The Gensburg-Markham Prairie, also known as Markham Prairie, is a  high-quality tallgrass prairie located in Markham in the Chicago metropolitan area. It is part of the larger Indian Boundary Prairies managed by Northeastern Illinois University and The Nature Conservancy. Described by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources as "an unusual example of sandy loam prairie," it is a National Natural Landmark.

Ecology
The Gensburg-Markham Prairie dates its origins back to the closing years of the Wisconsin glaciation, when postglacial Lake Chicago deposited a large sand beach in what would later become a section of southern Cook County. The poorly drained, damp, sandy soil resisted successful farming, and early pioneer settlers left patches of tallgrass prairie grasses and forbs alone.

History
Much of the prairie area was annexed by the municipality of Markham, Illinois, a suburb located south of Chicago. In Illinois, annexations of this type were a precursor to real estate development. However, the prairie patch's relatively poor drainage made it less attractive to land development. Furthermore, in the years after World War II Markham became an economically troubled and relatively slow-growing community. Finally, in 1971, the Gensburg family, owners of a key  parcel at the heart of the prairie, donated the parcel to Northeastern Illinois University. The prairie's current name, Gensburg-Markham Prairie, commemorates this donation.

Restoration and today
At the time of donation in 1971, the Gensburg-Markham Prairie had become deeply degraded by invasive exotic plants. Decades of prairie restoration work, begun by Northeastern Illinois University's Robert Betz, have cleared away some of the brush and allowed much of the original prairie's tallgrass flora to re-establish itself. Controlled burns have played a key role in this work. The prairie was listed as an Illinois Nature Preserve in September 1980.

More than  of tallgrass prairie within the larger grassland are now classified as high-quality tallgrass prairie. The grassland is owned by Northeastern Illinois University with a few small inholdings owned by the Nature Conservancy.  Northeastern Illinois University manages the preserve.

Characteristic tallgrass prairie fauna, such as the Henslow's sparrow, have been sighted at the prairie.

References

External links

Nature Conservancy
Illinois Department of Natural Resources

Prairies
Grasslands of the North American Great Plains
Protected areas of Cook County, Illinois
Nature reserves in Illinois
Nature Conservancy preserves
National Natural Landmarks in Illinois
Grasslands of Illinois
1971 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas established in 1971


White Settlement is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  The Municipality of the District of East Hants in Hants County.

References
White Settlement on Destination Nova Scotia (archived link)

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The Ching sling is a tactical rifle sling created by Eric S. H. Ching (13 August 1951 – 28 July 2007) and popularized by Jeff Cooper. The purpose of the sling is to stabilize the rifle as a shooting aid with a minimal amount of adjustment.

Origins
While slings have occasionally been employed as shooting aids, most systems were awkward to handle and required a significant amount of time to implement. In 1986 Ching took a rifle class at the American Pistol Institute (now called Gunsite Academy) in Paulden, Arizona under Jeff Cooper  and becoming mildly irritated with the military sling's disadvantages, Eric Ching conceived a sling system which was handier and quicker. The sling was adopted by Cooper in his scout rifle system and named after Ching. Galco offers Ching slings as well as their Safari Ching Sling (8 oz) the 3rd generation of the sling that requires only two sling swivels.

Operation
Like the CW Sling, the Ching sling uses three sling sockets. Unlike the CW Sling, the Ching sling consists of a main strap, which is attached to the forearm and buttstock sockets like a normal carry sling, and a short strap. A clockwise half twist in the sling at the fore-end socket allows the strap to lie flat against the arm when shooting. A stop button screws onto the main strap about two-thirds back from the front loop. The short strap attaches to the middle socket and to an oval ring that slides freely along the main strap between the forearm sling loop and the button. The unfinished side faces the muzzle.

Advantages
Proponents of the Ching Sling maintain that the sling allows faster and quieter acquisition of shooting support. The sling requires no shifting of sling loops when converting from carrying mode to shooting mode and can be used on any rifle with existing sling loops in the normal locations with the addition of a middle sling loop and is flexible enough to be used with the rear loop located anywhere between the pistol grip cap and the end of the buttstock.

History
In the early 1980s the "Speed Slings" specified by Jeff Cooper on his scout rifle were derived from the Bisley Two-Point System which was dubbed "CW Sling" after his friend Carlos Widmann of Guatemala.  In 1986 when Eric Ching attended the Gunsite school he felt that he could improve the idea of the "Speed Sling" and he came up with a new design which was far more improved than the "CW Sling". The sling was found to be superior and quickly adopted and named "Ching Sling" by Jeff Cooper and the name stuck. The production was handled by custom leather maker Bruce Nelson then to Galco International and Beast Enterprises. The Ching Sling had a second version called Ching Sling II which was longer, more universal, and wider in places for more comfort. The last version was the "Safari Ching Sling" which was improved with wider straps, split main strap, and the U strap which makes carrying from the shoulder position more comfortable and secure.

References

Firearm components


Jordan Stratford is a Canadian author of children's fiction.

Books

Children's books
Jordan is the author of the Wollstonecraft Detective Agency Series (Knopf / Random House), a pro-math and science adventure series for children 8-12. The first book was funded by a Kickstarter campaign that exceeded its target $4000, being promoted on Wired and io9.

The first book in the series, The Case of the Missing Moonstone, sold 40,000 copies worldwide, and was translated into Russian, German and Turkish; it was a finalist for the Sheila A. Egoff Children's Literature Prize (part of the British Columbia Book Prizes) and the Silver Birch Award (part of the Forest of Reading, created by the Ontario Library Association). The second novel in the series, The Case of the Girl In Grey, was released in 2016, followed by The Case of the Counterfeit Criminals in 2017, and The Case of the Perilous Palace in 2018.

All of the Wollstonecraft Detective Agency books are illustrated by Kelly Murphy. The title refers to Mary Wollstonecraft, and the protagonists are based on Mary Shelley and Ada Lovelace.
2018 - The Case of the Perilous Palace
2017 - The Case of the Counterfeit Criminals
2016 - The Case of the Girl in Grey
2015 - The Case of the Missing Moonstone

Adult books
2011 - A Dictionary of Western Alchemy, Quest Books, 2007,
2007 - Living Gnosticism, Apocryphile Press, 2007,

Personal life
In 2005, Stratford was ordained a gnostic priest in the Apostolic Johannite Church, having received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology from St. Raphael the Archangel Theological Seminary. He has written extensively on gnosticism as a modern spiritual practice and on the history of alchemy.

Stratford has also worked as an advertising creative director, filmmaker, screenwriter, instructor at Vancouver Film School and writer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Despite living off an inheritance from his multi-millionaire father, Jordan was intent, and successful, at crowd funding his projects. To date he has gleaned $91,751 from charitable donations. He continues to crowd fund to this day.

Stratford cites poet Robin Skelton as an influence.

Stratford is a father of four children.

Steampunk
Jordan Stratford has been involved in steampunk for many years. He co-founded the Victoria Steam Expo, the first steampunk art exhibition in Canada. Vintage Tomorrows, a documentary about the movement, interviewed him at the 2012 event, which he described as "an interactive art experience" The film quotes him encouraging people to engage with technology, make it, break it, and reinvent it. CNET described his children's series, the Wollstonecraft Detective Agency novels, as steampunk plus Jane Austen.

References

External links

Official website

Canadian religious writers
Canadian children's writers


What You Don't Know is the debut studio album released by country music artist Jon Randall and his only album released on the RCA Nashville label. Because of restructuring within the record company, this album received minimal promotion. His proposed next album, entitled Great Day to Be Alive, was shelved for the same reasons, although its title track was later a Top 5 hit for Travis Tritt in 2001.

"I Came Straight to You" was previously recorded by Kevin Welch in 1989 and released as a single from his self-titled debut album, and would later be covered by Patty Loveless. "This Heart" was previously a single for Sweethearts of the Rodeo in 1989. "Tennessee Blues" is a cover of a Bobby Charles song. The last track, "Just Like You", was written by Randall and is credited to his full name.

Track listing
 "This Heart" (Tony Haselden, Tim Mensy) - 2:59
 "If Blue Tears were Silver" (Verlon Thompson, Tommy Polk) - 3:47
 "I Came Straight to You" (Kevin Welch, John Barlow Jarvis) - 3:23
 "If I Hadn't Reached for the Stars" (Carl Jackson) - 3:20
 "To Pieces" (Jackson) - 2:57
 "Tennessee Blues" (Bobby Charles) - 4:16
 "What You Don't Know" (Jim Lauderdale, John Leventhal) - 4:36
 "Only Game in Town" (Russell Smith, Vince Melamed) - 4:07
 "They're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone" (Jeff Black) - 4:03
 "Just Like You" (Jon Randall Stewart) - 4:13

Personnel
Adapted from liner notes.

Musicians
 Bobby All - acoustic guitar (2, 3, 5)
 Larry Atamanuik - drums (1, 6, 7, 10)
 Eddie Bayers - drums (2, 3, 5)
 Sam Bush - acoustic guitar (1, 2, 6), background vocals (1, 3, 9), fiddle (3, 5, 9), mandolin (7, 9)
 John Cowan - background vocals (3)
 Jerry Douglas - Dobro (9)
 Paul Franklin - pedal steel guitar (1, 4, 6, 8)
 Garth Fundis - background vocals (7)
 Vince Gill - background vocals (9)
 Emmylou Harris - background vocals (10)
 Roy Huskey Jr. - upright bass (7, 10)
 Carl Jackson - background vocals (5)
 Brent Mason - electric guitar (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
 Steve Nathan - piano (1-6, 8, 9)
 Al Perkins - pedal steel guitar (2, 3, 5), lap steel guitar (7, 10), Dobro (7, 10)
 Dave Pomeroy - bass guitar (all tracks except 7 and 10)
 Jon Randall - lead vocals, acoustic guitar (1, 6, 7, 9, 10), background vocals (1, 2, 8)
 Steuart Smith - electric guitar (4, 8, 9)
 Steve Turner - drums (4, 8, 9)
 Billy Joe Walker Jr. - acoustic guitar (4, 8)
 Lari White - background vocals (2)
 Trisha Yearwood - background vocals (4, 7)
 Curtis "Mr. Harmony" Young - background vocals (5)
 Andrea Zonn - background vocals (6, 8)

Technical
 Sam Bush - producer
 Garth Fundis - producer, mixing
 Gary Laney - recording
 Denny Purcell - mastering
 Dave Sinko - recording, mixing

References

 [ What You Don't Know] at Allmusic

1995 debut albums
Jon Randall albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Garth Fundis


The Saguenay Fjord were an ice hockey team in Saguenay, Quebec. They played in the Ligue Nord-Americaine de Hockey from 2002 to 2005. The club was founded as Saguenay Paramedic in 2002, in 2004, they changed to Saguenay Fjord.

Notable players
Sébastien Caron
Link Gaetz

External links
 The Internet Hockey Database

Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Defunct Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey teams
Quebec Semi-Pro Hockey League teams
Sport in Saguenay, Quebec


The Great Britain men's national volleyball team was the team representing Great Britain in volleyball competitions. The Great Britain Volleyball programme team was resumed in 2006 following an agreement of the FIVB to permit the separate Home Nations of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to compete together for the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics.

Indoor
The men's team were ranked 29th in the FIVB world ranking as of 22 July 2013.

Seasons

2008
European League (Netherlands, Slovakia, Greece & Portugal)

2009
1st round World Championship Qualifiers (Belarus & Israel)

European League (Spain, Turkey & Croatia)

2010
1st round European Championship (Azerbaijan)

2nd round European Championship Qualifiers (Latvia, Finland & Greece)

European League (Spain, Romania, Slovakia)

2011
European League (Croatia, Belgium & Slovenia)

Olympic Test Event – Earls Court (London) 20 – 24 July 2011

2012
1st round European Championships (Albania)

Olympic Games – Earls Court (London) 29 July – 6 August 2012

2nd round European Championships Qualifiers (Belarus, Turkey & Portugal)

Beach

Current roster

Sitting
The men's sitting volleyball team finished in Division B 5th place after the Oklahoma 2010 World Championships.
After competing in the ECVD Continental Cup 2011, the men's team finished in 7th place.

References

External links
 British Volleyball Federation official website

GB Men
V
Volleyball in the United Kingdom


The Hart–Dworkin debate is a debate in legal philosophy between H. L. A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin. At the heart of the debate lies a Dworkinian critique of Hartian legal positivism, specifically, the theory presented in Hart's book The Concept of Law. While Hart insists that judges are within bounds to legislate on the basis of rules of law, Dworkin strives to show that in these cases, judges work from a set of "principles" which they use to formulate judgments, and that these principles either form the basis, or can be extrapolated from the present rules.

See also
 Hart–Fuller debate

References
 The "Hart-Dworkin" Debate: A Short Guide for the Perplexed
 Beyond the Hart/Dworkin Debate: The Methodology Problem in Jurisprudence

Legal disputes
Philosophy of law


The 2007 Women's World Floorball Championships were the sixth world championships in women's floorball. The tournament took place over May 12 to 19, 2007 in Frederikshavn, Denmark. Sweden won the tournament defeating Finland, 7-3, in the final-game.

All matches took place in the FRH Arena Nord.

Championship results

Preliminary round

Group A

May 12, 2007

May 13, 2007

May 14, 2007

May 15, 2007

May 16, 2007

Group B

May 12, 2007

May 13, 2007

May 14, 2007

May 15, 2007

May 16, 2007

Playoffs

Semi-finals

Bronze Medal match

World Championship match

Placement round

9th Place match

7th Place match

5th Place match

Leading scorers

All-Star team
Goalkeeper:  Jonna Mäkelä
Defense:     Simone Berner,  Jenni Morottaja
Forward:     Karolina Widar,  Camilla Nilsson,  Mirca Anderegg

Rankings

Official 2007 Rankings according to the IFF

References

External links
 Official Standings (IFF)

2007, Women's
Floorball
Women's World Floorball Championships, 2007
Floorball in Denmark
International sports competitions hosted by Denmark
May 2007 sports events in Europe
Sport in Frederikshavn


Chemico-Biological Interactions is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering toxicological aspects of interactions between chemicals and biological systems.

External links

Academic journals established in 1969
Elsevier academic journals
Toxicology journals
English-language journals


Sawtooth City (also Sawtooth) is an abandoned mining camp in Blaine County, Idaho, United States.  Located at  (43.8965718, -114.8403490), it sits at an altitude of 7,342 feet (2,238 m), along Beaver Creek near its confluence with the Salmon River in the Sawtooth Valley of Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  Sawtooth City was founded after a mine was opened in the area on July 2, 1878; discoveries in the Sawtooth City area grew out of discoveries to the south.  Its peak was between the years 1880 and 1886.  A community cemetery is located northeast of the camp site.

In 1975, the entire community was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.

References

Populated places established in 1878
Unincorporated communities in Blaine County, Idaho
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Unincorporated communities in Idaho
National Register of Historic Places in Blaine County, Idaho


John Grogan (born 1957) is an American journalist and non-fiction writer.

John Grogan may also refer to:

 John Grogan (politician) (born 1961), former Labour Member of Parliament for Keighley
 John Grogan (hurler) (born 1956), Irish retired hurler
 John J. Grogan (1914–1968), American labor union leader and New Jersey politician
 John S. Grogan (1880–1952), American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach

See also
 Grogan (surname)


Space is a Latin American pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. It airs movies, TV series and boxing events. It was launched on 11 March 1991 and it is headquartered in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This television network is aimed at an adult audience.

History

Space was launched on 11 March 1991 as the first Latin American 24-hour movie channel. It was owned and operated by Imagen Satelital, a company owned by Argentine businessman Alberto González. In its first years, it was an entertainment network heavily centred towards films and sporting (mostly combat sports (including boxing)) events.

In 1997, Imagen Satelital was bought by Claxson Interactive Group, itself owned by Venezuelan conglomerate Grupo Cisneros. In 2002, after a graphical rebrand, Space includes artistic shows in its programming schedule.

In October 2007, Claxson Interactive Group was purchased by Turner Broadcasting System Latin America; its channels (including Space) started to be managed by the regional branch of Time Warner.
On 8 April 2008, Turner modifies Space's programming in order to avoid inside competition with TNT Latin America, and centres its programming towards action, adventure and suspense films.

In 2008, Space launches its own HD feed, and two years later, in 2011, it launches a second audio track in English to its video feeds.

Current shows

Sports
NBA on TNT basketball games (narrated and commented by Leo Montero and Daniel Jacubovich in Spanish, Marcos César and Fabio Malavazzi in Portuguese; former basketball star Maria Paula Silva also comments during the playoffs and All-Star Game)

Soccer (for BRA viewers only due to distribution and license from Esporte Interativo Brasil)
UEFA men's A team packages
National teams
UEFA Nations League (through 2022)
European Qualifiers (road to both UEFA Euro 2020 and 2022 FIFA World Cup)
All home Internationals
UEFA Champions League (club competition, through 2021)
CONMEBOL packages (until 2022)
2022 CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers
Libertadores (from 2019 onwards, live and free streaming coverage only available on Facebook Watch)

Combat Sports (as Combate Space)

Professional wrestling
 All Elite Wrestling
 Lucha Libre AAA Pro Worldwide

Boxing

 Top Rank
 Golden Boy (except Brazil due to sublicensed from DAZN)

Films
Various Action, Horror, Suspense and Science Fiction.

Current shows
Continuum
Justified
Without a Trace
The Closer
Major Crimes
Southland
Rizzoli & Isles
Vegas
Fear Itself
The Forgotten
Leverage
Dark Blue
Miami Medical
Mr. Robot

Sports

Combat Sports (as Combate Space (exc BRA viewers)

Matchroom Boxing (sublicensed from DAZN)
Strikeforce MMA (the event is no longer aired effectively from 2013 onwards)

Slogans
 1991 - 1999: 24 horas de pelicula (English for 24 hours of movies)
 1999 - 2002: Un espacio para las emociones (English for An space for the emotions)
 2002 - 2008: Tu mejor programa (English for Your Best Program)
 2008 - present: Emociones extremas (English for Extreme emotions)

See also
TNT (TV channel)

External links
Official Website (Latin America)
Official Website (Brazil)

Latin American cable television networks
Spanish-language television stations
Portuguese-language television stations in Brazil
Television channels and stations established in 1991


John Rutherford (1 August 1695 – 6 March 1779, Edinburgh) was a Scottish physician and professor at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. He is the father of the scientist Daniel Rutherford and the grandfather of the writer Walter Scott.

Rutherford was one of the eminent physicians of his time. He taught at the University of Edinburgh, which was one of the world's leading medical schools in the 18th century. He was one of the founding professors of the University of Edinburgh Medical School and was appointed the Professor of Practice of Medicine from 1726 to 1765. Rutherford was a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.

He is probably best known for pioneering clinical teaching, which meant that students were learning in the hospital with live patients rather than receiving classroom teaching. This method was first introduced by Herman Boerhaave at University of Leiden and soon after used at the University of Edinburgh as well. However, its early deployment was somewhat limited since the university only had a small ward and hence only a few patients available for clinical teaching. In 1741 the new Royal Infirmary with 228 beds was opened, and in 1748 John Rutherford started to provide clinical teaching to all his students. These lessons proved to be extremely popular and soon became a compulsory part of the medical education.

Two manuscript copies of early clinical lectures given by Rutherford on the wards of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary survive as part of the Manchester Medical Manuscripts Collection held by special collections at the University of Manchester.

Notes

References
 John Rutherford in the genealogy database Family Ghosts of the Stanford University
Helen M. Dingwall: A History of Scottish Medicine: Themes and Influences. Edinburgh University Press 2003,  (restricted online version (Google Books))
M.H. Kaufman: 500 years of the College of Surgeons and 300 years of the Chair of Anatomy in Edinburgh.  The Surgeon. June 2005 Vol 3 No 3.

18th-century Scottish medical doctors
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
People from Selkirk, Scottish Borders
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Leiden University alumni
Reims University (1548–1793) alumni
Scottish pharmacologists
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
1695 births
1779 deaths


{{Infobox film
| name           = Breaking In
| image          = Breaking in poster.jpg
| image_size     =
| caption        = Original release poster
| director       = Bill Forsyth
| producer       = Harry Gittes
| writer         = John Sayles
| starring       =
| music          = Michael Gibbs
| cinematography = Michael Coulter
| editing        = Michael Ellis
| studio         = Act III Communications
| distributor    = The Samuel Goldwyn Company
| released       =
| runtime        = 94 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $5.5 million
| gross          = $1.9 million<ref name="sayles">Gerry Molyneaux, "John Sayles, Renaissance Books, 2000 p 182</ref>
}}Breaking In is a 1989 American crime comedy film directed by Bill Forsyth, written by John Sayles, and starring Burt Reynolds, Casey Siemaszko and Lorraine Toussaint. The film follows professional small-time criminals as they live and practice their trades.

Plot

Ernie Mullins (Burt Reynolds) is New York's 61-year-old-pro safecracker, who is operating now in Portland, Oregon. Mike (Casey Siemaszko), is the "nosy, amiable kid" that Ernie takes on as his lookout and apprentice after they encounter each other (Ernie tried robbing the safe while Mike broke in just to enjoy some of the comforts of the house). The two engage in a few heists together, such as one involving a supermarket and a friendly dog and a Fourth of July robbery of an amusement park during a fireworks show. Ernie is content to live in a tract home on the fringe of the city, but Mike can't resist using his newfound money for material items, and his firing from the mechanic shop only serves to drive a wedge between the two.

Ernie maintains a steady, paying relationship with a prostitute, Delphine (Lorraine Toussaint), who fixes Mike up with her apprentice, Carrie (Sheila Kelley). Their relationship does not last long, however, as Mike's desire for her to not need to use her body for money lead her to leave him. The film also features a pair of retired crooks, Ernie's card-playing pals, Johnny (Albert Salmi) and Shoes (Harry Carey), and a pair of adversarial lawyers (Maury Chaykin and Stephen Tobolowsky).

Mike's newfound wealth perks the suspicions of the authorities, and he has to try to not turn in Ernie in order to get a lighter sentence. Instead, he admits to his crimes alongside ones that Ernie did, which garners him a nine-year sentence but keeps his friendship with Ernie intact.

Cast

Production
The film was shot in Portland, Oregon. Forsyth envisioned John Mahoney for the lead role, but Act III Productions wanted a higher profile name. Jack Nicholson and Paul Newman were each offered the role, but declined. Prompted to have a star, Reynolds was eventually asked to do the film. It was Reynolds' first character role. "I've spent an entire career... making the characters me," he said." This is the first time I've done it the other way around."

Reynolds worked for SAG scale because he was an admirer of the script and of Forsyth. John Sayles normally directed his own scripts but did not do this one because he did not feel he had the sense of humor to bring it off.

Forsyth too, normally directed his own scripts, but took on Breaking In in an attempt to make contact with a larger mainstream audience:
I can't get away with making $6- or $7-million movies (e.g., "Local Hero" and "Housekeeping") with the kind of audience that my past movies have reached. I've just got to find an audience-or retreat. And I'm quite happy to retreat, I'm happy to go back to Scotland and make smaller movies"-e.g., "Gregory's Girl." "But at the same time, `Breaking In' seemed a comfortable experiment for me. Because although I say I'm trying to reach that audience or see how far that audience is from me, I don't think I'm going that far to get them. . . . You could read (the "Breaking In" script) very innocently as a kind of nice caper with nice characters. But underneath that there is so much compromise and so much duplicity and so much blackmail going on that it seemed to have lots of levels I could work on.

He later described it as "an awkward little movie. It’s not an American film and it’s not a European film; it’s ungraspable what it is."

Reception
Box office
The film was not a commercial success. After closing out the 27th New York Film Festival in 1989, it opened in 400 theaters at #12 in its opening weekend (10/13–15) with $679,200, but returned less than $2 million in total box office receipts.

Critical response
Critically, the film was favorably received. Vincent Canby of The New York Times'' wrote that the film had "a lot of the appeal of a 1949 Oldsmobile convertible that still looks almost new and drives like a dream, if none too fast. Speed is not of the essence here...Mr. Reynolds has not appeared more fit - nor has he given a more accomplished performance - in a very long time."

Roger Ebert called the film "a well-written, well-directed picture. Reynolds has a comfortable screen presence and can act…he shows the warmth and quirkiness that made him fun to watch in the first place."

Decades later, Reynolds biographer Wayne Byrne praised the film as "a quiet, beautiful piece of work, one of the most understated and underrated in the Reynolds catalogue."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 82% based on reviews from 11 critics.

References

External links

1989 films
1980s crime comedy films
American crime comedy films
1980s English-language films
Films directed by Bill Forsyth
Films set in Portland, Oregon
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
American independent films
Films with screenplays by John Sayles
The Samuel Goldwyn Company films
1989 comedy films
1980s American films


"The Fireman" is a song written by Mack Vickery and Wayne Kemp, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait.  It was released in May 1985 as the third and final single from his album Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind.  It reached number 5 on the country music chart in the United States, and number 10 in Canada.

Content
The narrator is a man with charm and wit that can cool down any angry woman. He tends to go after women that have just been in fights with their significant other or have recently experienced a break up. He even heads over to his friend's place to "cool off" the friend's woman with "a little mouth to mouth."

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B− grade," calling it "more cocky than clever" and that "the strained metaphor that gives structure to the song errs too far on the side of ridiculous." He goes on to say that the only reason the song is "listenable at all is the fantastic Western swing arrangement and Strait’s in-on-the-joke delivery."

Chart positions

Certifications

References

1985 singles
George Strait songs
Songs written by Wayne Kemp
Songs written by Mack Vickery
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles
1984 songs


List of the awards won by Mexican pop/rock band Maná.

Billboard Latin Music Awards
2000: Spirit of Hope
2003: Latin Rock Album of the Year: Revolución de Amor
2003: Latin Pop Album of the Year, Duo or Group: Revolución de Amor
2007: Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year, Duo or Group: Labios Compartidos
2007: Latin Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Amar es Combatir
2008: Latin Tour Of The Year: Amar es Combatir Tour
2009: Hot Latin Song of the Year Duo or Group: "Si No Te Hubieras Ido"
2009: Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year, Duo or Group: "Si No Te Hubieras Ido"
2009: Latin Pop Album of the Year Duo or Group: Arde El Cielo
2009: Latin Rock/Alternative Album Of The Year: Arde El Cielo
2012: Latin Duet Or Group, Songs: Maná
2012: Latin Duet Or Group, Album: Maná
2012: Latin Pop Duet Or Group of The Year, Songs: Maná
2012: Latin Pop Album Of The Year: Drama y Luz
2012: Latin Pop Duet Or Group of Year, Album: Maná
2013: Spirit of Hope
2016: Latin Pop Duet Or Group of Year, Album: Maná
2016: Latin Pop Song of the Year: Mi Verdad
2016: Latin Pop Songs Artist of the Year: Maná
2016: Latin Pop Albums Artist of the Year: Maná
2018: Lifetime Achievement Award: Maná
2021: Icon Award: Maná
2022: Latin Pop Duo/Group of the Year: Maná

Grammy Awards
1999: Best Latin Rock/Alternative Performance for "Sueños Líquidos"
2003: Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album for  "Revolución de Amor"
2007: Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album for  "Amar es Combatir"
2012: Best Latin Pop, Rock or Urban Album for  "Drama y Luz"

Latin Grammy Awards
2000: Record of the Year for "Corazón Espinado" (with Santana)
2000: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Se Me Olvidó Otra Vez"
2000: Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group for "Corazón Espinado" (with Santana)
2003: Best Rock Album by a Duo or Group for "Revolución de Amor"
2006: Special Award for musical accomplishments
2011: Best Rock Album for "Drama y Luz"
2011: Best Engineered Album for "Drama y Luz"
2015: Best Rock/Pop Album for "Cama Incendiada"
2018: Person of the Year

Los Premios 40 Principales
2007: Best Concert/Tour Amar es Combatir Tour
2011: Best Concert/Tour Drama y Luz World Tour

Los Premios Telehit
Los Premios Telehit 2011: Best Mexican Band International

MTV Video Music Awards Latin America
2006: Best Music Video for "Labios Compartidos"
2006: Best Rock Artist
2006: Lifetime Achievement Award
2007: Best Group or Duet
2007: Artist of the Year

Orgullosamente Latino
2007: Best Latino Video Award "Bendita Tu Luz" with Juan Luis Guerra

Premios Cadena Dial
2011: Premio Cadena Dial

Premios Casandra
2012: Premio Casandra Internacional

Premios People En Español Awards
2011: Best Album: Drama y Luz
2011: Best Rock Artist or Group

Premios Juventud
2006: Supernova Award
2007: Favorite Rock Artist
2008: Favorite Rock Artist
2009: Favorite Rock Artist
2011: Favorite Rock Artist
2012: Favorite Rock Artist

Premio Lo Nuestro
 1997: Pop Best Group
 1999: Pop Best Group
 1999: Pop Album of the Year Sueños Líquidos ( Along with Shakira album ¿Dónde Están los Ladrones? )
 2000: Pop Best Group
2003: Rock Album of the Year Revolución de Amor
2004: Pop Song of the Year "Mariposa Traicionera"
2005: Rock Album of the Year Essentiales: Luna
2007: Rock Artist of the Year
2007: Rock Album of the Year Amar es Combatir
2007: Rock Song of the Year "Labios Compartidos"
2008: Rock Artist of the Year
2008: Rock Song of the Year "Bendita Tu Luz" with Juan Luis Guerra
2011: Excellence Award
2012: Rock/Alternative Album of the Year Drama y Luz
2012: Rock/Alternative Artist of the Year

Premios Oye!
2002: Special Prizes: Social Prize to Music
2003: Album of the Year Revolución de Amor
2003: Best Solo or Group Artist
2004: Mexican Public Commercial Award
2007: MasterTone "Labios Compartidos"

Ritmo Latino Music Awards
1999: Best Solo or Rock Group Artist
2000: Album of the Year Maná MTV Unplugged
2003: Album of the Year Revolución de Amor

World Music Awards
2007: World's Best-Selling Latin Group
2007: Best Selling Latin American Artist

References

Awards
Lists of awards received by Mexican musician
Lists of awards received by musical group


Bandwagon is the quarterly journal of the Circus Historical Society (CHS). Originated in 1940 as SPEC, it is still in print today and covers a variety of topics relating to circus history. The magazine was renamed as Bandwagon in 1941. Contributing writers include Stuart Thayer and William L. Slout.

A complete, searchable index of articles is available on the Circus Historical Society website. In June, 2022 the Circus Historical Society released its Bandwagon collection on Internet Archive, with over 500 free, searchable issues dating back to SPEC in 1940. The Internet Archive collection does not contain the most recent three years of Bandwagon, which are embargoed on a members-only site for CHS members as a listed member benefit.

References

External links
 Bandwagon official website
 Bandwagon Index
 PDFs of Bandwagon back issues on Internet Archive

History magazines published in the United States
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1940
Magazines published in Ohio
Mass media in Columbus, Ohio


The Manifesto of N'sele () was a political document issued in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (later renamed Zaire) on 19 or 20 May 1967 which set out the official political stance of the Popular Movement of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, MPR), a political party which had been founded by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu in 1966. The manifesto was created at an MPR meeting in N'sele, Kinshasa where it was based.

The Manifesto of N'sele defined the ideological position of the MPR as a combination of "Authenticité" and "Mobutism". It defined Mobutism as an expression of Congolese nationalism, the rejection of tribalism and regionalism, and the abstract concept of "revolution". Nationalism and the affirmation of independence was essential to the document. The Manifesto of N'sele also laid out the intentions of the government which included expansion of the national government's authority, a program committed to improving labour standards, maintaining economic independence, and the creation of an "authentic nationalism". It legitimized the creation of a one-party state in the country as an antipolitical means to end the political and ideological infighting which had characterised the Congo Crisis (1960–65).

Importantly in the context of the Cold War, the Manifesto of N'sele repudiated both communism and capitalism as not "authentic" Congolese ideologies. It called for a policy of "positive neutralism" in foreign policy.

References

Bibliography

External links

  (Illustrated edition.)
 Manifesto of N'sele (Only English Translation)

1967 documents
1967 in politics
1967 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
African and Black nationalism in Africa
Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Political manifestos
Zaire


Ray Mears' World of Survival is a 1997 book written by Ray Mears and a TV series by the same name.

References

1997 books
Books by Ray Mears
Survival manuals


The Swan River Logging Company was established in 1892 along the confluence of the Swan and Mississippi Rivers near Jacobson, Minnesota.

A landing had been in use for many years, taking travelers to farmsteads and towns all along the way.  The steamboats used cord wood to fuel the vessels.  Seeing an opportunity, Ammi W. Wright and Charles Davis, loggers by trade, thought the location would be ideal for a logging base camp and railroad terminus.  It was determined piers could be built, and logs dumped into the Mississippi River.  The logs would then drift to the sawmills lower on the river.  Though most of the timber near the river had already been cut by 1890, the two solved the problem by constructing a railroad up into the high elevation timberlands of the Gardner and Hibbing areas. Spurs went out to various stands of timber. The logs were sent down to Mississippi Landing and dumped off the cars into the river. During the season they were able to haul about 500,000 feet per day." (Hibbing Sentinel ~ May 21, 1898)

The Company's base camp at the Mississippi Landing became a village. A machine and repair shop and an eight stall engine house were built. It was a company town, equipped with a company office, general manager's house, ice house, boarding house, railroad boarding house, turntable, roundhouse, machine shop, car shop, casting house, harness room, cattle barn, hog pen, sawmill, warehouses, coal bins, roothouse, store, school house, coal dock, pumping house, water tank, boathouse, sand house, and several cottages.

Supplies and materials for the construction of the camp were brought from Duluth on the Duluth & Winnipeg Railroad to Swan River, then down the Wright and Davis Railroad to Mississippi Landing. Some materials and equipment came by riverboat.  The railroad was built with all the modern equipment, including telegraph lines connecting the various stops.

Logging took place in the winter, and the logging horses were brought down to the landing and kept there during the summer months. Some were badly crippled from the rough winter work and were destroyed. A horse graveyard was established near the junction of Highways 65 and 200.

Accidents while logging were common and at times fatal. Many were buried in a cemetery set up north of the landing. The Swan River Logging Company built a board fence around the cemetery.

The company discouraged any other towns in the area.  It owned the land around the terminus and would not sell lots to any person for any purpose whatever. They even put a fences around the town far out in the countryside, effectively prohibiting any other town from the railroad and steamboat landings. People living outside of the town had to go down the Mississippi River a distance of two miles to connect with a steamboat.

In 1908, the Great Northern Railway leased the tracks to the Mississippi, Hill City and Western Railway.

External sources
The Town Of Jacobson, Minnesota

Defunct companies based in Minnesota
Logging


In 1857, at the time of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Brigham Young, was serving as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and as Governor of Utah Territory. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. Historians still debate the autonomy and precise roles of local Cedar City LDS Church officials in ordering the massacre and Young's concealing of evidence in its aftermath. Young's use of inflammatory and violent language in response to a federal expedition to the territory (known as the Utah War) added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. After the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the Baker–Fancher party. It is unclear whether Young held this view because of a possible belief that this specific group posed a threat to colonists or that they were responsible for past crimes against Mormons. According to historian William P. MacKinnon, "After the war, Buchanan implied that face-to-face communications with Brigham Young might have averted the Utah War, and Young argued that a north–south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows Massacre."

Young's theology

The Mountain Meadows Massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region who had started their treks to California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the Baker–Fancher party. For the decade prior the emigrants' arrival, Utah Territory had existed essentially as a theocracy led by Brigham Young. As part of Young's vision of a pre-millennial "Kingdom of God," Young established colonies along the California and Old Spanish Trails, where Mormon officials governed as leaders of church, state, and military. Two of the southernmost establishments were Parowan and Cedar City, led respectively by stake presidents William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight. Haight and Dame were also the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. During the period just before the massacre, known as the Mormon Reformation, Mormon teachings were dramatic and strident. The religion had undergone a period of intense conflict with non-Mormons in the American midwest, and faithful Mormons made solemn oaths to pray for vengeance upon those who killed the "prophets" including founder Joseph Smith, and more recently apostle Parley P. Pratt, who was murdered in April 1857 while traveling as a missionary in Arkansas.

Young's belated message to Isaac C. Haight, acting commander of the Iron County Brigade
On September 8, 1857, Captain Stewart Van Vliet, of the US Army Quartermaster Corps, arrived in Salt Lake City. Van Vliet's mission was to inform Young that the US troops then approaching Utah did not intend to attack the Mormons, but intended to establish an army base near Salt Lake City and to request Young's cooperation in procuring supplies for the army. Young informed Van Vliet that he was skeptical that the army's intentions were peaceful and that the Mormons intended to resist occupation.

On September 10, 1857, James Holt Haslam arrived in Salt Lake City, after experiencing long delays during his nearly 300-mile journey, to deliver a  message to Young from the acting commander of the Iron County Brigade, Isaac C. Haight. This letter has yet to be found, but accounts say that it asked Young what, if anything, should be done with the Baker–Fancher party camped at nearby Mountain Meadows. After delivering the letter to Young, Haslam was told to rest for a few hours then return to pick up the reply. After his rest, Haslam picked up the reply from Young and was instructed to return to Cedar City with the letter quickly and not to "spare horseflesh."

Young's message of reply to Haight, dated September 10, 1857, read:

In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains going south that I know of[.] [I]f those who are there will leave let them go in peace.

However, by the time that the express rider delivered Young's letter to Haight, the massacre at Mountain Meadows had already taken place. According to trial testimony given later by Haslam, when Haight read Young's words, he sobbed like a child and could manage only the words, "Too late, too late."

Historians debate whether the Haight letter absolves Young of any complicity. Mormon historian Juanita Brooks believes that the letter demonstrates that Young "did not order the massacre, and would have prevented it if he could." Brooks writes, "While Brigham Young and other church authorities did not specifically order the massacre, they did preach sermons and set up social conditions that made it possible." Brooks has argued the massacre was an overreaction by Mormon militia forces which resulted in the death of settlers and the tarnishing of the Church's reputation.

In Blood of the Prophets, Mormon historian William Bagley echoes David White's conclusion that the letter does not absolve Young of any wrongdoing. Bagley notes that Young often started his letters with broad generalizations with little meaning and then conceal the main message in one or two terse sentences in the middle of the text. In this case, the "real message" would have been that the Indians should be left to "do as they please." In such a framework, the message to "not interfere" would be subordinate to the main message: let nothing stand in the way of the Mormon-Paiute alliance.

Young's investigation
Young first heard about the massacre from John D. Lee, one of the participants. A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857, Lee briefed Young in Salt Lake City. (Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre" .) Decades later, Young's son, who was 13 in 1857, said that he was in the office during that meeting and that he remembered Lee blaming the massacre on the Native Americans. According to Lee, he informed Young that the Mormons were responsible. However, Young later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre because he could not bear to hear the details.

Some time after Lee's meeting with Young, Jacob Hamblin said that he had heard a detailed description of the massacre and Mormon involvement from Lee and that Hamblin had reported it to Young and George A. Smith soon after the massacre. Hamblin said he was told by Young and Smith to keep quiet, but that "as soon as we can get a court of justice, we will ferret this thing out."

When Young sent his report on the massacre to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1858, he said that it was the work of Native Americans.

Lee's suggestion of a conspiracy

During the 1870s Lee, Dame, Philip Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair, Jr. were indicted and arrested; warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others (Haight, John Higbee,  William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) who had successfully gone into hiding. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. In 1870, Young excommunicated some of the participants, including Haight and Lee, from the LDS Church. The U.S. posted bounties of $500 each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, and Stewart, and prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden, and Adair.

At Lee's sentencing, as required by Utah Territory statute, he was given the option of being hung, shot, or beheaded, and he chose to be shot.  Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877. Young believed that Lee's punishment was just but not a sufficient blood atonement, given the enormity of the crime, to allow Lee entrance into the celestial kingdom. Prior to his execution, Lee claimed that he was a scapegoat for others involved:

Notes

References

.
.
.
. The Washington Post review and Letter to the editor in response to the review.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Further reading

.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
; also included in Brooks (1991) Appendix XI.
.
; also The Mormons (Documentary).

External links

Mountain Meadows Massacre
Mountain meadows
Books about presidents of the church (LDS Church)


1999 Music City Bowl was a college football postseason game matching the University of Kentucky Wildcats against the Syracuse University Orangemen.  Both teams entered the game with 6–5 records, unranked in the polls, though Syracuse had been ranked as high as #16 in the AP poll during the season.  Kentucky was favored by 3 points.

Kentucky fielded the opening kickoff and mounted a 79-yard touchdown drive on the game's opening possession.  Kentucky's first team All American tight end James Whalen Jr. led the drive with a 45-yard reception and Kendrick Shanklin scored on a 3-yard run.  Kentucky's defense forced a punt on Syracuse's first possession and Kentucky drove inside the Syracuse 10-yard line but the drive stalled when Whalen was suddenly lost (for the remainder of the game) to injury, leaving halfway through the first quarter already having four catches for 79 yards.  Kentucky settled for a 22-yard field goal kicked by Marc Samuel and led 10–0 at the end of the first quarter after stopping Syracuse with two fumble recoveries and a blocked field goal attempt.

With 1:56 left in the second quarter Syracuse scored on a 2-yard Johnson touchdown run.  Neither team scored in the third quarter.

In the fourth quarter a 35-yard field goal put Kentucky up 13–7.  Syracuse countered with James Mungro touchdown runs of 32 yards (with 9:08 to play) and 20 yards (with 1:42 to play).  Syracuse failed to convert after the second touchdown, leaving them with a 20–13 lead as Kentucky resumed possession on its own 4-yard line with 1:35 remaining and no time outs.  Kentucky drove to the Syracuse 41-yard line but the game's final play was an incomplete Hail Mary.

Syracuse finished with 19 first downs to Kentucky's 18 and 404 yards of offense to Kentucky's 365.  Syracuse had 276 rushing yards on 47 attempts; Kentucky had 57 on 23 attempts.  Kentucky had 308 passing yards to Syracuse's 128; each team fumbled three times with Syracuse losing two and Kentucky losing one.  Syracuse's Keith Bullock had 20 tackles; Ryan Murphy had 15 and Marlon McCree 10 for Kentucky.

Syracuse's James Mungro was the game's MVP with 12 rushes for 162 yards and two touchdowns.

References

Music City Bowl
Music City Bowl
Kentucky Wildcats football bowl games
Syracuse Orange football bowl games
Music City Bowl
December 1999 sports events in the United States


Muzio Giuseppe Spirito de Tommasini, sometimes referred to as Muzio Tommasini or as Mutius von Tommasini (4 June 1794 – 31 December 1879) was a botanist and politician born in Trieste under Austria-Hungary.

He first became interested in botany as a grammar school student in Ljubljana. While studying medicine at the University of Vienna, he was inspired by the work of professor Joseph Franz von Jacquin (1766-1839), and conducted investigations of flora in the vicinity of Vienna. Afterwards, Tommasini studied law at the University of Graz.

A career politician, he received his first appointment in 1817 as an official in the district of Istria.  During the following year he was elected district secretary of the city of Split. From 1839 to 1860 he was mayor of Trieste. Following his retirement in 1860, he devoted his time to investigations of local flora.

As a botanist he participated in several noteworthy expeditions. Early in his career he took exploratory trips to the Biokovo Mountains in 1823 and to Dalmatia in 1827. In 1832 he accompanied Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845) on a botanical excursion through the Austrian Littoral, and in 1837 with British botanist George Bentham (1800-1884) he carried out studies in the regions of Carniola, Carinthia and Friuli.

After his election as mayor in 1839, his scientific studies were largely confined to the vicinity of Trieste. However, in 1840 he journeyed to the Julian Alps, where he scaled Monte Matajur. Soon afterwards he collaborated with Otto Sendtner (1813-1859) on an exploratory trip to the coastal areas of Austria, where plants for an herbarium were collected.

Tommasini played an important part in the creation of the Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste. The species Crocus tommasinianus is named in his honor. This plant is commonly referred to as Elfenkrokus (elfin crocus) in Germany, and sometimes as "tommies" or "tommy" in English speaking countries.

References

Sources
  Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (biography)

Citations

19th-century Austrian botanists
1794 births
1879 deaths
University of Vienna alumni
University of Graz alumni
Austrian politicians
Mayors of Trieste


Nawab Intizam-ul-Mulk Bahadur (died 16 May 1889) was the younger brother of Zahir-ud-Daula, the second Prince of Arcot. He succeeded his brother on his demise and ruled from 1879 to 1889.

Reign

Intizam-ul-Mulk was the younger son of Azim Jah and the younger brother of Zahir-ud-Daula, the first and second Nawabs of Arcot. According to his father Azim Jah's wishes, Intizam-ul-Mulk succeeded Zahir-ud-Daula as Nawab in 1879.

Intizam-ul-Mulk reigned from 1879 to 1889. He was entitled to a 15-gun salute and was the last prince of Arcot to be exempted from appearance in civil courts.

References

1889 deaths
Indian Muslims
Nawabs of India
Year of birth unknown


City Park West is a neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. It is a district of mostly single-family homes, small apartment buildings, and one very large hospital complex. The center of the district features the medical facilities of Presbyterian/St. Luke's Hospital, Exempla St. Joseph's Hospital, and a number of other medical office buildings and related facilities.  Exempla Saint Joseph's Hospital has embarked on a major
expansion project ($623 million) to create the newest, most modern hospital in Colorado. The new facility opened in December 2014.

Like many of Denver's Center City districts, City Park West is experiencing a number of smaller, multi-family infill projects on vacant or underutilized lots in among the mature landscape and classic early-20th century homes for which the district is known.  Also, the stretch of East Colfax along City Park West's southern boundary is showing evidence of new vitality and investment with great potential for additional infill projects along that important commercial corridor.

Boundaries
The neighborhood is bordered on the west by Downing Street, on the north by 23rd Avenue, on the east by York Street, and on the south by Colfax Avenue.

Landmarks
17th Avenue and 18th Avenue cross the neighborhood from east to west and are busy, one-way streets that are growing commercial areas with many popular neighborhood bars and restaurants.  City Park is on the eastern border of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is dominated by single-family houses, apartment blocks, and medical offices. Two of Denver's major hospitals are in the neighborhood: Exempla Saint Joseph Hospital and Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center.

References

Neighborhoods in Denver


Carbon catabolite repression, or simply catabolite repression, is an important part of global control system of various bacteria and other microorganisms.  Catabolite repression allows microorganisms to adapt quickly to a preferred (rapidly metabolizable) carbon and energy source first. This is usually achieved through inhibition of synthesis of enzymes involved in catabolism of carbon sources other than the preferred one. The catabolite repression was first shown to be initiated by glucose and therefore sometimes referred to as the glucose effect. However, the term "glucose effect" is actually a misnomer since other carbon sources are known to induce catabolite repression.

Escherichia coli
Catabolite repression was extensively studied in Escherichia coli. E. coli grows faster on glucose than on any other carbon source. For example, if E. coli is placed on an agar plate containing only glucose and lactose, the bacteria will use glucose first and lactose second. When glucose is available in the environment, the synthesis of β-galactosidase is under repression due to the effect of catabolite repression caused by glucose. The catabolite repression in this case is achieved through the utilization of phosphotransferase system.

An important enzyme from the phosphotransferase system called Enzyme II A (EIIA) plays a central role in this mechanism. There are different catabolite-specific EIIA in a single cell, even though different bacterial groups have specificities to different sets of catabolites. In enteric bacteria one of the EIIA enzymes in their set is specific for glucose transport only. When glucose levels are high inside the bacteria, EIIA mostly exists in its unphosphorylated form. This leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and lactose permease, therefore cAMP levels are low and lactose can not be transported inside the bacteria.

Once the glucose is all used up, the second preferred carbon source (i.e. lactose) has to be used by bacteria. Absence of glucose will "turn off" catabolite repression. When glucose levels are low, the phosphorylated form of EIIA accumulates and consequently activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which will produce high levels of cAMP. cAMP binds to catabolite activator protein (CAP) and together they will bind to a promoter sequence on the lac operon. However, this is not enough for the lactose genes to be transcribed. Lactose must be present inside the cell to remove the lactose repressor from the operator sequence (transcriptional regulation). When these two conditions are satisfied, it means for the bacteria that glucose is absent and lactose is available. Next, bacteria start to transcribe the lac operon and produce β-galactosidase enzymes for lactose metabolism. The example above is a simplification of a complex process. Catabolite repression is considered to be a part of global control system and therefore it affects more genes rather than just lactose gene transcription.

Bacillus subtilis
Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis have a cAMP-independent catabolite repression mechanism controlled by catabolite control protein A (CcpA). In this alternative pathway CcpA negatively represses other sugar operons so they are off in the presence of glucose. It works by the fact that Hpr is phosphorylated by a specific mechanism, when glucose enters through the cell membrane protein EIIC, and when Hpr is phosphorylated it can then allow CcpA to block transcription of the alternative sugar pathway operons at their respective cre sequence binding sites.  Note that E. coli has a similar cAMP-independent catabolite repression mechanism that utilizes a protein called catabolite repressor activator (Cra).

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110605181224/http://www.mun.ca/biochem/courses/4103/topics/catabintro.html
 http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/geneticreg.htm

Bacteria
Gene expression


Sociedade Deportiva O Val is a football team based in Narón, A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1976, it currently plays in Preferente Autonómica Norte de Galicia. Their stadium is Sinde-O Val.

Season to season

2 seasons in Tercera División

External links
Futbolme.com profile

External links
 Official Website

Football clubs in Galicia (Spain)
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol clubs
Association football clubs established in 1976
1976 establishments in Spain


Located in South Mountain Park in Phoenix, Arizona, Scorpion Gulch was built as a home and store by William Lunsford.  Lunsford's store sold curios, Indigenous-made items, sodas, and candy.  It was still in operation in 1966, when Lunsford was 75.  In the 1970s, it became a bar.  According to the Phoenix Historic Property Register, Scorpion Gulch was built in 1936, and was first listed on the historic preservation register in October 1990. Historical photographs show a sign on the original building entitled, "South Mountain Trading Post", under which jewelry, Indian curios, and leather goods are advertised.

Scorpion Gulch today
Today, Scorpion Gulch, and its neighboring building are open to the public. Located at 10225 S. Central Ave, Scorpion Gulch is easily accessible and visible while driving South Central Avenue toward South Mountain. The roofs of both buildings are almost all but entirely gone, either for safety, or nature's toll. It is rumored that the building was burned at one point in its history; however, this is not evident by looking at either of the buildings themselves.

Reconstruction
The city of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department began "stabilization" work on Scorpion Gulch and the building surrounding it in November 2012. The work was scheduled to be completed in February 2013. The roof of the building labeled, Scorpion Gulch" has been removed, and the wood window frames of the various structures has been replaced.

Gallery

See also

List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix Historic Property Register

References

External links
 Scorpion Gulch Photo Pool on Flickr
 Pictures, maps and information about Scorpion Gulch

Buildings and structures in Phoenix, Arizona
Tourist attractions in Phoenix, Arizona


Ann Darr (March 13, 1920 – December 2, 2007) was an American poet and educator who lived in Washington, D.C.

Biography
Born Lois Ann Russell in Bagley, Iowa she studied at the University of Iowa where she graduated in 1941 and also completed Civilian Pilot Training.

After college she began her career as a writer and broadcaster on the NBC Radio daily program The Women of Tomorrow.

When war broke out and her husband, enlisted in the Navy, she applied to the Women Airforce Service Pilots program and trained at Sweetwater, TX under pioneering aviator Jacqueline Cochran.

She wrote of her experience as a pilot in her 1978 book Cleared For Landing which The Washington Post'''' praised for its "keen perception of the darker side of things."

Darr taught creative writing at American University and at the Writer's Center in Bethesda, Maryland.

She died of Alzheimer's disease and was buried as a veteran in 2007.

Selected worksSt. Ann's Gut (Morrow and Company, 1971)The Myth of a Woman's Fist (Morrow and Company, 1973)Cleared for Landing (Dryad Press, 1978)Riding With the Fireworks (Alice James Books, 1981)Do You Take This Woman (Washington Writers Publishing House, 1986)The Twelve Pound Cigarette (SCOP, 1990)Confessions of a Skewed Romantic (The Bunny and Crocodile Press, 1993)Flying the Zuni Mountains (Forest Woods Media Productions, 1994)Gussie, Mad Hannah & Me (Argonne Press, 1999)Love in the Past Tense'' (Argonne, 2000)

References

External links
Obituary in The Washington Post
  Biography on Dryad Press site
VRZHU Blog remembrance by Grace Cavalieri
Profile at Pritzker Military Museum and Library
Ann Darr reading her poems with comment in the Recording Laboratory, Feb. 7, 1973

American aviation writers
American radio personalities
American University faculty and staff
Aviators from Iowa
Poets from Iowa
1920 births
2007 deaths
University of Iowa alumni
American women poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
American women aviators
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American women academics
21st-century American women


Grup may refer to:

 Grup Gerak Khas, a special forces regiment of the Malaysian Army
 ADD Grup, a developer and manufacturer of smart metering solutions
 Transferoviar Grup, a private railway company in Romania
 Grup, a term for grown-ups Star Trek episode "Miri"

See also
 Group (disambiguation)
 Grupp, a surname


Ford Auditorium was a 2,920-seat auditorium in Detroit, Michigan built in 1955 and opened in 1956. Located on the Detroit riverfront, it served as a home to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra (DSO) for more than 33 years and was an integral part of the city's Civic Center. With approval from the Ford family and the city, the building was demolished in July 2011 as part of the city's waterfront redesign plans.

History
The auditorium was financed by the Ford Motor Company and contributions of the Ford affiliated dealers in the U.S. Ford gave its approval when the city planned to remove the building as part of the waterfront redesign plans. The project received such a large donation from the Ford family, it was designed as a memorial to Henry and Edsel Ford. When the auditorium opened, it became home for the DSO and hosted conventions, pop concerts, theatrical productions and speeches. The building had outlived its usefulness to the city and was replaced by other facilities. The building acoustics were also not considered satisfactory.

The building was designed by the firm of Odell, Hewlett and Luckenbach in the modern style. It was situated at the base of a U-shaped drive named Auditorium Drive. Beneath the drive and adjacent landscaped areas is a two-level parking garage containing 750-spaces. The garage was accessed via ramps in the median of Jefferson Avenue and had a pedestrian entrance which provided direct access to the lower-level lounge of the auditorium.

The exterior shape of the building followed the form of its interior spaces with backstage and audience areas clearly visible. The sides of the building were clad in white marble to harmonize with the other buildings in the Civic Center Complex- the City-County Building, Veterans Memorial Building and Cobo Hall and Arena. The Jefferson Avenue and river facades were covered with a mica-flecked blue granite in a basket-weave pattern.

In the curved foyer of the main level were three sculptures by local artist Marshall Fredericks. On the curved wall above the main entrance was a 120-foot mural made of steel, copper and aluminum wire entitled Ford Empire depicting the Ford Rouge Complex. Above the stairs to the balcony at the east end of the lobby was a piece entitled Harlequins, Ballerina and Orchestral Parade and above the west stairs was another piece entitled Harlequins and Circus Parade. The Ford Empire mural was moved to storage in 2003 and in 2007, the Marshall Fredericks Sculpture Museum  at Saginaw Valley State University negotiated with the City of Detroit to have the two smaller pieces moved there.

On February 14, 1965, the auditorium served as the stage for Malcolm X to deliver his last speech outside of New York before his murder. He delivered his "Last Message" at the First Annual Dignity Projection and Scholarship Awards ceremony despite the firebombing of his Queens, New York home by the Nation of Islam that morning.

Demolition
Ford Auditorium was demolished in July 2011 at a cost of $754,000 as part of the city's waterfront redesign plans.

Demolition of the Ford Auditorium began on July 9, 2011 after being delayed a month because the city found more asbestos than expected.

Recording System
When first opened, the auditorium had a state-of-the-art recording system, and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra under Paul Paray made a number of recordings in the venue for Mercury Records.  But it was also considered a very "dead" hall, with poor acoustics that resisted repeated attempts at improvement. After much discussion, the DSO returned to its former home, Orchestra Hall, in 1989. Ford Auditorium saw little activity thereafter, and by 1995, had stopped accepting reservations for use of its facilities.

Organs
According to the Aeolian-Skinner archives, the auditorium's large Aeolian-Skinner organ was still in the building as of 2006, but had been unused for some time. It was installed in 1957 at a cost of $100,000.  Helderop Pipe Organs, along with a team of volunteers, began to dismantle the organ in late June 2011, and finished late July 4, 2011, the day before demolition was scheduled to begin. The city donated the organ to the congregation of nearby St. Aloysius Catholic Church, which took the 2,800-pipe instrument with the goal of operating it within two years.

A smaller 1,200-pipe organ which operated from the same console has been given to the DSO who will use it to perform 17th and 18th-century pieces in Orchestra Hall.

External links
 Inside the abandoned Ford Auditorium at Detroiturbex.com

References

Demolished theatres in the United States
Demolished buildings and structures in Detroit
Downtown Detroit
Theatres in Detroit
Buildings and structures completed in 1955
Buildings and structures demolished in 2011
1955 establishments in Michigan
2011 disestablishments in Michigan


Sir Muhammad Munawar Ali Khan KCIE (died 3 January 1903) was the Prince of Arcot from 1889 to 1903. Muhammad Munawar Khan was the nephew of Intizam-ul-Mulk, the third Prince of Arcot. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire during the reign of his uncle. He was exempted from appearing in civil courts. Khan succeeded his uncle Intizam-ul-Mulk and ruled till his death in 1903, in Delhi while attending Edward VII's coronation.

References

1903 deaths
Indian Muslims
Nawabs of India
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Year of birth missing


The Academy of San Carlos () is located at 22 Academia Street in just northeast of the main plaza of Mexico City. It was the first major art academy and the first art museum in the Americas. It was founded in 1781 as the School of Engraving and moved to the Academia Street location about 10 years later. It emphasized classical European training until the early 20th century, when it shifted to a more modern perspective. At this time, it also integrated with the National Autonomous University of Mexico, eventually becoming the Faculty of Arts and Design, which is based in Xochimilco. Currently, only graduate courses of the modern school are given in the original academy building.

History

The Academy of San Carlos was founded in 1783, being the first arts academy established in America in 1783, with European teachers, and bright students. In 1540 the building was built in order to create the first hospital for people with syphilis. Its name was "Hospital del Amor de Dios", and was closed in 1783 in order to fuse itself with the hospital of San Andrés in the old college of Jesuits on Tacuba street.

, a famous engraver, established in 1778 an engraving school by the order of King Carlos VI. It was so successful that with his partner, Fernando José Mangino, decided to create a new academy that teaches painting, sculpture and architecture. Finally, in 1781 classes started on the Real Casa de Moneda thanks to the donations of rich people, churches, the Tribunal of Trade and the states of Veracruz, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Cordoba and Orizaba.

The school's first director, Italian Jeronimo Antonio Gil, was appointed by Carlos III and gathered prominent artists of the day including José de Alcíbar, Santiago Sandoval, Juan Sáenz, Manuel Tolsá and Rafael Ximeno y Planes. Tolsá and Ximeno would later stay on to become directors of the school. The new school began to promote Neoclassicism, focusing on Greek and Roman art and architecture, advocating European-style training of its artists. To this end, plaster casts of classic Greek and Roman statues were brought to Mexico from Europe for students to study.

The Royal Card of establishment was issued on December 25 of 1783. It was asked by the viceroy Martín de Mayorga to the King Carlos III. They choose San Carlos as patron saint.

On November 4 of 1785, courses were officially started in the Academy of the Noble Arts of San Carlos of the New Spain. In 1788, the Academy of San Fernando in Spain sent some teachers like the famous Manuel Tolsá who was in charge of architecture and sculpture.
Aspirations of growing up were so big, that they even tried to afford the building that Tolsá was designing on Nilpantongo Street, but it was way too expensive and it was paid by the Royal Seminar of Mining.
Without a building of their own, the academy asked for the forsaken one of the Hospital Amor de Dios and finally in 1787 they started classes there.
Since its founding, it attracted the country's best artists, and was a force behind the abandonment of the Baroque style in Mexico, which had already gone out-of-fashion in Europe.

In the early 19th century, the academy was closed for a short time due to the Mexican War of Independence. When it reopened, it was renamed the National Academy of San Carlos and enjoyed the new government's preference for Neoclassicism, as it considered the Baroque reminiscent of colonialism. Despite the school's association with the independent Mexican government, Emperor Maximilian I (installed in Mexico by the French) protected the school during his reign, although foreign artists were shunned there. When Benito Juárez ousted the emperor and regained the presidency of Mexico, he was reluctant to support the school and its European influence, which he considered to be a vestige of colonialism.

The academy continued to advocate classic, European-style training of its artists until 1913. In that year, a student and teacher strike advocating a more modern approach ousted director Antonio Rivas Mercado. It was also partially integrated into University of Mexico (now UNAM) at that time, although it initially kept a large degree of autonomy. In 1929, the architecture program was separated from the rest of the academy, and in 1953, this department was moved to the newly built campus of UNAM in the south of the city. The remaining programs in painting, sculpture and engraving were renamed National School of Expressive Arts Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas. Later, the undergraduate fine arts programs were moved to a facility in Xochimilco, leaving only some graduate programs in the original Academy of San Carlos building.

Alumni and associated artists

Some of its most famous first teachers included Miguel Constanzó in architecture, José Joaquín Fabregat in metal engraving, Rafael Ximeno y Planes in painting and Manuel Tolsá in sculpture. Another notable teacher here was Pelegrí Clavé, who was noted for his expertise in creating portraits of heroes and biblical figures.

Catalan Antonio Fabres was a dominant force at the academy during the early 20th century. He would mentor later Mexican artists such as Saturnino Herrán, Roberto Montenegro, Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco.

José María Velasco is considered the greatest artist associated with the academy, famous for his landscapes of the Valley of Mexico and a mentor of Diego Rivera. Other artists linked to the academy are Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, Alfredo Zalce, Andrés José López, José Chávez Morado, Francisco Moreno Capdevila, Luis Sahagún Cortés, Gabriel Fernández Ledesma, Roberto de la Selva and Jorge Figueroa Acosta. Matusha Corkidi studied at the academy after emigrating from Egypt.

Mexican muralist Elena Huerta Muzquiz and her daughter Electa Arenal, both attended the school.

Architects

A number of important nineteenth-century architects studied at the academy, including Juan (b. 1825) and Ramón Agea (b. 1828), who were sent to Rome by the academy to study with Cippolla. They sent back sketches of Roman monuments that served as models for Academy students. They went on to be professors at the academy as well as working architects in Mexico City. They completed the Monument to Cuauhtémoc on Paseo de la Reforma after the death of the engineer in charge. Another notable graduate (1863) is architect Manuel Francisco Álvarez, who was also a civil engineer. Álvarez was a city counsellor (regidor) of the capital, president of the Asociación de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, a founding member of the Asociación Francesa para el Desarrollo de la Enseñanza Técnica, Industrial y Comercial; director of the Escuela Nacional de Artes y Oficios; and a member of the Academy of France, and author of many books on architecture.

Building

The building originally was as the Amor de Dios Hospital, which had closed by the time the School of Engraving decided to move there from the mint building. Founding director Gerónimo Antonio Gil took charge of the restoration and remodeling work. Artist Javier Cavallari created the academy's Neoclassic facade, which is embellished with six medallions. Four of these represent the academy's founders: Carlos III, Carlos IV, Gerónimo Antonio Gil and Fernando José Manguino, and the other two are of Michelangelo and Raphael. Cavallari also finished the patio, the conference room and the painting and sculpture galleries. The painting gallery contains portraits by Ramon Sagredo and the sculpture room contains works by José Obregón and Manuel Ocaranza.

A number of plaster casts of classic statues from the San Fernando Fine Arts Academy in Spain were brought here for teaching purposes. These casts still exist and can be seen on display in the academy's central patio. Some of these statues include casts of statues from the Medici tombs, Moses by Michelangelo, the Winged Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo.

Gallery
The academy once had a very large collection of art in the Gallery of the San Carlos Academy, considered the first museum of art in the Americas. Its art collection began with plaster casts of original Greek, Roman and European works used as teaching aids. It also gained other European works such as engravings from the 16th to 19th centuries from Spain, France, England, Italy, Germany, and Holland. The school also collected works from students and teachers from its founding to beginning of the 20th century. However, the collection outgrew the original academy building as it received donations from private sources and purchases made by the Mexican government after independence. The collection was divided, some going to the Museo Universitario de la Academia, also in the historic center of town, some going to the National Museum of San Carlos, northeast of the historic center and the other part remaining in the original building.

See also
List of colonial non-religious buildings in Mexico City
Architecture of Mexico
Mexican art

References

Further reading
Charlot, Jean. Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos, 1785-1915. Austin: University of Texas Press 1962

External links

Museums in Mexico City
Contemporary art galleries in Mexico
Historic center of Mexico City
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
Universities in Mexico City
Landmarks in Mexico City
National Monuments of Mexico
Defunct hospitals in Mexico
Mexican art
Mexican culture
Plaster cast collections
1781 establishments in New Spain
1780s establishments in Mexico
Art museums established in 1781
18th century in Mexico
19th century in Mexico
Colonial Mexico
Neoclassical architecture in Mexico
1540s establishments in Mexico
Hospitals established in the 16th century
Hospitals disestablished in 1783


USS Perfecto (SP-86) was a motorboat that served in the United States Navy during World War I.  She was built in 1917 by the Greenport Basin and Construction Company in Greenport, New York, and owned by J. J. Phelps of Hackensack, New Jersey.  She was acquired by the Navy on 22 June 1917 and placed in service on 25 June 1917.  During World War I, Perfecto served in the 5th Naval District, headquartered in Norfolk Navy Yard in Norfolk, Virginia.  She patrolled the coastline for German U-boats.  She was returned to her owner, Phelps, after the war ended on 18 February 1919.

Sources
Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Perfecto (SP 86)
USS Perfecto (SP-86), 1917-1919
Perfecto SP-86

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Ships built in Greenport, New York
1917 ships


Enrique "Quique" Álvarez Costas (; born 16 January 1947) is a Spanish retired football defender and coach.

He played 229 La Liga matches over the course of 11 seasons (nine goals), in representation of Celta and Barcelona.

Costas began a lengthy managerial career in the late 80s, mainly being in charge of Barcelona B.

Club career
Born in Vigo, Galicia, Costas began his professional career with local RC Celta de Vigo in 1965. He played 26 Segunda División games in his first season, including both legs of the La Liga playoff promotion against CE Sabadell FC.

After solid performances in the 1970–71 campaign, Costas moved to league powerhouse FC Barcelona after 183 competitive appearances. Almost never an undisputed starter he was still used regularly, and helped the Catalans to the 1979 conquest of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in his penultimate year.

Costas took up coaching afterwards, eventually managing Barcelona's B side on three occasions. On one of them he coincided with his son Quique Álvarez, a La Masia youth product and also a defender, who went on to play with success for Villarreal CF; he had another son, Óscar, who occupied the same position and competed mainly in the second and third tiers.

International career
Costas earned 13 caps for Spain over a five-year period. His debut came on 11 February 1970, in a 2–0 friendly win over West Germany (90 minutes played).

Costas was not selected, however, for any major international tournament, as the country did not manage to reach any during that timeframe.

Honours
Barcelona
La Liga: 1973–74
Copa del Rey: 1977–78
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1978–79
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1971

References

External links

FC Barcelona profile

1947 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Vigo
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
RC Celta de Vigo players
FC Barcelona players
Spain men's amateur international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Catalonia men's international guest footballers
Spanish football managers
Segunda División managers
Segunda División B managers
FC Barcelona Atlètic managers


Dr. Marguerite Rawalt (16 October 1895 – 16 December 1989) was an American writer and lawyer who lobbied in Congress on behalf of women's rights. She worked for the Internal Revenue Service for 30 years, and served on the board of directors for numerous interest groups relating to women's rights issues. Rawalt was a member of the National Presbyterian Church.

Early life
Rawalt was the oldest of three children, and was born in Prairie City, Illinois. Her family eventually moved to Texas and settled there. She attended the University of Texas in Austin for one year, then taught high school math in Lorena, Texas. From 1921–1924 she worked as secretary to Texas governor, Pat M. Neff. She received her bachelor's law degree in 1933 and her master's law degree in 1936 from George Washington Law School. In 1933, she started working as an attorney in the office of chief counsel for the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

Women's issues and law
In 1943, Rawalt was elected as president of the Federal Bar Association, the first woman to hold the position. During 1943 she also served as president of the National Association of Women Lawyers. In 1966, Rawalt became a member of the National Organization for Women, and acted as their first legal counsel.

Rawalt became involved with President Kennedy's Commission on the Status of Women under the invitation of Esther Peterson. In 1964, Marguerite Rawalt wrote to members of Business and Professional Women and Zonta International, asking them to lobby for the passage of provision VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination by employers on the basis of sex. In 1972, Rawalt founded the Marguerite Rawalt Legal Defense Fund, a group focused on funding legal cases involving women's equity, particularly relating to financial equity.

She retired from the IRS in 1965, having been employed by them for 30 years.

See also
 National Organization for Women (NOW)
 Women's rights

References

External links

 In Memoriam: Marguerite Rawalt
 Harvard University Library - Rawalt, Marguerite

1895 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
American lobbyists
American Presbyterians
George Washington University Law School alumni
Illinois lawyers
People from McDonough County, Illinois
American women's rights activists
20th-century American women lawyers
National Organization for Women people


Perttula () is a rural village along the Lopentie road in Nurmijärvi, Finland. Living is focused to agriculture. It's rounded neighboring villages like Uotila, Numlahti, Valkjärvi and Nummenpää. Nurmijärvi's largest village Klaukkala is located eight kilometers southeast of Perttula.

Like a lake who gave the municipality its name, there was another lake near the Perttula village called Kuhajärvi, which was also drained in the early 20th century.

Swedish-Finnish composer Bernhard Crusell lived in part of his childhood in Perttula.

See also
Kuhakoski
Nurmijärvi (village)
Perttula executions

References

Villages in Finland
Nurmijärvi


"Murtaugh" is the 19th episode in the fourth season of the television series How I Met Your Mother and 83rd overall. It originally aired on March 30, 2009. In this episode, Ted and Barney feud over what activities are appropriate for their age, while Marshall and Lily disagree on how to coach Lily's students.

Plot
Barney is banned from laser tag for being too rough, so he plans to toilet paper the arena. Ted notes that Barney is too old for laser tag, and reveals his "Murtaugh List" of things he believes he is too old to do anymore, which includes pulling an all nighter, eating an entire pizza in one sitting, and hanging posters without frames. Barney "accepts" the "challenge" of completing the entire list within 24 hours and makes Ted a bet that if he succeeds, Ted must toilet paper the laser tag arena with him; if he fails, he must let Ted give him a three-hour lecture on architecture.

Barney endures various injuries and indignities as he works his way through the list including piercing his own ear (and putting off getting the infection looked at), having a sore back after sleeping on a futon, taking shots with strangers and recording a two person answering machine message. When Ted admits he looks forward to being old, Barney and Robin create a list of things Ted is too young to do; Ted and Barney raise the stakes of their bet, and Ted attempts to complete the new list, including wearing reading glasses, yelling at neighbourhood kids, having dinner at 4PM, bed at 8PM, getting up at 4AM and taking forever to answer the phone, before Barney completes the Murtaugh List.

After being drugged at a rave and being too scared to drink a beer through a beer bong, Barney accepts that he is growing older and concedes to Ted. But Ted reveals he has rewatched the entire Lethal Weapon series, and realized that Murtaugh consistently did the things he claimed to be too old for. He destroys the Murtaugh List and joins Barney and Robin in TPing the arena, where they are caught by the owner, who calls the police.

Meanwhile, Marshall agrees to coach Lily's kindergarten's basketball team. Lily hopes this will serve as "dad training", but is horrified when Marshall is extremely aggressive towards the children, in imitation of his own father. Lily prefers a completely passive coaching style emphasizing the fun of playing, and notes that no score is kept and everyone receives participation trophies. Marshall is horrified by this fact, but is threatened by Lily to be nice and go easier on the children. The team fails to make even a single basket in the game, with Marshall's and Lily's competing efforts seemingly only worsening their performance. But Marshall cherishes the participation trophy he receives, ultimately accepting that Lily's philosophy has some merit.

Production
Marshall and Lily have a telepathic or "psychic conversation" because they know each other so well they can communicate without speaking. The reason for this is that Alyson Hannigan had laryngitis and could not talk.

Critical response
The A.V. Club rated the episode giving it a B grade.

Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 9 out of 10.

Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity rated the episode with a grade A−.

References

External links

How I Met Your Mother (season 4) episodes
2009 American television episodes


The Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) is a research, policy, and advocacy organization of public research universities, land-grant institutions, state university systems, and higher education organizations. It has member campuses in all of the United States as well as the District of Columbia, four U.S. territories, Canada, and Mexico.

History
The roots of APLU were established in October 1887 as the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, making it North America's oldest higher education association. The first annual convention was held that year in Washington, D.C. at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Pennsylvania State University president George W. Atherton was elected president of the Board of Directors. Through the years, APLU has undergone a number of name changes to reflect its growing public higher education mission. In 1919, the Land-Grant Colleges Engineering Association merged with the association. A few years later in 1926, the organization changed its name to the Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities. In 1963, the American Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities merged with the National Association of State Universities to form the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges (NASULGC). On March 30, 2009, the association adopted its current name—Association of Public and Land-grant Universities.

Organizational structure

Association leadership
In 2022, former Georgia State University President Mark P. Becker became the fourth president of APLU.

Board of directors
The 26-member Board of Directors is the governing body of the association.

Membership

The association has more than 250 members including: all land-grant institutions; R1 and R2 public research universities;  state university systems; and affiliated organizations.  These institutions include 79 U.S. land-grant institutions, 19 of which are among the 23 historically black colleges and universities that are APLU members.  There are also eight Canadian and five Mexican public research universities.

Membership involvement
APLU members serve on councils and commissions. APLU Councils are composed of university administrators with similar job functions who come together to address critical issues and expand their knowledge base within their professional area of expertise. APLU Commissions cut across job function to enable individuals from multiple disciplines across universities to address critical issues and expand their knowledge base in areas of common interest.

Membership criteria
Membership in APLU is automatically granted to land-grant institutions per the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862, 1890, and 1994.  Public universities classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" or "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" are also eligible for membership.

Members
From:

University Systems

Universities by Jurisdiction
Canada

Mexico

Micronesia

United States

⠀⠀Alabama

⠀⠀Alaska

⠀⠀American Samoa

⠀⠀Arizona

⠀⠀Arkansas

⠀⠀California

⠀⠀Colorado

⠀⠀Connecticut

⠀⠀Delaware

⠀⠀District of Columbia

⠀⠀Florida

⠀⠀Georgia

⠀⠀Guam

⠀⠀Hawai'i

⠀⠀Idaho

⠀⠀Illinois

⠀⠀Indiana

⠀⠀Iowa

⠀⠀Kansas

⠀⠀Kentucky

⠀⠀Louisiana

⠀⠀Maine

⠀⠀Maryland

⠀⠀Massachusetts

⠀⠀Michigan

⠀⠀Minnesota

⠀⠀Mississippi

⠀⠀Missouri

⠀⠀Montana

⠀⠀Nebraska

⠀⠀Nevada

⠀⠀New Hampshire

⠀⠀New Jersey

⠀⠀New Mexico

⠀⠀New York

⠀⠀North Carolina

⠀⠀North Dakota

⠀⠀Northern Mariana Islands

⠀⠀Ohio

⠀⠀Oklahoma

⠀⠀Oregon

⠀⠀Pennsylvania

⠀⠀Puerto Rico

⠀⠀Rhode Island

⠀⠀South Carolina

⠀⠀South Dakota

⠀⠀Tennessee

⠀⠀Texas

⠀⠀Utah

⠀⠀Vermont

Virgin Islands

⠀⠀Virginia

⠀⠀Washington

⠀⠀West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

References

External links
Official website

College and university associations and consortia in the United States
Organizations established in 1887
1887 establishments in the United States


El Mogote is a sand barrier peninsula opposite the city of La Paz in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The peninsula forms the northern shore of the Bay of La Paz. The peninsula is arid, with extensive dunes at its neck. Clusters of mangroves are established on the southern shore of the peninsula. The mangroves are considered important habitat for local and migratory birds, as well as marine life and are listed under the Ramsar Convention.

Paraiso del Mar

El Mogote is the location of Paraiso del Mar, a resort development on  on the eastern portion of the peninsula. The development, begun in 2005, was planned to include over 3,000 homes and condominiums, two golf courses, a marina, a town plaza and various other amenities. Land acquisition and development began despite concerns that the project would damage the ecology of the peninsula and surrounding waters.

In August 2011, the developer, Luis Raymundo Cano Hernández, abandoned the project. In October 2012, he abandoned operation of the golf course. As of 2014 the new owner of the development was searching for a buyer.

There are approximately 170 owners who have formed an HOA to manage the property. There are 91 homes built and 120 condo units. There is one golf course, also currently operated by the HOA and it is open to the public, under the name "The Golf Club at El Mogote". Potable water is provided by a desalination plant.

There are two methods of access to the development; an unpaved road, and a scheduled ferry from the La Paz malecon.

Portions of the partly completed development have been described as an eyesore. As of 2013 Mexican federal courts had ruled the development illegal and had directed all further development to cease.

References

Peninsulas of Mexico
Landforms of Baja California Sur
Ramsar sites in Mexico


502 may refer to:

502, a year
502 (number), a number
Area code 502, a North American telephone area code in northern central Kentucky, including Louisville
List of highways numbered 502
"502" (song), by Megadeth
"502", a song by Marduk on the album Panzer Division Marduk about the 502nd Heavy Panzer Battalion.
HTTP 502, the HTTP error response status for "Bad Gateway"

See also
502nd (disambiguation)


VfR Achern is a German football club from the city of Achern, Baden-Württemberg near the Hornisgrinde mountain. The club was established on 17 October 1907 as Fußball-Club Achern and adopted the name Verein für Rasenspiele Achern in 1910.

History
For most of its history Achern played in lower-tier local competition. They briefly came to notice in the late 1930s when they captured the title in the Bezirksliga Freiburg (II) and subsequently played a single season in the wartime Gauliga Baden-Süd (I).

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, German football was reorganized to deal with player shortages and travel restrictions. The Gauliga Baden-Süd was one of 16 top flight regional leagues in the country. Originally made up of 10 teams in a single division, it was expanded to include 20 teams playing in 5 sub-divisions. Each sub-division was a city-based local circuit to help reduce the need for travel. Achern finished atop the Staffel Offenburg in the 1939–40 season and took part in the combined Gauliga playoff where they fared poorly. The following season, the Gauliga Baden-Süd returned to a 10 team regional format; Achern did not qualify and returned to lower-tier play.

After the war occupying Allied authorities ordered the dissolution of most organizations in the country, including sports and football clubs, as part of the process of denazification. New associations soon appeared and VfR was reestablished on 13 July 1946 as Sportverein Achern. They advanced to the Amateurliga Südbaden (II) in 1949 where they earned a third-place result. On 2 September 1950, SV reassumed its traditional identity as VfR and spent another 5 seasons as a lower table club in the Amateurliga until finally being sent down in 1955.

Achern resurfaced for a single season in the now third-tier Amateurliga in 1965–66, but were promptly relegated. They immediately bounced back with a division championship in the 2. Amateurliga Südbaden (IV) and spent three more seasons in third-division play. They took part in preliminary round play for the DFB-Pokal (German Cup) in 1977 and made their last appearance in the Amateurliga in the 1977–78 season. The team, for a long period of time, competed in the Landesliga Südbaden 1 (VI), having last played in the tier-four Verbandsliga Südbaden in 1993.

In 2011, VfR was relegated from the Landesliga to the Bezirksliga, quickly returned to the Landesliga play after a title win in 2013 but was relegated again in 2014. the following season the club dropped another level, now to the Bezirksliga. Another relegation followed in the 2015–16 season, now to the Kreisliga A.

Honours
 Bezirksliga Freiburg (II)
 Champions: 1939
 2. Amateurliga Südbaden (IV)
 Champions: 1967
 Bezirksliga Baden-Baden (VIII)
 Champions: 2013

References

External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1907
1907 establishments in Germany
Ortenaukreis


Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner (1873-1959) was a Swiss botanist and plant taxonomist.

A native of Saint-Gall, he studied theology and natural sciences in Geneva. In 1896 he was an assistant to John Isaac Briquet at the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques at Geneva. In 1901 he made a scientific trip to Algeria, and in 1903–05 was associated with the botanic gardens (herbarium) at Buitenzorg in the Dutch East Indies. In 1906 he was named curator of the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, where in 1931 he was appointed director. In 1919 he became a professor of botany.

As a taxonomist, he circumscribed many botanical species. The genus Hochreutinera is named after him, as are taxa with specific epithet of hochreutineri. Among his numerous written works was a monograph on the plant family Malvaceae.

Published works
 Études Sur Les Phanérogames Aquatique Du Rhône Et Du Port De Genève, 1896 – Studies of aquatic phanerogams of the Rhône and the Geneva harbor.
 Une famille de botanistes, les Candolle, 1898 - A family of botanists, the Candolles.
 Revision du genre Hibiscus, 1900 - Revision of the genus Hibiscus.
 Malvaceae, 1902.
 Les Sud-Oranais; études floristiques et phytogéographiques faites au cours d'une exploration dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Algérie en 1901, 1904 - Southern Oran, floristic and phytogeographical studies, etc.
 "Plantae Bogorienses exsiccatae novae vel minus cocnitae...", 1904.
 "Critical Notes on New Or Little Known Species in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden", 1910.
 La philosophie d'un naturaliste, 1911.
 Notes sur les Tiliacées avec descriptions d’espèces, de sections et de sous-familles nouvelles ou peu connues. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin botanique de Genève 18: 68–128, 1914.

 "Plantae Humbertianae madagascarenses", 1932.
 "Dr. John Briquet, 1870-1931", 1932 - biography of John Isaac Briquet.

References

1873 births
1959 deaths
19th-century Swiss botanists
20th-century Swiss botanists