Leah Joy Poulton (born 27 February 1984) is an Australian former cricketer who played for New South Wales and Australia. She played as a specialist batter who usually opened the batting.

Poulton came to prominence in youth cricket by captaining New South Wales to the Under-17 national championships in 2000. In 2002–03, she made her senior debut for New South Wales in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL). She found runs hard to come by in her first three seasons and was in and out of the team frequently, aggregating only 24 runs in her second and third seasons combined. Despite this, she regularly captained Australia's Under-19 and Under-23 teams during this time, leading the latter on a successful tour of Sri Lanka in 2004. In 2005–06, made a substantial impact on the WNCL for the first time, scoring 325 runs, more than twice her previous best season's total, playing in the first of five consecutive WNCL triumphs for New South Wales.

Poulton was rewarded with international selection in the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand at the start of the 2006–07 season and scored her maiden century, 101, in the third match. However, after a poor tour of India at the end of the season, she was dropped from the Australian team in mid-2007 and continued to be overlooked after a poor WNCL season in 2007–08. During the 2008 Australian winter, she travelled to play for Nottinghamshire in England, and earned herself a recall to the Australian team at the start of the 2008–09 southern hemisphere season. After scoring 376 runs at a batting average of 41.77 in the 2008–09 WNCL, Poulton retained her position in the national team for the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup and the 2009 World Twenty20. She was a regular member of the playing team in both tournaments, participating all the matches in the latter. In 2009, Poulton made her Test debut against England and in 2009–10, she hit her second One Day International (ODI) century, 104 not out against New Zealand.

Poulton announced her ODI retirement in December 2012, and announced retirement from all forms from the game in March 2015. While announcing her ODI retirement, she said that it was the Twenty20 format that strengthened her love for cricket, and if not for T20s, she would have retired sooner.

Youth cricket
Poulton is from Elermore Vale in the New South Wales coastal city of Newcastle, and played for the Wallsend Cricket Club in the city. She grew up in Newcastle, before moving to Sydney. She attended Lambton High School. Outside of cricket, she works as a physical education teacher.

In March 2000, soon after turning 16, she played for New South Wales in the national Under-17 championships. She scored 141 runs at a batting average of 23.50 and took two wickets at a bowling average of 15.50 as New South Wales defeated Victoria Blue to win the competition. In January 2002, she was selected for the state Under-19 team and scored 112 in the first match, against the Australian Capital Territory. She also made two ducks and ended the tournament with 188 runs at 31.33; New South Wales won all of their six matches.

Senior domestic debut
At the start of the 2002–03 season, Poulton made her senior debut for New South Wales in the Women's National Cricket League in a double-header against South Australia. In her first match, she scored 12 in five-wicket victory. Playing in ten matches, she made many starts, reaching double figures in all but one of her nine innings, but managed only a best score of 36 run out, against Western Australia. She ended the WNCL season with 159 runs at 19.87 as New South Wales came second, ending a run of six consecutive titles. Victoria qualified first and thus hosted the finals, defeating New South Wales 2–0 in a best-of-three series. Poulton made only 1 and 11 in the deciding matches, which were lost by 3 wickets and 40 runs respectively.

During the season, Poulton also played in the Under-19 interstate tournament during the break in the WNCL, captaining her state. In five innings, she made three half-centuries, with a best of 73 against Queensland in the final, which New South Wales won by five wickets. She was unbeaten in the other two fifties after opening the batting; New South Wales completed ten-wicket wins in both instances. Poulton ended the competition with 191 runs at 63.66. She was rewarded with selection in and captaincy of the national Under-19 team during the season and played in two matches against England Under-19s, scoring 13 and 35 as Australia won both matches. At the end of the season, she was selected to lead an Australian Under-23 team to play against the senior England team. Poulton made 15 in her only innings.

Poulton had an interrupted season in 2003–04. After playing in the first two matches against Western Australia, scoring only 3 not out and 1 as New South Wales took both matches, she was absent until the finals series. Victoria had qualified first and hosted the three-match series. Poulton was omitted for the first match, which was won by the home team, before being recalled for the second match. She made 1 and 11 as New South Wales won the last two fixtures by five and three wickets respectively to claim the title. However, Poulton contributed little to the team's triumph, managing only 16 runs at 5.33. At the end of the season she was appointed captain of the Australian Youth team and played in four matches against New Zealand A, scoring 127 runs at 31.75 with a best of 75 in the second of these fixtures. Sarah Tsukigawa had success against Poulton, dismissing her three times in a row. Australia won all but the last match.

Poulton was then made captain of the Australian Under-23 team for a tour of Sri Lanka in September 2004. The tourists played four one-dayers against the host nation's senior team and won all but the abandoned third match. In the second match, Poulton scored 14 and took her first wicket against senior opposition after bowling for the first time at the level. She made her top-score of the series with 48 in the third fixture, and made 33 and took 2/10 in the fourth match. Poulton then made her debut in non-one-day cricket against the Sri Lankans, scoring 10 before being run out. After Australia took a 102-run lead, she top-scored with 40 before declaring at 8/150 and leading the team to a 140-run win. She took a total of 0/24 from 10 overs.

After playing in the first four matches of the 2004–05 WNCL season, Poulton missed three matches in a row before playing her final match of the season against Queensland and being dropped for the three finals matches against Victoria. New South Wales lost the finals 2–1 after finishing the regular season first and earning the right to host the series. Poulton batted only three times and accumulated eight runs at 4.00 but New South Wales nevertheless won all of these five matches.

Poulton returned to form in the 2005–06 WNCL season, playing in all of New South Wales' 11 matches. After being run out for 39 in the first match against Western Australia, she made consecutive half-centuries against Western Australia and Queensland. New South Wales won seven of their eight round-robin matches to qualify to host the three-match finals series against Queensland. Up to this point, Poulton had only scored 24 runs at 6.00 in four WNCL finals matches and had been dropped ahead of the deciding series the previous season. In the first match at North Sydney Oval, Poulton top-scored with an unbeaten 70 to guide New South Wales to their target of 175 for an eight-wicket win. She made 28 of her state's 154 as Queensland took the series to a deciding match with a three-wicket win in the second match. Poulton was dismissed for five in the deciding match as New South Wales were bowled out for 146, before dismissing the visitors for 144 to claim a two-run win and the WNCL. She ended the season with 325 runs at 32.50 as New South Wales won 9 of their 11 matches to claim the title. Poulton bowled for the first time in the WNCL, conceding 18 runs from two overs.

Poulton won the Belinda Clark Medal four times, for the best performance for New South Wales in a season. She was the first player to score 1,500 runs in Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup, and the only player to score a century for New South Wales in Women's Twenty20 cricket.

International debut

These performances were not enough to gain selection in the Test and one-day series against India held in Adelaide immediately after the WNCL. However, Poulton was called up for her senior international debut against New Zealand in the Rose Bowl series staged at Allan Border Field in Brisbane at the start of the 2006–07 season because of an injury to fellow New South Wales batsman Alex Blackwell. The chairman of selectors Margaret Jennings said "She is a talented player with a free-flowing game, and we are keen to see how she performs against New Zealand, whom we expect to provide some very tough competition." Poulton played in all of the matches. She made 10 in her Twenty20 international debut and the match ended in a tie.

In her One Day International (ODI) debut, Poulton opened the batting with Melissa Bulow and occupied the crease for nine balls before being trapped leg before wicket by Sarah Burke for a duck. This left Australia at 1/0 with after 21 balls; the hosts eventually scraped home for a one-run victory. Poulton said that she was "way too nervous" during her maiden innings. She scored her first ODI runs in the following match, making 16 from 25 balls with 4 fours as the hosts won by a single wicket with a ball to spare. In the third match, Poulton scored her maiden ODI century, 101 from 136 balls, including seven fours and a six. Australia went on to seal the series with a five-run win. She then made 68 from 76 balls—including ten fours—in the next match before being run out, laying the foundation for Australia's 9/252 and an 85-run win. Poulton made only 12 in the final match as the hosts completed a clean sweep of the ODIs with a four-wicket win. In her debut series, she aggregated 197 runs at 39.60 with a strike rate of 70.86. Poulton is the 107th woman to play One Day International cricket for Australia.

During the 2006–07 season, Poulton played in all 11 of New South Wales' WNCL matches, scoring 227 runs at 20.63. New South Wales struggled in the first four round-robin matches, losing three. In the fifth match, against Western Australia, Poulton scored 64 to set up a six-wicket victory. New South Wales won their last four matches to qualify in second place for the final, which was hosted by Victoria. Poulton scored 17 and 39 in the first two matches, both times being run out. New South Wales scraped home by one wicket in the first match, but the hosts levelled the series with an eight-wicket win the next day. In the third game, she made only nine, but New South Wales eventually reached the target of 206 with three wickets in hand to take the finals 2–1. Poulton took her first WNCL wicket in the season, bowling a full quota of ten overs against Western Australia, taking 1/23. Her maiden wicket was Avril Fahey, trapped leg before wicket. She ended the season with one wicket at 63.00 at an economy rate of 3.50.

After the end of the Australian season, Poulton was selected for the ODI team the ICC Women's Quadrangular Series in Chennai, India. In addition to the hosts and Australia, New Zealand and England were also participating, and each team played each other twice in the round-robin phase. Poulton scored only 8 and 0 from 21 and 8 balls respectively as Australia lost their first two matches against New Zealand and India respectively. She was then dropped for the next two games. She was recalled for the penultimate round-robin match against England but did not bat in a six-wicket win, and then made 27 as Australia defeated India by four wickets in the last match. The Australians needed 231 for victory—4.62 runs per over—and Poulton got their innings off to a slow start, taking 75 balls to accumulate her runs, scoring at less than half of the required rate. However, her teammates sped up and reached the target from the last ball of the match to qualify for the final against New Zealand. Australia won by six wickets with the dropped Poulton watching from the sidelines. She ended the series with 35 runs at 11.66 with a strike rate of only 33.65, was then overlooked for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand held in Darwin in July.

International omission and recall

Poulton struggled in the eight WNCL matches during the 2007–08 season, scoring 106 runs at 13.25 with a best of 39 against Western Australia. She took her best bowling figures at senior level, claiming 3/10 in the second match against Western Australia. Poulton captured three lower-order wickets in quick succession as Western Australia lost 4/10 to be all out for 141. However, Poulton was then bowled for a golden duck from the first ball of the innings from Lauren Ebsary as New South Wales lost the match by 37 runs. Poulton ended the season with four wickets at 8.75 at an economy rate of 3.75. New South Wales reached the final and were awarded the title because they placed first in the qualifying matches after rain washed out the deciding game without a ball being bowled. She also played in two Twenty20 interstate matches, top-scoring with 69 in the first match against South Australia, before making 35 against Western Australia; New South Wales won both games. After her poor WNCL season, Poulton was overlooked for Australian selection for the home series against England and then the Rose Bowl tour of New Zealand that followed.

During the Australian winter of 2008, Poulton travelled to England and played for Nottinghamshire in the Women's County Championship. After making a duck on debut for the county, she made 68 in the next match against Sussex and ended her stay with 150 runs at 25.00 from six matches. She bowled 20.4 overs for the county, taking a total of 0/95. She was in better form for the Sapphires in the Super Fours, scoring three half-centuries in four innings and ending with 215 runs at 53.75 in four List A matches. She also top-scored in both T20 matches for the Sapphires, making 32 and 47. She also took 2/23 in the latter match, dismissing Jenny Gunn and Laura Marsh.

These performances earned Poulton a recall for the five-match home ODI series against India ahead of the 2008–09 Australian season, which the hosts swept easily; the margins of victory in each match were at least 54 runs or seven wickets. After making a duck in the T20 international that preceded the ODIs, Poulton played in the first four ODIs. She scored 79 runs at 26.33 but scored at the slow strike rate of 47.87. This resulted in her being dropped down the order from an opening position for the fourth match; her teammates reached the victory target before she was required and she was then omitted for the final match. Poulton took her maiden international wicket in the fourth match at Manuka Oval in Canberra, trapping Indian wicket-keeper Anagha Deshpande lbw. She ended the series with a total of 1/63.

Poulton had her most productive season in the WNCL in 2008–09 ahead of the 2009 World Cup, scoring 376 runs at 41.77. She posted two half-centuries in the first four matches, resulting in eight-wicket wins over Queensland and Western Australia respectively. She then made fifties in each of the last three round-robin matches. This included 60 and 53 against Victoria in the last two games, which New South Wales won win by nine and three wickets respectively. New South Wales thus earned the right to host the final against the same team, and Poulton made 43 as they chased down 118 and won the title by six wickets. Poulton totalled 0/48 from 11 overs during the WNCL. She also played in two Twenty20 interstate matches, scoring 23 and 35. New South Wales won the first before losing by one wicket to Victoria in the second.

World Cup

Australia toured New Zealand before the World Cup, and Poulton was dropped into the middle-order. She made four in the first two matches, both of which the hosts won. She struggled in these matches, taking 15 and 18 balls to score the four runs in either ODI, was omitted for the third match. She then returned to her customary opening position and scored 81 from 97 balls, including 11 fours, in the fourth match, helping to set up an Australia victory by 44 runs. The fifth match of the series was abandoned.

In two warm-up matches ahead of the World Cup in Australia, Poulton made 24 and 49 against England and Sri Lanka. Nevertheless, she was left out of the team for the opening match against New Zealand, which Australia lost. Poulton was recalled for the two remaining group matches against South Africa and the West Indies. The hosts won both matches to reach the next round, but Poulton struggled. Playing out of position in the middle-order, she made nine from 21 balls against South Africa in her home town of Newcastle; restored to the top of the order, she made a duck against the West Indies. Poulton was then dropped for Australia's first match of the next phase against India, which they lost. She was recalled for the next match and scored 47 against Pakistan, putting on 100 for the first wicket with Shelley Nitschke before the latter was bowled. Poulton was then bowled herself, the third time in as many ODIs that she had been dismissed in such a manner. Australia reached 6/229 in their 50 overs, and Poulton then took 2/9, claiming the lower-order wickets of Javeria Khan and Qanita Jalil as the hosts won by 107 runs. She then hit 38 from 47 balls, including a six, in the final Super Six match against England. This helped set up Australia's successful run-chase but it was not enough to rank them among the top two nations and qualify them for the final. They faced India in the playoff for third place and Poulton was bowled by Jhulan Goswami for a duck. The hosts were all out for 142 and India reached the target with three wickets in hand. Poulton ended her campaign with 94 runs at 18.80 and took a total of 2/17 from five overs.

Poulton was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England and Australia hosted New Zealand for three T20 matches in tropical Brisbane during the southern hemisphere winter before the teams departed for the tournament. Poulton scored 4, 33 and 30 as Australia took the series 2–1. Once the Australians were in England, Poulton top-scored with 66 and took 1/7 against the hosts in her only innings in the pre-tournament practice matches. Poulton made only two and eight in Australia's first two pool matches against New Zealand and the West Indies; Australia lost the first by nine wickets and won the second by eight wickets. In the final pool match, against South Africa, Australia needed a victory to progress. Batting first, she scored 22 before being run out as Australia made 6/164 from their 20 overs. In reply, South Africa were on track to reach the target, having reached 0/73 after seven overs. Poulton trapped Shandre Fritz for 39 with the first ball of the next over, and the South Africans lost momentum, scoring only 41 runs for the loss of seven wickets in the next ten overs. On the last ball of the 17th over, Poulton trapped opposition captain Sunette Loubser and ended with 2/20 from three overs as Australia prevailed by 24 runs to reach the semi-finals, where they faced England. Poulton scored 39 to push Australia to 5/163 but the hosts reached the target with eight wickets in hand and progressed to the final, which they won.

Test debut
Australia stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts—the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s—after the end of the World Twenty20. Poulton scored 33 and took two catches as Australia upset England in the only T20 by 34 runs. She played in all of the five ODIs, but was not successful, being dismissed for single-digit scores every time and ending with 26 runs at 5.20. She struggled to make an effective start in the matches, with a strike rate of 35.00 or less in each of her five innings and 29.54 overall. England won all the matches except the last, which was ended by persistent rain. Poulton made her Test debut against England in a one-off match at New Road in Worcester. Australia batted first and Poulton came in at No. 6. She lasted only 14 balls before being bowled by paceman Katherine Brunt for 1. This was part of a batting collapse that left the tourists at 5/28, but they recovered to reach 309. Poulton then bowled four overs in the first innings, taking 0/15. She took her first catch in Tests, removing Claire Taylor from the bowling of Lauren Ebsary. Australia took a 41-run lead and Poulton then scored 23 from 41 balls before being run out as the match ended in a draw. Poulton is the 158th woman to play Test cricket for Australia.

Poulton had a modest WNCL in 2009–10, scoring 215 runs at 21.50. She reached double figures in nine of 11 innings, but was unable to convert the starts into large scores. Her highest score for the season was 42 against the Australian Capital Territory. She made 31, her second best effort of the competition, in the final, as New South Wales defeated Victoria by 59 runs to take their fifth WNCL title in a row. She had more success in the new T20 domestic competition, scoring 201 runs at 28.71. She top-scored with 58 in a seven-run defeat at the hands of Victoria and then made 38 in a nine-wicket win over South Australia. However, she made only six in the final as Victoria dismissed New South Wales for 75 to win by 52 runs.

After the domestic competition ended, Poulton played in the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand. She was omitted from the first two ODIs at the Adelaide Oval before being recalled for the last three matches held at the Junction Oval in Melbourne; Rachael Haynes was moved from an opening position into the middle-order to make way for Poulton. After making a duck in her first innings back, Poulton struck an unbeaten 104 from 116 balls in the fourth match, hitting nine fours and three sixes, putting on an unbroken opening stand of 163 with Shelley Nitschke as the Australians won by ten wickets. She made seven in the final match as the Australians completed a 5–0 sweep of the home ODI leg of the series. Poulton had little success in the T20s in Australia, scoring 0, 24 and 1 as the tourists bounced back to claim a whitewash. She then scored only one in the first T20 during the New Zealand leg of the tour and was left out for the second match, which the hosts won to sweep the T20s. Poulton played in all three ODIs in New Zealand, scoring 7, 47 and 31 as the Australians again swept the 50-over matches. In the second match at Invercargill, she struck seven boundaries in her 54-ball innings to help Australia make a rapid start to their chase of 256. In the final match, Australia faced a target of only 174 and Poulton hit 28 of her 31 runs from fours in a 16-ball innings, scoring almost two runs per ball. Australia won both of the last two matches by six wickets.

2010 World Twenty20 triumph
Poulton was selected for the 2010 World Twenty20 in the West Indies and played in every match. With the selection of Elyse Villani to open with Nitschke, Poulton batted at No. 3 in all but one match. In the first warm-up match, she scored one from six balls before being dismissed by Sian Ruck as Australia lost to New Zealand by 18 runs. In the last warm-up match, she hammered 44 from 21 balls including two sixes and then took a catch to remove Armaan Khan as Australians made 5/166 and defeated Pakistan by 82 runs.

Australia were grouped with England, South Africa and the West Indies. In the first match against England, Poulton ran out Laura Marsh, triggering the loss of the last four wickets without the addition of a run, in six balls, leaving 15 deliveries unused. In pursuit of 105 for victory, Poulton top-scored for Australia with 23 from 28 balls, helping to stabilise the innings after the Australians had fallen to 2/10. However, she fell at 4/45, bowled by Holly Colvin, and eventually, Rene Farrell was run out going for the winning run from the third last ball available, leaving the scores tied.

A Super Over eventuated, and Marsh bowled for England. Farrell and Poulton batted for Australia. Poulton scored a single off the first ball she faced, before being caught by Colvin on the fourth ball. This left Australia at 1/4 and they ended at 2/6. England also ended with 2/6 after a run out in an attempt to secure the winning run on the final ball. Australia was awarded the match because they had hit more sixes in the match—Jess Cameron scored the solitary six.

In the next match against South Africa, Poulton came in at 1/9 after the fall of Villani at the end of the first over. She counter-attacked with Nitschke, scoring 39 runs herself from only 25 balls, including two sixes. The pair put on 58 from only 37 balls before Poulton was caught from the first ball of the eighth over. Australia collapsed and lost 6/16 including the last four wickets for four runs to be all out for 155 with three balls unused, before completing a 22-run win. In the final group match against the West Indies, Poulton came in at 1/33 and hit 15 from 13 balls, including three fours. Australia finished on 7/133 and won by nine runs to finish the group stage unbeaten at the top of their quartet.

Australia went on to face India in the semi-final. Chasing a target of 120, Poulton came in to join captain Blackwell—who had promoted herself up the order—at 2/75, with 45 runs needed from 56 balls. Poulton hit 30 from 26 balls to seal an Australian victory with seven wickets and seven balls to spare. She brought up the winning runs with a lofted drive that bounced once before going for four runs. In the final against New Zealand, Australia started poorly after electing to bat. Nitschke fell in the third over to bring Poulton in at 1/10, before Villani and Blackwell fell quickly to leave Australia at 3/20 in the sixth over. This was followed by a consolidating partnership of 30 between Poulton and Cameron, but they were unable to lift the run rate substantially; their stand took 45 balls. Poulton was caught trying to loft a ball over cover, and two balls later, Cameron was bowled, leaving Australia at 5/51 in the 13th over. Only Poulton managed a solitary boundary. A later burst took Australia to 8/106 from their 20 overs and Poulton ended with the highest score of 20 from 28 balls. The Australians then restricted New Zealand to 6/103 to complete a three-run win. Poulton was Australian's highest run-scorer for the tournament and the third among all players.

One Day International centuries

Post-retirement
Poulton was the assistant coach of Sydney Thunder when they won their maiden title in 2015-16 season. She continued to be involve with New South Wales after her retirement as the Female Pathway Breaker and then the assistant coach of New South Wales women's team. She later moved to the Cricket Australia's high-performance centre and coached the women's teams of Australia A, Australia Under-19s and Australia Under-15s. She oversaw for introduction of the Under-19 and A team programmes, and the first overseas tour of both the teams. In March 2020, Poulton was named as the head coach of Melbourne Stars in Women's Big Bash League. Less than a month later, she resigned from the job and was appointed as the head of female cricket at Cricket NSW.

Personal life
Poulton's partner is current Australia cricketer Rachael Haynes. Poulton gave birth to their first child, Hugo Poulton-Haynes, in October 2021.

See also
 List of centuries in women's One Day International cricket

References

1984 births
Living people
Australia women Test cricketers
Australia women One Day International cricketers
Australia women Twenty20 International cricketers
Cricketers from Newcastle, New South Wales
New South Wales Breakers cricketers
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Sportswomen from New South Wales


James Donnelly may refer to:

Politicians
 James A. Donnelly, American lawyer, politician, and judge from New York
 James J. Donnelly (1866–1948), Canadian senator
 Jim Donnelly (politician) (born 1967), American politician from Maine

Sportspeople
 James C. Donnelly (1881–1952), American football player and coach
 Boots Donnelly (James F. Donnelly, born 1942), American football coach
 James Donnelly (baseball) (1867–1933), baseball player
 Jim Donnelly (baseball) (1865–1915), Major League Baseball third baseman
 Jimmy Donnelly (bowls) ( 1970s), Irish lawn bowler
 Jim Donnelly (cricketer) (1906–1978), Australian cricketer
 James Donnelly (footballer) (1893–1959), Irish association football player and manager
 Jamesie Donnelly ( 2000s), Irish hurler
 Babe Donnelly (James Joseph Donnelly, 1894–1968), ice hockey player
 James Donnelly (rugby league) (fl. 1989–1991), Brisbane Broncos player
 Jim Donnelly (snooker player) (born 1946), Scottish snooker player
 Jimmy Donnelly (footballer), English footballer

Others
 James Donnelly (American actor) (1865–1937), actor in The Pullman Bride
 James Donnelly (British actor) (1930–1992), British actor in Scum
 James Donnelly (bishop) (1823–1893), Irish Catholic bishop
 James S. Donnelly Jr. (born 1943), British and Irish historian

See also
 Black Donnellys, whose patriarch was James Donnelly (1816–1880), an Irish Catholic immigrant family massacred in Canada, 1880


Peace Cafés are peace-positive cafés in Canada that have declared an adherence to Manifesto 2000, in addition to fair trade, living wage, and local organic foods standards while also utilizing their space for community gatherings on social justice and peace issues.  The designation is a registered trade mark of Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace (CCTP).

Origin
In 2006, CCTP founder Robert "Bob" Stewart drafted a prospectus for creating community-based centres for public peace education, called "Peace Cafés." Initiatives began in Hamilton, Ontario, and Calgary, Alberta in 2007 to secure partnerships with existing cafés or to open completely new spaces. In December 2007, the Hamilton initiative secured a partnership with the downtown Sky Dragon Community Development Co-operative, with Robert Porter as local director. In 2008, Robert Porter extended the Peace Café family with a partnership in his rural hometown of Walkerton, Ontario, with the White Rose Coffeehouse.

As of March 2009 there are groups in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Nelson, British Columbia, Toronto, Ontario, and Calgary, Alberta working towards additional partnerships in their respective communities.

Philosophy
Peace Cafés are described as "safe community spaces dedicated to developing a Culture of Peace at the community level through dialogue, conversation, workshops, and a library of peace resources along with wholesome food and drink options."

References

External links
Peace Café web site

Peace education
Society of Canada


The Tomini–Tolitoli languages are a disputed subgroup in the Austronesian language family spoken off the Gulf of Tomini and the district of Tolitoli in northern Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia, consisting of two branches, viz. "Tomini" and "Tolitoli". The unity of this group has not yet been demonstrated, and it may well be that the two branches actually are not closer to each other than to other languages of Sulawesi.

Languages
The following tentative classification of the Tomini–Tolitoli languages is from Himmelmann (2001:20).

Tolitoli
Totoli
Boano
Tomini
Northern Tomini
Ampibabo
Lauje
Tialo (Tomini)
Dondo
Southern Tomini
Balaesang
Pendau
Dampelas
Taje (Petapa)
Tajio

Totoli and Boano are closely related to each other but diverge very much from the other languages in terms of lexicon, phonology, and other areas. These two languages may have been influenced by the Gorontalic languages and also more recently by South Sulawesi languages such as Bugis and Makassar (Himmelmann 2001:20). Mead (2003) notes that certain aspects of the phonological history of Totoli and Boano even point against an inclusion of these two languages in the Celebic subgroup.

Demographics
The demographics below are from Himmelmann (2001:18).

West Coast
Balaesang: 3,200
Pendau (Ndau): 3,200
Dampelas (Dampal): 10,300
Dondo: 13,000
Totoli (Tolitoli): 25,000

East Coast
Taje (Petapa): 350
Ampibabo-Lauje: 6,000
Tajio (Kasimbar): 12,000
Lauje (Tinombo): 38,000
Tialo (Tomini): 30,000
Boano (Bolano): 2,700

Total 145,000

Footnotes

References
Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2001. Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoli languages: General information and word lists. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University.

External links
"Tomini-Tolitoli" at Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).

Celebic languages


Odaruthammava Aalariyam () is a 1984 Indian Malayalam-language screwball comedy film directed by Priyadarshan and written by Sreenivasan from a story by Priyadarshan. It is about a middle aged family man who is a womanizer and about three college students and their efforts to woo the womanizer's daughter. Nedumudi Venu, Sreenivasan, Mukesh, Jagadish, and Shankar play the lead roles. Odaruthammava Aalariyam was a commercial success at the box office. It was partially adapted from  Sai Paranjpye's 1981 film Chashme Buddoor, and partially from  K. Balachander's 1983 film Poikkal Kudhirai.

Plot

Gopan (Mukesh), Kora (Jagadish) and Bhakthavalsalan (Sreenivasan) are three college students who share the same house, along with Preman (Shankar), another classmate. While the trio is more interested in spending their time by flirting with girls, Preman is more serious in his attitude towards life. On a usual encounter, the trio meets Major Nair (Nedumudi Venu), a retired man in his fifties, who loves romancing young girls.

After a series of ego clashes, Nair learns that the trio is trying to woo his daughter Minu (Lissy). Nair, enraged, challenges them to make his daughter fall for them. Accepting the challenge, the trio start to make her fell for them. Minu, who seriously shows concern towards disabled people, falls in love with Preman, whom she thinks to be disabled. Meanwhile, Nair bets with Govind (Sreenath), another street romeo, who is married to a beautiful innocent girl (Menaka).Govind says that would shave his head if Minu falls in love with anyone within 3 months.Nair agrees that he would shave his mustache to half if he loses the bet.

Minu learns that Preman is not disabled, but she still goes on with the relationship. Gopan enters Nair's home as a servant and enjoys easy access to Minu's room. Kora arrives at Nair's house as a disciple of his brother-in-law, a wrestler (Poojappura Ravi). Bhakthavalsalan claims himself to be a Hindi scholar Bhaktha Khanna, and says he is the nephew of popular Bollywood actor Rajesh Khanna, and gets appointed as Minu's Hindi tuition master. Govind, in the meantime, arrives in front of Minu as a blind man, for whom she feels sympathetic and brings home. Major Nair is shocked to find all four at his home, but is unable to open up the secrets as he fears blackmailing with a photograph taken by them while Nair was attending a cabaret show.

Eventually, Nair succeeds in chasing everyone out of his house. The trio is shocked to find Minu is in love with Preman and now put all their energy to break them apart. Upon learning that their love is sincere, the trio along with Govind helps Preman to marry Minu. The film ends with Preman marrying Minu and Major Nair losing his bet and having his mustache half-shaved.

Cast
 Nedumudi Venu as Major Nair
 Sreenivasan as Bhakthavalsalan
 Mukesh as Gopan
 Jagadish as Kora
 Shankar as Preman
 Sreenath as Govindan
 Poojappura Ravi as Phylvan Vasu Pillai
 Kuthiravattom Pappu as Pachu Pillai
 Lissy as Minu
 Sukumari as Saraswathi, Major Nair's Wife
 Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair as Sukumaran Nair
 Menaka as Govindan's Wife
 Thodupuzha Vasanthi
 Noohu

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan with lyrics by Chunakkara Ramankutty.

Reception
Odaruthammava Aalariyam was distributed by Dinny Films was a commercial success at the box office. A critic from The Times of India wrote that "Filled with hilarious moments, songs, and outstanding performances, ‘Odaruthammava Aalariyam’ is sure to make your Friday evening colourful".

References

External links

1984 films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Indian screwball comedy films
Malayalam remakes of Hindi films
Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram
Films directed by Priyadarshan


Anthony Raymond Mallock (born 12 April 1951 in Barton on Sea) is a British former racing driver.

He competed in the British Formula One Championship from 1978 to 1980.

He is chairman of RML Group, the motorsport and automotive engineering group he founded.

Racing record

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Shellsport International Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete British Formula One Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

24 Hours of Le Mans results

References

1951 births
Living people
British racing drivers
British Formula One drivers
British Formula One Championship drivers
European Formula Two Championship drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers

Ecurie Ecosse drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers


In mathematics, size theory studies the properties of topological spaces endowed with -valued functions, with respect to the change of these functions. More formally, the subject of size theory is the study of the natural pseudodistance between size pairs.
A survey of size theory can be found in
.

History and applications
The beginning of size theory is rooted in the concept of size function, introduced by Frosini. Size functions have been initially used as a mathematical tool for shape comparison in computer vision and pattern recognition.

An extension of the concept of size function to algebraic topology was made in the 1999 Frosini and Mulazzani paper
where size homotopy groups were introduced, together with the natural pseudodistance for -valued functions.
An extension to homology theory (the size functor) was introduced in 2001.
The size homotopy group and the size functor are strictly related to the concept of persistent homology group

studied in persistent homology. It is worth to point out that the size function is the rank of the -th persistent homology group, while the relation between the persistent homology group
and the size homotopy group is analogous to the one existing between homology groups and homotopy groups.

In size theory, size functions and size homotopy groups are seen as tools to compute lower bounds for the natural pseudodistance.
Actually, the following link exists between the values taken by the size functions ,  and the natural pseudodistance
 between the size pairs
,

An analogous result holds for size homotopy group.

The attempt to generalize size theory and the concept of natural pseudodistance to norms that are different from the supremum norm has led to the study of other reparametrization invariant norms.

See also

 Size function
 Natural pseudodistance
 Size functor
 Size homotopy group
 Size pair
 Matching distance

References

Topology
Algebraic topology


Sean Douglas may refer to:

Sean Douglas (footballer), a retired New Zealand international association football player.
Sean Douglas (songwriter), American songwriter, producer, musician
Sean Douglas, actor in Mr. Deity
Sean Douglas, general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

See also
Sean Douglass (born 1979), American baseball player, right-handed pitcher


Aimé Mignot (3 December 1932 – 26 March 2022) was a French footballer who played as a defender for Aix and Lyon. He coached Lyon, Angers, Alès and the France women's national team.

References

1932 births
2022 deaths
Sportspeople from Aix-en-Provence
Footballers from Bouches-du-Rhône
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Ligue 1 players
Pays d'Aix FC players
Olympique Lyonnais players
French football managers
Ligue 1 managers
Ligue 2 managers
Olympique Lyonnais managers
Angers SCO managers
Olympique Alès managers
France women's national football team managers


The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University () is public secondary school located in Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan Province, China. The competitive admission is mainly based on the score in city-wide or province-wide standardized tests as well as talent in science, music, sports, and the arts.

Founded in 1905 by Yu Zhimo, a leader of the Chinese democratic revolution, the school was initially named ‘Weiyi School’(惟一学堂, literally 'Unique school"). Later, in 1912, it was renamed 'Guang Yi Middle School', which is still valid. Throughout its history, the school's name, as well as its location, has changed several times, mainly due to the Anti-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. Since September 1984, it has been called 'The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University'.
As its name implies, the school is 'attached to', or 'affiliated with' Normal University, which employs the best college graduates. The school is well known for its top-ranking quality in teaching all over the country. It has produced a lot of notable figures in China, such as former Premier Minister of China, Zhu Rongji and several academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering. The school, along with three other prestigious high schools in Changsha (First High School of Changsha, Changjun High School and Yali School), is recognised as one of the "Famous Four".

History

1905-1927
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University was founded on April 12, 1905 by Yu Zhimo, the chairman of Hunan branch of the Chinese United League. Its name used to be 'Wei Yi School' at first, but its founder was under arrest just one year later because of his identity as a vanguard of revolutionary movement. Regarded as an institution of the revolution, the school was forced to close down. The school was not stable until 1911, when the Xinhai Revolution broke out. The local authority then gave the school a lot of support. Consequently, in 1912, there were 700 students on the campus. In 1913, however, the Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai, was a failure and warlords took control of most of the country. Once again, the school had to face directly the threat from the governor because it was teaching students equality and democracy. The school had been nearly abandoned until 1927, when those warlords in China were finally wiped out.

1927-1936
This period is the golden time of the school.

1936-1949
After suffering a lot through the wars against Japanese invaders and the Nationalists, the school had almost nothing but ruins of teaching buildings and dormitories in 1945, when Second Sino-Japanese War was eventually over with Japanese army withdrawing from China. Afterwards, the school was renovated and able to open again in March, 1946, with the help from the society. By the end of that year, the number of students in the school had reached 817.
In the following years, Hunan was a theater of the war between the Communism Party and the National Party. During the Chinese Civil War, students from the school were active in the communism movement by waging underground activities. Among them, Yu Yutang, a student from Class 38, was a prominent figure as he sacrificed his precious life. Captured by the Nationalists on September 14, 1949, he refused to tell the enemy any information. Having realized that torture was of no effect, the brutal Nationalists executed the young student on the Mid Autumn Festival that year.

1949-present days
After the People's Republic of China was founded, the school returned to normal orbit. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, however, ravaged the school and made it impossible to function normally. Like all other education facilities in China, the school was forced to stop classes and let students participate in the class struggle. After the Revolution, everything had to start over, and since then, the school has stepped into a new era full of hope and opportunities. Today, the school is striving to become a second to none high school in China and to raise its name recognition all over the globe.

On May 2, 2015 the school celebrated the 110-year anniversary with a spectacular event, invited principals of other schools around the nation, alumni all over the world.

Notable alumni

In politics
Zhu Rongji - former Premier Minister of People's Republic of China

In media
He Jiong - host
Li Weijia - host
Zhang Yixing - Singer in South Korean band, EXO
Jackson Yee - Member of TFBoys

'Cradle of Gold Medals'

Since the early 1990s, students from the 'Honor Class of Science' (a class consisting of the most talented students from all over the province) have won 28 gold medals and 9 silver medals in the International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO), International Physics Olympiad (IPhO), International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO), International Biology Olympiad (IBO) and International Environment Olympiad. No other school in China holds such a distinction. The table below shows the detail:

Due to political issues, China has been absent in all International Olympiads held in Taiwan.

Students’ life

For the majority of senior 1 students, life in the school is easy. They have a bit of time to do what they are interested in. When stepping into senior 2, however, students usually experience, or exaggeratedly, suffer from a faster life due to heavier schoolwork. It is a normal phenomenon in any Chinese senior high school, for students must be well-prepared for the incoming National Higher Education Entrance Examination. Another evidence is that it is the students from senior 1 who mostly make up the Student Union. As for senior 3, it is regarded as the most tiring year that a student is likely to have ever experienced. As a survey revealed, more than 90% students in senior 3 generally feel exhausted, which is a phenomenon existing all over the mainland of China.

Although the students are often busy with their schoolwork, there are four major festivals for developing students as well as helping students release themselves. Besides, instead of organizing the festivals, teachers supervise the members from school's Student Union who are actually in charge of arranging the festivals and coordinating everything. The four festivals are:

1. Art Festival
Since 1985, there has been an Art Festival which usually last for five days in every December. During the Art Festival, every class from the same grade will perform one play in a soiree. All the plays will be graded by judges composed by art teachers, and then a list of winners will come out based on their marks. Traditionally, all the first-prize performances will be played on the last day of the Art Festival once again. This final show, also acted as the closing ceremony, will be watched by all the students and the faculty through TV.

2. Sport Festival
The Sport Festival could be grander than any other festivals in the school. The accurate year of first Sport Festival can not be confirmed, but it did start in a September. The Sport Festival is made up of several separate matches and a track meet. Those matches are also classified by students’ grade. For instance, senior 1 usually has soccer matches, while the tug-of-war always belongs to senior 3 only. The track meet is the climax of the whole Sport Festival, for all the personnel in the school, both students and faculty, are involved. Yet, most games in the track meet are also divided into groups consisting classes from the same grade while the teachers compete together. Compared to other three Festivals, Sport Festival is much more competitive due to its own nature.

3. Science Festival
Every April since 1987, the Science Festival takes place. The Science Festival mainly consist of some lectures given by scientists and professors in colleges as well as some competitive activities like electric circuits designing. There is no doubt that the very purpose of this festival is motivating students to think differently. In the China Adolescents Science Technology Invention Contest, students from the attached school have been performing extremely well, which is partially credited to the Science Festival. What's more, several students have even been exempted from the National Higher Education Entrance Examination due to their remarkable works.

4. Festival of Associations
The Festival of Associations which first started in 2004, is much younger than the other three festivals mentioned above. This festival is most popular one among students, however, for its various forms of activities. Basically, every association at school will hold at least one activity depending on the nature of the association itself. For instance, Basketball Association usually hold basketball games where there is no restriction on the age and the grade of players. Since teachers and students can play in a same team, it provides more possibilities of combination than the Sports Festival does. Ergo, participants fight for honor in the Sport Festival and play for fun in the Festival of Association. Other associations like History Association and Association of Birds Enthusiast, usually hold a series of propaganda campaign about their topics. These include picture shows and/or lectures.

International Cooperation

The school has already established long-term friendly cooperative relationships with Southpoint Academy in Canada, Xiao Xing High School of Incheon, South Korea, Springvale Secondary College in Australia and Brooke House College in Britain. The High School recently entered into a "sister school" relationship with Orono High School in Orono, Maine, United States.

Every year the High School welcomes many waves of visitors from friend schools. In some long-period program, local students, usually from senior 1 and senior 2, are responsible for the reception task by 'babysitting' his or her partner: a foreign student will randomly be assigned to a Chinese student. More specifically, they will go, eat, sleep and study in parallel. Thus, if students want to apply for the reception mission, they will have to meet the language as well as financial requirement set up by the school first.  Under most circumstances, it is an opportunity for Chinese students to make friends as well as practice English skills. As a result, despite the strict selectivity, passionate students still apply for such opportunities eagerly.

In return, the High School also dispatches delegates, consisting of students as well as teachers, to visit friend schools in hopes of learning their successful experience and improving mutual understanding. All students in the High School are eligible for the application and therefore competition is extremely fierce. Based on the records of previous visits, members of Student Union are much more likely to be selected.

National Cooperation

For a long time, the school has been sending its best teachers to assist some of its cooperative schools. One notable event occurred in 2008, when the school expanded into Hainan Province by opening up a branch school in Hai Kou. This was a milestone in the history of the school, showing its growing strength. Recently, another junior high school became affiliated with the High School Attached to Hunan Normal University, as a new way to cultivate outstanding junior graduates for the parent-school.

After the 5.12 earthquake, the school has been helping Li County reconstruct its schools and education systems. Besides, the school has established ‘Sichuan Class’ consisting of students from Sichuan who lost their homes and schools in the great quake.

On the first anniversary of the earthquake, May 12, 2009, the school held a large-scale commemoration by standing in silent tribute. In the 'Sichuan Class', a special class meeting was held. Wearing white flowers, students gathered to mourn those compatriots who lost their lives. The headmaster, Liyuan Chang, wrote a letter to express his grief for the victims and hope for the survivors. Some part of it are cited below:

 I believe the earthquake can destroy our hometown, but never defeat our spirit and volition. Our determination to pursue a better life is not crushed as well.
I believe everyone of you will study hard and practice hard, striving to be pillars of our nation.
I believe, we study together to draw a better future a few years later.
I believe, our friendship will be sweeter just like a bottle of straveccio.

See also
Hunan Normal University
Yali School

Notes

External links
Official website of the High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
Chinese Communist Youth League Committee of the High School Attached to Hunan Normal University

High schools in Changsha
Buildings and structures in Changsha
Hunan Normal University
Educational institutions established in 1905
1905 establishments in China


Edward Doyle may refer to:
Edward Doyle (Irish politician), Irish Labour Party politician
Edward C. Doyle (1882–1972), Canadian politician in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
Eddie Doyle (American football) (1898–1942), American football player
Eddie Doyle (hurler) (1897–1948), Irish hurler
Ed Doyle (politician) (born 1935), Canadian politician
Ed Doyle (American football) (1905–1942), American football offensive lineman
Edward P. Doyle (Staten Island), member of the 109th New York State Legislature from Staten Island
Edward P. Doyle (Brooklyn) (1890–1972), New York assemblyman 1926 to 1937, see 149th New York State Legislature


CintaNotes is a freemium Microsoft Windows notetaking program.  It provides a way to store and retrieve text collected from other documents or websites. Since version 3.0 CintaNotes supports attaching files and images to notes.

CintaNotes supports clipping text from any application via a hotkey and also captures the web or local file link.  The program allows tags and has instant search based on tags, text, links or date. The entire database or individually selected notes can be exported into either Unicode text or XML format.

Features
 Organization — notes are organized using tags. The main window is divided into two parts: a tag list on the left side (sorted alphabetically) and notes on the right side. Which notes are displayed depend on which tag or tags are selected. Multiple tags can be selected to show only notes with all tags, or to show notes with some tags but not others.
 Notes — each note is plain text with an optional title and optional tags. All of these parts are displayed in the notes list.

See also
Comparison of notetaking software
Notetaking

References

External links
Review from Softonic.com
Comparison of CintaNotes to Evernote, OneNote, Simplenote, etc.
OnSoftware.com: CintaNotes - Help for Cluttered Desktops
LifeHacker: CintaNotes Is a Web-Clip Friendly Notes Manager

Freeware
Windows-only proprietary software
C++ software
Portable software
Note-taking software


Banana beer is an alcoholic beverage made from fermentation of mashed bananas. Sorghum, millet or maize flour are added as a source of wild yeast.

Etymology
In Uganda, banana beer is known as mubisi, in DR Congo as Kasiksi, in Kenya as urwaga, and in Rwanda and Burundi as urwagwa.

Background
Banana beer is sometimes consumed during rituals and ceremonies. A similar product called mwenge bigere is made in Uganda with only bananas and sorghum. It can also be found under the names kasiksi, nokrars, rwabitoke, urwedensiya, urwarimu and milinda kaki.

Production

Banana beer is made from ripe (but not over-ripe) East African Highland bananas (Musa acuminata Colla (AAA-EA), Mbidde clone set). To accelerate the ripening of bananas, a hole is dug in the ground, lined with dried banana leaves which are then set on fire. Fresh banana leaves are laid on top of them, then the unripe bananas. These are then covered by more fresh banana leaves and pseudostems. After four to six days, the bananas are ripe enough. This method only works in the dry season. During the rainy season, bananas are ripened by putting them on a hurdle near a cooking fire.

Two types of banana are used for banana beer: the harsh tasting igikashi and the milder tasting igisahira. The banana beer mixture consists of one third igikashi and two thirds igisahira. Once ripened, the bananas are peeled. They are not ripe enough if they cannot be peeled by hand. After peeling, the bananas are kneaded until soft. The juice is then filtered to get clear banana juice, which is then diluted with water. Sorghum is ground, lightly roasted, and then added to the juice. This mixture is left to ferment for 24 hours and then filtered.

After filtering, the beer is packaged in glass or plastic bottles. In commercial production, the beer may first be pasteurized before packaging to stop fermentation and extend shelf life.

Varieties
In Tanzania, there is a banana beer called mbege, which is still brewed traditionally.

Commercial brands include:
 Mongozo Banana Beer
 Raha
 Agashya

See also
 Banana wine: another product that can be retrieved from banana

References

Beer in Africa
Burundian cuisine
Drugs in Burundi
Kenyan cuisine
Rwandan cuisine
Tanzanian cuisine
Ugandan cuisine
Drugs in Rwanda
Types of beer
Banana drinks


Site 132, also known as Chusovaya  (), is a launch complex at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome (in the Soviet Union, then in Russia), used by Kosmos launch vehicles. It consists of two launch pads: Site 132/1 (2010), and 132/2 (1990), which are inactive.

The first launch from Site 132/1 was conducted on either 15 May or 26 June 1967, followed by the first known launch from Site 132/2 on 26 June 1967. The last launch from Site 132/2 occurred on 25 April 1990. Both pads were used by the same two rockets, the Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M. Although most Kosmos-3M launches have been conducted from Site 132, several early tests were conducted from Site 131; however, it is not known which ones, or how many. Some launches were also conducted from Site 133.

References

Plesetsk Cosmodrome


The Wave is a residential skyscraper with an unusual appearance on the Gold Coast, Australia. It rises to a height of  and has 34 floors. It is located at the corner of Surf Parade and Victoria Avenue, Broadbeach.

In a competition against 467 new buildings taller than , The Wave  was the recipient of the 2006 Silver Emporis Skyscraper Award.

The innovative structure features reinforced concrete balconies that create a flowing, waveform exterior. The design ensures each of the 118 apartment's balconies receive a mix of shade and sunlight. The tower features basement parking, a podium, three levels of commercial space and another level with recreation facilities. One, two and three bedroom apartments a found from floor five above.

In 2007, the building was featured in a Bollywood movie called Singh Is Kinng.

References

External links
Broadbeach Accommodation At The Wave Official Website

Residential buildings completed in 2006
Skyscrapers on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Broadbeach, Queensland
2006 establishments in Australia
Residential skyscrapers in Australia
Retail buildings in Queensland


B-Side Players is an American band formed in 1994. The band incorporates the sounds of Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico and Brazil with the funk, rock, jazz and hip-hop rhythms of their homeland. The band also drops a bit of Cumbia, gritty street Samba, Son Montuno and Jarocho into the mix. Described as War meets Lenny Kravitz by way of Ben Harper, the players have expanded their sound by playing with the likes of Harper, Ozomatli, The Wailers, James Brown, War and some of Cuba's best bands. They are signed to Jazz label Concord Music Group.

Karlos "Solrak" Paez, the man behind the B-Side Players, grew up in a musical family. His father Ezequiel Paez is a trombone player and musical arranger who spent 17 years in Los Moonlights from Tijuana and 10 years in La Banda Del Recodo.

Discography
Renacimiento (1997)
Culture of Resistance (1999)
Movement (2001)
Maiz (2002)
Fire In The Youth (2007)
Radio Afro Mexica (2009)
Revolutionize (2012)

Current and Former Members
 Karlos "Solrak" Paez - vocals, guitar (founding member)
 Sergio Hernández - bass (founding member)
 Damian DeRobbio - bass
 Paul Hernández - guitar
 Luis “The General” Cuenca - cymbals, drums, percussion and vocals
 Reagan Branch - Sax
 Vykki Milliman - flute
 Robert Sánchez - keyboard
 Josh Hernández - drums
 Joaquin Hernández - drums
Gerry Guevara - bass
 Emmanuel Alarcon - lead guitar, cuatro puertorriqueño, vocals
 Aldo Perretta - charango, tres cubano, jarana veracruzana, ronrroco, cuatro venezolano, kena, zampoña
 Russ Gonzales - tenor sax
 Beto Perretta - drums, vocals
 Mike Benge - Trombone
 Ryan Moran - drums
 Michael Cannon - drums
 Camilo Moreno - congas and percussion
 Jamal Siurano - alto sax
 Kevin Nolan - trombone, trumpet
 Andy Krier - keyboards
Omar Lopez - bass
josiah McGinley - Sax
Giovanni Mejia- Guitar
Fabio Alejo Rojas - Keyboards

References

External links
 Official Site

American funk musical groups
American Latin musical groups
Musical groups from San Diego


Thomas Drummond (1797–1840) was a Scottish civil engineer.

Thomas Drummond may also refer to:
 Thomas Drummond (botanist) (1793–1835), Scottish botanical collector
 Thomas Drummond (judge) (1809–1890), American judge
 Thomas Drummond (politician) (1833–1865), American politician and Civil War soldier from Iowa
 Thomas Drummond, Lord Drummond (1742–1780), Scottish landowner and diplomat
 Tom Drummond (footballer) (1897–1970), Australian rules footballer
 Tom Drummond (musician) (born 1969), American musician, bassist for Better Than Ezra


Kim Kyu-jong (; born February 24, 1987) is a South Korean entertainer, actor, and a member of boyband SS501.

He made his musical debut in Goong: Musical, playing the lead role of Lee Shin, and debut as a solo artist in September 2011 with his mini album Turn Me On.

Career

Early life
Kim Kyu Jong was born on February 24, 1987, in Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. His family consists of his parents and a younger sister, Kim Eun-ah.

He studied at Baekje Arts College, and applied music.

2005-2009: SS501 Debut

Kim Kyu Jong debuted as a member of SS501 on June 8, 2005, along with their debut album entitled Warning. Their second mini album, Snow Prince was released in late 2005, five months after their debut. During this time, they already established their official fan club name, "Triple S", and its color, pearl green. The group earned popularity right away as they won many rookie awards after their debut.

He started his acting career with a role in Mnet hip-hop music drama Break on May 11, 2006. Kim, along with the members of SS501, except for Heo Young-Saeng who was recovering from surgery, lent their voices to the Korean version of the 2006 animated film Pi's Story.

On August 21, 2006, when fellow member Heo Young-Saeng left the radio programme SS501's Youngstreet on Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) due to a throat condition requiring laryngeal surgery, he took over being the DJ, and continued to host the programme with fellow member Park Jung-min.

SS501 soon promoted their first studio album S.T 01 Now. In late 2007, they expanded their activities in the Japanese market to challenge themselves outside Korea with the release of their Japanese single Kokoro, along with the establishment of "Triple S Japan". After the single debuted at #5, they had 2 more successful releases in Japan entitled Distance and SS501. In around one year in Japan, they received the Newcomer Award by Japan Gold Disc Award in January 2008; this was the first time for Korean artists to receive this award.

Having built their foundation as artists in both countries, they continually released singles and albums back-and-forth such as Deja Vu in Korea and Lucky Days in Japan, both released in 2008. However, they stopped their activities as a group for a period of time as Park Jung-Min and Kim Hyun-Joong were given solo projects for Grease musical and Boys Over Flowers series respectively. Yet, the three remaining members, with Heo as the leader, continued to promote, dubbed as the SS501 Project Group. They released a project album named U R Man in November 2008, with high tempo dance title track "UR Man". They also contributed to the Boys Over Flowers soundtrack with "내 머리가 나빠서" (Because I'm Stupid), and appeared as a cameo in episode four, performing their track "U R Man". The track won Song of the Month for February at the 32nd Cyworld Digital Music Awards on March 28, 2009, as well as the Best OST of the year during the 2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards.

On November 21, 2008, Kim joined as one of the regular hosts on MBC's God Of Cookery Expedition. In 2009-2010, SS501 released All My Love, Solo Collection, Rebirth, and Destination consecutively before their contracts ended. Kim wrote the lyrics for his solo track, "Never Let You Go", as well as the lyrics for his part of "완.두.콩." (Green Peas), a song written for their fans.

2010-2011: Leaving DSP Media and solo debut
In June 2010, upon the expiration of SS501's contract with DSP Media, Kim along with fellow band member Heo, signed with B2M Entertainment, the agency of former DSP Media singer Lee Hyori, to embark on his solo career. Later on, Kim and Heo held a joint fan meeting, Kyu Jong & Young Saeng Story In Seoul on December 4, which continued in Hong Kong, Japan and countries across Asia.

Kim made his musical theatre debut in Goong: Musical (뮤지컬 궁), a spin-off of the television drama, in Korea. He took over the role of male lead Lee Shin, from U-Know Yunho of TVXQ. He performed this musical at Minami-za in Kyoto, Japan from June 11 to July 1, and subsequently in Seoul, Korea in September 2011.

On September 27, 2011, he released his debut solo mini album, Turn Me On with "Yesterday" as its title track It features a rap part by Heo Young-saeng in the dance track "My Love", and Yang Jiwon of Spica in the Yesterday music video. The teaser video for "Yesterday" was released on September 22.

In October 2011, Kim Kyu Jong was cast in the 36-part weekend drama, Saving Madame Go Bong Shil on cable channel CSTV. He played an aspiring musical actor named Nicky to mark his acting debut. On November 9, 2011, he performed along with other Korean and Japanese artists at the Seoul Tokyo Music Festival 2011 at Saitama Super Arena, Japan.

2012-2013: "Meet Me Again" Album and Military duty

In June 2012, it was announced that Kim is to fulfill his mandatory military service in July. On June 3, he held his farewell fan meeting, Thank U ThanKYU with Triple S at Yonsei University in Sinchon-dong, Seoul. This marks his last official activity before his enlistment in July, as well as the first time in over two years that the five members of SS501 have gathered together. On July 23, Kim reported to the recruit training center of the 35th division in Jeonju, North Jeolla Province for four weeks of basic training. They further explained that he was originally exempted because he had a hepatitis B carrier. Since a change in conscription law, however, he was eligible to serve non-active duty as a public service worker.

On July 18, Kim released a limited edition mini-album Meet Me Again dedicated to his fans. It features three tracks including "Thank You" composed by Kim, himself and "One Luv", a duet with Mighty Mouth's Shorry J, composed by Tae Wan Kim aka C-Luv.

On March 9, Kim spent his free time attending Kim Hyung Jun's 1st solo concert, The First at the Woori Art Hall, Olympic Park, Seoul. He even went up to the stage with Kim Hyung Jun and bowed together, marking the end of the concert.

During SS501's eighth anniversary, Kim, along with the SS501 members posted one video of them celebrating and greeting their fans on each of their own official YouTube accounts. Kim Hyun Joong was not able to be in the video at that time because he had a shooting in his variety show, Barefooted Friends. However, Kim Hyun Joong still talked about their anniversary during his Korea fan meeting entitled 2013 KHJ Show - Party People, held on the same day of their anniversary.

Kim attended Heo Young-saeng's first and farewell concert in Seoul entitled 2013 Heo Young Saeng Seoul Concert 0513 My Story on October 26 at the UNIQLO AX Hall. This time, all of the SS501 members appeared together on one stage and performed together as one group again after three years. They sang their self-written song dedicated to their fans, "Green Peas", and their a cappella version of the song, "In the Still of the Night".

2014-present: Military discharge, drama and musical comeback
On July 22, 2014, exactly two years after being enlisted in the army, Kim Kyu Jong was officially discharged from his duties. At around 9:30 to 10 am, he arrived at the military manpower office in Jeonbuk, Jeonju, and he was welcomed by the fans and press who waited for hours. Kim came back as part of KBSN's special project drama ‘S.O.S Please Save Me’ for the role of Park JungJun. Following this, he was cast at the 20th anniversary musical performance “Singin’ in the Rain for the role of DongHyun.

Personal life
During the time when Kim was still serving in the military service, updates about him were only known through his friends' Twitter updates and his personal handwritten letters to his fans to show his love and appreciation. To further show his acknowledgement towards his fans, it was revealed that he joined ThanKYU's (name of his fanclub) various donation activities. On February 1, Kyu Jong sent 14 woven hats that he and his mother had personally weaved during his spare time.

Philanthropy
Kim Kyu Jong is active in donating to share his achievements to the people in need, as well as his fanclub, ThanKYU.

In 2011, Kim volunteered for a welfare activity at an animal shelter together with Heo and Lee Hyori. In the same year, Kim also donated 620 kg of rice on the "Dreame rice flower basket" company to be given to his hometown in DeokJin-gu to help the families there. He also became an ambassador of "Heart Heart Foundation", preparing food for needy children under the Warm Meals campaign and participating in the sharing/charity performance of Heart Heart Orchestra

In February 2013, Kim personally weaved hats with the help of his mother during his free time in the army. He was touched by his fans' various donation activities that he helped them weaved some, particularly 14 hats.

Discography

EPs
 Turn Me On (2011)
 Meet Me Again (2012)
 Play in Nature (2018)

Filmography

Film

Television series

Web Drama

Variety shows

Musical theater
 2011: Goong: Musical - as Lee Shin
 2015: “Singin’ in the Rain - as DongHyun

Radio DJ
from August 21, 2006: SBS Power FM - SS501's Young Street ()

Bibliography

December 2011: Heo Young-saeng & Kim Kyu-jong - 2012 Double Attraction (Limited Edition with DVD)
April 2012: Photo Message Book

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Jeonju
Musicians from North Jeolla Province
B2M Entertainment artists
SS501 members
DSP Media artists
South Korean male models
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean radio presenters
South Korean male idols
South Korean male singers
South Korean pop singers
CI Entertainment artists


The IIHF Super Cup was an ice hockey event played between each winner of the two main European club tournaments of the previous season.

In 1997 it was played between the champion of the European Hockey League and the champion of the IIHF European Cup. The next three years it was played between the champion of the European Hockey League and the champion of the IIHF Continental Cup.

IIHF Super Cup Finals

References
 Supercup 1997
 Supercup 1998
 Supercup 1999
 Supercup 2000

See also

European Hockey League
IIHF Continental Cup

International Ice Hockey Federation tournaments
Ice hockey tournaments in Europe
Recurring sporting events established in 1997
1997 establishments in Europe


Newton Suites is a residential skyscraper in Newton Road, Singapore designed by WOHA Architects. It has a height of 120 metres with 36 floors. Each floor has two two-bedroom and two three-bedroom apartments. The top floor contains two penthouses. The building features several sky gardens. The condominium has a security post, basement car park and a swimming pool.

References
 Developers Website of Newton Suites

Residential buildings completed in 2007
Residential skyscrapers in Singapore
Apartment buildings in Singapore
WOHA


The Sormonne () is a  long river in the Ardennes département, northeastern France. Its source is at Taillette, near Rocroi. It flows generally southeast. It is a left tributary of the Meuse into which it flows at Warcq, near Charleville-Mézières.

Communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth: Taillette, Éteignières, Regniowez, Neuville-lez-Beaulieu, Auvillers-les-Forges, Girondelle, Flaignes-Havys, Marby, Étalle, Blombay, Chilly, Laval-Morency, Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne, Murtin-et-Bogny, Sormonne, Remilly-les-Pothées, Ham-les-Moines, Haudrecy, Cliron, Tournes, Belval, Damouzy, Warcq

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Ardennes (department)
Rivers of Grand Est


Brian Wenning is a former professional skateboarder formerly affiliated with Plan B Skateboards, Habitat Skateboards, and DC Shoes. He has appeared on ESPN.com and in several skating magazines.

References

Living people
American skateboarders
People from Monmouth Beach, New Jersey
Year of birth missing (living people)


The South Sulawesi languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are primarily spoken in the Indonesian provinces of South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, with a small outlying pocket in West Kalimantan.

Subgrouping

Internal classification
This classification follows Grimes & Grimes (1987) and the Ethnologue.
Bugis
Buginese: Buginese, Campalagian
 Tamanic: Embaloh, Taman
Makassaric: Bentong, Coastal Konjo, Highland Konjo, Makassarese, Selayar
Seko: Budong-Budong, Panasuan, Seko Padang, Seko Tengah
Lemolang
Northern
Mamuju
Mandar
Massenrempulu: Duri, Enrekang, Malimpung, Maiwa
Pitu Ulunna Salu: Aralle-Tabulahan, Dakka, Pannei, Bambam, Ulumanda’
Toraja: Kalumpang, Tae’, Mamasa (including Pattae', Central Mamasa, and Northern Mamasa), Toraja-Sa’dan, Talondo’

The position of the Tamanic languages, spoken in West Borneo, was unclear until the end of the last century. The Dutch linguist K.A. Adelaar showed that they are especially close to Buginese and thus can be included in the South Sulawesi subgroup.

Zobel (2020) also classifies the Badaic languages with Seko as part of a Seko–Badaic group within the South Sulawesi branch.

Notes: Italic writing indicates it is considered a dialect and not a separate language.

Position within Austronesian
At the current state of research, the South Sulawesi languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.

South Sulawesi influence in Malagasy
Adelaar (1995) suggested that the vocabulary of Malagasy, next to its basic stratum inherited from Barito and loanwords from Malay, also contains many words that are of South Sulawesi origin. Further evidence was presented by Blench (2018).

Reconstruction

Proto-South Sulawesi (PSS) has been reconstructed by Mills (1975a, 1975b).

Phonology

Vowels

The Proto-South-Sulawesi vowel *ɨ is a reflex of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *ə. It is only preserved in Buginese, in all other languages it mostly became a (but under certain circumstances also i, u, e, and rarely o).

The main sources of the mid vowels are PMP *-iq/*-ay, which became *e, and *-uq/*-aw, which became *o, e.g.
PMP  > PSS  'white'
PMP  > PSS  'dead'
PMP  > PSS  'torch'
PMP  > PSS  'knife'

Consonants

The velar fricative *ɣ only appears in final position as a reflex of PMP *R, while *z only is found in medial position as a reflex of PMP *j.

See also
Languages of Sulawesi
Celebic languages

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 South Sulawesi at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
 Classification of Sulawesi Languages

Languages of Sulawesi


The burpee, a squat thrust with an additional stand between repetitions, is a full body exercise used in strength training. The movement itself is primarily an anaerobic exercise, but when done in succession over a longer period can be utilized as an aerobic exercise.

The basic movement as described by its namesake, physiologist Royal H. Burpee, is performed in four steps from a standing position and known as a "four-count burpee":

 Move into a squat position with your hands on the ground.
 Kick your feet back into an extended plank position, while keeping your arms extended.
 Immediately return your feet into squat position.
 Stand up from the squat position.

You can make this exercise modified by stepping back into a plank instead

Moves 2 and 3 constitute a squat thrust. Many variants of the basic burpee exist, and they often include a push-up and a jump.

Origin

The exercise was invented in 1939 by US physiologist Royal Huddleston Burpee Sr., who used it in the burpee test to assess fitness. Burpee earned a PhD in applied physiology from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1940 and created the "burpee" exercise as part of his PhD thesis as a quick and simple fitness test, which may be used as a measure of agility and coordination. The original burpee was a "four-count burpee" consisting of movements through four different positions, and in the fitness test, the burpee was performed four times, with five heart rate measurements taken before and after the four successive burpees to measure the efficiency of the heart at pumping blood and how quickly the heart rate returns to normal.

The exercise was popularized when the United States Armed Services made it one of the ways used to assess the fitness level of recruits when the US entered World War II. Although the original test was not designed to be performed at high volume, the Army used the burpee to test how many times it can be performed by a soldier in 20 seconds – eight burpees in 20 seconds is considered poor, 10 is fair, 13 or more excellent. The Army also considered that a soldier fit enough for the rigor of war should be able to perform 40 or 50 burpees non-stop in an easy rhythm.

Variants

 Box-jump burpee  The athlete jumps onto a box, rather than straight up and down.
 Burpee broad jump A burpee followed by a stationary two footed distance jump.

 Burpee push-up The athlete performs one push-up after assuming the extended plank position.
 Dumbbell burpee The athlete holds a pair of dumbbells while performing the exercise.
 Devil-press burpee The athlete performs a non-jumping burpee with dumbbells and then overhead presses the dumbbells.

 Eight-count push-up or double burpee The athlete performs two push-ups after assuming the plank position. This cancels the drive from landing after the jump and makes the next jump harder. Each part of the burpee might be repeated to make it even harder.
 Hindu push-up burpee Instead of a regular push-up, do a Hindu push-up.
 Jump-over burpee The athlete jumps over an obstacle between burpees.
 Knee push-up burpee  The athlete bends their knees and rests them on the ground before performing the push-up.
 Long-jump burpee  The athlete jumps forward, not upward.
 Muscle-up burpee  Combine a muscle-up (a variation of a pull-up) with the jump or do a muscle-up instead of the jump.
 One-armed burpee  The athlete uses only one arm for the whole exercise including the push-up.
 One-leg burpee  The athlete stands on one leg, bends at the waist and puts hands on ground so they are aligned with shoulders. Next jump back with the standing leg to plank position. Jump forward with the one leg that was extended, and do a one-leg jump. Repeat on opposite side.
 Pull-up burpee  Combine a pull-up with the jump or do a pull-up instead of the jump.

 Side burpee The athlete bends at waist and places hand shoulder-width apart to the side of right or left foot. Jump both legs out to side and land on the outer and inner sides of your feet. Jump back in, jump up, and repeat on opposite side.

 Burpee mountain climber The athlete does a full regular burpee, when the chest and thigh are on the ground, the athlete completes a full mountain climber (split-squat thrust)
 Tuck-jump burpeeThe athlete pulls their knees to their chest (tucks) at the peak of the jump.

World records

Chest-to-ground burpees

One minute
On April 29, 2023, in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Philippe Jouan achieved a record 38 chest-to-ground burpees in one minute.

One hour
On June 25, 2021, in Singapore, Cassiano Rodrigues Laureano achieved a record 951 chest-to-ground burpees in one hour.

12 hours
On July 7, 2019, in Milford, Michigan, Army ROTC Cadet Bryan Abell set the Guinness World Record for most chest-to-ground burpees performed in 12 hours by completing 4,689 burpees.
On December 1, 2019, this record was broken and the new record was set as 5,234 by Samuel Finn from Canada.

72 hours
At 6 am on October 21, 2013, in Portland, Oregon, Lloyd Weema broke the burpee world record: the most chest-to-ground burpees performed in 72 hours with 9,480.

See also
 Sun Salutation - a sequence of yoga postures that bears some similarities.

References

External links

 "Can we make our soldiers tough enough?" in Popular Science, February 1944

Aerobic exercise
Articles containing video clips
Bodyweight exercises
Physical exercise
Strength training


Uri Kabiri (; born June 3, 1970) is an Israeli songwriter, actor and musical producer.

Biography
Uri Kabiri was born in Jerusalem. After his parents divorced, he moved with his mother to Rechovot. He learned to play several musical instruments at an early age, but focused mainly on keyboard. In 1979, when Kabiri was nine, he began to take drum lessons. His mother married the drum teacher and in 1982, they opened a drum school in Tel Aviv. Kabiri helped to run the school's recording studio.

Acting career
In 1986, Kabiri played the part of Gadi Fishenzon in the cult film Alex Holeh Ahavah. In 1988, Kabiri appeared in Tel Aviv - Los Angeles by Dudu Topaz. In 1988-1991, he served in the Israel Defense Forces as a member of the Israel Air Force band.

Music career
In 1992 he began working as a dub artist for children's TV shows, including Video Power, Mr. Bogus and The Adventures of Tiny Toons. In the 1990s, Kabiri composed and arranged theme songs for children's shows and Israeli comedians. Between 1992 and 2009, Kabiri was one of the producers, instrumental players, musical arrangers, recording technicians and backup singers of Dana International, including the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest's winner "Diva". Kabiri worked with Maya Simantov and composed music for films, among them (Dawg, Kickin' It Old Skool) and TV (Sex and the City, The Sopranos, Malcolm in the Middle, MTV's MADE). In 2011, he announced that he was moving to Nashville, Tennessee to further his career.

References

External links
Uri Kabiri on Myspace

1970 births
Living people
Israeli composers
Israeli male film actors
20th-century Israeli male singers
Israeli male voice actors


Frederick Taylor Gates (July 22, 1853, Maine, Broome County, New York – February 6, 1929, Phoenix, Arizona) was an American Baptist clergyman, educator, and the principal business and philanthropic advisor to the major oil industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Sr., from 1891 to 1923.

Early life
Gates was born on July 2, 1853, in Maine, Broome County, New York.  He was the son of Granville and Sarah Jane (née Bowers) Gates.  His father was a Baptist minister and his neighbor, and uncle, was Cyrus Gates a cartographer, abolitionist and local judge.

He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1877 and from the Rochester Theological Seminary in 1880. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. From 1880 to 1888, he served as pastor of the Central Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota.  He left the ministry and was appointed the secretary of the newly formed American Baptist Education Society where he championed a Baptist university in Chicago to fill a void that existed in Baptist education.

Rockefeller adviser
On January 21, 1889, Gates met the lifetime Baptist, John D. Rockefeller, Sr. He proved to be central to the suggestion and subsequent design of the funding plans for the creation by Rockefeller, Sr. of the Baptist University of Chicago; he subsequently served for many years as a trustee on its board.

Standard Oil
Gates then became Rockefeller's key philanthropic and business adviser, working in the newly established family office in Standard Oil headquarters at 26 Broadway, where he oversaw Rockefeller's investments in a series of investments in many companies but not in his personal stock in the Standard Oil Trust.

From 1892 onwards, faced with his ever expanding investments and real estate holdings, Rockefeller Sr. recognized the need for professional advice and so he formed a four-member committee, later including his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr., to manage his money, and nominated Gates as its head and as his senior business adviser. In this capacity Gates steered Rockefeller Sr. money predominantly to syndicates arranged by the investment house of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and, to a lesser extent, the house of J. P. Morgan.

Other roles
Gates served on the boards of many companies in which Rockefeller had a majority shareholding; the latter then held a securities portfolio of unprecedented size for a private individual. Although Gates is recognized today as a philanthropic advisor, Rockefeller himself regarded him as the greatest businessman he had encountered in his life, skipping such prominent figures of the time as Henry Ford and Andrew Carnegie.

When he ceased being a business advisor to Rockefeller in 1912, Gates continued to advise him and his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr., on philanthropic matters, at the same time serving on many corporate boards. He also served as president of the General Education Board, which was subsequently merged into other Rockefeller family institutions.

Philanthropy
Gates focused exclusively on philanthropy after 1912. He moved Rockefeller from doling out retail sums to specific recipients to the wholesale process of setting up well-funded foundations that were run by experts who decided what topics of reform were ripe. In all Gates supervised the distribution of about $500 million. Although Rockefeller himself believed in folk medicine, the billionaire listened to his experts, and Gates convinced him that he could have the greatest impact by modernizing medicine especially by reforming education, sponsoring research to identify cures, and systematically eradicating debilitating diseases that sapped national efficiency like hookworm.

In 1901, Gates designed the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University), of which he was board president. He then designed the Rockefeller Foundation, becoming a trustee upon its creation in 1913. Gates served as president of the General Education Board, which became the leading foundation in the field of education.

By 1912, however, John D. Rockefeller Jr. was taking control of philanthropic policies, with Gates slipping to second place.  Although Gates never quite lost his religion, he began shifting the direction from religious charities to decidedly more secular pursuits like medical research and education.  Gates designed the China Medical Board (CMB) in 1914. Rather than viewing China through the traditional missionary lens of millions of heathens to be converted, Gates placed his faith in science. He complained the missionaries in China were trapped in the "bondage of tradition and an ignorance and misguided sentiment in the supporting churches." They had made few converts and fumbled the opportunity to spread Western science. There were hundreds of medical missionaries but they linked Western medical "miracles" to the teachings of Christianity. Instead of focusing on preventive health, they urged sick and dying patients to convert. Gates planned to take over the Peking Union Medical College and retrain missionaries there. Working at the intersection of philanthropy, imperialism, big business, religion, and science, the China Medical Board was his last major project.

In 1924, Gates overreached, asking the Rockefeller Foundation Board to invest $265 million in the China Medical Board. The fantastic sum would make Chinese medical care the finest in the world and would eliminate denominationalism influence from the practice of medicine and charity work in China. The Board refused and Gates became a victim of his own progressive emphasis on the "rule of experts." The experts on China and medicine disagreed with him, and he was marginalized, causing his resignation from the CMB.

Gates was a progressive and committed to the Efficiency Movement. He looked for leverage whereby a few millions of dollars would generate significant changes, as in the creation of a new university, the eradication of hookworm because it reduced efficiency or the revolution in hospitals caused by the Flexner Report.

Personal life
On June 28, 1882, Gates was married to Lucia Fowler Perkins (d. 1883).  She died a year later in 1883.  On March 3, 1886, he married Emma Lucile Cahoon (1855–1934). Together, they were the parents of:

 Frederick Lamont Gates (1886–1933), a physician and scientist at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
 Franklin Herbert Gates (1888–1945), a banker and scientific farmer who married Janet McKee.
 Russell Cahoon Gates (1890–1964), who married Lois Ada Lottridge (1901–1988), in 1920.
 Alice Florence Gates (1891–1974), who married Dr. William Kent Pudney in 1929.
 Lucia Louise Gates (1893–1967), who married Leverett Franklin Hooper in 1921.
 Grace Lucile Gates (1895–1981), who married Morris Randolph Mitchell (1895–1976), the first president of Friends World College, in 1919.
 Percival Taylor Gates (1897–1978), who married Frances Elaine Crozier (1901–1978).

The Gates family lived at 66 South Mountain Avenue in Montclair, New Jersey.

Gates died on February 6, 1929, of pneumonia and acute appendicitis in Phoenix, Arizona, where he and his wife were visiting a daughter. After a funeral and memorial at the First Congregational Church in Montclair, Gates was buried at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Upper Montclair.

Descendants
Through his eldest son Frederick, he was the grandfather of Frederick Taylor Gates, a Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale alumnus, who married Patricia Brown, the daughter of William Stuart Forbes Jr.
Contrary to persistent internet rumors, Frederick Taylor Gates is not related to Bill Gates, Microsoft co-founder.

See also
Rockefeller family
Rockefeller Foundation
John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller Jr.

References

Further reading
 Baick, John S. "Cracks in the Foundation: Frederick T. Gates, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the China Medical Board." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2004 3(1): 59-89.  Fulltext: at History Cooperative, the most useful analysis
 Berliner, Howard S.  A System of Scientific Medicine: Philanthropic Foundations in the Flexner Era. Tavistock, 1985. 190 pp.
 Brown, E. Richard Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America (1979), sees Rockefeller philanthropy as bad because it reflected Western imperialism
 Chernow, Ron, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., 1998.
 Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in my Life. 1977. autobiography
 General Education Board The General Education Board: An Account of Its Activities, 1902-1914 (1915).
 Nevins, Allan, Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
 Ninkovich, Frank. "The Rockefeller Foundation, China, and Cultural Change," Journal of American History 70 (March 1984): 799-820. in JSTOR
 Starr, Harris Elwood,  "Frederick T.  Gates" in Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 4 (1931).

External links

Guide to the Frederick Taylor Gates Papers 1888-1906 at the University of Chicago Library.

Rockefeller Foundation people
Baptist ministers from the United States
People from Broome County, New York
1853 births
1929 deaths
Baptists from New York (state)
Educators from New York (state)
Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (Montclair, New Jersey)