Monster Kingdom: Jewel Summoner is a turn-based role-playing video game developed by Gaia and published by Sony Computer Entertainment and Atlus for the PlayStation Portable console.  The game was released in February 2006 in Japan and in February 2007 in North America.

The game takes place in a world where monsters and human beings once lived in harmony.  The monsters were hunted and many of them were eventually imprisoned in devices called "jewels".  Once trapped in a jewel, a monster becomes tame and servile to the owner of the jewel, allowing human warriors, called Jewel Summoners, to use them in combat against other monsters.  The story of Jewel Summoner revolves around the quest for vengeance of one such warrior, Vice, whose mother died at the hands of a monster.

Jewel Summoner received mixed reviews from the gaming press.  Its monster-collection theme and turn-based gameplay was often compared to Nintendo's Pokémon series.  The game's audio and voice acting were praised, but its story and gameplay were criticized as uninspired and monotonous.

Gameplay
Jewel Summoner takes place in a third-person perspective with a top-down view.  The player character's avatar moves around a static world map and can enter 3D dungeons.  Inside dungeons, the player's movement will activate random battles against wild monsters; battles are represented in a split-screen format.  Dungeons also contain save points that can be used to restore the health of the party.  The player can have a party of up to three characters, and each member has a maximum of three monsters that can be summoned from storage receptacles, called jewels, to fight against enemies.  Battles are turn-based and each monster has access to several attacks that it can execute each turn.  Monsters do not have individual health bars; their controlling character's health is used instead.  Enemy monsters can be recruited by weakening them in battle and then capturing them within a jewel.

There are over 100 different types of monster in the game, and each possesses traits in the forms of "elements" that dictate its strengths and weaknesses.  The element system is similar to a game of "rock-paper-scissors"; for instance, water-elemental monsters have an advantage over fire-based monsters, and fire-based monsters have an advantage over ice-based ones.  A monster can only be captured within a jewel that represents the same element.  Monsters earn experience in battle and subsequently level up, learn new abilities, and evolve into different creatures.  Jewel Summoners can also influence their monsters' growth by fusing them with specially refined items and pieces of quartz, or by increasing their stats with "Ability Points" earned in battle.

In combat, each Jewel Summoner can bring out one monster at a time.  Every turn, each monster (both enemy and ally) can activate one attack or elemental ability.  Each monster initially has four slots available for abilities.  Monsters can quickly learn abilities of their own element type, but can also pick up abilities from other elements.  A fire dragon, for instance, can learn snow-based attacks.  Using an ability requires the expenditure of a monster's "Jewel Points", a mana-like energy of which each creature has only a finite amount.  When a monster's Jewel Points are depleted, it becomes inaccessible to the character and another monster must be selected to fight.  Monsters can return to battle when their Jewel Points have been restored at a save point.

Jewel Summoner has two options for multiplayer, using the PSP's "ad-hoc" local wireless feature. Players can trade monsters with each other or fight 1-on-1 battles.  The game also includes a browser mode that players can use to connect to the Internet and download wallpapers and game trailers.

Plot
Long before the events of Jewel Summoner, monsters and humans coexisted peacefully in the game's world.  Eventually, a mysterious event called the "Great Disaster" occurred, and many monsters disappeared.  Those that didn't were contained within "jewels" that became a source of energy that humans harnessed to provide power for their civilization, called the "Powered Civilization".  Occasionally, rogue monsters called Abominations would appear and attack humans indiscriminately.  The humans responded by developing a skill known as "Jewel Summoning", which could be used to fight and capture Abominations.  Jewel Summoners are generally descended from a clan called the "Enchanters" and receive special training in the use of jewels.  Trained Jewel Summoners work for an organization called the Order and collaborate to fight Abominations.

Jewel Summoner's story centers around a young Jewel Summoner named Vice.  Vice's mother died at the hands of an Abomination named Shina years before, and Vice has been searching for the monster ever since.  Before she died, Vice's mother gave him a jewel containing a monster, Schatten, and he subsequently discovered that he had the ability to summon and control Schatten despite not having been trained at the Jewel Summoner Academy.  Vice traveled for some time, hunting and destroying Abominations, before drawing the attention of the Order.  He eventually enrolls at the Academy and is joined by several other Summoners.  The rest of the game follows Vice's journey with his Order teammates and his quest for revenge.

Development
Jewel Summoner was the first game produced by Gaia, a studio formed by Kouji Okada in 2003 after he departed from Atlus.  Okada was one of the co-creators of the Shin Megami Tensei role-playing game series, commonly referred to as "MegaTen" in the West.  Okada continued the game mechanic of collecting and raising creatures in Jewel Summoner, altered from MegaTen's concept of "nakama": player-controlled, friendly demons.

Okada's goal with Jewel Summoner was to create an original game "that goes back to the basics of gaming".  At the Akihabara Entertainment Festival in 2005, Okada explained that the Japanese gaming industry was full of game series and he was interested in developing new ideas.  Shortly after Gaia was formed, the new studio learned that Sony was interested in finding developers for its upcoming handheld game console, the PlayStation Portable.  Gaia developed Jewel Summoner exclusively for the PSP, including visuals tailored to its screen and a creature development system that would utilize the console's internal clock to continually train monsters, even when the unit was not in use.

Jewel Summoner borrowed several aspects from Okada's previous games, including Megami Tensei's concept of elements.  Despite the similarities, the art style of Jewel Summoner is more in line with traditional RPGs, instead of MegaTen's darker, more adult theme.  An important design component of the game is its "rensei"; the monster training system, which is a staple of Okada's work.  The game's soundtrack was created by Shinji Hosoe, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Yasunori Mitsuda, Yoko Shimomura, Kenji Ito, Masaharu Iwata, Tsukasa Masuko, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Ayako Saso, and Takahiro Ogata. The game is fully voiced with over 5 total hours of dialogue, which took Gaia a week to record.

Jewel Summoner was released on February 23, 2006 in Japan and February 19, 2007 in North America.  Gamasutra reported that at the time of its North American release, it was listed at #7 on GamerMetrics, an IGN program that monitors fan anticipation of video games by tracking wish list requests, e-mail notifications, and other Internet-based game data.

Future
Okada has revealed that the game was planned as the first entry in a series of Monster Kingdom games; its title was even created with this in mind.  Gaia created a comprehensive timeline for Jewel Summoner to allow additional games to be developed within the same universe.  Folklore is a PlayStation 3 game with similarities to Jewel Summoner; developed by Game Republic and released by Sony in 2007.  Gaia assisted Game Republic with Folklore's monster-creation system, and its original title was Monster Kingdom: Unknown Realms.  Another Gaia game, Coded Soul, was released in 2008 and also has gameplay elements in common with Jewel Summoner.

Reception

Jewel Summoner received mixed reviews. Its gameplay format, especially the premise of monster collecting, elicited frequent comparisons to Pokémon, a long-running Nintendo series of games. The gameplay itself was considered generic and unoriginal. IGN stated "All too often the same battles happen again and again", and Game Informer's reviewer said the battle system "is as boring a turn-based snoozefest as I’ve seen in years". GameZone called Jewel Summoner "prototypical" and said the game "does not stray too far from the formula." The process of improving monsters was described by GameSpot as too long and needlessly complicated, and IGN declared "for the most part it's not even worth it."
Reception of the game's audio was generally positive, with IGN referring to the music as "top-notch" and GamesRadar commenting "The tunes are varied, catchy, match the settings, and show off the PSP's sound system." Comments about the voice acting were lukewarm, however, especially regarding the amount of dialogue in the game. GameSpot referred to the dialogue as "dull" and IGN said "the script itself is a mess." The game's beginning was described as especially slow.  The game's art style and visuals were praised. X-Play said "The monsters [sic] designs here are creative, detailed takes on all kinds of different well-known fantasy archetypes." GameZone's reviewer said "The monster details are very good, as is the majority of the artwork", and IGN noted that "Each of the characters also gets nice, crisp art for the conversational scenes." Game Informer, however, mocked the character design, stating "...each of the major heroes has some kind of glaring aesthetic blunder to make fun of. From the biggest faux-hawk in history to tan lines that Itagaki would be ashamed to put on one of his characters, there’s at least some shallow amusement to be had by mocking these hapless digital rejects."

References

Notes

External links
Official site

2006 video games
Atlus games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Role-playing video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Hitoshi Sakimoto
Video games scored by Kenji Ito
Video games scored by Masaharu Iwata
Video games scored by Shinji Hosoe
Video games scored by Tsukasa Masuko
Video games scored by Yasunori Mitsuda
Video games scored by Yoko Shimomura
Multiplayer and single-player video games


Keith Rayne is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (two spells) (captain), Leeds and Doncaster, as a  or , and coached at club level for Batley.

Playing career

Wakefield Trinity
Keith Rayne played right-, in Wakefield Trinity’s 3-12 defeat by Widnes in the 1978–79 Challenge Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1979, in front of a crowd of a crowd of 94,218.

Leeds
In September 1980, Rayne was signed by Leeds for a fee of £35,000.

Keith Rayne played  left-, in Leeds' 18-10 victory over Widnes in the 1983–84 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1983–84 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 14 January 1984.

Return to Wakefield
In July 1987, Rayne was part of a six-player exchange deal; the Leeds players Mark Conway, Phil Fox, Andy Mason, and Keith Rayne, were transferred to Wakefield Trinity in exchange for John Lyons, and Gary Spencer. During his two spells at Wakefield Trinity, Rayne scored 22 three-point tries and 11 four-point tries.

International honours
Keith Rayne won caps for England while at Wakefield Trinity in 1980 against Wales, and France, and won caps for Great Britain while at Leeds in 1984 against France (2 matches), Australia, and Papua New Guinea.

Coaching career

Club career
Rayne was the coach of Batley from May 1990 to April 1991, during the 1990–91 season.

Personal life
Keith Rayne is the twin brother of the rugby league footballer, Kevin Rayne.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity players
Leeds Rhinos players
Batley Bulldogs players
Batley Bulldogs coaches
Doncaster R.L.F.C. players
England national rugby league team players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
English twins


Charles Carroll II (1702–1782) known as Charles Carroll of Annapolis to distinguish him from his similarly named relatives, was a wealthy Maryland planter and lawyer. His father was Charles Carroll the Settler, (I – the first), (1661–1720), an immigrant to Maryland who had arrived in the colony in 1689 with a commission as Provincial Attorney General, and had accumulated a vast fortune, emerging as Maryland's wealthiest citizen. Charles Carroll of Annapolis inherited and extended his father's fortune but, as a Roman Catholic, was barred from participation in Maryland politics. It would fall to his son, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, (III), (1737–1832), one of the signers (and the longest-lived) of the Declaration of Independence, to see religious toleration restored to Maryland and many political and scientific/technological advances in the newly independent state.

Early life

Carroll was born in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1702, the third child and second son of Charles Carroll the Settler and Mary Darnall, daughter of the wealthy Roman Catholic planter Henry Darnall, a strong ally of the Carrolls and the ruling Calvert family. His older brother Henry died shortly before their father, in 1719.

Charles Carroll the Settler came to the colony in 1688 with a commission as Attorney General from the colony's Catholic proprietor, Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, but after only a year lost that position as a result of the Province's so-called "Protestant Revolution", a rebellion of Protestant settlers associated with the Glorious Revolution in England. The royal government that took over the Colony, after moving the founding capital from the Catholic stronghold of St. Mary's City on the shores of the Potomac and Chesapeake in southern Maryland to the more central and renamed Annapolis near Kent Island in 1694; banned Catholics from holding office, bearing arms, serving on juries, and eventually from voting. Barred therefore from a political career, Carroll the Settler turned his attention to business, amassing a fortune so large that he was eventually the wealthiest man in Maryland at the time of his death in 1720. Thus, while the younger Carroll was born into a religious minority with few rights, he had all the advantages that wealth could provide.

Like many sons of wealthy Marylanders, Carroll was sent to England to study law, but he returned to Maryland on his father's death in 1722 in order to inherit the family estates.

Religion and family life

In around 1726 Carroll began courting Elizabeth Brooke, the daughter of Clement Brooke and Jane Sewall. They were not married, however, until 1757, when their son Charles was twenty years old. It's unclear why they waited so long; it may have had something to do with Maryland inheritance laws.

The Carroll family were enthusiastic horse breeders and raced thoroughbreds, competing with other well-to-do
families at annual racing events, which also formed an important part of the social and political life of the colony. Charles Carroll of Annapolis's horse was beaten in 1743 by George Hume Steuart's "Dungannon" in the Annapolis Subscription Plate, the first recorded formal horse race in Maryland. The plate itself (actually more of a bowl than a plate) now forms part of the collection of the Baltimore Museum of Art, (established 1914) [mostly modern art collections].

Legacy
Like his father, Charles Carroll of Annapolis never gave up hope of overcoming Maryland's religious intolerance. His son Charles Carroll of Carrollton, (1737–1832), eventually secured his family's vision of personal, political and religious freedoms for all citizens when he became the only Roman Catholic (and last surviving signer) to sign the Declaration of Independence in 1776, while becoming the richest man in America  and having a profound effect on his nation, state and city.

The Charles Carroll House, with its beautiful manicured gardens on historic Duke of Gloucester Street, was one of the Carroll family's substantial Eighteenth Century homes. Today it is one of Annapolis's landmark museum houses.

See also
 Colonial families of Maryland
 Carroll family

Notes

References

 Hoffman, Ronald, Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500–1782 Retrieved August 9, 2010

External links
 Official website of the Carroll House in Annapolis Retrieved February 22, 2010
 Article on Annapolis Subscription Plate at www.hometownannapolis.com Retrieved February 22, 2010
 History of Maryland Jockey Club Retrieved February 22, 2010
 Article on Carroll Family Retrieved February 22, 2010
 Article on Carroll family at http://teachingamericanhistorymd.net Retrieved February 22, 2010

People of colonial Maryland
American planters
1702 births
1782 deaths
People from Annapolis, Maryland
Charles
American people of Irish descent
Catholics from Maryland


Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter (1878 – c. 1944) was a German physician remembered for describing Bracht-Wachter bodies in infective endocarditis.

Death
During World War II, Wächter was enlisted by the German Army to cure and alleviate depressed soldiers stationed on the front lines, however, he refused many times. In 1944, he was told that he and his family would be killed if he did not do as he was ordered, so he gave in and was assigned to Crucifix Hill. It is said that he did little to help the soldiers, but devoted most of his time to tending to the prisoners. He was declared a traitor and was to be killed by the Gestapo, but on October 8, 1944, while the Germans were fighting American forces, American bombers dropped tons of bombs on the hill. Apparently, Wächter was killed among others listed in the Waffen-SS defending the hill. His body was never found.

References

1878 births
Year of death missing
German military doctors


A platelayer (British English), fettler (British English – UK, Australia, NZ) or trackman (American English) is a railway employee who inspects and maintains the permanent way of a railway, usually under the charge of a foreman called (in UK, Australia and NZ) the "ganger". The term "platelayer" derives from the plates used to build plateways, an early form of railway.

Track inspection
Inspecting and maintaining the track, including all its component parts such as rails, sleepers, fishplates, bolts, etc., are the chief responsibility of the platelayer.  Their duties include greasing points, and generally watching for wear and tear. When sections of track require complete replacement, larger teams of platelayers work together, and today employ a range of labour-saving machinery for many of the tasks traditionally undertaken by hand by platelayers.

Platelayers' hut

United Kingdom
In British usage the term platelayers' hut refers to a lineside shelter in which a platelayer would historically be based. In the heyday of steam railway operation a platelayer might be assigned to each mile or two miles of track, with a platelayers' hut as his shelter and working base. He would regularly patrol his section of track. In modern railway operation platelayers tend to operate in mobile teams, but the lineside of the British railway network still includes a large number of abandoned and generally dilapidated platelayers' huts. Platelayers' huts were generally a single room, immediately adjacent to the running lines, equipped with a table, chairs, and a simple stove for heating.

Sweden
In Sweden, each railway employed a number of platelayers with the responsibility for the maintenance of a designated part of the line. Instead of working from huts, they lived in cottages along the line (banvaktsstugor, singular banvaktsstuga). These cottages were usually designed to match the stations in architectural design. Each cottage would typically have a couple of rooms and a kitchen, and the platelayers often kept a cow or chicken, as well as growing vegetables and fruit. The platelayer system was finally dismantled in the 1950s, but many cottages still stand, typically used for holiday purposes.

Gallery

References

Platelayer


Edward Leon Everitt (January 12, 1947 – August 27, 2016) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who made five relief appearances for the San Diego Padres during their inaugural 1969 season. Listed at 6' 1", 195 lb., he batted left handed and threw right handed.

Born in Marshall, Texas, Everitt was selected originally by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 15th round of the 1965 MLB Draft. He spent four seasons in the Dodgers Minor League Baseball system from 1965 to 1968, before joining the Padres organization in 1969. He went 0-1 with an 8.04 earned run average for San Diego.

Besides, Everitt posted a 44-31 record with a 3.31 ERA in 108 minor league games, including 89 starts, 41 complete games and eight shutouts, striking out 595 batters while walking 305 in 663 innings of work.

After his baseball career, Everitt worked as a taxi driver, insurance salesman and in the construction industry in his homeland of Marshall, Texas, where he died in 2016 at the age of 69.

Sources

1947 births
2016 deaths
African-American baseball players
Albuquerque Dodgers players
Arizona Instructional League Dodgers players
Baseball players from Texas
Jamestown Dodgers players
Key West Padres players
Major League Baseball pitchers
San Diego Padres players
People from Marshall, Texas
Pocatello Chiefs players
Spokane Indians players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people


İrfan Başaran  (born 20 December 1989) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a midfielder for 52 Orduspor.

İrfan is a product of the Galatasaray Youth Team.

External links

1989 births
Sportspeople from Adana
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
Beylerbeyi S.K. footballers
Orduspor footballers
Adana Demirspor footballers
Bucaspor footballers
Kahramanmaraşspor footballers
Fethiyespor footballers
Yeni Malatyaspor footballers
Boluspor footballers
Samsunspor footballers
Bandırmaspor footballers
Kocaelispor footballers
İskenderunspor (1978) footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
TFF Third League players


is a Japanese anime television series produced by Fuji TV, Asmik Ace, Sony Music Entertainment Japan, Dentsu, Bones, and Kinema Citrus. It first aired on Fuji TV's noitamina timeslot in July 2009, running for 11 episodes until September. The anime was directed by Masaki Tachibana, with Natsuko Takahashi handling series composition, Atsuko Nozaki designing the characters and Kow Otani composing the music. The series centers on two young siblings, Mirai and Yūki, and single mother Mari who the two meet in the aftermath of a major earthquake hitting the Japanese capital, placed in the near future.

In 2009, Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 won the Excellence Award at the 13th Japan Media Arts Festival.

Plot
After a massive earthquake in Tokyo 25 km under the sea at a magnitude of 8.0, two young siblings Mirai and Yūki, who were visiting a robot exhibition in Odaiba at the beginning of their summer vacation, struggle to reach their parents in their house in Setagaya, assisted by a female motorcycle courier named Mari, who is striving to reach her own daughter and mother in Sangenjaya. Together, the three of them brave the partly ruined city and try their best to make it home safely.

Characters
  is a 7th grader who attends Rika Girls Academy. At the beginning of the series, she is unsure of what she wants to become later in life, but starts to change this outlook after the earthquake.
  is a 3rd grader and enthusiastic about robots. He has a somewhat distant relationship with his sister, and does not like to let others know when he is tired or ill.
  is a motorcycle courier who assists Mirai and Yūki reach their parents' home after the earthquake happens. They make a promise to reach their home together.
 , Mirai and Yūki's father, is injured while at work when the earthquake occurs.
  is Mirai and Yūki's mother. The earthquake occurs on her birthday.
  is one of Mirai's friends from school. She is seen taking care of her younger siblings while her mother is in a nearby hospital.
  is Mirai's other friend from school. Because of her laziness she tends to do poorly in her studies.
  another classmate of Mirai's. She comes from a rich family and owns a summer house in Canada that was built by her father.
  is Yuki's best friend who is in the same class as him. Before the earthquake, he and Yuki along with their school teacher planted a tree in their school's yard.
  is Mari's daughter age 3 to 5 years old. While Hina's mother was out searching for her, she was staying with her grandmother during the earthquake.
  is a middle school boy who becomes friends with Mirai in episode 7. Just like Yuki he is a big fan of robots.
 Aya Kawasaki is Mari's co-worker at Tiger Express Delivery who helps take care of her when she arrives at the office.

Production and release

The series was first announced at the 2009 Tokyo Anime Fair, denoting that it would replace Eden of the East in Fuji TV's noitamina well-rated anime timeblock and would be co-produced by Bones and Kinema Citrus. It first aired on Fuji TV's noitamina timeslot on July 9, 2009, running for 11 episodes until September 17. The series' setting is based upon the prediction that there is 70% or higher chance of an earthquake measuring 7.0 magnitude on the Richter scale hitting Tokyo in the next 30 years, with the series illustrating the consequences of a magnitude 8.0 earthquake affecting the city. Bones stated that it would try to realistically depict the after-effects of such a situation and that it would collect and tabulate research on previous earthquakes and interview individuals who were affected by them.

The series features the efforts of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, Japan Coast Guard, Tokyo Fire Department and Tokyo Disaster Medical Assistance Team in assisting recovery efforts after the initial earthquake and its recurring aftershocks. FNN newscaster Christel Takigawa also features as a guest, reporting on the earthquake and assuming the role of a "navigator" during the series.

The series uses two pieces of theme music.  by Abingdon Boys School is used for the opening theme, while "M/elody" by Shion Tsuji is used for the ending.
This series was broadcast only in Italy on Italian television channel Rai 4 on August 22, 2011, and ended September 5, 2011 for a time ranging from 10.45am and 11.00am.

Episode list

Reception
Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 won the Excellence Award in the Animation Division at the 13th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2009.

See also
 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami – one of the largest in the history of observations of magnitude 9.0.

Notes

References

External links

2009 anime television series debuts
2009 Japanese television series endings
Anime with original screenplays
Bones (studio)
Drama anime and manga
Fiction set in 2012
Fiction with unreliable narrators
Japanese disaster films
Kinema Citrus
Maiden Japan
Noitamina
Works about earthquakes


John Lambertus Romer (1680 – 1754) was a British military engineer. He was the son of Wolfgang William Romer, a Dutch engineer who came to England with William of Orange in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688.

Life
John Romer served in the artillery in Flanders, Spain, and on several expeditions, and in 1708 was an ensign in Brigadier Rooke's regiment. On 28 August 1708 he was appointed, by royal warrant, as assistant engineer to his father at Portsmouth, and was employed on works for protecting the shore near the Blockhouse, from the sea. On 4 April 1713 he was promoted to lieutenant in the 4th Foot. In 1715 he was placed on half-pay from his regiment, and on 20 April was appointed engineer at Sheerness, his district comprising the defences of the Rivers Thames and Medway. He was employed at Portsmouth at the end of 1716, but returned to Sheerness on 7 April of the following year. At the end of July 1719, he joined the expedition to Vigo, Spain, under Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, and took part in the capture of the citadel, which surrendered on 10 October.

On his return home, Romer was appointed engineer in charge of the northern district and Scotland, and arrived in Edinburgh on 19 March 1720. In Scotland he had under his charge the erection of barracks in the Highlands, as proposed by Field Marshal George Wade, at Inversnaid, Ruthven, Bernera, and Killiwhimen (Fort Augustus). He was involved in defence work at Fort William, and Fort George. On 24 September 1722, he was promoted to engineer-in-ordinary, and on 30 October he went to the office of the Board of Ordnance in London, whence he carried out the administration of the Scottish and northern engineer districts for many years. In the 1730s, Romer was responsible for the design of improved artillery defences and bastions on the north and west sides of Edinburgh Castle, which were built by William Adam, and include the Argyle Battery, Mills Mount Battery, the Low Defences and the Western Defences. He was promoted to be sub-director of engineers on 1 April 1730, captain-lieutenant on 22 December 1738, and captain in the 4th Foot (Barrell's Regiment) on 19 January 1739. In 1742 he became director of engineers. During 1745 and 1746 he served under the Duke of Cumberland in the suppression of the Jacobite rebellion, and was wounded at Culloden, on 16 April 1746.

Romer retired from service in 1751. He married, in 1711, Mary Hammond, by whom he had a son John (1713–1775), many of whose descendants entered the army, and distinguished themselves in active service. Among drawings by John Lambertus Romer, now held by the British Museum, are plans of Fort Augustus, Scotland, and the fortifications of Portsmouth in 1725. He died in 1754, and was buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster.

References

External links
Maps and plans by John Lambertus Romer, in the collection of the National Library of Scotland

Attribution

1680 births
1754 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
King's Own Royal Regiment officers
British Army personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
18th-century British engineers


Adeopapposaurus (meaning "far eating lizard", in reference to its long neck) is a genus of prosauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Cañón del Colorado Formation of San Juan, Argentina. It was similar to Massospondylus. Four partial skeletons with two partial skulls are known.

The type specimen, PVSJ568, includes a skull and most of a skeleton to just past the hips. The form of the bones at the tips of the upper and lower jaws suggests it had keratinous beaks. The fossils now named Adeopapposaurus were first thought to represent South American examples of Massospondylus; while this is no longer the case, Adeopapposaurus is classified as a massospondylid.  Adeopapposaurus was described in 2009 by Ricardo N. Martínez. The type species is A. mognai, referring to the Mogna locality where it was found. The found fossils of the Adeopapposaurus have provided crucial information about the different types of sauropod dinosaurs that were located in South America.

Phylogeny

The following cladogram shows the position of Adeopapposaurus within Massopoda, according to Oliver W. M. Rauhut and colleagues, 2020:

See also

 2009 in paleontology

References

Massospondylidae
Dinosaur genera
Early Jurassic dinosaurs of South America
Fossils of Argentina
Jurassic Argentina
Geology of San Juan Province, Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 2009


The Georgia Stimulus Plan is part of the national stimulus plan, also known as American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. On February 25, 2009 $339 million, part of the $6 billions that Georgia potentially will receive, was put into the state's account but Governor Sonny Perdue has not yet accepted it. Given over the course of three years $2.27 billion of the money would go toward Georgia Education. Part of the stimulus plan is a state fiscal-stabilization fund, which would go toward three main categories: restoring previous education cuts, prevent teacher layoffs, and modernize and repair public schools.

The money would also aid Title I schools, special education, child care services, technology, grants for encouraging schools to close the achievement gap and for more efficient data systems. The plan would allow for Georgia schools to spend $497 per students – Georgia ranking number 28 in the nation, according to New America Foundation, a nonpartisan research group.
Kathy Cox, Georgia schools superintendent, will be in charge of giving out half of the stimulus money, while the governor will be responsible for the rest. Cox is hoping for the acceptance of this money so that Georgia schools can avoid layoffs  Perdue is hesitant to pass the bill saying that he does not want to raise taxes to keep unemployment programs but he also wants Georgians "to get everything to which they're entitled" .
The plan is important to Georgia because many in many rural areas, the school districts are the biggest employers. For other districts, schools use the Special Purpose Local Option Sales Tax (SPLOST) to pay for things, like construction. SPLOST gets the money from sales tax, so because revenues sales have been down, so has SPLOST. If Georgia gets the money, they would be able to spend some on renovating schools which in turn would create more construction jobs.

Without the stimulus plan, educational subcommittees are predicting $280 state cuts – a two percent reduction. Recently Georgia has cut $95 per student. .

The subcommittee is recommending Georgia to at least accept $145 million of the federal stimulus money

References

Economy of Georgia (U.S. state)


Paul Bernard Dilworth (31 January 1915 – 18 February 2007) was an influential Canadian aeronautical engineer and the founder of Dilworth Secord and Meagher Associates Ltd. (DSMA).

As an employee of the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa, Dilworth was an executive member of the team involved in Romania's first jet engine tests in 1942.  He served as manager of the NRC Cold Weather Test Site located at Stevensen Field in Winnipeg from September 1943 until May 1946.

In 1946 Paul transferred to Turbo Research, a crown corporation, which was transferred to private industry later that year, purchased by A.V Roe Canada. Paul became the chief engineer in A.V. Roe's gas turbine division where Orenda Engines were developed. He worked on the engine design of the Avro Canada CF-103 (predecessor to the Avro Arrow) for Orenda.

In 1952 he created Paul Dilworth & Company, which in 1958 became Dilworth Secord and Meagher Associates Ltd., or DSMA, an engineering consulting firm of international scale.

Honours and legacy
Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame (2000)

References
 Oswald, Mary, They Led the Way, Wetaskiwin: Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame, 1999.
 James, Melbourne V., Make The Wind Blow, Heirloom Publishing Inc., 2001.

External links
Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame

1915 births
2007 deaths
Canadian aerospace engineers
Engineers from Toronto


Steven Gwon Sheng Louie (26 March 1949, Taishan, Guangdong, China) is a computational condensed-matter physicist. He is a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley and senior faculty scientist in the Materials Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research focuses on nanoscience. He is also scientific director of the Theory of Nanostructured Materials Facility at the Molecular Foundry.

He was born in Taishan, Guangdong province, China in 1949 and moved to San Francisco when he was 10. His Chinese name is 雷干城 (pinyin: Léi Gānchéng). He received his PhD degree in 1976 from Berkeley, working with Professor Marvin L. Cohen.

Honors
 1986 Fellow of the American Physical Society
 1996 Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics (American Physical Society)
 1999 Davisson-Germer Prize in Surface Physics (American Physical Society)
 2003 Richard P. Feynman Prize in Molecular Nanotechnology (Foresight Institute)
 2005 Elected to National Academy of Sciences
 2009 Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2015 Materials Theory Award (Materials Research Society)

References

External links
 Research group website
 Google profile

1949 births
Living people
People from Taishan, Guangdong
Scientists from San Francisco
People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States
21st-century American physicists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Computational physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences


Donald Henry Weingarten (born February 16, 1945) is a computational physicist.

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he received an undergraduate degree in 1965 and a Ph.D. in 1970 from Columbia University, New York.

From 1969 to 1976 he held research positions at Fermilab (then the National Accelerator Laboratory), the University of Copenhagen, the University of Paris, and the University of Rochester. From 1976 to 1983 he was an Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and full Professor at Indiana University.  In 1983 he took his present position in the Research Division of IBM in Yorktown Heights, New York.

In 1987 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for his original theoretical contributions to particle physics, especially the introduction of Monte Carlo methods for field theories with fermions, rigorous inequalities among fermion bound state masses, and lattice formulation of string theory".
In 1997 he received the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics,  their highest honor  for work in computational physics.

References

1945 births
Living people
Scientists from Boston
21st-century American physicists
Columbia University alumni
Indiana University faculty
Computational physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Physicists from Massachusetts


John Myrick Dawson (30 September 1930 in Champaign, Illinois – 17 November 2001 in Los Angeles) was an American computational physicist and the father of plasma-based acceleration techniques. Dawson earned his degrees in physics from the University of Maryland, College Park: a B.S. in 1952 and Ph.D. in 1957. His thesis "Distortion of Atoms and Molecules in Dense Media" was prepared under the guidance of Zaka Slawsky.

On graduation, John joined the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (a.k.a. Project Matterhorn). Initially a research physicist, he rose to head the theoretical group from 1966 to 1973. He also spent two years (1969–71) at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where he started a plasma simulation group. He then joined UCLA in 1973 as a professor of physics. He served as director of UCLA's Center for Plasma Physics and Fusion Engineering from 1976 to 1987. He was associate director of the Institute for Plasma and Fusion Research from 1989 to 1991, principal scientist with the institute since 1989 and the institute's interim director.

John was a leading figure in the plasma physics community for more than four decades, with his contributions to science spanning all of plasma physics. He performed seminal work on magnetic fusion, inertial confinement fusion, space plasmas, plasma astrophysics, free-electron lasers, and basic plasma physics. He also proposed numerous controlled-fusion concepts. A visionary, he realized as early as the late 1950s the potential impact of simulations as a way to test both theories and large construction projects before they were built. He used simulations in 1959 to answer such fundamental questions as how large can a plasma wave become before breaking. During the late 1970s and 1980s, John was using simulations to test out new ideas such as plasma-based acceleration. By the 1990s, he was realizing his broader vision for simulations in such projects as the Numerical Tokamak.

In the late 1970s and 1980s, while at UCLA, John pioneered the field of plasma-based acceleration. He proposed letting particles surf on the plasma-wave wakes left behind by a laser or a particle beam as it moved through plasma. The fields in these wakes can be more than 1000 times higher than in conventional accelerators.

A true humanitarian, Dawson believed that science was still the most noble of professions. He believed strongly in the importance of controlled nuclear-fusion research and was particularly proud of his invention of an isotope separation process that was used to detect cancer and, consequently, help save many lives. John had successfully overcome life-threatening illnesses several times. Shortly before his death, he had been in improving health and had enjoyed attending APS's division of plasma physics meeting in Long Beach, California.

Honours and awards
Dawson received the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics in 1977 and the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics in 1994; both are the highest honors bestowed by the American Physical Society's plasma physics and computational physics divisions, respectively. He was named California Scientist of the Year by the California Science Center in 1978. The Rahman prize is the highest honor given by the American Physical Society for work in computational physics.  He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the California Scientist of the Year award, a Fulbright Fellowship, and two UCLA physics teaching awards.

James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (1977) citation "For his outstanding contributions to plasma physics and controlled fusion as both as innovative theorist and a prolific inventor, whose ideas have provided the basis for several current fusion configurations. He initiated the use of computer simulation as a new and powerful tool for the study of plasmas. He inspired and trained a cadre of younger theorists to continue the development of the field he initiated."

Aneesur Rahman Prize (1994) citation "In recognition of his leading role in opening the field of computer simulation of plasmas and for numerous major contributions made using plasma simulation as a complement to analytic theory and experiment. He has led in opening the field of plasma-based accelerators and made major advances in understanding basic nonlinear plasma wave processes, anomalous absorption and transport, advanced plasma-based coherent light sources and space plasma phenomena."

In 2007, the American Physical Society renamed its Award for Excellence in Plasma Physics in honor of John Dawson.

Notes

References
 T. Tajima and J. M. Dawson. 1979. Laser Electron Accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 43: 267–270
 Rosenzweig et al. 1988. Experimental Observation of Plasma Wake-Field Acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61: 98–101
 C. Joshi, "Plasma Accelerators," Scientific American (February 2006), 294, 40-47
 Thomas Katsouleas, "Accelerator physics: Electrons hang ten on laser wake" Nature (September 2004), 431, 515–516,

External links
JOHN M. DAWSON, PhD Virtual Memorial Garden

20th-century American physicists
Accelerator physicists
1930 births
2001 deaths
Computational physicists
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Princeton University staff
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fulbright alumni


Charles Franklin Walker (September 22, 1894 – September 16, 1974) was a Major League Baseball center fielder who played for five seasons. He played for the Detroit Tigers from 1917 to 1918, the Philadelphia Athletics from 1920 to 1921, and the New York Giants in 1925. He attended Randolph-Macon College and managed a number of years in the minor leagues.

External links

1894 births
1974 deaths
Major League Baseball center fielders
Baseball players from South Carolina
Detroit Tigers players
Philadelphia Athletics players
New York Giants (NL) players
Minor league baseball managers
Newport News Shipbuilders players
Springfield Reapers players
Portland Beavers players
Rocky Mount Tar Heels players
Rocky Mount Broncos players
Indianapolis Indians players
Greenville Spinners players
Atlanta Crackers players
Florence Pee Deans players
Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets baseball players


The Council elections held in Wolverhampton on Thursday 5 May 1983 were one third, and 20 of the 60 seats were up for election.

During the 1983 election the Conservatives gained the Bushbury seat from Labour whilst Labour gained the Wednesfield South from the Conservatives, leaving the overall constitution unchanged and Labour as the controlling group.

Prior to the election the constitution of the Council was:

Labour 34
Conservative 26

Following the election the constitution of the Council was:

Labour 34
Conservative 26

Election result

1983
1983 English local elections
1980s in the West Midlands (county)


Switzerland has submitted 46 films for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film since their first entry in 1961. The award is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue.

, five Swiss films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and two of these have won the award, most recently for the Turkish refugee drama Journey of Hope at the 1991 Academy Awards.

Submissions
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956. The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films. Following this, they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award. Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Switzerland for review by the academy for the award by year and the respective Academy Awards ceremony.

The Swiss submission is decided annually by the Federal Office for Culture.

Since they began submitting regularly in 1972, they have only failed to enter a film on three occasions: 1977, 1978 and 2003. In 1994, the Swiss entered but were disqualified in a controversial ruling in which AMPAS determined that one of the favorites, Krzysztof Kieslowski's Red, was not a majority Swiss production.

Director Alain Tanner had had his films selected five times, but none have been nominated. Xavier Koller and Swiss-based French director Jean-Luc Godard have each been selected to represent Switzerland three times.

Switzerland has four official languages. Twenty-two of the Swiss submissions have been French-language films, while fourteen were in some variety of German, and only one in Italian, but none have been in Romansh. In addition, two Swiss submissions were in Turkish.

See also
List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Academy Award-winning foreign language films
Cinema of Switzerland

Notes

References

External links
The Official Academy Awards Database
The Motion Picture Credits Database
IMDb Academy Awards Page

Switzerland
Academy Award


Belarmino Salgado Martínez (born September 27, 1966) is a retired male judoka from Cuba. He competed for his native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the Men's Half-Heavyweight (– 95 kg) division, and won a total number of three medals during his career at the Pan American Games (1987, 1991 and 1995).

References

Belarmino Salgado's profile at JudoInside.com

1966 births
Living people
Judoka at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 1991 Pan American Games
Judoka at the 1995 Pan American Games
Cuban male judoka
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in judo
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
20th-century Cuban people
21st-century Cuban people


Chebeinan Station (), literally Chebei South Station and formerly Huangzhou Station () when planning, is an interchange station of Guangzhou Metro Line 4 and Line 5. It is located at the underground of the junction of Chebei Road and Huangpu Avenue East in Tianhe District. It opened on 28 December 2009. A public toilet was built outside the station for the convenience of passengers.

Gallery

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Tianhe District


Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus.

Aldebaran may also refer to:

Geography and geology
 Aldebaran Rock, conspicuous nunatak of bright red rock, located near the head of Bertram Glacier, Antarctica
 Aldebaranium, alternative name for the element Ytterbium

Military and technology
 Aldebaran (rocket), airborne micro launcher
 , a US navy ship
 Italian ship Aldebaran, several ships

Entertainment
 Aldebaran (film), a 1935 Italian drama film
 Worlds of Aldebaran (aka "Aldebaran"), a Franc-Belgian science fiction comic book series  by Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira
 Aldebaran (comics), a graphic novel within the comic book series

Music
 "Aldebaran" (song), a song by Japanese-American singer Ai
 "Aldebaran", a song by Irish singer Enya from her album Enya
 "Aldebaran", a movement from Olivier Messiaen's Des Canyons aux étoiles

Fictional elements
 Aldebaran, a city within the game Ragnarok Online
 Aldebaran (Re:Zero), a character in the light novel series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World
 Taurus Aldebaran, a character of the Saint Seiya manga/anime

Other uses
 Aldebaran Robotics, makers of the Nao robot

See also


The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination is a collection of essays by Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye (1912–1991). The collection was originally published in 1971; it was republished, with an introduction by Canadian postmodern theorist Linda Hutcheon, in 1995. The Bush Garden features analyses of Canadian poetry, prose fiction and painting. According to Frye's introduction, the essays were selected to provide a composite view of the Canadian imagination, an understanding of the human imagination's reaction to and development in response to the Canadian environment.

The Bush Garden includes an edited version of Frye's "Conclusion" to Carl F. Klinck’s Literary History of Canada. In this work, Frye articulated his theory of "garrison mentality" as the defining characteristic of Canadian literature. Garrison mentality is the attitude of a community that feels isolated from cultural centres and besieged by a hostile landscape. Frye maintained that such communities were peculiarly Canadian, and fostered a literature that was formally immature, that displayed deep moral discomfort with “uncivilized” nature, and whose narratives reinforced social norms and values

Criticism

Although Frye asserted that his picture of Canadian self-image was unique to Canada, the picture of a civilization, led by patrilineal founders and establishing itself within a hostile or potentially hostile landscape, is in fact a recurring theme of the foundation myths told by a wide variety of cultures about themselves.

Contents

 Author's Preface
 From "Letters in Canada" (University of Toronto Quarterly)
(originally published in the University of Toronto Quarterly 1950–1959)
 Canada and Its Poetry
(originally published in The Book of Canadian Poetry, A. J. M. Smith, editor. 1943)
 The Narrative Tradition in English-Canadian Poetry
(originally published in 1946)
 Turning New Leaves
(originally published in Folk Songs of Canada, Edith Fulton Fowke and Richard Johnston, editors, 1954)
 Preface to an Uncollected Anthology
(originally published in 1956)
 Silence in the Sea
(originally published in 1968)
 Canadian and Colonial Painting
(originally published in 1940)
 David Milne: An Appreciation
(originally published in 1948)
 Lawren Harris: An Introduction
(originally published in Lawren Harris, Bess Harris and R. G. P. Colgrove, editors, 1969)
 Conclusion to a Literary History of Canada
(originally published in Literary History of Canada, Carl F. Klinck general editor, 1965)

References
 Frye, Northrop. The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination with Introduction by Linda Hutcheon. Toronto: Anansi, 1995.

Notes

External links
 The Bush Garden, Oxford Text Archive.

1971 non-fiction books
Books by Northrop Frye
Canadian essay collections
Essays about literature


Cantharidus antipoda puysegurensis is a subspecies of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trochidae, the top shells.

Distribution
This species is found at the South Island, New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979

External links

puysegurensis
Gastropods of New Zealand


Matthew Curtis (1807–1887) was an industrialist and civic leader in Manchester. He was Mayor of Manchester three times.

Born in Manchester in 1807, Curtis was initially apprenticed to the firm of Joseph Chessborough Dyer, subsequently becoming foreman, and then succeeding in 1836 to the ownership of Dyer's business, which became Curtis, Parr & Walton. By trade, Curtis was a wire-card manufacturer and a machine-maker. He was a partner in two businesses: Curtis, Parr & Walton, wire-card makers (with James Walton), and Parr, Curtis & Madely, machine-makers. These firms were involved in the manufacture of equipment for spinning cotton, the former in the production of Dyer's Frame and the latter producing Smith & Orr's Self-Acting Mule. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Curtis's firms were the largest manufacturers of cotton-spinning machinery in Britain.

In December 1875, during his second term as Mayor of Manchester, Curtis put in place the copper ball on the summit of the Albert Square tower of the new Manchester Town Hall, which was nearing its completion in 1877. Curtis was a council member of the Manchester Anti-Corn Law Association and a founding director of the Manchester Athenaeum. He resided at Thornfield in Heaton Mersey, south of the city, and died on 9 June 1887 or 11 June 1887, during his third term as Mayor.

Marriages and children
He married twice:
Firstly to Amelia Weaver (1810–1877), daughter of Richard Weaver of Tarvin in Cheshire, by whom he had 2 sons and 1 daughter, including:
John Curtis (1836–1878), eldest son, who predeceased his father, leaving 3 sons including the youngest Walter Septimus Curtis (born 1871) lord of the manor of Denbury in Devon, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn. One of Walter's daughters was Lettice Curtis (1915-2014) an aviator, flight test engineer, air racing pilot, and sportswoman.
Richard Curtis, 2nd son;
Secondly he married Charlotte Laughton (1824–1918), 5th daughter of Edmund Laughton of Tickhill, Yorkshire.

The lych gate (1927) of St John's Church, Heaton Mersey carries an inscription, much faded, dedicated to Curtis and other, later members of the Curtis family.

References

1807 births
1887 deaths
Mayors of Manchester
English industrialists
19th-century English businesspeople


Boys & Girls Harbor, Inc. (formerly called Boys Harbor) is a formerly independent an American youth services organization, headquartered in Manhattan, New York City, New York. In 2019 the organization merged with Supportive Children's Advocacy (SCAN) to form SCAN-Harbor.

Founded by Anthony Drexel Duke in 1937, as a sleepaway summer camp for boys in East Hampton, New York,  the organization has grown into several programs.

The Harbor was one of the first organizations to launch a charter school in New York state and has since then created programs that include pre-school, extended day tutoring, literacy training, substance-abuse prevention, college preparation, workforce readiness, and a conservatory for the performing arts.

Three-quarters of the students range from the ages of 6 to 17 and are 56 percent African American, 35 percent Latino, and 9 percent from another heritage. The constituents average a general population of 53 percent male and 47 percent female. Most of the students live in East or Central Harlem (67 percent), but 17 percent live in The Bronx, 6 percent live in Brooklyn, 5 percent live in Queens, and the remaining 5 percent live elsewhere in the tri-state area.

Founder and history
Duke, a member of the Duke family and a descendant of the Biddle and Drexel families, attended St. Paul's School, a preparatory school in Concord, New Hampshire, and in 1941, graduated from Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey.

Duke started Boys and Girls Harbor in 1937, at the age of 19, as a summer camp for immigrant and disadvantaged boys. Recruiting friends and family as camp counselors, Duke believed that fresh air mixed with discipline and mutual respect would help discover these inner-city boys' talents and potential. After three years (1935–1937) of orchestrating and planning this summer program, Duke and fellow St. Paul's friends found a vacant campsite called Duck Island near Southampton, New York. Duck Island remained the site of "Boys Harbor" until Duke was commissioned in the U.S. Navy to fight in World War II in 1941. The camp reopened in 1947 in Connecticut at a place called "Lord's Highway"; the camp migrated to several other locations until 1954 when East Hampton, New York, became the camp's permanent home.

In 1963, Duke acquired a townhouse on East 94th Street in New York City to create a year-round center in the city for the Harbor children. The 1960s through the 1970s were a time of rapid growth for the institution; it upgraded to the former Heckscher Building at 104th Street and Fifth Avenue (Boys and Girls Harbor's present-day home) to accommodate the expanding number of programs, participants, and staff. Also, the institution became fully coeducational and extended its mission to performing arts programs, day care for preschoolers, and drug- and alcohol-prevention classes.

Since the starting days of Boys & Girls Harbor, Duke dedicated his life to the mission he created back in 1937: "to empower the lives of inner-city young people, helping them overcome adversity as they achieve their creative, intellectual, and economic dreams." His goal of properly educating the youth of America and giving children an opportunity to actively participate in society is still successfully being achieved to this day.

"My feeling is that if we're going to preserve our democracy, we can't have so many people falling through the cracks. We've got to give them their desserts, which is not just respect, it's a good education." – Anthony Drexel Duke

On April 30, 2014, Duke died of cancer at the age of 95.

Programs
The Harbor is located at One East 104th Street, and features pre-kindergarten, The Emily N. Carey Harbor Preschool, Harbor K.I.D.S. (ages 5–11) and Harbor T.E.E.N. (ages 12–18) after-school programs, K.I.D.S., T.E.E.N. and Conservatory Summer Programs, and the Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts.

See also

 Education in New York City

References

External links
 , the organization's official website

1937 establishments in New York (state)
Biddle family
Drexel family
Duke family
East Hampton (town), New York
Fifth Avenue
Education in Manhattan
Education in Suffolk County, New York
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Southampton (town), New York
Summer camps in Connecticut
Summer camps in New York (state)
Upper East Side


The Independentist Sardinian Party (Partidu Sardu Indipendentista, PSIn) was a minor separatist and democratic-socialist political party in Sardinia, Italy.

The party was founded in 1984 by Anghelu Caria and won 1.5 and 2.1% respectively in the 1992 Italian general election and in 1994, before being transformed into Sardigna Natzione. The current leaders of Sardinia Nation and Independence Republic of Sardinia, Bustianu Cumpostu and Gavino Sale, were both leading members of the PSIn.

Political parties in Sardinia
Sardinian nationalist parties
Political parties established in 1984
1984 establishments in Italy


Rangjung is a town on the Gamri River in the Radhi Gewog of Tashigang District, East Bhutan.

The town is the location of Rangjung Oesel Choeling Monastery, established by Dungse Garab Dorje Rinpoche in 1989; and the Rangjung Vocational Training Institute (VTI) which offers certificate level courses in electrical engineering,  computer hardware & networking, and furniture making. It is also the location of a small hydro-electric project.

Rangjung in Tibetan and probably as much in Dzongkha expresses the concept of a self-arisen manifestation. All over the Tibetan cultural sphere there are sacred seed syllables, mantras or depiction of deities that a presumed not to be man-made, but "rangjung", self arisen or autogenic. For example, in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is a rangjung goats head in a side chapel protruding out of a big rock.

References

External links
Rangjung Monastery
Rangjung Foundation

Populated places in Bhutan


Hiddenite, North Carolina, United States, is a centre for the mining of gemstones.  Three larger mines found there are Adams Mine, NAEM and the Emerald Hollow Mine. They are collectively known as the Hiddenite Gem Mines.

Discovery

The first discovery of the hiddenite stone was made in 1879 by W. E. Hidden. Samples were sent to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith in Louisville, Kentucky, who determined that the stone Hidden had collected was spodumene. The variety was given the name hiddenite.  Emeralds had earlier been found during ploughing in 1874.

Emerald Hollow Mine

One of the major mines in the county is the Emerald Hollow Mine. This a public gem mine located in the Piedmont of North Carolina in Alexander County, specifically in the town of Hiddenite.

At the mine, more than 63 different types of gems and minerals can be found including emeralds, amethyst, sapphire, aquamarine, topaz, garnet, as well as the stone Hiddenite, which is a stone only found in this local area. The ways in which gems can be uncovered in this mine are by sluicing, creeking, or digging.  Sluicing is the process of taking a small amount of dirt or soil removed from the mine and sifting through it with a stream of running water known as a sluiceway. As the dirt is washed down the trough, the larger pieces of gems, minerals, and other stones are left in the sifter.

Digging in permitted areas allows for visitors of the mine to dig into the earth to search for veins that may contain gemstones.
The use of the creek is a major part of the mine. Guests are allowed to enter the mountain creek water to search for valuable stones.

The mine has an on-site lapidary shop where visitors’ gem stones can be cleaned, finished, and made into jewelry.

Rist Mine (North American Emerald Mine)

Another major mine is the North American Emerald Mine (NAEM), operated privately. Previously known as Rist Mine, this is a location mined by James K. Hill who is the founder of North American Emerald Mines Inc. At the mine more than  of emeralds have been found, estimated value US$9 million.

For excavating the stones, large, modern, and professional equipment is used to unearth the gems hidden deep within the pits of the NAEM.

Emeralds found

In 1969, an emerald of  was uncovered, the largest yet found in North America. The stone was named the Stephenson Emerald in honor of John A. D. Stephenson, a late 19th-century collector instrumental in the discovery of the first North Carolina emerald and the first world discovery of hiddenite.

In 2003, a larger emerald was uncovered at the NAEM by Jamie Hill.  It was  and valued at over one million dollars.

In 2006, NAEM unearthed a yet larger emerald, said to be 10 inches in length.

Adams Mine

Also located in the hills of Hiddenite are the Adams mine, formerly known as the Warren mine, the Emerald & Hiddenite mine, the Turner mine, and the Hiddenite mine.

Other discoveries

In 1882, an emerald crystal of  was discovered.
At the time, this was largest emerald crystal ever found in North America. However, it was stolen from the American Museum of Natural History, NY, in 1950 and never recovered.

In 1971, approximately  of emeralds were found the area. Some of these stones are now displayed in the Smithsonian.

A recent large discovery occurred in 1980 when over 1,500 hiddenite crystals were found in a large underground vein pocket.

References

Buildings and structures in Alexander County, North Carolina
Mines in North Carolina
Gemstone mines
Tourist attractions in Alexander County, North Carolina


Ileana Benita Beltrán Zulueta (born May 24, 1971, in Havana, Ciudad de la Habana) is a retired female judoka from Cuba. She twice competed for her native country at the Summer Olympics in the Women's Half-Middleweight (– 61 kg) division: 1992 and 1996. Beltrán twice won a gold medal at the Pan American Games during her career.

References

1971 births
Living people
Judoka at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 1991 Pan American Games
Judoka at the 1995 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Havana
Cuban female judoka
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in judo
Olympic judoka for Cuba
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
20th-century Cuban women
20th-century Cuban people
21st-century Cuban women


Sergey Vladimirovich Dvortsevoy (born 1962) is a Kazakh filmmaker of Russian origin. His 2008 feature film Tulpan, was Kazakhstan's 2009 Academy Awards official submission to Foreign Language Film category.

Dvortsevoy worked as an aviation engineer. He also worked for nine years as a radio engineer at Aeroflot; before studying film in Moscow in the early 1990s. His films immediately garnered international acclaim, receiving prizes and recognition at festivals around the world, including the nomination of Bread Day (1998) for the prestigious Joris Ivens Award at the Amsterdam International Documentary Film Festival. The following year, his work was presented at the Robert Flaherty Film Seminar, an institution dedicated to Flaherty's adherence to the goal of seeing and depicting the human condition.  Dvortsevoy's documentaries are committed to observational filmmaking. His subjects are people living in and around Russia in transition—try in their individual ways to eke out an existence.

Tulpan was Dvortsevoy's first fiction film and was nominated for the 2009 Asia Pacific Screen Awards for Best Feature Film (which it won) and Best Achievement in Directing.
The Findling Award was given to him for his first film Schastye.

Filmography
Schastye (Paradise; 1996)
Chlebnyy den (Bread Day; 1998)
Highway (1999)
V temnote (In the Dark; 2004)
Tulpan (2008)
The Little One (2018)

References

External links

about the author

1962 births
Kazakhstani film directors
Kazakhstani documentary film directors
Living people


Gabrielle Alina Eugenia Maria Petit (20 February 1893 – 1 April 1916) was a Belgian spy who worked for the British Secret Service in German-occupied Belgium during World War I. She was executed in 1916, and was widely celebrated as a Belgian national heroine after the war's end.

Life
Petit was born on 20 February 1893 in Tournai to working-class parents. She was raised in a Catholic boarding school in Brugelette following her mother's early death. At the outbreak of the First World War, she was living in Brussels as a saleswoman. She immediately volunteered to serve with the Belgian Red Cross.

Petit's espionage activities began in 1914, when she helped her wounded soldier fiancé, Maurice Gobert, cross the border into the neutral Netherlands to reunite with his regiment. She passed along to British Intelligence information about the Imperial German Army acquired during the trip. The British soon hired her, gave her brief training, and sent her to spy on the enemy. She proceeded to collect information about enemy troop movements using a number of false identities. She was also an active distributor of the clandestine newspaper La Libre Belgique and assisted the underground mail service "Mot du Soldat". She helped several more young men across the Dutch border.

Petit was ultimately befriended and exposed by a German agent for Colonel Walter Nicolai and the Abteilung III b counterintelligence service, who had posed as Dutch. She was arrested by the German military police in February 1916. She was imprisoned at Saint-Gilles Prison in Brussels, tried, and convicted of espionage in wartime under German military law, with the death penalty imposed on the following 1 March. During her trial, Petit refused to reveal the identities of her fellow agents, despite repeated offers of amnesty. Among such agents, Germaine Gabrielle Anna Scaron, aged 23, daughter of a local magistrate, and a close friend of Petit, was arrested with her on similar charges, imprisoned but spared and, despite the opposition of German military, released later for lack of sufficient evidence, which Petit had refused to divulge.

On 1 April 1916, Gabrielle Petit was, at the insistence of German military, shot by a firing squad at the Tir national execution field in Schaerbeek. Her body was buried on the grounds there.

Legacy

Petit's story remained unknown until after the war, when she began to be seen as a martyr for the nation. In May 1919 a state funeral was held for her, attended by Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, Cardinal Mercier of Brussels and Prime Minister Léon Delacroix, after which her remains (and those of fellow agents A. Bodson and A. Smekens) were buried with full military honors at Schaerbeek Cemetery.

A statue of Petit was erected in Brussels and this was said to be the first of a working-class woman. In her native Tournai, a square was named after her. After the war several books were written and films were made about her life. The reference to Germaine Scaron stems from this commentator's family oral history. Scaron was but one of Petit's many acquaintances gathered during the two years of her active life as a British spy and Belgian heroine.

Notes

Further reading

External links

1893 births
1916 deaths
Female wartime spies
Belgian spies
People from Tournai
Belgian women in World War I
People executed by the German Empire
Executed Belgian women
World War I spies for the United Kingdom
20th-century executions by Germany
Executed spies
Burials at Schaerbeek Cemetery
People executed by military occupation forces
People executed by Germany by firing squad
Civilians killed in World War I
Civilians who were court-martialed


Red Moors (, RM) is a regionalist, Sardinian nationalist, social-democratic and separatist  political party in Sardinia.

The party was founded in 2009 as a left-wing split from the Sardinian Action Party (Psd'Az), after the Psd'Az had signed an electoral pact with The People of Freedom, the main centre-right party in Italy, and would later team up with Lega Nord.

In the 2009 regional election the RM won 2.5% of the vote, despite not being on the ballot in three provincial constituencies out of eight, and one regional councillor, Claudia Zuncheddu. The list did better in the province of Sassari (4.2%) and the province of Nuoro (3.3%).

In the 2010 provincial elections the Red Moors improved their share of vote and were particularly strong in Medio Campidano (7.1%), the province of Nuoro (4.2%) and the province of Cagliari (3.1%).

In January 2011 Zuncheddu left the party in order to join Independence Republic of Sardinia (iRS). This caused a major upheaval within the party, which was left without representation in the Regional Council.

However the party pushed back and, in the 2014 regional election, it won 2.6% of the vote and two regional councillors.

In the 2019 regional election the party formed, outside big coalitions, a joint list with the iRS and Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia (SNI) named "Self-determination" and obtained 1.9% of the vote. As a result, the party was no longer represented in the Regional Council.

In June 2021, during a party congress, Lucia Chessa and Natacha Lampis were elected secretary and president, respectively.

Leadership
Secretary: Gesuino Muledda (2009–2012), Salvatore Melis (2012–2014), Marco Pau (2014–2021), Lucia Chessa (2021–present)
President: Paola Zunchedda (2009–2011), Gesuino Muledda (2012–2018), Natacha Lampis (2021–present)

References

External links
Official website

Political parties in Sardinia
Sardinian nationalist parties
Political parties established in 2009
2009 establishments in Italy
Social democratic parties in Italy


The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the preservation of cultural heritage worldwide through training, information, research, cooperation and advocacy programmes. It aims to enhance the field of conservation-restoration and raise awareness to the importance and fragility of cultural heritage.

The creation of the Centre took place as a result of a proposal at the UNESCO General Conference held in New Delhi, in 1956. Three years later, the Centre was established in Rome, Italy, where its headquarters remain to this day.

ICCROM Member States currently number 137.

Mission
ICCROM's mission is defined by a set of statutes that were drafted shortly before its establishment (and revised on 25 November 2009).

Activities
ICCROM's mission is fulfilled through five areas of activity: training, information, research, cooperation and advocacy.

Training
ICCROM contributes to capacity building through the development of educational materials, training activities worldwide, internships and fellows. Since 1965, ICCROM has offered courses to mid-career professionals on a wide range of topics that include archaeological site conservation, architectural records and inventories, built heritage conservation, conservation decision making, cultural heritage management, preventive conservation in museums and risk management to endangered collections. Other courses are focused on specific materials such as stone, wood, or sound and image collections, and others still focus on the conservation of heritage in specific regional areas, such as the Arab region or Southeast Asia.

Information
The ICCROM library is one of the world's leading sources of information on the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. It contains more than 115,000 registered references and 1,800 specialized journals in more than 60 languages. In addition, the archive contains institutional records that date back to ICCROM's creation, as well as over 200,000 images of cultural heritage worldwide in relation to ICCROM's scientific and educational activities. The website is a portal to comprehensive information about courses, activities, international events, and employment and training opportunities in the conservation field.

Research
ICCROM facilitates a vast network of conservation professionals and institutions through which it organizes and coordinates meetings to devise common approaches and methodologies. It also promotes the definition of internationally agreed ethics, criteria and technical standards for conservation practice. The in-house laboratory is also a reference point and resource for professionals, course participants, interns and fellows of the organization.

Cooperation
ICCROM carries out all of its activities in collaboration with a vast number of institutional and professional partners. Additionally, it serves its Member States in the form of collaborative projects, training, and technical advice.

Advocacy
ICCROM disseminates teaching materials and organizes workshops and conferences to raise public awareness and support for conservation.

History
The end of the Second World War came with the need to repair monuments and other forms of cultural heritage that had been either damaged or destroyed. At the same time, other countries were emerging from colonization and were eager to industrialize, reclaim and redefine their cultural identity, and train personnel to preserve their heritage.

On an international level, there was a lack of cohesive training and authoritative bodies to guide countries in rebuilding and protecting their heritage. Thus, during the Sixth Session of the UNESCO General Conference (1951), the Swiss government introduced a resolution that proposed the establishment of an international centre to encourage the study and awareness of methods of conservation on a global scale. This was adopted and a committee of experts were put together to decide upon the role and functions of this institution. In the Centre's ten-year anniversary commemorative booklet ("The First Decade 1959-1969", pp. 12–13), Hiroshi Daifuku of the Section for the Development of the Cultural Heritage (UNESCO) explained,

These functions would become the template for the Centre's statutes.

In 1956 the resolution was adopted at the Ninth Session of the UNESCO General Conference in New Delhi and in 1957, an agreement was signed between the Government of the Italian Republic and UNESCO to establish this Centre in Rome.

The adhesion of five Member States by 1958 allowed the Statutes to come into force, making the Centre a legal entity. Collaboration was established with other European conservation institutions, namely the Central Institute of Restoration of Italy (ICR, now ISCR) and the Royal Institute for Restoration of Works of Art (IRPA) in Belgium. A provisional council nominated by UNESCO was created to govern the Centre and in 1959, it opened in Rome with Harold J. Plenderleith, renowned Keeper at the British Museum, as its director. The Belgian art historian, Paul Philippot was appointed Deputy Director and the first General Assembly took place in 1960 during which the first regular Council Members were elected.

Timeline
Below is a timeline of key events in the Centre's development:

1956 – UNESCO General Conference decides to establish a conservation body.
1957 – Agreement is signed between UNESCO and Italy to establish the Centre in Rome. Austria becomes the first Member State.
1958 – Five Member States Adhere, making the Centre a legal entity.
1959 – The Rome Centre becomes operational with Plenderleith as its first director.
1960 – The first General Assembly is held.
1961 – The library is launched and becomes a leading source of conservation literature.
1964 – The Centre is involved in the drafting of the Venice Charter as well as salvaging the monuments of the Nile Valley, including the Temples of Abu Simbel.
1965 – The first course on Architectural Conservation (ARC) is held.
1966 – ICCROM coordinates the first international response to the floods in Florence and Venice.
1968 – The first course on the Conservation of Mural Paintings (MPC) is held.
1971 – Paul Philippot becomes Director and changes the name from “Rome Centre” to “International Centre for Conservation”.
1972 – UNESCO acknowledges the Centre as an advisory body of the World Heritage Convention.
1973 – The first course on Conservation Science (SPC) is held.
1975 – The first course on Preventive Conservation in Museums is held.
1976 – The first course on Stone Conservation in Venice is held. Recovery work is done in the wake of the earthquake in Friuli, Italy.
1977 – Bernard M. Feilden is appointed Director, changes the Centre's name to ICCROM.
1981 – Turkish Archaeologist Cevat Erder becomes Director.
1982 – The Technical Assistance Programme is launched, initially providing minor equipment and supplies, didactic material, conservation literature, annual subscriptions to conservation periodicals and photocopies to public institutions and non-profit organizations.
1985 – Regional Programmes were launched with the PREMA programme (PREvention of Museums in Africa), a long-term incentive to train sub-Saharan African professionals in preventive conservation.
1986 – ICCROM wins the Aga Khan Award for Architecture for the conservation of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
1988 – Polish architect Andrzej Tomaszewski is appointed Director. First course on Wood Conservation is held in Trondheim, Norway.
1991 – The Media Save Art campaign begins; its objective is to raise awareness among school children regarding the fragility of cultural heritage.
1992 – Marc Laenen, Belgian museum director and art historian becomes Director-General.
1993 – The NAMEC Programme for conservation training in Maghreb countries begins. ICCROM's statutory functions are revised to include advocacy.
1994 – ICCROM goes online. The PREMO Programme for conservation in the Pacific is launched. The Nara Document on Authenticity is drafted in Japan.
1995 – The Integrated Territorial and Urban Conservation (ITUC) Project begins.
1996 – The first PAT (Pan American Course on the Conservation and Management of Earthen Architectural and Archeological Heritage) is held at the archaeological site Chan Chan in Trujillo, Peru.
1997 – The Dr. Harold J. Plenderleith Laboratory is inaugurated at ICCROM.
1998 – The AFRICA 2009 Programme is launched, offering training courses on the conservation of immovable heritage in sub-Saharan Africa. An agreement is also signed between ICCROM and the National University of Benin, creating EPA (Ecole du Patrimoine Africain).
1999 – The first Conservation of Urushi (Japanese lacquer) course takes place.
2000 – Riga Charter adopted at Riga in Latvia on 23 and 24 October 2000 at the Regional Conference on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage, initiated by ICCROM
2000 – British archaeologist and conservation educator, Nicholas Stanley-Price becomes Director-General. The Programme for Museum Development (PMDA, now referred to as CHDA) begins operating in Mombasa, Kenya.
2002 – the Internship and Fellows Programme is established. The first Sharing Conservation Decisions course is held.
2003 – ICCROM begins holding biennial Fora in Rome, the first was on Living Religious Heritage. The first course on Architectural Records, Inventories, and Information Systems for Conservation (ARIS) begins.
2004 – The ATHAR (conservation of heritage sites in the Arab region) and CollAsia 2010 (conservation of heritage collections in Southeast Asia programmes are launched.
2005 – The first Reducing Risks to Collections Course takes place in Rome.
2006 – Algerian archaeologist and Assistant Director-General for Culture at UNESCO, Mounir Bouchenaki, is appointed Director-General. ICCROM celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the Resolution of the General Conference to create the Centre.
2007 – The first course on Safeguarding of Sound and Image Collections (SOIMA) takes place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The first course on the Conservation of Built Heritage (CBH) takes place in Rome. It is an evolution of the ARC course.
2008 – The LATAM Programme for conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean is launched.
2009 – The AFRICA 2009 Programme concludes. ICCROM celebrates 50 years of operations.
2010 – The CollAsia 2010 Programme concludes. CollAsia provided capacity building in the Asia Pacific region for the conservation of movable heritage and taught the importance of integrating communities and intangible heritage into the conservation process. The first edition of the First Aid to Cultural Heritage (FAC) course is held in Rome.  This multi-partner course is also offered in Haiti in response the 2010 earthquake, and has since been held in multiple editions worldwide.
2011 – Stefano De Caro, an Italian archaeologist, is elected Director-General of ICCROM. The RE-ORG platform is launched in collaboration with UNESCO, providing tools and guidance for storage reorganization to smaller museums.
2012 - A new programme for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is launched.
2013 - The ICCROM Forum on Conservation Science is held in October 2013, bringing together conservation professionals from around the world to discuss the relevance of conservation science to the greater global agenda.
2014 – The ICCROM-ATHAR Regional Conservation Centre is inaugurated in Sharjah, UAE.
2015 – ICCROM includes cultural heritage on agenda of Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR), Sendai, Japan.  The FAC course is held in Nepal to support post-emergency heritage recovery after the Nepal earthquake.
2016 – ICCROM assists with capacity-building activities at the site of Bagan in the wake of the earthquake in Myanmar.
2017 – Webber Ndoro is elected Director-General of ICCROM.

Organizational structure
ICCROM's governance consists of the General Assembly, the Council and the Secretariat.

General Assembly
The General Assembly is composed of delegates from all of the ICCROM Member States who convene in Rome every two years to dictate the organization's policies, approve the programme of activities and budget, and elect the Council and Director-General.

The General Assembly also approves reports on Council and Secretariat activities, determine Member State contribution, and adopt and revise ICCROM's Statutes and regulations, when necessary.

Council
Members of ICCROM's council are elected from among the most qualified experts in the conservation-restoration field worldwide. In choosing members of council, equitable representations from all of the cultural regions of the world, as well as relevant fields of specialization are taken into account.

The council meets annually at the ICCROM headquarters in Rome.

Secretariat
The Secretariat of ICCROM consists of the director-general and staff. The director-general is responsible for the execution of the approved programme of activities. Staff are distributed between sectors dealing with immovable heritage (monuments, archaeological sites, historic cities, etc.), movable heritage (such as museum collections), Knowledge and Communication (the Library and Archives, publications, the web site), the didactic Laboratory, and Finance and Administration.

Member states

Afghanistan – (07.02.2010)
Albania – (02.04.1962)
Algeria – (18.01.1973)
Andorra – (04.06.1998)
Angola – (04.06.1992)
Argentina – (29.08.1988)
Armenia – (05.05.2004)
Australia – (26.06.1975)
Austria – (20.05.1957)
Azerbaijan – (03.01.2002)
Bahrain – (15.12.2005)
Bangladesh – (18.10.2007)
Barbados – (01.04.1985)
Belgium – (07.07.1959)
Benin – (05.06.1986)
Bolivia – (17.12.2004)
Bosnia and Herzegovina – (19.07.2000)
Botswana – (02.02.2002)
Brazil – (21.08.1964)
Brunei Darussalam – (24.12.2005)
Bulgaria – (12.01.1960)
Burkina Faso – (04.01.1988)
Cambodia – (03.06.1961)
Cameroon – (03.06.1995)
Canada – (07.11.1978)
Chad – (02.02.2000)
Chile – (03.02.1981)
China – (14.06.2000)
Colombia – (18.05.1971)
Republic of the Congo – (18.04.1999)
Costa Rica – (11.10.2019)
Côte d’Ivoire – (17.12.1985)
Croatia – (18.10.1993)
Cuba – (25.06.1971)
Cyprus – (02.05.1963)
Czech Republic – (30.03.1996)
Dominican Republic – (20.02.1958)
Ecuador – (19.11.2003)
Egypt – (05.11.1959)
Estonia – (09.02.2001)
Ethiopia – (05.12.1975)
Finland – (03.07.1981)
France – (25.09.1964)
Gabon – (20.03.1961)
Gambia – (10.01.1999)
Georgia – (23.12.2001)
Germany – (30.10.1964)
Ghana – (12.02.1959)
Greece – (17.03.1987)
Guatemala – (18.09.1975)
Guyana – (16.10.1999)
Haiti – (21.05.1992)
Honduras – (26.05.1964)
Hungary – (29.11.2017)
India – (02.10.1961)
Iran – (18.12.1972)
Iraq – (28.10.2011)
Ireland – (22.12.1986)
Israel – (23.05.1958)
Italy – (24.10.1960)
Japan – (19.12.1967)
Jordan – (06.07.1958)
Kenya – (03.05.1998)
Kuwait – (20.03.1962)
Lao People's Democratic Republic – (21.06.2006)
Latvia — (31.03.2012)
Lebanon – (02.07.1958)
Lesotho – (01.07.2007)
Libya – (01.09.1959)
Lithuania – (21.10.1991)
Luxembourg – (18.12.1978)
Madagascar – (03.09.1963)
Malaysia – (04.11.1966)
Maldives – (07.07.2012)
Mali – (19.11.2003)
Malta – (24.08.1965)
Mauritania – (29.11.2009)
Mauritius – (29.07.1998)
Mexico – (17.07.1961)
Monaco – (13.12.2007)
Mongolia – (30.07.2003)
Montenegro – (16.09.2007)
Morocco – (24.04.1958)
Mozambique – (17.12.2003)
Myanmar – (05.10.1987)
Namibia – (28.11.1998)
Nepal – (23.06.1969)
Netherlands – (14.04.1959)
New Zealand – (19.03.1987)
Nicaragua – (30.08.1971)
Nigeria – (12.12.1961)
North Macedonia – (12.10.1993)
Norway – (01.01.1980)
Oman – (13.12.2003)
Pakistan – (30.10.1963)
Paraguay – (21.06.1973)
Peru – (05.02.1962)
Philippines – (15.12.1983)
Poland – (10.05.1958)
Portugal – (14.09.1967)
Qatar – (26.04.2012)
Republic of Korea – (22.07.1968)
Romania – (19.06.1960)
Russian Federation – (01.05.2014)
Rwanda – (17.12.2004)
Saudi Arabia – (18.02.2000)
Senegal – (15.01.2006)
Serbia – (17.06.1959)
Seychelles – (05.10.2006)
Slovakia – (24.11.2000)
Slovenia – (29.03.1996)
South Africa – (17.01.2004)
Spain – (19.04.1958)
Sri Lanka – (04.09.1958)
Sudan – (10.11.1960)
Swaziland – (25.10.2007)
Sweden – (01.09.1969)
Switzerland – (25.03.1959)
Syrian Arab Republic – (05.11.1959)
Tajikistan - (17.04.2022)
Thailand – (08.02.1967)
Togo – (11.09.2005)
Trinidad and Tobago – (18.11.2007)
Tunisia – (21.05.1969)
Turkey – (07.01.1969)
Ukraine – (15.01.2016)
United Arab Emirates – (22.01.2010)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – (04.01.1968)
United Republic of Tanzania – (21.04.2004)
United States of America – (20.01.1971)
Uruguay – (09.03.2002)
Venezuela – (29.11.1989)
Vietnam – (07.08.1972)
Yemen – (18.06.2008)
Zambia – (12.09.2003)
Zimbabwe – (19.11.1993)

Directors-General

Harold J. Plenderleith (1959–1971)
Paul Philippot (1971–1977)
Sir Bernard M. Feilden (1977–1981)
Cevat Erder (1981–1988)
Andrzej Tomaszewski (1988–1992)
Marc Laenen (1992-2000)
Nicholas Stanley-Price (2000–2005)
Mounir Bouchenaki (2006–2011)
Stefano De Caro (2012–2017)
Webber Ndoro (2018–present)

The ICCROM Award
Since 1979, the ICCROM Award has been granted to individuals who have given a significant contribution to the development of the institution, and who have special merit in the field of conservation, protection and restoration of cultural heritage. This award is given each biennium to one or two nominees who have been chosen by the council. Below is the list of previous ICCROM Award recipients (in alphabetical order).

 Om Prakash Agrawal – (1993)
 Khaled al-Asaad (Honorary Mention) – (2019)
 Italo C. Angle – (1984)
 Gräfin Agnes Ballestrem – (1995)
 Mounir Bouchenaki – (2000)
 Cesare Brandi – (1979)
 Giovanni Carbonara – (2017)
 Maurice Chehab – (1979)
 Paul B. Coremans – (1979)
 Hiroshi Daifuku – (1979)
 Abdel-Aziz Daoulatli – (2005)
 Guglielmo De Angelis d’Ossat – (1979)
 Vasile Dragut – (1990)
 Cevat Erder – (1997)
 Sir Bernard Feilden – (1995)
 Hans Foramitti – (1983)
 Albert France-Lanord – (1988)
 Piero Gazzola – (1979)
 Gaël de Guichen – (2001)
 Frédéric Gysin – (1979)
 Charles Gruchy – (1997)
 Tomokichi Iwasaki – (1986)
 Jukka Jokilehto – (2000)
 Marisa Laurenzi Tabasso – (2009)
 Raymond M. Lemaire – (1981)
 Johan Lodewijks – (1992)
 Zhou Lu – (2013)
 Stanislas Lorentz – (1979)
 Nils Marstein – (2009)
 Giovanni Massari – (1981)
 Katsuhiko Masuda – (2007)
 Laura Mora – (1984)
 Paolo Mora – (1984)
 Bruno Mühlethaler – (1988)
 Webber Ndoro - (2015)
 Colin Pearson – (2003)
 Paul Perrot – (1990)
 Paul Philippot – (1981)
 Harold J. Plenderleith – (1979)
 Gianfranco Pompei – (1979)
 Sir Norman Reid – (1983)
 Grellan Rourke – (2019)
 Herb Stovel – (2011)
 Jean Taralon – (1984)
 Johannes Taubert – (1984)
 Garry Thomson – (1986)
 Agnes Timar-Balazsy – (2001)
 Giorgio Torraca – (1990)
 Gertrude Tripp – (1981)
 Giovanni Urbani – (1993)
 Arthur Van Schendel – (1979)
 Gamini Wijesuriya – (2021)

References

External links

International cultural organizations
Conservation and restoration organizations
Organizations established in 1959


Gibraltar Rock Provincial Park Reserve is a park and trail in Gibraltar in the Musquodoboit Valley in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia.

References

The Gibraltar Loop
Gibraltar Rock Loop Trail Nova Trails

Parks in Halifax, Nova Scotia


Mama Dip's is a traditional Southern country cooking restaurant located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina in the United States. It was founded by Mildred Cotton Council in 1976. The restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and offers a take-home menu. They sell items such as barbecue sauce, poppy seed dressing, pecan pie, souvenirs and apparel at the restaurant’s general store. "Mama Dip" (Mildred Council) also distributes her barbecue sauce and dressings to local specialty foods shops.

History
Mildred Cotton Council, better known as "Mama Dip," founded and owned the restaurant.   She earned the name "Dip" as a child from her siblings because of her ability to use her height and long arms to "dip" into the bottom of a rain barrel.

Mama Dip learned to cook by watching her family members. She is known for her "dump" cooking style.

Other work
Council has written two books: Mama Dip's Kitchen and Mama Dip's Family Cookbook. Her books share recipes as well as stories about her life in food. She has been featured on Good Morning America and on the Food Network's Cooking Live. She said, referring to Mama Dip's Kitchen, that if it were not for the restaurant, then she would have not put her books together.

Council died on May 20, 2018, after a period of ill health.

References

External links

Restaurants in North Carolina
Restaurants established in 1976
1976 establishments in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Chapel Hill-Carrboro, North Carolina


Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture is a collection of essays by Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye, edited by James Polk and published in 1982. The collection includes lectures, addresses and previously published articles by Frye. Divisions on a Ground presents Frye's theorizing about Canada with respect to three main themes: Canadian literary writing, university education in Canada and internationally, and a more general "social order" perspective. This collection diverges from Frye's better-known The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination in its approach to Canada in that it does not present the "Canadian imagination" in isolation, but rather as one of several components of Canadian society identity.

Contents

I Writing
 Culture as Interpenetration
(address read to UNESCO's International Council of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 16, 1977)
 Across the River and Out of the Trees
(from University of Toronto Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 1 (Fall 1980) and The Arts in Canada: The Last Fifty Years edited by W. J. Keith and B.-Z. Shek, pp. 1-4. University of Toronto Press 1980)
 National Consciousness in Canadian Culture
(address read to the Royal Society of Canada, June 7, 1976)
 Sharing the Continent
(from "Canadian Culture Today," an address read to the "Twentieth Century Canadian Culture Symposium", Washington, D. C. February 2, 1977)
 "Conclusion" to Literary History of Canada Second Edition
(Literary History of Canada: Canadian Literature in English Second Edition, ed. Carl Klinck, University of Toronto Press, 1976)

II Teaching
 Teaching the Humanities Today
(from "The Presidential Address", delivered at the 91st annual convention of the Modern Language Association in New York City, December 27, 1976)
 Humanities in a New World
(address delivered for the installation of Claude Bissell as President of the University of Toronto, November 22, 1958)
 The Writer and the University
(from "Culture and the National Will", Convocation Address, Carleton University, May 17, 1957)
 The Teacher's Source of Authority
(address read at the American Educational Research Association Conference, March 30, 1978)

III The Social Order
 The Definition of a University
(a lecture at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, November 4, 1970)
 The Ethics of Change
(address given at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, November 8, 1968)
 Canada: New World Without Revolution
(address given at the Royal Society Symposium, October 7, 1975)
 The Rear-View Mirror: Notes Toward A Future
(from an address read on the occasion of the Royal Bank Award, Toronto, Ontario, September 18, 1978)

References
Frye, Northrop. Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture ed. James Polk. Toronto: Anansi Press, 1982.

1982 non-fiction books
Books by Northrop Frye
Books of lectures
Canadian essay collections


Chen Lei (; born October 16, 1985, in Shanghai) is a professional Chinese football player who currently plays for Shanghai Jiading Huilong in the China League One.

Club career
Chen Lei made first competitive debut for Shanghai Shenhua in April 2006, aged 20 in a 1–0 defeat against Shenzhen Kingway. By the end of the season he was able to make four appearances for Shanghai, however at the beginning of the 2007 league there was an influx of players with the merger Shanghai United F.C. and Chen Lei went out on loan to Changchun Yatai for two seasons. At Changchun Yatai he gained considerably more playing time and helped the team to claim their first league title in his first season with them. He would return to Shanghai Shenhua at the beginning of the 2009 Chinese Super League season where he would gradually push for a place within the first team playing as a full back until Sun Xiang returned to the team after his loan move in Europe ended. After only making six league appearances Chen Lei was loaned out once more to this time Shenzhen Asia Travel until the end of the season. At the beginning of the 2010 league season Chen would return to Shanghai once his loan ended and claim his place back into the team due to the departure of Sun Xiang leaving the club. Chen transferred to another China League One club Chongqing Lifan in January 2014.

International career
Chen Lei would make his debut in a friendly against Iran on 1 June 2009 in a 1–0 win, coming on as a substitute for Rong Hao.

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020.

Honours

Club
Changchun Yatai
Chinese Super League: 2007

Chongqing Lifan
China League One: 2014

References

External links
 Player profile at football-lineups.com
 Player profile at Shanghai Shenhua website
 Player stats at sohu.com

1985 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Shanghai
China men's international footballers
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Changchun Yatai F.C. players
Shenzhen F.C. players
Dalian Professional F.C. players
Chongqing Liangjiang Athletic F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Men's association football defenders
21st-century Chinese people