundation the popular assertions were concerning the women of the Territory, some members of the Legislative Assembly were in favor of passing the law." Acting governor of Utah Territory, S. A. Mann, signed the law on February 12, 1870. Women above the age of twenty-one were now allowed to vote in Utah Territory although their enfranchisement had little to do with female involvement. On February 14, 1870, two days after the territorial legislature's decision to enfranchise women, Seraph Young became the first American woman to vote under equal suffrage laws. She was joined that day by 25 other women who all participated in a municipal election. Other Utah women voted in municipal elections that spring, and thousands of Utah women cast ballots in the general election on August 1, 1870.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton of the National Woman Suffrage Association visited Utah in June 1871 to observe the suffrage experiment with an invitation from Charlotte Godbe. Charlotte Godbe wanted Anthony and Stanton to see the positive impact of enfranchisement in Utah Territory. The two national suffragists lectured at the "Liberal Institute." Then later spoke at the old tabernacle on Temple Square where Stanton presented the National Woman Suffrage Association's (NWSA) views on equal rights to the women of The Church of Jesus Christ. During this lecture, Stanton counseled the Latter-day Saint women to focus on "quality rather than quantity" when raising and bearing children. Stanton also advised bearing a child only once every five years. After this lecture, Stanton was not allowed to speak from Latter-day Saint podiums again.

For unknown reasons, the bill granting women's suffrage in Utah did not include a provision granting the right for women to hold office. For over a decade after the bill was passed, however, the legislature considered granting women the right to hold office. In 1878, one woman was nominated to the office of county treasurer, but her nomination had to be withdrawn because she was not eligible under Utah law to hold office. A law was passed by the legislature in the previous term to give women officeholding rights, but the governor had failed to sign it. Another bill proposed in 1880 also failed to pass, and by then Congressional efforts to disenfranchise the Mormon community as a whole took precedence. It wasn't until Utah was admitted to the Union as a state in 1896 that women were re-enfranchised and given the right to hold office, with their state constitution providing that the right "to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.”

The Woman's Exponent

The Woman's Exponent was founded in 1872 with Lula Greene Richards as its first editor. Emmeline B. Wells would become the exponent's next editor and publisher in 1875. The paper's purpose was to communicate with women of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and to provide an accurate representation of Latter-day Saint women to the rest of America. The paper defended polygamy until the practice was renounced by President Wilford Woodruff in 1890. Women's rights was a continued topic in the Women's Exponent strongly in favor of equal pay and suffrage. When women were again denied the vote in 1879 Emmeline B. Wells changed the subtitle of the newspaper to "The Rights of the Women of Zion, and the Rights of the Women of all Nations" until 1897 when women regained the right to vote. After the enfranchisement of Utah women the subtitle was changed to "The Ballot in the Hands of the Women of Utah should be a Power to better the Home, the State and the Nation."

Kimball was a member of the 1882 Utah State Constitutional Convention. By 1890, Kimball was the first president of the Utah Women's Suffrage Association and a leader in the national suffrage movement.

The Anti-Polygamy Standard
The Anti-Polygamy Standard was published in 1880 by Jennie Anderson Froiseth. The paper told the stories of women in polygamous marriages. It also provided more information on polygamy for the rest of the United States. The standard informed the public that woman suffrage was used by the members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to have an even larger majority over the non-members of the Territory. Although Jennie Anderson Froiseth believed strongly in rights for women she was concerned with the polygamous activity of the Latter-day Saints. She believed that Latter-day Saint women should not be allowed to vote until polygamy was outlawed. Froiseth published The Women of Mormonism; Or, the story of polygamy as told by the victims themselves during the three-year span of The Anti-Polygamy Standard. Froiseth's book told a different side of polygamy by the women manipulated and forced into polygamous marriages. She wanted women from all over the United States to know what was occurring to women in Utah Territory. She traveled around the United States giving lectures on the harm polygamy causes. Froiseth eventually became the vice president of the Utah Women's Suffrage Association in 1888.

Women's suffrage is revoked

One of the provisions of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887 was the repeal of women's suffrage. The opposition of the majority of Utahans to this act was secured by a provision that required a test oath against polygamy. This was broad enough to include the majority of Latter-day Saints who were not directly involved in polygamy. All who would not swear this test oath were ineligible to vote, serve on juries, or hold most other government offices. Belva Lockwood represented the National Woman Suffrage Association in lobbying congress to defend Utah women's right to vote.

Emily S. Richards, in 1888, created the Utah suffrage association which was associated with the National Woman Suffrage Association. Richards, with the support of the LDS church, assigned major roles to Latter-day Saint women not involved in polygamous marriages. She organized subgroups of the association within the territory with many local units created by Relief Societies. The women of Utah wanted their suffrage back. However, the factions struggled to agree, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its offshoot the Godbe movement struggled for common ground. Both factions still had many members in polygamous marriages. Then another group of people living in Utah territory with nothing to do with the Latter-day Saint religion.

The Women's Exponent became the unofficial publication promoting suffrage within the territory.

As Utah Territory was working towards statehood, women pushed to become enfranchised again and have the ability to hold office. The topic was given to the Attorney-General. A test-case was brought to a judge in Ogden, H.W. Smith, who decided women should be able to vote. However, because the Edmunds–Tucker Act had not been repealed the Supreme Court of the territory rejected the lower court's decision. For women to become enfranchised the right to vote would have to be ratified in Utah's State Constitution.

Impact on Mormon polygamy

See also
List of Utah suffragists
Utah Women's Political Organizations
Timeline of women's suffrage
Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah
Women's suffrage in states of the United States
Martha Hughes Cannon
Jennie Anderson Froiseth
Emmeline B. Wells
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States

References

Bibliography

Suffrage in Utah
Utah elections
Women's suffrage in Utah
Polygamy in the United States
Harold B. Lee Library-related Americana articles
Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles


The Sengge-La is a mountain of around 4700 metres in the Zanskar region in the union territory of Ladakh in northern India.

Mountains of Ladakh
Geography of Ladakh


The Mosscraft MA.1 was a British light two-seat low-winged sporting monoplane of the 1930s.

Design and construction
The Mosscraft MA.1 was designed and built in 1937 at the Moss Brothers Aircraft Ltd factory in Chorley, Lancashire, England. It was of wooden construction with fixed tail-wheel undercarriage and had two separate open cockpits, arranged in tandem.

Flying career
The M.A.1 was flown in several U.K. air races prewar, then was stored between 1939 and 1945.

The aircraft competed postwar with the rear cockpit faired over. W.H.Moss flew it in the Kings Cup Air Race at Wolverhampton (Pendeford) Airport on 17 June 1950. He was killed during the race that day, when the aircraft crashed at the Newport, Shropshire turn.

Specification (MA.1 with cabin)

References

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937