HMS Thisbe was a 28-gun  sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy.

Service

Thisbe was first commissioned in December 1787 under the command of Captain George Robertson. Because Thisbe served in the navy's Egyptian campaign (8 March to 2 September 1801), her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal that the Admiralty authorized in 1850 to all surviving claimants.

In 1804 Thisbe was in the Mediterranean. There she captured a privateer that she sent into Corfu. Thisbe also recaptured Wight, Ford, master, which had been sailing from Zant to London when the privater had captured her. '"Wight arrived at Portsmouth in September.

Notes

Citations

References
 Robert Gardiner, The First Frigates, Conway Maritime Press, London 1992. .
 David Lyon, The Sailing Navy List, Conway Maritime Press, London 1993. .
 Rif Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714 to 1792, Seaforth Publishing, London 2007. .

External links

1783 ships
Sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Kent


Elisa Fleischmann (born 7 September 1985) from Valdidentro is an Italian ski mountaineer. She is born in Sondalo and has been member of the national team since 2007.

Selected results
 2007:
 1st, Italian Championship vertical race
 2nd, Pierra Menta "espoirs" class race (together with Anne Claire Estubier)
 2nd, European Championship vertical race ("espoirs" class)
 3rd, European Championship horizontal race
 4th, European Championship combination ranking
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Tamara Lunger)
 6th, European Championship single race
 10th, European Championship vertical race
 2008:
 1st, Pierra Menta "espoirs" class race (together with Tamara Lunger)
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Tamara Lunger)
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Gloriana Pellissier, Francesca Martinelli and Roberta Pedranzini)

External links
 Elisa Fleischmann at skimountaineering.org

References

1985 births
Living people
Italian female ski mountaineers
People from Sondalo
Italian female cross-country skiers
Sportspeople from the Province of Sondrio
Skiers from Lombardy


The Doig Formation is a geologic formation of middle Triassic age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. It takes the name from Doig River, a tributary of the Beatton River, and was first described in the Texaco N.F.A. Buick Creek No. 7 well (located north-west of Fort St. John, east of the Alaska Highway) by J.H. Armitage in 1962. .

Lithology
The Doig Formation is composed of fine grained, grey argillaceous siltstone and dark calcareous shale.

Phosphate nodules occur at the base of the formation. Anomalously thicker, porous sandstone channels and bars are present locally in the upper units of the formation. The formation has provided fossils of various species of conodonts; Magnigondolella alexanderi, M. cyri, M. julii, M. nebuchadnezzari, M. salomae, Neogondolella curva,
N. hastata, N. panlaurentia and N. ex gr. shoshonensis.

Distribution
The Doig Formation reaches a maximum thickness of  in the Canadian Rockies foothills it thins towards the north and east. It occurs in the subsurface in north-western Alberta, north-eastern British Columbia and southern Yukon, from 53°N and 118°W to the Canadian Rockies.

Relationship to other units
The Doig Formation is unconformably overlain by the Halfway Formation of the Schooler Creek Group; the contact is marked by a dolomitic bed and a chert and quartz conglomerate bed. To the west it is overlain by younger Jurassic beds. It conformably overlies the Montney Formation and the contact is marked by a phosphate pellet bed in the base of the Doig.

The formation correlates with the lower Llama Member of the Sulphur Mountain Formation in the southern ranges of the Canadian Rockies, with the Whistler Member of the Whitehorse Formation in the Muskwa Ranges, and with the Toad Formation in the upper Liard River area.

Petroleum geology
The Doig formation is an important source rock for the Triassic Halfway and Charlie Lake formations. Total organic carbon values in the "phosphate zone" at the base of the Doig are commonly greater than 4% by weight and can reach up to 11%. The "phosphate zone" is also a potential undeveloped shale gas reservoir with as much as 400 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in place.  Oil and gas is also extracted from the Doig Formation in conventional reservoirs along the western Montney trend and in the Peace River Arch.

References

Triassic System of North America
Triassic Alberta
Triassic British Columbia
Triassic Yukon
Anisian Stage
Ladinian Stage
Siltstone formations
Shale formations
Source rock formations
Reservoir rock formations
Geologic formations of Alberta
Geologic formations of British Columbia
Geologic formations of Yukon


Burton's line, also known as the Burton line or Burtonian line, is a clinical sign found in patients with chronic lead poisoning. It is a very thin, black-blue line visible along the margin of the gums, at the base of the teeth. It is caused by the reaction between circulating lead and sulphur ions produced by oral bacteria, forming deposits of lead sulfide in the gums.

The sign was described in 1840 by Henry Burton:

A similar line, the "bismuth line", occurs in people who have ingested bismuth compounds; bismuth, however, is of very low toxicity.

References

Medical signs
Lead poisoning


Liao Hsiao-chun (;  born 19 October 1967 in Xiluo Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese TV presenter. She worked for many television/radio stations, such as TVBS-NEWS, FTV News, TTV, Era News, Voice of Taipei, Super TV and ETTV News. She is most famous for hosting the Chao ji da fu weng game show.

References

1967 births
Living people
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Taiwanese television news anchors
People from Yunlin County
Fu Jen Catholic University alumni


Independence of Lithuania or Lithuanian independence may refer to:

Lithuanian independence movement
 The Act of Independence of Lithuania of February 16, 1918
 Lithuanian Wars of Independence, 1918-1920
 June Uprising in Lithuania
Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Lithuania of June 23, 1941
 The Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania of March 11, 1990


Amado Totaan Espino Jr. (born June 20, 1948) is a Filipino politician and the former representative of Pangasinan's 5th District in the Philippine House of Representatives. He earlier served as Governor of the province of Pangasinan.

Early life

Espino was born on June 20, 1948. He finished his secondary education at Bayambang National High School in 1966. He took up three courses in college. First, he took up Bachelor of Science in education (Pangasinan Normal College) but he did not finish it. Then he shifted to Bachelor of Science in commerce (Luzon Colleges). Again, he did not pursue it. In 1972, he earned the degree of Bachelor of Science in Philippine Military Academy and even obtained a degree in Masters in Development Management in 1995 at Pangasinan State University.

Career history

A graduate of PMA, Espino was placed in different police ranks. He started out as an intelligence and operations officer in Quirino Constabulary Command; then, as company commander both in the Philippine Constabulary of La Union and Pangasinan; commanding officer of Angeles Metrodiacom, Pampanga; district commander in Criminal Investigation Service, Region 3 of Philippine National Police; narcotics regional chief of Region 3, Philippine National Police; provincial director, La Union Police Provincial office; provincial director, Pangasinan Police Provincial office; chief, Regional Directorial Staff in Region I, Philippine National Police; and finally, as a regional director in Region I, Philippine National Police.

As a lawmaker and governor

Two-time representative of the second district of Pangasinan, Espino was the first former military and police officer in modern times to become governor of Pangasinan.

Espino vowed to restore peace and order in Pangasinan in the wake of unsolved political killings of San Carlos City Mayor Julian Resuello and San Manuel Vice Mayor Bonie Apilado.

In the campaign, Espino vowed to also put an end to cattle rustling which is rampant in some towns of central Pangasinan, particularly in San Carlos City.

Espino also outlined his other top priorities for Pangasinan which are: tourism and investments promotions; environmental protection, sports development and hosting of national and international events using the Narciso Ramos Sports and Civic Center in Lingayen, venue of the 1995 Palarong Pambansa.

During his oath-taking on June 30, 2007, he was quoted as saying, “Our destiny as a province and our future as a people depend not upon one single person, much less the governor, even with all the powers in his hands."

In 2016 National and Local Elections, Espino ran for representative of 5th District of Pangasinan under Aksyon Demokratiko Party and he was able to win on 2016 Elections against his former ally, Carmen "Kimi" Cojuangco, whose seeking her third and last term in Congress. Espino sought for re-election bid for the second time in the recently concluded 2019 Midterm Elections, however, he lost to Ramon Guico III, a last-term Mayor of Binalonan town located in 5th District.

Meanwhile, Congressman Espino's youngest child, Mayor Jumel Anthony of Bugallon town, won as representative of 2nd District of Pangasinan as well as his wife, Priscilla, won for Mayor of Bugallon, succeeding for their son and lastly incumbent Pangasinan governor Amado "Pogi" Espino III was re-elected for his second term.

Controversies

Jueteng involvement

In December 2012, Governor Amado Espino was accused of receiving bribes from jueteng operators in Pangasinan amounting to P10 million per month. Espino believes that is political smearing against him by Alaminos Mayor Nani Braganza, his opponent in the election.

Jueteng is an illegal numbers game in the Philippines.

Allegation of drug trafficking

In August 2016, Congressman Amado Espino was identified as one of six government officials accused of illegal drug operations at the New Bilibid Prison. The drug matrix released by the government also linked Espino to illegal mining operations in Pangasinan. On September 27, 2016, President Duterte cleared Espino of the charges relating to the illegal drug trade, publicly apologized to him for the lapse in the validation of the intelligence report, but maintained that the charges of illegal mining against him and Pangasinan Administrator Rafael Baraan remain valid as the Sandiganbayan has already decided on the case. He later decided to leave his old party and joined PDP–Laban.

Black sand mining

On September 8, 2016, the Sandiganbayan ordered a 90-day suspension for Espino as Congressman of Pangasinan due to alleged black sand mining in the province.

References

Aksyon Demokratiko politicians
People from Pangasinan
Living people
Governors of Pangasinan
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Pangasinan
1948 births


Magic mirror or The Magic Mirror may refer to:

Literature
 Magic Mirror (book), a 1999 book by Orson Scott Card
 Magic Mirror (Snow White), a mystical object featured in the story of Snow White
 "The Magic Mirror" (fairy tale), a Rhodesian fairy tale in Andrew Lang's The Orange Fairy Book (1906)
 The Magic Mirror, a 1989 thesis by Sylvia Plath

Works of art
 Magic Mirror (M. C. Escher), a 1946 lithograph by M. C. Escher Escher
 In the Magic Mirror, a 1934 painting by Paul Klee

Other uses
 Magic Mirror (album), a 2021 album by Pearl Charles
 Magic Mirror (film), a 2005 film
 The Magic Mirror (ballet), a 1903 ballet based on Snow White
 Chinese magic mirror, an ancient bronze mirror which projects an image with reflected light
 Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a 2002 video game

See also
 Catoptromancy, divination using a mirror
 Infinity mirror, parallel or angled mirrors that create an illusion of infinite space


Flood is the 1994 debut full-length album by the English rock band Headswim. Its original title was going to be  Precipity Flood. The album included three singles, "Gone to Pot", "Soup", and "Crawl".

Critical reception

David Sinclair of Q said, "Headswim have harnessed a big, abrasive rock guitar sound and produced a debut of some promise".

Track listing

"Beneath a Black Moon" finishes at 3:36, and a hidden track begins at 11:05.

References

1994 albums
Headswim albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios


Morayfield is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It is located in the northern outskirts of Brisbane, south of the Sunshine Coast.

Geography
An outer suburban electorate, Morayfield lies west of the Bruce Highway and south of the Caboolture River. The northern end of the district takes in the suburb of Morayfield and the southern part of Caboolture. At its southern end, the district includes parts of the suburbs of Burpengary and Narangba.

History
A new district created for the 2009 state election, it was constructed mostly from the northern part of the district of Kallangur and the western part of the district of Pumicestone. It also took a section of territory previously belonging to the district of Kurwongbah. Its inaugural member was Mark Ryan of the Labor Party, who was defeated by Darren Grimwade of the Liberal National Party in 2012.

Members for Morayfield

Election results

References

External links

Morayfield


Herman "Pat" Herst Jr. (March 15, 1909 – January 31, 1999) was a writer of philatelic literature, in many cases on the history of the hobby, as well as a stamp dealer and stamp auctioneer. He began his career on Nassau Street in New York City in 1933, moving to Shrub Oak, New York in 1946, remaining there until he finally retired to Florida in 1973.

In Florida he remained involved in philately, giving speeches and talks at the Hollywood Stamp Club (Hollywood, Florida) and other institutions. When he died, his extensive library was donated to Florida Atlantic University, at Boca Raton, Florida.

He was active in the ACLU, The Baker Street Irregulars and other non-philatelic groups.

Life

Herst was born on March 15, 1909, the son of a New York lawyer.  When his father died in 1913, he added the "Jr."  His friends, noting his birthday every year, called him "Pat."

His mother, Lillian Myers Herst, was a violinist who conducted music lessons for summer camps.  She also performed in John Philips Sousa's  all-female orchestra. Herst was sent to his aunt's home in  Portland, Oregon when he was 12.

At Reed College, he studied International law.

While working for a brokerage firm, he made a delivery to a stamp dealer on Nassau Street, the hub for New York stamp dealers. This meeting started Herst on his course to becoming a stamp dealer himself.

Philatelic accomplishments
Herst was primarily known for his writing, which included numerous books and articles:
 Nassau Street: a Quarter Century of Stamp Dealing (1960)
 Fun and Profit in Stamp Collecting (1962)
 Stories to Collect Stamps by (1968)
 The Complete Philatelist (1979)
 More Stories to Collect Stamps By (1982)
 Forensic Philately: an Account of the Famous English Stamp Fraud Trials... (1986)
 Herst's Outbursts, a newsletter issued from the 1940s to 1973
 wrote articles in most U.S. philatelic publications
 set up a local post in Shrub Oak, NY, which issued and postmarked its own stamps
He received several notable awards, including the American Philatelic Society's Luff Award in 1961,  and was elected as the only American on the board of the Philatelic Traders Society in the UK. In 2000, he was posthumously inducted in the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame.

Philatelic leadership
Herst's literary work in the field of philately helped introduce newcomers to the hobby; at the same time, his literature delved into the history of philately, which proved interesting to both the newcomer and the advanced collector of stamps.

He participated in philatelic events, such as auctions, issued his own local stamps showing his German Shepherd Alfie (based on an obscure 1862 law), and gave speeches on philatelic subjects.

Family
He is survived by his second wife Ida, and two children: Kenneth of Springfield, Virginia, and Patricia Held of Centreville, Virginia. He had two stepchildren: Gary K. Busch of London and Gail C. Busch of Manhattan. He left behind six grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.

Selected publications

Forensic Philately (An Account of the Famous English Stamp Fraud Trials involving Messrs. Bluett, Benjamin, Sarpy, Jeffryes and Dr. Assmus Originally Published in "The Stamp News", 1890-1892). Lake Oswego, Oregon: Herman Herst Jr., 1986. (ed.)

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature
 Nassau Street (Manhattan)

References

1909 births
1999 deaths
American stamp dealers
American philatelists
Writers from New York City
Philatelic authors
20th-century American businesspeople
American Philatelic Society


A Taxor was a representative of the University of Cambridge who exercised the University's rights to intervene in trade in the town of Cambridge, England.  One senior and one junior taxor was elected each year, and each had to be an MA of the University.  These posts have not been filled since 1856.

Historical background
Since the 13th century the University had special privileges and jurisdiction to control aspects of life in the town.  Matters relating to morality and discipline were managed by Proctors and those relating to trade were managed by Taxors, whose responsibilities included:

Licensing of Alehouses and Lodging-houses
Fixing the rent of scholar's lodgings and the price of bread
Examining and sealing weights and measures, confiscating any that were defective
Administering Stourbridge fair (until 1589)

By the first half of the nineteenth century Benthamite reform had transformed the role of the borough and increasingly the trade and financial privileges of the University caused friction between "town and gown", with the town's deputy High Steward declaring in 1842 that supervision of weights and measures by Taxors was "quite inadequate for the purpose at the present day."

In 1853-4, conflict between the growing jurisdiction of magistrates' courts and the historical duties of the University Proctors was the trigger for a schism between the University and the Borough.  The University suggested that the dispute be referred to parliament and Sir John Patteson was appointed as arbitrator to consider their differences.  His 1855 report recommended that Proctors should not have to submit to the jurisdiction of magistrates, but called on the University to surrender its rights over trade and licensing. When his proposals were enacted as the Cambridge Award Act 1856, the office of Taxor was discontinued.

References

1856 disestablishments
Terminology of the University of Cambridge
History of Cambridge
History of the University of Cambridge
Legal professions
English legal terminology


A choke pear or chocky-pear is an astringent fruit.  The term is used for the fruit of any variety of pear which has an astringent taste and is difficult to swallow.

Varieties

One variety of choke pear is poire d'Angoisse, a variety of pear that was grown in Angoisse, a commune in the Arrondissement of Nontron in Dordogne, France, in the Middle Ages, which was hard, bad tasting, and almost impossible to eat raw. In the words of L'Académie française, the pear is "si âpre et si revèche au goût qu'on a de la peine à l'avaler" ("so harsh and crabbed of taste that one can only with difficulty swallow it").  These qualities, and the common meaning of angoisse in French language ("anguish") apparently originated the French idiom avaler des poires d'angoisse ("swallow pears of Angoisse/anguish") meaning "to suffer great displeasures".  Possibly because of this idiom, the names "choke pear" and "pear of anguish" have been used for a gagging device allegedly used in Europe, sometime before the 17th century.

Dalechamps has identified this with the species of pear that Pliny the Elder listed as "ampullaceum" in his Naturalis Historia.  It, like most sour-tasting pear cultivars, was most likely used to make perry.

Similar fruits

Similarly named trees with astringent fruits include the choke cherry (the common name for several species of cherry tree that grow in North America and whose fruits are small and bitter tasting: Prunus virginiana, Prunus demissa, and Prunus serotina) and the choke plum.

References

External links

Pears
Roman cuisine
Plant common names


The Rupel Formation (abbreviation: RU) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of the Netherlands that consists of Oligocene marine sands and clays. The Rupel Formation is part of the Middle North Sea Group and correlates exactly with the Belgian Rupel Group.

Name
The Rupel Formation was first described by André Hubert Dumont in 1849. The formation is taken from Belgian lithostratigraphy, although it is considered a group in Belgium. The age in which the formation formed is the Rupelian (34 to 28 million years ago), a subdivision of the Oligocene epoch. The age and the formation are both named after the Belgian river Rupel.

Facies and lithologies
The Rupel Formation can be 250 meters thick at maximum. During the Rupelian age the Netherlands (and Belgium) were covered by a shallow sea, which became deeper towards the northwest. In the northwest, the sedimentary facies can be more than 500 m deep marine, while in southeastern parts of the Netherlands the formation has a near coastal facies.

The formation is subdivided in four members: the Bilzen Member (yellow-white glauconiferous fine sand, containing fossils), the Boom Member (a thick clay deposit, containing loam layers and septaria), the Eigenbilzen Member (strongly layered sands) and the Ratum Member (sand, clay and loam, appears only in the east of the Netherlands).

Stratigraphy
In the southwest of the Netherlands the Rupel Formation lies stratigraphically on top of the late Eocene to early Oligocene Tongeren Formation. Further east the Rupel Formation is found on top of the Eocene sands of the Dongen Formation. In the east, on the Middel-Netherlands High, the base of the formation can also be a nonconformity with Mesozoic deposits.

In some places the younger Veldhoven Formation lies on top of the Rupel Formation. In other places the top of the Rupel Formation is a hiatus, on which Neogene formations (such as the Breda Formation or Naaldwijk Formation) can be found.

References
 (eds.); 1993: Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Netherlands, revision and update by RGD and NOGEPA, Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 50, pp. 1–39
; 1849: Rapport sur la Carte géologique du Royaume, Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique 16 (2ième partie), p. 370 ()
; 1975: Lithostratigrafie van de Mio-Oligocene afzettingen in Zuid-Limburg, in:  (eds.): Toelichting bij geologische overzichtskaarten van Nederland, Rijks Geologische Dienst, Haarlem, pp. 56–63. ()

External links
 ; 2003: Formatie van Rupel, TNO website ()

Geologic formations of the Netherlands
Oligocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Netherlands


Mark Ryan may refer to:

 Mark Ryan (actor) (born 1956), British film, television and theatre actor
 Mark F. Ryan (1844–1940), Irish revolutionary and author
 Mark Ryan (Australian politician) (born 1982), Labor member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland
 Mark Ryan (guitarist) (1959–2011), guitarist for Adam and the Ants
 Mark Ryan (Wisconsin politician) (1924–1985), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 Mark W. Ryan, music editor for film and television
 Mark Ryan, alias used by Canadian-Armenian music composer, songwriter and producer DerHova

See also
 Marc Ryan (born 1982), New Zealand cyclist


Ivan Lendl was the defending champion but lost in the final 3–6, 7–6, 6–2, 6–0 to Boris Becker.

Seeds

  Ivan Lendl (final)
  Boris Becker (champion)
 n/a
  Paul McNamee (first round)
  Marcel Freeman (quarterfinals)
  Christo van Rensburg (first round)
  Mike Leach (second round)
  Wally Masur (quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 1986 Swan Premium Open draw

Singles


Dalia Dokšaitė (born 4 May 1955) is a Lithuanian painter who uses the ink wash technique. Dokšaitė has held personal exhibitions at various galleries, including the Kawamura Memorial Art Museum in Japan and the exhibition gallery of the Lithuanian Seimas.

Writing
"The Monochromatic ZEN Painting sumi-e in Japan", Indra, 2000.
"The Place Where Samogitians Get Their Strength, or How Are We Like the Japanese?", .

Implemented educational projects
"Art to Children"
"The Language of Symbols in Lithuanian Art"
"The Secrets of Watercolour"
"The Path of the Sun"

References

External links
 Dalia Dokšaitė Exhibition in Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art and NHK Gallery, Japan

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Lithuanian women artists
21st-century Lithuanian women artists
Lithuanian painters


"You and Me" is a 1977 song by Alice Cooper, released in 1977 as the lead single from his album Lace and Whiskey. The song is a soft rock ballad, reaching number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number eight on the Cash Box Top 100 in the summer of 1977. The song reached number three in Canada and number two in Australia, where it is ranked as the 13th biggest hit of 1977.

The song turned out to be Cooper's last US top-ten hit until "Poison" twelve years later.

Cooper regularly performed "You and Me" live on his 1977 and 1978 concert tours. He also performed the song on The Muppet Show in 1978, as a duet with a female monster who turned out to be Miss Piggy.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

1977 singles
Songs written by Alice Cooper
Songs written by Dick Wagner
Alice Cooper songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Ezrin
Warner Records singles
American soft rock songs
Rock ballads
1977 songs
1970s ballads


Tamara Lunger (born 6 June 1986) is an Italian mountaineer, who started her career as a ski mountaineer.

Early life
Lunger was born in Bolzano; she is the daughter of the ski mountaineer Hansjörg Lunger. She started ski mountaineering in 2002 and competed first in a vertical race event in San Martino.

Mountaineering
On 23 May 2010, Lunger became the youngest female climber (aged 23 years, 11 months, and 17 days), to have reached the main summit of Lhotse. In February 2015 Tamara tried to climb Manaslu together with Simone Moro, but abandoned the climb due to heavy snow. During the 2015-2016 winter season, in her attempt with Simone Moro for the first winter ascent of Nanga Parbat, she gave up just 70 meters below the top. In February 2018, with Simone Moro, she made the first winter ascent of Pik Pobeda (Chersky Mountains, 3.003m). This summit is located in Siberia, in a very remote region. It is known to be one of the coldest places on Earth.

In December 2019, Lunger and Simone Moro attempted the first winter ascent of Gasherbrum I and Gasherbrum II in Karakoram. The expedition was called off after Moro was injured in a fall after having crossed the icefall.

Ski mountaineering results

 2007:
 1st, Pierra Menta "espoirs" class race (together with Silvia Cuminetti)
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Elisa Fleischmann)
 2nd, Scialpinistica del Monte Canin (together with Stefania Zanon)
 5th, European Cup
 5th, Trofeo Mezzalama (with Silvia Cuminetti and Fabienne Chanoine)
 2008:
 1st, Pierra Menta "espoirs" class race (together with Elisa Fleischmann)
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Elisa Fleischmann)
 9th, World Championship team race (with Silvia Cuminetti)
 2009:
 5th, European Championship team race (with Corinne Clos)

References

External links
 Tamara Lunger at skimountaineering.org

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bolzano
Italian female ski mountaineers
Italian mountain climbers
20th-century Italian women
21st-century Italian women
Italian female climbers


Mickey Huang Tzu-chiao (; born 30 March 1972), also known as Jiao Jiao, is a Taiwanese comedian, television host, Master of Ceremonies and actor. He has worked for many television stations, such as ETTV Drama, CTS, and FTV. He is also a radio DJ, entrepreneur and writer. He is best known for co-hosting the long-running show Super Sunday (超級星期天) in the late 1990s and early 2000s with Chang Hsiao-yen, Harlem Yu and Pu Hsueh-liang. He became Master of Ceremonies for Golden Bell Awards in 2006 and 2017, Golden Melody Awards in 2012, 2015–2017, Golden Horse Awards in 2015-2016 and Golden Note Composition Awards every year since its inception in 2010. He also hosted KKBOX Digital Music Awards from 2010 to 2017 except in 2012.

He married actress Summer Meng on March 5, 2020 after 6 years of dating.

As a writer and Facebook blogger, he has tendencies to write his statuses in long block-form poems with a set number of characters per line.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Taiwanese male film actors
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Taiwanese television personalities


Dr Henry Burton  (27 February 1799 – 10 August 1849) was a British physician and chemist, who is famous for his identification of blue discolouration of the gums, the eponymous Burton line, as a symptom of lead poisoning.

Family
Henry Burton was a son of the London property developer James Burton and his wife Elizabeth Westley (1761 – 1837). Henry was a brother of the gunpowder manufacturer William Ford Burton, the architect Decimus Burton, and the Egyptologist, James Burton.

As the Cambridge Alumni Database identifies, some sources, including the entry for Henry Burton in the Royal College of Physicians’s Lives of the Fellows, incorrectly state that Henry Burton was the son of one ‘John Burton’. This is incorrect: he was the son of the aforementioned James Burton.

On his father's side, his great-great grandparents were Rev. James Haliburton (1681–1756) and Margaret Eliott, daughter of Sir William Eliott, 2nd Baronet and aunt of George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield. Henry was descended from John Haliburton (1573–1627), from whom Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet could trace his descent on the maternal side. He was a cousin of the Tory MP Thomas Chandler Haliburton, and of the civil servant Arthur Lawrence Haliburton, 1st Baron Haliburton.

Career
Henry was educated at Tonbridge School, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, at which he received the degrees MB, ML, MD, BS, and , and later at St Bartholomew's Hospital.

He went to sea on the 98-gun HMS Boyne before resigning from the Navy and entering the Gunpowder Office. In September 1825, he became Professor of Chemistry at St Thomas' Hospital, where he subsequently became Senior Physician. He was appointed Censor of the Royal College of Physicians in 1838 and later was appointed Consiliarius He is famous for his discovery that a blue line on the gums, the eponymous Burton line, is a symptom of lead poisoning.

Marriage
Henry Burton married Mary Elizabeth, eldest daughter of William Poulton of Maidenhead, at St. George's, Bloomsbury, in 1826. She died in 1829, without issue, and Henry did not remarry. Henry lived at 41 Jermyn Street, London, and 58 Marina, St. Leonard's-on-Sea.

References

19th-century English medical doctors
1799 births
1849 deaths
People educated at Tonbridge School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge


This is a list of mayors of Tulsa, a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Mayors of Tulsa are elected for four year terms.

Mayors of Tulsa

Notes

See also
 Timeline of Tulsa, Oklahoma

References
General

Political Graveyard–Mayors of Tulsa, Oklahoma
City Officials at website of Tulsa City Auditor Phil Wood (archived by WebCite here)

Specific

External links

Tulsa

History of Tulsa, Oklahoma


Johann Gottlieb Schaller (1734–1814) was a German zoologist and entomologist. He wrote
Fortgesesste Beitrage zur Geschichte exotischer Papilions in Der Naturforscher 23: 49–53 in which he described many new species of butterflies.

References
Germar, E. F. 1815: [Schaller, J. G.] Magazin der Entomologie. (Herausgegeben von E. F. Germar), Halle 1 (2): pp. 193

German lepidopterists
1734 births
1814 deaths


Johnny Long (September 12, 1914 (disputed) – October 31, 1972) was an American violinist and bandleader, known as "The Man Who's Long on Music". He was raised on a farm in Newell, North Carolina, currently a subdivision of Charlotte. He started practicing with the violin at the age of six, but injured two fingers on his left hand when he was bitten by a pig. He then learned to use his right hand to play the violin, and continued to do so until his death.

Music career
As a freshman at Duke University, Long joined with ten other freshmen to create a school band named The Duke Collegians. He also joined Sigma Nu Fraternity. During their second year, they were adopted as the official school band. The band stayed together throughout their school years and, upon graduation, renamed themselves The Johnny Long Orchestra, with Long as the bandleader. For a number of years they toured the country and were eventually signed on to Vocalion Records (owned by ARC) in 1937 for the release of Just Like That. They performed their first national radio broadcast in 1939 on The Fitch Summer Bandwagon Show, which boosted their national popularity. This resulted in the band being signed on by Decca Records.  His orchestra earned the label "Miracle Band of the Year" thru a series of lengthy engagements at some of the top and locations in the country.

His Johnny Long Orchestra accompanied Ella Fitzgerald on her Decca recording of "Confessin' That I Love You".  He was chosen to play the President's Birthday Ball in Washington in 1942, and also that his has been the only record of "Back Up the Red, White and Blue with God," official song of the Treasury's War Bond Dept.

Under management of Decca, Long released a hit single, "In a Shanty in Old Shanty Town", that resulted in over one million sales. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. This song quickly became the band's signature tune. This song, and numerous other hits, made the band one of the most successful big bands in the country during the 1940s. Other popular covers included "My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time" and "Poor Butterfly". One of the high points of his career was playing Franklin D. Roosevelts Birthday Ball in April 1941.

However, as the big band style diminished over the years, so did Long's ensemble. Long continued to lead the band, with various members, up until his death in 1972. The cause of death was melanoma. He is buried in the cemetery of King’s Church (formerly Newell Baptist Church) in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Film roles
While being supported by a strong musical following, Johnny Long and his band enjoyed a short film career. Their first big role was in the Abbott & Costello comedy, Hit the Ice, where Long played a romantic male lead opposite Ginny Simms. The same year gave Long his last major movie role in Follies Girl.

See also
 Beauty and the Beach, a 1941 short film

References

1914 births
1972 deaths
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz violinists
Big band bandleaders
American male violinists
20th-century American violinists
Jazz musicians from North Carolina
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


The governor of Pangasinan is the highest political office in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. Along with the Governor of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and La Union, he sits in the Regional Development Council of Ilocos Region.

List of governors of Pangasinan

References

Pangasinan


Lunger may refer to:

 Lunger (surname), a surname
 Lunger, someone with tuberculosis

See also

 Linger (disambiguation)
 "Longer"
 Lungern


Chapaev (, Chapaev; Russian: Чапаев) is a town in north-western Kazakhstan. It is the seat of Akzhaik District in West Kazakhstan Region. Population:

The town is located 130 km south of Oral, Kazakhstan (Uralsk), on the right bank of the Ural River.

The town was the place of death of Vasily Chapayev, the Red Army commander of the Russian Civil War (1919). A museum was established in his memory in 1927.

The earlier settlement was named Lbishchensk and in 1899 the town had 3400 people (2100 of which were Cossacks), 2 churches, 2 schools, and mail and telegraph connections. It has been renamed to Chapaevo in 1939, and Chapaev in 1992.

The local residents are mainly engaged in agriculture, fishing, herding, hunting and gathering liquorice root.

In 1997 the town became the capital of Akzhaik District.

References

Populated places in West Kazakhstan Region
Ural Oblast (Russian Empire)


Herst may refer to:

People
 Alison Herst (born 1971), Canadian sprint kayaker
 Herman “Pat” Herst, Jr. (1909–1999), philatelist and writer of books on philately.
 Jerry Herst (1909–1990), American songwriter, co-writer of "So Rare"
 Richard Herst († 1628), a well-to-do yeoman in England of the 17th century.

See also
 Hearst (disambiguation)


Sheepstor is a village, civil parish and former manor on the western side of Dartmoor in the county of Devon, England. In 2001, its population was 53, down from 95 in 1901. For administrative purposes the parish is grouped with the parishes of Meavy and Walkhampton to form Burrator Parish Council, and for electoral purposes it is grouped with the same two parishes to form Burrator Ward. Burrator Reservoir, constructed in 1898, is to the north of the village and forms part of the northern boundary of the parish.

The name Sheepstor has evolved considerably since the first reference to a settlement here which was recorded in a pipe roll of 1168 as Sitelestorra. In a document of 1262, it was Skytelestor, Shittestorre in 1474, Shistor in 1547 and in c. 1620 Tristram Risdon called it Shetelstor now Shepstor. The name probably derives from the Old English scyttel(s) meaning a bar or bolt, reflecting the shape of the nearby Sheeps Tor.

Manor

The manor of Sheepstor was held by the Scudamore family, whose heirs were the Elford family.

Sheepstor Church
The village church, dedicated to St Leonard, is built of granite and dates from the 15th century, though a chapelry was first documented here in 1240. The church contains a fine rood screen which was reconstructed in 1914 by the then vicar Hugh Breton from drawings made of the original that had been removed in a 19th-century restoration. Buried in the churchyard are James Brooke, Charles Brooke and Charles Vyner Brooke, the three White Rajahs of Sarawak (now part of Malaysia), as well as Bertram Willes Dayrell Brooke, another member of the family. The graves of the Rajahs have been designated Grade II listed monuments by English Heritage.

There are currently six bells in the church tower, five of which were cast in 1769, with a sixth hung in 1904; one of the older bells has inscribed on it the words 'I call the quick to church and the dead to grave'. A local legend tells that the bell ropes of the church were once tied together and lowered into Crazywell Pool, 3.6 km to the north east of Sheepstor, in order to determine the depth. According to the legend the ropes descended as much as 90 fathoms without reaching the bottom, causing people to believe the pool is bottomless.

The church has been renovated several times, the most thorough of which was in 1861 at a cost of £590.

Sheeps Tor

Sheeps Tor, from which the village is named, is a prominent outcrop about half a mile north east of the village.  The summit is 369m above sea level and it is one of the area's most prominent tors.

Sheepstor in popular culture
In 2010 Sheepstor was one of the filming locations for the Steven Spielberg film War Horse, and the village with its prominent church tower features in an aerial shot in the trailer for the film which was released on 29 June 2011.

See also
Nearby archaeological sites:
Yellowmead stone circle
Drizzlecombe
Eylesbarrow mine
Cadover Cross

References

Further reading

External links

Villages in Devon
Dartmoor


Walter Taylor ( – 23 February 1743/44) was a Trinity College, Cambridge tutor who coached 83 students in the 1724–1743 period. He later was appointed as the Regius Professor of Greek.

He was the son of John Taylor, Vicar of Tuxford, Nottinghamshire. He matriculated in 1716 from Wakefield School, Yorkshire. Taylor was admitted as a pensioner at Trinity on 7 April 1716.

Robert Smith was Taylor's Cambridge tutor.

Timeline
 1717 Scholar
 1719/20 BA
 1723 MA
 1736 BD
 1722 Fellow of Trinity
 1726–44 Regius Professor of Greek
 1725 Ordained deacon
 1726/7 Ordained priest
 1743/4 buried at Tuxford

Notes

External links

18th-century English mathematicians
1700 births
1744 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Regius Professors of Greek (Cambridge)


Events in the year 1802 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
 9 July - The Lærdal  Rebellion ends.
 Lærdalske lette infanterikompani was formed.

Arts and literature
 Det Dramatiske Selskab in Trondheim was founded.

Births

28 July – Hans Conrad Thoresen, priest and politician (d.1858)
5 August – Niels Henrik Abel, mathematician (d.1829).
7 October – Magnus Brostrup Landstad, minister, psalmist and poet (d.1880)
10 October – Leonhard Christian Borchgrevink Holmboe, priest and politician (d.1887)
10 November – Karelius August Arntzen, politician (d.1876)

Full date unknown
Søren Jørgensen Aandahl, politician (d.1886)
Christian Ludvig Diriks, politician and Minister (d.1873)
Johan Widing Heiberg Landmark, jurist and politician (d.1878)

Deaths
 1 January - Peder Harboe Hertzberg, potato priest (b.1728)
 13 February - Jakob Edvard Colbjørnsen, chief justice (b.1744)

References

See also


In set theory, Scott's trick is a method for giving a definition of equivalence classes for equivalence relations on a proper class (Jech 2003:65) by referring to levels of the cumulative hierarchy.

The method relies on the axiom of regularity but not on the axiom of choice. It can be used to define representatives for ordinal numbers in ZF, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (Forster 2003:182). The method was introduced by .

Beyond the problem of defining set representatives for ordinal numbers, Scott's trick can be used to obtain representatives for cardinal numbers and more generally for isomorphism types, for example, order types of linearly ordered sets (Jech 2003:65). It is credited to be indispensable (even in the presence of the axiom of choice) when taking ultrapowers of proper classes in model theory. (Kanamori 1994:47)

Application to cardinalities
The use of Scott's trick for cardinal numbers shows how the method is typically employed. The initial definition of a cardinal number is an equivalence class of sets, where two sets are equivalent if there is a bijection between them. The difficulty is that almost every equivalence class of this relation is a proper class, and so the equivalence classes themselves cannot be directly manipulated in set theories, such as Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, that only deal with sets. It is often desirable in the context of set theory to have sets that are representatives for the equivalence classes. These sets are then taken to "be" cardinal numbers, by definition.

In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, one way of assigning representatives to cardinal numbers is to associate each cardinal number with the least ordinal number of the same cardinality. These special ordinals are the ℵ numbers. But if the axiom of choice is not assumed, for some cardinal numbers it may not be possible to find such an ordinal number, and thus the cardinal numbers of those sets have no ordinal number as representatives.

Scott's trick assigns representatives differently, using the fact that for every set  there is a least rank  in the cumulative hierarchy when some set of the same cardinality as  appears. Thus one may define the representative of the cardinal number of  to be the set of all sets of rank  that have the same cardinality as . This definition assigns a representative to every cardinal number even when not every set can be well-ordered (an assumption equivalent to the axiom of choice). It can be carried out in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, without using the axiom of choice, but making essential use of the axiom of regularity.

Scott's trick in general
Let  be an equivalence relation of sets. Let  be a set and  its equivalence class with respect to . If  is non-empty, we can define a set, which represents , even if  is a proper class. Namely, there exists a least ordinal , such that  is non-empty. This intersection is a set, so we can take it as the representative of . We didn't use regularity for this construction.

The axiom of regularity is equivalent to  for all sets  (see Regularity, the cumulative hierarchy and types). So in particular, if we assume the axiom of regularity, then  will be non-empty for all sets  and equivalence relations , since . To summarize: given the axiom of regularity, we can find representatives of every equivalence class, for any equivalence relation.

References
 Thomas Forster (2003), Logic, Induction and Sets, Cambridge University Press.
 Thomas Jech, Set Theory, 3rd millennium (revised) ed., 2003, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer,
 Akihiro Kanamori: The Higher Infinite. Large Cardinals in Set Theory from their Beginnings., Perspectives in Mathematical Logic. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,  1994. xxiv+536 pp.

Set theory


Aaron Boogaard (born August 11, 1986) is a former professional ice hockey player who most recently played for the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL.

Playing career
Boogaard was drafted 175th overall by the Minnesota Wild in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins on April 23, 2007. He spent the majority of the 2007–08 season with the Wheeling Nailers, the Penguins' ECHL affiliate, appearing in only two games with Wilkes-Barre/Scranton. Boogaard appeared in 41 games for Wilkes-Barre/Scranton during the following season.

After being cleared of his charges connected to the death of his brother, Boogaard was offered a chance to continue his professional hockey career by receiving a training camp invite to the Houston Aeros, the AHL affiliate of the Minnesota Wild. Aeros General Manager Jim Mill has mentioned that Boogaard may be signed to a two-way contract between the Aeros and a team in the ECHL or Central Hockey League.

Legal troubles
On July 20, 2011, Boogaard was arrested on suspicion of prescription fraud/possession of prescription pills. He was charged with the unlawful distribution of a controlled substance, oxycodone, and with interfering with a crime scene for misleading the coroner or concealing evidence in the death of his brother, Derek Boogaard.

On October 6, 2011, Hennepin County District Judge William Howard said the facts of the case didn't support the charge, being that Aaron did not buy the pills, and dismissed the felony charge of unlawful distribution of a controlled substance against Boogaard.  Boogaard would later plea guilty to interfering with the scene of a death.  As a result of Boogaard's guilty plea, he received two years probation and eighty hours community service (which must be completed within the next year.)

Personal
In the offseason, Boogaard runs a hockey camp in Regina for 12- to 18-year-old youths. While the emphasis in the camp does cover fighting, Boogaard has countered by saying that with the league becoming bigger, stronger, and faster, the camp focuses with safety on the ice and how a player would defend themselves in the event of a fight.

He is the brother of the late Derek Boogaard, who had also spent the majority of his career with the Minnesota Wild.

Aaron Boogaard had his first child in 2019.

Career statistics

References

External links

1986 births
Calgary Hitmen players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan
Laredo Bucks players
Living people
Minnesota Wild draft picks
Tri-City Americans players
Wheeling Nailers players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Wichita Thunder players
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees players


Denise Roberts (born in Glasgow, Scotland), is an Australian actress and director who has worked in theatre, film and television since 1980. She gained initial fame when she played Julie Winters in the ABC-TV medical drama G.P. from 1989 to 1996. Roberts's mentor was Hayes Gordon, with whom she studied solidly for three years. During her seven-year stint on G.P., she taught film and television for Hayes at his Ensemble Studios.

In 2009 Roberts played the recurring role of Bonnie Bright in Channel 7's Packed to the Rafters and Faye on the feature film Subdivision which premiered in August 2009.

Roberts played Helen Jones in Joanne Lees: Murder in the Outback, and starred as Aunty Barbara in the feature film Razzle Dazzle: A Journey into Dance. She is best known for her starring roles as the University Registrar Jessica Andrews in Roberts 7's HeadLand and the town matriarch Isabelle Turnbull in Always Greener, and for her seven years as Julie Winters in G.P. on ABC-TV. In 2010, she played Inspector Diane Pappas in the Nine Network police drama Cops L.A.C.

Writer
Author of the popular Actor's Advisory Manual, Get Your Act Together, published by the Federation Press in 1995, Roberts has also directed numerous theatre plays, including Lovers At Versailles at the Playhouse - Sydney Opera House. The 10-minute 16 mm short thriller Stairwell, which Roberts directed, was screened at the LA International Short Film Festival. She is the creator and Associate Producer of the ABC's 10-part drama series, Correlli, which gave Hugh Jackman his big Australian break.

Awards

Roberts has received accolades at every stage of her career. She was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role by the Sydney Theatre Critics for her role in the highly successful David Williamson play A Charitable Intent. Other nominations and awards include a Chief Glugs Award for Excellence Behind the Scenes, an AFI Award, a Variety Club of Australia Award for Best Actress in a Television Drama, numerous Silver Logie and People's Choice Nominations for Most Outstanding Actress on Australian Television, and a Film Critics Circle Nomination for Best Supporting Actress alongside Cate Blanchett and Frances O'Connor. In 2015 Roberts was nominated for an AACTA AFI Award for Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama together with a Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Actress in a Television Drama, both for her portrayal as Rosleigh Rose Corby in Schapelle.

Teacher
Roberts is the founder and Principal Director of Screenwise, a Sydney-based film and television school for actors.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 Screenwise - Australia's Leading Film & TV School for Actors

AACTA Award winners
Australian film actresses
Australian corporate directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian television actresses


Chad Shelton (born 1970 in Orange, Texas) is an American operatic tenor. Particularly associated with the Houston Grand Opera (HGO), Shelton has excelled in performances of contemporary American operas and in the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Giuseppe Verdi. He has appeared in numerous world premieres with the HGO including Laurie in Mark Adamo's Little Women (1998), Nico in Adamo's Lysistrata (2005), and Ulises in Daniel Catán's Salsipuedes: a Tale of Love, War and Anchovies (2004) among others. He also sang the role of Brigadier General Edward Porter Alexander in the world premiere of Philip Glass's Appomattox at the San Francisco Opera (2007).

Shelton has appeared with numerous opera companies throughout the United States, Europe, and in Australia. His signature roles include Laurie, Ferrando in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Tamino in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte, Don Jose in Georges Bizet's Carmen, Alfredo in Verdi's La traviata, and more recently the Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto. He has made a number of recordings with the Minnesota Orchestra and performed with numerous orchestras throughout the United States.

Education and early career
Shelton studied voice with Robert Grayson at Louisiana State University and then at Yale University on the graduate level. He made his professional opera debut in 1994 while still at LSU as Tamino in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Die Zauberflöte with Baton Rouge Opera. That same year he played the roles of Frederic in The Pirates of Penzance, the Second Composer in The Great Waltz and the Second Waiter in Giuditta with Ohio Light Opera. In 1995 he sang the role of Dino in the world premiere of George Chadwick's The Padrone with the Waterbury Symphony at the Thomaston Opera House.

In 1997 Shelton sang the role of Alfredo in Yale University's production of Giuseppe Verdi's La traviata. That same year he was awarded a Richard F. Gold Career Grant by the Shoshana Foundation and became a member of the Young Artist Program at the Central City Opera where he debuted in the role of Hayes in Carlisle Floyd's Susannah. He returned there in 1998 to sing the roles of Reverend Paris in Robert Ward's The Crucible and Cavaradossi in Tosca. He joined the Wolf Trap Opera Company's Young Artist Program for the Summer of 1999, performing there in the roles of Tom Rakewell in The Rake's Progress, the High priest of Neptune in Idomeneo, and Monostatos in The Magic Flute. That same year he sang the role of Laërte in Ambroise Thomas's Hamlet with Washington Concert Opera. In 2000 he was awarded a Richard Tucker Career Grant.

Career

Houston Grand Opera
In 1998 Shelton became a member of the Young Artist Program at the Houston Grand Opera, remaining in the program through 2000. He made his debut with the company as Malcolm in the 1998 production of Verdi's Macbeth. During his first season with the company he portrayed Count Elemer in Richard Strauss's Arabella with Renée Fleming in the title role, and he was a last minute replacement of an ailing Peter Kazaras as Captain Vere in Billy Budd. He also notably portrayed Laurie in the world premiere of Mark Adamo's Little Women alongside Stephanie Novacek as Jo and Joyce DiDonato as Meg. Shelton reprised the role in 2001 at the HGO in a performance that was recorded live for broadcast on PBS's Great Performances and for commercial release on DVD and CD. He has since performed the role of Laurie numerous times, including productions with the Central City Opera (2001), Opera Omaha (2002), Chautauqua Opera (2002), and New York City Opera (2003).

Shelton's career has continued to be largely based at the HGO, although he often performs with other companies throughout the United States and Europe. Other notable roles with the company include Pinkerton in Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly (1999), both Nereo and Wagner in Boito's Mefistofele (1999), Nemorino in Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore (2000), Ferrando in Mozart's Così fan tutte (2001), Arcadio in Daniel Catán's Florencia en el Amazonas (2001), Janek in Leoš Janáček's The Makropolous Case (2002), Camille de Rosillon in Franz Lehár's The Merry Widow (2003), Tamino in Mozart's The Magic Flute (2004), and Don Jose in Georges Bizet's Carmen (2006). He has also sung roles in several more world premieres at the HGO, including Prisoner No. 1 in Tod Machover's Resurrection (1999), Ulises in Catán's Salsipuedes: a Tale of Love, War and Anchovies (2004) and Nico in Adamo's Lysistrata (2005).

Shelton wed Ana María Martínez in 2000, while working at HGO. They divorced in 2007 and have a son, Lucas, together.

Other American companies
Shelton has performed with numerous opera companies throughout the United States. In 1999 he made his debut with the Lyric Opera of Kansas City as Ferrando in Così fan tutte. He has since returned to that company to perform Tom Rakewell in The Rake's Progress (2001), and Alfredo in La traviata (2009). In 2000 he made his debut with Portland Opera as Cassio in Verdi's Otello, where he later returned to sing the role of Belmonte in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail (2005).

In 2001 Shelton sang for the first time with Florida Grand Opera as Leo  Hubbard in Mark Blitzstein's Regina. In 2002 he made his debut with Dallas Opera as Jaquino in Beethoven's Fidelio, later returning there to sing Alfred in Die Fledermaus (2008). In 2003 he made his debut with Opera Colorado as Don Ottavio in Mozart's Don Giovanni, his debut with Madison Opera as Romeo in Charles Gounod's Roméo et Juliette, and his debut with the Lyric Opera of Chicago performing Leo Hubbard in Regina. That same year he returned to the Central City Opera as Fernando in Goyescas and the title role in Pagliacci. He has since returned again to Central City Opera to sing Ottavio (2006) and Alfredo (2007).

In 2004 Shelton performed in an obscure opera, the role of Pilade in Rossini's Ermione, in a joint production with the New York City Opera and Dallas opera. That same year he sang Sam Polk in Susannah with Chautauqua Opera and Ferrando with Kentucky Opera. In 2005 he made his debut with Arizona Opera as Ferrando in Così fan tutte; later returning there to sing the role of Alfredo (2008). That same year he made his debut with both the Cincinnati Opera and the Opera Company of Philadelphia as George in Richard Danielpour's Margaret Garner. In 2006 he sang Alfredo again in his first performances with both the Nevada Opera and Utah Opera. Shelton reprised the role of Nico in Lysistrata in its New York debut at the New York City Opera in 2006 and at Opera Columbus in 2008. In 2007 he made his debut with Opera Pacific as Don Jose in Carmen, returning there the following year to sing Tamino. He debuted at the San Francisco Opera on October 5, 2007 as Brigadier General Edward Alexander in the world premiere of Philip Glass's Appomattox. In 2009 he sang the Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto with Austin Lyric Opera.

Shelton is scheduled to sing the Duke of Mantua with Portland Opera and Don Jose with the Orlando Opera later this year.

International opera career
Shelton made his international opera debut in 2000 with Opera Australia as Belmonte in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail. This was followed by his European debut in 2002 as Mitch in André Previn's A Streetcar Named Desire at Opéra national du Rhin in Strasbourg
In 2005 he made his debut with the Opéra national de Lorraine as Tamino. He returned there in 2006 to sing the role of Guido Bardi in Alexander von Zemlinsky's Eine florentinische Tragödie, and again in 2008 to sing Lysander in Benjamin Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Future international engagements include the title role in Mozart's Idomeneo with Opéra national de Lorraine (2009), Lysander with Théâtre de Caen (2009), and Don Ottavio with the Grand Théâtre de Genève (2010) among others.

Concert work
Although Shelton's career has primarily focused within the field opera, he is no stranger to the concert repertoire. He has been particularly active with the Minnesota Orchestra with whom he has made a number of recordings on the Reference label, including Dominick Argento's Le Tombeau d'Edgar Poe (1999) and Ottorino Respighi's Balkis, Queen of Sheba Suite (2001), the latter of which garnered a Grammy Award nomination. His other performance with the Minnesota Orchestra include the title role in a concert performance of Leonard Bernstein's Candide, Mozart's Requiem, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, and Janáček's Diary of One Who Vanished (2000).

Shelton has also sung in concert with the Pacific Symphony, Rochester Philharmonic, and at the Colorado Music Festival in performances of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. He has also sung Handel's Messiah with the Virginia Symphony and Mozart's Requiem with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. His concert repertoire also includes Mozart's Solemn Vespers and Bach's Magnificat.

References

External links
Official website

American operatic tenors
Singers from Texas
Louisiana State University alumni
Yale University alumni
1971 births
Living people
People from Orange, Texas
20th-century American male opera singers
21st-century American male opera singers
Classical musicians from Texas


Kliph Nesteroff is a best-selling author regarded for his vast knowledge of show business. Vice Magazine called him "The Human Encyclopedia of Comedy," and Los Angeles Magazine profiled him as "The King of Comedy Lore." The New York Times has deemed some of his theories "provocative" while Vanity Fair calls his work "essential." Nesteroff was included on LA Weeklys Best of Los Angeles list in 2016, and was dubbed the "premier popular historian of comedy" by the New York Times in 2021.

After eight years as a stand-up comedian, Nesteroff became a frequent contributor to WFMU and a national, on-air contributor for CBC Radio One. For several years he moderated Classic Television Showbiz, a website devoted to classic show business and comedians. The A.V. Club referred to Nesteroff as their "favorite pop culture historian." He is perhaps best known for his several appearances on Gilbert Gottfried's Amazing Colossal Podcast and his five appearances on WTF with Marc Maron. Maron was the executive producer of Nesteroff's limited-series Earwolf podcast Classic Showbiz.

In the year 2022, Nesteroff appeared in the Judd Apatow documentary George Carlin's American Dream on HBO, W. Kamau Bell's We Need to Talk About Cosby on Showtime, Kevin Hart's Right to Offend on A&E, and The Dark Side of Comedy on Vice TV. He currently serves as a consultant on Rob Reiner's forthcoming documentary about Albert Brooks.

Early life
Nesteroff is from South Slocan, British Columbia. He was expelled from high school for giving a speech exposing "salacious dirty laundry" about the teachers, and within a year had moved to Toronto to take a sitcom writing class.

The Comedians
Grove Press released Nesteroff's first book, The Comedians: Drunks, Thieves, Scoundrels and the History of American Comedy on November 3, 2015, to uniformly positive reviews. It was selected as a book of the year by several papers including LA Weekly, The Los Angeles Times and the National Post.

Merrill Markoe wrote in the Wall Street Journal, "I thought I knew a lot about the history of American comedy. But this book located gaps in my knowledge I never knew were there and filled them with jaw-dropping anecdotes that made my eyes spin in different directions. For comedy completists and comedians alike, this book is a real treat." The Washington Post said of Nesteroff, "He writes with insider perception but never seems to be either whitewashing or trashing any of this outrageous cast. Like a biblical epic, The Comedians seems to have a cast of thousands. One act barely somersaults offstage before Nesteroff leads on the next. The anecdotes are memorable and often hilarious ... With his encyclopedic knowledge, talent for vivid anecdotes and tireless gusto, he drives this busload of rowdy clowns into the 21st century." The Onions AV Club stated, "Nesteroff is intent on giving the beautiful losers of comedy their due. The Comedians [is] an astonishingly assured and compulsively readable exploration of an impossibly vast topic." The New York Times book review said, "The way he traces ... the evolution of comedy is fascinating ... Through his elegiac attention, these forgotten comedians become almost romantic figures, the stars of a secret history of laughter."

We Had a Little Real Estate Problem
Nesteroff's second book, We Had A Little Real Estate Problem: The Unheralded Story of Native Americans and Comedy, was released on February 16, 2021 by Simon & Schuster. Nesteroff said that he approached the book by emphasizing the comedians telling their own stories.

Publishers Weekly called it a "disturbing yet beautiful history." According to the New York Times, "His new book, which darts back and forth in time, is a sprawling look at Indigenous comedians, an overlooked branch of comedy ... His book provides context for an argument about the importance of representation, detailing an exhaustive history of the racism suffered by Indigenous people in popular culture..." Steve Martin referred to the project as "important" and praised it as a "remarkable book that takes the history of Native American comedy and turns it into a page-turner."  Notable endorsements have come from Judd Apatow, Bob Odenkirk, and Marc Maron. Major Indigenous authors including Stephen Graham Jones, David Treuer, and Philip J. Deloria have also lauded the project. A chapter was excerpted in Esquire.

Colby Cosh wrote in his National Post synopsis, "I decided that I wasn’t sure whether the material was promising, but also that Nesteroff couldn't write a bad book if you kicked him in the head and cut off his thumbs. I'm pleased to report very smugly that the last half of this estimate has proved true. No fans of Nesteroff's uncanny interviewing of old-time comics or readers of his 2015 book "The Comedians" will have doubted it. So the high quality of the book imposes a duty on me to persuade other readers, people who may not be comedy nerds or Nesteroff fans, that it's worthwhile ... The whole thing is a fascinating picture of how an artistic tradition evolves. You could learn a lot from it if you have no earthly interest in, or even sympathy for, First Nations  ... It's a fascinating universe, and you couldn’t have a better guide than Nesteroff."

Television

Nesteroff was the consulting producer on both seasons of the CNN series The History of Comedy, which had its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival. His work with CNN continued with the Tom Hanks mini-series  and his prominent role in the prime time series The Story of Late Night. He has appeared many times on the CNN Newsroom eulogizing famous comedians like Gilbert Gottfried, Dick Gregory, and Jerry Lewis.

Nesteroff hosted the Viceland mini-series Funny How from executive producer Spike Jonze in 2016. Funny How featured appearances from James Adomian, Dave Atell, David Cross, Dana Gould, Artie Lange, Doug Stanhope, and Michael Winslow and presented the first television appearances of Mary Beth Barone and Irene Tu.

Other notable appearances included a Turner Classic Movies documentary about Dean Martin in 2021, and George Carlin's American Dream on HBO, We Need to Talk About Cosby on Showtime, and Kevin Hart's Right to Offend on A&E in 2022.

Live shows and podcasts

Nesteroff has appeared at the Just For Laughs Comedy Festival in Montreal, the New York Comedy Festival, the Los Angeles Cinefamily, Chautauqua Institution, SF Sketchfest, Caroline's on Broadway, Drawn & Quarterly, Mark Twain House, the Turner Classic Movies Film Festival, Upright Citizens Brigade Theater, and Harvard. He has appeared onstage with Mel Brooks, Peter Farrelly, Joel Grey, Gilbert Gottfried, Ronny Chieng, Lewis Black, Robert Klein, Larry Wilmore, Buck Henry, Robert Morse, George Schlatter, Anthony Atamanuik, Judah Friedlander, Rip Taylor, Baratunde Thurston, Lizz Winstead, Fred Willard, Alan Zweibel, and Robert Smigel with Triumph the Insult Comic Dog. Nesteroff addressed the Mensa International Annual General Meeting in July 2016. The Hollywood Reporter announced in May 2016 that Nesteroff was curating the National Comedy Center, which houses George Carlin's personal archive.

Nesteroff previously toured with a one-man show about the history of comedy. One critic described his Toronto engagement as "heroin for comedy nerds ... Nesteroff shared dozens of unforgettable stand-up-related tales from the early 19th century to now. The depth of his knowledge about the history of American comedy combined with his off-the-cuff and funny yet eloquent stage presence made this entire show utterly engrossing."

Nesteroff has appeared on a number of podcasts, including WTF with Marc Maron five times, and five appearances on Gilbert Gottfried's Amazing Colossal Podcast. He is a frequent presence on the CBC Radio programs Day 6, Q, and The Current, and NPR programs Air Talk with Larry Mantle, The Leonard Lopate Show, Press Play, and Morning Edition. He has appeared on the programs of Adam Carolla, Illeana Douglas, Dana Gould, Greg Fitzsimmons, Moshe Kasher, Slate.com, Longform, Tom Scharpling, and Doug Stanhope.

References

External links

 Biographical feature in Los Angeles Magazine

Living people
Media historians
Year of birth missing (living people)


Robert Bruce Ware is Professor of Philosophy at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Ware earned an AB in political science from UC Berkeley, an MA in philosophy from UC San Diego, and a D.Phil. from Oxford University. From 1996 to 2013, Ware conducted field research in North Caucasus and has published extensively on politics, ethnography, and religion of the region in scholarly journals and in the popular media. He has been cited as a leading specialist on Dagestan.
His recent research has focused upon the philosophy of mathematics and physics.

Selected publications

Books
 Hegel: The Logic of Self-consciousness and the Legacy of Subjective Freedom (Edinburgh University Press, 1999)
 Dagestan: Russian Hegemony and Islamic Resistance in the North Caucasus (with Enver Kisriev, M. E. Sharpe, 2010)
 The Fire Below: How the Caucasus Shaped Russia (edited, Bloomsbury, 2013)

Articles
 Chechenization: Ironies and Intricacies

References

External links
 Professional homepage

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville faculty
Russian studies scholars
Politics of Dagestan
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
Hegel scholars
20th-century American philosophers


Pakistan is represented in Zimbabwe by maintaining an embassy in the capital, Harare.

The two countries have noteworthy cultural and political ties, such as initiating and participating in joint defence pacts before. The Pakistani government has pledged to always "stand by Zimbabwe in its challenging times and continue to render assistance in every way possible in an effort to cement the already cordial relations between the two countries."

Since 1983, both the countries have been involved in military and defence co-operation. This agreement was renewed once again in 2007 when Pakistan sent several senior military experts to help strengthen and train President Robert Mugabe's army. The experts were to be stationed in the country for two years and paid by the Zimbabwean government in US dollars.

In 2008, speaking in a function marking the first anniversary of the Pakistan-Zimbabwe Friendship Association, the Pakistani Ambassador to Zimbabwe Mrs Riffat Iqbal, had stated that the "two countries had enjoyed cordial relations marked by mutual respect and commonality of views on important issues."

There is a small Pakistani expatriate community living in Zimbabwe, numbering over 400 in 2005 that largely consists of professionals, businesspeople and traders. In addition, a sizeable number of Indo-Zimbabwean migrants who came from the South Asia and settled in Zimbabwe, originally hail from or have family connections in regions that now constitute present-day Pakistan.

President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq, once addressing a small gathering of Pakistanis in Zimbabwe, is famously known to have said while addressing African stereotypes that his countrymen should not go by the natives' black colour because "They [Zimbabweans] are good at heart!".

Investment and strategical interests

Despite specific economic hardships in Zimbabwe, Pakistani investors have since the past, continued to show interest in exploring investment opportunities in the country. There have recently been joint ventures in the fields of trade development, which have also been identified by Pakistan as an impetus to its aim in "fighting poverty in Zimbabwe."

References

External links
 Embassy of Pakistan in Zimbabwe official homepage at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan website.

Zimbabwe
Bilateral relations of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations
Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations


Five Minutes of Heaven is a 2009 Irish film directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel from a script by Guy Hibbert. The film was premiered on 19 January 2009 at the 25th Sundance Film Festival where it won the World Cinema Dramatic Directing Award for Hirschbiegel, and the World Cinema Screenwriting Award for Hibbert. As a television film it was broadcast on BBC Two on 5 April 2009, and also had an international feature film release.

The first part reconstructs the historical killing of 19-year-old Jim Griffin by 17-year-old Alistair Little in 1975, and the second part depicts a fictional meeting between Little and Griffin's brother Joe 33 years later.

Plot
In Lurgan, Northern Ireland, during 1975 and the Northern Irish Troubles, the Irish Republican Army are targeting loyalists; in turn, the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force are exacting revenge on Catholics they claim are militant republicans. Alistair Little, 17, is the leader of a UVF cell, eager to let blood. He and his gang are given the go-ahead to kill a young Catholic man, James Griffin, as a reprisal and a warning to others. When they kill Griffin, his  8-year old little brother, Joe watches in horror. Little is arrested and sentenced to prison for 12 years.

In 2008—thirty-three years after the murder and nineteen years after Little is released from prison—Little and Joe Griffin have been set up to meet on camera by a reconciliation project. Little has served his sentence and peace has been agreed to in Northern Ireland, but Joe Griffin is not coming on the programme for a handshake. He is carrying a knife and intends to murder his brother's killer during the meeting. However, just before he is to go on camera, he becomes extremely agitated and demands that the cameras be removed. When the producers try to calm him, he leaves, and the two men do not meet.

Little offers to meet Griffin, and Griffin accepts. Griffin asks Little to meet him at Griffin's childhood home, now abandoned and boarded up, where Little murdered his brother. As Griffin reaches for the knife before the meeting, his wife tries to stop him, but he pushes her to the floor. At the meeting, Griffin, full of hate and wanting vengeance, attacks Little from behind and attempts to stab him. In the struggle, they fall through a second story window. Both are hurt. Little tells Griffin that he is leaving for Belfast. He explains why he killed Griffin's brother. He tells Griffin to "get rid of me", to tell his family that he has killed Little and to live his life for them, not for vengeance.

Griffin very shakily lights up a cigarette as Little pulls himself from the wall he was sitting against and limps down the road. Soon after, Griffin attends a therapy group and tells them, crying, that he wants to be a good father for his daughters. He calls Little and tells him, "We're finished." Little appears happy and befuddled, not quite sure what to do next.

Cast
(in order of appearance)
 Mark Davison as Young Alistair
 Diarmuid Noyes as Andy
 Niamh Cusack as Alistair's Mum
 Matthew McElhinney as Stuart
 Conor MacNeill as Dave
 Paul Garret as Alistair's Dad
 Kevin O' Neill as Young Joe
 Gerard Jordan as Jim
 Paula McFetridge as Joe's Mum (gene Griffin )
 James Nesbitt as Adult Joe
 Barry McEvoy as Joe's Chauffeur
 Liam Neeson as Adult Alistair
 Richard Orr as Alistair's Chauffeur
 Richard Dormer as Michael
 Anamaria Marinca as Vika
 Jonathan Harden as David

Production
Five Minutes of Heaven was originally commissioned by BBC Four, as Hibbert did not want television executives to interfere with the script. BBC Four abandoned the project when they could not provide a bigger budget. To get more money for the film, independent production company Big Fish Films brought in other financial backers, including Northern Ireland Screen, and the film was eventually commissioned by Controller of BBC Two Roly Keating, and BBC Controller of Fiction Jane Tranter.

Filming took place on location in Belfast, Dundonald, Lurgan, Glenarm and Newtownards for four weeks from May to June 2008. Nesbitt met Griffin before filming began but Neeson decided to wait until after it had concluded before meeting Little; he said "I didn't want to see him before because I didn't want to be reminded of the physical differences between us and I didn't want to get that cluttered up in my head."

This was also the first time that two of Northern Ireland's top actors, Liam Neeson and James Nesbitt, had starred in a film together.

Release
Five Minutes of Heaven premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2009. It won in the World Cinema Directed Award: Dramatic, and World Cinema Screenwriting Award categories. It received its Irish premiere at the 2009 Jameson Dublin International Film Festival on 21 February 2009. A screening was given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in London on 23 March 2009. It was followed by a question-and-answer session with Hirschbiegel, Hibbert and Nesbitt. It was broadcast on BBC Two in England, Scotland and Wales on 5 April 2009 and on BBC One Northern Ireland on 13 April. Pathé holds worldwide theatrical distribution rights.

IFC Films signed a deal to distribute the film in the United States from August 2009, theatrically, through its video on demand service, and exclusively through Blockbuster retailers. The film opened at the Angelika Film Center in New York on 21 August 2009. It took $5,200 in box office receipts on its first weekend.

Reception

The film received positive reviews from film critics. , the film holds a 75% approval rating on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 44 reviews with an average rating of 6.56 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Oliver Hirschbiegel's dramatic take on "The Troubles" is an actor's showcase—and Liam Neeson and James Nesbitt are more than up to the challenge." The film also won the Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize.

After Five Minutes of Heavens Sundance screenings, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter called it "very good at stating the obvious but fails to bring new insight to this age-old morality tale". He cited the scenes featuring Mark Davison (as the young Little) and Anamaria Marinca (as a television producer) as "the only time the movie sparks to life". Dennis Harvey for Variety was complimentary of Hibbert's screenplay and of Neeson's acting.

Padraic Geoghegan of RTÉ Entertainment criticized the lack of screen-time given to Griffin's family, and for not showing how Little came to be helping others like him in the present-day scenes. Geoghegan praised the flashback scenes, Hirschbeigel's direction, and Neeson and Nesbitt's acting. The Irish Times Michael Dwyer rated the film four out of five stars. Of the acting, he wrote,

Andrew Johnston for Culture Northern Ireland wrote,

Awards

References

Further reading
 Sharrock, David (18 March 2009). "The ex-UVF man Alistair Little: 'I'd have got on a bus and killed everyone'". The Times (Times Newspapers).
 Staff (January 2009). "An interview with Guy Hibbert". UK Writer (Writers' Guild of Great Britain).

External links

 Official website

 DVD Review at DVD Resurrections.com

2009 films
BBC television dramas
RTÉ films
Films from Northern Ireland
Films about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Films set in Northern Ireland
Films shot in Northern Ireland
Films directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel
Films scored by David Holmes (musician)
English-language Irish films


Nowogródek Pomorski  is a village in Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowogródek Pomorski.

It lies approximately  east of Myślibórz and  south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 450.

When part of the Greater Poland province of the fragmented Polish realm, Duke Władysław Odonic granted the area to the Knights Templar in 1232. An Early Gothic church was built in the village in the 13th century. Once a town, it received town rights in 1317 and was deprived of them before 1500. The village was heavily destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.

The main landmark of Nowogródek Pomorski is the Gothic church of Our Lady Queen of Poland, which dates back to the 13th century.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


The pear of anguish, also known as choke pear or mouth pea, is a device of disputed use invented in the early modern period. The mechanism consists of a pear-shaped metal body divided into spoon-like segments that can be spread apart with a spring or by turning a key. Its proposed functionality as a torture device is to be variously inserted into the mouth, rectum, or vagina, and then expanded to gag or mutilate the victim; its historical use as a torture device is controversial.

Some scholars have disputed historical accounts of the pear as being suspiciously implausible. While there exist some examples from the early modern period, some of them open with a spring, and the removable key is there not to open the mechanism, but rather to close it. At least one of the older devices is held closed with a cap at the end, suggesting it could not have been opened after inserting it into an orifice without actively holding it shut. There is no contemporary evidence of such a torture device existing in the medieval era, and ultimately the utility of any genuine pears remains unknown. It is possible that it could have been used to extract juices from fruit.

Origins

There is no contemporary first-hand account of these devices or their use. However, through the design of the devices, such as metal consistency and style, a select few are thought to have been made in the early modern period (circa 1600). An early mention is in F. de Calvi's L'Inventaire général de l'histoire des larrons ("General inventory of the history of thieves"), written in 1639, which attributes the invention to a robber named Capitaine Gaucherou de Palioly in the days of Henry of Navarre.  Palioly would have used a mechanical gag to subdue a wealthy Parisian while he and his accomplices robbed the victim's home.

Further mentions of the device appear in the 19th century. They are also mentioned in Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1811) as "Choke Pears", and described as aids used in extortion, "formerly used in Holland."

They were also discussed in a book by Eldridge and Watts, superintendent of police and chief inspector of the detective bureau in Boston, Massachusetts  (1897).  While accepting that ordinary pear-shaped gags exist, they observed that contemporary robbers used no such device as Palioly's Pear and cast doubt upon its very existence in the first place, saying that "fortunately for us this 'diabolical invention' appears to be one of the lost arts, if, indeed, it ever existed outside of de Calvi's head.  There is no doubt, however, of the fashioning of a pear-shaped gag which has been largely used in former days by robbers in Europe and may still be employed to some extent. This is also known as the 'choke-pear', though it is far less marvelous and dangerous than the pear of Palioly."

Another mention is found in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898), which claims that "robbers in Holland at one time made use of a piece of iron in the shape of a pear, which they forced into the mouth of their victim. On turning a key, a number of springs thrust forth points of iron in all directions, so that the instrument of torture could never be taken out except by means of the key."

Chris Bishop of Australian National University argues the construction of the oldest indicates it sprang open and screwed closed (as opposed to being screwed open) and the workmanship exceeds that expected from a torture device. Furthermore, the provenance of many of the devices is unknown and the workmanship indicates they are likely of recent manufacture, and the accounts of its use are not contemporary with the Middle Ages, making the accounts suspect. Bishop postulates that the pear'''s rise to prominence as a medieval torture device originated with a misidentification of an ornate pear (being a mechanism of unknown use, as described) donated to the Louvre by Alexandre-Charles Sauvageot in 1856 as the device described in the 17th-century story about Palioly's gag. As to the original artifacts' use, Bishop concludes:

 There are very few genuine examples of a poire d'angoisse from which to build our analysis. We have no clear statement as to what these items might have been, only a connection drawn between an obscure exhibit in a 19th-century collection and a spurious Histoire from two centuries before. That connection having been made, all subsequent sources agreed, and before long a sham industry was established which simultaneously fed off and reinforced the hypothesis by fabricating and retailing new "artifacts". The maladroit reproductions that populate the more tawdry museums can tell us nothing about the origins or purpose of the originals. They are indicative only of our own dark desires and secret fears.

We can say that the original devices themselves could not pre-date the 16th century and are, in all likelihood, younger even than that. Despite numerous attempts to do so, they cannot be considered "medieval". They are, in every way, very modern inventions. Certainly, they were not used for torture. They are far too elegant and made with too much care for that. One could imagine them as surgical instruments - some sort of speculum perhaps, or a device for levering open the mouth in order that a dentist might operate. But then they could just as easily be shoe-extenders, or sock-stretchers, or glove-wideners.

Mentions in popular culture
Alexandre Dumas père utilizes a choke pear in his fictional account of the prison escape of François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort in the novel Twenty Years After''.

A pear of anguish is shown and named as one of a collection of torture instruments and its use in sexual torture is strongly implied, though not shown, in Paul Verhoeven's 2021 film, Benedetta, which was loosely based on a book purporting to be a true account of events in a 17th century convent involving a lesbian nun and a young novice. .

Museum pieces
Though there is little or no evidence of its use, there are a number of extant examples of variously crude, ornate, and elaborate, pear-shaped devices with three or four leaves or lobes, driven by turning a key that rotates the central screw thread, which spreads or closes the leaves. These are generally held in museums devoted to the subject of torture and are described as instruments of torture by distension or evisceration. Some, but not all, have small spikes of uncertain purpose at the bottom of each leaf. However, these devices do not seem to match the descriptions given by Calvi or the 19th-century sources.

See also
 Choke pear (plant), a hard-to-swallow fruit that may have been the origin of the instrument's name.
 Iron maiden, another supposed torture device with little actual evidence of use
 The Reckoning, a 2020 film set in the 17th century in which the main character is tortured with a pear of anguish after being accused of witchcraft.

References

External links

 The Pear of Anguish (Torture)

Modern instruments of torture
European instruments of torture


John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd were the defending champions but only Fitzgerald competed that year with Boris Becker.

Becker and Fitzgerald won in the final 6–4, 7–6 against Peter McNamara and Paul McNamee.

Seeds

  Boris Becker /  John Fitzgerald (champions)
  Ivan Lendl /  Christo van Rensburg (quarterfinals)
  Mark Edmondson /  Sherwood Stewart (quarterfinals)
  Brad Drewett /  Kim Warwick (semifinals)

Draw

External links
1986 Swan Premium Open Doubles Draw

Doubles


Vladimir Savčić (born 6 June 1948 in Niš, Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia - died 20 March 2009 in Belgrade, Serbia) was a Serbian singer. Widely known as Čobi (after Chubby Checker), he was most prominent as the singer of a popular band Pro arte during the late 1960s and 1970s. He's had a long career in music both before and after. One of his best known solo hits was "Gdje ste noćas prijatelji" from 1999.
He died on March 20, 2009, of colon cancer after struggles with obesity.

Born in the family of a Yugoslav People's Army officer from Sokolac. His family was colonized in Lazarevo after the Second World War. Young Vladimir moved around Yugoslavia a lot wherever it was that his father was stationed. The family eventually settled in Sarajevo.

External links
Preminuo Vladimir Savčić Čobi, B92, March 21, 2009
Juče preminuo pevač Vladimir Savčić Čobi - Pop legenda bivše Juge, Blic, March 21, 2009

1948 births
2009 deaths
Musicians from Sarajevo
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
20th-century Serbian male singers
Yugoslav male singers
Deaths from cancer in Serbia
Deaths from colorectal cancer