Brisbane City was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1873 to 1878.

Based in inner Brisbane, north of the Brisbane River, it was first created as a single member constituency for the 1873 colonial election, formed as a result of the abolition of the three member constituency Town of Brisbane. It was abolished at the 1878 colonial election and replaced by the new dual member constituency of North Brisbane.

Members for Brisbane City

See also
 Electoral district of Brisbane (Queensland), which existed 1912 to 1977
 Electoral districts of Queensland
 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
 :Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name

References

Former electoral districts of Queensland
Constituencies established in 1873
Constituencies disestablished in 1878
1873 establishments in Australia
1878 disestablishments in Australia


The Jadovno concentration camp was a concentration and extermination camp in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II. Commanded by , it was the first of twenty-six concentration camps in the NDH during the war. Established in a secluded area about  from the town of Gospić, it held thousands of Serbs and Jews over a period of 122 days from May to August 1941. Inmates were usually killed by being pushed into deep ravines located near the camp. Estimates of the number of deaths at Jadovno range from 10,000 to 68,000, mostly Serbs. The camp was closed on 21 August 1941, and the area where it was located was later handed over to the Kingdom of Italy and became part of Italian Zones II and III. Jadovno was replaced by the larger Jasenovac concentration camp and its extermination facilities.

The camp site remained unexplored after the war due to the depth of the gorges where bodies were disposed and the fact that some of them had been filled with concrete by Yugoslavia's Communist authorities. Additional sites containing the skeletal remains of camp victims were uncovered in the 1980s. Commemoration ceremonies honouring the victims of the camp have been organized by the Serb National Council (SNV), the Jewish community in Croatia, and local anti-fascists since 2009, and 24 June has since been designated as a "Day of Remembrance of the Jadovno Camp" in Croatia. A monument commemorating those killed in the camp was constructed in 1975 and stood for fifteen years before being removed in 1990. A replica of the original monument was constructed and dedicated in 2010, but disappeared within twenty-four hours of its inauguration.

History

Background
On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. After the invasion, the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed Poglavnik ("leader") of an Ustaše-led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the ). The NDH combined most of modern Croatia, all of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern Serbia into an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate". NDH authorities, led by the Ustaše militia, then implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Romani populations living in the new state.

Aiming to exterminate the entire Serb population of the NDH, the Ustaše sought to murder one-third of Serbs, convert one-third to Roman Catholicism, and force the rest from the country. A series of massacres were committed by the Ustaše, and the degree of cruelty with which the Serb population was persecuted shocked even the Germans.

The Cyrillic script was banned, Orthodox Christian church schools were closed, and Serbs were ordered to wear identifying armbands. Similar measures were enacted against Jews, who were required to wear a yellow armband with a black-on-yellow Star of David for identification. These armbands bore the word "Jew" in two languages: German ("Jude") and Croatian ("Židov").

Operation
Located in a secluded area about  from the town of Gospić, the Jadovno camp was formed during the early stages of the persecution of Serbs in the NDH and was placed under the command of the Ustaša Juco Rukavina. Intended as an extermination camp, it was established between 11 and 15 April 1941 and was the first of twenty-six concentration camps located in the NDH during the war.

Most inmates at Ustaše camps – including Jadovno – were Croatian Serbs. Other victims included Jews and anti-Ustaše Croats. Notable Jadovno inmates included the Croatian Jewish mayor of Koprivnica, Ivica Hiršl, and the Croatian Jewish Communist Aleksandar Savić.

Immediately, the Ustaše trucked several hundred detainees to a site intended almost exclusively for extermination near Gospić. Located on Mount Velebit, the town contained gorges – some up to  deep – that were used as dumping grounds. The Jadovno camp itself was surrounded by such abysses () which were difficult to gain access to and characteristic of the karstic mountain range. The camp itself acted as a "way station" en route to these pits. Here, prisoners had to work the entire day with almost no food until exhaustion.

The nearest pit to the camp was the Šaran pit, located  away, while the pit where inmates were executed and dumped was  from the camp. Here, inmates were bound together in a line and the first few victims were murdered with rifle butts or other objects. Afterwards, an entire row of inmates were pushed into the ravine. In some cases, inmates were also killed by gunfire, as well as with knives and blunt objects. Once inmates were thrown into the ravine, hand grenades were hurtled inside in order to kill off the victims. Dogs would also be thrown in to feed on the wounded and the dead. The pits in the vicinity of the camp were filled with the bodies of Jewish and later Serb inmates. However, killings were not confined to these two groups, and the bodies of some Croats and Roma were disposed of in this fashion as well.

By the end of June, the Ustaše transferred several hundred Jewish families from Zagreb to Jadovno. Afterwards, the camp was visited by Ustaše commander Vjekoslav Luburić, who opened his visit by cutting the throat of a two-year-old Jewish child. Luburić then forced a camp guard to murder and squash the skull of a second child with his foot. The last group of inmates at Jadovno were killed with machine guns.

The camp was closed on 21 August 1941, and the remaining Croat inmates were transferred to other NDH-controlled camps, while the remaining Serbs and Jews were murdered. Work on the replacement Jasenovac concentration camp started in the same month. The area in which the Jadovno camp was located was later handed over to the Italians and became part of Italian Zones II and III.

Italian medical team report
In September 1941, two Italian army medical teams were sent to investigate reports of mass graves contaminating drinking water across the Velebit mountains and on the island of [[Pag (island}|Pag]], all part of the Jadovno system of Ustaše camps and killing pits. This description of the Plana pit, located above the village of Buđak, on Velebit, is from the report filed by Dr. Finderle Viktor:In the area around the pit I found pieces of chains, padlocks of various sizes and shapes, railway employee badges, ribbons from trousers of Yugoslav customs officers, toothbrushes, pocket mirrors, combs, and very interestingly, emptied and torn wallets. On one spot I found pieces of a skull for which I believe to belong to an adult person between age 30 and 50, killed approximately two months before. The opening of the pit is 8x5m in size, and it seems to have no bottom. A rock I threw in did not stop, but fell so deeply that I could not hear it hit the bottom. The rim of the pit and its sides were covered with lime that seemed to be used several days before. Despite that the whole area is full of the terrible smell of decomposing corpses. It seems that around 500 victims were thrown into this pit. The Italian team discovered additional Velebit killing pits - Jamina pit, near Tribnje] (“hundreds of victims”, including women and children), Jama na Pločama, near Stupačinovo (2.000 Serb victims), Duliba jama (200 victims), etc. Dr. Vittori notes that due to very difficult terrain and the locals not assisting out of fear of Ustashe retaliation, they were unable to locate other suspected killing pits. Beyond that, the Italian medical teams investigated the Slana and Metajna concentration camps on Pag island, part of the same system of Ustaše camps, where they dug up 791 corpses in mass graves, with nearly half being women and children, and estimated that eight to nine thousand were killed by the Ustaše in the camps on Pag.

Death toll

The number of deaths at the camp is difficult to establish as many inmates often went unregistered as they were taken directly to the edge of ravines and murdered. The highest recorded estimate of Jadovno deaths was made in 1942 by a former inmate of the Gospić prison, who claimed that 120,000 people were killed. In 1964, a survey of World War II victims by the War Victim Census Commission showed a figure of 1,794 individual victims in Jadovno. The results of this survey were not published until 1989.

The 1960 edition of the Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia states at least 35,000 were killed in Jadovno, with a possible final death toll of 50,000–60,000. The 1967 Military Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia estimates that 72,000 inmates perished in the camp. The 1971 edition of the Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia also revised the number to 72,000, which became the most commonly cited estimate in the 1960s and the 1970s. Rev Atanasije Jevtić stated in 1983 that 80,000 inmates were killed. Historian Jozo Tomasevich said this claim was "exaggerated" and not based on any documentation or detailed investigation. Historian estimates in the late 1980s and the 1990s mostly ranged from 15,000 to 48,000 victims.

A 2007 research study by historian , using 17 archives, estimated that the total number of deaths at the camp was 40,123 (38,010 Serbs, 1,998 Jews, 88 Croats and 27 others) and listed the names of 10,502 identified victims, of whom 9,663 were Serbs, 762 Jews, 55 Croats and 22 others. 1,029 children were identified (1,014 Serb and 15 Jewish), as was 55 Serbian Orthodox priests according to Zatezalo's data. As it operated over a period of 122 days, this would suggest that an average of 329 people were killed there every day. Paul Mojzes cites Zatezalos's data.

According to a 2009 research by the Belgrade Museum of Genocide Victims, between 15,300–15,900 people were killed in the Gospić, Jadovno and Pag camps. Sources generally offer a range of 10,000–68,000 deaths at the camp. Estimates of the number of Jewish deaths range from several hundred to 2,500–2,800.

Aftermath and legacy
The Jadovno camp site remained unexplored after the war due to the depth of the gorges where bodies were disposed of and the fact that some of these had been filled with concrete by Yugoslavia's Communist authorities. Additional sites containing the skeletal remains of camp victims were uncovered in the 1980s.

Commemoration ceremonies honouring the victims of the camp have been organized by the Serb National Council (SNV), representatives of the Jewish community in Croatia, and local anti-fascists since 2009. 24 June has since been designated as a Day of Remembrance of the Jadovno Camp in Croatia. A monument commemorating those who perished was constructed in 1975 and stood for fifteen years before being removed in 1990 prior to the outbreak of ethnic violence during the Croatian War of Independence. A replica of the original monument was constructed and dedicated in 2010, but disappeared within twenty-four hours of its inauguration.

See also

 German Resistance to Nazism
 Glossary of Nazi Germany
 The Holocaust
 List of books about Nazi Germany
 List of Nazi-German concentration camps
 Nazi concentration camps
 Nazi Party
 Nazi songs
 World War II

Notes

References
Books

Journals and documents

News articles

External links
 Association of Descendants and Supporters of Victims of Ustashian Concentration Camps in Jadovno 1941.

Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia
Jewish Croatian history
History of the Serbs of Croatia
Persecution of Serbs
1941 in Yugoslavia


Somen "Steve" Banerjee (; October 8, 1946 – October 23, 1994) was an Indian entrepreneur, and the founder of Chippendales.

Biography
Somen Banerjee was born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on October 8, 1946. He moved to the United States, where he operated a Mobil gas station and afterward a failed backgammon club. Banerjee bought a failed Los Angeles club named "Destiny II" and turned it into a nightclub that featured female mud wrestling and a "Female Exotic Dancing Night." The 1979 addition of a male stripper dance troupe performing to target female audiences was the first of its kind in the United States. Banerjee married an accountant, Irene, in the 1980s. They had three children — daughter Lindsay and son Christian, and oldest son Jesse.

Banerjee was charged with enlisting the aid of Ray Colon, a former Palm Springs police officer and lounge room entertainer, to commit the murder of show producer Nick De Noia in 1987, and in 1990 and 1991, a plot to kill Michael Fullington, a former Chippendales dancer and choreographer, and two other ex-Chippendales dancers, who Banerjee felt were competition to the Chippendales franchise. He eventually pleaded guilty to attempted arson, racketeering, and murder for hire. He entered into a plea bargain that would have led to 26 years in prison, and loss of his share of Chippendales. Irene had frantically managed to organize a group of character witnesses for him. She hoped it would sway the judge to reduce Steve’s penalty of 26 years.

In the early morning of October 23, 1994, hours before he was due to be sentenced, Banerjee was found dead in his cell, having hanged himself. Reports stated that while he was depressed, it was not thought he would take his own life. When Banerjee died, Irene inherited the entirety of Chippendales, along with all the money, properties, and assets associated with it. She died from breast cancer on February 8, 2001.

In popular culture
Banerjee has appeared in the following fictionalized portrayals:
 The 2000 television movie The Chippendales Murder, portrayed by Naveen Andrews
 The 2002 direct-to-video movie Just Can't Get Enough, portrayed by Shelley Malil
 The 2022 Hulu streaming television miniseries Welcome to Chippendales, portrayed by Kumail Nanjiani.

Notable other attempts to film Banerjee's life story include by director Tony Scott in 2009, by Trisha Ray and Salman Khan in 2016, and by director Craig Gillespie and actor Dev Patel in 2020.

Banerjee has also been the focus of several true crime and documentary series:
 The 2001 episode "Backstage Murder" (Season 3, Episode 13) of The FBI Files
 "The Chippendales Murders", the season 43 (2021) premiere episode of ABC's 20/20

Steve Banerjee has children Lindsay, Christian, and Jesse. Jesse is the oldest son and the Administrator of his father's estate with rights to the assets. This is now in Probate court in California. the transfer of a corporation was fraudulent and proven in the Probate court in 2020.

 The first episode of Welcome to Your Fantasy, a 2021 serial podcast telling the Chippendales story.

References

External links
 Biography of Somen Banerjee
 Obituary of Somen Banerjee

American entertainment industry businesspeople
American people of Indian descent
1946 births
1994 deaths
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
20th-century American businesspeople
Indian emigrants to the United States
Suicides by hanging in California


The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal () is a 1985 Italian drama film directed by Mario Monicelli. It was adapted from the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal by Luigi Pirandello. It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
 Mattia Pascal, an unsuccessful small farmer in northern Italy, decides to try his luck at a French casino and wins. When he sees in a newspaper story that a man with the same name has died mysteriously, he decides that this is a perfect opportunity to begin a new life. He takes the name Arturo Meis and moves to Rome. But he finds that a new life is not necessarily a more satisfying one.

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni - Mattia Pascal
 Senta Berger - Clara
 Flavio Bucci - Terenzio Papiano
 Laura Morante - Adriana Paleari
 Laura del Sol - Romilda Pescatore
 Caroline Berg - Véronique
 Andréa Ferréol - Silvia Caporale
 Bernard Blier - Anselmo Paleari
 Alessandro Haber - Mino Pomino
 Néstor Garay - Giambattista Malagna
 Rosalia Maggio - Vedova Pescatore
 Clelia Rondinella - Oliva Salvoni
 Carlo Bagno - Pellegrinotto, dattilografo
 Flora Cantone - Madre di Mattia
 Helen Stirling - Zia Scolastica
 François Marinovich - Padre di Pomino
 Elettra Mancini Ferrua - Domestica casa Pascal
 Paul Muller - Ladro di fiches a Montecarlo
 Victor Cavallo - Avv. Cirino Settebellezze
 Tonino Proietti - Amante di Clara
 Giuseppe Cederna - Biscazziere elegante a Venezia
 Peter Berling - Aristide Melainassis
 Roberto Accornero - Suicida a Montecarlo

References

External links

1985 films
1980s Italian-language films
1985 drama films
Italian drama films
Films about identity theft
Films based on works by Luigi Pirandello
Films based on Italian novels
Films directed by Mario Monicelli
Films with screenplays by Suso Cecchi d'Amico
Films scored by Nicola Piovani
1980s Italian films


The Aspen Institute Wye River Conference Centers are a set executive-retreat facilities run by the Aspen Institute on a campus overlooking the Wye River on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.

The site, parts of which were once known as the Wye River Plantation, was donated by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Houghton, Jr. in 1979. William Paca, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and third governor of Maryland, maintained his family estate here and a monument to his memory stands near the Houghton House.

In 1998 the Conference Center was the site for negotiations between Israel and the Palestine Authority which resulted in the Wye River Memorandum. Since 1998, the Wye River Group on Healthcare has conducted policy meetings on retreat there.
Famous residents of Wye River included the Chef Boyardee family, the Estate at Wye River ‘Penderyn’ hosted members of the state department during the Aspen accords.

Elián González and his father stayed there briefly in 2000.

References

External links
 Aspen Wye Conference Center, The Aspen Institute

Convention centers in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Queen Anne's County, Maryland


Moisés García Fernández (born 1 June 1969), known as Arteaga, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a left midfielder, currently manager of Gibraltarian club Europa.

Playing career
Born in Cádiz, Arteaga made his professional debut with hometown club Cádiz CF, becoming firmly established as a first-team member in 1991–92. In the following season, the Andalusians were relegated from La Liga and he also moved down a division to play for RCD Espanyol.

In his first two seasons with the Catalans, Arteaga was instrumental in helping them return to the top flight and immediately finish sixth the following campaign, totalling ten goals in 66 games. He continued appearing regularly for the side until 2000–01, winning the Copa del Rey in 2000.

After a year on loan at Rayo Vallecano, Arteaga returned to Espanyol, retiring from professional football at the end of the 2002–03 season with top division totals of 330 matches and 37 goals. Until 2007, he played for amateurs Chiclana CF in his native region.

Coaching career
Arteaga started working as a manager with CD Badajoz, first as assistant. In late December 2011, he replaced Víctor Torres Mestre at the helm of the Segunda División B club.

On 29 March 2022, Artega was appointed at Europa in the Gibraltar National League.

Personal life
Arteaga was born in the same place and on the same day as fellow Cádiz youth graduate José María Quevedo.

Honours
Espanyol
Copa del Rey: 1999–2000
Segunda División: 1993–94

References

External links

Stats and bio at Cadistas1910
Espanyol archives

1969 births
Living people
People of Canarian descent
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Cádiz
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Tercera División players
Cádiz CF Mirandilla players
Cádiz CF players
RCD Espanyol footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Chiclana CF players
Spanish football managers
Segunda División B managers
CD Badajoz managers

Spanish expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Gibraltar
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Gibraltar


Šilalė district Kaltinėnai Aleksandras Stulginskis Gymnasium is a day, public, co-educational school. It is located at 22 Varnių Str., Kaltinėnai, Šilalė district. It offers primary, basic, secondary and optional education programmes. Institution code 190329256.

Subsidiary:

Iždonai Primary Education Department of Šilalė district Kaltinėnai Aleksandras Stulginskis Gymnasium.

History

A parish school began to work in Kaltinėnai in 1777.
Later there were four departments of primary school.
In 1944 a pro-gymnasium was founded, which was reorganised into a 7 forms school 5 years later.
In the autumn of 1951, when 8th and 9th forms were opened, it became secondary school.
A new school building was built in 1967.
Since 1992 the school exchanges students’ delegations with the German Gymnasium Hankensbüttel .
In 1999, on December 20 the title of Aleksandras Stulginskis Secondary School was given to the school.
In 2009, on January 29 the school became gymnasium.
440 students learned and 39 teachers worked in the school in 1999.
There were 614 students in the Secondary school and 10 students in Iždonai Primary Education Department on September 1, 2005.
501 students and 10 students in Iždonai Department are learning during the school year 2008–2009.

Traditions

The school has a lot of traditions which developed during its long history: First and Last Bells, Teacher day, European Day of Languages, Hundred-day, School day, February 16 and March 11 celebrations, Earth’s day, EU day and others. Various occasions take place on these days.

Headmasters

Antanas Sungaila (1984–1997)
Virginijus Andrejauskas (from 1997 till now)

Notable students

Aleksandras Stulginskis, learnt at Kaltinėnai grammar school
Jurgis Kairys, pilot

Schools in Lithuania


HMS Mohawk was a snow constructed on the Great Lakes in North America that participated in the Battle of the Thousand Islands during the French and Indian War. Mohawk was launched in 1759; historians dispute her origin, with one stating that she was initially a French vessel under construction at Fort Niagara before the British captured the fort. Another historian claims the snow was ordered for construction in response to the existing French naval threat on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. Mohawk was wrecked in 1764.

Description
Mohawk was a snow, a two-masted, square-rigged sailing ship. She was armed with sixteen  guns and had a complement of 90 officers and ratings. Mohawk also carried 30 soldiers.

Construction and career
Historians disagree on Mohawks origin. Fryer states that she was one of two vessels that the French commander, Captain Pierre Pouchot, had started to build at Fort Niagara before its capture by the British on 25 July 1759. Malcomson states that the British commander, General Sir Jeffrey Amherst ordered the construction of two snows, Mohawk and  (originally named Apollo), to combat the French corvettes  and  for control of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. Mohawk was constructed by the master shipbuilder Peter Jacquet from Pennsylvania, who arrived in mid-1759 to begin construction of the snows. Mohawk was launched in early autumn 1759. Commissioned under the command of Lieutenant Thomas Thornton, she sailed to Oswego, New York.

Mohawk remain idle until June 1760 when Amherst sent an army to Oswego and the British naval commander on the Great Lakes, Captain Joshua Loring, arrived with a detachment of sailors. On 14 July, Loring arrived at Oswego with Onondoga and the army departed in their bateaux, row galleys, and whaleboats downriver for the assault on Fort Lévis. Under the command of Lieutenant David Phipps, Mohawk escorted Amherst's army downriver. The French has stationed a galley at Île aux Chevreuils to keep a lookout for the British. When Mohawk and Onondoga spotted the galley, they gave chase. The French galley disappeared into a channel along the north shore. The waters were uncharted and both Mohawk and Onondoga sailed into a shallow, dead-end channel. The two vessels had to be kedged out slowly as the army passed them by.

By 20 August the two snows arrived at Fort Lévis to join in the bombardment of the French that had begun after the British had captured Outaouaise, which they renamed Williamson. Mohawk and the other two British ships approached the island fortress on 23 August and bombarded it at close range. The return fire from the French forced Williamson and Mohawk to withdraw and sank Onondoga. The bombardment ended on 25 August when Fort Lévis surrendered, ending the Battle of the Thousand Islands. With the end of the French naval threat on the St. Lawrence River, Mohawk transported supplies from Oswego to Amherst's army. Mohawk was wrecked in 1764.

Notes

Citations

References

Individual sailing vessels
1759 ships
Maritime incidents in 1764
Captured ships
Provincial Marine


Lac-Tremblant-Nord is a small village and municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Les Laurentides Regional County Municipality. Its territory surrounds the northern portion of Lake Tremblant, includes Bibite Lake, and extends to Gervais Lake. The village is located on the south shore of the Lake Tremblant, a few kilometres west of the Mont Tremblant Resort.

Permanent inhabitants of Lac-Tremblant-Nord are few, but its population increases greatly during summer and winter holidays.

History
The municipality was formed in 1915 out of the territory of Labelle by its residents who were determined to join in order to protect the territory.

Lac-Tremblant-Nord was among the 4 municipalities that were regrouped to form the new Town of Mont-Tremblant on November 22, 2000. But it was reinstated as a municipality on January 1, 2006.

Demographics

Population
Population trend:

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 31 (total dwellings: 70)

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 25%
 French as first language: 83.3%
 English and French as first language: 0%
 Other as first language: 0%

References

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec


Enjoy! is the debut album by German pop singer Jeanette Biedermann. It was released by Universal Records on 13 November 2000 in German-speaking Europe where it reached the top forty of the German Albums Chart.

Track listing
All Tracks produced by Cobra.

Charts

References

External links
Official website

2000 debut albums
Jeanette Biedermann albums


Innovaro, formerly known as UTEK Corporation, was a consulting company focused on innovation and software solutions. It was based in Tampa, Florida. It was founded by Clifford M. Gross in 1997. The company initial public offering was in October 2000, and raised approximately US$6.0 million. It raised £7.5 million on joining AIM in April 2005 and a further $10 million on NYSE where it was already listed in February 2006. For the year to 31 December 2005, revenues amounted to $22.7 million, up from $7.2 million and pre-tax profits of $9.5 million, up from $1.5 million.

Innovaro traded on the NYSE under the stock symbol INNI. The company sold several divisions in September 2012 and was delisted from the NYSE.

The original concept of the company was to facilitate “open innovation” through the acquisition of university-developed technologies by companies that needed technologies to grow.

Innovaro had offices in Chicago, Amsterdam, London and York, United Kingdom.  As of March 2009, at its peak, the company had over 450 clients.

The name “UTEK” originated from a phonetic contraction of University and Technology. The Company began doing business as Innovaro in March 2010.  The Innovaro brand came from one of UTEK's acquired companies and the name was adopted to best represent the overall company and its services. Other companies acquired an integrated understanding the Innovaro brand included UK based Pharmalicenisng, Strategos (Gary Hamel's consulting firm) and Social Technologies.

Innovaro Limited (the original company acquired by UTEK) was one of Europe's leading innovation strategy and insight firms. Founded in 2000, it focused on helping major organisations identify new opportunities and improve innovation capabilities. Most public of its projects were the technology futures programme undertaken with Shell in 2004 and 2007 which developed a new approach to collaborative foresight.

Acquisitions
The following is a list of acquisitions by UTEK:
 Pharmalicensing (January 2008)
 Strategos (April 2008)
 Innovaro (July 2008)
 Social Technologies (September 2008)

References

Companies based in Tampa, Florida


Wäiski is a restaurant ship located in Merihaka, Helsinki, Finland.

History
The ship has had a long history. The steam ship Wäiski was originally built in 1911 in Germany as the passenger ship Oldenburg. It was later resold and renamed many times. In 1967, it was sold to Oskarshamn, Sweden.

In 1989, it was sold to Naantali, Finland, and in 1999, it finally settled in Merihaka.

References

External links

Restaurants in Helsinki
Ships of Finland
Ships built in Germany
Floating restaurants
1911 ships


Macaroni () is a 1985 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Ettore Scola. The film, starring Marcello Mastroianni and Jack Lemmon, was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards, ahead of Federico Fellini's Ginger and Fred, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Plot
Jack Lemmon plays a successful, physically exhausted, pill-popping American businessman, going through a divorce, who visits Naples, Italy.  He spends several days there as a guest of a local business acquaintance, played by Marcello Mastroianni, who has a more laid-back philosophy and is devoted to his large family. In the process, Lemmon's character learns how to relax and live the good life.

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni as Antonio Jasiello
Jack Lemmon (dubbed by Giuseppe Rinaldi) as Robert Traven
 Daria Nicolodi as Laura Di Falco
 Isa Danieli as Carmelina Jasiello
 Maria Luisa Santella as Door Keeper
 Patrizia Sacchi as Virginia
 Bruno Esposito as Giulio Jasiello
 Orsetta Gregoretti as Young actress in theater
 Marc Berman as French record producer
 Jean-François Perrier as French record producer
 Giovanna Sanfilippo as Maria
 Fabio Tenore as Pasqualino (the little monk)
 Marta Bifano as Luisella
 Aldo De Martino as Cottone (theater manager)
 Tilde De Spirito as The villain's mistress (as Clotilde De Spirito)

Reception
The film opened in the United States, distributed by Paramount Pictures, on 13 screens on 1 November 1985 and grossed $119,925 in its opening weekend.

See also
 List of submissions to the 58th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1985 films
1985 comedy films
1985 drama films
1980s buddy comedy-drama films
1980s Italian-language films
Italian buddy comedy-drama films
Films set in Naples
Films directed by Ettore Scola
Films with screenplays by Ruggero Maccari
Films scored by Armando Trovajoli
Films with screenplays by Ettore Scola
1980s Italian films


Nejc Kuhar (born October 19, 1985) is a Slovenian ski mountaineer.

Kuhar was born in Ljubljana. He started ski mountaineering in 2000 and competed first in the Rally Jezersko event in 2001. He has been member of the national selection since 2004 and lives in Kokra.

Selected results
 2006:
 4th, World Championship team race (together with Anže Šenk, Jernej Karničar and Tomaž Soklič)
 2009:
 9th, European Championship combination ranking
 2010:
 6th, World Championship relay race (together with Anže Šenk, Matjaž Mikloša and Klemen Triler)
 10th, World Championship team race (together with Anže Šenk)
 1st, Mountain Attack tour
 2011:
 7th, World Championship relay, together with Anže Šenk, Matjaž Mikloša and Klemen Triler
 8th, World Championship vertical race
 4th, Trofeo Mezzalama, together with Alessandro Follador and Thomas Trettel
 2012:
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon, together with Filippo Beccari
 8th, Pierra Menta, together with Filippo Beaccari

References

External links
 Nejc Kuhar at skimountaineering.org

1985 births
Living people
Slovenian male ski mountaineers
Skiers from Ljubljana
Slovenian sky runners


Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan was the sixth Prince of Arcot and served from 1952 to 1969. He was the younger brother of Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan, the fifth Prince of Arcot.

Early life

During his period as prince, Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan served as the Sheriff of Madras in 2020 and was also involved in welcoming dignitaries to the palace.

Reign

Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan became Prince in 1952. During his reign, Mohiuddin Khan frequently received dignitaries as the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, President of India Rajendra Prasad and other dignitaries. He visited the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1966 to perform Haj as the guest of the King.

Death

Mohiuddin Khan died in October 1969 after a brief illness and was succeeded by his son Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader.

References

External links

1969 deaths
Indian Muslims
Year of birth missing


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis and Clark County, Montana.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 79 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Lewis and Clark


The Commonwealth Times is the weekly independent student newspaper for Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Almost all of the published Commonwealth Times papers from 1969 to present day can be found on the VCU libraries website within the Digital Collections.

History
The CT, as it is known, was founded in September 1969, and became independent from the School of Mass Communications the next year. During its first decade, it had its headquarters in a historic house on West Franklin Street and ran ads for products including Budweiser beer.

The CT switched from broadsheet to tabloid in 1976, and later increased its frequency from twice a week to three times a week. Early in the spring 1998 semester, it switched back to twice weekly (Monday and Thursday).

The offices moved in 1988 to what was then the brand-new General Purpose Academic Building at 901 W. Main St. It was renamed the T. Edward Temple Building in 1998.

The paper's payroll and office supplies come from its advertising revenue, while student activity fees pay for printing. In the mid-2000s, the CTs computers were finally updated and the paper became fully paginated and started using color photographs. Prior to that, staff members had used outdated Macintosh computers, most of which had been acquired in the early 1990s, and still pasted up pages and sized pictures manually.

Also during this time, the CT was known for The Picks, a weekly feature during the football season, usually on the back page. It included mugshots of staff members, along with their picks for upcoming NFL games and their records so far in the season. Below that was a narrative, normally written by the sports editor, that commented on the staff members' progress in The Picks and used double entendres and plain-old raunch to describe them and their personalities. The Picks drew the fire of university administration for years, and was eventually eliminated in the early 2000s.

The CT is now based in VCU's Student Media Center, 817 W. Broad St., Richmond. In 2008, the paper received a national first-place award from the Society of Professional Journalists for its breaking-news coverage of the massacre at Virginia Tech as well as a number of awards from the Virginia Press Association.

Beginning in the 2013–2014 school year, the CT has changed formats to a once-weekly broadsheet newspaper. The new CT is full color and will be complemented by daily updates to the Commonwealthtimes.org website.

References

External links
Commonwealth Times—official site
Commonwealth Times from the collection of the VCU Libraries
Fan Free Funnies: three comic issues (February, April, and Summer 1973) published by the Commonwealth Times, from the collection of the VCU Libraries

Commonwealth
Commonwealth
Commonwealth
Commonwealth
Commonwealth
1970 establishments in Virginia


Abraham Letu Shatimuene (born 2 April 1986 in Windhoek) is a Namibian footballer, who currently plays for United Africa Tigers.

Career
On 1 July 2007, Shatimuene left United Africa Tigers to sign for Angolan side Primeiro de Agosto.

International career
He competed for Namibia at the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.

References

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Windhoek
Namibian expatriate men's footballers
Namibia men's international footballers
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
Expatriate men's footballers in Angola
Men's association football midfielders
United Africa Tigers players
Namibian expatriate sportspeople in Angola
C.D. Primeiro de Agosto players
SK Windhoek players
Namibian men's footballers


The 1967 NCAA College Division basketball tournament involved 36 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA College Division college basketball as a culmination of the 1966–67 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. It was won by Winston-Salem State University and Winston-Salem's Earl Monroe was the Most Outstanding Player.

Regional participants

*indicates a tie

Regionals

New England

Consolation- Northeastern 80, American International 53
Consolation- Rochester 76, Buffalo State 70

Mideast - Akron, Ohio
Location: Memorial Hall Host: University of Akron

Third Place - Baldwin–Wallace 106, Mount St. Mary's 82

East - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Location: Philadelphia Armory Host: Drexel Institute of Technology

Third Place -Wagner 61, Drexel 53

South - Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: University of Evansville

Third Place - Tennessee State 65, Stetson 53

Southwest - Springfield, Missouri
Location: McDonald Hall and Arena Host: Southwest Missouri State University

Third Place - Arkansas State 105, Arkansas AM&N 93

Great Lakes - Terre Haute, Indiana
Location: ISU Arena Host: Indiana State University

Third Place - Luther 99, Southern Colorado 78

Pacific Coast - San Diego, California
Location: Peterson Gym Host: San Diego State College

Third Place - UC Davis 81, Portland State 61

Midwest - Normal, Illinois
Location: Horton Field House Host: Illinois State University at Normal

Third Place - North Dakota 107, Parsons 56

*denotes each overtime played

National Finals - Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: University of Evansville

Third Place - Kentucky Wesleyan 112, Illinois State 73

*denotes each overtime played

All-tournament team
 Danny Bolden (Southwest Missouri State)
 Earl Monroe (Winston-Salem State)
 Lou Shepherd (Southwest Missouri State)
 Sam Smith (Kentucky Wesleyan)
 Dallas Thornton (Kentucky Wesleyan)

See also
 1967 NCAA University Division basketball tournament
 1967 NAIA Basketball Tournament

References

Sources
 2010 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship Tournament Records and Statistics: Division II men's basketball Championship
 1967 NCAA College Division Men's Basketball Tournament jonfmorse.com

NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament
Tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament


Tourism in Odisha is one of the main contributors to the economy of Odisha, India, with a  long coastline, mountains, lakes, natural biodiversity and rivers. Odisha is a major tourist destination in India, with various tourist attractions, including wildlife reserves, beaches, temples, monuments, the arts and festivals. Other than wildlife reserves, beaches, temples, monuments, the arts and festivals, the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation, a public sector undertaking of the Government of Odisha, is also developing the tourism sector of Odisha and India.

Monuments

Temples
The major temples of Odisha are present in Ekamra Kshetra or the temple city of Bhubaneswar, Puri, Jajpur and Ganjam.

Some other temples in the state include,

Buddhist monuments
 Dhauli
 Lalitgiri
 Pushpagiri
 Ratnagiri
 Udayagiri

Jain monuments
 Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

Forts
 Barabati Fort
 Chudanga Gada
 Raibania Fort
 Sisupalgarh

Flora and fauna

Lakes

 Chilka Lake, at the mouth of the Daya River, is Asia's largest brackish water lake and the second largest brackish water lake in the world. It is a bird sanctuary for millions of migratory birds, and it is also noted for its population of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris), the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India. It is one of only two lagoons in the world that are home to these species.
 Tampara Lake: Tampara Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in the state near Berhampur. The beautiful lake and the nearby Chilika Lagoon highlight the ecological diversity Odisha is blessed with. While Tampara is a fresh water lake, Chilika is a brackish water lagoon.
 Kanjia Lake: This lake inside the Nandankanan Zoological Park is known for boat riding and the scenic beauty situated at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
 Anshupa Lake is a horseshoe-shaped freshwater lake on the left bank of the Mahanadi River, opposite Banki in the Cuttack district of Odisha, India. Anshupa Lake in Banki is  from the city of Cuttack, which also acts as a shelter for the migratory birds in winter.

Waterfalls
 Badaghagara Waterfall
 Barehipani Falls
 Devkund Waterfall
 Duduma Waterfalls
 Joranda Falls
 Khandadhar Falls, Kendujhar
 Khandadhar Falls, Sundagarh
 Koilighugar Waterfall
 Sanaghagara Waterfall

Hot springs
 Atri
 Deulajhari
 Taptapani
 Tarabalo

Wildlife

Odisha is a remarkable place as it is the home to the royal Bengal tiger, consisting of many sanctuaries and natural scenic spots.

Beaches

Odisha has a long coastline of . Notable beaches on this coastline include:

 Gopalpur Beach
 Chandipur Beach
 Chandrabhaga Beach
 Gahirmatha Beach
 Puri Beach
 Talasari Beach

Sanctuaries
 Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary
 Balimela Wildlife Sanctuary
 Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary
 Bhitarkanika Mangroves
 Bhitarkanika National Park
 Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary
 Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
 Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
 Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary
 Kondakameru Wildlife Sanctuary
 Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
 Nandankanan Zoological Park
 Satkosia Tiger Reserve
 Sunabeda Tiger Reserve

Scenic spots
 Daringbadi
 Barunei
 Dhamra
 Chandbali
 Gupteswar Cave
 Tensa
 Saptasajya
 Satabhaya
 Balda Cave

Islands
Eco-tourism provides a degree of alternate employment to the local community and generates environmental awareness among local residents as well as visitors about the conservation and sensible use of the lake's natural resources. Notable locations within the lake are:

 Ramba Bay at the southern end of the lake with the group of islands including:
 The Becon Island, with an architectural conical pillar (to put a light on the top) built by Mr. Snodgrass, the then collector of Ganjam of the East India Company, on a mass of rock in the Rambha Bay near Ghantasila hill.  It is surrounded by the Eastern Ghat.
 The Breakfast Island, pear shaped, known as "Sankuda island", with remnants of a dilapidated bungalow constructed by the King of Kalikote, has rare plants and is full of greenery with appealing flora.
 Honeymoon Island,  from Rambha Jetty, known as Barkuda Island, with clear waters has abundant red and green macro algae in the bed is also known for the limbless lizard, an endemic species found here.
 Somolo and Dumkudi islands, located in the Central and Southern sectors of the lake, in the backdrop of scenic Khalikote hill range, are inundated remnants of the Eastern Ghats with rich flora and fauna and also known for sighting of Irrawaddy dolphins.
 Birds' island, located  in the southern sector of the lake has huge exposed hanging rocks, are painted white due to folic acid of the droppings of the birds and is known for rich algal communities and few mangrove species and also migratory birds in winter.
 Parikud is a group of composite islands in the Garh Krishnaprasad Block for nature lovers and provides an avian spectacle during winter season.
 Kalijai Temple located on an island is considered to be the abode of the Goddess Kalijai.
 Satpada, at the new mouth of the lake, provides a beautiful view of the lake and also views of the dolphins. Hundreds of boats here provide tours of the lake for tourists.
 Barunkuda, a small island situated near Magarmukh, mouth of the lake, has a temple of Lord Varuna.
 Nabagraha is an ancient deity located along the outer channel.
 Chourbar Shiva Temple is located near Alupatna village, along the outer channel.
 Manikpatna, located on the outer channel has historical evidence of a port which was used for trade with Far East and also has the Bhabakundeswar temple of Lord Shiva, an old Mosque whose entrance door is made of the jaws of the whale.
 Sand-Bar and Mouth of the Lake is a striking and un-explored stretch of  of empty beach across the sand bar which separates the lake from the sea.

Museums
 Odisha State Museum
 Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar
 Tribal Research Institute Museum
 Odisha Crafts Museum

Odisha Tourism Development Corporation
The Odisha Tourism Development Corporation promotes tourism in the state and operates some of the existing tourist bungalows and transportation fleets. OTDC's tourist bungalows are called panthanivas. The Odisha Forest Development Corporation manages the eco-tourism destinations in the state.

Locations of panthanivas

Gallery

See also

 Outline of tourism in India

References

External links

 Official site
 7 Greatest Temples Of Odisha Other Than Jagannath Temple
 Heritage Tours Odisha - Odisha Tour Packages (Recognised by Odisha Tourism & Ministry of Tourism Government of India)

Articles containing video clips


Radu D. Lecca (February 15, 1890–1980) was a Romanian spy, journalist, civil servant and convicted war criminal. A World War I veteran who served a prison term for espionage in France during the early 1930s, he was a noted supporter of antisemitic concepts and, after 1933, an agent of influence for Nazi Germany. While becoming a double agent for Romania's Special Intelligence Service (SSI), Lecca was involved in fascist politics, gained in importance during World War II and the successive dictatorships, and eventually grew close to Conducător Ion Antonescu.

After 1941, Lecca was Commissioner, later Commissioner General, tasked with solving the "Jewish Question" in Romania, sharing Romania's responsibility for the Holocaust. Advised by the special German envoys Manfred Freiherr von Killinger and Gustav Richter and acting with Antonescu's consent, he established the Central Jewish Office (Centrala Evreiască, CE) through which he persecuted, exploited and extorted the Romanian Jewish community, whose existence was threatened by deportations into Transnistria. The system he supervised was notoriously corrupt, with many of the funds extorted being used for the personal benefit of Lecca or his political associates. Commissioner Lecca was also instrumental in negotiating the Final Solution's application in Romania, a plan which was eventually abandoned, while considering mass emigration to Palestine in exchange for payments.

After the August 1944 Coup removed Antonescu and aligned Romania with the Allies, Lecca was among the high-ranking Romanian politicians arrested and transported to the Soviet Union. Upon his 1946 return, Lecca was Antonescu's co-defendant in a People's Tribunal case, and was condemned to death. His sentence was commuted into life imprisonment and later reduced by the communist regime. After his release, Lecca wrote memoirs which make various controversial claims, and which minimize his and Antonescu's participation in Holocaust-related crimes.

Biography

Early life and career
Born in Leca village (part of Ungureni, Bacău County), Radu Lecca was the scion of a landowning family. He was educated in Vienna and Paris, and, according to one eyewitness account, was "the perfect polyglot". Lecca's brother, Sergiu, also had a career in politics, before moving into the diplomatic service.

Radu Lecca was drafted into the Romanian Army in 1915, and, after Romania's entry into the war the following year, saw action on the local front. During the early interwar years, he worked as a commercial agent in France. In 1931, French authorities arrested him and a French court convicted him for espionage, based on revelations that he had provided Romanian King Carol II with sensitive information about prominent politicians subsidized by France.

Having served his sentence by 1933, Lecca left for Germany, where a Nazi dictatorship was taking its first steps. He began frequenting senior Nazi Party figures, was a friend of Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, and soon after became a correspondent of the party newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter. Tasked with promoting German interests in Romania, he transferred clandestine funds from Rosenberg to the country's own fascist and antisemitic force, the National Christian Party. Polish historian Jerzy W. Borejsza describes the "intense contacts" between, on one side, Lecca and National Christian leader Octavian Goga, alongside men from the radically fascist Iron Guard, and, on the other, Rosenberg, concluding that Romania was one of the countries most infiltrated by Rosenberg's agents. Around the same time, Sergiu Lecca was involved with an Iron Guard splinter group, the Crusade of Romanianism.

Although funded by the Nazis, Radu Lecca also contacted the SSI, making himself available as a double agent. He was therefore in permanent contact with the German Embassy in Bucharest. His position there was to prove important in 1940–1941, when the Iron Guard produced a fascist-style National Legionary government. Lecca maneuvered alongside the German-endorsed political leader, General Ion Antonescu, subverting the Iron Guard's ministers. Through his contacts, he gathered information on which Nazi officials supported the Guard, and relayed it to Antonescu. According to his own testimonies, Lecca focused his attention on Kurt Geißler, the Schutzstaffels liaison with the Guard. Lecca watched on as the Guard made preparations to oust Antonescu. He maintained that, on Geißler's request, the Guard's Legionary Police was armed with some 5,000 Walther PPs (surplus from the Berlin Police), and suggested that the Bucharest regular police chief, Guardist Ștefan Zăvoianu, had influenced Geißler into mistrusting Antonescu. Lecca also claimed that the Jilava Massacre, during which the Guard purged its political enemies, was instigated by Geißler. This account contradicts other reports, according to which the Guard was voluntarily avenging its murdered founder, Captain Corneliu Zelea Codreanu.

These intrigues were a preamble to the Guard's Legionary Rebellion, of January 1941. The attempted coup was crushed by the Conducător, who acted with authorization from Adolf Hitler. The triumphant Antonescu ordered Lecca to contact Manfred Freiherr von Killinger, the new German Ambassador, and inform him about Geißler's dissent. Lecca accomplished his task, but did so with noted reluctance. Killinger was pleasantly impressed by what he saw as Lecca's cooperative stance. The two became friends, and Killinger even helped advance Lecca's career.

In short time, Antonescu turned on the Romanian Jews, expanding the antisemitic policies favored by the Iron Guard. Thus, Radu Lecca became entangled in the antisemitic intrigue which sparked the massive Iași pogrom of June 1941. During his 1950s imprisonment and interrogation by the Securitate secret police, Lecca made some unverifiable claims about the massacre. These indicate a first-hand knowledge of the murders, and an attempt to divert the blame onto German units allegedly present in that area, at that time. Also according to Lecca's reports, Antonescu was unaware of the pogrom as it happened, and that swiftly condemned it as it became news. However, documents of the pogrom show that Iuniu (Iunius, Junius) Lecca, who worked under Eugen Cristescu at the SSI, had a major role to play in plotting the series of murders. Iuniu was probably a relative of Radu Lecca.

Central Jewish Office establishment

In late 1941, Radu Lecca was assigned Jewish Affairs Commissioner and supervisor of the newly created Central Jewish Office. This advancement may have been owed to Killinger's favors. Establishing the CE was a measure suggested to Lecca by special Nazi envoys, who wanted to involve Romania in their pan-European Final Solution project. Gustav Richter, the German official directly involved in the negotiations, hoped the Central Jewish Office would function as a Judenrat, to ensure the compliance of senior Jewish community leaders. Lecca was in close contacts with both Richter and Killinger, establishing communication channels leading from Killinger to Conducător Antonescu and to the Romanian deputy leader, Mihai Antonescu.

It was also Richter who suggested to Lecca that Nandor Gingold, a Jewish physician and lapsed Roman Catholic convert, be made General Secretary of the CE Central Committee. Lecca's personal selection for CE President was Henric Streitman, a prominent and eclectic journalist of the interwar period. Streitman was an unwitting collaborator, who believed that compliance was a path to survival, and whose assignments were mostly ceremonial. Gingold, who managed the CE bureaucracy, justified his appointment in different terms. He believed the Office could serve to postpone other pogroms, and that Hitler simply wanted to evict Jews into Nazi-occupied Poland and then to areas located outside Europe. Gingold did not facilitate the deportations to Transnistria, but, as British historian Dennis Deletant notes, neither did he object. A "staunch anti-communist", he looked on as the Antonescus branded the deportees as "communist" agents.

The CE was originally tasked with mundane chores: producing statistical surveys, organizing special taxation, expropriation, welfare, and the civil conscription of Romanian Jews (as a free labor supply for the Romanian Army on the Eastern Front and behind the lines). The deportation effort itself was still random. In October 1941, Antonescu asked Lecca to look into the matter of deportations from Dorohoi County, and investigate complaints from the deportees' relatives. Lecca looked into the possibility of selective returns, but met resistance from Corneliu Calotescu, the Governor of Bukovina.

Lecca's other proposal was for the CE to replace all Jewish political bodies. As a result, in January 1942, Antonescu outlawed the traditional Jewish Federation, which had been founded by activist Wilhelm Filderman. Antonescu's order also hindered the growing Zionist movement, who had Mișu Benvenisti for its animator. According to Benvenisti's own reports, Richter and the CE were directly interested in destroying Romania's Zionist organizations. In practice, the CE was unable to earn the respect of most Romanian Jews, and Lecca resorted to co-opting Federation activists, and even some committed Zionists, on the CE leadership board. When the Zionists threatened to convert into an anti-German resistance movement, Lecca reluctantly overturned some of Richter's anti-Zionist measures.

Lecca's new missions did not alienate him from the German circles, and he witnessed first-hand the Germans' growing involvement in Romania's antisemitic policies. He was caught in the middle as Horst Böhme, who headed the RSHA branch in Bucharest, began investigating Killinger's bureaucratic work. This was a local facet of the violent conflict opposing the RSHA and the German Foreign Office. Böhme, who wanted to speed up the Final Solution project, was described by Lecca as a person of outstanding cruelty, promoted as kudos for his earlier rule of terror in Bohemia-Moravia. Lecca alleged that both Killinger and the senior Schutzstaffel delegate, Richter, were alarmed by Böhme's scrutiny of their dealings with the CE. He writes that Böhme accused both colleagues for leniency and incompetence, displaying such arrogance as to invite in speculation that he was mentally ill. In one of his own RSHA reports, Böhme worried that Killinger had lost Antonescu's respect, and that, among Romanians, Lecca was the only one still interested in what the German Ambassador had to say. Eventually, Böhme's notes angered the German Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, who obtained his reassignment, freeing Killinger of a nuisance.

Extortion mechanisms and extermination proposals

Beginning in early 1942, Lecca spearheaded extortion initiatives. He produced the special decrees requiring all non-deported Jews to contribute special cash funds for social causes benefiting ethnic Romanians. As early as January, he reported to Ion Antonescu that some 20,000 people targeted by this provision lacked the money and had therefore been prosecuted. Lecca informed that such blind severity defeated the economic purpose. He therefore proposed (successfully so) that a grand total of 100 million lei be collected from more affluent members of the community, and go directly through the Central Jewish Office. In August, he drafted a project to levy 1.2 billion lei from those Jewish business owners who had been spared "Romanianization", on the pretense that it would help their conscripted coreligionists. The project was endorsed by Lecca's superiors, who raised the bar by a further 800 million lei, half of it diverted to a state-endorsed charity headed by Ion Antonescu's spouse, Maria. Lecca was by then also considering the demolition of synagogues left unused in areas subject to Jewish evictions. He countersigned a plan to recycle the resulting debris, as materials for the Romanian Orthodox church in Bucecea.

Before September 1942, Lecca was contacted by German officials in the matter of planned transports from Romania, specifically southern Transylvania and the Banat, to Nazi extermination camps. He confirmed that both Ion and Mihai Antonescu had given approvals, and proceeded to instruct the Romanian Railways administration. The agreement between the two states was announced by a satisfied RSHA in July 1943. RSHA bureaucrats informed that, beginning September 10, Romanian Jews were to be forcefully embarked for Lublin (Majdanek): "those that are fit will be put to work, while the rest undergo special treatment". Preparations were well under way when Ion Antonescu withdrew his approval. In Lecca's own words, the project was left on hold "until the right time."

Researchers note that a paradoxical reason for this abrupt change was the Romanians' nationalist agenda: Romanian politicians felt alienated by the Nazi German micromanagement of Romania's internal affairs. Moreover, according to American historian Monty Noam Penkower, Lecca felt "snubbed" by Ribbentrop's subordinates while visiting Germany. Contrarily, English researcher David Cesarani locates the problem with the RSHA, who "mishandled [Lecca's] stay disastrously". Cesarani republishes angry comments made by Ribbentrop aide Franz Rademacher, accusing the RSHA of presumptuousness and breach of protocol. According to other accounts, Lecca was also a careless guest, who claimed to speak for the Romanian government, but had never obtained proper credentials for his supposed mission.

The extermination project lacked secrecy, and was therefore sabotaged from the outside. Baron Neumann of Végvár, a Banat Jewish industrialist, is credited with having coaxed and bribed some Romanian officials, focusing his effort on postponing all transports to Lublin for as long as was possible. According to historian Victor Neumann, the Baron's intervention was only part of a series of intersecting events. These include a propaganda and passive resistance effort mounted by other Jewish community leaders of the Banat, the discontent of Romanian railway employees, topical criticism coming from Romanian civil society representatives (Bishop Bălan, Iuliu Maniu), and, in some part, Antonescu's own doubts about Germany's ability to win the war. In that context, Romanian Jewish leaders also expressed solidarity with Polish Jews trapped on Romanian soil, persuading Lecca not to hand them over to the Germans.

As the Lublin project was falling apart, Lecca was streamlining the extortion part of his CE activities. In May 1943, he suggested collecting another 4 billion lei from those Jews who, as his report to the government claimed, "enjoy the freedom to trade and live protected from war". Lecca talked about his plan in a face to face meeting with Chief Rabbi Alexandru Șafran, on Hanukkah 1942. Interviewed in 1994, Șafran recalled that Lecca treated him "respectfully". He declared: "I would say that, although corrupt and sometimes inebriated, he sometimes had toward me the attitude of a true to life Romanian boyar." According to Șafran, Lecca pressured the Jews to come up with the sum in full, because "our soldiers are out on the front dying, and they stay at home". The Chief Rabbi protested that his community could never have afforded such expenditures, but Lecca replied that Antonescu was adamant and passionate about the project.

Șafran, Filderman and Benvenisti were then invited to visit the CE, where Lecca again detailed his project. Although speaking with "great gentleness", he threatened all three men with immediate arrest; in extremis, Șafran was able to change Lecca's mind. The extortion measure was still supported by Antonescu, who ruled that non-contributing Jews faced immediate deportation to Transnistria. Filderman issued a vocal protest, and faced the consequences: he was deported into a Transnistrian camp. Benvenisti took over as leader of the protest, confronting Lecca in a "long and violent discussion." After the part-tolerated Romanian opposition parties publicized their own objections and sided with the Jewish community, Antonescu signed off on Filderman's release.

Alternatives, corruption, policy reversals

By then, Radu Lecca was involved in dealings to have Jews from Romanian-controlled territories transferred into Palestine. He was initially approached by Apostolic Nuncio Andrea Cassulo, who asked him to intervene and allow Jewish orphans in Transnistria safe passage. At their first meeting in spring 1941, Lecca reportedly agreed, but no further measure of this kind had been taken by September, when Cassulo decided to intervene directly with the Conducător. Antonescu refused him, claiming that none of the "desired guarantees" were presented to him.

In the context of Nazi pressures to have Romanian Jews exterminated in Poland, Lecca made provisions for some 3,000 Jews to be saved and sent to Palestine in exchange for 2 million lei. In 1943, Richter warned Lecca not to approve of Filderman's plan to transport 4,000 to 5,000 orphans from Transnistria to Palestine, even as the Allies approved of their transfer. Antonescu himself only allowed sporadic transports of orphans in 1944, when it had become clear that the Axis Powers were losing the war. In late 1942, Lecca had also begun negotiating with the smugglers and Zionists who organized the Aliyah Bet movement, and with Filderman, Benvenisti, etc. Aliyah Bet from Romania was set to take place once Lecca received 200,000 lei per emigrant. Claiming Antonescu's acquiescence, Lecca even informed Killinger about the deal. His reports generated German alarm, and a warning that those Jews caught in Bulgaria would be arrested on the spot.

Documents and testimonies of the period give evidence as to Lecca's corruption. His supervision helped some influential civilian administrators and soldiers, who made fortunes trafficking their own dispensations from compulsory labor. Lecca stated that he himself collected money not just for Maria Antonescu, but also for Mihai Antonescu and Killinger. Emil Ghilezan, a businessman and member of the semi-clandestine National Peasants' Party, also recounted having periodically paid off the Commissioner in order to protect the livelihoods of his Jewish employees at Ardeleana Bank.

The Commissioner is said to have deposited his extortion funds in neutral Switzerland, with Schweizerische Volksbank (later incorporated into Credit Suisse). According to other accounts, he made efforts to embezzle the money he had extorted from would-be emigrants to Palestine, and received 20 million lei from the Iași survivors, pledging them his leniency. In July 1943, Lecca suggested to postpone the planned confiscation of Iași's Jewish Cemetery. His comments were ignored by the city's antisemitic mayor, Constantin Ifrim, whose only concession on this issue was to leave exhumations in the care of a Judaic congregation. In September of the same year, Lecca was promoted Commissioner General by the Antonescus, his department reintegrated within a Secretariat for Labor. The same month, Ifrim sent Lecca a memorandum, demanding the deportation of Iași Jews to Transnistria or to the German Reichskommissariat Ukraine.

Eventually, in November 1943, following the turn of tides on the Eastern Front, Radu Lecca became party to Antonescu's revised project. This was a last-minute effort to ensure the survival, and a humane detainment at a new camp in Vyzhnytsia, of the Transnistria deportees (excepting those whom Antonescu still called "communist Jews"). At around the same time, Sergiu Lecca was in Lisbon, discussing a possible surrender to the Allies.

Radu Lecca took part in a government meeting presided upon by Antonescu: the Conducător instructed Lecca to collect funds and food for the deported Jews, whom he acknowledged were dying "at a fast rate", worrying about being perceived as the sole perpetrator of Romanian Holocaust crimes. Lecca received orders to collect his items from the Old Kingdom Jews (who, Lecca himself reports, had already contributed 160 million lei to this particular effort), but soon after sent his records of the Antonescu meeting to his Nazi contacts. Their copy, an annotated translation approved by Lecca, would be intercepted by the United States Army, and made public upon the war's end. Lecca's marginalia place the number of Transnistria Jewish survivors at an optimistic 80,000, contrary to the other his colleagues' estimates (50,000 to 60,000).

Also in November 1943, Lecca conceded control over 15% of Jewish tax revenues. That money was returned to the CE, to be sent as humanitarian aid to the Jewish deportees and labor conscripts. Also then, allegedly with Killinger's consent, Lecca managed to obtain the reassignment of Gustav Richter from his post in Jewish affairs to more regular police work, proposing that: "Richter no longer has anything to direct within the Central Jewish Office." Although aware that Richter's network of spies was still at work within Jewish affairs departments, Lecca believed that Richter had since lost his motive for murder: "He was a young man, he had a wife and child, and he knew that if he lost his position in the legation [because of a diplomatic protest] he would have to leave straight for the front." However, both Lecca and SSI director Eugen Cristescu recalled that, in his new capacity, Richter obtained the January 1944 arrest of several Zionist leaders (Filderman, Benvenisti etc.), whom he denounced as conspirators against Germany; all were freed the next month, when the International Red Cross pleaded in their favor.

Prison term and final years
In late 1944, soon after the August 23 Coup overthrew the Ion Antonescu regime, Radu Lecca was arrested by the new administration. As a participant in the events, the Romanian Communist Party arranged for Antonescu and his key functionaries to be held together at a Communist hiding place in Vatra Luminoasă quarter. Romania's new government pushed the Germans out of Bucharest, and Aurel Aldea, the Interior Minister, agreed to have the "Antonescu Lot" transferred into Soviet custody. Unlike his colleagues, Lecca was able to escape custody before this could take place. According to an article in the Communist Party's Scînteia, "the gangster Radu Lecca" duped his police escort on November 18, and lost himself in the Bucharest crowd. He was apprehended by the Romanian Detective Corps only four days later.

Handed over to the Allied Commission, Lecca was taken into custody by the Soviet occupation forces, and eventually transported into Soviet territory. In June 1945, he and Antonescu were moved into Lubyanka Building cells. Lecca was repeatedly questioned by agents of the SMERSH, informing them about the Nazi network in Romania. The status of the "Antonescu Clique", Lecca included, was still being debated between the Allies. Reportedly, the United States Department of State suggested to present them before the Nuremberg Tribunal. The Soviets vetoed that option in April 1946. Lecca was returned into Romanian custody together with Ion Antonescu, Cristescu, Governor of Transnistria Gheorghe Alexianu, General Constantin Pantazi, and General .

Lecca was subsequently a co-defendant in Antonescu's 1946 trial by the People's Tribunal, on counts of war crimes, crimes against the peace and treason, and sentenced to death on May 17. During the actual proceedings, Lecca was the target of an especially negative portrayal in Scînteia, which described him as having a "black-bluish face", noting: "A hideous man, with bloated and vice-consumed cheeks, Lecca hides his rapacity under the mask of obduration." Lecca used up his right of appeal, with a laconic address to Michael I, the Romanian King.

On May 31, his sentence, like those of Cristescu and Vasiliu, was commuted to forced labor for life, through a special decree issued by the king. Several sources note that, in issuing the pardon, Michael I answered requests made by the Communist-led Petru Groza cabinet. The government cited "national interest" or, more specifically, "the need of addressing our Country's great interests". However, according to one historian's interpretation, it is yet unclear whether King Michael merely signed off on Groza's proposal, or if he played a more active part in the decision.

In May 1948, some months after Romania had been declared a republic, Lecca faced a new indictment, for violating restrictions on the trade of coinage metals and foreign currency. He was found guilty of illegal income, for having stashed away such items, including 3,477 gold coins and a 12-kilogram gold bar. The goods were confiscated. Lecca was fined a further 4,000 lei, and 2 years were nominally added to his prison sentence. Lecca was by then being held in the Jilava Prison, detained together with lawyer-politician Aurelian Bentoiu and literary critic Nicolae Steinhardt. Steinhardt's Jewish and left-wing background is said to have been a stress factor for Lecca. As Steinhardt noted, Lecca was left paralyzed by negligent surgery on his hemorrhoids. Bedridden, he spent his time verbally abusing Bentoiu, who was similarly immobilized by a prostatectomy.

While in Securitate custody, the former Jewish Commissioner was subjected to several inquiries. His written statements were kept under key, in special files. Romanian-born Israeli historian Jean Ancel presumes that the Securitate had vested interest in allowing Lecca to produce a personal version of Romania's World War II history. The Securitate, Ancel notes, shared Lecca's goal of shifting focus from Romania's Holocaust complicity.

Radu Lecca was eventually transferred to Aiud Prison,  1958. According to his physician at Aiud's "Zarca" hospital, the paralysis had spread to other parts of his body, and eventually affected his speech. Having had his sentence reduced to 18 years and 6 months, Lecca was ultimately released from prison in 1963, and soon after began writing his controversial memoirs. Probably with Securitate instructions, Lecca reportedly sought to repatriate his Swiss wealth; Schweizerische Volksbank is believed to have refused his request, motivating that the record of accounts had since been destroyed.

Posterity
After the 1989 Revolution, which succeeded in toppling communism, Lecca's memoirs saw print with Editura Roza Vânturilor, a newly founded nationalist publishing house, under the title Eu i-am salvat pe evreii din România ("It Is I Who Saved Romania's Jews"). The edition is also based on his Securitate testimonies, and, according to Ancel, the post-communist Social Democratic and nationalist authorities took special care in making the book available. Among the specific unilateral claims found in the book is one according to which racist sociologist Sabin Manuilă was spying in favor of the United States. Lecca also alleged that Yannos Pandelis and Constantin Bursan, who represented the Zionist side in discussions about transfers to Palestine, were double agents of the United Kingdom and Germany. Historian Ottmar Trașcă referred to Lecca's book as "extremely controversial when it comes to scientific truth", but noted that it could prove accurate in describing the hierarchy of Nazi envoys in Romania, their early 1940s contacts with the Iron Guard, and in particular the scope of Kurt Geißler's activity in Bucharest.

Some of Lecca's claims about Antonescu's stance on the Romanian Jewry were passed into Steinhardt's book Jurnalul fericirii ("Happiness Diary"), mainly a recollection of communist imprisonment. Historian and Steinhardt biographer George Ardelean describes this as a problematic aspect, since the liberal, Europeanist and part-Jewish Steinhardt was revising his earlier stance on wartime antisemitism (of which he too had been a victim), and basing his new-found admiration for Antonescu on dubious evidence. Ardeleanu stated: "To only quote Radu Lecca means to emerge with a vulnerable [research] bibliography."

Eu i-am salvat pe evreii din România contributed to the urban legend of Antonescu as a protector of Jewish lives. Historian Laurențiu Constantiniu argues that the book made Romanian officials negate the existence of the Holocaust throughout the 1990s, giving rise to "absurd confabulations" regarding Antonescu. Controversy erupted in 2003, when some of Lecca's judgments were uncritically used as sources for a Romanian manual on Holocaust history (called "disinformation textbook" and "extremely vulgar" by researcher Alexandru Florian).

More controversy surrounds the issue of Lecca's extortion funds and their potential recovery. The Schweizerische Volksbank lead was picked up by the World Jewish Congress. In 1996, it reportedly accused the Swiss Bankers Association of intending to hide data concerning the money that Radu Lecca had extorted from Romania's Jews.

Notes

References
Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, Polirom, Iași, 2004.
Jean Ancel, Preludiu la asasinat. Pogromul de la Iași, 29 iunie 1941, Polirom, Iași, 2005.
Mișu Benvenisti, Sionismul în vremea prigoanei. Publicat în Viața Evreească, Nr. 7-8-9-10, Imprimeriile Independența, Bucharest, 1944
 Stelean-Ioan Boia, "Holocaustul evreilor din Transilvania de Sud între anii 1940-1944", in the Vasile Goldiș West University of Arad Studii de Știință și Cultură, Nr. 2 (17), June 2009, p. 73-79
Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940-1944, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006.
Mariana Hausleitner, "Auf dem Weg zur »Ethnokratie«. Rumänien in den Jahren des Zweiten Weltkrieges", in Christoph Dieckmann, Babette Quinkert, Tatjana Tönsmeyer (eds.), Kooperation und Verbrechen: Formen der »Kollaboration« im östlichen Europa, 1939-1945. Beiträge zur Geschichtes des Nazionalsozialismus 19, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen, 2005, p. 77-112.
Dan Amedeo Lăzărescu, Andrei Goldner, "Opțiuni în politica externă", in Ion Solacolu (ed.), Tragedia României: 1939-1947. Institutul Național pentru Memoria Exilului Românesc: Restituiri I, Editura Pro Historia, Bucharest, 2004, p. 67-76.
Monty Noam Penkower, The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1988.
 Ottmar Trașcă, "Atașații de poliție SS de pe lângă Legația Germană din București și influența activității lor asupra evoluției relațiilor româno-germane, 1940-1944" , in Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Barițiu, Series Historica, 2007, Romanian Academy, George Barițiu Institute of History, p. 320-383

Romanian civil servants
Romanian fascists
Romanian journalists
Romanian memoirists
Romanian spies
People from Bacău County
Romanian military personnel of World War I
People convicted of spying
Prisoners and detainees of France
Double agents
Holocaust perpetrators in Romania
Romanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Romanian extortionists
Romanian white-collar criminals
People convicted of tax crimes
People convicted by the Romanian People's Tribunals
Romanian people convicted of war crimes
People convicted of treason against Romania
Romanian prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Romania
Inmates of Aiud prison
Romanian writers with disabilities
Romanian Holocaust deniers
1890 births
1980 deaths
20th-century journalists
20th-century memoirists
People detained by the Securitate
Inmates of Jilava Prison


The following events occurred in April 1909:

Thursday, April 1, 1909
The Children's Charter went into effect in Great Britain, providing new rules for protection of children, including more severe penalties for the death of a child, and prohibitions against juvenile begging or smoking, and creation of reform schools.
The day after the raising of the Cuban flag over Camp Columbia, the last American troops left Cuba.
A law banning the importing of opium into the United States went into effect.
The New York Times reported that Rameses II, a toad "aged 1,000 years or more", died at the Bronx Zoo. Miners had discovered the toad in 1898 inside a stone near Butte, Montana.
The six members of the polar expedition – Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, Ootah, Ooqueah, Egingwah, and Seegloo, set off from a point  from the North Pole, and their last supply team turned back.

Friday, April 2, 1909
The Jewish Territorialist Organization released its report from its expedition to Cyrenaica, concluding that the lack of water in the North African nation (now Libya) made it inhospitable as a Jewish homeland.
The Spring Creek raid, last of the violent attacks in Wyoming's "sheep wars" between cattlemen and sheep ranchers, took place near Tensleep Creek when seven masked cowboys attacked the camp of rancher Joe Allemand, killing him and two of his men, along with several dogs and all 5,000 of his flock of sheep. The public uproar over the senseless crime brought a campaign that ended the feuding.

Saturday, April 3, 1909
In Rome, the former home of poets John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley was dedicated as a memorial to both poets. An international committee of writers had raised money to buy and renovate the home near the Scala di Spagna.
The "$10,000 Marathon Derby" was staged in New York City, promoted as a pro race between the world's six greatest marathon runners. The  run took place at the Polo Grounds, where 30,000 turned out to watch a rematch between Dorando Pietri and Johnny Hayes, but Henri St. Yves won the race and the prize money.
Died: Admiral Pascual Cervera, 70, commander of the Spanish fleet during the Spanish–American War

Sunday, April 4, 1909
The first speed limits for automobiles took effect in New York City, with a speed limit of . On the first day, 19 people were arrested. The first person to be caught was William Hobby, the Police Commissioner for Mount Vernon, New York, who was arrested after trying to elude bicycle patrolman Charles Silberbauer.
Sport Club Internacional was founded in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Monday, April 5, 1909
The hoax began of the existence of ancient Egyptian ruins in the Grand Canyon in the U.S. state of Arizona, as the Phoenix Gazette published a story headlined "Explorations in Grand Canyon: Mysteries of Immense Rich Cavern Brought to Light". According to the story, a professor S. A. Jordan of the "Smithsonian Institute [sic]" found a vast network of interlinking tunnels and chambers nearly a mile beneath the walls of the Canyon with room to house 50,000 people and filled with treasures and mummies. As another author would note later, "In 1909 the start of the Internet Age was still eighty-five or so years away. But the World Wide Web played a pivotal role in keeping alive a story published as fact."
Born:
Albert R. Broccoli, American film producer who co-produced the first eight James Bond movies; in New York City (d. 1996)
Walton Musser, American inventor; in Mount Joy, Pennsylvania (d. 1998)
Mikhail Ryazansky, Soviet Russian engineer who designed the transmission system and for the first satellite signals and the ground control guidance units; in Leningrad (d. 1987)

Tuesday, April 6, 1909
Robert E. Peary, Matthew Henson, Ootah, Ooqueah, Egingwah, and Seegloo, reached the northernmost point of their expedition, and Peary planted the United States flag, along with four smaller flags (including one for the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity) at what Peary believed to be the North Pole, after measuring the angle of the sun and concluding that he was at 90 degrees north. He wrote in his diary "The Pole at last! My dream and goal for twenty years!" Henson recounted later that the four Eskimos said "Ting neigh tim ah ketisher", which in the Inuit language means "We have got there at last." The six men stayed 30 hours at the Pole, spending the night, and then started back at . Upon his return to Canada, Peary telegraphed news of his discovery on September 6, only to learn that Frederick Cook had claimed on September 1 to have reached the North Pole the year before. Though Cook's claim was not substantiated, later studies concluded that the location where Peary planted his flags was not the actual Pole. In 1989, the National Geographic Society released a study concluding that Peary had come within  of the North Pole.
Born: William M. Branham, American Christian minister and faith healer; in Cumberland County, Kentucky (killed in auto accident, 1965)

Wednesday, April 7, 1909
U.S. President William Howard Taft issued an executive order directing that deaf-mutes and deaf persons would not be barred from taking the civil service examination.
Born: Robert Grugeau (pen name for Robert Charroux), French writer and pioneer of the "ancient astronauts" theory; in Payroux (d. 1978)

Thursday, April 8, 1909
Japan's parliament, the Diet, passed a law providing for cooperative societies.
Great Britain and France announced they assented to the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austrian Empire. Russia and Serbia had prepared to go to war against Austria-Hungary over the 1908 annexation but accepted it in March. The acquiescence of the British and the French brought the crisis to a close.
A. Leo Stevens announced a forerunner of the airphone, with a specially designed wireless telephone that weighed only  pounds and had been installed on a balloon. "Wireless telephone stations will be established at the top of some high buildings in New York and Boston", Stevens said, "and we expect to be able to give a detailed account of our trip as we are sailing through the air."
Born: John Fante, American novelist and screenwriter; in Denver (d. 1983)

Friday, April 9, 1909
South Dakota became the first U.S. state to officially recognize Mother's Day by proclamation of Governor Robert S. Vessey. Governor Vessey designated "the second Sabbath in our national memorial month of May", a date that remains in the U.S. and many other nations.
April 9, 1909, is sometimes cited in error as the date that Robert Peary said that he had reached the North Pole, but April 6 was the date recorded in his diary.

Saturday, April 10, 1909
Professor Ross G. Marvin of Cornell drowned in the Arctic Ocean as Robert Peary's crew returned from the North Pole. Marvin's demise was the only fatality of the expedition.
Cipriano Castro, ex-President of Venezuela, was forcibly expelled from Martinique by the French government. When Castro refused to leave his hotel, gendarmes placed him on a stretcher and carried him out, then placed him on the ship Versailles to be sent to St. Nazaire.
The Russification of Finland continued as Tsar Nicholas II approved a recommendation for "laws of general Imperial interest concerning Finland" to be enacted by Russia's parliament rather than Finland's legislature. Finland's participation in the process would be limited to having one representative in the Duma and the Council of State.
Canada opened up the Métis lands in Alberta to homesteaders, and 250 claims by French Canadians were registered on the first day. The Métis people, descended from intermarriage of European and Canadian Indians, had been provided a colony before the province of Alberta had been established.
Died: Algernon Charles Swinburne, 72, English poet and inventor of the roundel poem

Sunday, April 11, 1909
A group of 100 settlers, living in the Ottoman-ruled city of Jaffa in Palestine, founded a new community on a 5 hectare (12 acre) plot of sand dunes they had purchased and divided into 60 lots. Referred to at first as Ahuzzat Bayit as buildings and water lines were constructed, the settlement would be renamed on May 21, 1910, for the Hebrew words for a burial mound and for a new spring, combining old and new, as the city of Tel Aviv.

Monday, April 12, 1909
Doc Powers, the popular catcher for baseball's Philadelphia Athletics, became seriously ill after the first game played at the new Shibe Park. In front of a record crowd of 30,162 the hometeam A's won 8–1. Over the next two weeks, Powers (who was a physician as well as a ballplayer) underwent three intestinal operations and died of peritonitis on April 26. Powers said at the time that his problems had happened as a result of eating a cheese sandwich prior to the game, while other observers thought he had been hurt while straining to catch a foul ball, or crashing into a wall.

Tuesday, April 13, 1909
Following the assassination of newspaper editor Hassan Fehmi Effendi, a rebellion broke out among thousands of troops in Constantinople, who surrounded the Parliament House and forced the resignation of the democratically elected Prime Minister, Grand Vizier Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, and killing the Minister of Justice. Tewfik Pasha replaced Hilmi as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. The revolution was funded by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who sought to regain the absolute power that he had prior to democratic reforms, but would backfire on him before the end of the month.
Born:
Eudora Welty, American writer and Pulitzer prize winner; in Jackson, Mississippi (d. 2001)
Stanislaw Ulam, Polish-American mathematician and nuclear physicist known for the Teller–Ulam design for thermonuclear weapons; in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine) (d. 1984)

Wednesday, April 14, 1909
After an uprising in the Ottoman Empire province of Adana, the massacre of thousands of Armenians began, with the predominantly Moslem government troops beginning the killing of the predominantly Christian Armenians over a three-day period. Later in the month, a second wave of killings began.
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company was incorporated in order to exploit oil resources in Iran. The name was changed to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1935, and in 1954, the British Petroleum Company, now known worldwide as BP.
Minnesota outlawed the sale and distribution of cigarettes within the state, effective August 1.

Thursday, April 15, 1909
Wilbur and Orville Wright demonstrated their airplane at the Centocelle military field near Rome, at the invitation of Mario Calderara and Umberto Savoia, whom they taught to fly. By the close of their visit on April 26, an Italian air force was Army launched and production of aircraft began at the Facciolli automobile factory later in the year.

Friday, April 16, 1909
The Tendaguru expedition from Germany began excavation of one of the largest collection of dinosaur bones ever discovered. The location, in German East Africa (later Tanganyika and now part of Tanzania) was first spotted in 1907, and yielded 220 tons of fossils and bones from the Mesozoic Era, including a complete skeleton of a Brachiosaurus on display at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.

Saturday, April 17, 1909
In Glasgow, a replay of the Scottish Cup between the Rangers and Celtic at Hampden Park ended after a 1–1 draw. When the game did not go into extra time, thousands of angry fans poured out onto the pitch, and then began destroying the stadium. A force of 200 policemen finally dispersed the crowd, and though there were no fatalities, over 100 people required medical treatment. For the first time, the Scottish Football Association did not award the Cup to any team.
American First Lady Helen Taft and President William Howard Taft opened West Potomac Park to the general public in Washington, D.C., and provided for concerts every Wednesday and Saturday. Mrs. Taft, who had lobbied for the opening of the park and the planting of cherry trees in the city, arrived with her husband in one of the earliest uses of a presidential automobile.

Sunday, April 18, 1909
Joan of Arc was beatified by decree of Pope Pius X, more than 475 years after her death, in a ceremony at St. Peter's Square that attracted 30,000 pilgrims and cardinals from around the world. Her canonization as a Catholic saint would take place on May 9, 1920.

Monday, April 19, 1909
Jim "Killer" Miller had been a terror in the southwestern U.S. for 25 years. After Miller murdered former U.S. Marshal Gus Bobbitt in 1908, he and the three men who hired him were caught in March 1909, and placed in the Pontotoc County Jail in Ada, Oklahoma, to await trial. At  on the 19th, the electric power was cut and more than 100 men broke into the jail, overpowered the guards, and took the four men to a nearby livery stable. Miller, along with Jess West, Joe Allen and B.B. Burwell, were hanged by their vigilante executioners.
William Howard Taft became the first U.S. president to attend a major league baseball game, as he joined Vice-President Sherman in watching the Washington Senators host the Boston Red Sox. Boston won 8–4.

Tuesday, April 20, 1909
Gladys Smith, 16, of Toronto, was filmed for the first time, appearing in a small role for D. W. Griffith in Her First Biscuits as Mary Pickford. Within five years, Pickford became the most popular film actress of the silent film era.

Wednesday, April 21, 1909
 Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt arrived at Mombasa in British East Africa (now Kenya) to begin an eight-month-long expedition and safari for the Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition.
 Pope Pius X issued the encyclical "Communion Rerum", praising Saint Anselm of Canterbury, who had died 800 years earlier on April 21, 1109.
 Sarah E. Thompson, who had spied for the United States Army during the Civil War and was the only American woman of her time to draw a soldier's pension, was struck by a trolley while walking in Washington, D.C. She died the next day, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full honors.

Thursday, April 22, 1909
The first dictionary translating the Choctaw Native American language into English was completed by linguist Cyrus Byington for the Bureau of American Ethnology.
The remains of Pierre L'Enfant, who designed the city of Washington, D.C., were removed from the Green Hill, Maryland (where he had been since 1825), for reburial at Arlington National Cemetery.
Schütte-Lanz Luftschiffbau, manufacturer of German airships, was incorporated in Mannheim.
Born: Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist and winner of Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1986; in Turin (d. 2012)

Friday, April 23, 1909
William S. Taylor, the 33rd Governor of Kentucky, was pardoned by the 36th Governor Augustus E. Willson. In 1899, Republican Taylor had been declared winner of the gubernatorial election over Democrat William Goebel, but a Court challenge led to Goebel being declared the winner. Goebel was shot, and died shortly after being sworn in as the 34th Governor. Goebel's successor, 35th Governor J.C.W. Beckham, and Taylor both claimed to be Governor, before Taylor fled the state. Under indictment in Kentucky as an accused accessory to Goebel's murder, Taylor stayed in Indiana, which refused to extradite him. Governor Wilson, a Republican, pardoned Taylor and most of the other persons accused of conspiracy to murder.
The Gimbels Department Store signed a 105-year lease for property at New York's Herald Square, providing for rentals of $60,000,000 until 2014.

Saturday, April 24, 1909
At the Centocelle field in Italy, a camera operator accompanied Wilbur Wright on an airplane flight and shot the first film ever taken from an airplane.
At the Crystal Palace stadium in London, Manchester United defeated Bristol City on a goal by Sandy Turnbull for a 1–0 win, giving the Manchester club its first of eleven FA Cup titles. Manchester won again in 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999, and 2004.
The National Library of China was founded in Beijing as the Capital Library. With more than 24,000,000 volumes, it is now the fifth largest library in the world.

Sunday, April 25, 1909
A day after marching into Constantinople, the Young Turks under the command of Mahmud Şevket Pasha entered the royal palace under terms of surrender negotiated with Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In return for having his life spared, the Sultan ordered his 4,000 Albanian guards to give up their weapons, and the disarmament took place at noon.
Born: William Pereira, American architect who designed San Francisco's Transamerica Pyramid; in Chicago (d. 1985)

Monday, April 26, 1909
In Hungary, part of the dual monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prime Minister Alexander Wekerle and his entire cabinet resigned in protest over the Vienna government's lack of support for universal suffrage for the Hungarians, extended use of the Magyar language in Army regiments, and independence for the two Hungarian banks. The crisis continued through the rest of the year until 1910, when a new cabinet took office.
California became the third American state to enact a eugenic sterilization law for the forced sterilization of mentally retarded persons. Similar laws had been enacted in Indiana in 1907, and in Washington earlier in 1909.
Died: Doc Powers, 38, American Major League Baseball catcher, died from peritonitis caused by a post-surgical infection following internal injuries sustained on April 12 while playing a major league game.

Tuesday, April 27, 1909
Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II was deposed by unanimous vote of the Turkish parliament, which had assembled at 8:00 in the morning. No vote could be taken until a fatwa could be approved by the Sheik ul Islam, second only to the Sultan as leader of the Islamic world. The fatwa, which declared that the Sultan had "squandered the wealth of the country", burned the books of the Sharia, and "spilled blood and committed massacres", was delivered at , and five minutes later, the Sultan was dethroned. At 10:50, the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies voted to invite the Abdul Hamid's younger brother, Rechad Effendi, to be the new Sultan, and at 4:00, the Sheik administered the oath and Rechad was proclaimed as Sultan Mehmed V. The new Sultan had been kept a virtual prisoner by his older brother since 1876.

Wednesday, April 28, 1909
At 3:00 in Constantinople, the one-time absolute ruler of the Ottoman Empire was put on a train and sent to the city of Salonika, where he would remain under house arrest at the Beylerbeyi Palace. Abdul Hamid's harem was broken up, and executions began of the mutineers who had supported him; he lived until 1918.
Died: Frederick Holbrook, 85, Governor of the U.S. state of Vermont from 1861 to 1863

Thursday, April 29, 1909
Tornadoes killed 125 people in the southeastern United States, including more than 50 in Tennessee.
Russian troops under the command of General Snarski invaded Persia and occupied the city of Tabriz in order to stop a rebellion by constitutionalists against the Shah. The troops remained for ten months.

Friday, April 30, 1909
John Moore-Brabazon became the first British pilot to make an airplane flight in Great Britain.
By order of U.S. President William Howard Taft, the name of the town of "La Boca", on the Pacific side of the Canal Zone, was changed to Balboa. The suggestion had been made by Peru's minister to Panama, Federico Alfonso Pezet, to honor the Spanish explorer.
Palm Beach County was created in Florida after being split off from Dade County, and West Palm Beach was named the county seat. The county had only 5,000 residents at the time, and now has .
A patent application was filed for the atomizer nozzle, the first practical paint sprayer, by Thomas A. DeVilbiss of Toledo, Ohio, who had begun manufacture at the DeVilbiss Company. Using compressed air and the technology for atomizers manufactured by DeVilbiss, the spray system made painting move more quickly. U.S. Patent No. 932,604
Born:
Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, who reigned from 1948 to 1980; at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. The only child of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina was named for Juliana of Stolberg, the mother of William the Silent. Queen Juliana would reign over the Netherlands from 1948 to 1980, abdicating in favor of her daughter, Queen Beatrix, and would live until 2004.
F. E. McWilliam, Northern Irish sculptor, in Banbridge, County Down (d. 1992)

References

1909
1909-04
1909-04