Nils Yngvar Ustvedt (29 April 1868 – 16 October 1938) was a Norwegian medical doctor and politician for the Conservative Party. He worked as chief physician at Ullevål Hospital from 1916 to 1935, and before this he served one term in the Norwegian Parliament.

Personal life
Ustvedt was born at Bjølsen in the parish of Vestre Aker. In September 1902 in Kristiania he married Hanna Mohn (1879–1928), a daughter of Jakob Mohn. He was the father of Hans Jacob Ustvedt and grandfather of Yngvar Ustvedt.

Career
He took the examen artium in 1886, the cand.med. degree in 1892 and the dr.med. degree in 1900. As an academic writer he concentrated on bacteriology and epidemiology. After various jobs in the medical care of Kristiania, he was hired as a chief physician of epidemiology at Ullevål Hospital in 1916. In this position he also functioned as a lecturer at the Royal Frederick University. He stayed in this position until his retirement in 1935. Ustvedt was a member of the Norwegian Medical Society from 1898 to 1902 and 1912 to 1916, and chair from 1926 to 1928. In the Norwegian Medical Association he was a member of the board from 1921 to 1924. He was the editor of the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association from 1921 to 1929. He was also a critic of medicinal literature in the newspaper Morgenbladet, and held a number of cultural posts, being a member of the board of the National Theatre from 1926 to 1934.

Ustvedt was also involved in politics. He was a member of Kristiania city council for two terms, from 1898 to 1904, and a member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1913 to 1915, representing the single-member constituency Uranienborg. He chaired the local party chapter in Kristiania from 1908 to 1910 and 1918 to 1919, and was a member of the central committee of the Conservative Party board from 1908 to 1911. Although he successfully defended the interests of the university, he ultimately grew discontent with the fruits of his political career. Ustvedt reportedly advised his son not to become engaged in politics, advice he followed. His son instead followed the medical path, and began working at Ullevål in 1934. Nils Yngvar Ustvedt died in October 1938 in Oslo.

References

1868 births
1938 deaths
Norwegian epidemiologists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Oslo
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Oslo University Hospital people


Bacio di Tosca is a German neoclassical musical project by mezzo-sopranist Dörthe Flemming that combines influences from classical music, mainly the German Lied, with modern electronic Dark wave. The name () refers to a murder scene in Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca.

The dark romantic music of Bacio di Tosca with lyrics by poets like Eduard Mörike, Heinrich Heine or Theodor Storm is distinct by Flemming's classical vocals. As former singer of the now defunct band Charitona, Dörthe Flemming is counted among the founders of the Heavenly Voices genre.

Discography

Albums
 Der Tod und das Mädchen (2007). Reviewers had divided opinions on this album. While Side-Line noted a lack of refinement between voice and music, a German source mentioned a skilled interpretation of the original songs and compared Bacio di Tosca to Dead Can Dance and Sopor Aeternus.
 Und wenn das Herz auch bricht! (2008). It contains "gothic music mixed with refined neo-classical elements", including two remixes by Bruno Kramm of Das Ich.
 Hälfte des Lebens (2010)
 Was ich liebe (2014)

References

[ Discography] at Allmusic

External links
 Official Homepage

German electronic music groups
Neoclassical dark wave musical groups


Viḷḷarmental is one of 54 parishes (administrative divisions) in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Towns
 Ḷḷadréu
 Los Pedrueños
 Los Tablaos
 Viḷḷarmental

Other places
 Ḷḷamazales

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Bridgend or Bridge End () is a village in County Donegal, Ireland, at the base of the Inishowen peninsula. It is located on the road to Letterkenny, on the western outskirts of Derry and near the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

History
Bridgend was one of several Protestant villages in eastern Donegal that would have been transferred to Northern Ireland, had the recommendations of the Irish Boundary Commission been enacted in 1925.

Schools
The national school or primary school in Bridgend is called St. Aengus' National School. Traditionally, children resident in Bridgend attend secondary schools in Buncrana - Scoil Mhuire (Convent of Mercy) and Crana College (formerly Buncrana Vocational School or more commonly known as the 'tech').

Parish and townlands

Bridgend is part of Fahan parish which takes in Fahan, Burt and Inch.

The main townlands of Bridgend include Carrowreagh and Bunamayne (or Bonemaine; ). They are divided by a river which runs through Bridgend, with Carrowreagh to the north and Bunamayne to the south of the river. Other townlands of Bridgend include Tummock which is a back road running parallel to the Burt main road.

Sport
Traditionally, children of St. Aengus' N.S. have gone on to play for the local GAA club which is Burt GAC. They have also continued to play for the Club long after they progress to secondary and third level education.

See also
 List of populated places in Ireland

References

External links

St. Aengus' National School

Towns and villages in County Donegal


Viḷḷatexil is one of 54 parishes (administrative divisions) in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Towns
 Las Mestas
 Morzóu
 Viḷḷatexil

Other places
 El Barriu
 Las Rapegueras
 El Reboḷḷu

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Afterall is a nonprofit contemporary art research and publishing organisation. It is based in London, at Central St Martins College of Art & Design. It publishes the journal Afterall; the book series Readers, One Works and Exhibition Histories.

History
The journal Afterall was founded by curator Charles Esche and artist Mark Lewis in 1998 (issue 0 came out in 1999). Each issue focused on the work of four artists, presenting two in-depth essays for each artist. In 2006 Afterall incorporated AS (Andere Sinema), a journal previously published by MuHKA, the museum of contemporary art in Antwerp, which became a publishing partner. In 2009, the International University of Andalucia, Seville also became a publishing partner. The journal is published in partnership with M HKA, Antwerp; the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto; NTU Centre for Contemporary Art Singapore; and in association with The University of Chicago Press. It was previously produced in association with California Institute of the Arts (2002–2009); Universidad Internacional de Andalucía arteypensamiento (2011–2014); the Smart Museum of Art and the Department of Visual Arts–Open Practice Committee, University of Chicago (2012–2015) and the Art Gallery of Ontario (2016–18).

In 2006, the journal widened its remit to include not only essays on artists themselves, but also contextual essays on the political, social, and economic issues that surround contemporary art, and retrospective looks at key artworks, events and exhibitions. Examples of these include an analysis of Laura Mulvey and Peter Wollen's Riddles of the Sphinx from 1977 ('What Does It Mean to Say Feminism Is Back? A Reaction to Riddles of the Sphinx''', spring 2007) and Sandi Hilal, Alessandro Petti and Eyal Weizman's proposals for architecture in Palestine after Israeli decolonisation ('The Future Archaeology of Israel's Colonisation', spring 2009). The issues at this point (2007) went up from being published twice a year to the current rate of three times a year.

In 2006, Afterall instituted two series of books, the Readers and the One Works. The first Reader was on Eastern European art and was edited by the Slovenian art collective IRWIN; subsequent books have brought together essays on art and social change and art and the moving image. The One Works series looks at single works of contemporary art in an extended book-length analysis, and directs focus on the art object (or performance) itself.

In 2010, Afterall launched Exhibition Histories, a series of books focusing on key international exhibitions of contemporary art since 1955.

Publications
Journal
The journal Afterall is published two times a year and is distributed worldwide by the University of Chicago Press. Each issue focuses on the work of three to five selected contemporary artists, with two or more essays on each. It has featured artists such as Chantal Akerman, Paweł Althamer, Kai Althoff, Michael Asher, Michael Clark, Enrico David, Maria Eichhorn, Cerith Wyn Evans, Harun Farocki, Omer Fast, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Isa Genzken, Hilary Lloyd, Goshka Macuga, Nasreen Mohamedi, The Red Krayola, Hito Steyerl, Sturtevant, Christopher Williams and The Wooster Group.

Critical Readers
Afterall's Critical Readers is a series of survey publications that aim to look at currently significant areas of modern and contemporary art practice through the commissioning and reprinting of key texts.

The Readers include:

 Exhibition Histories
Launching in 2010, the Exhibition Histories book series addresses what happens when art becomes public. Publications to date have focused on curatorial experimentation; exhibition activity led by artists; and contested articulations of the ‘global’ and the ‘located’. The series is published in association with Asia Art Archive; the Center for Curatorial Studies, Bard College; and the Faculty of Fine, Applied and Performing Arts, University of Gothenburg.

Titles include:

 Rattemeyer, Christian, ed. (2010). Exhibiting the New Art: 'Op Losse Schroeven' and 'When Attitudes Become Form' 1969.
 Butler, Cornelia, ed. (2012). From Conceptualism to Feminism: Lucy Lippard’s Numbers Shows 1969–74. Lagnado, Lisette, (2015). Cultural Anthropophagy: The 24th Bienal de São Paulo 1998. Afterall and the Center for Curatorial Studies, Bard College.
 Chimurenga, ed. (2019). FESTAC ’77, the 2nd World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture. Afterall and Chimurenga.

One Works
One Works is a series of books, each presenting a single work of art considered in detail by a single author. The focus of the series is on contemporary art and its aim is to provoke debate about significant moments in art's recent development.One Works include:

Bordowitz, Gregg (2018). Glenn Ligon: Untitled (I Am a Man).Warner, Marina (2022). Helen Chadwick: The Oval Court.Lewis, Mark (2022). Pierre Huyghe: Human Mask.The series is distributed by MIT Press.

 Two Works
The Two Works series engages with the visual artwork’s potential for productive encounter with text, putting a contemporary artist in dialogue with a critical text of historical significance.Two Works include:

 Mulvey, Laura and Rose, Rachel (2016). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Du Bois, W. E. B. and Quarles, Christina (2021). Of Our Spiritual Strivings.''

Exhibitions
Afterall has participated in international exhibitions such as Documenta, and regularly organises conferences and symposia at venues including Tate Britain, the Showroom Gallery, the Institute of Contemporary Arts and the British Film Institute in London; REDCAT in Los Angeles; The Kitchen and Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI) in New York; and the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.

References

External links
Afterall website
Publisher website
MuHKA
New York Times Magazine, October 1, 2006. (Requires free registration.)
College Art Association feature: Los Angeles Art Magazine Editors in Conversation
The Guardian art blog

Visual arts magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1998
Triannual magazines published in the United Kingdom


The Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability (OPPAGA) is the research arm of the Florida Legislature.  OPPAGA supports the Florida Legislature by providing data, evaluative research, and objective analyses that assist legislative budget and policy deliberations.   State law, legislative leadership, and the Joint Legislative Auditing Committee determine OPPAGA's research issues. OPPAGA's research focuses on improving program performance, saving money, and ensuring that program activities are appropriate.   Since 1998, the state has saved $857 million by adopting policy options and recommendations presented in OPPAGA reports.  OPPAGA operates under the guidance of a coordinator appointed by the Joint Legislative Auditing Committee and confirmed by the House and Senate.

History
In 1994, the Florida Legislature removed the program evaluation unit from the Florida Auditor General and created OPPAGA to help improve the performance and accountability of state government. Since this time, OPPAGA has provided over 1,000 reports to the Legislature. During this period, the office has received several awards for improving state government.

National Legislative Program Evaluation Society Excellence in Evaluation Award (2010). The criteria for the award are making a positive impact, producing a notable body of work, and furthering the field of legislative evaluation. OPPAGA also received this prestigious award in 2007, 1997, and 1989.
National Legislative Program Evaluation Society Recognition of Impact Award (2016). This award distinguishes offices that release reports documenting public policy impact within their respective states. OPPAGA has won an Impact award in most years since it was first awarded in 1998.
National Legislative Program Evaluation Society Methodology Award (2015). This award recognizes projects that exemplify excellent uses of evaluation methodologies. OPPAGA also won the Methodology Award in 2011, 2009, 2007 and 2000.
Center for Accountability and Performance (CAP) Organizational Leadership Award (2001). This award recognizes an organization's outstanding application of a systems approach to performance measurement that has resulted in a culture change, sustained improvements, and demonstrated positive effects on government performance and accountability.

While Governing magazine reported that OPPAGA is "one of the most impressive legislative oversight offices in the country", the office's findings and recommendations may at times be considered controversial.  For example, a 2004 OPPAGA report found that a Medicaid "disease management" program the state launched in 1997 had failed to achieve its goals.  Under this program, drug manufacturers received an exemption from state-mandated prescription drug discounts in exchange for providing disease management services to state Medicaid recipients with chronic conditions. OPPAGA found that the program saved the state $13.4 million, far less than the projected $108.4 million.  The Florida Agency for Health Care Administration, which oversaw the program, and Pfizer, one of the pharmaceutical manufacturers that provided disease management, argued with the review's methodology. However, lawmakers ultimately followed OPPAGA's recommendation to separate the disease management program from the state-mandated drug discount exemptions. Now drug manufacturers can no longer provide disease management services in order to receive an exemption from state-mandated prescription drug discounts.

In 2011 it reported that a $108 million program to add seats to the states schools in anticipation of urgent need from 1998 to 2011, overbuilt by 25%, due to economic stagnation and subsequent lack of growth.

Products
OPPAGA provides a variety of research services.
Reports evaluate state agencies and programs and analyze specific policy issues.  Reports cover a variety of state agencies and issues, or analyze the impact of a potential program or policy.
The Government Program Summaries (GPS) is an online encyclopedia of more than 200 major Florida state government programs. It provides a basic program description, highlights recent issues related to the program, includes the latest budget information, and lists contact information and recent reports.
The Florida Monitor Weekly is a free, electronic newsletter that is delivered to over 5,500 recipients per week.  Issued every Friday, the newsletter provides policy makers, government administrators, and other interested parties with links to OPPAGA reports as well as publications by state and federal agencies, think tanks, and the media.
OPPAGA researches all aspects of state government and conducts work through four policy areas – Criminal  and Juvenile Justice; Education; Government Operations; and Health and Human Services. A staff director heads each policy area.  The following list provides examples of recent work completed by each policy area.
Criminal  and Juvenile Justice: Reviewed the possibility of creating pilot programs to use intermediate sanctions for some non-violent offenders (Report 10-27, March 2010).  The review found that these options may be appropriate for a large number of Florida's criminal justice population, as over 70% of new prison admissions and 40% of current prisoners are non-violent offenders, and the state could save $387,989 to $1.2 million for every 100 prisoners diverted from incarceration.
Education: Studied whether it would be feasible to use state-level data on promising occupations and training programs effectiveness to guide the flow of state workforce funding to postsecondary programs (Report 10-26, March 2010).  The report concluded that targeted programs do not perform substantially better than non-targeted programs. In addition, the state data sources have some limitations for targeting resources that make it currently infeasible to exclusively use it to direct state funding for career education programs.
Government Operations: Examined the enactment of laws to provide protections and remedies for existing and unregulated Internet poker activities in Florida (Report 09-39, November 2009). Found that if the Legislature wishes to provide consumer protections for Internet poker, it could consider three options: (1) maintain the status quo and monitor federal legislation that would establish a federal licensing system; (2) adopt laws that would prohibit Internet poker; or (3) adopt laws to authorize and regulate intrastate Internet poker.
Health and Human Services: Evaluated efforts to prevent, detect, deter, and recover funds lost to fraud and abuse in the Medicaid program (Report 10-32, March 2010). Determined that the Agency for Health Care Administration has taken steps to better safeguard Medicaid funds but has not implemented prior recommendations to expand its use of advanced detection methodologies, increase fines on providers that overbill for services, and ensure that managed care plans provide needed services to Medicaid beneficiaries.

Similar Agencies
The federal Government Accountability Office (GAO) is the audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of the United States Congress.

Other states have offices similar to OPPAGA, but the organizational placement of these offices differs among the states.  Nearly half of the offices performing government program evaluation operate as part of a legislative auditor general office.  In another third of the states, including Florida, evaluation offices function as independent legislative units. The remaining states house their evaluation offices within a legislative oversight or another committee (such as the legal drafting and research office).  Similar evaluation and audit organizations are listed below:
Hawaii State Auditor
Maine Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability
Minnesota Office of the Legislative Auditor
Mississippi Joint Committee on Performance Evaluation and Expenditure Review
South Carolina Legislative Audit Council
Texas Sunset Advisory Commission
Utah Office of the Legislative Auditor General
Virginia Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission
Wisconsin Legislative Audit Bureau

State legislative evaluation offices network through the National Legislative Program Evaluation Society to share ideas for improving government operations and identify options for cost savings.

References

External links
Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability
Florida Legislature
Florida House of Representatives
Florida Senate
National Conference of State Legislatures
National Legislative Program Evaluation Society
Southeastern Evaluation Association

Florida Legislature
Government of Florida


Saints Felix and Constanza were a brother and sister from the Roman city of Nuceria Alfaterna, and were martyred by the emperor Nero in 68 AD (September 19, tradition says).

References

68 deaths
1st-century Christian martyrs
Year of birth unknown


George Stewart Miller (May 12, 1884 – June 1971) was the acting president of Tufts College (later Tufts University) from 1937 to 1938, between the terms of the sixth and seventh elected presidents.

Early life and education
Miller was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1884. He received a bachelor of arts degree from Tufts in 1906, a master of arts degree from Tufts in 1907, and an honorary LL.D. from Tufts in 1941. He was a teacher of physics and history at Concord High School from 1907 to 1909; assistant principal at Monson Academy from 1909 to 1912, and head of the history department at Medford High School from 1912 to 1916.

Career at Tufts
Miller worked as a government professor at Tufts from 1916 to 1956, and as chairman of the Department of Government from 1939 to 1956.

Concurrently, Miller served as the secretary to the president of Tufts from 1916 to 1919, and as assistant to the president from 1919 to 1937. From 1937 to 1938, he served as acting president of Tufts. Subsequently, he served as vice-president and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1939 to 1951, and Dean of Administration for Tufts from 1951 to 1956. Upon his retirement as Dean of Administration, he was awarded the distinction of Dean Emeritus.

Additionally, he was elected president of the Tufts Alumni Association, and served in that role from 1954 to 1960.

Miller Hall, a dormitory on Tufts' Medford campus, is named in his honor.

Sources

1884 births
1971 deaths
Tufts University alumni
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Presidents of Tufts University
20th-century American academics


Debt evasion is the intentional act of trying to avoid attempts by creditors to collect or pursue one's debt. At an elementary level, this includes the refusal to answer one's phone by screening one's calls or by ignoring mailed notices informing the debtor of the debt. In more advanced cases, this includes misleading the creditor to believe the debtor does not reside at the location where the creditor is attempting to reach the debtor.

Evasion does not make the debt disappear, and does not make the debtor any less liable toward the creditor.

In some cases, debt evasion is not a criminal act. Some countries limit the use of imprisonment of people who are in debt as a method of forcing their repayment.

The process

In the process of debt collection, agents are doing a job they are assigned to collect debts. They are usually employed by large companies, so the likelihood the same agent will talk to the same debtor within a short enough period of time is low.

Contrary to what most debtors believe, debt evasion is not always advantageous to the debtor. The creditor, if not challenged, is able to take all legally allowable civil action against the debtor. A debtor's willingness to communicate with the creditor may help reduce some of this action.

On the other hand, any information given to creditor or its collection agency can be used against the debtor as an admission.

Methods of avoidance used

Denying existence
Some debtors pretend to be deceased to avoid paying. For example, if called, the debtor may say they are another person and claim the debtor does not live there or has died.

Court summons avoidance
Some debt is collected by court order. The debtor is summoned to court and must be served by a summons, usually at the hands of a sheriff. Many attempt to avoid contact with the sheriff and pretend they never received the summons. But the failure to come to court can only hurt the debtor. If the creditor shows to court and the debtor doesn't, the creditor is automatically awarded the case and may start collecting.

Statute of limitations
Some jurisdictions have a statute of limitations that limits the time between the last activity on the debt and the commencement of a civil suit. Once the limitation period expires, debtors can use this fact to stop the calls from an agency by demanding a civil suit be initiated, at which point they may successfully defend based on the expiration of the limitation period.

Foreign bank accounts
Some may be able to protect their assets by transferring them into a bank account in a foreign country, where the money is considered to be untouchable according to the laws of the country where the judgment was made. However, in the United States, more recent court rulings have made this more difficult.

Notes

See also
Bankruptcy
Liquidations
Administrations
Administrative Receiverships

References
Stanley G. Hilton, To Pay Or Not to Pay: Insider Secrets To Beating Credit Card Debt and Creditors, .

External links
 Insolvency Service website

Debt collection
Lawsuits
Contract law


Kim Jong-Un Hamhŭng University of Chemical Industry is a university in Hamhung, North Korea. The first science and technology institute to be established in North Korea, it was established in 1947.

See also
 List of universities in North Korea

References

Universities in North Korea
1947 establishments in Korea
Hamhung


World Cancer Research Fund UK (WCRF UK) is a cancer prevention charity in the UK and is part of the World Cancer Research Fund network.

WCRF UK funds scientific research into how diet, physical activity and weight affect cancer risk and also funds health information programmes to raise awareness so people can reduce their cancer risk by eating a healthy diet, being physically active and maintaining a healthy weight. Its stated vision is to live in a world where no one develops a preventable cancer.

History

WCRF UK was established in 1990. According to its website, it was the first cancer charity in the UK to create awareness of the relationship between diet and cancer risk, to focus funding on research into diet and cancer prevention and to consolidate and interpret global research to create practical messages on reducing risk of cancer.

First Expert Report, Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global perspective expert report was published in 1997 and examined all the available evidence on the links between cancer and diet. According to WCRF International’s website, the report was a “catalyst for change” in stimulating research into diet and cancer.

Second Expert Report: In November 2007, the WCRF global network published Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Also known as the Second Expert Report. WCRF claims the report is the most comprehensive about cancer prevention to date. Following an initial sweep of half a million research studies eventually, 7,000 were deemed relevant and met the quality criteria for definitive conclusions to be drawn about cancer prevention. A panel of 21 experts then made 10 recommendations for reducing cancer risk.

The launch of the Second Expert Report was a big news story in the UK. The report was described by the New Scientist magazine as a “landmark in our understanding of diet and cancer” while The Economist said: “It is the most rigorous study so far on the links between food, physical activity and cancer”.

Project Director of the report Professor Martin Wiseman said: “Our recommendations are based on the best science available. They are recommendations, not commandments. The whole point of them is to give people the information they need to make their everyday choices informed ones.”

Policy Report: In February 2009, the WCRF global network published Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention, a companion document to the Second Expert Report. It included 48 recommendations for changes that different groups in society can make to help prevent cancer. It also included a preventability study that estimated that a third of the most common cancers in the UK could be prevented through diet, physical activity and weight management.

Research
WCRF UK spends about £6.2 million per year on scientific research, health policy and education programmes.

WCRF International manages and administers the research programme on behalf of WCRF UK. UK researchers can apply for Investigator Initiated grants for a maximum of £250,000 for up to four years or for Seed grants for a maximum of £60,000 for two years.

WCRF UK also works with Imperial College London on its Continuous Update Project. This is a process designed to keep the evidence on diet and cancer current as new evidence emerges.

Health Information programmes
WCRF UK's Great Grub Club programme is aimed at four to seven-year-olds and their parents. According to its website, its aim is to encourage healthy eating and an active lifestyle in a fun and informative way.

WCRF UK produces publications that aim to translate scientific research into language that is easy to understand, providing information about the links between lifestyle and cancer and advice on how to make healthy changes.

A newsletter for supporters is published four times a year that includes information about scientific findings and gives practical advice about making healthy lifestyle changes.

WCRF UK provides information for health professionals to help them educate their patients. This includes publishing Informed, a newsletter aimed at health professionals. There is also a specific section for health professionals on the WCRF UK website.

Fundraising
Most of WCRF UK’s income is from the general public. It raises money in a range of ways from single donations, regular donations, running events and gifts left in wills.

See also
 American Institute for Cancer Research
 Cancer in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 Official website

Cancer organisations based in the United Kingdom
Cancer research organizations
1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1990


SS Fortress Regiment 1  () was an improvised unit of the Waffen SS formed in February 1945, during World War II, for service in the defence of the German city of Breslau, during the Red Army's Siege of Breslau. The regiment engaged in savage house to house fighting against the invading Red Army that lasted 82 days but surrendered at the end of the siege on 6 May 1945.

Commander
SS-Obersturmbannführer Georg-Robert Besslein

References

Munoz, Antonio J - Forgotten Legions: Obscure Combat Formations of the Waffen-SS

Military units and formations of the Waffen-SS
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1945 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany


The Lorenz rifle was an Austrian rifle used in the mid 19th century. It was used in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and also featured prominently in the American Civil War.

History
The Lorenz rifle was designed by Austrian lieutenant Joseph Lorenz. It was first approved for manufacture in 1854, and was Austria's first all-new infantry firearm since 1842. The demand for the rifles was much greater than what the Austrian state arsenals could produce, so much of the production was done by private manufacturers. Many of these manufacturers did not have the skill and precision required to make what was then a very modern and sophisticated rifle design, and as a result, the quality of Lorenz rifles varied quite a bit. The bore diameters also varied quite a bit due to insufficient control of allowable tolerances. This often left too much of a gap between the bullet and the barrel, resulting in poor performance.

Replacing the earlier Augustin musket, the Lorenz was first distributed to Austrian soldiers in 1855. Despite its superiority to the Augustin, the Lorenz suffered from slow delivery and was sometimes used ineffectively due to prevailing conservatism in tactics and training. By 1859, the year of the Austro-Sardinian War, not all Austrian units had received the new rifle.

Design features
The Lorenz rifle was a percussion-type muzzleloader, and as such was similar in design to the British Pattern 1853 Enfield and the American Springfield Model 1861 rifle-muskets. It had a  barrel which was held into place by three barrel bands. The barrel was .5473 caliber, which was slightly smaller than the .577 used by the Enfield and the .58 standardized in later Springfields.

The stock was made of beech or occasionally walnut. The Lorenz could have either block or leaf-sights.

The rifle was fitted with a quadrangle socket bayonet.

Use
The Lorenz rifle first saw action in the Second Italian War of Independence. It was later used in the Balkans. The original Model 1854 Lorenz rifle was replaced in the Austrian army by an improved Model 1862 variant. This later variant was the main Austrian weapon during the Austro-Prussian War, where the Prussian Dreyse needle gun generally outclassed them. After the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire converted some 70,000 Lorenz rifles into the Wänzl breechloader until they had enough M1867 Werndl-Holub rifles to arm the military.

The Prussians, who had large numbers of captured Lorenz rifles, converted about 35,599 rifles into Zündnadel-Defensionsgewehr Ö/M (M1854/II System Lorenz) and issued them to Landwehr units in the Franco-Prussian War.

In the late 19th century surplus Lorenz rifles were sold in Africa as trade guns.

American Civil War
The Lorenz rifle was the third most widely used rifle during the American Civil War. The Union recorded purchases of 226,924 and the Confederacy bought as many as 100,000. Confederate-bought Lorenz rifles saw heavy use in the Army of Mississippi in 1863–64, with many of them being issued to re-equip regiments captured at the siege of Vicksburg and later exchanged. On the Union side, continental European firearms were mostly distributed to the Western armies—as such, the Lorenz Rifle was relatively uncommon in the Army of the Potomac (although two regiments of the famous Iron Brigade carried them) but heavily used by the Army of the Cumberland and Army of the Tennessee.

The quality of Lorenz rifles during the Civil War was not consistent. Some were considered to be of the finest quality (particularly ones from the Vienna Arsenal), and were sometimes praised as being superior to the Enfield; others, especially those in later purchases from private contractors, were described as horrible in both design and condition. Many of these poorer-quality weapons were swapped out on the battlefield for the British Enfield or the American Springfield rifle-muskets whenever these were available. A fair number of Lorenz rifles had also been used in the 1859 conflict with France and were worn and not in pristine condition when they reached the United States.

Lorenz rifles in the Civil War were generally used with .54 caliber cartridges designed for the Model 1841 "Mississippi" rifle. These differed from the cartridges manufactured in Austria and may have contributed to the unreliability of the weapons. Many of the rifles were bored out to .58 caliber to accommodate standard Springfield rifle ammunition, which also created problems as the Lorenz was designed to fire a solid base bullet instead of the hollow base Minie ball. The sights on the gun also were not measured in the English measuring units used in the United States but a different German measurement system—as such, this made it difficult for soldiers to aim and fire them accurately. Improper cleaning of the rifles also may have contributed to problems. Although Austrian army manuals described proper usage and maintenance of Lorenz rifles, none of them were translated into English.

Variants

The Lorenz rifle was produced in three different variants, designed for short, medium, and long range combat. The short range version, which was the most common, had less of a twist in the rifling and lacked long range sights. The medium range version had more of a twist in the rifling to increase long range accuracy and had movable long range sights. The long range version had an even greater twist in the rifling as well as a finer adjustable sight. This long-range version was intended only for use by elite fighting units.

The rifle was also produced in two different patterns, the 1854 and the 1862. The Pattern 1862 had a different type of lock plate that more closely resembled that used on the Enfield. Pattern 1862 rifles were also more consistent in their manufacturing.

A large number of Lorenz rifles purchased by the Union during the Civil War had their barrels bored to .58 caliber so that they could fire the same ammunition as the Enfield and Springfield rifle-muskets. The boring on these rifles suffered from the same lack of consistency that was found in the original manufacturer of the rifles. Confederate purchased rifles were kept in .54 caliber.

The finish on the rifles varied. Some were blued, some browned, and others were polished bright.

Users
Austrian Empire
Bolivia
Confederate States
France
Redshirts (Italy)
Second Mexican Empire
Principality of Montenegro
Peru
Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (January Uprising)
Kingdom of Saxony
United States

Conflicts
Occupation of Danubian Principalities 1855-1857
Second Italian War of Independence 1859
Expedition of the Thousand 1860-1861
Brigandage in southern Italy 1861-1870
American Civil War 1861-1865
Montenegrin–Ottoman War 1861–62
January Uprising 1863-1864
Second Schleswig War 1864
Second French intervention in Mexico 1861-1867 (Austrian Voluntary Corps December 1864 – 1866)
Austro-Prussian War 1866
Third Italian War of Independence 1866
Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
War of the Pacific 1879-1883

See also
 Weapons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
 Rifles in the American Civil War

References

Rifled muskets
American Civil War rifles
Weapons of the Confederate States of America
Rifles of Austria


The River Gadder is  long tributary of the River Wissey. It rises from a tiny headwater in  the north-east of the parish of Cockley Cley in the English county of Norfolk. The river rises in a watermeadow  north east of Home Farm.

The course
From its head the river runs in a south-westerly direction through a shallow valley surrounded by the breckland landscape towards the village of Cockley Cley. The river skirts the southern edge of the village and provides a haven for wildlife. The grasslands either side of the river are protected under the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme. Various species of fish including stickleback, bullhead and brown trout can be viewed in the river's crystal clear water.

Gooderstone Water Gardens
Further downstream the river reaches Gooderstone. The village takes its name from the river. Gooderstone Water Gardens were created by retired farmer Billy Knights in 1970 from a wet meadow. They cover an area of  beside the river. There are four ponds, waterways, 13 bridges, flat grassy paths, mature trees and shrubs and colourful bog plants and border perennials. Amenities include a tearoom, plant sales, toilets for disabled people and seating areas throughout the garden. A  wildlife area has been put aside together with a kingfisher hide

Oxborough and Oxburgh Hall
The river now heads towards Oxborough and here the river's waters are used to feeds the moat around Oxburgh Hall. Today the hall is in the care of the National Trust. Built around 1482 by Sir Edmund Bedingfield. Oxburgh has always been a family home, not a fortress. The manor of Oxburgh came to the Bedingfeld family by marriage before 1446, and the house has been continuously inhabited by them since their construction of it in 1482, the date of Edward Bedingfeld's licence to crenellate.
After running a course of  the river joins the River Wissey on its northern bank close to Oxborough Hythe.

Gallery

References

Gadder, river


The Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (BPSI) is a psychoanalytic research, training, education facility that is affiliated with the American Psychoanalytic Association and the International Psychoanalytic Association. There were no psychoanalytic societies devoted to Sigmund Freud in Boston prior to his visit to Worcester, Massachusetts in 1909, though after 1909 there were individuals interested in Freud's writings, including James Jackson Putnam, L. Eugene Emerson, Isador Coriat, William Healy, and Augusta Bronner.

The present society and institute (abbreviated BPSI) was founded by psychoanalyst Franz Alexander around 1931.  The BPSI is the third oldest psychoanalytic institute in the United States; the New York Psychoanalytic Institute was first in 1911, and the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis was founded in 1930 (like the Boston society, also by Franz Alexander). The Boston organization became a constituent Society of the American Psychoanalytic Association in 1933, and was recognized as a full Society/Institute by APsaA in 1947. In its early years, the Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts General Hospital was strongly associated with BPSI, especially through its first chief Stanley Cobb.

Associated figures
Persons who have been associated with the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute include the following:

Franz Alexander (22 January 1891 – 8 March 1964), Hungarian-American psychoanalyst and physician who is considered one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic criminology.
Edward Bibring
Grete L. Bibring
Philip Holzman
Felix Deutsch
Helene Deutsch
Erich Lindemann
Arnold Modell
Beata Rank-Minzer
Hanns Sachs
Elvin Semrad

See also
American Psychoanalytic Association
International Psychoanalytic Association
American Imago

Further reading
Gifford, Sanford. (1978). Psychoanalysis in Boston: Innocence and experience. In G. E. Gifford Jr. (Ed.), Psychoanalysis, psychotherapy and the New England medical scene, 1894-1944 (pp. 325–345). New York: Science History Publications.
Hale, Nathan G. Jr. (1971a). Freud and the Americans: The beginnings of psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hale, Nathan G. Jr. (1971b). James Jackson Putnam and psychoanalysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

References

External links
The Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute

Psychology research institutes
Organizations based in Boston
Organizations established in 1931
Psychoanalysis in the United States
Psychology organizations based in the United States
Mental health organizations in Massachusetts


Jóannes Patursson (May 6, 1866 – August 2, 1946) was a Faroese nationalist leader and poet. He served as a member of the Parliament of Denmark and the Parliament of the Faroe Islands.

Background
Jóannes was born in 1866 as the eldest son of a wealthy farmer in Kirkjubøur. He was the great-grandson of the Faroese national hero Nólsoyar Páll (originally, Poul Poulsen Nolsøe). His brother Sverri Patursson was an important writer and his sister Susanna Helena Patursson the first feminist of the Faroe Islands.

The so-called King's Farm of Kirkjubøur dates back to the 11th century, was the seat of the Faroese bishop until the 1536 Reformation and became — and still remains today — the greatest Royal Danish fief of the Faroese when King Christian III of Denmark confiscated the clerical properties.
On the traditional farmstead he grew up in an environment where Faroese folklore was especially cultivated. Here people had gathered for centuries for the daily Kvøldseta, the evening get-together, where old tales would be told, Faroese ballads would be sung and the Faroese dance was popular. All this happened at a time when the Faroese language was only just being committed to writing due to this oral tradition.

National movement

Jóannes was sent to Norway for an apprenticeship in farming.

At home in Tórshavn, the Faroese capital near the Patursson farm, Danish was at the time the overwhelmingly dominant language. Still it was a time of national awakening. Already in 1856 the Danish trading monopoly had been lifted from the Faroe Islands and the islanders were experiencing a fast development from a medieval agricultural society to a modern nation of fishermen.

In 1888, the Faroese national movement was "officially" created at the Christmas Meeting, Jóannes Patursson being one of the main actors. Especially for this occasion he wrote a battle hymn, Nú er tann stundin komin til handa (Now is the hour come for acting). Allegedly, the 22-year-old Patursson was too timid to present his hymn at the meeting, so his older compatriot Rasmus Effersøe was selected.

Although Nú er tann stundin komin til handa does not reach the quality of Patursson's later poetry, it became a symbol of the struggle of the Faroese language and culture which, for example, was later to be Janus Djurhuus' "linguistic baptism".

Political career
In 1901, at the age of 35, Patursson was elected to the Løgting (Faroese parliament) for the first time, he was a member of the Løgting from 1901 til 1946. He was member of the Parliament of Denmark 1901–06, as one of two Faroese members, representing the Faroe Islands, and again in the periods 1918-1920 and 1928–1936, this time in the Landsting (there were two chambers before 1935).

In 1903 he published his book Færøsk politik (Faroese politics) in which he formulates five guidelines:

The Løgting is elected by the entire people and is led by a chairman and his substitute.
The Ombudsman of the Realm participates in the sessions but he himself has no voting right.
No law of the Faroe Islands becomes effective without approval by the Løgting.
The Løgting may suggest laws which can be directly approved by the chairman.
Under the supervision of the chairman, the Løgting gains control of Faroese finances.

At the time, such demands were revolutionary, while today they are the basis of Faroese politics.

In 1906, Patursson founded the Independence Party, Sjálvstýrisflokkurin.

In 1939 he was again co-founder of a party, the People's Party, Fólkaflokkurin, becoming their vice-chairman.

Bibliography
Færøsk politik. Nogle uddrag og betragtninger (1903).
Kvæðabók, 5 vol (1922–1945).
Føroysk kvæði : Um brøgd norðmanna ættarinnar úti og heima (1925).
Færøsk selvstyre. Færingerne, et nordisk mindretal et norønt folk. (1931).
Yrkingar, poems (1932).
Við ókunnugum fólki til Kirkjubøar (1933).
Heilsan í forðum og nú (1936).
Tættir úr Kirkjubøar søgu, endurminningar (1966).

References

External links
patursson.fo - Website of the Kirkjubøur Farm
faroeartstamps.fo - Jóannes Patursson

19th-century Faroese poets
1866 births
1946 deaths
Faroese-language poets
Self-Government (Faroe Islands) politicians
People's Party (Faroe Islands) politicians
Faroese members of the Folketing
20th-century Faroese poets
Faroese male poets
19th-century Faroese people
19th-century male writers
People from Kirkjubøur
20th-century Danish male writers
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross
Faroese independence activists
Faroese nationalists


Hartshead Moor services is a motorway service station on the M62 near Brighouse, West Yorkshire. It is the highest service station in the United Kingdom.

History

Construction
The service area was built from March 1972 by Shepherd Construction, for Ross Motorway Services, after Leicester Forest East, and with Membury services. Construction was to  begin in December 1971. Cooperation would be with Huddersfield Polytechnic for training staff. 250 staff would be needed in the summer, and 225 in the winter. Each side would be 16 acres, with no restaurant. There would be a cafeteria on each side, with a movable partition for the transport cafeteria.

In February 1973, 46 year old Richard Clark was appointed as general manager. He had been catering manager of Washington Service Area, for Esso, and general manager of Leigh Delamere services, when it opened on the M4. He was married, with a policeman son. It opened on Thursday 5 July 1973, when the motorway section opened.

The 7.5 mile M62 section from Ainley Top to the Chain Bar (M606 motorway) was opened at the service station by Keith Speed on Thursday 5 July 1973. The motorway section should have opened in December 1972, but there was a report into box girder bridges by Sir Alec Merrison. It was the first permanently-lit section of motorway in Yorkshire, with five hundred 40-foot-high lights, and 46 miles of cable. In the summer of 1972, there was also a strike by the National Federation of Building Trades Operatives.

1974 coach bombing

On 4 February 1974, a bomb was detonated on a coach ferrying British Army and Royal Air Force personnel from and to the bases at Catterick and Darlington during a period of industrial strike action on the trains. The incident occurred between junctions 26 and 27, shortly after midnight while most of those aboard were sleeping. Twelve people died and more than fifty were injured.

A memorial plaque was installed in memory of those who were killed, situated in the entrance hall of the westbound section of the service area, which was used as a first aid station for those wounded in the blast. A memorial service was held at the service area in February 2004. In 2009, a new memorial was created outside the service area at the wishes of the relatives of those killed.

Incidents
In December 2005, the RSPCA working with the BBC filmed the sale of an African puff adder at the service area, exploiting a legal loophole to sell on the snake. It was discovered in April 2006 that the service area's toilets were frequently being used for homosexual activity.

Alpine Cleaning Services, who successfully pitched for investment on the television show Dragons' Den, opened one of their first truck-washing facilities at the service area in August 2006.

Mural
The service station is one of fourteen for which large murals were commissioned from artist David Fisher in the 1990s, designed to reflect the local area and history.

Location
The services are located between junctions 25 and 26 of the M62.

Awards
2007 Loo of the Year award – Baby Change Facilities.

References

External links

Motorway Services Online – Hartshead Moor
Motorway Services Info – Hartshead Moor

 Welcome Break motorway service stations
 M62 motorway service stations
 Buildings and structures in Calderdale


William George Pye (27 October 1869 – 13 October 1949) was a British engineer and businessman who founded W. G. Pye, a company which manufactured scientific and optical equipment.

The firm, founded in 1896, prospered during World War I by manufacturing specialist equipment such as gun sights and the Aldis signalling lamp. After the war, new products had to be found and the company started to manufacture radio parts such as thermionic valves and later a radio.

Harold John Pye, William's son, joined the firm and helped to develop an improved radio which proved so successful that the radio manufacturing side of W. G. Pye and the rights to the name Pye Radio were sold. William and Harold continued to operate W. G. Pye, making optical equipment. World War II again brought an increase of business. In 1947, Pye Radio approached Harold with a substantial offer that would reunite the radio and optical divisions.

William died at Bexhill, Sussex on 13 October 1949.

References

1869 births
1949 deaths
English businesspeople
People from Battersea
Pye family


Robert Hutchins may refer to:

 Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899–1977), American educational philosopher
 Robert Owen Hutchins (1939–2009), American organic chemist and educator
 Bobby Hutchins (1925–1945), American child actor

See also
Robert Hutchings (fl. 1980s–2010s), former chair of the National Intelligence Council


Narayan Holiyappa Gouda (1938–1992) was a M.L.A to the Karnataka state Legislative Assembly, Bangalore from 1985-1989. He was elected from the Janata Dal. At that time Ramakrishna Hegde from the Janata party was the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

References

1938 births
1992 deaths
Kannada people
People from Uttara Kannada
Karnataka MLAs 1985–1989


Harold John Pye (27 November 1901 – 20 January 1986) was the son of William George Pye who, in 1896, started a company called W G Pye which manufactured scientific and optical equipment. The firm prospered during the Second World War by manufacturing specialist equipment such as gun sights. After the war, new products needed to be found and the company started to manufacture radio parts and eventually a radio. Harold  joined the firm and helped to develop a new radio which proved so successful that the radio manufacturing side of W G Pye and the rights to the name Pye Radio were bought. William and Harold continued to operate W G Pye making optical equipment.

In 1949, Pye Radio approached Harold with a substantial offer that would reunite the radio and optical divisions. The offer was accepted and Harold retired to become a farmer at Burnham on Crouch in Essex.

He died at Ipswich, Suffolk, on 20 January 1986.

References

1901 births
1986 deaths
20th-century British businesspeople


HMS Blossom was an 18-gun  sloop-of-war.  She was built in 1806 and is best known for the 1825–1828 expedition under Captain Beechey to the Pacific Ocean. She explored as far north as Point Barrow, Alaska, the furthest point into the Arctic any non-Inuit had been at the time. She was finally broken up in 1848.

Napoleonic Wars
On 26 February 1808 Blossom was in company with  when they captured Sally and Hetty, William Fleming, Master. Blossom was in company with Jamaica when they recaptured the American brig Iris.

In the mid-morning of 23 February 1812, Blossom was  off Cabrera when a strange schooner sailed towards her, mistaking her for a merchantman. When the schooner realized her mistake a five-hour chase followed before Blossom was able to capture the schooner . Jean Bart was of 147.5 tons (bm) and had been launched in Marseilles only five weeks earlier. She was armed with five 12 and two 6-pounder guns, and had a crew of 106 men under the command of Jean Francis Coulome. She had made no captures but within the previous five days her excellent sailing had enabled her to evade two British frigates and a brig.

On 18 August 1812, shortly after the outbreak of war with America, Blossom and  were in sight when the letter of marque  captured the American ship Grace Ann Green.

Post-war
Blossom was re-rated as a 24-gun sixth rate in February 1817. Between July 1824 and August 1825, she was at Deptford and Woolwich being converted to serve as an exploration ship in "icy seas". In January 1825 Commander Frederick Beechey commissioned her for exploration of the Pacific Northwest.

In 1917 a copper plate was discovered in the Bonin Islands, inscribed with a message claiming the islands as a British possession:

In 1827, Captain Beechey discovered a submerged obstacle in San Francisco Bay, that threatened ships sailing to the young port of San Francisco, California. His soundings revealed that it was a large rock, whose top was  below the water line at mean low tide. The rock was previously uncharted, and too large to be removed from the channel by the technology available then. Beechey named the obstacle Blossom Rock, in honour of his ship. Beechey also discovered that two especially prominent giant sequoia trees on the east coast of the bay could serve as a navigational aid to locate the position of the rock, allowing ships to bypass the obstacle and avoid a wreck. This location is marked by California Historical Landmark #962, "Blossom Rock Navigation Trees." In 1870, American military engineers, led by R. S. Williamson, were able to develop technology adequate to remove enough of Blossom Rock to mitigate the hazard to ships.

Blossom was paid off in May 1828. Between April and August 1829, she was at Woolwich being fitted as a survey ship. In May, Richard Owen recommissioned her for the Jamaica station. She remained there until some point in 1832. While she was there the 1-gun schooner  served as Blossoms ship's tender until Monkey wrecked in 1831. The Navy then purchased a second schooner to function as a tender for Blossom, and renamed the tender . The Navy sold Monkey after Blossom returned to Britain in 1832.

Fate
Blossom was hulked as a lazarette at Sheerness in January 1833, and was broken up at Chatham in August 1848.

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration
 Blossom Point, Wrangel Island, named after the ship.

Notes

Sources

References

 Ships of discovery and exploration, by Lincoln P. Paine
 Earliest Records of the Islands Their Discovery by Captain Beechey, H.M.S. Blossom
 Mid-Victorian RN vessel HMS Blossom

External links

 Map of the 1825-1828 voyage under the command of Beechey

1806 ships
Arctic exploration vessels
Cormorant-class ship-sloops
Survey vessels of the Royal Navy
Victorian-era sloops of the United Kingdom


The Israeli Football Hall of Fame is Hall of Fame for the best association football players in the history of the Israeli football, initiated by sports channel in cooperation with the Israeli Football Players Association in Israel, Financed by the Israeli Sports Betting Council. A special panel of media covering the football industry in Israel formed in March and April 2009 and selected fifty players to be added to the Hall of Fame, from an initial list of a hundred candidates. Names of the players entered the Hall of Fame a month later. Danny Inbar was the program presenter.

Among the special committee members there were members of sports men, sport broadcasters, sports writers and culture officials, including: Guy Cohen, Jeremy Weitz, Moti Kirschenbaum, Yoram Arbel, Gavri Levi, Avi Meller, Shlomi Barzel, Dani Dvorin, Amir Efrat, Zuhir Bahlul, and more.

The fifty members of the Hall of Fame chose Mordechai Spiegler, Eyal Berkovic, Haim Revivo, Eli Ohana and Uri Malmilian as the best five Israeli football players in the Israeli football history. Also, they selected Mordechai Spiegler as the greatest football player in Israel, and Eli Ohana goal in the match against Australia in the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification was selected as the most important goal of all time. In addition, the Israeli national team's game against Sweden in the 1970 FIFA World Cup was elected the best game in history, while Emmanuel Scheffer who managed the national team won the World Cup Lifetime Achievement Award.

Inductees
The following list includes the footballers who were named in the Hall of Fame:

References

External links
Sport5 Hall of Fame official website
Israeli Football Players Association official website
Spiegler, Ohana, Malmilian, Revivo and Berkovic in the Hall of Fame

History of football in Israel
Association football museums and halls of fame
Halls of fame in Israel
Israeli sports trophies and awards


Leonard Chapin Mead (December 28, 1913 - October 11, 2002) was the acting president of Tufts University from 1966 to 1967, between the terms of the eighth and ninth elected presidents.

Early life and education
Mead was born in Milford, Massachusetts. He received a bachelor of arts degree from Dartmouth College in 1936, as well as a master's degree in 1937 and a Ph.D. in 1939 from the University of Rochester.

Career at Tufts
Mead held a variety of teaching positions in the Psychology Department at Tufts from 1939 until his retirement in 1976.

Mead also served as the dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences from 1953 to 1959, and then as the senior vice president and provost from 1959 to 1966. He served as acting president from 1966 through 1967, when he was awarded an honorary degree from Tufts. In 1968, he took a leave of absence to serve as the project specialist for the Ford Foundation at the University of Delhi in India. He returned to Tufts and retired in 1979.

Sources

1913 births
People from Milford, Massachusetts
University of Rochester alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
2002 deaths
Presidents of Tufts University
20th-century American academics


This is a map and list of European countries by budget revenues per capita. The data is from the CIA Factbook, with numbers from 2007 in US$.

Map

Countries in blue have more than US$10,000 per capita, countries in green are between $3,000 and $10,000 and countries in yellow are below $3,000 budget revenue per capita.

List

See also
International organisations in Europe
List of European countries by budget revenues
List of European countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of European countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
List of European countries by GNI (nominal) per capita
List of European countries by GNI (PPP) per capita
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by budget revenues per capita

References

Budget revenues
Europe budget revenues
Europe Budget revenues
Budget revenues per capita


The 1859 New York state election was held on November 8, 1859, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate. Besides, the voters were asked if the State could take a loan of US$2,500,000, which was answered in the affirmative with 125,370 for and 77,466 against.

History
This was the last campaign of the American Party. They did not nominate anyone on their own ticket, but endorsed five Republican and four Democratic nominees.

Results
Almost the whole cross-endorsed American ticket was elected. The approximate strength of The Republican Party (251,000 votes) was about the same as the combined strength of the Democratic Party (227,000 votes) and the American Party (24,000 votes). The five Republicans endorsed by the American Party had an easy victory, three of the four Democrats endorsed by the American Party struggled to win in a very tight race, only Elderkin missed the mark by 590 votes out of more than half a million cast.

The incumbents Church, Tremain, Vanderpoel and Johnson were defeated. The incumbent Richmond was re-elected.

23 Republicans and nine Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1860–61) in the New York State Senate.

91 Republicans and 37 Democrats were elected for the session of 1860 to the New York State Assembly.

Sources
Result in The Tribune Almanac 1860

Notes
The numbers given are the total votes on the Republican and American tickets for Denniston, Myers, Dorsheimer, Davies and Hughes, and the total of Democratic and American votes for Floyd-Jones, Richmond, Skinner and Elderkin.
The votes given are the actual returns as transmitted by the counties to the Secretary of State, the officially declared vote (in parentheses) for some candidates is a little lower because on technicalities some of the votes were not allowed to be counted.

See also
New York state elections

1859

New York


Ishkoman Aghost pass (el. 15,050 ft.) is a high mountain pass in Pakistan. It is also spelled as Ishkurman Aghost and Ishkuman Aghost pass. Another name for this pass is Panji Pass. This mountain pass connects Ishkoman Valley to Yasin Valley in Gizar, Gilgit Baltistan (Northern Areas) Province of Pakistan.

Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan


Howard Stone may refer to:

 Howard A. Stone, American professor of engineering
 Howard F. Stone, U.S. Army general


James Nelson Barker (June 17, 1784 – March 9, 1858) was an American soldier, playwright and politician. He rose to the rank of major in the Army during the War of 1812, wrote ten plays, and was mayor of Philadelphia.

Early life
Barker was born on June 17, 1784, in Philadelphia. He was the fourth son of John Barker, and Mary Nelson, who were married on July 13, 1769. His education was limited, for though he attended local schools, he spent more time reading books than studying. However, Barker's father ensured that his son was educated in gentlemanly etiquette and the ability to defend himself with a sword or pistol. Barker began writing in 1804. The Spanish Rover was a three-act play based on Cervantes. However, only one act was completed, and eventually burned. His studies were also challenged by travel. He joined an expedition to the West Indies in 1806, much to his parents' unease. His first produced play, Tears and Smiles (1807), was a social comedy. It premiered on March 4, 1807, at The Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia. His next play, The Embargo; or, What News? (1808), was a drama about the Embargo Acts of December 22, 1807, and February 19, 1808, which forbade vessels to engage in foreign trade. Barker was a lifelong Democrat, and his father John was a mayor of the city from 1808 to 1809.

In September 1808, Barker joined "The Democratic Young Men", a Philadelphia political organization. His involvement in the organization led to his naming as a member of vigilance to supervise the voting at the election, which led to the Democratic control of councils. This control then led to his father's second term as mayor of the city from 1812 to 1813. In 1809, 25-year-old Barker was sent by his father to Washington to gain political experience and to prepare for a political career. This visit served both to train him in politics and to give him political contacts, as he was invited to meet with James Madison. In 1811, Barker married Mary Rogers. His daughter, Rachel Jackson Mary Barker, was named after Andrew Jackson's wife Rachel Jackson.

Literary influence
Barker's plays show awareness of the problems with the government's attitude that it was the center of the new America's society. He sought to demonstrate that the American experience could be used to shape national identity. He considered himself to be an American playwright who was committed to exploring native subjects and themes. His work reflected the conflict for American authors in finding their own native voice. He believed that American artistic tastes should be independent of those of Europe, and condemned Americans' feelings of inferiority. He took the position that American art was to be both democratic and useful. Two of Barker's most popular plays were The Indian Princess and Marmion. Superstition is considered one of Barker's best plays.

The Indian Princess

The Indian Princess; or, La Belle Sauvage (1808), is a melodrama about the Pocahontas story. Though originally written as a play, Barker decided to turn it into an operatic melodrama, collaborating  with the English John Bray, who wrote the music. It is the first play that survives in its entirety with Native American characters (Ponteach from 1766, for example, was a play about Native Americans that was never produced). It was also the first original American play to be produced in London after being premiered in America. However, according to the American music scholar H. Wiley Hitchcock, the London production was "a bowdlerized version" of the original. In a letter of June 10, 1832, to William Dunlap, Barker said that the London production at Drury Lane "differs essentially from mine in the plan and arrangement". It was premiered at The Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. It is based on Captain John Smith's Generall Historie of Virginia (1624), though he used Smith's text freely. Its New York premiere was at the Park Theatre on June 14, 1809. It satisfied intrigue for both American and English audiences regarding the figure of the Native American. Even though romantic conquest takes precedence over colonial conquest, it is evident that the connection between the two is strong. The Indian Princess gained popularity due to a search for a national identity, as American history was becoming more popular. As Susan Scheckel wrote, "In bringing Pocahontas to the popular stage, James Nelson Barker enlisted the conventions of melodrama to produce a romanticized version of American history that resolved conflicts implicit in past acts of conquest and revolution and defined national identity in terms that reinforced a sense of moral and cultural integrity." Though historical accuracy is overshadowed by romantic melodrama, Barker was aware that that was what his audience wanted, as they were accustomed to romantic melodramas from England. As Jeffrey H. Richards noted, "In Barker, the Native Americans are identified specifically with a history of the North American mainland and a people that spectators in 1808 would easily identify as Indian." A common practice of the time was to add music to performances, whether in song or not. Because of the music, audiences flocked to it.

Marmion
Marmion; or, The Battle of Flodden Field (1812), was premiered in New York at the Park Theatre on April 13, 1812. It is a blank-verse dramatization of Sir Walter Scott's poem Marmion. It was premiered in New York because there was already a production in Philadelphia with the same name at the Olympic Theatre. Marmion had its Philadelphia premiere on January 1, 1813. Though it is set in sixteenth century England and Scotland, it addressed nineteenth century America and its relationship with England regarding a heated debate with Congress about the imprisonment of American seamen. It was initially purposefully attributed to the English dramatist Thomas Morton, out of fear of disregard for a play by an American. It was believed that when the true playwright was revealed, ticket sales would drop. However, according to the diary of William Wood, who requested that Barker write the play, the ticket sales were as follows:
Jan. 1, 1813, $1414.75Jan. 2, $357.25Jan. 11, $578Jan. 18, $845Feb. 5, 332Feb. 15, $466.

According to Wood, the truth was revealed after the sixth or seventh performance. Ticket sales remained constant, and Marmion was one of the longest running dramas of Barker's career. By the time Marmion premiered in Philadelphia, Barker had gone to the Canada–US border as captain of the Second Artillery Regiment.

Superstition; or, The Fanatic Father
Superstition, or, The Fanatic Father (1824) was first staged on the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia on March 12, 1824. Superstition is a melodrama written during the Romantic movement that took form in America in the early 1800s. According to Allan Gates Halline in his introduction to Superstition in American Plays, "The appeal to reason and knowledge suggest that Barker was reflecting the rationalistic thought current shortly before and partly during the period in which he was writing." The setting of Superstition takes place in the Puritans' Massachusetts Bay Colony in the early 17th-century. The play's protagonist, Charles Fitzroy, and his mother, Isabella, are unfairly condemned by the town's Puritan leader, Reverend Ravensworth. After the New England town defends itself from a Native American raid, Charles and Isabella are put on trial and are executed for supposed witchcraft. Superstition addresses the hypocritical practices of the Puritans as well as glorifying American exceptionalism. While this melodrama does follow many of the common tropes and character archetypes for which 19th-century melodrama was known, Barker subverts many of these expectations by including a tragic ending where the protagonist dies and the antagonist goes unpunished. According to John Gassner's introduction to Superstition in Best American Plays, "[Superstition] was also the culmination of Baker's most distinguishing characteristics, as a playwright—namely, his concern with American subjects and problems."

1812-1819
Barker served as a soldier in the War of 1812. He was appointed captain in the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania Artillery on May 26, 1812, by William Eustis, Secretary of War. In 1814, he was severely wounded in a duel. He was shot in both legs by Major Wade Hampton, father of the Confederate general, and he was incapacitated from active service for several years. He was appointed major when he was made assistant adjutant general of the 4th Military District by President Madison on April 8, 1814. He was honorably discharged in June 1815. After discharge, he returned to Philadelphia, where he continued working in politics, as well as writing and supporting theater. Between 1815 and 1817, he wrote reviews for the Chestnut Street Theatre and he was a trustee of the Theatrical Fund for Indigent Actors. Barker wrote his next drama, The Armourer's Escape; or, Three Years at Nootka Sound, in 1817. It was based on the real-life adventures of John Jewitt, who played himself at the premiere. Though the playbill has survived, the two-act melodrama has not. It was premiered on March 21, 1817. His next piece, An oration delivered at Philadelphia Vauxhall Gardens, on the forty-first anniversary of American independence, was published in 1817, printed by John Binns (Philadelphia). In spring 1817, Barker took his father's seat on the Philadelphia board of Aldermen. In 1819, Barker was elected Mayor of Philadelphia. As mayor, he was known for being fair, speaking out against slavery, raising funds for local charities and sending aid to Savannah after the city was hurt by a devastating fire.

Later life
After his term as mayor had ended, he continued to write. Superstition; or, The Fanatic Father (1824), is a tragedy, produced at the Chestnut Street Theatre in 1824 with Mary Ann Duff as Mary. According to historian Arthur Hobson Quinn, the plot revolves around "Puritan refugee Goff, issuing from his solitude to lead the villagers to victory against the Indians. With this theme he interwove that of the intolerance of the New England Puritans and their persecution for witchcraft."  His play, How to Try a Lover, was written in 1817, but was not produced until 1836 as The Court of Love. It was premiered in Philadelphia on March 26, 1836, at the Arch Street Theatre. It is a dramatic adaptation of the French picaresque novel, La folie espagnole, by Pigault-Lebrun (1753–1835). Barker wrote, "It was the only drama I have written with which I was satisfied." However, Barker felt he could better serve society as a politician than a dramatist. He was unable to combine his political and literary roles, which led to him seeing himself as primarily a politician and an author second. He turned his focus from writing plays to writing political tracts, commemorative poems and local history between 1818 and 1858. His non-fiction works include A Sketch of Primitive Settlements on Delaware River (1827) and contributions to the columns of many Democratic journals during the Bank War and Panic, from 1832 to 1836 which were highly valued. In addition to writing, from 1829 to 1838, Barker was the collector of the port of Philadelphia, and from 1841 to 1858, he was the assistant comptroller of the U.S. Treasury. He was involved in the presidential campaigns for both Jackson and Van Buren during the 1820s and 1830s. He died in 1858 of pneumonia in Washington, D.C.

Legacy
Barker's literary work advocated native dramas and emphasized a growing desire among American writers to claim the nation's early history. His plays are set in America, which was unusual for that period, and he is considered to be among the first generation of American playwrights. He knew that his plays could shape national identity by creating an independent American consciousness. Quoted in the Philadelphia Democratic Press, Barker believed that theatre had a higher goal, "to keep alive the spirit of freedom; and to unite conflicting parties in a common love of liberty and devotedness to country".

References

External links
 Chorus of Adventurers from "The Indian Princess" Without a Penny of Money from "The Indian Princess" Larry the Irishman from "The Indian Princess"

1784 births
1858 deaths
American dramatists and playwrights
Mayors of Philadelphia
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
American duellists
19th-century American politicians


Syed Ahmed may refer to:
 Syed Ahmed (businessman) (born 1974), British entrepreneur, businessman, contestant on The Apprentice
 Syed Ahmed (politician) (1945–2015), Indian politician
 Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), Indian educator, politician, Islamic reformer and modernist
 Syed Ahmad Barelvi or Sayyid Ahmed Raibarelvi (1786–1831), Indian religious Islamic martyr
 Syed Anwar Ahmed (born 1991), Indian television actor and film producer
 Syed Haris Ahmed (born 1984), convicted U.S. conspirator linked to a 2006 Toronto terrorism case
 Syed Imran Ahmed (born 1962), Pakistani politician
 Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed (1932–2003), Bangladeshi lawyer and constitutionalist
 Syed Jamil Ahmed, Bangladeshi scholar and theatre director
 Syed Mobeen Ahmed, Pakistani politician
 Syed Mohammad Ahmed (born 1957), Pakistani screenwriter, lyricist, actor and director
 Syed Khaled Ahmed (born 1992), Bangladeshi cricketer
 Syed Khalid Ahmed (born 1965), Pakistani politician
 Syed Shoaib Ahmed (born 1996), Indian football striker
 Syed Sultan Ahmed (1880–1963), Indian barrister and politician
 Syed Imtiaz Ahmed (1954–2020), Indian cricketer
 Syed Refat Ahmed, justice of the Bangladesh Supreme Court
 Syed Samsuddin Ahmed, academic from Bangladesh


Mick Spillane (born 8 January 1957) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer.

Born to Maura in Templenoe, County Kerry, he played for his local club Templenoe and at senior level for the Kerry county team in the 1970s and 1980s.  He is a seven-time All-Ireland SFC winner.

Together with his brothers Pat and Tom, the Spillanes hold a record 19 All-Ireland medals between them.

References

1957 births
Living people
All Stars Awards winners (football)
Gaelic football backs
Irish schoolteachers
Kerry inter-county Gaelic footballers
Munster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
Mick
Templenoe Gaelic footballers
Winners of seven All-Ireland medals (Gaelic football)


Silje Reinåmo (born 25 August 1982) is a Norwegian actress, dancer, and musical performer.

She was born in Mosjøen and was educated at Bårdar Danseinstitutt in Oslo, and at the Guildford School of Acting in Surrey, England. Reinåmo is perhaps best known for her lead performance in the supernatural horror film Thale and for her portrayal of Solveig in Bentein Baardson's production of Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt in Cairo in 2006. She has performed in several productions for television, film and the theatre, notably with a leading role in the short film In Chambers (Norwegian title: Bak lukkede dører), which received an award for Best Short Film at the WT Os international film festival in 2008, as well as awards for Best film and NIFA best film at the Minimalen short film festival in Trondheim in 2009.

Performances

Theatre

Film

Television

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Vefsn
Norwegian stage actresses
Norwegian female dancers
Norwegian dancers
Norwegian film actresses
Norwegian television actresses


Torsten Warmuth (* 3 April 1968 in Hildburghausen/Thuringia) is a contemporary German artist and photographer.

Life
After graduating from school in Erfurt, he completed a degree in science and a doctorate in computer-aided mathematics at the University of Kassel in 1995. As from 1996, Warmuth decided against an academic career and dedicated himself exclusively to photography.

Art
Torsten Warmuth’s photographs focus on man’s anonymity in an urban environment. He sees the modern city as a backdrop to fragile moments and fleeting constellations. Early series like New Walk (1998) or Stadtwolf / Citywolf (2000) already document Warmuth’s predilection for photographic experiment. His photographically produced works are sharply focused, but nevertheless full of optical hazes and substantial uncertainties. Using long and multiple exposures, he attempts to convey the impression that his figures are elongating or even beginning to dissolve and disappear.

The photo historian Enno Kaufhold therefore sees in Warmuth’s images a merging of different moments that "actually take place in different places and at different times. And by means of longer exposure times these moments are shown in their continuum rather than as fixed, short fragments".

In recent years, cities like Buenos Aires, Cairo or New York City have provided the motifs for Warmuth's works. In the magazine Photonews, for instance, Ralf Hanselle wrote about the series It’s a Man’s World (2007), made in Cairo: "Like the great flàneur of the fin de siècle, Torsten Warmuth roves the stony urban wastes like a man engaged in an optical expedition. Like them, he understands urban space as modernity’s extreme." Warmuth received the Kunstpreis Fotografie 2008, endowed by the Lotto GmbH Land Brandenburg, for his cycle It's a Man's World.

In 2009, Warmuth developed his technique of "Silver Painting". Besides the use of light, here he also paints a wide range of toners onto the silver gelatin paper by hand. The processes employed are confined to analogue techniques. This manual approach means that he creates only unique works. Silver painting differs from photography decisively as a consequence of its unique, non-reproducible quality and painterly effect. These predominantly large-format, multi-toned silver gelatin prints are always produced manually by the artist, using classical analogue darkroom techniques.

Since 2012, he has been producing colour works, leading to new levels of abstraction and expression – the origination of Elusionistic Art.

Elusionistic Art
Images that cannot be taken directly by the camera or seen by the human eye …
A thought, an idea; an image that only develops after it has been recorded photographically, albeit through that very act …
Something that expands our view of the world, our awareness, the space for association …
Corresponding far more to fiction than to reporting: Let us call it Elusionistic Art.

Elusionism [Lat. eludere / Engl. elude – evade, escape, avoid; Engl. elusive – fleeting, difficult to grasp, evading]

Exhibitions
 2013 Recapturing Freedom, Haus am Kleistpark, Berlin (Information About the Artist)
 2009 Sex, Power & Money, Everard Read, Kapstadt
 2008 The Last Woman, Galerie Brusberg, Berlin
 2006 Nachtsammler, Galerie Mamia Bretesché, Paris (also at Galerie Seitz & Partner, Berlin and Kunsthalle Erfurt)
 2004 Torsten Warmuth, Kunstsammlungen Jena
 2004 About Face – Photography and the Death of the Portrait, Hayward Gallery, London
 2004 Je t’envisage – La disparition du portrait/The Disappearance of the Portrait, Musée de l'Élysée. Lausanne
 2003 Cara a Cara/Face to Face, Culturgest, Lisbon
 2002 Zanikanie/Disappearing, Warsaw Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej Zamek Ujazdowski, Warsaw
 1998 New Walk, Eastside Gallery, Kassel

Sources
 Ralf Hanselle: The Great Flaneur, in: TAKE on art, Volume 1, Issue 1/2010, New Delhi, pp. 46–47.

Literature
 Kai Uwe Schierz: Fotografischer Bewusstseinsstrom, in: catalogue torsten warmuth, ed. Kunstsammlungen Jena, 2004, pp. 36 – 37.
 Erik Stephan: Zeitsprung. Die Dehnung des Augenblicks, in: catalogue torsten warmuth, ed. Kunstsammlungen Jena, 2004, pp. 4 – 5.
 Sabine Maria Schmidt: Fotografien als Vorstellungsbilder , in: catalogue Nachtsammler | Night Gatherers, ed. Kunsthalle Erfurt, 2006, p. 5.
 Robert Shore: Post-Photography. The Artist with a Camera. Laurence King Publishing, London 2014, pp. 208–211.

Filmography
 Interview with the art historian Enno Kaufhold in a TV-contribution for Stilbruch, RBB-Fernsehen on 8 Nov 2007.

External links
 Artist's website
 Torsten Warmuth at kunstaspekte.de
 Torsten Warmuth in den Kunstsammlungen Jena
 Catalogue text for Art price Lotto 2008
 Artist Profile on photography-now.com

References

1968 births
Living people
Photographers from Thuringia
People from Hildburghausen
University of Kassel alumni


Kuwaritol is a town in Nagaon district in Assam, India

Location
National Highway 37A starts from Kuwaritol. It connects the town to Tezpur, which is 23 km away

References

External links
 About Kuwaritol

Cities and towns in Nagaon district


The Blackheath Proprietary School was an educational establishment founded in 1830. In the 19th century, it had a profound influence on the game of football, in both Association and Rugby codes. In 1863, the school became one of the founders of The Football Association.

History
The Blackheath Proprietary School was established in 1830 to give sound liberal education similar to the public schools of England. From its inception, it worked towards ensuring it had an educational reputation that would be the equivalent of its public school contemporaries and the school granted an exhibition of £50 per annum every two years to pupils proceeding to Oxford, Cambridge or Dublin universities. Blackheath's population had expanded rapidly in the 1820s, hence the timing of the establishment of the school. The school was founded on joint stock principles and there were originally 100 shares priced at £20 each; proprietorship of a share entitled its owner to send or nominate a boy to the school. From 1831 when it opened it was successful, particularly under Reverend Edward Selwyn, an alumnus of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was head from 1849 to 1864 and remarkably in his last three years, when there were more than 200 boys in the school, every boy in the upper sixth won an open scholarship to Oxford or Cambridge. The school also had a cadet corps. In 1880 a sister school was opened on Wemyss Road, Blackheath High School for girls, to provide a standard of education for the young women of Blackheath, comparable to that of the boys' school. The school was built at the initiative of local residents, but was run by the Girls Public Day School Company.

Although the Proprietary School flourished for much of the nineteenth century, it was threatened by a number of elements including the diminishing lease on its site, the popularity of boarding schools and the growing availability of day schools nearby. The school closed in 1907.

Buildings
The school buildings were situated near Blackheath Park and in Lee Park and were described as "a handsome building after the model of the Propylaeum in Athens". The school's buildings were at the very top of the current Lee Road on its west side. The site was redeveloped in 1937 as Selwyn Court (this building caused much controversy in Blackheath and was a catalyst in the foundation of the Blackheath Society, which continues to campaign for the preservation of the character and quality of the area).

Sport

The school was also famed for its enthusiastic participation in football, which at the time of the school's inception in 1830, had yet to find a uniform code of play, and neither association or rugby had yet been formalised. The style of football that had become increasingly popular since its inception at Rugby School was played by the Proprietary School, as well as the style tending towards the dribbling game, represented to an extent by Eton's code and which would be set down formally in Cambridge rules in 1848. However, even the apparent acceptance of these rule sets for these two variations in the game did not avert controversy over the rules by which teams should play. With the exception of a rationalised and uniform football culture that was emerging in Sheffield in the 1850s, across the United Kingdom from club to club and school to school there was little agreement over the elements of a football game, be that the time it should take to play, the number of players in a side, or indeed whether running with the ball was illegal or not. Teams had to agree on rules before a match, or had to agree to play the code of each team for one half of the match each.

In order to allow matches to take place without such constraints and problems, a number of captains and representatives from various London clubs met at Freemasons' Tavern in Lincoln's Inn Fields on 26 October 1863. Blackheath Proprietary School was one of the twelve teams represented (through the person of Mr. W. Gordon), and thus became a founder member of The Football Association. In that same meeting was represented Blackheath Football Club, a separate institution to the school but intrinsically linked to it for Blackheath FC was at its inception in 1858 the Old Blackheathens Club, where old boys of the school continued to play football together.   This club was soon populated with men from other schools, notably Old Rugbeians who were now living and working in London. This club had the distinction of being both a founder member of The Football Association and the Rugby Football Union (RFU). Very soon after the FA had been established, rules for the football of the association were debated and formalised. A rift appeared between the advocates of the dribbling game and those of the handling game. When the revised Cambridge rules were adopted on 8 December 1863, which effectively prohibited "hacking" and "carrying", Blackheath FC and the Proprietary School immediately left the FA and were the driving force behind the setting up of the RFU in 1871.

Notable former pupils

Alfred William Alcock (1859–1933), physician naturalist and carcinologist.
Charles Edward Beevor (1854–1908), neurologist.
Edward Ernest Bowen (1836–1901), educationalist.
Francis Maule Campbell, footballer, present at the founding of both The Football Association and the Rugby Football Union and pivotal in the latter's creation.
Frank Cowper (1849–1930), yachtsman, writer and illustrator
Sir Bryan Donkin, physician and criminologist.
Sir Henry Mortimer Durand (1850–1924), diplomat and civil servant of colonial British India.
 John Fegan (1868–1949), Blackheath and England rugby union player.
 Sir Edward Fraser KCMG (1853 - 1927), England rugby union international and prominent Mauritius based businessman.
George Joachim Goschen, First Viscount Goschen (1831–1907)
Marshall Hall (1862–1915), English-born musician, conductor and poet.
Thomas Woodbine Hinchliff (1825–1882), English mountaineer, traveller, and author.
Campbell Richard Hone (1873–1967), Bishop of Wakefield in the first half of the 20th century.
Frederick Schomberg Ireland (1860–1937), lawyer and cricketer.
Sir Stuart Knill (1824–1898), Lord Mayor of London.
James Leith (1826–1869), recipient of the Victoria Cross.
Gerald Lightfoot (1877–1966), public servant and secretary of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
Surgeon-General William Manley, VC, CB (1831–1901), recipient of the Victoria Cross and Iron Cross.
Francis Cornwallis Maude, VC, CB (1828–1900), recipient of the Victoria Cross.
Donald McGill (1875–1962), English graphic artist.
Alexander William Pearson (1854–1930), rugby union international for England from 1875-1878.
Major Gen Sir Ernest Swinton (1868–1951), soldier, writer, military historian. Coined the use of the word "tank" to describe the first tracked armoured fighting vehicles.
George Wrottesley (1827–1909), military Historian and second of son of John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley.

References

Further reading
The history of the Blackheath Proprietary School - J. W. Kirby. (Blackheath Press), 1933.

Defunct schools in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Educational institutions established in 1830
Educational institutions disestablished in 1907
History of the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Private boys' schools in London
1830 establishments in England
1907 disestablishments in England
Blackheath, London


The Lyres of Ur or Harps of Ur is a group of four string instruments excavated in a fragmentary condition at the Royal Cemetery at Ur in modern Iraq from 1922 onwards.  They date back to the Early Dynastic III Period of Mesopotamia, between about 2550 and 2450 BC, making them the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. Carefully restored and reconstructed, they are now divided between museums in Iraq, the United Kingdom , and the United States.

Strictly speaking, three lyres and one harp were unearthed, but all are often called lyres. The instrument remains were restored and distributed between the museums that took part in the excavations. The "Golden Lyre of Ur" or "Bull's Lyre", the finest, is in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. The British Museum in London has the "Queen's Lyre" and "Silver Lyre", and the Penn Museum in Philadelphia has the "Bull-Headed Lyre".

In 1929, archaeologists led by the British archaeologist Leonard Woolley, representing a joint expedition of the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, found the instruments while excavating the Royal Cemetery at Ur. They excavated pieces of three lyres and one harp in Ur, located in what was Ancient Mesopotamia and is contemporary Iraq. They are over 4,500 years old, from ancient Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic III Period (2550–2450 BC). The decorations on the lyres are fine examples of the court art of Mesopotamia of the period.

Leonard Woolley dug up the lyres from amongst the skeletons of ten women in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. One skeleton was even said to be lying against the lyre with her hand placed where the strings would have been. Woolley was quick to pour in a liquid plaster to recover the delicate form of the wooden frame. The wood of the lyres was decayed but since some were covered in nonperishable materials, like gold and silver, they were able to be taken.

Lyres
A lyre is a musical instrument that is stringed and has a role projecting from the body. There are two types of lyres: box and bowl. Like their names suggest, the box lyres have a boxlike body and the bowl lyres have a round body with a curved back. The Lyres of Ur are box lyres. They were played in an upright position with the strings plucked with both hands.

Because of their positioning in situ it is believed that the lyres were used in burial ceremonies in accompaniment to songs. Each lyre has 11 strings to play on that would produce a buzzing noise that is repeated throughout the song. The musician playing the instrument would repeat the pattern displayed on the lyre.

The four lyres
The "Golden Lyre of Ur" or "Bull's Lyre" is the finest lyre, and was given to the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. Its reconstructed wooden body was damaged due to flooding during the Second Iraqi War; a replica of it is being played as part of a touring ensemble. The "Golden Lyre" got its name because the whole head of the bull is made of gold. The eyes are made of inlaid nacre and lapis lazuli. The beard is similar in appearance to the "Great Lyre" and the "Queen's Lyre". The body of the bull was originally wood but did not survive. Its discoverer, Woolley, believed that, unlike the other lyres, the body of the "Golden Lyre" would have originally had legs.

The "Queen's Lyre" is one of two that Woolley removed from the grave of Queen Pu-abi.  The "Queen's Lyre" is  in height and is similar in appearance to that of the "Great Lyre". The mask of the bull is gold. The eyes, hair, and beard are all made of lapis lazuli and the horns are modern. The shape of the lyre is meant to resemble a bull's body. A noticeable difference between the "Great Lyre" and the "Queen's Lyre" is that the "Great Lyre" has a straight forehead whereas the "Queen's Lyre" curves slightly around the brow bone. It is held in the British Museum.

The "Bull Headed Lyre" is 40 cm in height, 11 cm in width, and 19 cm in depth. The shape of the lyre is meant to resemble a bull's body. Its head, face and horns are all wrapped in gold foil while its hair, beard, and eyes are made of lapis lazuli. Below the head is a front panel made of shell inlay set into bitumen. This panel depicts a figure holding onto a bull's horns above, and animals acting as humans below. The bull head itself likely represents the sun god Utu, who was thought to be able to descend into the underworld. The lyre is held in the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.

The "Silver Lyre" is  in height and  in width. It is one of two silver lyres taken from the "Great Death Pit". Both lyres were made of wood and then covered in sheets of silver that were attached with small silver nails. The eyes are made of lapis lazuli and the lyre was also trimmed with narrow borders of lapis lazuli. This is the only lyre that is not bearded. Because of this fresh face some believe it is actually a cow rather than a bull. It is held by the British Museum.

The Penn Museum also holds a silver boat-shaped Lyre.

Gallery

See also
Music of ancient Mesopotamia
Ninigizibara
1929 in archaeology
Kinnor, ancient Hebrew form of a lyre or kithara
Nevel, ancient Hebrew form of a harp or nabla

References

3rd-millennium BC works
1929 archaeological discoveries
Ancient music
Archaeological discoveries in Iraq
Individual harps
Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum
Objects in the National Museum of Iraq
Ur
Sculpture of the Ancient Near East
Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)