The trabàccolo, trabaccalo, trabacalo (in Italian) or trabakul (in Croatian), is a type of Adriatic Sea sailing coaster.  The name comes from the word trabacca, which means tent, which in turn recalls the vessel's sails.  The trabàccolo was a typical Venetian boat-form that dates back to the first half of the 15th century and that  spread throughout the Adriatic. Built of oak and larch, trabàccoli were slow but reliable cargo vessels ranging between 50 and 200 deadweight tons.  They had round bows and sterns, and were wide, compact, and with good stowage. Other characteristics included a large rudder that extended below the depth of the keel, two masts with lug sails and rigging, a bowsprit, and a carved and colorfully painted stern. The usual such vessel was about 20 metres long, with a breadth equal to about a third of the length.  Typically a trabàccolo would have a crew of 10 to 20 sailors.

Today, the Marine Museum of Cesenatico (Museo della Marineria di Cesenatico) has a restored, functioning trabàccolo, the Barchet, which participates in sailing events during the summer.

History

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was common for trabàccoli to carry some armament in the form of two or three cannons. The vessels were not only prey to pirates and privateers, but also were fair game for naval vessels seeking prizes.

During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Royal Navy vessels cruising around Italy often captured trabàccoli. The 14-gun cutter {{[HMS |Pigmy |1794|6}} captured several. On 17 January 1800 she captured the  Imperial trabaccolo Divine Providence, which was carrying a cargo of rope from Cesenatico to France. On 18 February 1801, off the island of Lafrina, Pigmy captured Adelaide, a French privateer trabàccolo armed with two 12-pounders and one 6-pounder cannon, and carrying a crew of 51 men. A former fishing vessel, she was under the command of Dominique Cannilla and was seven days out from Ancona. She had taken one small prize. On 15 March, Pigmy encountered yet another trabàccolo off the Isle of Lonzo.  Pigmy chased the vessel to the Isle of Molata where the quarry anchored and hoisted French colours. When Pigmy fired a shot, the French vessel struck. She turned out to be the privateer Achille, armed with four 9-pounder and six 2-pounder guns, and carrying a crew of 44 men. Achille was under the command of Francisco Bruni, had only been out of Ancona for one day, and had made no captures.

On 25 October 1807, the 20-gun, sixth rate   was off Otranto when she found an armed trabàccolo anchored under the fortress there. Under fire from both the vessel and the shore, a boat party from Herald cut-out the vessel, which turned out to be the French privateer Caesar, armed with four 6-pounder guns. Caesar was sailing from Ancona to Corfu with a cargo of rice and flour. British casualties were four men wounded.

On 21 December 1812, the 38-gun frigate , Captain Bridges Watkinson Taylor commanding, accompanied by the brig-sloop , chased a trabàccolo under the protection of the tower of San Cataldo, on the coast between Brindisi and Otranto.  The boats of the two vessels captured the tower and blew it up. The trabàccolo had three guns and three swivel guns, but no cargo, and the men from the boats blew it up too.

On 2 February 1813, after a two-hour chase, the boats of the 18-gun sloop  captured one trabàccolo and ran nine ashore at St. Catherine's, Corfu. Musket fire from the heights and cannon fire from a battery killed two British sailors and severely wounded seven.

On 22 Mar 1813, boats from  captured a large trabàccolo armed with three 9-pounder guns, and burnt a similar one laden with oil, off the town of Vasto. On the 26th, boats from Havannah captured five armed trabaccoli and five feluccas laden with salt, near the town of Fortore. These operations cost Havannah only two men wounded.

External links
The Marine Museum of Cesenatico has a video (in Italian), of how one constructs a trabaccolo.

Citations

Sailboat types
Merchant sailing ship types


In feature-oriented software development, feature-oriented software development program cubes (FOSD program cubes) are n-dimensional arrays of functions (program transformations) that represent n-dimensional product lines. A program is a composition of features: a base program is augmented with increments in program functionality, called features, to produce a complex program. A software product line (SPL) is a family of related programs. A typical product line has F0 as a base program, and F1..Fn as features that could be added to F0.  Different compositions of features yield different programs.
Let + denote the feature composition operation.  A program P in SPL might have the following expression:

   P = F8 + F4 + F2 + F1 + F0

That is, P extends program F0 with features F1, F2, F4, and F8 in this order.

We can recast P in terms of a projection and contraction of a 1-dimensional array.
Let Fi = [F0 .. Fn] denote the array of features used by a product line.  A projection of Fi eliminates
unneeded features, yielding a shorter array (call it) Gi.  A contraction of Gi sums each  Gi in a specific order, to yield a scalar expression.  The expression for P becomes:

where the index values accomplish projection and summation is array contraction.  This idea
generalizes to n-dimensional arrays that model multi-dimensional product lines.

Multi-dimensional product lines

A multi-dimensional product line is described by multiple interacting sets of features.

As an elementary 2D example, it is easy to create a product line of calculators, where
variants offer different sets of operations.  Another variation
might offer different presentation front ends to calculators, one with no GUI, another
with a Java GUI, a third with a web GUI.  These variations interact:
each GUI representation references a specific calculator operation, so each GUI
feature cannot be designed independently of its
calculator feature.  Such a design leads to a matrix: columns represent increments in
calculator functionality, and rows represent different presentation front-ends.  Such a matrix M is shown to the right: columns allow one to pair
basic calculator functionality (base) with optional logarithmic/exponentiation (lx)
and trigonometric (td) features.  Rows allow one to pair core functionality with no
front-end (core), with optional GUI (gui) and web-based (web) front-ends.

An element Mij implements the interaction of column feature i and row feature j.
For example, the element labeled cb is a base program that implements the core functionality of a calculator.  Element gb adds code that displays the core functionality as a GUI; element wb adds code that displays the core functionality via the web.  Similarly, element ct adds trigonometric code to the core calculator functionality; elements gt and wt add code to display the trigonometric functionality as a GUI and web front-ends.

A calculator is uniquely specified by two sequences of features: one sequence defines the calculator functionality, the other the front-end.
For example, calculator C that offers both base and trig functionality in a web format
is defined by the expression:

 Note: Each dimension is a collection of base programs and features. Not all of their compositions are meaningful.  A feature model defines the legal combinations of features.  Thus, each dimension would have its own feature model.  It is possible that selected features along one dimension may preclude or require features along other dimensions.  In any case, these feature models define the legal combinations of features in a multidimensional product line.

Cubes

In general, a cube is an n-dimensional array.  The rank of a cube is its dimensionality.
A scalar is a cube of rank 0, a vector is a cube of rank 1, and a matrix is
rank 2.  Following tensor notation: the number of indices a cube has designates
its rank. A scalar S is rank 0 (it has no indices), Vk is a vector (rank
1), Mij is a matrix (rank 2), Cijk is a cube (rank 3).

Program Cubes are n-dimensional arrays of functions
(program transformations) that represent n-dimensional product lines.
The values along each axis
of a cube denote either a base program or a feature that could elaborate a base program.
The rank of a product line is the rank of its cube.

 Note: program cubes are inspired by tensors and data cubes in databases.  The primary difference is that data cube elements are numerical values that are added during cube contraction; program cube elements are transformations that are composed.  Both use tensor notations and terminology.

A program in an n-dimensional SPL is uniquely specified by n sequences of features S1..Sn, one per dimension.
The design of a program is a scalar (expression) that is formed by (1) projecting the cube
of its unneeded elements, and (2) contracting the resultant kcube to a scalar:

Program generation is evaluating the scalar expression to produce program P.

An interesting property of cube design is that the order in which dimensions are contracted does not
matter—any permutation of dimensions during contraction results in a different
scalar expression (i.e. a different program design), but all expressions produce the
same value (program).  For example, another expression (design) to produce calculator C contracts
dimensions in the opposite order from its original specification:

   C = Mcb + Mwb + Mct + Mwt

Or more generally:

 Note: Underlying cube designs is a commutative diagram, such that there are an exponential number of paths from the empty program 0 to program P.  Each path denotes a particular contraction of a cube, and corresponds to a unique incremental design of P.  Included among these paths are cube aggregations that contract cubes using different dimensional orders.

The significance of program cubes is that it provides a structured way in which to
express and build multi-dimensional models of SPLs.  Further, it provides scalable
specifications.  If each dimension has k values, an n-cube specification of a program
requires O(kn) terms, as opposed to O(kn) cube elements that would otherwise
have to be identified and then composed.  In general, cubes provide a compact way
to specify complex programs.

Applications
The expression problem (a.k.a. the 'extensibility problem)  is a fundamental problem in programming languages aimed at type systems that can add new classes and methods to a program in a type-safe manner.
It is also a fundamental problem in multi-dimensional SPL design.  The expression problem is an example of an SPL of rank 2.  The following applications either explain/illustrate the expression problem or show how it scales to product lines of large programs.  EP is really a SPL of ~30 line programs; the applications below show how these ideas scale to programs of >30K lines (a 103 increase in size).

 Expression Problem
 Illustration of Small Expression Problem
  Extensible IDEs
 Multi-Dimensional Separation of Concerns
 Calculator Product Line

Also, FOSD metamodels can be viewed as special cases of program cubes.

References

Feature-oriented programming


Såtenäs () is a smaller locality situated in Lidköping Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. Såtenäs is located at Vänern's southwestern part about 32 kilometers from Lidköping and 32 kilometers from Trollhättan.

Most of Såtenäs consists of Skaraborg Wing (F 7) and F 7 Farm and Wing Museum (F 7 Gårds- och flottiljmuseum). Before the Swedish Air Force bought the area, the properties were one of Västergötland's major goods.

In the immediate vicinity of Såtenäs is the community Tun.

References

Populated places in Lidköping Municipality


Nehuenco Power Plant or Nehuenco I or 1 is a natural gas electrical generating station in Quillota, Valparaíso Region, Chile. The plant uses both natural gas and diesel as fuel and produces 368 MW of electricity. The plant was built in 1999 and is run by Colbún S.A.

Nehuenco II Power Plant or Nehuenco 2 is a similar station on the same site with the same operator. The plant produces 390 MW of electricity. The plant was built in 2003.

References

Energy infrastructure in Valparaíso Region
Natural gas-fired power stations in Chile
Coasts of Valparaíso Region


John Hamilton "Big" John Sears (May 9, 1936 – November 1, 1999) was a NASCAR Grand National and Winston Cup Series driver from Ellerbe, North Carolina, USA.

Career
He completed in 318 Sprint Cup Series events in his career, earning forty-eight top-fives, 127 top-tens, two poles, and five top-ten point finishes. Sears was known for driving his salmon-colored #4 car that he personally owned. He debuted in Savannah driving John Black's #81 to a decent eighth-place finish. The best points finish for Sears is fifth which he achieved back-to-back in 1967 and 1968. He retired after a dismal 1973 season in which he was plagued with engine and mechanical failures.

References

External links

1936 births
1999 deaths
NASCAR drivers
People from Ellerbe, North Carolina
Racing drivers from North Carolina


Hail the Artist (, ) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy film directed by Yves Robert.

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni as Nicolas Montei
 Françoise Fabian as Peggy
 Jean Rochefort as Clément
 Carla Gravina as Elisabeth Montei
 Evelyne Buyle as Bérénice
 Henri-Jacques Huet as The director
 Lise Delamare as Lady Rosemond
 Sylvie Joly as The photographer's wife
 Hélène Vallier as The script
 Simone Paris as The theater director
 Maurice Barrier as Al Capone
 Dominique De Keuchel as Rodrigue
 Gérard Jugnot as The camera operator (uncredited)
 Bernadette Robert
 Betty Beckers
 Claire Nadeau
 Lucienne Legrand
 Elizabeth Teissier (as Elisabeth Teissier)

References

External links

1973 films
1973 comedy films
French comedy films
Italian comedy films
1970s French-language films
Films directed by Yves Robert
Films about actors
Films with screenplays by Jean-Loup Dabadie
1970s French films
1970s Italian films
French-language Italian films


Live in Rio  is a live album by American band Earth, Wind & Fire released in November 2002 on Kalimba Music.

Overview
The album was recorded during a 1980 performance in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Critical reception

Billboard called the album "a colourful, smile generating showcase" adding "the energetic set runs through a series of signature hits and album tracks; throughout, the Rio fans roar with approval." Steve Morse of the Boston Globe found Live in Rio "sounds dated, and some of the sound quality sounds shrill, but the band's boogie down energy still carries the night". With a three out of five stars rating Alex Henderson of AllMusic called the LP "a valuable if imperfect addition to their catalog" though " Live in Rio is still something to celebrate."

Track listing

Personnel

References

Earth, Wind & Fire live albums
2002 live albums
Albums produced by Maurice White
Kalimba Music albums


Sir John Wilson, 1st Baronet (26 June 1844 – 28 July 1918) was a businessman and Liberal Unionist politician in Scotland.  He was Chairman of the Wilsons and Clyde Coal Company, and was Member of Parliament (MP) for Falkirk Burghs from 1895 to 1906.

He was made a baronet on 27 July 1906, of Airdrie in New Monkland in the County of Lanark.

References

External links

1844 births
1918 deaths
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Airdrie Academy


MV Pentalina-B was a ferry which operated on a variety of Scottish routes. Launched in 1970 as MV Iona, she was the first drive-through roll-on/roll-off ferry built for the David MacBrayne fleet. She was the first ship in the company's history to have bridge-controlled engines and geared transmission, rather than direct drive. During her career she inaugurated more endloading linkspans than the rest of the fleet put together. Purchased by Pentland Ferries in 1997, she was renamed MV Pentalina-B and operated across the Pentland Firth until the arrival of their new vessel. In 2009, she was sold to a Cape Verde owner.

History
MV Iona (VII) was the first of a new generation of major car ferries built for the Scottish Transport Group to replace the ageing 1939 mailboat Lochiel, serving Islay, Jura, Gigha and Colonsay from West Loch Tarbert. Early in 1968 MacBraynes were authorised to order a large new car ferry for the Argyll Hebrides and placed an order with the Ailsa yard in Troon. The deep-drafted vessel could not operate from MacBrayne's existing West Loch Tarbert pier and a site at Redhouse, much further down the loch was identified. In January 1969, Argyll County Council announced that they would not proceed with works at Redhouse. As the alternative route from Oban was too long, the entire scheme was abandoned in August 1969. Instead, the hoist-loading , one of the pioneering Clyde car ferries replaced  at Islay, competing with Western Ferries.

Iona was launched on 22 January 1970. The historic MacBrayne name had last been used by a celebrated paddle steamer of 1864, finally scrapped in 1935 after 72 years. She ran trials on 25 and 28 May and entered service the following day on the Gourock - Dunoon service for CSP, with . She remained almost constantly on the Gourock - Dunoon station until November 1971, with the occasional assistance at Arran.

She was troubled by a run of early breakdowns: starboard ramp, hoist, forward capstan, bow-thrust unit and automatic steering. All were duly fixed, but her gearboxes continued to be a regular problem throughout her career. The absence of a turntable at the forward end of her car deck made the management of on-board traffic difficult. Initial problems were exacerbated by the need to use a side-loading hoist. Things improved after she hanselled the new end-loading linkspan at Gourock on 26 July 1971.

In April 1972 Iona moved to the Western Isles, serving Port Askaig and Colonsay, but from Oban rather than West Loch Tarbert. From 1 May she displaced the ageing  as the Stornoway mailboat, and offered a car-carrying service to Kyle of Lochalsh and Mallaig. Iona's basic passenger facilities were less than ideal for the very long sailing to the West Highland railheads. Ullapool had been selected as a more suitable mainland port and Iona inaugurated a new terminal and linkspan there on 26 March 1973. Hoist loading continued at Stornoway for another two months. Thereafter Iona bow-loaded at Stornoway and stern-loaded at Ullapool. She was not a popular Lewis mailboat.

Major service problems began on 13 June 1973, when the Stornoway linkspan broke down. Iona had to hoist-load, again, for three days. Then Iona herself broke down, and for several days sailed at 10 knots on one engine. The newly rebuilt  also lay idle at Stornoway. Iona again suffered engine trouble in July and spent the rest of that season as the Oban - Craignure ferry, opening the new Oban linkspan on 15 October.

On 29 April 1974, still without a permanent role, she started a new fast "Marine Motorway" from Oban to Castlebay and Lochboisdale, inaugurating a Lochboisdale linkspan that July and berthing there overnight. Iona included Coll and Tiree only in her winter roster, which also included a non-landing call at Tobermory. She still used her lift at Barra, Coll and Tiree. Even without Coll and Tiree, the sail from Oban to Barra and South Uist was still a long one and, with very early morning departures. Iona's lack of sleeping berths was greatly criticised. In her 1975 refit, a new deckhouse was added, aft of the officers' accommodation and incorporating eight double cabins. MV Iona completed five seasons on the Oban - Castlebay / Lochboisdale service, but proved increasingly too small, especially with the heavy year-round army traffic to Uist bases via Lochboisdale.

The arrival of the new  at Oban and the purchase of Western Ferries' Kennacraig facilities in October, finally allowed Iona to take up the Islay service on 15 February 1979. At first she gave three return runs daily between Kennacraig and Port Ellen, with two on Sundays. From 24 October 1979, she gave two calls weekly at the newly extended Port Askaig pier. After Western Ferries finally abandoned their Islay service at the end of September 1981, Cal-Mac offered more calls to Port Askaig.

Each winter Iona returned to Oban, relieving Claymore and usually had her own refit in February or March, sometimes at Govan, but more usually in Greenock. Losing her crane in 1983 and a Perspex canopy on her limited open deck space, she was extensively refurbished in 1984. She continued to be bothered with mechanical trouble, usually her gearboxes.

In May 1989, Iona was once again displaced by Claymore, cascading to the Islay station on the commissioning of . Iona took over the Mallaig - Armadale service. For the first time in sixteen years, she was again on a purely hoist-loading route, until she opened linkspans at Mallaig and Armadale on 1 April 1994. She was a great success at Armadale seeing an increase in traffic, and offering a varying routine of weekend sailings from Mallaig to Castlebay, Lochboisdale. In winter she relieved widely throughout the fleet.

It was not deemed worth massive alterations for her to remain in year-round Cal-Mac service. With the arrival of a new  in July 1998,  took over the Mallaig - Armadale run and Iona was placed on the sale list. She was sold during the 1997 season to newly reformed Pentland Ferries, eager to revive a Pentland Firth car ferry service from Gills Bay in Caithness to Burwick or St Margaret's Hope on Orkney.

Renamed MV Pentalina-B, it was several seasons before she took up the Gills Bay - Orkney service. In plain red and black funnels, she had an unexpected Cal-Mac charter in May 1998, when  sustained a major breakdown before the new  was ready for service. She maintained the Oban - Craignure service for just under three weeks, in partnership with .

Pentalina-Bs hoist and side ramps were removed in the summer of 1999.

From 2006 to 2009 Pentalina-B was chartered out in her off-season, to carry livestock across the English Channel from Dover. She was chartered to Cal-Mac in December 2008, operating the Ullapool - Stornoway freight run in place of . She was again chartered to Cal-Mac in April 2009, operating a freight run from Kennacraig to Port Askaig.

She was sold in late 2009 to an owner in Cape Verde. and passed through the Irish Sea on 10 January 2010, en route for Mindelo. On the delivery voyage, she suffered water ingress and was towed to Brest Roads for repair.

In June 2014 she ran aground on rocks in Moia Moia Bay, Sao Domingos, Cape Verde following a breakdown during a storm.  A short causeway was built out to the ship, allowing the cargo to be unloaded. The remains of the wreck remain extant on the shore at .

Layout
MV Iona  bore hardly any resemblance to a previous Ailsa car ferry like  or the 1964 trio of MacBrayne ferries. The most obvious influence was her intended rival, , built in Norway for Western Ferries in 1968 – the first drive-through ferry in west coast waters.

MV Iona was ten feet longer than , and of greater draft, but twin rudders gave her greater manoeuvrability than the earlier MacBrayne ferries. She was the company's first vessel without traditional teak decking. Her vehicle facilities impressed, but passenger accommodation compared poorly with the 1964 ships. She had very little open deck space for passengers. Forward on the boat deck ('B' Deck), there was a full-width lounge for 101 passengers with seating upholstered in blue and purple until they were recovered with sick coloured vinyl by 1979. High bows obstructed the forward view for seated passengers. Aft of this, a deckhouse held a cafeteria. On the lower deck ('E' Deck'), below the car deck were a smoke-room/bar (no longer used) and crew quarters. Unusually for a large MacBrayne ship, Iona had no sleeping accommodation for passengers.

MV Ionas main machinery was twin Paxman engines, each driving a fixed-pitch propeller through a gearbox, reducing an engine speed of 900 rpm to a propeller speed of 300 rpm. The first ship in the company's history to have such geared transmission, these gearboxes were a regular source of trouble throughout her career. She was equipped with Denny-Brown retractable stabilisers and a bow-thrust controllable-pitch propeller. Engine Control was possible from the consoles in the engine-room, in the wheelhouse, in the bridge wings, or at the aft end of the navigation bridge deck, for astern working.

MV Iona's car deck could take vehicles up to 16.5 feet in height and 32-ton in weight. She had a bow visor, a stern-and side-ramps with a hoist that could handle 27.5 tons. Traffic for the hoist was marshalled by automatic barriers. Her bow-visor, raised by a racking system, rather than a hinge, was not watertight, limiting her passenger-carrying capacity later in her career. The bow-ramp was in several sections, which coiled back into the vehicle deck, reducing available car spaces.

Service

References

Caledonian MacBrayne
Ships built in Scotland
1970 ships
Ferries of Scotland


Felipe Santiago Benítez Ávalos (May 1, 1926 – March 19, 2009) was the Paraguayan Catholic Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asuncion from his appointment on May 20, 1989, until his retirement on June 12, 2002.

Benítez Avalos was born in Piribebuy on May 1, 1926, to parents Angel del Rosario Benítez García and Juana Avalos Rodríguez.

He remained the Archbishop Emeritus until his death at the Hospital Universitario in Asunción on March 19, 2009, at the age of 82.

References

External links
 Catholic Hierarchy: Archbishop Felipe Santiago Benitez Avalos †

1926 births
2009 deaths
People from Piribebuy
Paraguayan people of Andalusian descent
Paraguayan Roman Catholic archbishops
Roman Catholic bishops of Villarrica del Espíritu Santo
Roman Catholic archbishops of Asunción
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Paraguay
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Paraguay


Alfred Leopold Kunz (26 May 1929 – 16 January 2019) was a German-Canadian composer, conductor, and arts administrator from New Hamburg, Ontario.

Early life
Kunzwas born in Neudorf, Saskatchewan, and grew up in this rural area. He later moved with his family to Kitchener where he took private music lessons. He studied at Toronto Conservatory of Music as well as privately in composition and conducting in Toronto from 1949 to 1955. In 1965 he completed the state examinations in choral conducting at the Musikhochschule Mainz and was assistant conductor of the opera of the Staatstheater Mainz.

Career
Kunz began teaching music in Kitchener, Ontario, in 1955. In 1959, he founded the Kitchener-Waterloo Chamber Music Orchestra and Choir. He worked at several factory jobs before being hired as director of music at the University of Waterloo, a position he held for fifteen years.

In 1965, Kunz became the founding conductor of the Concordia Club Choir, and continued in this position until 2013. He directed the Waterloo Regional Police Male Chorus from 1973 to 1984. In 1985 he founded the Millennium Choir, and served as its director until 2015.

Throughout his career Kunz composed hundreds of musical works, many for unaccompanied choir. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Waterloo on June 14, 2001.

Kunz resided in New Hamburg near Baden, Ontario; he continued to organize community choral activities until his health deteriorated in 2017. He died on January 16, 2019, following a heart illness.  His papers have been archived at the Waterloo University library.

References

External links
Official Website of Alfred Kunz

1929 births
2019 deaths
Canadian arts administrators
Male conductors (music)
Canadian male composers
Canadian people of German descent
Musicians from Saskatchewan
People from Neudorf, Saskatchewan
Musicians from Kitchener, Ontario
21st-century Canadian male musicians
21st-century Canadian conductors (music)
People from Wilmot, Ontario


Leichhardt was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1860 to 1932.

Taking in areas of central Queensland west of the Great Dividing Range, the district in its original form stretched as far as Mackay in the north and as far south as Taroom. Originally a dual member constituency, it was one of the sixteen districts contested at the first colonial election in 1860. It became a single member constituency in 1873 but reverted to being a dual member electorate in 1878. A single member constituency again in 1888, it remained that way thereafter. One of the district's first members was Robert Herbert, the first Premier of Queensland.

By the time of its abolition—at the 1932 state election—the district was based on Clermont and Springsure. Its territory was split between the pre-existing districts of Barcoo and Normanby.

Members for Leichhardt

See also
 Electoral districts of Queensland
 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
 :Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name

References

Former electoral districts of Queensland
Constituencies established in 1860
1860 establishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1932
1932 disestablishments in Australia


Antilhue I Power Plant is an oil-fueled electrical generating station in Antilhue, Los Ríos Region, Chile. The plant uses diesel as fuel and produces 50.9 MW of electricity. The plant was built in 2005 and is run by Colbún S.A.

References

Energy infrastructure in Los Ríos Region
Oil-fired power stations in Chile


Yuri Berchiche Izeta (born 10 February 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for La Liga club Athletic Bilbao.

He began his senior career at Tottenham Hotspur without making a first-team appearance, being loaned to Cheltenham Town and Real Valladolid. In 2010 he joined Real Unión in the Segunda División, moving on to Real Sociedad who loaned him two years to Eibar, where he won two successive promotions, later spending three seasons in La Liga with Real, leading to him being signed by Paris Saint-Germain in 2017; he played a part in a treble-winning season in France, but transferred back to the Basque region with Athletic Bilbao in 2018.

Club career

Early years and Tottenham
Born in Zarautz, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country to an Algerian father and a Spanish mother, Berchiche started his career in the cantera of Real Sociedad, but left for rivals Athletic Bilbao at the age of 16. On 8 June 2007 Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur agreed on a transfer, and the player continued his footballing development in England at the club's academy; while playing for Tottenham's under-18 at the Eurofoot Tournament in Belgium, he was named "Player of the tournament", as Spurs won the competition after beating R.S.C. Anderlecht 4–0 in the final.

Berchiche joined League One team Cheltenham Town on a month's loan, on 26 March 2009. He made his league debut two days later, in a 1–1 away draw against Walsall.

In April 2009, Berchiche made a robust tackle on Scunthorpe United's Henri Lansbury (on loan from Arsenal), leaving his opponent with a suspected broken leg. Although he was not sent off for the challenge, Cheltenham manager Martin Allen ordered him to leave the field anyway; it was later revealed that Lansbury did not sustain any major damage to his leg.

In July 2009, Berchiche returned to Spain and joined Real Valladolid, still on loan. Benefitting from the absence of longtime incumbent Alberto Marcos due to injury, he started in the first league game, a 0–0 draw at UD Almería. It would be his only La Liga appearance of the season as he was mainly registered by the reserves, and the Castile and León side also suffered relegation.

Real Sociedad
In the summer of 2010, aged 20, Berchiche was released by Tottenham, signing a two-year contract with Real Unión in the Segunda División B. On 29 June 2012, after two full campaigns, he returned to Real Sociedad, who immediately loaned him to another team in the third tier, neighbouring SD Eibar.

In early 2014, Berchiche renewed his contract with the Txuriurdin until 2016. In June, after helping Eibar obtain promotion to the top flight for the first time in its history, he was selected by the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional to its starting XI.

Berchiche returned to Real Sociedad in August 2014, being assigned to the main squad. He subsequently became the starter, replacing longtime incumbent Alberto de la Bella.

Paris Saint-Germain

On 7 July 2017, Berchiche signed a four-year contract with Paris Saint-Germain FC. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 8 September, playing the full 90 minutes in the 5–1 away win against FC Metz. His first goal in the competition arrived on 20 December, in a 3–1 home victory over Stade Malherbe Caen.

Berchiche played 32 competitive matches in his only season, winning three trophies including the national championship and the Coupe de France, defeating amateurs Les Herbiers VF 2–0 in the final of the latter tournament.

Athletic Bilbao
On 2 July 2018, PSG announced they had agreed a deal with Athletic Bilbao for the permanent transfer of Berchiche (an initial fee of €19 million, with a further €6 million in possible add-ons). The contract was announced as running through 2022, with a release clause of €100 million. He scored in only his second league appearance on 27 August, helping the hosts draw 2–2 against SD Huesca.

On 5 March 2020, late in the semi-final second leg of the Copa del Rey against Granada CF, Berchiche scored and enabled his team to progress on the away goals rule. In addition to the decisive game, which was delayed until April 2021 by the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, they also qualified for the 2020–21 Supercopa de España which they won by beating FC Barcelona; however, he was unable to take part in those matches due to a thigh injury sustained against the same opposition a few weeks earlier. He recovered by the time the postponed 2020 final did take place, but his side lost to his previous employers Real Sociedad. Athletic also reached the 2021 Copa del Rey Final, played two weeks after the 2020 edition, only to be defeated again, 4–0 by Barcelona. That proved to be the player's last appearance of the campaign due to a persistent pubalgia issue which light treatment failed to cure, and an operation was carried out in July with an estimated recovery time of three months – manager Marcelino García Toral expressed his frustration at the delay in the injury being dealt with. Despite his physical problems, in October he agreed to an extension to his contract to run until 2024.

International career
Berchiche represented Spain at under-17 and under-18 levels. He also featured for the unofficial Basque Country regional team.

Berchiche declined approaches to play for Algeria on several occasions.

Career statistics

Honours
Eibar
Segunda División: 2013–14

Paris Saint Germain
Ligue 1: 2017–18
Coupe de France: 2017–18
Coupe de la Ligue: 2017–18

Athletic Bilbao
Copa del Rey runner-up: 2019–20, 2020–21

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Zarautz
Spanish people of Algerian descent
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Gipuzkoa
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Antiguoko players
Athletic Bilbao footballers
Real Valladolid Promesas players
Real Valladolid players
Real Unión footballers
Real Sociedad footballers
SD Eibar footballers
English Football League players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Basque Country men's international footballers
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in France


Electoral district of Leichhardt may refer to:

 Division of Leichhardt, an electorate of the Australian House of Representatives, based in far north Queensland
 Electoral district of Leichhardt (New South Wales), a former electorate of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly based in inner west Sydney
 Electoral district of Leichhardt (Queensland), a former electorate of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, based in central Queensland
 Electoral district of Leichhardt, Queensland (New South Wales), a former electorate of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, based in central Queensland, prior to Queensland becoming a separate colony in December 1859

See also
 Electoral district of United Pastoral Districts of Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis


Meraas Tower was a supertall skyscraper 600 m (1,968 ft) tall, which was proposed to be constructed in Jumeirah Garden City, Dubai. When completed it would have been one of the tallest skyscrapers in Dubai. The tower design had a series of faceted surfaces that would help light and air travel throughout the building. The faceted shapes were projected to maximize energy generation, balance natural light, and offer 360-degree views of the city below. They also would create natural atrium spaces as the building ascended, allowing the creation of naturally lit sky gardens. Exposing the intermediate floors would have made it seem as if the structure was composed of four smaller towers stacked one on top of another. Tower was to include 300,000 square meters of hotel, convention, commercial and retail spaces.

The tower was never built, and was canceled in 2009.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
List of buildings with 100 floors or more

References

External links
Emporis.com
Archicentral.com

Unbuilt buildings and structures in Dubai


Bermúdez is a 2009 Colombian telenovela produced and broadcast by Caracol TV. It was initially released as Todas odian a Bermúdez ("All women hate Bermúdez").

Plot
The telenovela tells the story of Arturo Bermúdez (Víctor Hugo Cabrera), a sports journalist who works for Hechos, a Bogotá-based weekly current issues news magazine. Bermúdez, who excels as a journalist, nevertheless is regarded as an annoying person, who tends to make disrespectful remarks and jokes, especially toward women. The former editor-in-chief of the magazine quit because of Bermúdez's behaviour.

Hechos'''s owner, Gonzalo Lleras (Diego Bertie), who returns to Colombia in order to run his businesses, appoints Silvia Vargas (Valentina Rendón) —at the moment editor-in-chief of an evening newspaper— as the new publisher of the magazine. Both Lleras and Vargas are college classmates of Bermúdez, who jokingly refers to Silvia as cuatrolámparas ("four-lamps", because Silvia used to wear glasses during her college years).

Bermúdez, who thought he would become the new editor-in-chief of the magazine as he was friends with then publisher Aníbal Fernández (Alberto León Jaramillo), is transferred by Silvia from the sports section to the "home and women's issues" section instead, as a punishment for an article by Bermúdez published on the magazine during Aníbal's tenure, criticizing the role of women in the Police, responsible for security at football stadia during matches (incidentally, Silvia's older sister, Lina, a police official, was harshly criticized by Arturo in the article), which prompted a backlash among readers and advertisers. Silvia makes Bermúdez rectify the article. Therefore, he is decided to not allow Silvia to "humiliate" him, trying to make Silvia feel bad or angry, with little success. Instead, Vargas ends up helping Bermúdez when he needs it.

Unknowingly, Silvia and Arturo have a friendship via internet. On night hours, they chat using the nicks Solitaria and Solitario respectively (both meaning "lonely"). Their anonymity allows them to pour out and support honestly each other, unlike real life.

Silvia has a crush on Gonzalo, whom he calls in secret the jefe papito, because of his looks and apparent gentlemanliness. On the other hand, since college Bermúdez has had a crush on Lucía Congote (Andrea Nocetti), who works at a television network owned by her family, and Gonzalo's ex-girlfriend. Lucía uses Bermúdez in order to upset Silvia, whom she hates (referring to her disrespectfully as Gatúbela, Batichica or Mujer maravilla), blaming her for "stealing" Gonzalo's love.

Cast
Apart from the four main characters, there have been some inconsistencies regarding the other characters' last names, between the initial press releases and related promotional material issued by Caracol TV to the media<ref name="elpaiscali"> Sergio Villamizar D., Colprensa, Todos quieren a Víctor Hugo, El País (Colombia), 2 February 2009</ref> and the actual broadcast of the telenovela. In one episode, outgoing Hechos publisher Aníbal introduces most of the staff to his successor, Silvia. The most notorious case is Luz Adriana ("Archila" as for the press releases, "Giraldo" as for episode 3, "Jiménez" as mentioned by Gerardo Bermúdez in another episode). .

Víctor Hugo Cabrera as Arturo Bermúdez
Valentina Rendón as Silvia Vargas
Diego Bertie as Gonzalo Lleras
Andrea Nocetti as Lucía Congote
Isabel Cristina Estrada as Paola Ramírez / Paola Rincón (Silvia's best friend, journalist)
Cecilia Navia as Luz Adriana Archila / Luz Adriana Giraldo / Luz Adriana Jiménez (journalist, appointed editor-in-chief by Silvia)
Carlos Barbosa as Gerardo Bermúdez (Arturo's father)
Consuelo Moure as Lola Ortiz de Vargas / Lola Angarita de Vargas (Silvia's mother)
Claudia Liliana González as Captain Lina Vargas (Silvia's older sister, police official; referred to as Carmenza in promotional material, not in actual broadcast)
Andrés Felipe Martínez as Rodrigo Mejía (Arturo's best friend, sales chief)
María Angélica Mallarino as Olga Guerrero (journalist, international editor, former teacher of Silvia)
Ana María Arango as Marinita González
Carmenza Cossio as Albita (Silvia's secretary)
Claudio Cataño as Diego Medina (Lucía's best friend, photojournalist)
María Isabel Henao as Ana Fernanda Ramírez (journalist, national and economy editor)
Manolo Orjuela as Manuel Aguilar (journalist, art-and-design editor)
Natalia Reyes as Marcela Delgado (from episode 18)
Néstor Alfonso Rojas as Yiyo (moneylender, Gerardo Bermúdez gets intro trouble with him)
Gloria Echeverry as Stella (Gonzalo Lleras's secretary)
Kepa Amuchastegui as Lorenzo Castillo (university law professor, love interest of Lola)
María Cecilia Botero as Cecilia Arbeláez de Lleras (Gonzalo's mother, from episode 81)
Taliana Vargas as Robin Arzuaga (executive from a Spaniard publishing company)
María Claudia Torres as Astrid (until episode 15)
Alberto León Jaramillo as Aníbal Fernández (until episode 4)
Marion Zapata as an unnamed personal trainer (episodes 75 to 78)
Mauricio Sarmiento as Danilo Tocarruncho (episodes 77 and 78)
Andrés Martínez as Manuel Albornoz, aka Manueca (boss of a thief gang, helps Silvia to get a gift for Arturo, involved with a politician, from episode 81)

Episodes
Only the first 2 episodes were around 1 hour long. From episode 3 onwards, episodes last around half hour. It must be noticed that, since the telenovela is being broadcast in Colombia with half hour or even shorter episodes, the numbering has no relation with the 80 hours produced.

Source:

Reception
Though its first episode was the most watched programme in the Colombian primetime on 2 February 2009, ratings declined because Todas odian a Bermúdez was competing against El último matrimonio feliz, rival network RCN TV strongest telenovela at the time. Caracol TV removed the "todas odian a" from the title and Bermúdez was moved to a time slot later in the night, with shorter episodes. Ratings slowly improved, but RCN TV's own ratings crisis before and after El último matrimonio feliz ended 22 April 2009 and Caracol TV's primetime overall performance helped Bermúdez to stay on the air (whereas rival RCN TV pulled or cut most of its shows premiered in the first quarter of 2009).

In April 2009, El Tiempo claimed Bermúdez had been cut from 120 to 80 one-hour episodes and that tapings would end by mid-April. On the L.A. Screenings 2009, held late May in Los Angeles, Bermúdez was introduced as an 80 episode serial.

Diego Bertie told a Peruvian newspaper that Bermúdez was cut from 120 to 100 episodes, stating that "competition is very hard [in Colombia]." Ana María Arango told El Tiempo she was "sad" it was cut because the character she was playing did not become a journalist "as the scripts stated". As of 14 May 2009, Bermúdez ratings were higher that any programme broadcast by RCN TV in primetime.

The end

On early August 2009, Caracol TV advertised the last episodes of Bermúdez, though the plot of the telenovela was not foretelling its end, because its main characters were just starting to get closer. On 17 August (a holiday in Colombia, where telenovelas are not broadcast on holidays), Caracol TV broadcast a little advertised 100 minute special. The next day, its final episode was announced for 21 August. Hundreds of viewers protested on the network's website because of the sudden end of its run, which only solved, in a fast-paced way, the situation of the main characters, leaving the stories of the other characters without conclusion. Apparently, Caracol TV needed to make room for reality show Desafío 2009 and the series Las muñecas de la mafia (at the time known as Las mujeres del cartel). In Colombia the 80 hours filmed (42 minutes plus commercials each) were not completely broadcast.

One day before the final episode was broadcast, Juliana Tabares, journalist for Doble vía (a programme of the Caracol TV defensoría del televidente [viewer ombudswoman's office]), claimed that recordings of Bermúdez had ended on 30 April and that, despite its short run, it had not been cut not having a different ending to "the one already agreed". A week later, Amparo Pérez, the network's viewer ombudswoman, recognized that "the final episodes were cut and [Bermúdez] was given a fast end where there were even edition flaws", adding that the opinions from the viewers were sent to the Caracol TV "production departament".

International broadcasting
The telenovela has been broadcast, under the title Todas odian a Bermúdez, on Mexico (52MX), Venezuela (RCTV) and Ecuador (Teleamazonas). Unlike its original run on Caracol TV, the 80 hours produced were broadcast on their entirety in these countries.

References

External links
  Official website
  Bermúdez on the Caracol TV Internacional catalogue
  3, 2, 1, grabando, features a behind the scenes of Bermúdez and Vecinos (requires Adobe Flash Player)
  Bermúdez sale del cascarón (requires Adobe Flash Player)

2009 telenovelas
2009 Colombian television series debuts
2009 Colombian television series endings
Caracol Televisión telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Bogotá


Practice management is the term used in General practice for the person who manages the finance and administration of a doctor's office or an office of a medical professional in one of many types of specialties in medicine.  This is distinct from other official titles such as Advanced Practice Manager, which are generally clinical. A practice manager is responsible for the administrative responsibilities of daily operations and development of a business strategy. Most practice managers are responsible for hiring staff, negotiating benefits and personnel policies, ensuring that medical supplies are ordered and equipment is maintained, ensuring regulatory compliance, and the development and marketing of service lines. Practice management encompasses multiple topics including governance, the financial aspects of medical billing, staff management, ancillary service development, information technology, transcription utilization, and marketing. Practice managers handle the business aspects of medicine to maximize provider time and enhance patient care.

General practice
The job of the practice manager has evolved over the last century.  When general practice was a cottage industry, operating in the doctor's front room, the receptionist, and the manager, insofar as there was any management, was often the doctor's wife.  In the 21st century the biggest practices in the UK now have more than 200,000 patients and hundreds of staff over dozens of sites. Some practices, however, are still single handed.  Working conditions in rural areas are very different from those in cities.  By no means all the jobs are full time.  About half the practice managers surveyed in the UK reported working from five to eight additional hours per week, not all of it paid.  Average salary was £39,334.17

The role of a practice manager often includes managing the patient recall process for preventative healthcare appointments. In the UK, primary care providers must meet QOF targets and Local Enhanced Services. Much of the work of practice managers over the financial year goes towards meeting these targets as they are a key generator of practice revenue. As an important of preventing ill-health, there has been much academic research into improving the uptake of these targeted appointments. For example, there has been a number of studies into improving uptake of the NHS Health Check programme.

Accounting Practice Management
Accounting practice management is the process of managing and optimizing an accounting practice. This is typically done through the use of an accounting practice management software. An accounting practice management software is specific to accounting firms and helps accountants manage all the big and little aspects of their accounting practice.

Different accounting practice management software offer different features. At a high level, however, an accounting practice management software will help users:

 Track time and billing
 Expedite payment collection processes
 Use work codes and workflow to work more efficiently
 Manage client and project information
 Schedule and manage employee calendars
 Send mass mailing and emails to clients
 Run reports on various projects
 Better understand overall firm health

While there are many different general practice management software available, many accountants choose to use a specialized accounting practice management software. This provides access to unique tools and features that are specifically designed for accountants.

Veterinary practice
The same role exists in veterinary practice.

The work of practice managers is varied but generally includes:
personnel administration
payroll
finance
strategic planning
Information technology.

See also
Health administration

References

General practice
Health care occupations


The Edward W. St. Pierre House is a historic house in the West Salem neighborhood of Salem, Oregon, United States. It is also known as Elkirk Ranch and was built in 1911.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

It was deemed significant:as that place which is most importantly associated with the leader of early prison reform in Oregon. Although E. W. St. Pierre had retired at the time the ranch was developed, he carried on his connection with the State Penitentiary which he had done so much to improve, by acting in the capacity of visiting chaplain. Edward Walter St. Pierre (1859-1917) and his wife both were natives of Illinois and were educated there. Their arrival in Portland in 1894 was preceded by extensive missionary service in Persia on behalf of the Presbyterian Church. While a clergyman at Portland's St. John's Presbyterian Church, St. Pierre helped form the Prisoner's Aid Society in 1903 to assist released convicts. His commitment to social reforms attracted the notice of the government, and he was tapped to serve inmates of the Oregon State Penitentiary as the first permanent chaplain. During the tenure of Governor Earle Chamberlain, 1903-1909, he urged enactment of a parole system as an incentive to rehabilitation, and became Oregon's first State parole officer in 1906. St. Pierre believed, in keeping with the progressive ideology of his day, that inmates should be segregated based on the degree of their offenses as a means of preventing the "hardening" of youthful offenders. He advocated rehabilitation of inmates through education and job training. He improved the prison library, started an orchestra there, and founded a prison newspaper. A chapel was constructed inside the prison compound in 1911, before ill health forced St. Pierre's retirement later in the same year. It no longer stands, having been replaced in the 1960s. Neither are either of the houses the St. Pierres occupied near downtown Salem during Governor Chamberlain's term of office extant. Thus "Elkirk Ranch" clearly is the remaining property most importantly associated with the reformer during the years he lived and ministered in the capital city and environs.

The two-story house has wood siding.

It is  in plan.  Its interior has fir floors throughout and includes "fine Craftsman details with square, boxed pillars at the central stair landing, and built-in cupboards in the living room, dining room and study."

References

External links
Images of Edward W. St. Pierre House from the University of Oregon digital collections

American Craftsman architecture in Oregon
Bungalow architecture in Oregon
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Oregon
Houses in Polk County, Oregon
Houses completed in 1911
1911 establishments in Oregon


Antilhue II Power Plant is an oil-fueled electrical generating station in Antilhue, Los Ríos Region, Chile. The plant uses diesel as fuel and produces 51.6 MW of electricity. The plant was built in 2005 and is operated by Colbún S.A.

References

Energy infrastructure in Los Ríos Region
Oil-fired power stations in Chile


Manisha Girotra (born 1969) is an Indian business executive. Technology services firm Mindtree had appointed Manisha Girotra, the India CEO of a leading global independent investment bank, to its board of directors. Girotra is a graduate of the Delhi School of Economics. She is the country head of India for Moelis & Company.(CEO Of India)

Manisha Girotra is Chief Executive Officer of Moelis India. Girotra was most recently CEO and Country Head of UBS in India managing its investment bank, commercial bank, markets, equity research and wealth management divisions. Previously, Girotra was Head – North India of Barclays Bank. Girotra began her investment banking career in London in the corporate bank at ANZ Grindlays. She was honored as a Young Global Leader in 2010 by the World Economic Forum and was named one of the “15 Women to Watch in Asia” by Forbes in 2008 and one of the “50 Women to Watch” in the annual Wall Street Journal survey in 2007. Girotra has appeared in Business Today's “25 Most Powerful Women in Business in India” for the past five years as well as Fortune India's “50 Most Powerful Women in Business” in 2014. Girotra holds a degree from St. Stephen's College, Delhi and received a gold medal for her master's degree from the Delhi School of Economics.

References

Delhi School of Economics alumni
Indian women chief executives
Indian investment bankers
Living people
1969 births
Punjabi people
Indian chief executives


Orestias () was an ancient Greek settlement next to the Maritsa (or Evros) river, near or at the site of present-day Edirne, and close to the current border between Turkey and Greece.

Legends claim that Orestias was founded by Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
Orestias or Orestia is thought to have been the same town as Uscudama (other variants: Uskudama, Uskadama, Uskodama) or Odrysa (other variants: Odrysia, Odrysos, Odrysus) which was the first Odrysian capital.  Orestias took its name by the Greeks, at least from the time Philip II of Macedon took over the town. The Roman emperor Hadrian expanded the town into a city, gave it a strong fortification and renamed it to Hadrianopolis. However the name Orestias for the city of Hadrian, was still used by many writers at the Byzantine era, along with Adrianoupolis.
During the Ottoman period the name of Adrianou(polis) was paraphrased by the Turks and eventually became Edirne.

In 1920 when the Greeks took over most of Eastern Thrace including Edirne, they restored the city's Roman name (Adrianoupolis) and not its old Greek name (Orestias), which was given to its suburb Karaağaç, in remembrance of the ancient Thracian town.

Orestiada (or Nea Orestias or New Orestias) is a modern Greek town founded in 1923 on a site 17 km to the south of Orestias, to house Greek refugees who had to abandon the latter border town, which was given to Turkey (along with two villages) by the Treaty of Lausanne.

See also
 List of ancient Greek cities

References

Former populated places in Greece
Geography of Edirne Province
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey


The Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (), also known as Colciencias, is a Colombian government agency that supports fundamental and applied research in Colombia.

Publindex

Colciencias runs Publindex, the National Abstracting and Indexing System for Serial Publications in Science, Technology and Innovation (), which is a ranking of academic journals in four categories (C, B, A2, and A1).

References

Science and technology in Colombia
Scientific organisations based in Colombia
National Planning Department (Colombia)
Government agencies established in 2009
2009 establishments in Colombia


Indre Østfold is a mostly rural countryside region north in the former county of Østfold county in Norway, noted for its mostly unspoilt nature and for its agriculture.

At January 1. 2020 five of the municipalities of Indre Østfold merged into the new Indre Østfold municipality at the same date as the Østfold fylke and neighbouring Akershus fylke merged with Buskerud fylke and became regions in the new Viken fylke (county).

Today the region consists of these five municipalities:
 Indre Østfold
 Marker Kommune (Marker, Norway)
 Skiptvet
 Rakkestad
 Aremark
 Former municipality of Rømskog, now a part of the municipality of Aurskog-Høland.

Location
It is located around 30 kilometers from Norway's capital Oslo, with the Europavei ("Europe Way" / European route) E18 as the main arterial road through the region, and several Riksvei national roads running through the area. Indre Østfold also has its own rail route, the Eastern Østfold Line of the Østfold Line, and is around 50 kilometers by car from Rygge Airport.

Haldenskanalen (The Halden Canal in Norwegian) is the oldest constructed water canal in the country and has the highest continuous lock system in Europe.

History and politics
The ten municipalities which form the region together form the Indre Østfold Regional Council.

The Indre Østfold region has played a central role in Norwegian history and has defence works from various periods.

See also
Indre Østfold municipality

References

External links
Information about the region can be found at www.indreostfold.no and www.smaalensveven.no or www.visitindre.no.

Geography of Østfold


Symphosius (sometimes, in older scholarship and less properly, Symposius) was the author of the Aenigmata, an influential collection of 100 Latin riddles, probably from the late antique period. They have been transmitted along with their solutions.

Biography

Nothing more is known of Symphosius's life than what can be gleaned from the riddles themselves: even his name is clearly 'a joking pseudonym, meaning “party boy” or the like'. Proposed dates of composition have ranged from the third century to the sixth.<ref>A. Riese, ' Anthologia latina sive poesis latinae supplementum (Leipzig, 1869), xxv.</ref> The prevailing view today is that they were probably composed in the late fourth or early fifth century. A range of circumstantial evidence in the content of the riddles suggests that Symphosius was writing in Roman North Africa.

The riddles

The riddles themselves, written in tercets of dactylic hexameters, are of elegant Latinity. The author's brief preface states that they were written to form part of the entertainment at the Saturnalia. This could be a literary convention, and the passage may not even have been original, but the riddles do 'copy their form(and some of their content) from Martial’s Xenia, a collection of enigmatic descriptions of xenia (Saturnalian gifts)'.

According to Sebo, the preface to Symphosius's riddles 'reveals that within Symphosius' milieu there is still a conception of riddles as oral and agonistic' going back to Antique traditions of the symposium. However, the riddles themselves are highly literary: 'in thus removing the Riddle form from its popular context as a guessing game, so to speak, and endowing it with a new autonomy and intertextual sophistication Symphosius "invents" what was later termed the Literary Riddle'. Sebo also argues that the collection is carefully structured as a literary whole, proceeding from the more light-hearted to the more sombre, and drawing together material similar in subject (such as whether the solutions are plants, animals or artefacts), metaphorical themes, or aural similarity of lemmata. She argues that, since the solutions are transmitted with the riddles in the manuscript, they too are to be read as part of the sophisticated literary form of Symphosius's work; and she claims that overall the work meditates on the material world, giving voices to creatures and objects whose perspectives on the world were not ordinarily heard.

Symphosius's collection opens with riddles about writing; these riddles about the act of writing stand as a meta-comment on Symphosius's own literary act in writing the riddles: Thus the second riddle is Harundo ('reed'):

 Dulcis amica ripae, semper uicina profundis,
 Suaue cano Musis; nigro perfusa colore,
 Nuntia sum linguae digitis signata magistris.

 Sweet darling of the banks, always close to the depths, sweetly I
 sing for the Muses; when drenched with black, I am the tongue’s
 messenger by guiding fingers pressed.

Another is Echo. Here, Symphosius mischievously proves 'prepared to defy Juno's curse and restore to Echo the ability to speak for herself':

 Virgo modesta nimis legem bene seruo pudoris;
 Ore procax non sum, nec sum temeraria linguae;
 Vltro nolo loqui, sed do responsa loquenti.

 A modest maid, too well I observe the law of modesty;
 I am not pert in speech nor rash of tongue;
 of my own accord I will not speak, but I answer him who speaks.

Contents
The complete set of solutions of Symphosius's riddles (according to Hickman du Bois) is: 1. graphium/stilus, 2. harundo/reed, 3. anulus cum gemma/signet ring, 4. clavis/key, 5. catena/chain, 6. tegula/roof-tiles, 7. fumus/smoke, 8. nebula/fog, 9. pluvia/rain, 10. glacies/ice, 11. nix/snow, 12. flumen et pisces/a river with fish, 13. navis/ship, 14. pullus in ovo/chicken in its shell, 15. vipera/viper, 16. tinea/bookworm, 17. aranea/spider, 18. coclea/snail, 19. rana/frog, 20. testudo/tortoise, 21. talpa/mole, 22. formica/ant, 23. musca/fly, 24. curculio/corn-worm, 25. mus/mouse, 26. grus/crane, 27. cornix/crow, 28. vespertilio/bat, 29. ericius/hedgehog, 30. peduculus/louse, 31. phoenix/phoenix, 32. taurus/bull, 33. lupus/wolf, 34. vulpes/fox, 35. capra/she-goat, 36. porcus/pig, 37. mula/male, 38. tigis/tiger, 39. centaurus/centaur, 40. papaver/poppy, 41. malva/mallow, 42. beta/beet, 43. cucurbita/gourd, 44. cepa/onion, 45. rosa/rose, 46. viola/violet, 47. tus/frankincense, 48. Murra/Myrrh, 49. ebur/ivory, 50. fenum/hay, 51. mola/hill, 52. farina/flour, 53. vitis/vine, 54. amus/fish-hook, 55. acula/needle, 56. caliga/boot, 57. clavus caligarius/boot-nail, 58. capillus/a hair, 59. pila/ball, 60. serra/saw, 61. ancora/anchor, 62. pons/bridge, 63. spongia/sponge, 64. tridens/trident, 65. sagitta/arrow, 66. flagellus/scourge, 67. lanterna/lantern, 68. vitreum/glass, 69. speculum/mirror, 70. clepsydra/water-clock, 71. puteus/well, 72. tubus ligneus/wooden pipe, 73. uter/wine-skin, 74. lapis/stone, 75. clax/lime, 76. silex/flint, 77. rotae/wheels, 78. scalae/flight of steps, 79. scopa/broom, 80. tintinnabulum/bell, 81. laguna/earthenware jar, 82. conditum/spiced wine, 83. vinum in acetum conversum/wine turned to vinegar, 84. malum/apple, 85. perna/ham, 86. malleus/hammer, 87. pistillus/pestle, 88. strigilis aenea/bronze strigil, 89 balneum/bath, 90. tessera/die, 91. pecunia/money, 92. mulier quae geminos pariebat/mother of twins, 93. miles podages/gouty soldier, 94. luscus allium vendens/a one-eyed seller of garlic, 95. funambulus/rope-dancer, 96. missing?, 97. umbra/shadow, 98. Echo/Echo, 99. somnus/sleep, 100. monumentum/tombstone.

 Influence
The Aenigmata were influential on later Latin riddle-writers, inspiring the Bern Riddles, those of Aldhelm, Tatwine, and others. Ten of them appear in the riddle-contest in Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri. They had some popularity as school-texts among Renaissance humanists: some appear in the anonymous Aenigmata et griphi veterum et recentium (Douai 1604), which Joachim Camerarius translated seventeen into Greek for his Elementa rhetoricae of 1545.

 Manuscripts
The Aenigmata come down to us in more than thirty manuscripts. The most notable of these is the famous Codex Salmasianus (Paris, 10318).

Editions

The editio princeps was by Joachimus Perionius, Paris, 1533; the most recent editions are:
E. F. Corpet, Paris, 1868, with witty French translation
Elizabeth Hickman du Bois (ed. and trans.), The Hundred Riddles of Symphosius (Woodstock, Vermont: The Elm Tree Press, 1912), with elegant English translation
Raymond T. Ohl. 1928. The Enigmas of Symphosius (Philadelphia) (with English translation)
Fr. Glorie (ed.), Variae collectiones aenignmatvm Merovingicae aetatis (pars altera), Corpvs Christianorvm, Series Latina, 133a (Turnhout: Brepols, 1968), pp. 620–723.
Bergamin, Manuela, Aenigmata Symposii: La fondazione dell'enigmistica come genere poetico, Per verba. testi mediolatini con trad, 22 (Florence: SISMEL edizioni del Galluzzo, 2005)
Symphosius, The Aenigmata: An Introduction, Text and Commentary'', ed. by T. J. Leary (London: Bloomsbury, 2014).

References

Further reading

Attribution

External links
The Aenigmata of Symphosius, in Latin and English translation from the Peck and Ohl editions with introductory material, at LacusCurtius
The riddles of Symphosius, complete original texts and links to related sites.

Late Antique Latin-language writers
Riddles


The Parc du Moulin Blanc is a privately owned but open to the public landscape park, arboretum, and botanical garden located in Saint-Zacharie, in the Massif de Sainte-Baume in the Var Department of France.  It is classified by the Committee of Parks and Gardens of the French Ministry of Culture as among the Remarkable Gardens of France.

The park was created in  by Adolphe de Saporta, with landscape architect M. Drée. After Saporta's death, it was taken over by his son Garston de Saporta, a noted paleobotanist. The park is owned today by his descendants.

The arboretum displays mature varieties of trees from Europe, North America, and Asia, including magnolia, chestnut, plane trees, and a sequoia tree, as well a large stand of bamboo. The park is watered by several springs, and by two small streams, the Huveaune and the Peruy.  Within the park is a 2800 square meter lake, with wild birds, including a heron.

See also
 Gardens of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

References

External links
 Official site of the garden
 description and photos on the site of the Committee of Parks and Gardens of the French Ministry of Culture

Moulin Blanc
Tourist attractions in Var (department)
Provence
Parks in France


The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States, which was held on January 20, 2009, had several unofficial events tied to ceremonies.

Unofficial pre-events
In addition to the official events, an array of notable gatherings and celebrations were held throughout Washington, D.C. and the surrounding region in the days leading up to the inauguration, including:

African-American Church Inaugural Ball, held on January 18, 2009 at the Grand Hyatt Washington.
Aloha Inaugural Ball, held on January 18, 2009 by former Obama campaign workers at the Wardman Park Marriott Hotel.
Black Tie & Boots Inaugural Ball, held on January 19, 2009 at the Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center, was sponsored by the Texas State Society.
The Dreams of My Father American Scholars Inaugural Ball, held on January 18, 2009 at the Four Seasons, featured Alicia Keys, Macy Gray and LL Cool J as performers.
The Green Inaugural Ball, held on January 19, 2009, was hosted by former Vice President Al Gore at the National Portrait Gallery.
EMILY's List Inaugural Luncheon, held on January 18, 2009, with appearances by Cabinet appointees Hillary Clinton and Janet Napolitano, Senators Kay Hagan of North Carolina and Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Governor Bev Perdue of North Carolina.
Hip-Hop Inaugural Ball, held on January 19, 2009 at the Harman Center for the Arts, was hosted by the Hip-Hop Summit Action Network, Russell Simmons and LL Cool J, among others.
Huffington Post Preinaugural Ball, held on January 19, 2009 at the Newseum, was hosted by Arianna Huffington, founder of the Huffington Post. Performances at the event featured Sting and will.i.am, with appearances by Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg, Denzel Washington, Shakira, Jon Bon Jovi, Halle Berry and Ashton Kutcher.
 First Masonic Inauguration Ball, held on January 6, 2009 was hosted by the lodges of Freemasonry in Washington DC.
The People's Inaugural Ball, also held on January 19, 2009, was hosted by Earl W. Stafford, a businessman from Fairfax County, Virginia. Stafford envisioned and created the ball as a celebration for economically and physically disadvantaged people from across the United States who would be otherwise unable to afford to attend the inaugural festivities. Stafford, through his family's Stafford Foundation, spent an estimated $1.6 million to bring to his guests to Washington, D.C., footing hotel expenses and throwing the actual ball. About 450 people were invited as guests for the gala, including 300 guests from around the United States and 150 from the local Washington, D.C. area. Invited guests included homeless individuals, people displaced by Hurricanes Katrina and Ike, and others who were nominated as worthy by relatives or organizations. Clothing, shoes, tuxedos and hotel rooms for attendees were provided as part of the invitation. The ball was held at the JW Marriott Hotel, located two blocks from the White House.
Presidential Inaugural Luncheon and Fashion Show, held on January 18, 2009 at the Ritz-Carlton.
The Voto Latino Inaugural Party, held on January 18, 2009 at Union Station in Washington, D.C., featured appearances by Marc Anthony, Rosario Dawson, Tony Plana and Wilmer Valderrama.

Unofficial post-event balls
In addition to the official inaugural balls visited by President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama to celebrate the inauguration, various other notable balls and gatherings were held on January 20, 2009 throughout Washington, D.C. and the surrounding region that featured an array of themes, including:
Africa on the Potomac Inaugural Celebration held at Crystal Gateway Marriott in Arlington, Virginia.
American Music Inaugural Ball held at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel.
BET Inaugural Ball held at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel.
Congressional Black Caucus Inaugural Ball held at the Capitol Hilton.
Creative Coalition Inaugural Ball held at the Harman Center for the Arts.
The George Washington University Inaugural Ball held at the Omni Shoreham Hotel.
Human Rights Campaign's Equality Ball held at the Renaissance Mayflower Hotel.
Impact Film Fund Ball.
Inaugural Presidential Champagne Reception hosted by Keith Ridley, IV & National Association of Colored Women Clubs, Inc
Inaugural Peace Ball held at the Smithsonian National Postal Museum.
Inaugural Purple Ball held at the Fairmont Hotel.
Recording Industry Association of America's Ball for Feeding America
Salute to Heroes Inaugural Ball, sponsored by the American Legion to recognize recipients of the Medal of Honor. The ball was started as an inaugural event during President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s first inauguration in 1953. Obama was unable to attend this ball, making him the first president since Eisenhower to not attend. Vice President Joe Biden, however, did attend the ball, and was warmly received by the guests.

Notes

Inauguration of Barack Obama, Unofficial events
First inauguration of Barack Obama
Inauguration of Barack Obama, Unofficial
Barack Obama-related lists


Reginald Walter Davies (10 October 1933 – September 2019) was an English football goalkeeper who played 296 league games in a 13-year career in the Football League with West Bromwich Albion, Walsall, Millwall Leyton Orient, and Port Vale. He won the Fourth Division title with Millwall in 1961–62.

Career
Davies began his career at West Bromwich Albion, just as Vic Buckingham's "Baggies" finished second in the First Division in 1953–54, four points behind champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. They then finished a disappointing 17th in 1954–55. Davies played only four league games at The Hawthorns, and moved on to Walsall, who were struggling near the foot of the Third Division South. John Love's "Saddlers" finished 20th in 1955–56 and 15th in 1956–57, with Davies playing 53 league games at Fellows Park. He then moved on to league rivals Millwall in May 1958, who had finished in 23rd place in 1957–58 to become founder members of the Fourth Division. Jimmy Seed's "Lions" posted a ninth-place finish in 1958–59, before finishing just four points outside the promotion places in 1959–60 under the stewardship of Reg Smith. They ended the 1960–61 campaign in sixth place, though were this time ten points short of the promotion zone. Promotion was finally won in style, as manager Ron Gray – the man who originally signed Davies to the club – returned to lead Millwall to the title in 1961–62, one point ahead of Colchester United. They ended the 1962–63 campaign in 16th place in the Third Division. Davies played 211 league and cup games during his six years at The Den and was nicknamed "The Cat" by supporters. He moved on to Benny Fenton's Leyton Orient in July 1963, and played 11 Second Division games in the 1963–64 season. He signed with Freddie Steele's Port Vale in July 1964. After winning his first team place from Ken Hancock, he was the "Valiants" number 1 between November 1964 and February 1965, before he himself was replaced by new manager Jackie Mudie's signing Jimmy O'Neill. He played 14 league and FA Cup games in the season, as Vale were relegated out of the Third Division. He left Vale Park and returned to Brisbane Road in March 1965 for a small fee. He played 16 league games as Dave Sexton's Orient were relegated out of the Second Division at the end of the 1965–66 season, and Davies then retired from the Football League.

Style of play
Davies was a muscular and agile goalkeeper.

Later life
He later worked at Jersey Airport and completed his national service with Royal Artillery. He died in September 2019, aged 85.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
West Bromwich Albion
Football League First Division second-place promotion: 1953–54

Millwall
Football League Fourth Division: 1961–62

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Footballers from Tipton
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Military personnel from Staffordshire
Royal Artillery soldiers


Reginald or Reg Davies may refer to:

Reg Davies (footballer, born 1929) (1929–2009), Welsh international football player
Reg Davies (footballer, born 1933), English football player
Reg Davies (politician) (born 1943), Australian politician
Reginald Davies (footballer, born 1897) (1897–1977), English football player
Reg Davies (Australian footballer) (1909–1987), Australian rules footballer


Water Works Park may refer to:

 Water Works Park in Detroit, Michigan
 Water Works Park (Tampa, Florida)
 Water Works Park (Des Moines), an approximately 1,500 acre park near downtown Des Moines (one of the largest urban parks)
 Water Works Park (Minneapolis)
 WaterWorks Park, an amusement park in Redding, California


The Pawling Nature Reserve is located in the northern section of the Town of Pawling, New York, United States. It is a  area located along the top of Hammersby Ridge, near Quaker Lake owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy.

Acquired in 1958 from a local citizens' group, it is preserved to protect several diverse communities, including plant and animal species considered rare or threatened in New York, such as the devil's bit, soapwort gentian, maidenhair spleenwort and some salamander communities. It also helps protect the watershed of the Great Swamp to the east.

More than  of hiking trails cross the preserve, including a section of the Appalachian Trail, which provides access for hikers who take the Metro-North Harlem Line from New York City and get off at the nearby stop along NY 22/55. The preserve's main access is a large parking lot on Quaker Lake Road. In addition to the natural environments, the trails also offer scenic views of the Harlem Valley region.

References

External links
Pawling Nature Reserve Website
The Nature Conservancy: Pawling Nature Reserve
Map of the Pawling Nature Reserve

Nature reserves in New York (state)
Nature Conservancy preserves in New York (state)
Pawling, New York
Protected areas established in 1958
Protected areas of Dutchess County, New York


Hu Zhijun (;  ; born July 24, 1970) is a retired Chinese football player. He won the first Golden Boot Award of Chinese professional football league after scoring 17 goals in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League.

Club career
Hu Zhijun played for Guangzhou Apollo, Guangzhou Songri, Shanghai Shenhua and Shanghai Cosco throughout his professional career. He scored seventeen goals in the Chinese Jia-A League 1994, which made him the first golden boot awardee of Chinese professional football league.

International goals
Results list China's goal tally first.

Honours

club
Guangzhou Apollo
Chinese Jia-A League Runner-up (1): 1994
Chinese Football Association Golden Boot awardee(1): 1994

Shanghai Shenhua
Chinese Jia-A League Runner-up (1): 2000

Shanghai Cosco
Chinese Jia-B League champions (1): 2001

International
China national football team
Asian Games Runner-up (1): 1994

References

External links

Living people
1970 births
Chinese men's footballers
Guangzhou F.C. players
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
China men's international footballers
Footballers from Guangzhou
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in football
Men's association football forwards
Footballers at the 1994 Asian Games


"Gene Hive" is a science fiction short story  by English author Brian Aldiss. It was first published, as "Journey to the Interior", in 1958 in Nebula Science Fiction #30 and first collected, as "Gene-Hive", in The Canopy of Time (Faber and Faber, 1959)

The story has a scientific approach to the theme of gene-shifting and genetic engineering. It  anticipates the central idea of Richard Dawkins' The Selfish Gene (1976) by nearly two decades:

References

External links

Science fiction short stories
Works originally published in Nebula Science Fiction
1958 short stories


Berit Menuchah (Hebrew: ספר ברית מנוחה) (also Berit Menuḥah, Berith Menuḥa, or Brit Menucha) is a practical Kabbalah work written in the 14th century, by Rabbi Abraham ben Isaac of Granada. It consists of a system of theurgy which uses secret names of God and his emanations for spiritual and magical purposes. An English translation thereof was published in 2007.

Contents

The Berit Menuḥah focuses on a complex system describing the various hypostases of the divine world and God, and associating them with the vowel points (Nikudim) of the Hebrew language. Especially central is the role of the divine, angelic, and magical names associated with the various emanations described. They are often given magical uses, and the text often specifies whether the practitioner needs to be pure or not in order to use them. Some of the names are typical Kabbalistic names of God, but the majority are derived by Notarikon from biblical verses:

And it was discovered that the Malachim were created from the wind and the fine and enlightening air, and that the name of their origin עַמַרֻמְאֵליוְהָ was derived from the verse (Psalms 104:4): ‘Who makest the winds thy messengers, fire and flame thy ministers’ (.....) And when the lights reach this Sefira, they unite and receive a name that is derived from the central letters of the following verse (Genesis 6:2): ‘The sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair; and they took to wife such of them as they chose.’ And this valiant name, which is drawn in the Gevura, is רְנֵלבֺנקְהֵכשְיִהְ.

Angels and their names also feature prominently in the text, and one section lists dozens of them and their areas of dominion, such as animals, trees, elements, etc.:

The angel רוחיאל (Rohiel) is in charge of the winds; he is the captain of three angels: חזקיה , עוזיאל  and עזאל (Uziel, Hezekiah and Azael). The angel גבריאל (Gabriel) is in charge of the thunders. The angel נוריאל (Nuriel) is in charge of the hailstones. The angel מקטוניאל (Miktoniel?) is in charge of the rocks. The angel טלפיאל (Talpiel) is in charge of the trees that bear fruits. The prince שרואל (S'ruel/Sh'ruel?) is in charge of the fruitless trees. And the angel סנדלפון (Sandalphon) is in charge of human beings.

External links

 Full text of Berit Menuchah at hebrewbooks.org, PDF file

References

Kabbalah


The history of the Baháʼí Faith in Poland begins in the 1870s when Polish writer Walerian Jablonowski wrote several articles covering the religion's early history in Persia. There was a Polish-language translation of Paris Talks published in 1915. After becoming a Baháʼí in 1925, Poland's Lidia Zamenhof returned to Poland in 1938 as its first well-known Baháʼí. During the period of the Warsaw Pact, Poland adopted the Soviet policy of oppression of religion, so Poland's Baháʼí community, strictly adhering to its principle of obedience to legal government, abandoned its administration and properties. An analysis of publications before and during this period found that coverage by Soviet-based sources was basically hostile to the Baháʼí Faith while native Polish coverage was neutral or positive. By 1963, only Warsaw was recognized as having a Baháʼí community. Following the fall of communism in Poland because of the Revolutions of 1989, the Baháʼís in Poland began to initiate contact with each other and have meetings; the first of these arose in Kraków and Warsaw. In March 1991, the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was re-elected in Warsaw. Poland's National Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1992. According to Baháʼí sources there were about 300 Baháʼís in Poland in 2006 and there have been several articles in Polish publications in 2008 covering the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran and Egypt. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated that there were about 300 Baháʼís in 2005.

Early period
The earliest known articles in Polish were written by Aleksander Walerian Jabłonowski in the 1870s after he had met the Baháʼís in Baghdad, and one of these was to defend the Baháʼí Faith against an erroneous article in another publication. Isabella Grinevskaya was the pen name of a very early Russian Baháʼí born in Grodno, and her father is buried in Warsaw. Grodno was sometimes part of Poland and Belarus but during her entire lifetime was part of Russia. She is well known because of a play of hers performed in 1903 called Báb. In the 1910s some Jews in a regiment from Poland while stationed in Turkmenistan came into contact with the Baháʼís there. Later the rector of the Catholic University of Lublin met ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1914 while he lived in Palestine, and in 1915 a Polish translation of Paris Talks was published in Silesia.

Lidia Zamenhof

Around 1925 Zamenhof became a member of the Baháʼí Faith. Zamenhof was the official representative of the religion to the dedication of the monument erected upon the grave of her father in Warsaw in 1926. Some Canadian Baháʼís visited Poland in the early 1930s while Zamenhof went to the United States in late 1937 to teach the religion as well as Esperanto. In December 1938 she returned to Poland, where she continued to teach and translated Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era (see John Esslemont), The Hidden Words and Some Answered Questions. While Zamenhof worked on the translations publication was delayed and accomplished out of France by a Polish nephew of Anne Lynch then in a Swiss internment camp for Polish officers. In the second half of 1938 Zamenhof was a major influence of the conversion of the first known Ukrainian becoming a Baháʼí, who was living in eastern Poland at the time. Zamenhof mentions there were five Baháʼís in Poland in August 1939. Contact was made in 1947 with nine individuals investigating the religion mostly through Esperantist writings. One of them offered Zamenhof a hiding place she had declined. She was arrested and eventually killed at the Treblinka extermination camp in the autumn of 1942.

Period of oppression
Since its inception, the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women, promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern, and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics. The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released. Baháʼís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Baháʼí teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Baháʼí socioeconomic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1,482. However, in the Soviet sphere during the period of the Warsaw Pact, Poland adopted the Soviet policy of oppression of religion, so the Baháʼís, strictly adhering to their principle of obedience to legal government, abandoned its administration and properties. From 1947 to 1950, Baháʼís were still known to be in seven cities in Poland. In 1948 there was a known group studying the religion in Warsaw. While the Baháʼís in Poland were retreating from public view, in Chicago, which is home to the largest ethnically Polish population outside of Warsaw, saw the rise of the first Baháʼí House of Worship in the West, which was completed in 1953. In 1960, a Baháʼí traveled from Poland to Luxembourg for a Baháʼí meeting. By 1963 only Warsaw was recognized as having an active community. After that, until about 1989, the Soviet oppression of religions ended public activities of the religion. See also other Soviet block countries which had Baháʼí communities like Ukraine, Turkmenistan among others.  While the Baháʼí community became all but unknown, the religion had been the object of some academic and popular commentary in Poland over the years. There are several distinctions between Soviet coverage translated into Polish and native Polish coverage of the Baháʼí Faith. There were differences in sources cited, periods when the works were published, and attitudes about the religion presented. Most Soviet translations cited works from Persian antagonists of the religion. The native Polish works cited leaders of the religion or western or earlier Polish academics. For the native Polish works no Russian or Soviet publications, either in translation or in original, were cited. The translations from Soviet academics largely came from the later period during Soviet domination of Poland while most of the native Polish references were from the period before. The Soviet sources tried to portray the history of the religion as supporting the philosophy of Dialectical materialism of Soviet communism as an early anti-feudal movement but in the end supporting imperialism and colonialism. Contrary to this, native Polish works were either neutral or sympathetic to the religion, including publications from the Catholic Church in Poland. One of the few Polish Baháʼís known from this period was Ola Pawlowska, a native of Poland who had fled during World War II and settled in Canada, where she became a member of the religion. In 1953 she became a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh when she moved to St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands. In 1969 she was traveling in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1971 at the age 61 she returned to Poland for a period of almost 2 years before pioneering to Luxemburg and then Zaire where she took interest in the Pygmy population. Lisa Janti, better known as Lisa Montell, a Hollywood actress of the 1950s and 60s, was born Irena Augustynowic and her family fled Poland before World War II. In the 1960s she joined the religion and then worked on several advocacy projects while continuing to work in the arts. Contact at the time was so minimal that it is worth noting Polish visitors to Baháʼí Houses of Worship: before 1973 some visited the temple in Panama who were surprised to meet a guide who could speak a little Polish and in May 1978 a dance troupe from Poland visited the one near Chicago. In 1979 a Polish citizen attending an Esperantist convention joined the religion.

Re-development
Following political changes in Poland following the Solidarity movement, the Baháʼís in Poland began to initiate contact and have meetings, with the first of these arising in Krakow and Warsaw. By 1990, the Baháʼís from the West were helping to build a center to serve as a place to host a Baháʼí summer school near Olesnica. In March 1991 the first Local Spiritual Assembly was re-elected in Warsaw. The next assemblies in 1991-2 were in Białystok, Gdańsk, Kraków, Katowice, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Szczecin, and Wrocław. The National Assembly was elected in 1992 (indeed Pawlowska moved back to Poland at the age of 82 for a short time to help form the assembly). Jane (Sadler) Helbo was among those to pioneer to Poland when she moved to Olsztyn from 1992 to 2000. In the spring of 1992 the Polish Baháʼí community participated in the election of the Universal House of Justice, and in December 1993 Polish Ambassador to Israel Dr. Jan Dowgiatto paid an official visit to the headquarters of the religion in Haifa, Israel. Through the 1990s, Baháʼís in Poland presented at or were invited to various conferences or university classes. In 1999, Baháʼí composer Lasse Thoresen of Norway had a composition performed at the Warsaw Autumn. In 2004 Senator Maria Szyszkowska held hearings at which Baháʼís gave presentations.

Modern community
In 2000, Poland supported a United Nations human rights resolution about concern over the Baháʼís in Iran as well as taking steps to further document conditions. There were about three hundred Baháʼís in Poland in 2006. The 2006 and 2008 Polish summer schools took place late July in Serock, near Warsaw.  Several Polish language publications have covered the religion in recent years. The Polish edition of Cosmopolitan had an extended article about the Baháʼí Faith in August 2008 by Małgorzata Łuka-Kowalczyk who followed a family learning about the religion. The Polish Gazette (Gazeta Wyrborcza) also covered the religion in February and April 2008, mostly covering the Persecution of Baháʼís in Iran (and once earlier in October 2006 covering the situation in Egypt). Baháʼís from Poland were among the more than 4,600 people who gathered in Frankfurt for the largest ever Baháʼí conference in Germany. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated about 990 Baháʼís in 2005. According to the official Polish Baháʼí website, there are about 300 Baháʼís in Poland.

See also
History of Poland
Religion in Poland

Further reading

Baháʼí Studies, vol. 4 (Dec 1978): Three Studies on Baháʼí History. Contains "'A.J.' and the Introduction of the Baháʼí Faith into Poland" by Jan T. Jasion.

References

External links
National Spiritual Assembly Official Website
Kraków Community Blog


Moses Taft House may refer to:

 Moses Taft House (Uxbridge, Massachusetts), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 Moses Taft House (Burrillville, Rhode Island), NRHP-listed

See also
Taft House (disambiguation)