The 2009 Carnegie Challenge Cup Final was played on 29 August 2009 at Wembley Stadium, in London between Huddersfield Giants and Warrington Wolves. It was the first Challenge Cup final since 1985–86 that any of the 'Big Four' (Bradford, Leeds, St. Helens, and Wigan) had failed to reach. It was the second final in four years for Huddersfield following their appearance in the 2006 final, but their first appearance at Wembley Stadium in forty-seven years.

En route to the final, Warrington defeated Wigan 39–26 in their semi final at the Stobart Stadium Halton in Widnes on 8 August 2009, and on the day after Huddersfield beat holders St Helens 24–14 in Warrington's Halliwell Jones Stadium.

Route to final

Due to the way teams at different professional levels are introduced into the tournament, the number of rounds needed to reach a Challenge Cup final depends on the team, and the league they play in. For a Super League team to reach a final, they must have played four rounds. Five rounds must have been played for a team playing in the Co-operative Championship, and for an amateur or foreign club, the number varies depending on which round they entered the competition. Because both Warrington Wolves and Huddersfield Giants are Super League clubs, they both entered the competition in the fourth round, receiving byes in the third.

Warrington Wolves

Warrington's cup-run started with a home tie to Championship One part-timers the York City Knights. Their last meeting in the Challenge cup in 2000 resulted in a near-whitewashing 84–1 defeat. Lee Briers replaced Michael Monaghan at  while Hicks took over kicking duties, with Martin Gleeson left out over speculation of a move to Wigan Warriors, which eventually came true. Warrington scored first thanks to a try from Simon Grix in the second minute, but York struck back immediately afterwards to take the lead with an effort from ; Danny Ratcliffe. Vinnie Anderson and Ben Harrison both scored tries which were converted before sloppy defence allowed Paul Hughes to score an opportunist York try midway through the first half. Warrington took a half time lead of 28–10 thanks to Ben Westwood and the first try of the season for Michael Cooper. Warrington kept a clean sheet in the second half, as they doubled their first half tally. Tries from Chris Bridge, Lee Briers, Vinnie Anderson, Louis Anderson and Paul Johnson took the game away from York, a cause not helped by the sending off of ; Danny Ekis after 64 minutes The game finished 52–10, with Garreth Carvell returning from injury to pick up the man of the match award.

Their fifth round match was a fixture away at the Featherstone Rovers' Chris Moyles Stadium in which they again scored 56 points. The game was fullback Richard Mathers' debut for the Wolves following his transfer from the Wigan Warriors in exchange for Martin Gleeson. Rovers scored first thanks to Tommy Saxton on the wing, and threatened to score another, although an interception from Hicks was returned for a 70-metre try. Monoghan then set up Mathers in support who scored the away team's second try. A deflected kick picked up by Westwood provided another Warrington try for Monaghan. Although a knock-on from Chris Riley gave the Featherstone Rovers good field position, they failed to score, and Warrington extended the lead to 8–20 at half time thanks to a try from Paul Wood. Warrington scored first after the break following some tidy passing between Monoghan and Jon Clarke, with Hicks eventually scoring the try, before the Featherstone Rovers scored their second and last try of the match through Tom Haughey. A further Warrington try from Hicks, as well as a try worked by ex-Wigan pair Mickey Higham and Mathers were followed by tries from Harrison, Riley and Bridge to end the game comprehensively in Warrington's favour, with ten tries in total being scored by the away side.

On 30 May, Hull witnessed only the second ever Challenge Cup game to be decided by the golden point rule, as Hull Kingston Rovers proved a tougher outfit than both of Warrington's previous sub-Super League opponents. Hull Kingston Rovers started better, and seized the initiative after just three minutes, with Paul Cooke's long pass to Peter Fox proving an opportunity for Kris Welham. Despite multiple handling errors from Simon Grix, the home side failed to extend their lead. Two goal-line dropouts eventually lead to Vinnie Anderson crashing over the try-line on the 16th minute, in front of the post; Chris Bridge converted to level the scores 6–6, which it remained until half-time thanks to a last resort tackle from fullback Shaun Briscoe to deny Ben Harrison a try. Monaghan retreated from the match in the 31st minute, but Warrington took the lead at the start of the second half when Jon Clarke finished off a Matt King break on the wing. Hull Kingston Rovers replied with two tries of their own in five minutes, from Clint Newton, and later Ben Galea following a kick from Paul Cooke which deceived Richie Mathers. With the scores already 18–12, Rovers extended their lead further on the hour with a break that covered half the "New" Craven Park pitch from Jake Webster. Matt King plucked Lee Briers' kick into the corner for a Warrington try and Chris Bridge made the scores level with another try in the 70th minute. Bridge converted his own try to give Warrington a slender two-point lead before a penalty conceded for offside provided Michael Dobson with an opportunity to level the game again. A knock on from the resulting kick-off gave Lee Briers a chance to land a drop goal, but he sliced the ball, forcing the game into extra time. He missed two further chances, before kicking the ball between the uprights in front of the visiting Warrington fans in the 85th minute.

This victory set up a semi-final date with Wigan Warriors, the most successful team in the Challenge Cup's history, at the Stobart Stadium Halton in Widnes. Despite a third minute Ben Westwood try disallowed by video referee Phil Bentham for obstruction, Warrington again fell behind before replying strongly, with Phil Bailey returning from injury to give Wigan a 6–0 lead after seven minutes, before Pat Richards scored his 1000th Wigan career point with a penalty goal to extend the lead by a further two points. Bailey was soon withdrawn with an injury to his Achilles which ended his match day. Three tries came in quick succession as Warrington struck back, with Matt King bursting through four defenders, Louis Anderson taking advantage of a mistake from Amos Roberts, and Briers weaving through the defensive line to take the scores to 18–8 following three successful conversions from Chris Bridge. Although Andy Coley was held over the try-line, Wigan's attack on the Warrington line was otherwise dull, and further tries from Michael Cooper and Matt King put the game beyond the Warriors by half-time. Warrington scored first in the second half, with Matt King gathering the high ball from Lee Briers unopposed to complete his hat-trick. A spirited Wigan fightback followed thanks to Warrington handling errors in their own half, with Sam Tomkins gathering his own kick for a try in the 55th minute, Andy Coley scoring from a Paul Prescott offload, and Thomas Leuluai defeating Richie Mathers in a one-on-one tackle. Richards' perfect kicking game reduced the margin to just six points, before a Lee Briers drop goal from thirty metres out and a Chris Hicks try put the game once again beyond Wigan's reach.

Huddersfield Giants

Pre-match
The cup final curtain raiser, a match contesting the Year 7 boys Champion Schools was between Outwood Grange College of Wakefield and Castleford High School.

Classical soprano Hayley Westenra was the headline pre-match entertainment, performing the cup final anthem, "Abide with Me", and the British national anthem. Supporting Westenra were the Black Dyke Band and the ACM Gospel Choir.

Players from the 1975 final, played by Warrington and Widnes and including Mike Nicholas, 'Big' Jim Mills and Doug Laughton, were re-united before kick-off.

The coaches for both teams were from the same part of New South Wales and had even played together for the St. George Dragons in their 1993 NSWRL season grand final loss to the Brisbane Broncos.

The BBC broadcasting team included commentators Dave Woods and Jonathan Davies, presenters Clare Balding, Robbie Paul, Damian Johnson and Tanya Arnold and experts Justin Morgan and Brian Noble, the coaches of Hull Kingston Rovers and Wigan Warriors respectively.

Match

First half
Warrington kicked off and after the game's first set of six tackles, Brett Hodgson's clearing kick was charged down by Louis Anderson who re-gathered and was tackled close to Huddersfield's try-line. Moments later, in only the second minute of the game, Richie Mathers from close range barged over between the uprights and the video referee ruled that a Huddersfield hand had not prevented him from grounding the ball on the line. Chris Bridge's straightforward conversion put the Wolves ahead 6–nil. Just on the seven-minute mark, after repeat sets attacking Warrington's line, Huddersfield's Shaun Lunt appeared to have scored a similar try, forcing his way to the line beneath the uprights to put the ball down, although it was controversially denied by the video referee, who ruled a double movement. However, in the 9th minute, the Giants were working the ball out of their own half when David Faiumu offloaded from a tackle to a flying Brett Hodgson who then drew the fullback in and passed to Lunt who outran the defence to score. Hodgson successfully kicked the extras so the scores were level at 6 all. Only about two minutes later Warrington replied with another close-range try, this time from Michael Monaghan running from dummy half and stretching out from the tackle to put the ball down. Bridge made no mistake with the conversion so the Wolves' lead was 12–6. Then in the fifteenth minute Warrington scored again, moving the ball out to the right to Chris Hicks' wing where he crossed, improving the field position for his kicker before putting the ball down. Bridges kicked the goal, pushing the Wolves' lead out to 18–6, with less than a quarter of the match played. Shortly after, Warrington appeared to have scored again when Matt King leapt for a Lee Briers bomb and came down with the ball over the line. However the video referee ruled that he'd taken the ball from a Huddersfield defender's hands in mid-air so it was disallowed. In the 24th minute, Huddersfield got repeat sets in Warrington's half and worked the ball out to the left wing where David Hodgson crossed untouched, but again the video referee disallowed the try, this time the video referee ruled that a member of the Warrington defence had been taken out. Huddersfield continued to dominate possession and field position and eventually, less than four minutes from half-time, after keeping the ball alive they scored out on the right hand side through Brett Hodgson. He missed the difficult conversion attempt so the score was 18–10 in favour of Warrington and would remain at that till the half-time siren.

Second half
After the break, the contest became quite an even arm wrestle and no points were scored until the sixtieth minute, when from about fifteen metres out from Huddersfield's line, Michael Monaghan ran from dummy half then passed from the tackle to Vinnie Anderson who hit a big gap and crashed over under the posts. The kick for Bridge was simple so the score was 24–10 in Warrington's favour. Four minutes later Huddersfield were penalised for a high tackle on Lee Briers by Scott Moore less than thirty metres from their line. Warrington decided to take the shot at goal and Bridge missed his first kick of the day so the score remained unchanged. The Wolves then successfully kept Huddersfield penned up in their own half, protecting their lead, until the seventy-seventh minute when the Giants got a consolation try: a Warrington mistake saw Huddersfield get a set of six in the opposition half and after keeping the ball alive and sending it through the hands out to David Hodgson on the wing, he stepped outside one defender and inside the next before reaching an arm out of the third defender's tackle to bounce the ball off the try-line. The video referee was again called upon to award the try and Brett Hodgson's sideline conversion was successful, bringing the score to 24–16. With just over a minute remaining, Warrington were down close to Huddersfield's line when the ball went to Lee Briers who kicked a field goal, putting the final score at 25 - 16.

Details

Man of the Match

The Lance Todd Trophy is awarded to the Man of the Match in each year's Challenge Cup final and this year Michael Monaghan became the third Australian in history to win it.

See also

 Challenge Cup

References

External links
The Challenge Cup's official website
The Challenge Cup on the RFL's website

Challenge Cup finals
Challenge Cup final
Challenge Cup final
Huddersfield Giants
Warrington Wolves matches
Events at Wembley Stadium
August 2009 sports events in the United Kingdom


This is a list of presidents of the Municipality of Kragujevac and Mayors of Kragujevac since 1920.

The Mayor of Kragujevac is the head of the City of Kragujevac (the fourth largest city in Serbia). He acts on behalf of the city, and performs an executive function in the City of Kragujevac. The current Mayor of Kragujevac is Nikola Dašić (SNS).

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Vojislav Kalanović (1920 – 1933)
Aleksa Obradović (1933 – 1935)
Kamenko Božić (1935 – 1938)
Dragomir Simović (1938 – 1939)
Miloš Stevović (1939 – 1940)

DF Yugoslavia / FPR Yugoslavia / SFR Yugoslavia
Milutin Marković (1944 – 1947) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Milorad Mitrović (1947 – 1949) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Sreten Nikolić (1949 – 1950) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Momir Marković (1950 – 1955) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Momčilo Petrović (1955 – 1957) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Blagoje Kojadinović (1957 – 1963) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Obren Stojanović (1963 – 1967) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Milan Đoković (1967 – 1972) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Borivoje Petrović (1972 – 1981) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Milutin Milojević (1981 – 1984) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Kamenko Sretenović (1984 – 1988) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Predrag Galović (1988 – 1989) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
Srboljub Vasović (1989 – 1992) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia / Socialist Party of Serbia)

FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro

Republic of Serbia

Sources
Web Page of the City of Kragujevac

Kragujevac

Kragujevac


Bērzaune parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia. Close to the highest point in Latvia Gaiziņkalns, only  away.

Towns, villages and settlements of Bērzaune parish
 Bērzaune
 Dzirnaviņas
 Muižnieki
 Ozolkrogs
 Sauleskalns

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Chashmasor (, formerly Utkansoy) is a jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 10,275 (2015). It consists of 28 villages, including Mirzorabot (the seat) and Kuhsor.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Dzelzava Parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Gallery

References

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Yova (Russian and Tajik: Ёва) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 40,297 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


John McAdam  may refer to:

 John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836), Scottish engineer noted for inventing the process of "macadamization" of roads
 John McAdam (politician) (1807–1893), Irish-born politician in New Brunswick, Canada
 John Macadam (1827–1865), Australian (Scottish-born) chemist, medical teacher and politician, after whom the Macadamia nut is named
 John McAdam (businessman) (born circa 1970), American businessman

See also
 John McAdams (disambiguation)


Kalsnava Parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

History
Kalsnava Manor (Calcenoide) has been known since the 14th century. In 1935 the area of the parish was 278 km². In 1945 the parish councils of Jāņukalns, Jaunkalsnava and Veckalsnava were established, but in 1949 the parish was dissolved. In 1951 the village of Veckalsnava was liquidated and its territory was added to the villages Jāņukalns and Jaunkalsnava. In 1954 Jaunkalsnava village was reorganized into Kalsnava village. In 1964 Jāņukalns village was added to Kalsnava village. In 1990 the village was reorganized into a parish. In 2009, the parish is included in the Madona district as an administrative territory.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kalsnava Parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality
Vidzeme


Lazdona parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Lazdona parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Dadoboy Kholmatov (, formerly: Pakhtakor) is a jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 12,966 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Haidar Usmonov is a jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 37,017 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Ļaudona Parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. Until 2009, it was part of the defunct Madona District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ļaudona parish
 Ļaudona

References

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality
Vidzeme


Jeff Miracola (born October 10, 1971) is an American fantasy artist, children's book artist, and illustrator.

Miracola created illustrations for the children's book, Welcome to Monster Isle, along with children's author Oliver Chin in 2008. Miracola's illustrations have also appeared in ImagineFX magazine, The Duelist magazine, Advanced Photoshop magazine, and on a Target Corporation gift card. In the gaming industry, he is best known for his work in the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, the Shadowrun role-playing game and collectible card game, as well as the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. Miracola also created illustrations for the Electronic Arts video game, Mini-Golf, available on the Apple iPod.

Early life and education
Miracola was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1971, the second of two children.

Miracola grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin where he attended the Milwaukee High School of the Arts. During his high school years, a friend introduced him to the work of Frank Frazetta, Boris Vallejo, Berni Wrightson, Michael Kaluta, Gerald Brom and Jeff Jones, all of whom he cites as creative influences. In 1991, he attended college at the Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design, but left college after two years to begin a freelance art career.

Career
Miracola began his illustration career in 1993, working as a freelance artist for Wizards of the Coast, FASA Corporation, Steve Jackson Games, White Wolf Game Studios, and many other companies in the role-playing game and collectible card game industry. He also did conceptual toy design for Warner Bros. Batman Beyond and Nickelodeon's Animorphs, through Hasbro, Inc. In 2008, Miracola collaborated with author Oliver Chin to create the children's book Welcome to Monster Isle, which is targeted at ages 4 to 8. His work received a favorable review in The Horn Book Guide to Children's and Young Adult Books, with the critic referring to the "slick illustrations".

Personal life
Miracola works and lives in Wisconsin with his wife and three children.

Works

Books
Welcome to Monster Isle, 2008
Mail Me Art: Going Postal with the World's Best Illustrators and Designers
World of Warcraft: The Art of the Trading Card Game
Expose Vol. 4, Ballistic Publishing
Spectrum: The Best in Contemporary Fantastic Art, Volumes 2, 3,4,5, and 15
The Art of Magic: the Gathering
High Tech & Low Life: The Art of Shadowrun
30 Years of Adventure: A Celebration of Dungeons & Dragons

Magazines
ImagineFX magazine (Future Publishing)
Advanced Photoshop Magazine (Imagine Publishing)
Dragon Magazine (Wizards of the Coast)
The Duelist magazine (Wizards of the Coast)

Card games
Magic: the Gathering (Wizards of the Coast)
World of Warcraft (Upper Deck)
Rage (White Wolf)
Battletech (FASA)
Shadowrun (FASA)
Deadlands (Five Rings Publishing Group)
Judge Dredd (Target Games)
Vampire: The Eternal Struggle (Wizards of the Coast)

Video games
Mini-Golf (Electronic Arts)
Hearthstone (Blizzard Entertainment)

References

Additional sources
 Spectrum: The Best in Contemporary Fantastic Art, Volume 2
 Spectrum: The Best in Contemporary Fantastic Art, Volume 3
 Spectrum: The Best in Contemporary Fantastic Art, Volume 4
 Spectrum: The Best in Contemporary Fantastic Art, Volume 5
 Spectrum: The Best in Contemporary Fantastic Art, Volume 15
 The Art of Magic: The Gathering
 World of Warcraft: The Art of the Trading Card Game

External links
Jeff Miracola's website
Jeff Miracola at Immedium, Inc.
Interview with Jeff Miracola at Woosta.com
Interview with Jeff Miracola at HireAnIllustrator.com

1971 births
American illustrators
Fantasy artists
Game artists
Living people
Role-playing game artists


Ghoziyon is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 18,760 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Liezēre parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Liezēre parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Mārciena parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mārciena parish
 Ķepši (Kepsi)

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Ismoil is a jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 19,844 (2015). It consists of 18 villages, including Shamsobod.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


The term Domiciano may refer to:

The Latin name of Domitian (51 – 96 AD), a Roman Emperor of the Flavian dynasty
Domiciano Cavém (1932 – 2005), a Portuguese footballer
Liriel Domiciano (b. 1981), a Brazilian singer
Domiciano Santana, one of the founders of the Brazilian city Avaré

See also
Domitian (disambiguation)


The 113th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force (Polish: 113. Eskadra Myśliwska) was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army at the beginning of  World War II.

Crew and equipment

On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 planes: five PZL P.11c and five PZL P.11a. The commanding officer was pil. Wieńczysław Barański and his deputy was ppor. pil. Włodzimierz Klawe.

Pilots

 ppor. Hieronim Dudwał
 ppor. Włodzimierz Klawe
 ppor. Stanisław Zatorski
 pchor. Rajmund Kalpas
 pchor. Jerzy Radomski
 pchor. Henryk Stefankiewicz
 pchor. Janusz Szaykowski
 plut. Mieczysław Każmierczak
 plut. Kazimierz Sztramko
 kpr. Michał Cwynar
 st. szer. Mieczysław Adamek
 st. szer. Zdzisław Horn
 st. szer. Krzysztof Krzyżagórski
 st. szer. Witold Lipiński

See also
Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939

References

Polish Air Force escadrilles


Исфисор (он же Исфисар, Исписор, Исписар) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in B. Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 39,590 (2015). It consists of 6 villages, including Isfisor (the seat) and Dashti Amin.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Catalpa was an 18th-century plantation near Culpeper in Culpeper County, Virginia. Catalpa is best known as the birthplace of John Strode Barbour, Jr. (29 December 1820 – 14 May 1892), a United States House Representative and United States Senator from Virginia. Catalpa is also known as the scene of the first encampment of the Culpeper Minutemen.

History
During Virginia's colonial period, the Catalpa estate was the seat of Major Philip Clayton. The plantation was named after a catalpa tree that Clayton brought from Essex and transplanted on the property. Clayton's tree was the first catalpa introduced to Culpeper County. Philip Clayton married Ann Coleman the sister of Robert Coleman, on whose land the town of Culpeper was established in 1759, originally named "Fairfax" until the American Civil War. Philip Clayton was among the town's first trustees, along with Nathaniel Pendleton, William Green, William Williams, and Thomas Slaughter.

The Culpeper Minutemen organized on 17 July 1775 under a large oak tree at "Clayton's old field" on the Catalpa estate.

References

Barbour family residences
Houses in Culpeper County, Virginia
Virginia in the American Revolution
Plantations in Virginia


Mētriena parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mētriena parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Sardis Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, also known as Old Sardis Baptist Church was built around 1910. The church as the location where the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights was created at a mass meeting of over 1,000 people on June 5, 1956. Its pastor, the Reverend Robert L. Alford, was one of the founders of the organization. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The congregation relocated to a Graymont Avenue in 1975, but a remnant of the members founded Old Sardis Baptist Church the next year to continue ministry at the historic site.

References

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Birmingham, Alabama
Gothic Revival church buildings in Alabama
Churches in Birmingham, Alabama


Zarzamin (Russian and Tajik: Зарзамин, formerly: Katagan) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 12,744 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Kurt Hutton (born Kurt Hübschmann; 1893 in Strasbourg – 1960) was a German-born photographer who pioneered photojournalism in England.

Life
Beginning his career with the Dephot agency in Germany, he migrated to England in 1934 and worked for Weekly Illustrated.

He then became one of the founding staff of the groundbreaking pictorial weekly news magazine Picture Post. One of his most famous images used there showed working-class girls enjoying themselves in Funfair, Southend, Essex (1938).

He spent the last decade of his life living in Aldeburgh where he photographed for Benjamin Britten.

References

1893 births
1960 deaths
English photojournalists
German photojournalists
Artists from Strasbourg
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
Picture Post photojournalists


Murmastiene parish () is an administrative unit of Varakļāni Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Murmastiene parish

Parishes of Latvia
Varakļāni Municipality


Ovchiqal'acha (; ) is a jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 21,585 (2015). It consists of 9 villages, including Qal'acha (the seat).

History
The jamoat has been hit with Kyrgyzstani shelling and drone strikes as part of the 2022 Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan clashes, with the Tajikistani government claiming that Kyrgyzstani drones had struck a school and mosque in the jamoat.

Notes

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Ošupe Parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ošupe parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Khistevarz (, formerly Kistakuz or Qistaquz) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 52,758 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance is a Gothic horror novel written by Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1810 and published by John Joseph Stockdale in December of that year, dated 1811, in London anonymously as "by a Gentleman of the University of Oxford" while the author was an undergraduate. The main character is Wolfstein, a solitary wanderer, who encounters Ginotti, an alchemist of the Rosicrucian or Rose Cross Order who seeks to impart the secret of immortality. The book was reprinted in 1822 by Stockdale and in 1840 in The Romancist and the Novelist's Library: The Best Works of the Best Authors, Vol. III, edited by William Hazlitt. The novella was a follow-up to Shelley's first prose work, Zastrozzi, published earlier in 1810. St. Irvyne was republished in 1986 by Oxford University Press as part of the World's Classics series along with Zastrozzi and in 2002 by Broadview Press.

Nicole Berry translated the novel in a French edition in 1999. A Spanish edition entitled St. Irvyne o el Rosacruz, translated by Gregorio Cantera Chamorro, was published by Celeste in Madrid in 2002 with an introduction and notes by Roberto Cueto. The book was translated into Swedish by KG Johansson in 2013 in an edition by Vertigo. A translation in Persian or Iranian was published in 2023 by Qoqnus by Mehrdad Vosuqi.

Major characters

 Wolfstein, a solitary wanderer, an outcast
 Ginotti, also known as Frederic Nempere, an alchemist, member of the Rosicrucian, or Rose Cross, secret sect
 Megalena de Metastasio, befriends Wolfstein
 Cavigni, leader of the bandits
 Steindolph, a bandit
 Ardolph, chosen as chieftain of the bandits after the death of Cavigni
 Agnes, serves the bandits
 Olympia della Anzasca, seduces Wolfstein in Genoa
 Eloise de St. Irvyne, Wolfstein's sister
 Chevalier Mountfort, a friend of Ginotti/Nempere
 Fitzeustace, befriends Eloise
 Madame de St. Irvyne, Eloise's mother
 Marianne, Eloise's sister

Epigraph

The epigraph for chapter three is from Paradise Lost (1667) by John Milton, Book II, 681-683:

"Whence and what art thou, execrable shape,
That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance
Thy miscreated Front athwart my way."

Plot

The novel opens amidst a raging thunderstorm. Wolfstein is a wanderer in the Swiss Alps who seeks cover from the storm. He is a disillusioned outcast from society who seeks to kill himself. A group of monks carrying a body for burial in a torch-light procession runs into him and saves his life. Bandits attack them and take Wolfstein to an underground hideout. He meets Megalena, whom the bandits have abducted after killing her father in an ambush. After Steindolph, one of the bandits, recites a ballad about the reanimation of the corpse of a nun named Rosa, Wolfstein manages to poison the leader of the bandits, Cavigni, in a second attempt. He is able to escape with Megalena. Ginotti, a member of the bandits, befriends Wolfstein.

Wolfstein and Megalena flee to Genoa where they live together. Olympia, a woman of the town, seduces Wolfstein. Megalena, enraged by the relationship, demands that Wolfstein kill Olympia. Armed with a dagger, Wolfstein is unable to kill her. Olympia kills herself.

Ginotti follows Wolfstein. Ginotti is a member of the Rosicrucian, or Rose Cross, Order. He is an alchemist who seeks the secret of immortality. He tells Wolfstein that he will give him the secret to immortality if he will renounce his faith and join the sect.

Eloise de St. Irvyne is the sister of Wolfstein who lives in Geneva, Switzerland. Ginotti, under his new identity of Frederic Nempere, travels to Geneva and seeks to seduce her.

Ginotti reveals his experiments in his lifelong quest to find the secret of eternal life: "From my earliest youth, before it was quenched by complete
satiation, curiosity, and a desire of unveiling the latent mysteries of nature, was the passion by which all the other emotions of my mind were intellectually organized. ... Natural philosophy at last became the peculiar science to which I directed my eager enquiries." He has studied science and the laws of nature to ascertain the mysteries of life and of being: "I thought of death---... I cannot die.---'Will not this nature---will not the matter of which it is composed---exist to all eternity? Ah! I know it will; and, by the exertions of the energies with which nature has gifted me, well I know it shall.'" Ginotti tells Wolfstein that he will reveal the "secret of immortal life" to him if he will take certain prescribed ingredients and "mix them according to the directions which this book will communicate to you" and meet him in the abbey at St. Irvyne.

In the final scene, which takes place at the abbey of St. Irvyne in France, Wolfstein finds the corpse of Megalena in the vaults. An emaciated Ginotti confronts Wolfstein. Wolfstein is asked if he will deny his Creator. Wolfstein refuses to renounce his faith. Lightning strikes the vaults as thunder and a sulphurous windstorm blast the abbey. Both men are struck dead. This is the penalty they pay for "the delusion of the passions", for tampering with forces that they neither can control nor understand in seeking "endless life".

Reception
The novel, originally intended as a much longer "triple decker" novel, circulated as part of the "circulating libraries" which were popular at that time. This was a source of revenue for the publisher of the novel. Shelley ended the novella abruptly, deciding not to develop or integrate the two strands. The result was a much shorter work.

Critics attacked the novel, which received generally negative reviews. The conservative British periodical The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine, in a January 1812 review, castigated "the writer, who can outrage nature and common sense in almost every page of his book". The reviewer sought to deter readers from "the perusal of unprofitable and vicious productions."

French author Maurice Sarfati adapted the novel as Wolfstein et Mégaléna, ou La Vengeance du Rosiccrucien, or Wolfstein and Megalena, the Vengeance of the Rosicrucian, in 1980.

The Wolfstein Chapbooks

The novel was popular enough, however, to be made into two chapbooks in 1822 and 1850. The first chapbook version was entitled Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit and was published and printed by John Bailey at 116, Chancery Lane in London in 1822 after the original novel was republished that year. The chapbook version was a condensed version of the novella in 28 pages meant for popular consumption, serving the same function as a paperback would. The chapbook sold for sixpence.

The story is described on the title page as "A Terrific Romance" with an epigraph by Ossian: "A tale of horror, of murder, and of deeds done in darkness." Added to Wolfstein was the story The Bronze Statue, A Pathetic Tale by another author, Anna Jane Vardill. "The Bronze Statue" had appeared for the first time in print as part of the "Annals of Public Justice" in The European Magazine of May, 1820, signed "V", i.e., Anna Jane Vardill.

Another more condensed twelve page chapbook was published in 1850 by Thomas Redriffe in London entitled Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave: A Terrific Romance. To which is Added, The Two Serpents, an Oriental Apologue. The Ossian epigraph appeared on the title page: "A tale of horror, of murder, and of deeds done in darkness." Printed for Thomas Redriffe, Piccadilly. The price was "Two-Pence".

External links

 Online edition of St. Irvyne, or, The Rosicrucian, A Romance on the Gutenberg website.
 Audiorecordings of the poem "Sister Rosa: A Ballad" on the reanimation of a corpse from Chapter 2 by LibriVox.
 The Magpie Mason, October 10, 2008.

1811 British novels
British novellas
English Gothic novels
Fiction about alchemy
British horror novels
Natural philosophy
Rosicrucianism
Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Works published anonymously


Prauliena parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Prauliena parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Sarkaņi Parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality, Latvia.

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality


Gazantarak is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Devashtich District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 17,801 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Varakļāni parish () is an administrative unit of Varakļāni Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Varakļāni parish
  -parish administrative center

 Varakļāni

See also
Varakļāni Palace

References

Parishes of Latvia
Varakļāni Municipality


Mujum is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Devashtich District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 27,835 (2015). It consists of 10 villages, including Mujum (the seat) and Istiqlol.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


The 114th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force (Polish: 114. Eskadra Myśliwska) was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army at the beginning of the WW2.

Crew and equipment
On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 planes: 6 PZL P.11c and 4 PZL P.11a.
The commanding officer was kpt. pil. Juliusz Frey and his deputy was Jerzy Szałowski

pilots:

 ppor. Marian Szalewicz
 ppor. Stanisław Szmejl
 ppor. Tadeusz Szumowski
 pchor. Bogusław Mierzwa
 pchor. Włodzimierz Miksa
 pchor. Roman Stoga
 pchor. Zbigniew Wróblewski
 plut. Władysław Kiedrzyński
 kpr. Czesław Bielecki
 kpr. Andrzej Niewiara
 st. szer. Benedykt Dąbrowski
 st. szer. Józef Kędziora
 st. szer. Bolesław Olewiński
 st. szer. Jerzy Zieliński
Tadeusz Sawicz, from 5 September as the deputy commander

See also
Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939

References

Polish Air Force escadrilles


Steven Roman is a mathematician, currently Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at California State University, Fullerton and Visiting Professor of Mathematics at University of California, Irvine. He is one of the main developers of umbral calculus. He has written about 40 books on mathematics and computer programming.

Professor Roman's books have been translated into Portuguese, French, Korean, Chinese, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech and Spanish.

Computer programming books
 Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming with Visual Basic, Springer-Verlag.
 Access Database Design and Programming, Third Edition, O'Reilly and Associates.
 Understanding Personal Computer Hardware, Springer-Verlag.
 Writing Word Macros, O'Reilly and Associates.
 Writing Visual Basic Add-Ins, O'Reilly and Associates.
 Writing Excel Macros with VBA, Second Edition, O'Reilly and Associates.
 Win32 API Programming with Visual Basic, O'Reilly and Associates.
 VB .NET Language in a Nutshell,  O'Reilly and Associates.
 VB .NET Language Pocket Reference,  O'Reilly and Associates.

Mathematics books
 The Umbral Calculus, Pure and Applied Mathematics Vol. 111, Academic Press, 1984.
 An Introduction to Linear Algebra with Applications, Second edition, 1988, Saunders College Publishing.
 An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, Second edition, 1989, Saunders College Publishing.
 College Algebra and Trigonometry, Saunders 1987.
 College Algebra, Saunders 1987.
 Precalculus, Saunders 1987.
 Coding and Information Theory, the Springer-Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics Vol. 134, 1992.
 Advanced Linear Algebra, Springer-Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics Vol. 135, 1992.
 Field Theory, Springer-Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics Vol. 158, 1995.
 Introduction to Coding and Information Theory, Springer-Verlag, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, 1996.
 Lattices and Ordered Sets, Springer-Verlag, 2008.
 Introduction to the Mathematics of Finance: Arbitrage and Option Pricing, Springer, 2012.
 Fundamentals of Group Theory, An Advanced Approach, Birkhauser, 2012.
 An Introduction to Catalan Numbers, Birkhauser, 2015.
 An Introduction to the language of Category Theory, Birkhauser, 2017.

References

External links

 Website: www.sroman.com
 YouTube channel

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Vestiena Parish () is an administrative unit of Madona Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vestiena parish

Parishes of Latvia
Madona Municipality
Vidzeme


A four-slide, also known as a multislide, multi-slide, or four-way, is a metalworking machine tool used in the high-volume manufacture of small stamped components from bar or wire stock. The press is most simply described as a horizontal stamping press that uses cams to control tools. The machine is used for progressive or transfer stamping operations.

Design
A four-slide is quite different from most other presses. The key of the machine is its moving slides that have tools attached, which strike the workpiece together or in sequence to form it. These slides are driven by four shafts that outline the machine. The shafts are connected by bevel gears so that one shaft is driven by an electric motor, and then that shaft's motion drives the other three shafts. Each shaft then has cams which drive the slides, usually of a split-type. This shafting arrangement allows the workpiece to be worked for four sides, which makes this machine extremely versatile. A hole near the center of the machine is provided to expel the completed workpiece.

Advantages and disadvantages
The greatest advantage of the four-slide machine is its ability to complete all of the operations required to form the workpiece from start to finish. Moreover, it can handle certain parts that transfer or progressive dies cannot, because it can manipulate from four axes. Due to this flexibility it reduces the cost of the finished part because it requires less machines, setups, and handling. Also, because only one machine is required, less space is required for any given workpiece. As compared to standard stamping presses the tooling is usually inexpensive, due to the simplicity of the tools. A four-slide can usually produce 20,000 to 70,000 finished parts per 16-hour shift, depending on the number of operations per part; this speed usually results in a lower cost per part.

The biggest disadvantage is its size constraints. The largest machines can handle stock up to  wide,  long, and  thick. For wires the limit is . Other limits are the travel on the slides, which maxes out at , and the throw of the forming cams, which is between . The machine is also limited to only shearing and bending operations. Extrusion and upsetting operations are impractical because it hinders the movement of the workpiece to the next station. Drawing and stretching require too much tonnage and the mechanisms required for the operations are space prohibitive. Finally, this machine is only feasible to use on high volume parts because of the long lead time required to set up the tooling.

Materials
The material stock used in four-slides is usually limited by its formability and not the machine capabilities. Usually the forming characteristics and bending radii are the most limiting factors. The most commonly used materials are:

Low-carbon cold rolled steel
Spheroidized cold rolled spring steel
Type 300 and 400 stainless spring steels
Copper alloys
Beryllium-copper alloys

Use
Items that are commonly produced on this machine include: automotive stampings, hinges, links, clips, and razor blades.

References

Bibliography
.

External links
Video of a four-slide machine in use.

Industrial equipment
Machines


Vahdat or Vakhdat (; , formerly: Ovchi) is a jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Devashtich District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 31,955 (2015). It consists of 8 villages, including Qal'ai Mirzoboy (the seat) and Basmanda.

Notes

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


The 1988 United States Senate election in Ohio was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Howard Metzenbaum won re-election. Metzenbaum easily won the Democratic nomination with over 80% of the vote, while Cleveland Mayor George Voinovich was uncontested in his primary. This was the last U.S. senator to win in the Democratic party at this seat until 2006. In addition, Metzenbaum's 56.97% of the vote is to date the best performance for a Democrat running for the U.S. Senate in Ohio, though Sherrod Brown, a Democrat nearly broke that in 2006. Voinovich would later be elected in the other Senate seat ten years later. , this remains the last time that Ohio would support different parties in  concurrent presidential and Senate elections.

Major candidates

Democratic
 Howard Metzenbaum, incumbent U.S. Senator

Republican
 George Voinovich, Mayor of Cleveland and former Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.

Results

See also
 1988 United States Senate elections

References

United States Senate
Ohio
1988


The Church of St Mary in Christon, North Somerset, England dates from the 12th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.

The Norman structure has a three bay nave with a south porch and chancel. The short two-stage tower is central and has a quadripartite vault below it. The door in the porch is round headed and has columns on either side. The outside of the building has five Romanesque corbels including one with double human heads which may be from a later period. The 12th century font consists of a cylindrical stem on rectangular blocks. The bowl is square and decorated on three faces.

The Crook Peak parish is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

See also

 List of Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
 List of towers in Somerset
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

Church of England church buildings in North Somerset
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
12th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset


Vasile Nicoarǎ (13 June 1937 – 1978) was a Romanian sprint canoeist who competed in 1960s. He won five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds (K-1 4 x 500 m, K-2 500 m, K-2 1000 m: all 1963), a silver (K-4 1000 m: 1963), and a bronze (K-1 4 x 500 m: 1966).

Nicoarǎ also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fourth in the K-2 1000 m event at Tokyo in 1964.

References

1937 births
1978 deaths
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Romania
Romanian male canoeists
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Place of birth missing


Ismoili Somoni (, formerly: Kalininabad) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Devashtich District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 13,970 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Rosrovut (Russian and Tajik: Росровут) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Devashtich District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 14,419 (2015). It consists of 4 villages, including Dakhkat (the seat) and Rosrovut. In June 2005 the village suffered heavy damage from rainfall.

Notes

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Cinema Statuto was a movie theater located in Turin, Italy, when on 13 February 1983, at 18:15, during the projection of La Chèvre, a fire caused the death of 64 people as a result of smoke inhalation. According to statements by Raimondo Capella, the owner of the cinema, the flames spread from an old curtain. This was the largest disaster to have occurred after World War II in Turin.

Fire
At the time of the fire there were over 400 people were in the theater. In February 2018 Barbara Guaschetti, one of the survivors, stated that the spectators sitting in the lower hall managed to escape through the main entrance and the only emergency exit at the ground floor that was not closed and locked. The owner of the cinema Raimondo Capella claimed that he and some employees attempted to put out the fires with fire extinguishers but were unable to do so and began opening exit doors and evacuating patrons. However, as remembered by one of the firefighters who was on the scene, they had to force open the emergency exits on the first floor because they were all locked.

Most of the victims were among the viewers sitting in the upper Gallery who did not realize what was happening till it was too late. The owner of the cinema did not turn the emergency lights on and did not stop the screening because he feared «a wave of panic». Those in the balcony who had tried to reach the stairs found that the only way out was already blocked by flames, others fled to the toilets and died there. A few bodies were found still seated.

Victims
About sixty-four people were killed due to the fire and resulting panic in the evacuation, with about twenty deceased victims found huddled in a closet and bathrooms they believed to be stairwells. Some of the deceased, died due to fumes of Hydrogen cyanide, a product of combustion of fire-resistant fabric chairs. An additional twenty people were reported injured. The youngest victim was 7 years old, the oldest was 55 years old. Nine children were orphaned after their parents died in the fire.

Legal
Raimondo Capella, was arrested on multiple charges of negligent homicide, and was sentenced to eight years in first grade, and two years in second grade, and to compensate the relatives of the victims with a sum of 3 billion of lire (€1.54 million). All his assets were seized.

Aftermath
The accident prompted a wave of reforms in the laws about public buildings, making fireproof materials and firefighting equipment mandatory for every public space.

References

External links
 Photogallery of the tragedy
 Video about the tragedy and aftermath
 Another Video about the tragedy and aftermath

1980s fires in Europe
1983 fires
Fires in Italy
1980s in Turin
1983 in Italy
February 1983 events in Europe
Theatre fires
Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes


NurseTV (NTV) is an Internet television network and nationally syndicated television show devoted to nurses and the nursing profession in the United States.

External links

Access Nurses Launches NurseTV.com  AAACN Viewpoint,  Nov/Dec 2007

Internet properties established in 2008
Internet television channels
American medical websites
Nursing in the United States


Cibla Municipality () is a former municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2000 by merging Cibla parish and Līdumnieki parish. In 2009 it absorbed Blonti parish, Pušmucova parish and Zvirgzdene parish the administrative centre being Blonti. As of 2020, the population was 2,355.

On 1 July 2021, Cibla Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Ludza Municipality.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Zilupe Municipality () is a former municipality in the historical region of Latgale, and the Latgale Planning Region in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Zaļesje Parish and Zilupe. In 2009 it absorbed Lauderi Parish and Pasiene Parish, the administrative centre being Zilupe. Zilupe, Lauderi, Zaļesje and Pasiene are among the towns and villages located in the municipality. The population as of 2020 was 2,575.

On 1 July 2021, Zilupe Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Ludza Municipality.

Demographics

Ethnic composition
As of 1 January 2010 the ethnic composition of the municipality is as follows:

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Blonti Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


April Group is a French insurance company, headquartered in Lyon, France. It designs, manages and distributes insurance and assistance services for individuals, professionals and businesses.  It offers its customers and partners health and personal protection for individuals, professionals and VSEs, loan insurance, international medical insurance, property and casualty niche insurance, and wealth management.
Established in 1988 and based in Lyon, APRIL has 2,300 employees whose activity covers 18 countries, and produced a turnover of €544m in 2021.

History
Bruno Rousset and Xavier Coquard co-founded the insurance broker April Assurances. In 1988, the company had fifteen employees. The growth of the company was first organic, but later grew by external acquisitions.

The APRIL group, a wholesale insurance broker, offers products and services to a network of independent distributors (brokers and insurance agents). APRIL started out in early 1988 with a network of 500 brokers, which soon rose to over 800 by the end of the year.

By introducing third party administration (which became Aglae in 1988) and making its first acquisitions (CPA Vie, Cetim), APRIL broadened its scope, becoming an insurer, diversified its range, and became a network. The APRIL group went public (Second Marché of the Paris stock exchange) on 23rd October 1997.

The 2000s saw significant European expansion, with the creation of the first Italian subsidiary, APRIL Spa, established in Milan, and growth centred on insurance niches.

In 2007, the group launched its first activities in North America through the acquisition of two wholesale brokers in Canada. The group stepped up its investments with five further external acquisitions and ten new companies established. The new headquarters were opened in Lyon, on boulevard Vivier-Merle.

In early 2010, the APRIL group employed over 3,500 staff members across 70 different companies. These companies within the APRIL Group holding had operations in France (and in French overseas departments and territories), Germany, Spain, Italy, Hungary, Poland as well as Canada and the UK (25 countries in total).

In 2011, the group began a digital drive by launching its first direct distribution website so that policyholders could access all APRIL’s products and services directly.

The following year, APRIL consolidated its international health insurance activities by acquiring a wholesale broker in the UK specialised in expatriate health insurance, and completed its first acquisition in Asia. A few years later, it launched a strategy to refocus its activities through targeted acquisitions (including loan insurance with La Centrale de Financement, Eloa and Comparadise).

In 2019, APRIL, Evolem and CVC Capital Partners announced they had agreed to transfer Evolem’s stakes (which represented 65.13% of APRIL’s capital) to Andromeda Investissements, a buyout company controlled by funds managed by CVC Capital Partners, in which Evolem and APRIL’s management held a minority stake. A new executive committee was set up, led by Eric Maumy, and a new strategic plan put in place as early as 2020 to spur on the group’s transformation.

In November 2022, the group announced that it had signed a new, long-term, strategic partnership with the international investment company KKR, and demonstrated its international expansion ambition by opening offices in Germany and Dubai.

Companies based in Lyon


 Albert Praun (11 December 1894 – 3 March 1975) was a German general who became the Chief Signals Officer of the Wehrmacht during World War II.

Biography
Praun served during World War I. He was retained in the Reichswehr and then served in the Wehrmacht; between 1935 and 1940 he commanded signals units. In 1940 he was then appointed Chief Signals Officer of Panzer Group Hoth and Panzer Group Guderian in France. He was then posted to the Eastern Front where he served as Chief Signals Officer of the 2nd Panzer Group. He later was the commanding officer of the 4th Panzer Grenadier Brigade and then of the 18th Panzer Division, and the 129th and the 277th Divisions.

When General Erich Fellgiebel and then his deputy Fritz Thiele were arrested and subsequently executed for their roles in the 20 July plot, Praun was appointed to succeed them on 1 November 1944 as Chief Signals Officer at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht and Oberkommando des Heeres and was promoted to General der Nachrichtentruppe.

At the end of the war in May 1945 Praun was taken into captivity by the western allies and interrogated in France about his activities when serving there. At the end of August 1945 he was moved to prison camps at Neustadt, Hesse and Bad Hersfeld and he was released from captivity in June 1947. In 1950 France requested Praun's extradition for war crimes committed when he served there, but the request was refused by the Americans on grounds of lack of evidence. He lived in Munich until his death aged 80. Praun was the author of a lengthy report on German SIGINT in WW2, prepared for the USA, which was only released to the public in 2014.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1914)
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 Wound Badge (1914)
 in Black
 Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
 Wehrmacht-Dienstauszeichnung 4th to 1st Class
 Anschluss Medal
 Sudetenland Medal with Prague Castle Bar
 Iron Cross
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 Eastern Front Medal
 German Cross in Gold (7 February 1943)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 October 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 129. Infanterie-Division

References

Citations

1894 births
1975 deaths
People from Bad Staffelstein
Generals of Signal Troops
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
German Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Military personnel from Bavaria
Reichswehr personnel
People of the Federal Intelligence Service
German Army generals of World War II
Nazis sentenced to death in absentia by France


Navgilem (Russian and Tajik: Навгилем) is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 38,104 (2015). It consists of 5 villages, including Navgilem (the seat) and Oftobruy.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Briģi parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia (prior to 2009 of the former Ludza District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Briģi parish
 Briģi

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


Khonabad or Khonobod (Russian and Tajik: Хонобод) is a village and jamoat in southern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 12,159 (2015). It consists of 6 villages, including Khonabad (the seat), Zarhok and Arabkishlak (Yakkachinor).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Cirma Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Cirma Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality


The Senegal Music Awards (SENMA) is an annual celebration of the best of the music industry in Senegal.  The event was instituted in 2008.  Awards based on performances made in the previous year in 56 categories. The ceremonies include performances by some of the nominees, similar to the South African Music Awards and Grammy Awards.

First Senegal Music Awards
The award ceremony took place on 6 March 2009 at Mbour (Saly).

General
 Best Female Artist-Titi
 Best Male Artist- Pape Diouf
 Best Group- Alif
 Best Song- Tayoumako (Titi)
 Best Album- Music (Titi)
 Best Single- biss bi(Abdou guitté Seck)
 Best New Female Artist- Adiouza
 Best New Male Artist- Waly Seck

Orchestral / religious
 Best Orchestral Performance- Ali Jabert
 Best Choral Performance- Semegna Les martyrs de l'ouganda
 Best Islamic Performance-Baye (Aida Baye)

Comedy
 Best Comedy Artist- Sanekh
 Best Comedy Cd- Bébé Diarra- Jankheen

Composing / arranging
 Best Arrangement-je t'aime- Myrma

Mbalax
 Best Female mbalax Vocal Performance-Tayoumako(Titi)
 Best Male mbalax Vocal Performance- Yaye (Pape Diouf)
 Best mbalax Performance, Duo or Group- Bercy (Youssou Ndour et Thione Seck)
 Best mbalax Instrumental Performance- Rokki mi rokka (Youssou Ndour)
 Best mbalax Song- Music(Titi)
 Best mbalax Album- Music(Titi)
 Best mbalax Single- Bess bi(Abdou guitté Seck))
 Best New Female mbalax Artist - Adiouza
 Best New Male mbalax Artist - Waly Seck

Dance
 Best Dancer Female- Ndeye Gueye
 Best Dancer male- Pape Moussa

Folk
 Best Folk Album- Yodel Baaba Maal
 Best Folk Vocal Performance, Female- Fanta Fatou Kouyaté
 Best Folk Vocal Performance, Male- Yodel Baba Maal

Legend
 Best Female legend Artist- Khar Mbaye
 Best male legend Artist- Youssou N'Dour

Jazz
 Best Jazz Artist- Souleymane Faye
 Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group- Joe Gueye

Tropical / salsa music
 Best Tropical/salsa  Album - mi amor Phillip Monteiro
 Best  Tropical/salsa music  Vocal Performance, Female- Amor (Zeynab)
 Best  Tropical/salsa music  Vocal Performance, Male- mi Amor (Phillip Monteiro)

Music Video
 Best Video clip of the Year -Blow (Nix)

Production / engineering
 Best Engineer- Gelongal
 Producer of the Year- Jololi

Hip-hop
 Best Female Hip hop Vocal Performance- Listen me Felia
 Best Male Hip-hop Vocal Performance- Senregal (Carlou d)
 Best Hip-hop Performance by a Duo or Group- Rarety (Alif)
 Best Hip-hop Instrumental Performance- Blow (Nix)
 Best Hip-hop Song- Bal bi (Xuman)
 Best Hip-hop Album- enregal (Carlou d)

Reggae
 Best Reggae song- A wonderful girl (Fafadi)
 Best Female Reggae Vocal Performance- Aduna Ndiayaa
 Best Male Reggae Vocal Performance-A wonderful girl (Fafadi)

Traditional
 Best Traditional Album- Alal (Ndeye marie ndiaye Gawlo)

Diaspora
 Best World Album- Na na na(Akon)
 Best World Artist Female-  Listen me (Felia)
 Best World Artist Male-Nanana (Akon)

Share
 Best share of the year- Rokki mi rokka Yousssou Ndour

 Senegalese music
 African music awards


The relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were established on 7 July 1992, following both countries' declarations of independence from Yugoslavia during its breakup and Yugoslav Wars.

The two countries have a comparable population (3.4 million for BiH, 3.8 million for Croatia in 2021) and area (51,129 km2 for BiH, 56,594 km2 for Croatia). Croatia's GDP (PPP) per capita is double that of Bosnia and Herzegovina's ($37,549 vs $17,935 in 2022).

Croatian is also one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with Bosnian and Serbian, both of which are also recognized as minority languages of Croatia; the three are fully mutually intelligible standard varieties of Serbo-Croatian.

Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina (544,780 persons at the 2013 census) comprise 15.43% of the country's population and 22.4% of the Federation entity, where 91% of them live. Four out of ten Federation's cantons have a Croat majority. According to the 2021 census, there were 109,352 people with Croatian and other citizenship, the majority of whom were Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina living in Croatia. Bosniaks of Croatia amounted to 24,131 at the 2021 census (0.6%). There is also a smaller number of Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina working in Croatia.

Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Croatia joined the European Union in 2013, while Bosnia and Herzegovina is a candidate for EU accession.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Zagreb, while Croatia has an embassy in Sarajevo and six consulates in Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Mostar, Tuzla, Livno and Vitez. The two countries share a  border - the second longest external EU land border after the Finland-Russia border.

Demographics
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina (544,780 persons at the 2013 census) comprise 15.43% of the country's population and 22.4% of the Federation entity, where 91% of them live. Four out of ten Federation's cantons have a Croat majority. According to the 2021 census, there were 109,352 people with Croatian and other citizenship, the majority of whom were Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina living in Croatia. Bosniaks of Croatia amounted to 24,131 at the 2021 census (0.6%). There is also a smaller number of Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina working in Croatia.

The two countries do not have an agreement on dual citizenship, and the number of persons with double citizenship is therefore unclear. According to the Croatian Ministry of Interior, 384,631 Croatian citizens had registered residence in Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 2019.
35,547 citizens of Croatia cast their vote at polling stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the 2019–20 Croatian presidential election, and 21,898 for the parliamentary elections in July 2020.

Several high-level Croatian politicians have been born in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including:
Zagreb's mayor Milan Bandić, from Grude;
Minister of Defence Gojko Šušak, from Široki Brijeg;
Minister of Foreign Affairs Marija Pejčinović Burić, from Mostar;
Minister of Foreign Affairs Gordan Grlić-Radman, from Prisoje;
Members of Parliament Nino Raspudić (from Mostar), Nevenko Barbarić (from Klobuk), Daniel Spajić (from Žepče), Ljubica Maksimčuk (from Teslić), Radoje Vidović (from Fojnica), Pero Ćosić (from Buhovo);

Some of them have been active politically in both countries, including:
Božo Ljubić, from Uzarići, BiH Minister of Communication (2007–2009), member of Parliament of Croatia
Željana Zovko, from Mostar, ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina and later Member of the European Parliament from Croatia

Bosnia and Herzegovina's Foreign Affairs Minister Bisera Turković was born in Sisak, Croatia.

Diplomatic relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina's and Croatia's diplomatic relations started with Croatia recognizing Bosnia and Herzegovina on 24 January 1992, which Bosnia and Herzegovina reciprocated on 7 April the same year, and both countries finally signed an agreement of mutual friendship and co-operation on 21 July the same year, during the series of Yugoslav Wars. Together, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia have signed 111 various treaties deliminating issues ranging from establishment of diplomatic missions to resolving border disputes.

The Croatian embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in Sarajevo and its 6 consulates are located in Sarajevo (consulate-general), Banja Luka, Mostar, Livno, Vitez and Tuzla. The current Croatian ambassador in BiH is Ivan Sabolić. Current BiH ambassador in Croatia is Azra Kalajdžisalihović.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has its embassy in Zagreb. Beside the embassy, there is one consulate-general of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Croatia, also located in Zagreb.

Croatia's role in the Bosnian War

Both Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were engaged in the early-1990s Yugoslav wars. In parallel to its own war of independence, Croatia was involved in the armed conflict on Bosnia and Herzegovina's territory. At first, Bosniaks and Croats fought in an alliance against the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). By the end of 1992, however, tensions in Central Bosnia increased, leading to open conflict by early 1993, when Croats established the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.

The Croat–Bosniak War opposed from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994 the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the self-proclaimed Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia. Most of the fighting took place in Central Bosnia and in the Herzegovina region between the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH), and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO). The most symbolic episode of the conflict was the destruction of Mostar's Old Bridge by the Croat militia's bombing on 9 November 1993. On 23 February 1994, a ceasefire was reached, and the Washington Agreement was signed on 18 March 1994 leading to the establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and joint operations against the Serb forces, which helped alter the military balance and bring the Bosnian War to an end.

Croatia was a signatory of the Dayton Peace Agreement, on behalf of itself and of the Croat militias in BiH, thus assuming international obligations. This role is often misrepresented in Croatia as the one of "guarantor" of the agreement.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted 17 HVO and Herzeg-Bosnia officials, six of whom were convicted for participating in a joint criminal enterprise that sought to annex or control Croat-majority parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and two ARBiH officials for war crimes committed during the conflict. The ICTY ruled that Croatia had overall control over the HVO and that the conflict was international in character.

According to the CIA World Factbook, 7,269 Croatian refugees still live in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the country has 131,600 internally displaced persons.

Yugoslav succession issues

Property restitution
The 2001 agreement on Yugoslavia's succession issues foresaw a follow-up bilateral agreement on the restitution of specific properties of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the territory of Croatia, which include petrol stations, hotels (such as the Hidrogradnja complex in Baška Voda), and assets at the ports of Sibenik and Ploče, for a total worth estimated at 10 billion euros. 64 such assets have been registered by the Republika Srpska entity, and 78 by the Federation entity; there is no State-level single registry. Negotiations for a bilateral agreement lasted until 2012, when they were discontinued due to Croatia's unwillingness to agree with Republika Srpska's request for a right to perpetual ownership of the properties. In 2018, Croatia adopted a law on state property management, allowing the rental of such properties with concessions for up to 30 years. This raised concerns in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

War crimes prosecution
The cooperation between the two countries' prosecutors' offices need to be strengthened in order to deliver tangible results in the fight against impunity for war crimes; Croatia has de facto stopped cooperating with BiH on war crimes cases where the accused are Croats.

Extradition
As of May 2009, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia have not signed a treaty of mutual extradition of the countries' citizens, owing to many convicted people fleeing to the other country and attaining dual citizenship to be virtually immune to extradition. These people have included Ognjen Šimić, a surgeon from Rijeka convicted to nine years in prison for accepting bribes; Ante Jelavić, a former president of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina convicted in Croatia to 9.5 years for alleged abuse of position at the Bank of Herzegovina in Mostar; and others. According to Bosnia and Herzegovina government, fourteen people sentenced in Bosnia and Herzegovina live self-exiled as Croatian citizens. As of 2009, the two countries were working on an agreement that would allow imprisoning such escapees for their sentences within their current country of residence without their consent (the status quo version requires consent of the escapee, which is usually not given).

Border issues
The two countries have several small disputed sections of the boundary, the most prominent of which is the one related to maritime access.

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia agreed on a border demarcation treaty in 1999. The treaty was signed by the two former presidents, Alija Izetbegović and Franjo Tuđman, but it was never ratified by the respective parliaments, therefore it never entered into force. Croatia continues to administer areas that the deal assigns to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The agreement foresees a definition of the two countries' territory, in the area of the Pelješac peninsula which is slightly different from what is shown on maps, since Croatia agreed to recognise the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina over two small rock islands (Mali Školj and Veliki Školj) and the tip of the peninsula of Klek near Neum.

Una river
Sections of the Una River and villages at the base of Mount Plješevica are in Croatia, while some are in Bosnia, which means that there would have to be nine border crossings on a single route. Lack of action on this problem impedes any serious development in the region. The Zagreb–Bihać–Split railway line is still closed for major traffic due to this issue.

The border on the Una River between Hrvatska Kostajnica on the northern, Croatian side of the river, and Kostajnica on the southern, Bosnian side, is also being discussed. A river island between the two towns is under Croatian control, but is claimed by Bosnia and Herzegovina. A shared border crossing point has been built and has been functioning since 2003, and is used without hindrance by either party.

Neum

The Herzegovinian municipality of Neum in the south makes the southernmost part of Croatia (Dubrovnik–Neretva County) an exclave. In 1999, a border agreement between former Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and President of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović moved the Croatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina border near Neum from the very coast (during SFR Yugoslavia era and confirmed by the Badinter Arbitration Committee) further into the sea waters of the Mali Ston Bay, placing two Croatian islands (Mali and Veliki Škoj, incidentally translated into English as Little and Big Island) under Bosnia-Herzegovina sovereignty. Six years later, the Croatian government called for the ratification of this agreement; however, as of 2007, it was not ratified. The two countries negotiated Neum Agreement and Ploče Agreement defining special arrangements for Croatian transit traffic through Neum and Bosnia and Herzegovina access to the port of Ploče to compensate for non-contiguity of Croatian territory between Ploče and Dubrovnik and lack of a seaport in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Pelješac Bridge and access to the high seas

Croatia has opted to build a bridge to the Pelješac peninsula to connect the Croatian mainland with the exclave as part of the A1 motorway Zagreb–Dubrovnik.
On 7 June 2017, the European Commission approved the Croatian Major Project "Road to South Dalmatia" which aims at connecting the southern Dalmatian peninsula of Peljesac with the mainland and thus connect Dubrovnik-Neretva County with the rest of the country. This territory is now separated from the rest of Croatia by around 9 km large corridor of territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project has a total cost of € 526 million with a total eligible cost of € 420 million and an ERDF co-financing of € 357 million.

Croatia claims that the bridge is located exclusively within Croatian territory and Croatian territorial waters and that it is thus entitled under the international law of the sea to construct the bridge without requiring any consent from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia also expressed commitment to fully respect the international rights enjoyed by other countries in the Pelješac peninsula, including the right of innocent passage enjoyed by all countries under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the right of Bosnia and Herzegovina to have unrestricted access to the high seas. Croatia recalled that the foreseen height of the bridge (55 m, 180 ft) will allow the totality of the current Bosnian shipping to use the existing navigational route to transit under the bridge, and that in case any ship taller than 55 meters (180 ft) would need to call on a port in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it could dock instead at the Croatian Ploče port, in line with the 1995 Free Transit agreement.

The construction of the bridge has also been opposed by various political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly Bosniak, as they deem it would complicate the country's access to international waters. Bosnian authorities initially opposed the building of the bridge, originally planned to be only 35 meters (115 feet) high, because it would have made it impossible for large ships to enter the harbor of Neum. Although Neum harbor is not currently fit for commercial traffic, and most of the trade to and from Bosnia and Herzegovina goes through the Croatian port of Ploče, the Bosnian government declared that a new one might be built in the future, and that the construction of the bridge would compromise this ambition.

On 17 October 2007, the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted an official position stating that "Bosnia and Herzegovina opposes the construction of the [Pelješac] bridge until the issues related to the determination of the sea borderline between the two countries are resolved" and asking Croatia not to undertake any unilateral actions concerning the construction of the bridge. Bosnian MP Halid Genjac has stated that such official position has never been reverted and is thus still in force, while no official Bosnian body has given its express consent to the construction of the bridge. He argued that “the claims that Croatia is building a bridge on its territory are incorrect because the sea waters beneath the Peljesac bridge are not and cannot be Croatian or internal waters, but international waters stretching from the territorial waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the open sea,” Genjac argued.

The bridge and its access roads opened for traffic on 26 July 2022.

Other bilateral issues

Political relations and status of the Croat people in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In 2018, Croatia objected to the election of Željko Komšić as Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who was elected mainly by the Bosnian Muslim voters. The Croatian Parliament adopted a Resolution on the situation of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This resolution was deemed by the Office of the High Representative as in violation of Croatia's obligations of non-interference under the Dayton Agreement.

Croatia’s conveyed the view that the election of Komsić should never happen again, as it is seen as undermining "the equality of constituent nations" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, between the three main ethnic groups of Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs. Croatia also continues to voice its support for constitutional and electoral reforms that would enable Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina to have legitimate representatives in the legislative and executive bodies of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the upper house of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina where the vast majority of the Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina lives, and the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Two schools under one roof

Croatia is a sponsor of Bosnia and Herzegovina's segregated school system, exemplified by the "two schools under one roof". Children from two ethnic groups, Bosniaks and Croats, attend classes in the same building, but physically separated from each other and taught separate curricula. Children from one ethnic group often enter the school through one door, while children from other ethnic group through another. In the Federation entity of BiH, 57 schools operated in this way in the year 2010. By 2018, 56 such schools remained.
This phenomenon of ethnic separation is attributed to the Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) and the creation of Herzeg-Bosnia on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia continues to finance the system of separate Croatian-curriculum public schools in BiH.

Migration management

Since 2018, increased migratory flows pose challenges at the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular along the region of Una-Sana Canton. Since January 2018, around 32,000 migrants have entered BiH, out of them around 7,200 are estimated be in BiH currently. Civil society and international organisations has reported violent collective expulsion (pushbacks) of migrants and asylum seekers back into Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatian authorities have rejected these accusations. The Croatian Ombudsman has, however, raised serious concerns on the activities of Croatian police at the border with BiH.

Nuclear waste disposal site in Trgovska Gora
Bosnia and Herzegovina objects to Croatia's plans to build a radioactive waste disposal site across the border in Trgovska Gora, Dvor (former Cerkezovac barracks).

Pollution from the Brod fuel refinery
Croatia complains about the cross-border impact of pollution from the fuel refinery in Brod (BiH), owned by Russian state-owned company Zarubezhneft. After an explosion incident on 9 October 2018 that left one person dead and ten injured, the refinery ceased operations. The company has not announced its shutdown, but the refinery remains closed down as of 2022.

Economic development

Transport
As Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia each share the largest part of their border with the other (), they have participated in numerous joint ventures aimed at providing a regional economic uplift. One of such projects is the widening of Pan-European Corridor Vc (E73) to freeway standards. Although extending to the Adriatic Sea all the way from Budapest, the capital of Hungary, Corridor Vc (in Bosnia and Herzegovina designated as A1) is purported to bear most importance for Bosnia and Herzegovina as its longest turnpike (at ) and a national project of sorts. It passes through Croatia at two stretches: one in eastern Slavonia near Osijek and Đakovo (A5) and the other at the coast near Ploče and Metković (A10). Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have so far co-operated in building a bridge over Sava River near Svilaj, Croatia, which connects the northern end of Corridor Vc to the southern end of Croatian A5.

Trade
Exports to Bosnia and Herzegovina amount to 14.4% of Croatia's total, while as of 2007, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the fifth largest trade partner of Croatia. This makes Croatia both the largest importer and exporter of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Bosnia and Herzegovina is the second largest buyer of Croatian goods. With 343 million convertible marks (US$237 million) of invested foreign capital, Croatia is the largest investor in Bosnia and Herzegovina, topping nearby Slovenia (BAM 302 million; US$208 million) and neighboring Serbia and Montenegro (BAM 122 million; US$84 million). In 2007, the trade between the two countries amounted to 2,517 million US dollars (BAM 3.64 billion; HRK 13.63 billion), a 32% increase from the past year.

HT Eronet ownership
The third telecommunication company of Bosnia and Herzegovina, HT Eronet, is owned 50.1% by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 39% by Hrvatski Telekom. Bosnian Croat politician Dragan Čović had been charged with abuse of power and authority during the privatization of Eronet in 1999, but was acquitted by the FBiH Supreme Court in April 2013. The company is considered to be under heavy political influence by the HDZ BiH party and a source of patronage. A due diligence by international advisors was requested by the IMF as a prior action in 2016, and completed only in early 2019.

Cooperation in the EU accession process of Bosnia and Herzegovina
A bilateral agreement on cooperation in the EU accession process was signed in 2016.

See also
Bosnia and Herzegovina–NATO relations
Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

References

External links
Croatian Embassy in Sarajevo: English  (currently down), Croatian
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Foreign Affairs on its embassy in Zagreb

Croatia
Bilateral relations of Croatia


Goliševa Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of the former Ludza District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Goliševa parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


Isnauda Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Isnauda Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality


Sarzana Cathedral () in Sarzana, Liguria, Italy, is a co-cathedral of the Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato. It is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. The building is a mixture of the Romanesque and Gothic styles, reflecting the length of the period of its construction, from the early 13th to the late 15th century.

The cathedral is noted as the home of a relic of St Andrew and of the Blood of Christ. There is also an important Romanesque Cross of Maestro Guglielmo of 1138.

History
The cathedral was built on the site of the former pieve of San Basilio and was under construction from 1204 to 1474, when the upper part of the west front was completed by Leonardo Riccomanni of Pietrasanta. In 1735 three statues of popes were added to the top of the façade: Saint Eutychianus in the centre between Pope Sergius IV and Pope Nicholas V.

The cathedral was built as the seat of the Bishop of Luni when it was finally transferred here in 1202 after several previous moves; the bishopric was renamed after Sarzana in 1465. The Diocese of Sarzana was incorporated into the present Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato (then known as the Diocese of Luni o La Spezia, Sarzana e Brugnato) in 1929.

Description

The church is in a Romanesque-Gothic style. It has a west front of white marble, featuring a portal with a small Gothic rose window above it, between two side blocks of the 17th century. To the south is the battlemented campanile, the sole remnant of the ancient Pieve di San Basilio. The ground plan is in the form of a Latin cross. The nave is divided into three aisles by two arcades of widely spaced polygonal columns supporting high arches. The central nave terminates in the choir and the apse, and the side aisles each terminate in a chapel; all three are roofed by cupolas. To either side of the nave is a row of four side chapels, added in the late 17th century. Each wing of the short transept also contains a chapel. The wooden panelled ceiling was carved by Pietro Giambelli between 1662 and 1670.

Relics
The cathedral contains a famous relic of St Andrew and of the Blood of Christ, which is preserved in the Chapel of the Most Precious Blood () to the south of the choir and high altar.

Works of art

Cross of Maestro Guglielmo
Sarzana Cathedral is known as the location of the oldest dated Tuscan crucifix, the Cross of Maestro Guglielmo, dated 1138, a central work of Romanesque painting, despite some re-touching of the face and body in the 14th century. The crucifix is a prime example of the iconography of the Christus triumphans type that preceded the establishment of the iconography of the  Christus patiens, which represents a more human and suffering Jesus. The crucifix is now set up in the baroque Chapel of the Cross to the north of the choir and high altar.

Other works of art
The cathedral contains a painting by Francesco Solimena, Renaissance sculptures including altarpieces of the Purification and the Coronation, by Leonardo and Francesco Riccomanni, a terracotta of the school of Luca Della Robbia and two marble busts, of Pope Clement XI and Pope Innocent XI, by Giovanni Baratta.

The apse contains a Glory of the Virgin, a Baroque scenography reminiscent of Bernini, beneath an elaborate cupola. The 17th-century sculptures in the Chapel of Saint Augustine are by the Carrarese Giovanni Antonio Cybei.

Domenico Fiasella has a number of works in the church, including:
• Glory of the Most Precious Blood in the Chapel of the Relics
• Massacre of the Innocents (1653)
• Martyrdom of St Andrew
• 'Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth
• Saints Lazarus, Nicholas and George
• Saints Apollonia, Lucia and Cecilia''.

Other
The cathedral was declared a basilica minor on 28 November 1947.

Gallery

Notes

Sources
Sarzana Cathedral official website

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Cathedrals in Liguria
Roman Catholic churches in Sarzana
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Romanesque architecture in Liguria
Gothic architecture in Liguria
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1474


Istra Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Ludza Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Istra Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality


Zumrad (before 2021 — Shahrak; )is a jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 16,555 (2015). It consists of 6 villages, including Shahrak (the seat) and Chordeh.

A Chinese paramilitary base is located near the town.

Notes

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


The judo competition at the 2007 Pan American Games was held from July 19 to 22, 2007, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at the Riocentro complex. There were seven weight divisions, for both men and women, for a total of 14 events

Medal table

Men's competition

Extra-lightweight (60 kg)

Half-lightweight (66 kg)

Lightweight (73 kg)

Half-middleweight (81 kg)

Middleweight (90 kg)

Half-heavyweight (100 kg)

Heavyweight (+100 kg)

Women's competition

Extra-lightweight (48 kg)

Half-lightweight (52 kg)

Lightweight (57 kg)

Half-middleweight (63 kg)

Middleweight (70 kg)

Half-heavyweight (78 kg)

Heavyweight (+78 kg)

See also
Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics

References

External links

 Sports 123

2007
Events at the 2007 Pan American Games
American Games
Judo competitions in Brazil
International sports competitions in Rio de Janeiro (city)


Lauderi Parish () was an administrative territorial entity of the now defunct Ludza District in Latvia. As a result of the 2009 administrative divisions reform of Latvia; Lauderi Parish was absorbed by Zilupe Municipality. Since 1 July 2021, Lauderi Parish is part of Ludza Municipality.

References

Ludza Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Latgale


The Left Hand of the Electron is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays  by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov, first published by Doubleday & Company in 1972. It was the ninth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The title comes from the topic of the first section which deals with chirality of electroweak interactions and chirality of organic compounds and the possible connection between the two.  Other essays in this book concern the effect of electron-spin direction on molecular structure e.g. the "Inverse Sugar" (similar to Inverted sugar syrup) in honey with philosophical reflections on the minority of left handedness in general.

Chapters

A — The Problem of Left and Right
1 — Odds and Evens
2 — The Left Hand of the Electron
3 — Seeing Double
4 — The 3-D Molecule
5 — The Asymmetry of Life
B — The Problem of Oceans
6 — The Thalassogens
7 — Hot Water
8 — Cold Water
C — The Problem of Numbers and Lines
9 — Prime Quality
10 — Euclid's Fifth
11 — The Plane Truth
D — The Problem of the Platypus
12 — Holes in the Head
E — The Problem of History
13 — The Eureka Phenomenon
14 — Pompey and Circumstance
15 — Bill and I
F — The Problem of Population
16 — Stop!
17 — ...But How?

External links
 Asimovonline.com

Essay collections by Isaac Asimov
1972 books
Scientific essays
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Doubleday (publisher) books


Chilgazi () is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 15,997 (2015).

Agriculture

Chilgazi is a place where gardening is very much developed. Many fruits as apricots, apples, cherries are produced in Chilgazi. People dry apricots during the summer.

Education

There are several schools in Chilgazi. School  36, 37 55, 66. This jamoat has cinema, two libraries and several tea-houses.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Salnava Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of the former Ludza District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Salnava parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


Lakkon (Russian and Tajik: Лаккон)is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 7,579 (2015).

One of the two largest psychiatric hospitals in Tajikistan is located in Lakkon

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Zvirgzdene Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Zvirgzdene parish

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


Surkh (Tajik and Russian: Сурх) is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 14,456 (2015).

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Malnava Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of the former Ludza District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Malnava Parish
 Malnava - parish administrative center
 Grebņova

See also
Malnava Manor

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


The Haysi Railroad Company (reporting mark HRR) was a terminal/switching railroad that owned and operated seven miles of track from Haysi, Virginia, to Vicey, Virginia. The railroad was known most for its unusual motive power.

History

The Haysi Railroad was founded in February 1970, after the Clinchfield railroad completed its Greenbrier Branch from Haysi-Vicey Virginia. HRR was controlled by the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad and Louisville and Nashville Railroad (later Family Lines System holding company in November 1972). It served coal mines in and around Haysi, Virginia.

On June 1, 1983, the Seaboard System merged the Haysi Railroad, ending its existence as an independent entity.  In 2007 the last of the coal operations on the line shut down, and since then the line has been unmaintained by CSX, virtually abandoned.

Motive power

The Haysi Railroad probably was best known for its unorthodox motive power, which included an EMD F7B that was built in February 1949 as Clinchfield Railroad F3B #852, and later upgraded to an F7B in January 1952. The Haysi Railroad had acquired the B-unit on April 6, 1970, renumbered it to #1, and equipped it with radio controls and a makeshift cab and bell in 1972. The B-unit was HRR's sole locomotive until February 1977, when it leased four EMD SD18's and four SD9’s from the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range. The SD9’s were leased by the Louisville and Nashville, but were sent to HRR. The locomotives were returned to DM&IR in 1989. #1 is now preserved as VLIX #852 at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum in Chattanooga, Tennessee, albeit in rough shape.

References

Defunct Virginia railroads
Railway companies disestablished in 1983


Chorku (; ) is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 37,065 (2015). The Hazrati Shoh mausoleum in Chorku is from the 8th-10th century.

In August 2015, a dispute over a water canal in the area became a controversy between Kyrgyz and Tajiks.

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan


Mežvidi Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mežvidi Parish
  – parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


Mērdzene Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mērdzene Parish
  – parish administrative center.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality
Latgale


Nirza Parish () is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality, Latvia. The Ludza dialect used to be spoken in Nirza

Towns, villages and settlements of Nirza Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Ludza Municipality


Sister Smile (original title: Sœur Sourire) is a Belgian-French biographical drama film directed by Stijn Coninx and written by Coninx, Ariane Fert and Chris Vander Stappen. The film stars Cécile de France as Jeannine Deckers, also known as The Singing Nun. The film won the Magritte Award for Best Costume Design.

Plot
Belgium in the 1950s. Jeanine Deckers dreams of becoming a singer and of going to Africa as a missionary. Against her family's wishes, she joins a convent. However, the strict rules become too much for her. She rebels, especially when her guitar is taken from her and when she hears that she'll have to wait several years before being sent to Africa for missionary work. Despite being punished, she is eventually given back her guitar so she can entertain young people visiting the convent. One day she is filmed by Belgian television while singing and playing music to a group of youngsters. This launches her career as a commercially successful artist, yet everything she earns is sent to the convent and the head nuns keep her identity secret from the general public, while keeping her success secret from Deckers herself.

Later, Deckers discovers the truth and eventually gets fed up with obeying the other nuns. She leaves the convent and moves in with her friend Annie who had made a pass at her when they were younger but whom she rejected.

Deckers desperately tries to get her career back on the road but she is told that she cannot use her stage name "Soeur Sourire" or "Singing Nun" because the convent owns the rights to it. She starts performing under her own name and goes on a tour in Québec, but due to her controversial song about birth control nobody wants to sign her anymore for concerts. Deckers is reduced to singing in small strip clubs and gets depressed. Rejected by both the convent and her own family, Deckers returns to Annie and falls in love.

Pursued by the Ministry of Finance of Belgium for taxes on her first album, which the Church didn't pay, she and Annie commit suicide together.

Cast
Cécile de France as Jeanine Deckers (The Singing Nun)
Filip Peeters as Antoine Brusson
Tsilla Chelton as Oldest Dominican
Sandrine Blancke as Annie
Jan Decleir as Lucien Deckers
Jo Deseure as Gabrielle Deckers
Marie Kremer as Françoise
Christelle Cornil as Sister Christine
David Murgia as Louvain
Eric Godon as The bailiff

References

External links
Soeur Sourire at IMDB
Variety 28 April 2009: Soeur Sourire

Films directed by Stijn Coninx
2009 films
2000s French-language films
Biographical films about singers
Films set in Belgium
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in the 1980s
Lesbian-related films
Films about Catholic nuns
Films about Catholicism
Films about rebels
Films about suicide
2009 biographical drama films
Belgian biographical drama films
French biographical drama films
Cultural depictions of pop musicians
Cultural depictions of Belgian women
2009 drama films
Biographical films about religious figures
French-language Belgian films
2000s French films